abstract: To prevent @entity3 , prophylactic treatment of @entity0 with severe @entity1 should be started before joint damage has occurred. However, treatment is expensive, and the burden of regular venipunctures in young @entity0 is high. With the aim of providing information on starting prophylaxis on the basis of individual @entity0 characteristics, the effect of postponing prophylaxis on long-term @entity3 was studied in a cohort of 76 @entity0 with severe @entity1 born between 1965 and 1985. The median age at first @entity2 was 2.2 years (range, 0.2-5.8). Prophylaxis was started at a median age of 6 years (interquartile range [IQR], 4-9), and the median annual clotting factor use on prophylaxis was 1750 IU/kg/y (31 IU/kg/wk). @entity3 was measured by the Pettersson score (maximum, 78 points). At a median age of 19 years, the median Pettersson score was 7 points (IQR, 0-17). After 2 decades of follow-up, the Pettersson score was 8% higher (95% confidence interval, 1%-16%) for every year prophylaxis was postponed after the first @entity2 . This effect was independent of age at Pettersson score, age at first @entity2 , and prophylactic dose used. In conclusion, most @entity0 have their first @entity2 after the age of 2 years. @entity0 who start prophylaxis soon after the first @entity2 @entity3 in adulthood. The longer the start of prophylaxis is postponed after the first @entity2 , the higher the risk of developing @entity3 .

title: The effects of postponing prophylactic treatment on long-term outcome in XXXX with severe @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity5 is a potentially life threatening form of polymorphic @entity4 typically seen in the setting of congenital and acquired @entity3 . Numerous in vitro studies have investigated basic ionic mechanisms underlying delayed repolarization. The role of different ion channels and the induction of early afterdepolarizations have been studied in various cardiac cells including M cells. In addition, isolated heart models with and without electrical stimulation and/or the use of drugs which prolong repolarization have been developed in recent years. Some of these models have simulated conditions likely to exist in the clinical setting of @entity5 , such as @entity6 and @entity7 . In in vivo @entity1 and @entity0 models, torsade-like polymorphic @entity4 have been induced by the administration of different agents such as @entity9 , neurotoxins, e.g., anthopleurin or various class III drugs under conditions designed to mimic the clinical situation. In the context of recent advances in the molecular genetics of @entity3 , those models which have used @entity8 or @entity2 channel blockers have gained particular interest. Based on all experimental studies it seems probable that the first beats of torsade occur due to early afterdepolarizations and triggered activity. The development of subsequent beats is less clear. Reentry based on inhomogeneity of refractoriness has been suggested as the underlying mechanism.

title: Experimental models of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Abnormal intracellular @entity5 -handling appears to be a major cause of systolic and @entity3 in animals and @entity0 with @entity9 due to pressure overload and @entity6 . However, the precise mechanisms which cause alteration of @entity5 -handling remain unclear. Several lines of evidence suggest that activation of neurohormonal systems may play a central role. In particular, widespread awareness of the importance of the @entity7 -angiotensin system (RAS) has occurred since experimental and clinical studies have detailed the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing morbidity and mortality in @entity0 with @entity8 . To evaluate in vivo the role of activated RAS in the regulation of (a) cardiac receptor expression and signal transduction mechanisms and (b) @entity5 homeostasis, transgenic TG(mREN2)27 @entity2 harbouring the @entity1 @entity7 @entity11 d gene were chosen. These animals develop fulminant @entity4 and @entity9 at an early age despite low levels of @entity7 in the plasma. High expression of the transgene in the vasculature and the heart is associated with increased local formation of @entity10 . In the @entity11 -transgenic model alterations of beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms, @entity5 -handling and alpha-adrenergic signal transduction are observed which are very similar to those observed in the myocardium of @entity0 with end-stage @entity6 . Moreover, treatment with specific inhibitors of the RAS, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or @entity10 -receptor antagonists, largely reversed these defects. Studies on TG(mREN2)27 @entity2 may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of @entity4 and mechanisms which promote disease progression to end-stage @entity6 and also may have important implications with regard to therapeutics of @entity6 in @entity0 .

title: Alteration of intracellular @entity5 -handling and receptor regulation in hypertensive XXXX : insights from @entity11 -transgenic @entity2 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: Abnormal intracellular @entity5 -handling appears to be a major cause of systolic and @entity3 in animals and @entity0 with @entity9 due to pressure overload and @entity6 . However, the precise mechanisms which cause alteration of @entity5 -handling remain unclear. Several lines of evidence suggest that activation of neurohormonal systems may play a central role. In particular, widespread awareness of the importance of the @entity7 -angiotensin system (RAS) has occurred since experimental and clinical studies have detailed the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing morbidity and mortality in @entity0 with @entity8 . To evaluate in vivo the role of activated RAS in the regulation of (a) cardiac receptor expression and signal transduction mechanisms and (b) @entity5 homeostasis, transgenic TG(mREN2)27 @entity2 harbouring the @entity1 @entity7 @entity11 d gene were chosen. These animals develop fulminant @entity4 and @entity9 at an early age despite low levels of @entity7 in the plasma. High expression of the transgene in the vasculature and the heart is associated with increased local formation of @entity10 . In the @entity11 -transgenic model alterations of beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms, @entity5 -handling and alpha-adrenergic signal transduction are observed which are very similar to those observed in the myocardium of @entity0 with end-stage @entity6 . Moreover, treatment with specific inhibitors of the RAS, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or @entity10 -receptor antagonists, largely reversed these defects. Studies on TG(mREN2)27 @entity2 may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of @entity4 and mechanisms which promote disease progression to end-stage @entity6 and also may have important implications with regard to therapeutics of @entity6 in @entity0 .

title: Alteration of intracellular XXXX -handling and receptor regulation in hypertensive @entity9 : insights from @entity11 -transgenic @entity2 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Abnormal intracellular @entity5 -handling appears to be a major cause of systolic and @entity3 in animals and @entity0 with @entity9 due to pressure overload and @entity6 . However, the precise mechanisms which cause alteration of @entity5 -handling remain unclear. Several lines of evidence suggest that activation of neurohormonal systems may play a central role. In particular, widespread awareness of the importance of the @entity7 -angiotensin system (RAS) has occurred since experimental and clinical studies have detailed the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing morbidity and mortality in @entity0 with @entity8 . To evaluate in vivo the role of activated RAS in the regulation of (a) cardiac receptor expression and signal transduction mechanisms and (b) @entity5 homeostasis, transgenic TG(mREN2)27 @entity2 harbouring the @entity1 @entity7 @entity11 d gene were chosen. These animals develop fulminant @entity4 and @entity9 at an early age despite low levels of @entity7 in the plasma. High expression of the transgene in the vasculature and the heart is associated with increased local formation of @entity10 . In the @entity11 -transgenic model alterations of beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms, @entity5 -handling and alpha-adrenergic signal transduction are observed which are very similar to those observed in the myocardium of @entity0 with end-stage @entity6 . Moreover, treatment with specific inhibitors of the RAS, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or @entity10 -receptor antagonists, largely reversed these defects. Studies on TG(mREN2)27 @entity2 may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of @entity4 and mechanisms which promote disease progression to end-stage @entity6 and also may have important implications with regard to therapeutics of @entity6 in @entity0 .

title: Alteration of intracellular @entity5 -handling and receptor regulation in hypertensive @entity9 : insights from XXXX -transgenic @entity2 .

answer: @entity11


abstract: Abnormal intracellular @entity5 -handling appears to be a major cause of systolic and @entity3 in animals and @entity0 with @entity9 due to pressure overload and @entity6 . However, the precise mechanisms which cause alteration of @entity5 -handling remain unclear. Several lines of evidence suggest that activation of neurohormonal systems may play a central role. In particular, widespread awareness of the importance of the @entity7 -angiotensin system (RAS) has occurred since experimental and clinical studies have detailed the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing morbidity and mortality in @entity0 with @entity8 . To evaluate in vivo the role of activated RAS in the regulation of (a) cardiac receptor expression and signal transduction mechanisms and (b) @entity5 homeostasis, transgenic TG(mREN2)27 @entity2 harbouring the @entity1 @entity7 @entity11 d gene were chosen. These animals develop fulminant @entity4 and @entity9 at an early age despite low levels of @entity7 in the plasma. High expression of the transgene in the vasculature and the heart is associated with increased local formation of @entity10 . In the @entity11 -transgenic model alterations of beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms, @entity5 -handling and alpha-adrenergic signal transduction are observed which are very similar to those observed in the myocardium of @entity0 with end-stage @entity6 . Moreover, treatment with specific inhibitors of the RAS, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or @entity10 -receptor antagonists, largely reversed these defects. Studies on TG(mREN2)27 @entity2 may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of @entity4 and mechanisms which promote disease progression to end-stage @entity6 and also may have important implications with regard to therapeutics of @entity6 in @entity0 .

title: Alteration of intracellular @entity5 -handling and receptor regulation in hypertensive @entity9 : insights from @entity11 -transgenic XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Recent advances in ultrasound technology, such as the use of high-frequency linear transducers, color flow Doppler, and computer-enhanced imaging, have improved the diagnostic utility of ultrasound. The following retrospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of sonographic signs of @entity2 and to compare sonography to mammography in 157 @entity1 with palpable, biopsy-proven @entity0 . The mammogram reports and sonograms were all reviewed. The grade of each mammogram was recorded using the American College of Radiology mammogram grading scale. All sonograms were reviewed and assigned a score using an adaptation of this scale. Of 157 lesions, 121 were read as suspicious or probable @entity2 on mammogram. Thirty-three lesions were read as benign or normal on mammogram. Three @entity1 did not receive mammograms. All 157 lesions were read as either suspicious or probably malignant on ultrasound. Using the 16 described criteria, high-definition sonography complements mammography and appears to be a sensitive modality in the evaluation of palpable biopsy-proven @entity0 . The diagnostic utility of ultrasound will likely be most important in the evaluation of nonpalpable breast masses; however, a prospective randomized trial will need to be performed.

title: Ultrasound characteristics of XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Milk of @entity3 @entity6 is a rare disease predominantely of adults. The term designates a pathologic accumulation of @entity7 in the gallbladder, much rarer in the common bile duct as well. The @entity0 may be symptom-free. If present the symptoms may be very mild or as an acute @entity1 , transient @entity5 and mild attack of @entity4 . @entity3 in the bile may be liquid or it may form a paste-like mass. Both may be seen on a plain X-ray of the abdomen. The stone or stones of @entity7 may be formed so that they may cause an obstruction of the gallbladder outflow tract or cystic duct or pass into the common bile duct or into the duodenum. [figure: see text] We present a 71 year old male who was admitted for @entity2 but in whom a mild hiperbilirubinaemia was found and then on ultrasonography a gallbladder stone was diagnosed. We performed a hernia repair as well as cholecystectomy and operative cholangiography which turn to be normal. Within an almost normal gallbladder a gray-whitesh paste-like mass was found composed of @entity7 . The postoperative recovery was uneventful and serum bilirubin become normal. Histology of gallbladder showed chronic nonspecific @entity6 .

title: [ XXXX associated with milk of @entity3 ] ].

answer: @entity6


abstract: Milk of @entity3 @entity6 is a rare disease predominantely of adults. The term designates a pathologic accumulation of @entity7 in the gallbladder, much rarer in the common bile duct as well. The @entity0 may be symptom-free. If present the symptoms may be very mild or as an acute @entity1 , transient @entity5 and mild attack of @entity4 . @entity3 in the bile may be liquid or it may form a paste-like mass. Both may be seen on a plain X-ray of the abdomen. The stone or stones of @entity7 may be formed so that they may cause an obstruction of the gallbladder outflow tract or cystic duct or pass into the common bile duct or into the duodenum. [figure: see text] We present a 71 year old male who was admitted for @entity2 but in whom a mild hiperbilirubinaemia was found and then on ultrasonography a gallbladder stone was diagnosed. We performed a hernia repair as well as cholecystectomy and operative cholangiography which turn to be normal. Within an almost normal gallbladder a gray-whitesh paste-like mass was found composed of @entity7 . The postoperative recovery was uneventful and serum bilirubin become normal. Histology of gallbladder showed chronic nonspecific @entity6 .

title: [ @entity6 associated with milk of XXXX ] ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: The successful topical treatment of chronic wounds requires adequate debridement, bacterial balance, and moisture balance. An ionized nanocrystalline @entity1 dressing was evaluated through an uncontrolled, prospective study of a case series of 29 @entity0 with a variety of chronic nonhealing wounds. The four arms of the study included nine @entity0 with foot @entity3 , six @entity0 with @entity4 , two @entity0 with pressure @entity3 , and 12 @entity0 with miscellaneous wounds. All wounds were assessed for the usual signs of @entity2 , with most of these parameters being measured and recorded. Microbiologically, bacterial load was determined via quantitative biopsies and semi-quantitative swabs. In general, the results showed a marked clinical improvement for the majority of wounds treated with the dressing. Among improved parameters included decreased exudate and decreased purulence. The quantitative bacterial biopsies did not show any decrease in organism numbers, although the semi-quantitative swabs indicated a decrease in the wound surface bacterial loading. This was indicative of the dressing's ability to reduce surface bacteria and achieve an element of bacterial balance in the superficial dermal compartment. The proposed mechanism of action for this ionized nanocrystalline based dressing is through bacterial and moisture balance within the superficial wound space compartment.

title: Screening evaluation of an ionized nanocrystalline XXXX dressing in chronic wound care.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of afferent nerve blockage by administration of @entity2 on apoptotic changes in the contralateral testis in @entity0 undergoing ipsilateral testicular torsion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty male albino @entity0 were randomly divided into four groups. In groups 1 and 2, @entity0 underwent a sham operation and testicular torsion, respectively, after the intraperitoneal administration of 0.9% @entity1 . Similarly, in groups 3 and 4 the @entity0 underwent a sham operation and testicular torsion, respectively, after an intraperitoneal @entity2 injection. The testes were untwisted 24 h later and the contralateral testes harvested. Apoptosis was assessed in paraffin-embedded sections stained for nuclear DNA fragmentation. Fifteen cells were counted in each seminiferous tubule and the apoptotic cells recorded. A score was calculated for each group and the results compared using the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and Mann Whitney U-tests, with P<0.05 considered to be significant. RESULTS: The mean apoptotic score of group 2 was significantly higher than that of the other groups. There was no difference between the apoptotic scores of groups 1 and 3, 1 and 4, and 3 and 4. CONCLUSION: @entity2 effectively prevented apoptosis in the contralateral testes of @entity0 that had undergone testicular torsion.

title: XXXX effectively prevents apoptosis in the contralateral testis after ipsilateral testicular torsion.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Keratinocytes are influenced by cytokines released by skin-infiltrating T lymphocytes. @entity7 is produced by activated CD4+ T cells and can stimulate epithelial cells. We investigated whether @entity7 could modulate the cytokine production and cell-surface molecule expression of keratinocytes. The effects of @entity7 were compared with those of @entity1 , which is also derived from activated T cells and is a strong stimulator for keratinocytes. @entity7 enhanced the mRNA and protein production of the proinflammatory cytokines @entity2 and @entity3 in a concentration-dependent way, and induced a weak expression of @entity5 and HLA-DR. The production of @entity4 and @entity8 was not altered. @entity1 augmented the production of @entity2 , @entity3 , and @entity8 and strongly induced both cell-surface molecules. @entity7 and @entity1 showed marked synergism in the stimulation of @entity2 and @entity3 protein secretion and, to a lesser extent, in the induction of @entity5 and HLA-DR expression. The majority of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell clones derived from lesional psoriatic skin expressed @entity7 mRNA, suggesting that skin-infiltrating T cells can produce this cytokine. This @entity7 mRNA expression was detectable in T helper cell type 1 and type 2 and did not correlate with the @entity1 or @entity6 production. In addition, @entity7 mRNA is detectable in biopsies from lesional psoriatic skin, but not in nonlesional control biopsies. Our study indicates that @entity7 is a proinflammatory cytokine, which could amplify the development of cutaneous @entity0 and may support the maintenance of chronic dermatoses, through stimulation of keratinocytes to augment their secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.

title: Interleukin-17 and XXXX synergize in the enhancement of proinflammatory cytokine production by human keratinocytes.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity5 is useful to prevent @entity2 in hospitalized cirrhotic @entity0 with low ascitic fluid protein concentrations. It is also effective in preventing the recurrence of spontaneous @entity3 . The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of @entity5 in the primary prophylaxis of gram-negative bacilli @entity2 in cirrhotic @entity0 with low ascitic fluid protein levels (<15 g/l). METHODS: One hundred and seven @entity0 were randomized to receive @entity5 (400 mg/day; n=53) or placebo (n=54) for 6 months. The @entity0 had no history of @entity2 since @entity1 diagnosis and no active @entity2 . RESULTS: The probability of gram-negative @entity2 was significantly lower among @entity0 treated with @entity5 than among those treated with placebo. Six gram-negative bacilli @entity2 occurred in the placebo group and none in the treatment group. Severe @entity2 (spontaneous @entity3 , @entity4 ) developed in nine @entity0 in the placebo group (17%) and in one @entity0 in the @entity5 group (2%; p<0.03). There was no between-group difference in the overall rate of @entity2 or in survival. In ten @entity0 from the @entity5 group, gram-negative bacilli not present in baseline stool cultures were transiently isolated in follow-up cultures. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that primary prophylaxis with @entity5 for 6 months is effective in the prevention of @entity2 caused by gram-negative bacilli in cirrhotic @entity0 with low ascitic fluid total protein levels.

title: XXXX primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic @entity0 with ascites: a double-blind randomized trial.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity5 is useful to prevent @entity2 in hospitalized cirrhotic @entity0 with low ascitic fluid protein concentrations. It is also effective in preventing the recurrence of spontaneous @entity3 . The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of @entity5 in the primary prophylaxis of gram-negative bacilli @entity2 in cirrhotic @entity0 with low ascitic fluid protein levels (<15 g/l). METHODS: One hundred and seven @entity0 were randomized to receive @entity5 (400 mg/day; n=53) or placebo (n=54) for 6 months. The @entity0 had no history of @entity2 since @entity1 diagnosis and no active @entity2 . RESULTS: The probability of gram-negative @entity2 was significantly lower among @entity0 treated with @entity5 than among those treated with placebo. Six gram-negative bacilli @entity2 occurred in the placebo group and none in the treatment group. Severe @entity2 (spontaneous @entity3 , @entity4 ) developed in nine @entity0 in the placebo group (17%) and in one @entity0 in the @entity5 group (2%; p<0.03). There was no between-group difference in the overall rate of @entity2 or in survival. In ten @entity0 from the @entity5 group, gram-negative bacilli not present in baseline stool cultures were transiently isolated in follow-up cultures. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that primary prophylaxis with @entity5 for 6 months is effective in the prevention of @entity2 caused by gram-negative bacilli in cirrhotic @entity0 with low ascitic fluid total protein levels.

title: @entity5 primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic XXXX with ascites: a double-blind randomized trial.

answer: @entity0


abstract: ACh receptors sensitive to @entity2 ( @entity6 ) are present in @entity0 skin keratinocytes and in bronchial epithelial cells. They are stimulated by ACh secreted by the same cells that express them, and they modulate cell motility and shape. A variety of non-neuronal tissues, including endothelial cells, synthesize @entity3 , which raises the possibility that they are sensitive to @entity2 . We demonstrate here that endothelial cells that line blood vessels express functional nAChRs. Their structure and ion-gating properties are similar to those of the nAChRs expressed by ganglionic neurons and by skin keratinocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. In situ hybridization experiments using primary cultures of endothelial cells from @entity0 aorta demonstrated the presence in these cells of the subunits believed to contribute to ganglionic ACh receptors (AChRs) of the alpha3 subtype: alpha3, alpha5, @entity4 and @entity1 . Binding of radiolabeled @entity7 -a high-affinity specific ligand of certain neuronal AChRs, including the alpha3 subtypes-revealed the presence of approximately 900 specific binding sites per cell. We assessed the presence of functional AChRs by patch-clamp experiments. Cultured @entity0 endothelial cells express ion channels that are opened by (+)-anatoxin-a and are blocked by @entity5 . These are specific agonist and antagonist, respectively, of neuronal AChRs of the alpha3 subtype. The ion-gating properties of the endothelial AChRs were similar to those of neuronal ganglionic AChRs. The presence of AChRs sensitive to @entity2 in endothelial cells may be related to the toxic effects of @entity2 on the vascular system.

title: XXXX vascular endothelial cells express functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

answer: @entity0


abstract: On the basis of the register of the Finnish @entity0 Insurance Association, the aim of this study was to examine malpractice claims for @entity1 associated with @entity4 and determine whether they are concentrated among specialists, among less experienced dentists, or in certain geographic areas. During 1987-93 there were 139 claims for permanent @entity3 related to removal of lower third molars in Finland. The lingual nerve was injured in 54% and the @entity2 in 41% of the claims. In 91% of the cases the injury occurred in relation to surgical @entity5 and in 6% in relation to simple extraction. The claims were distributed among 123 dentists, of whom 78% were dental surgeons, 15% specialists in oral and maxillofacial surgery, and 7% other specialists. These figures represented 2% of the dental surgeons and 26% of the oral surgeons in Finland (P< 0.01). More than half the claims were associated with dentists with less than 10 years' experience. Claims originated more often from the eastern and northern (rural) areas of Finland than from urban areas (3.8 claims versus 2.4 claims per 100,000 inhabitants, P < 0.05). Compensation was paid to the @entity0 in two-thirds of the cases, indicating that the dentists authorized to decide claims very often considered these injuries avoidable. Therefore, proper diagnosis, treatment planning, surgical techniques, and detailed @entity0 information must be emphasized. In cases where risks are obvious, referral to an oral surgeon is recommended.

title: Malpractice claims for permanent XXXX related to @entity4 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: On the basis of the register of the Finnish @entity0 Insurance Association, the aim of this study was to examine malpractice claims for @entity1 associated with @entity4 and determine whether they are concentrated among specialists, among less experienced dentists, or in certain geographic areas. During 1987-93 there were 139 claims for permanent @entity3 related to removal of lower third molars in Finland. The lingual nerve was injured in 54% and the @entity2 in 41% of the claims. In 91% of the cases the injury occurred in relation to surgical @entity5 and in 6% in relation to simple extraction. The claims were distributed among 123 dentists, of whom 78% were dental surgeons, 15% specialists in oral and maxillofacial surgery, and 7% other specialists. These figures represented 2% of the dental surgeons and 26% of the oral surgeons in Finland (P< 0.01). More than half the claims were associated with dentists with less than 10 years' experience. Claims originated more often from the eastern and northern (rural) areas of Finland than from urban areas (3.8 claims versus 2.4 claims per 100,000 inhabitants, P < 0.05). Compensation was paid to the @entity0 in two-thirds of the cases, indicating that the dentists authorized to decide claims very often considered these injuries avoidable. Therefore, proper diagnosis, treatment planning, surgical techniques, and detailed @entity0 information must be emphasized. In cases where risks are obvious, referral to an oral surgeon is recommended.

title: Malpractice claims for permanent @entity1 related to XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: To establish the extent to which the paraspinal muscles are affected in @entity3 , samples from @entity0 must be compared with controls of a similar gender and age. To date, insufficient control data has been available for these purposes. The aim of this study was to re-dress this tissue, in order to identify whether one side of the apex of the scoliotic curve showed greater muscular abnormalities than the other. Bilateral samples of the paraspinal muscles were obtained during surgery from 14 female @entity2 @entity0 , at the apex of the scoliotic curve at T9-T11. Percutaneous muscle biopsy samples were obtained from nine female volunteers, on the left side of the spine at T10. Samples were prepared for routine histochemistry for the identification of muscle fibre types. Fibre size was measured using computerised image analysis. Compared with control muscle, there was a significantly lower proportion of type I (slow-twitch oxidative) fibres in the muscle on the concave side of the scoliotic curve, but no difference on the convex side. The proportion of type IIB (fast-twitch, glycolytic) fibres was higher on both sides of the curve compared with controls, with the effect being significantly more marked on the concave side. The percentage of type IIA (slow-twitch, oxidative-glycolytic) fibres did not differ between the groups, and neither did fibre size (although there was a tendency for the controls to have larger type IIA fibres than the @entity0 ). Collectively, the differences in fibre type size and distribution meant that on the concave side the relative area of the muscle occupied by type I fibres was smaller, and on both sides of the curve the relative area occupied by type IIB fibres was greater and by type IIA fibres smaller, in comparison with controls. In @entity2 , the spinal musculature is most affected on the concave side of the curve's apex. The muscle adopts a 'faster', or more 'glycolytic' profile, which would be consistent with a reduced low-level tonic activity of the muscle, perhaps consequent to a local change in activity on this side of the spine following progression of the curve. Less marked changes, in the same direction, are also evident on the convex side; these may be the result of general disuse of the paraspinal muscles associated with the @entity1 .

title: Paraspinal muscle fibre type alterations associated with XXXX : an old problem revisited with new evidence.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: We systematically reviewed and analyzed published and unpublished cases of @entity5 ( @entity5 ), or @entity1 ( @entity1 ) associated with @entity4 (LTG) therapy to identify characteristics of these reactions. METHODS: We performed a MEDLINE search (January 1985 to April 1998) and citation tracking for published reports. In addition, reports were requested from the Uppsala Monitoring Centre of the World Health Organization (WHO). Published and WHO cases of LTG-associated @entity5 or @entity1 were included if the causal relationship was assessed as either possible, probable, or definite. RESULTS: We identified a total of 57 cases (43 cases of @entity5 , 14 cases of @entity1 ), of which 13 (23%) were published. Cases in the @entity5 group were significantly younger than in the @entity1 group (21 years vs. 31 years). The median time to onset (17 days for @entity5 and @entity1 ) and the median dosage at onset (50 mg vs. 87.5 mg) for @entity5 and @entity1 did not differ significantly. Concomitant use of @entity2 ( @entity3 ) was reported in 74% of the @entity5 cases and 64% of the @entity1 cases. In three cases, @entity1 was the cutaneous manifestation of the antiepileptic drug @entity6 (AHS). CONCLUSIONS: The main features of severe cutaneous drug reactions, such as dosage, onset, and concomitant @entity3 use, do not differ in @entity0 with LTG-induced @entity5 or @entity1 . @entity5 or @entity1 may also be the cutaneous manifestations of LTG-induced AHS. Further epidemiologic studies are needed to identify the incidence of severe LTG-induced cutaneous adverse reactions and the relative risk compared with other AEDs.

title: XXXX -induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions.

answer: @entity4


abstract: While attention has been paid recently to the effectiveness of @entity1 / @entity2 interventions among injection drug users, less focus has been given to out-of-treatment noninjecting drug users. This study examines the the NIDA Cooperative Agreement standard intervention versus an enhanced intervention for @entity1 / @entity2 risk among noninjecting drug users. Data come from five sites of the NIDA-funded Cooperative Agreement on @entity1 risk behaviors. The sample is comprised of those who never injected drugs or reported not injecting in the 12 months prior to the interview; and who completed a three-month follow-up assessment. Three risk behaviors in the prior 30 days were analyzed: frequency of crack/ @entity3 use, number of sex partners, and frequency of condom use. The levels of both baseline and follow-up risk were analyzed. Individuals remaining at low risk or decreasing risk behaviors were classified as "improved." Those increasing risk behavior or remaining at moderate or high levels were classified as "worsened." Of the 1,434 noninjecting crack/ @entity3 users, 82% improved crack/ @entity3 use at the follow-up. The enhanced intervention group showed more improvement in crack/ @entity3 use than the standard intervention group. Overall, 76% reported reducing sexual partners, maintaining a one-partner relationship, or abstaining from sex at both time periods. @entity0 in the enhanced intervention group improved more than @entity0 in the standard intervention (81% versus 75%). In terms of condom use, more respondents worsened than improved (55% versus 45%). This study confirms that @entity1 / @entity2 interventions can reduce crack/ @entity3 use; however, high-risk sexual behaviors are more difficult to change. Reasons for this lack of improvement and suggestions for future interventions are discussed.

title: Effectiveness of XXXX risk reduction initiatives among out-of-treatment non-injection drug users.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of modification by local primary care doctors of key aspects of the National Asthma Education Program (NAEP) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. DESIGN: A random sample of primary care physicians participating in @entity2 guideline development. SETTING: Two hospital systems, one based in an urban environment, and a second in a community and rural environment. @entity0 : Primary care physicians. INTERVENTION: Design of consensus-based @entity2 guidelines using a modified Delphi approach. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 42 physicians participated in the local guideline development. With few exceptions, the primary care physicians modified in major ways the NAEP Guidelines regarding the role of pulmonary function testing and spirometry. Specifically, the local guidelines did not require peak flow and spirometry measurements as the basis for initiating inhaled @entity1 as did the national guidelines. All 42 physicians emphasized a clinical diagnosis versus one based on a pulmonary function. Peak flow monitoring was recommended by 35 (83%) of physicians in selected @entity0 only, in contrast to the national guidelines, which emphasized monitoring for all @entity0 routinely and during exacerbations. There was strong agreement with the national guidelines on the role and importance of @entity0 education, and on the indications for the use of inhaled @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Disagreement by primary care doctors with parts of the NAEP guideline is a potential cause for poor compliance and lack of influence on @entity0 care. Recognizing the need to modify or customize guidelines through field testing with local primary care physicians will improve acceptance of national guidelines.

title: Effect of local standards on the implementation of national guidelines for XXXX : primary care agreement with national @entity2 guidelines.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of modification by local primary care doctors of key aspects of the National Asthma Education Program (NAEP) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. DESIGN: A random sample of primary care physicians participating in @entity2 guideline development. SETTING: Two hospital systems, one based in an urban environment, and a second in a community and rural environment. @entity0 : Primary care physicians. INTERVENTION: Design of consensus-based @entity2 guidelines using a modified Delphi approach. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 42 physicians participated in the local guideline development. With few exceptions, the primary care physicians modified in major ways the NAEP Guidelines regarding the role of pulmonary function testing and spirometry. Specifically, the local guidelines did not require peak flow and spirometry measurements as the basis for initiating inhaled @entity1 as did the national guidelines. All 42 physicians emphasized a clinical diagnosis versus one based on a pulmonary function. Peak flow monitoring was recommended by 35 (83%) of physicians in selected @entity0 only, in contrast to the national guidelines, which emphasized monitoring for all @entity0 routinely and during exacerbations. There was strong agreement with the national guidelines on the role and importance of @entity0 education, and on the indications for the use of inhaled @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Disagreement by primary care doctors with parts of the NAEP guideline is a potential cause for poor compliance and lack of influence on @entity0 care. Recognizing the need to modify or customize guidelines through field testing with local primary care physicians will improve acceptance of national guidelines.

title: Effect of local standards on the implementation of national guidelines for @entity2 : primary care agreement with national XXXX guidelines.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The use of a recently released anticonvulsant, @entity4 , in the treatment of @entity2 in two @entity0 with @entity1 is reported. @entity4 was chosen because of its @entity3 -ergic effect and because previously reported studies have shown that it is well tolerated compared with other @entity3 -mimetic medication. Satisfactory release of @entity2 with significant improvement of functional outcome was noted in both cases. Both @entity0 were first treated with @entity4 for one month at 300 mg per day and then, with no reported side-effects, at 400 mg per day. Before treatment, @entity2 (graded with modified Ashworth Scale) in one @entity0 was 3 for left lower and 2 for right lower limbs, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was 7; ambulation was limited to a few steps with a standard walker. After two weeks of treatment, @entity2 was 2 and 1 for the left and right lower limbs, respectively. At three-month intervals, @entity2 was +1 for left and 1 for right lower limbs, and EDSS was 6; the @entity0 could ambulate 75 to 100 m with a standard walker. In the second @entity0 , @entity2 before treatment was 2 for both lower and left upper limbs. EDSS was 5.5, and ambulation was confined to 100 m with a cane. Spasticity improved to +1 in lower and 1 in left upper limbs after two weeks and to 1 and normal after three months. At three months, EDSS was 3 and the @entity0 could ambulate for long distances without an assistive device. We suggest that @entity4 can be used effectively to decrease @entity2 without significant side effects in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: @entity4 for relief of XXXX associated with @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The use of a recently released anticonvulsant, @entity4 , in the treatment of @entity2 in two @entity0 with @entity1 is reported. @entity4 was chosen because of its @entity3 -ergic effect and because previously reported studies have shown that it is well tolerated compared with other @entity3 -mimetic medication. Satisfactory release of @entity2 with significant improvement of functional outcome was noted in both cases. Both @entity0 were first treated with @entity4 for one month at 300 mg per day and then, with no reported side-effects, at 400 mg per day. Before treatment, @entity2 (graded with modified Ashworth Scale) in one @entity0 was 3 for left lower and 2 for right lower limbs, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was 7; ambulation was limited to a few steps with a standard walker. After two weeks of treatment, @entity2 was 2 and 1 for the left and right lower limbs, respectively. At three-month intervals, @entity2 was +1 for left and 1 for right lower limbs, and EDSS was 6; the @entity0 could ambulate 75 to 100 m with a standard walker. In the second @entity0 , @entity2 before treatment was 2 for both lower and left upper limbs. EDSS was 5.5, and ambulation was confined to 100 m with a cane. Spasticity improved to +1 in lower and 1 in left upper limbs after two weeks and to 1 and normal after three months. At three months, EDSS was 3 and the @entity0 could ambulate for long distances without an assistive device. We suggest that @entity4 can be used effectively to decrease @entity2 without significant side effects in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: @entity4 for relief of @entity2 associated with XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The use of a recently released anticonvulsant, @entity4 , in the treatment of @entity2 in two @entity0 with @entity1 is reported. @entity4 was chosen because of its @entity3 -ergic effect and because previously reported studies have shown that it is well tolerated compared with other @entity3 -mimetic medication. Satisfactory release of @entity2 with significant improvement of functional outcome was noted in both cases. Both @entity0 were first treated with @entity4 for one month at 300 mg per day and then, with no reported side-effects, at 400 mg per day. Before treatment, @entity2 (graded with modified Ashworth Scale) in one @entity0 was 3 for left lower and 2 for right lower limbs, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was 7; ambulation was limited to a few steps with a standard walker. After two weeks of treatment, @entity2 was 2 and 1 for the left and right lower limbs, respectively. At three-month intervals, @entity2 was +1 for left and 1 for right lower limbs, and EDSS was 6; the @entity0 could ambulate 75 to 100 m with a standard walker. In the second @entity0 , @entity2 before treatment was 2 for both lower and left upper limbs. EDSS was 5.5, and ambulation was confined to 100 m with a cane. Spasticity improved to +1 in lower and 1 in left upper limbs after two weeks and to 1 and normal after three months. At three months, EDSS was 3 and the @entity0 could ambulate for long distances without an assistive device. We suggest that @entity4 can be used effectively to decrease @entity2 without significant side effects in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: XXXX for relief of @entity2 associated with @entity1 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSES: To investigate the evidence for a threshold in the @entity0 dose-response curve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Japanese @entity0 mortality data, based on follow-up to 1990, was used, taking account of random errors in DS86 dose estimates. RESULTS: For all solid cancers analysed together, there is a significant positive dose response (two-sided p<0.05) if all survivors who received <0.5 Sv are considered, but the significance vanishes if doses of <0.2 Sv are considered; the same is also true for @entity1 . For solid @entity0 mortality there is no indication of curvilinearity in the dose response: no statistically significant improvement in fit to a linear relative risk model is provided by addition of quadratic or threshold dose terms. If a relative risk model with a threshold (the dose response is assumed linear above the threshold) is fitted to solid @entity0 mortality data, the best estimate of the threshold is < 0.00 Sv (95% CI <0.00-0.13). If a linear-quadratic-threshold model is used the best estimate of the threshold is < 0.00 Sv (95% CI < 0.00-0.15). For @entity1 mortality there is highly statistically significant upward curvature in the dose response. In particular, if a relative risk model with a threshold (the dose response is assumed linear above the threshold) is fitted to the @entity1 data, the best estimate of the threshold is 0.16 Sv (95% CI 0.05-0.40) (two-sided p=0.001 for test of departure of threshold from 0). However, there is no evidence for a threshold effect (two-sided p = 0.16) when a quadratic term is included in the dose response: the best estimate of threshold in this case is 0.09Sv (95% CI <0.00-0.29). Moreover, addition of a quadratic term improves the fit of a linear-threshold model at borderline levels of statistical significance (two-sided p = 0.07). Therefore, the most parsimonious description of the @entity1 dose response is provided by a linear-quadratic function of dose. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence of threshold-type departures from the linear-quadratic dose response either for solid @entity0 or for @entity1 in the Japanese atomic bomb survivor mortality data.

title: Curvature in the XXXX mortality dose response in Japanese atomic bomb survivors: absence of evidence of threshold.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity0 @entity2 ( @entity2 ), one of the small four-helix-bundle cytokines, uses the specific @entity2 receptor a chain together with a promiscuous subunit, the @entity4 ( @entity4 ) for transmembrane signaling. The ligand-binding properties of @entity4 , which are presently poorly understood, were analysed by biosensor techniques employing recombinant ectodomains of @entity4 and a receptor chains ( @entity2 -BP). The formation of a ternary complex between solute @entity4 ectodomain and @entity2 saturated @entity2 -BP could be established to exhibit a high dissociation constant Kd = 3 microM and a short half life tau1/2 = 7 s. This binding affinity resulted to the major part from the interaction of @entity4 ectodomain with @entity2 and not from a direct contact of the ectodomains, since binding between solute @entity4 ectodomain and @entity2 could be established (Kd about 150 microM), whereas no binding was found between the @entity4 ectodomain and @entity2 -BP in the absence of @entity2 . The @entity2 epitope involved in @entity4 ectodomain interaction (site 2) was identified by means of an @entity1 -scanning mutational approach. The @entity2 site 2 comprised residues I11 and N15 on helix A together with Y124 on helix D as major binding determinants. The @entity2 @entity1 variants at site 2 generally showed only moderate defects in biological activity. Even the most affected variant [A124] @entity2 retained a partial agonist activity of about 50% during a T-cell proliferation assay. The dosis leading to a half-maximal response (EC50) was not altered by site-2 substitutions. The present results are in accordance with a two-step-dimerisation mechanism for @entity3 activation, where solute @entity2 at physiological concentrations binds first via the high-affinity site 1 to the a chain only, since the affinity of @entity2 site 2 for @entity4 is too low. This site-2 affinity seems to be sufficient, however, to promote, in a second step, a productive association of @entity4 to an @entity2 chain complex in the membrane.

title: The interleukin-4 site-2 epitope determining binding of the common receptor XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity10 is the most common @entity1 of @entity5 . Most @entity10 proliferate for 8 to 18 months and then slowly regress over the next 5 to 8 years. So far, @entity3 have been the established means of treatment, but there have been some reports of the use of @entity11 (IFN-A2a) in such @entity1 . To evaluate the efficacy of IFN-A2a in treating @entity10 in @entity5 and childhood, we administered it to ten @entity0 aged 4 h to 6.5 years with life-threatening @entity10 in various parts of the body. The dose used was 3 MU/m2 body surface area subcutaneously every second day. All @entity0 had previously received @entity4 for 2 to 5 weeks without obvious success. The results were satisfactory: five @entity0 had total or almost total regression; the rest have had partial regression while treatment is still in progress. @entity6 with @entity2 , @entity9 , etc. accompanied the injections in some @entity0 . The symptoms were controlled with @entity8 as necessary. Mild, transient @entity7 occurred in some @entity0 as well, but subsided after cessation of therapy for 1 week. IFN-A2a appears to be a promising and well-tolerated element in the treatment of life-threatening @entity10 in @entity5 and childhood.

title: Conservative treatment of @entity10 in @entity5 and childhood with XXXX .

answer: @entity11


abstract: @entity10 is the most common @entity1 of @entity5 . Most @entity10 proliferate for 8 to 18 months and then slowly regress over the next 5 to 8 years. So far, @entity3 have been the established means of treatment, but there have been some reports of the use of @entity11 (IFN-A2a) in such @entity1 . To evaluate the efficacy of IFN-A2a in treating @entity10 in @entity5 and childhood, we administered it to ten @entity0 aged 4 h to 6.5 years with life-threatening @entity10 in various parts of the body. The dose used was 3 MU/m2 body surface area subcutaneously every second day. All @entity0 had previously received @entity4 for 2 to 5 weeks without obvious success. The results were satisfactory: five @entity0 had total or almost total regression; the rest have had partial regression while treatment is still in progress. @entity6 with @entity2 , @entity9 , etc. accompanied the injections in some @entity0 . The symptoms were controlled with @entity8 as necessary. Mild, transient @entity7 occurred in some @entity0 as well, but subsided after cessation of therapy for 1 week. IFN-A2a appears to be a promising and well-tolerated element in the treatment of life-threatening @entity10 in @entity5 and childhood.

title: Conservative treatment of XXXX in @entity5 and childhood with @entity11 .

answer: @entity10


abstract: @entity10 is the most common @entity1 of @entity5 . Most @entity10 proliferate for 8 to 18 months and then slowly regress over the next 5 to 8 years. So far, @entity3 have been the established means of treatment, but there have been some reports of the use of @entity11 (IFN-A2a) in such @entity1 . To evaluate the efficacy of IFN-A2a in treating @entity10 in @entity5 and childhood, we administered it to ten @entity0 aged 4 h to 6.5 years with life-threatening @entity10 in various parts of the body. The dose used was 3 MU/m2 body surface area subcutaneously every second day. All @entity0 had previously received @entity4 for 2 to 5 weeks without obvious success. The results were satisfactory: five @entity0 had total or almost total regression; the rest have had partial regression while treatment is still in progress. @entity6 with @entity2 , @entity9 , etc. accompanied the injections in some @entity0 . The symptoms were controlled with @entity8 as necessary. Mild, transient @entity7 occurred in some @entity0 as well, but subsided after cessation of therapy for 1 week. IFN-A2a appears to be a promising and well-tolerated element in the treatment of life-threatening @entity10 in @entity5 and childhood.

title: Conservative treatment of @entity10 in XXXX and childhood with @entity11 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Monocytes can be activated by incubation with opsonized zymosan (Zop), and under these conditions can oxidize low density lipoprotein (LDL). We have characterized the biochemical changes in the lipoprotein after this oxidation. We found that monocyte-oxidized LDL has increased mobility on agarose gels, increased absorbance at 234 nm, increased content of @entity6 , and fluorescence at 430 nm when excited at 350 nm. All these features were somewhat less pronounced in monocyte-oxidized LDL than in LDL oxidized by 5 micrometer @entity9 . Under appropriate conditions, Zop-stimulated monocytes oxidized LDL to a form recognized by macrophage scavenger receptors. Monocytes stimulated by Zop produced @entity1 and also oxidized LDL, whereas monocytes stimulated by @entity4 produced slightly more @entity1 but did not oxidize LDL. We found that the chelators @entity3 and @entity5 inhibited LDL oxidation by Zop-stimulated monocytes, implying a requirement for @entity8 ions. We found that Zop contained approximately 5 nmol @entity0 per mg, probably as @entity2 . Zop stripped of its @entity0 supported @entity1 production by monocytes, but did not support LDL oxidation. Furthermore, @entity7 appeared in the medium when monocytes were incubated with Zop, but not with @entity0 -stripped Zop. Taken together, these results imply that monocytes stimulated by Zop are able to oxidize LDL only because of contaminating @entity0 in the commercial zymosan preparations. and requirement for @entity8 ions.

title: LDL oxidation by activated monocytes: characterization of the oxidized LDL and requirement for XXXX ions.

answer: @entity8


abstract: BenM and CatM are distinct, but similar, LysR-type transcriptional regulators of the soil bacterium @entity1 . Together, the two regulators control the expression of at least 14 genes involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds via the @entity0 branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway. In these studies, BenM and CatM were each purified to homogeneity to test the possibility that they regulate the expression of two additional genes, benP and benK, that are adjacent to benM on the chromosome. Each regulator bound to a DNA fragment containing the benP promoter region. Additional transcriptional studies suggested that benP and benK are co-transcribed as an operon, and a site of transcription initiation was identified. Alignment of this initiation site with those of several CatM- and BenM-regulated genes revealed common regulatory motifs. Mutants lacking both CatM and BenM failed to activate benP transcription. The ability of each protein to regulate gene expression was inferred from strains lacking either CatM or BenM that were still capable of increasing benP expression in response to @entity2 . This compound has previously been shown to induce all enzymes of the @entity0 branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway through a complex transcriptional circuit involving CatM and BenM. Thus, the regulated expression of the benPK operon in concert with other genes of the regulon is consistent with the model that BenP, a putative outer-membrane porin, and BenK, an inner-membrane permease, transport aromatic compounds in strain @entity1 .

title: The benPK operon, proposed to play a role in transport, is part of a regulon for benzoate catabolism in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Computer-assisted medical imaging was used to locate the mandibular foramen and the portion of the @entity2 canal at the level of the angle of the mandible in 19 hemimandibles of @entity0 with @entity3 . The distance from each of these two points to the borders of the mandible was measured. The ratios of these distances to the height, anteroposterior, and buccolingual extents of the mandibular ramus were calculated. These ratios were compared among affected hemimandibles (Pruzansky classification I, n = 4; and Pruzansky classification II, n = 10), unaffected hemimandibles (n = 9), and the hemimandibles of @entity0 with @entity4 (n = 7). Comparison of mean distance ratios showed that the mandibular foramen was located significantly more proximally in the affected cohort than in either the unaffected or @entity4 control groups. The mandibular foramen was also located significantly closer to the buccal cortex of the mandible in the affected cohort when compared with unaffected @entity0 . The distance from the mandibular foramen to the anterior or posterior tables of the mandible divided by the total anteroposterior distance did not vary among the three groups studied. The distance ratios between the @entity2 canal at the level of the angle of the mandible and the mandibular borders also did not vary significantly among the groups studied. An @entity2 canal could not be identified in any @entity0 with Pruzansky grade III mandibular deficiency. This quantitative, three-dimensional description of points along the proximal path of the @entity2 canal in @entity0 with @entity3 provides useful information to assist the surgeon during osteotomy planning and may help in avoiding @entity1 at the time of surgery.

title: The course of the @entity2 in XXXX : virtual dissection using three-dimensional computed tomography image analysis.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Computer-assisted medical imaging was used to locate the mandibular foramen and the portion of the @entity2 canal at the level of the angle of the mandible in 19 hemimandibles of @entity0 with @entity3 . The distance from each of these two points to the borders of the mandible was measured. The ratios of these distances to the height, anteroposterior, and buccolingual extents of the mandibular ramus were calculated. These ratios were compared among affected hemimandibles (Pruzansky classification I, n = 4; and Pruzansky classification II, n = 10), unaffected hemimandibles (n = 9), and the hemimandibles of @entity0 with @entity4 (n = 7). Comparison of mean distance ratios showed that the mandibular foramen was located significantly more proximally in the affected cohort than in either the unaffected or @entity4 control groups. The mandibular foramen was also located significantly closer to the buccal cortex of the mandible in the affected cohort when compared with unaffected @entity0 . The distance from the mandibular foramen to the anterior or posterior tables of the mandible divided by the total anteroposterior distance did not vary among the three groups studied. The distance ratios between the @entity2 canal at the level of the angle of the mandible and the mandibular borders also did not vary significantly among the groups studied. An @entity2 canal could not be identified in any @entity0 with Pruzansky grade III mandibular deficiency. This quantitative, three-dimensional description of points along the proximal path of the @entity2 canal in @entity0 with @entity3 provides useful information to assist the surgeon during osteotomy planning and may help in avoiding @entity1 at the time of surgery.

title: The course of the XXXX in @entity3 : virtual dissection using three-dimensional computed tomography image analysis.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: @entity0 with suspected or documented @entity3 ( @entity3 ) who undergo standard biliary sphincterotomy have high rates of post-procedure @entity2 . Approximately 75% of such @entity0 have elevated basal pressures of the pancreatic sphincter. Biliary sphincterotomy (BES) on its own leaves the pancreatic sphincter unablated and may cause transient @entity1 which aggravates the increase in pancreatic sphincter pressure. Combined pancreaticobiliary therapy (PBR), using pancreatic stenting in addition to sphincterotomy may therefore be safer. @entity0 AND METHODS: The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) database was queried for @entity0 with successful double-duct sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) who underwent BES alone or PBR between 1994 and 1997. The endoscopist had decided on the technique to be used. From 1995 to 1997 there was a general trend to do PBR. @entity2 was defined according to established criteria. RESULTS: The post-ERCP @entity2 rate among all 436 @entity3 @entity0 was 19.7%, while 256 @entity0 with normal SOM results had a @entity2 rate of 12.9%. The use of combined PBR was associated with a lower frequency of @entity2 compared with BES alone (needle-knife over pancreatic duct stent, 14/131 @entity0 , 10.7 %; pull-type pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy plus pancreatic stent, 15/78 @entity0 , 19.2%; BES alone, 52/184 @entity0 , 28.3%). Episodes of moderate and severe @entity2 were seen more frequently in the BES group. CONCLUSION: In @entity3 @entity0 , post-ERCP @entity2 rates remain high, but have improved with the addition of combined pancreaticobiliary sphincter therapy.

title: @entity3 : pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy with pancreatic stent placement has a lower rate of XXXX than biliary sphincterotomy alone.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: @entity0 with suspected or documented @entity3 ( @entity3 ) who undergo standard biliary sphincterotomy have high rates of post-procedure @entity2 . Approximately 75% of such @entity0 have elevated basal pressures of the pancreatic sphincter. Biliary sphincterotomy (BES) on its own leaves the pancreatic sphincter unablated and may cause transient @entity1 which aggravates the increase in pancreatic sphincter pressure. Combined pancreaticobiliary therapy (PBR), using pancreatic stenting in addition to sphincterotomy may therefore be safer. @entity0 AND METHODS: The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) database was queried for @entity0 with successful double-duct sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) who underwent BES alone or PBR between 1994 and 1997. The endoscopist had decided on the technique to be used. From 1995 to 1997 there was a general trend to do PBR. @entity2 was defined according to established criteria. RESULTS: The post-ERCP @entity2 rate among all 436 @entity3 @entity0 was 19.7%, while 256 @entity0 with normal SOM results had a @entity2 rate of 12.9%. The use of combined PBR was associated with a lower frequency of @entity2 compared with BES alone (needle-knife over pancreatic duct stent, 14/131 @entity0 , 10.7 %; pull-type pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy plus pancreatic stent, 15/78 @entity0 , 19.2%; BES alone, 52/184 @entity0 , 28.3%). Episodes of moderate and severe @entity2 were seen more frequently in the BES group. CONCLUSION: In @entity3 @entity0 , post-ERCP @entity2 rates remain high, but have improved with the addition of combined pancreaticobiliary sphincter therapy.

title: XXXX : pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy with pancreatic stent placement has a lower rate of @entity2 than biliary sphincterotomy alone.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) had been considered extremely rare until identification with imaging studies. Its natural history is still quite unknown in terms of potential origin and course. As a consequence of various controversies, there is still no clearly established treatment, particularly in regard to medical or surgical management. The best decision requires tailoring treatment to the individual @entity0 according to his or her clinical condition. Two @entity0 with @entity6 are reported, the controversial management of this rare entity is analysed. In reviewing current published cases of @entity4 , it seems that the outcome of an individual @entity0 is not related to the therapeutic approach, but to the level of consciousness and the @entity2 on admission. Surgical and medical treatment indications are taken into account for management. A @entity0 with @entity4 developed an extension of the @entity3 to the convexity at 2 weeks of his clinical course, with a decline of his @entity2 . The @entity3 was then evacuated through a parietal craniotomy with an uneventful postoperative course. Another case of @entity4 presented as @entity1 and @entity5 , with spontaneous clinical improvement at 12 hours and with no decline in the @entity0 's @entity2 . Management was conservative. In both cases the neurological examination was normal after 6 months. As in previously reported cases, the clinical and @entity2 of the @entity0 on admission is crucial for the course of an @entity4 . Treatment strategies are based on the individual neurological response of each case and the risk-benefit ratio to decide on a medical or surgical approach.

title: XXXX : two case reports and analysis of the literature.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: To study the impact of adding induction chemotherapy to radiotherapy on the long-term control of regional @entity1 and survival in @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ). METHODS: Between February 1988 and August 1993, 240 @entity3 @entity0 with Ho's T3 stage, N2-3 stage, or nodal size >/=3 cm were recruited onto two randomized trials comparing induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (CT + RT) and radiotherapy alone (RT) using a similar treatment protocol. Of these, 210 @entity0 (105 in each treatment arm) had cervical nodal @entity1 and were included in the analysis. @entity0 in the CT + RT arm received two to three cycles of @entity4 , 60 mg/m(2) day 1, + @entity5 , 110 mg/m(2) day 1, followed by radiotherapy. Radiotherapy technique and dose were similar in both arms. The median follow-up time was 71 months (range, 5-152 months). RESULTS: The overall response rate of nodal disease to chemotherapy was 86%, and the complete response (CR) rate was 44%. At the end of radiotherapy, 92% of @entity0 in the CT + RT arm and 86% in the RT arm achieved CR in the neck (p =.12). The 5-year nodal relapse-free survival rates in the CT + RT and RT arm were 83% and 75%, respectively (p =.13). @entity2 (81%) occurred during the first 36 months of follow-up. Radical neck dissection successfully salvaged 41% of neck failures in the CT + RT arm and 46% in the RT arm. The 5-year distant metastases-free survival rates were 70% in the CT + RT arm and 68% in the RT arm (p =.56), and the corresponding 5-year disease-specific survival rates were 66% and 68%, respectively (p =.55). In subgroup analysis, no significant differences in regional control and survival could be found in @entity0 with Ho's N2-3 stage, AJCC N2-3 stage, or nodal size >6 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Induction chemotherapy does not seem to improve the regional control and survival in @entity3 @entity0 with regional @entity1 compared with radiotherapy alone and is not recommended as a routine treatment outside the context of a clinical trial.

title: Control of regional @entity1 after induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: To study the impact of adding induction chemotherapy to radiotherapy on the long-term control of regional @entity1 and survival in @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ). METHODS: Between February 1988 and August 1993, 240 @entity3 @entity0 with Ho's T3 stage, N2-3 stage, or nodal size >/=3 cm were recruited onto two randomized trials comparing induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (CT + RT) and radiotherapy alone (RT) using a similar treatment protocol. Of these, 210 @entity0 (105 in each treatment arm) had cervical nodal @entity1 and were included in the analysis. @entity0 in the CT + RT arm received two to three cycles of @entity4 , 60 mg/m(2) day 1, + @entity5 , 110 mg/m(2) day 1, followed by radiotherapy. Radiotherapy technique and dose were similar in both arms. The median follow-up time was 71 months (range, 5-152 months). RESULTS: The overall response rate of nodal disease to chemotherapy was 86%, and the complete response (CR) rate was 44%. At the end of radiotherapy, 92% of @entity0 in the CT + RT arm and 86% in the RT arm achieved CR in the neck (p =.12). The 5-year nodal relapse-free survival rates in the CT + RT and RT arm were 83% and 75%, respectively (p =.13). @entity2 (81%) occurred during the first 36 months of follow-up. Radical neck dissection successfully salvaged 41% of neck failures in the CT + RT arm and 46% in the RT arm. The 5-year distant metastases-free survival rates were 70% in the CT + RT arm and 68% in the RT arm (p =.56), and the corresponding 5-year disease-specific survival rates were 66% and 68%, respectively (p =.55). In subgroup analysis, no significant differences in regional control and survival could be found in @entity0 with Ho's N2-3 stage, AJCC N2-3 stage, or nodal size >6 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Induction chemotherapy does not seem to improve the regional control and survival in @entity3 @entity0 with regional @entity1 compared with radiotherapy alone and is not recommended as a routine treatment outside the context of a clinical trial.

title: Control of regional XXXX after induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for @entity3 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The bag cell neurons of Aplysia are a cluster of cells that control egg laying behavior. After brief synaptic stimulation, they depolarize and fire spontaneously for up to 30 min. During the first few seconds of this afterdischarge, the action potentials of the bag cell neurons undergo pronounced broadening. Single bag cell neurons in culture also show spike broadening in response to repeated depolarizations. This broadening is frequency-dependent and associated with the induction of a depolarizing afterpotential lasting minutes. In some neurons the depolarizing afterpotential is sufficient to trigger spontaneous firing. To test the possibility that spike broadening during stimulation is required to trigger the depolarizing afterpotential, we eliminated frequency-dependent broadening by heterologous expression of the @entity2 @entity1 channel. This channel has rapid activation and deactivation kinetics and no use-dependent inactivation. Expression of @entity2 prevented spike broadening and also eliminated the depolarizing afterpotential. Measurements of the integral of @entity0 current during voltage commands, which simulated the action potentials of the control neurons and those expressing @entity2 , indicate that spike broadening produces up to a fivefold increase in @entity0 entry. Manipulations that limit @entity0 entry during action potentials or chelation of intracellular @entity0 using @entity3 AM prevented the induction of the depolarizing afterpotential. We conclude that spike broadening is essential for the induction of the depolarizing afterpotential probably by regulating @entity0 influx and suggest that one of the physiological roles of spike broadening may be to regulate long-term changes in neuronal excitability.

title: Heterologous expression of the @entity2 XXXX channel eliminates spike broadening and the induction of a depolarizing afterpotential in the peptidergic bag cell neurons.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The bag cell neurons of Aplysia are a cluster of cells that control egg laying behavior. After brief synaptic stimulation, they depolarize and fire spontaneously for up to 30 min. During the first few seconds of this afterdischarge, the action potentials of the bag cell neurons undergo pronounced broadening. Single bag cell neurons in culture also show spike broadening in response to repeated depolarizations. This broadening is frequency-dependent and associated with the induction of a depolarizing afterpotential lasting minutes. In some neurons the depolarizing afterpotential is sufficient to trigger spontaneous firing. To test the possibility that spike broadening during stimulation is required to trigger the depolarizing afterpotential, we eliminated frequency-dependent broadening by heterologous expression of the @entity2 @entity1 channel. This channel has rapid activation and deactivation kinetics and no use-dependent inactivation. Expression of @entity2 prevented spike broadening and also eliminated the depolarizing afterpotential. Measurements of the integral of @entity0 current during voltage commands, which simulated the action potentials of the control neurons and those expressing @entity2 , indicate that spike broadening produces up to a fivefold increase in @entity0 entry. Manipulations that limit @entity0 entry during action potentials or chelation of intracellular @entity0 using @entity3 AM prevented the induction of the depolarizing afterpotential. We conclude that spike broadening is essential for the induction of the depolarizing afterpotential probably by regulating @entity0 influx and suggest that one of the physiological roles of spike broadening may be to regulate long-term changes in neuronal excitability.

title: Heterologous expression of the XXXX @entity1 channel eliminates spike broadening and the induction of a depolarizing afterpotential in the peptidergic bag cell neurons.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical and histological effects of 2 @entity2 lasers with different pulse durations and to evaluate the effect of @entity2 laser pulse duration on postprocedure erythema, wound healing, and efficacy of wrinkle treatment. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, comparative clinical trial. SETTING: A university-affiliated hospital-based laser center. @entity0 : Thirty-five @entity0 with facial wrinkles were enrolled in the study. Treatment sites included 15 perioral, 14 periorbital areas, and 6 full face. INTERVENTION: A 2-sided comparison was performed. One side of the study site was treated with the TruPulse laser (Tissue Technologies, Palomar Medical Products Inc, Lexington, Mass). The other side of the study site was treated with the UltraPulse 5000 laser (Coherent Medical Inc, Palo Alto, @entity3 ). The 2 sides were treated to equivalent tissue effects rather than maintaining the number of passes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Photographs of the treatment areas at baseline, week 1, week 2, month 2, and month 6 were evaluated by a 5-member panel for degree of erythema, amount of @entity1 , and percentage of wrinkle improvement. @entity4 skin casts for profilometry measurements before and after the treatment were compared. To evaluate skin shrinkage, surface area before and after treatment of square tattoos on both cheeks of the full-face @entity0 were computed using a digital imaging system. Histological sections before and after the procedure were analyzed. RESULTS: At week 1, 75% of the @entity0 had more erythema on the UltraPulse than TruPulse sides. The difference in erythema (TruPulse less than UltraPulse) between the 2 treatment sides was clinically mild yet statistically significant for weeks 1 (P = .05) and 2 (P = .05). Although observed results favored the UltraPulse over the TruPulse, the difference in efficacy between the 2 lasers did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the longer pulse-duration @entity2 laser, the shorter pulse-duration @entity2 laser, used with higher energy and more passes, caused slightly less erythema while maintaining efficacy. The longer pulse-duration laser required lower energy and fewer number of passes to achieve an equivalent depth of ablation, level of residual thermal damage, and degree of efficacy. The shorter TruPulse allows for more superficial tissue damage per pass and therefore is best suited for situations requiring superficial or more controlled ablation. The longer UltraPulse achieves a desirable depth of tissue damage with fewer passes. The data did not support the long-term presence of tissue collagen shrinkage in the treated areas.

title: Comparative clinical trial of 2 XXXX resurfacing lasers with varying pulse durations. 100 microseconds vs 1 millisecond.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP), aqueous humor flow, flare and ocular side effects in eyes with a history of @entity5 after trabeculectomy with adjunctive @entity2 ( @entity3 ). METHODS: Thirty-six eyes with primary or secondary @entity4 and IOP < or = 8 mmHg during the postoperative period were studied 745 +/- 315 days after surgery. @entity3 (0.2 or 0.5 mg/ml) was applied to the episclera with a cellular sponge. Flare was studied with the Kowa Laser Flare Meter 500. Aqueous humor flow was measured in the afternoon (Fluorotron Master II). IOP, visual fields and best corrected visual acuity were also examined. Twenty-two contralateral eyes without surgical intervention served as controls. RESULTS: The mean age of @entity0 was 44.5 +/- 16.8 years. The mean IOP was significantly lower in the @entity3 group than in the control group: 9.6 +/- 6.4 mmHg vs 18.0 +/- 13.6 mmHg at 2 years (P < 0.001). Aqueous flow was significantly lower in subjects treated with @entity3 than in controls (P < 0.001). The flare values were significantly higher in the @entity3 -treated group, with a mean of 12.0 +/- 7.7 photon counts/ms, than in the control group, mean 7.9 +/- 4.6 photon counts/ms (P < 0.019). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that @entity3 is a useful @entity1 agent which seems to participate in a change in aqueous humor dynamics when applied topically as an aqueous solution.

title: Effect of XXXX on aqueous humor flow, flare and intraocular pressure in eyes with glaucoma 2 years after trabeculectomy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective clinical review of 20 @entity0 seen during a 7-year period who had @entity6 . OBJECTIVE: To define the effectiveness of imaging and treatment measures and to identify risk factors for recurrence, the series was reviewed to analyze cause, management, and outcome. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Rotatory subluxation of the atlantoaxial complex remains a poorly understood entity. Despite many reports in the literature, there is no consensus about which imaging studies should be used for diagnosis and which @entity0 benefit from collar immobilization, traction, or surgical fusion. METHODS: Between August 1990 and April 1997, 20 @entity0 with @entity6 were treated. Fourteen @entity0 (70%) were @entity0 and six (30%) were @entity0 (mean age, 6.4 years). All @entity0 had torticollis and @entity4 with @entity3 for a mean of 11.2 days before diagnosis. Seven @entity0 (35%) had a history of @entity5 or @entity2 media, four (20%) had recently undergone head or neck surgery, and four (20%) had sustained a @entity1 ; in five @entity0 (25%), no clear cause was determined. All @entity0 were neurologically intact and underwent plain cervical radiographs and dynamic cervical computed tomography to document @entity6 . @entity0 were then treated with a rigid cervical collar and anti-inflammatory agents (n = 5) or with cervical traction followed by immobilization (n = 15). RESULTS: In four of the five @entity0 in collars, reduction occurred spontaneously, whereas the fifth required cervical traction and eventual fusion for recurrence. In the 16 @entity0 treated with traction (median, 1.8 kg), the normal atlantoaxial alignment was restored in 15 @entity0 (94%) within a mean of 4 days. Of the 20 @entity0 treated overall, conservative management failed in 6 (30%), and they required posterior fusion because of recurrence of the @entity6 or unsuccessful reduction. The major factor predicting the failure of conservative management was the duration of subluxation before initial reduction. @entity0 with long-standing subluxation were more likely to experience recurrence and require surgery. There were no complications noted. At follow-up, all @entity0 who were treated conservatively remained neurologically intact with a normal atlantoaxial relation. All @entity0 who underwent surgery remained neurologically intact and had radiographic documentation of fusion. CONCLUSION: Optimal management of @entity6 entails early diagnosis with plain cervical radiographs and dynamic computed tomography. Closed reduction with cervical traction followed by rigid immobilization accomplished reduction in 15 of 16 @entity0 (94%) and was curative in 10 of 16 @entity0 (63%). Although reduction was achieved more rapidly and effectively with traction than with a collar, there may be a role for simple immobilization without reduction in @entity0 with a short duration of symptoms. There does not appear to be a correlation between cause of @entity6 , age, or sex and the likelihood of recurrence.

title: Current management of pediatric XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Respiratory and fermentative pathways coexist to support growth and product formation in @entity5 . This @entity1 grows rapidly without @entity3 production under fully aerobic conditions, and it ferments @entity2 or @entity4 under @entity0 -limited conditions, but it stops growing within one generation under anaerobic conditions. Expression of @entity1 @entity7 (ScURA1) in @entity5 enabled rapid anaerobic growth in minimal defined medium containing @entity2 when essential lipids were present. ScURA1 encodes a @entity6 dehydrogenase that uses fumarate as an alternative electron acceptor to confer anaerobic growth. Initial @entity5 transformants grew and produced 32 g/l @entity3 from 78 g/l @entity2 . Cells produced even more @entity3 faster following two anaerobic serial subcultures. Control strains without ScURA1 were incapable of growing anaerobically and showed only limited fermentation. @entity5 cells bearing ScURA1 were viable in anaerobic @entity4 medium for long periods, and supplemental @entity2 allowed cell growth, but @entity4 alone could not support anaerobic growth even after serial anaerobic subculture on @entity2 . These data imply that @entity5 can grow anaerobically using metabolic energy generated through fermentation but that it exhibits fundamental differences in cofactor selection and electron transport with @entity2 and @entity4 metabolism. This is the first report of genetic engineering to enable anaerobic growth of a eukaryote.

title: Anaerobic growth and improved fermentation of XXXX bearing a @entity7 gene from @entity1 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Respiratory and fermentative pathways coexist to support growth and product formation in @entity5 . This @entity1 grows rapidly without @entity3 production under fully aerobic conditions, and it ferments @entity2 or @entity4 under @entity0 -limited conditions, but it stops growing within one generation under anaerobic conditions. Expression of @entity1 @entity7 (ScURA1) in @entity5 enabled rapid anaerobic growth in minimal defined medium containing @entity2 when essential lipids were present. ScURA1 encodes a @entity6 dehydrogenase that uses fumarate as an alternative electron acceptor to confer anaerobic growth. Initial @entity5 transformants grew and produced 32 g/l @entity3 from 78 g/l @entity2 . Cells produced even more @entity3 faster following two anaerobic serial subcultures. Control strains without ScURA1 were incapable of growing anaerobically and showed only limited fermentation. @entity5 cells bearing ScURA1 were viable in anaerobic @entity4 medium for long periods, and supplemental @entity2 allowed cell growth, but @entity4 alone could not support anaerobic growth even after serial anaerobic subculture on @entity2 . These data imply that @entity5 can grow anaerobically using metabolic energy generated through fermentation but that it exhibits fundamental differences in cofactor selection and electron transport with @entity2 and @entity4 metabolism. This is the first report of genetic engineering to enable anaerobic growth of a eukaryote.

title: Anaerobic growth and improved fermentation of @entity5 bearing a XXXX gene from @entity1 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: Respiratory and fermentative pathways coexist to support growth and product formation in @entity5 . This @entity1 grows rapidly without @entity3 production under fully aerobic conditions, and it ferments @entity2 or @entity4 under @entity0 -limited conditions, but it stops growing within one generation under anaerobic conditions. Expression of @entity1 @entity7 (ScURA1) in @entity5 enabled rapid anaerobic growth in minimal defined medium containing @entity2 when essential lipids were present. ScURA1 encodes a @entity6 dehydrogenase that uses fumarate as an alternative electron acceptor to confer anaerobic growth. Initial @entity5 transformants grew and produced 32 g/l @entity3 from 78 g/l @entity2 . Cells produced even more @entity3 faster following two anaerobic serial subcultures. Control strains without ScURA1 were incapable of growing anaerobically and showed only limited fermentation. @entity5 cells bearing ScURA1 were viable in anaerobic @entity4 medium for long periods, and supplemental @entity2 allowed cell growth, but @entity4 alone could not support anaerobic growth even after serial anaerobic subculture on @entity2 . These data imply that @entity5 can grow anaerobically using metabolic energy generated through fermentation but that it exhibits fundamental differences in cofactor selection and electron transport with @entity2 and @entity4 metabolism. This is the first report of genetic engineering to enable anaerobic growth of a eukaryote.

title: Anaerobic growth and improved fermentation of @entity5 bearing a @entity7 gene from XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To analyze immediate and long-term results of @entity2 for @entity4 in a three-center experience in Mexico, and to determine factors associated with increased risk. BACKGROUND: Results demonstrated that the procedure is effective and safe, however its use in some groups is still controversial, specially in neonates and @entity0 . METHODS: In a ten-year period, 333 @entity0 with @entity4 on underwent @entity2 with an immediate success rate of 93.7% and a major complication incidence of 1.8%. Of the total cohort, 272 @entity0 were followed for a period of 24.3 +/- 20 months. Demographic and procedural data were analyzed to determine factors related to a poor outcome or to sustained @entity1 . RESULTS: Cox regression analysis found age (risk ratio 3.42 p = 0.0001), @entity3 (risk ratio 4.64, p < 0.0001), and post-dilation gradient (risk ratio 2.19, p = 0.0113) as independent risk factors for a follow-up event, mainly restenosis. Age at dilation was the only independent factor related to sustained @entity1 with a seven-fold increase in the risk. CONCLUSIONS: Balloon dilation is an effective and safe alternative to treat @entity4 . @entity0 younger than one year of age, with severe @entity3 and a post-dilation gradient > 20 mmHg have the highest risk to develop an event in the follow-up period. When the dilation procedure is performed in @entity0 older than 10 years of age, and specially those older than 20 years, the probability that they remain or develop @entity1 is increase.

title: Balloon angioplasty in XXXX : a multicentric study in Mexico.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: The increased incidence of @entity0 after solid organ transplantation is well established in the literature, yet outcome studies in this population are rare. Excluding @entity7 , @entity6 make up most @entity1 in transplant recipients. METHODS: At our institution, of 5300 solid organ transplant recipients, 34 have had @entity1 develop. We reviewed the records of the 23 recipients whose @entity0 was treated here. RESULTS: Only 6 of the 23 recipients were alive at the time of our chart review. Of these, three had already survived 5 years. The 10 recipients diagnosed early (stage I or II) had significantly longer survival after @entity0 diagnosis than the 13 diagnosed at an advanced stage (stage III or IV) (96.0 mo vs 9.0 mo, p <.001). In all, 14 (60.8%) of the 23 recipients died of @entity0 within 2 years after diagnosis, 12 (50.2%) within 12 months. The sum of the daily doses of immunosuppressive drugs at @entity0 diagnosis was significantly greater for recipients who died within 2 years (p =.02). Furthermore, the difference in average doses of both @entity4 (p =.001) and @entity5 (p =.028) was also significantly greater for those who died within 2 years. The average dose of @entity3 was also greater, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p =.18). The average dose of @entity4 was significantly lower for recipients diagnosed early (p =.001). This correlation between high immunosuppressive drug doses and worse outcome has not been shown previously. CONCLUSIONS: Solid organ transplant recipients who are diagnosed with advanced @entity1 while receiving high doses of immunosuppressive drugs fare extremely poorly. High doses of immunosuppressive drugs, most notably @entity4 , correlate significantly with advanced diagnosis of @entity1 and @entity2 .

title: XXXX of the @entity1 in solid organ transplant recipients.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: The increased incidence of @entity0 after solid organ transplantation is well established in the literature, yet outcome studies in this population are rare. Excluding @entity7 , @entity6 make up most @entity1 in transplant recipients. METHODS: At our institution, of 5300 solid organ transplant recipients, 34 have had @entity1 develop. We reviewed the records of the 23 recipients whose @entity0 was treated here. RESULTS: Only 6 of the 23 recipients were alive at the time of our chart review. Of these, three had already survived 5 years. The 10 recipients diagnosed early (stage I or II) had significantly longer survival after @entity0 diagnosis than the 13 diagnosed at an advanced stage (stage III or IV) (96.0 mo vs 9.0 mo, p <.001). In all, 14 (60.8%) of the 23 recipients died of @entity0 within 2 years after diagnosis, 12 (50.2%) within 12 months. The sum of the daily doses of immunosuppressive drugs at @entity0 diagnosis was significantly greater for recipients who died within 2 years (p =.02). Furthermore, the difference in average doses of both @entity4 (p =.001) and @entity5 (p =.028) was also significantly greater for those who died within 2 years. The average dose of @entity3 was also greater, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p =.18). The average dose of @entity4 was significantly lower for recipients diagnosed early (p =.001). This correlation between high immunosuppressive drug doses and worse outcome has not been shown previously. CONCLUSIONS: Solid organ transplant recipients who are diagnosed with advanced @entity1 while receiving high doses of immunosuppressive drugs fare extremely poorly. High doses of immunosuppressive drugs, most notably @entity4 , correlate significantly with advanced diagnosis of @entity1 and @entity2 .

title: @entity6 of the XXXX in solid organ transplant recipients.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess predictors of mortality and @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity10 ( @entity10 ). METHODS: @entity0 with @entity10 treated at 12 university hospitals in @entity4 between 1985 and 1997 were evaluated using a standardised protocol applied retrospectively. Variables associated with hospital mortality as well as with the presence of @entity1 at 6 months were determined using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-four @entity0 between the ages of 13 and 83 years (mean 33 years) were evaluated. Sixty-eight per cent of these @entity0 presented with Medical Research Council Stage II or III. One hundred and one @entity0 (23.3%) died and 67 (27%) of evaluable survivors had @entity1 . In multi-variable analysis, @entity6 ( @entity13 , 95%CI 1.2-9.0, P = 0.02), @entity8 (OR 6.0, 95%CI 3.6-10.2, P = 0.01), and delayed or interrupted treatment (OR 5.1, 95%CI 2.4-11.2, P = 0.01) were shown to be predictors for mortality. The presence of @entity10 ( @entity11 , 95%CI 1.1-4.2, P = 0.035), @entity3 (OR 2.6, 95%CI 1.4-4.2, P = 0.01), hemiparesia/focal weakness ( @entity14 , 95%CI 3.8-22.6, P = 0.01), @entity9 /multiple @entity2 ( @entity12 , 95%CI 2.14-23.38, P = 0.01) and drowsiness (OR 4.2, 95%CI 2.04-8.82, P = 0.01) were independent predictors of @entity1 at 6 months following hospital discharge. CONCLUSION: The results of this study emphasise the importance of prompt and uninterrupted anti- @entity5 therapy for @entity10 . The presence of @entity6 or @entity7 on admission to hospital are important predictors for mortality, while the presence of focal neurological signs is a predictor for persistent @entity1 in survivors.

title: Predictors of outcome in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity10


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess predictors of mortality and @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity10 ( @entity10 ). METHODS: @entity0 with @entity10 treated at 12 university hospitals in @entity4 between 1985 and 1997 were evaluated using a standardised protocol applied retrospectively. Variables associated with hospital mortality as well as with the presence of @entity1 at 6 months were determined using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-four @entity0 between the ages of 13 and 83 years (mean 33 years) were evaluated. Sixty-eight per cent of these @entity0 presented with Medical Research Council Stage II or III. One hundred and one @entity0 (23.3%) died and 67 (27%) of evaluable survivors had @entity1 . In multi-variable analysis, @entity6 ( @entity13 , 95%CI 1.2-9.0, P = 0.02), @entity8 (OR 6.0, 95%CI 3.6-10.2, P = 0.01), and delayed or interrupted treatment (OR 5.1, 95%CI 2.4-11.2, P = 0.01) were shown to be predictors for mortality. The presence of @entity10 ( @entity11 , 95%CI 1.1-4.2, P = 0.035), @entity3 (OR 2.6, 95%CI 1.4-4.2, P = 0.01), hemiparesia/focal weakness ( @entity14 , 95%CI 3.8-22.6, P = 0.01), @entity9 /multiple @entity2 ( @entity12 , 95%CI 2.14-23.38, P = 0.01) and drowsiness (OR 4.2, 95%CI 2.04-8.82, P = 0.01) were independent predictors of @entity1 at 6 months following hospital discharge. CONCLUSION: The results of this study emphasise the importance of prompt and uninterrupted anti- @entity5 therapy for @entity10 . The presence of @entity6 or @entity7 on admission to hospital are important predictors for mortality, while the presence of focal neurological signs is a predictor for persistent @entity1 in survivors.

title: Predictors of outcome in XXXX with @entity10 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Wheezing and chest tightness is associated with @entity2 . Thus the occurrence of @entity2 may influence the prevalence of @entity1 . AIMS: To assess the strength of relation between two main symptoms of @entity1 and the prevalence of @entity2 in @entity0 with and without @entity1 . METHODS: The study population was 3,796 @entity0 , four years of age, whose parents had answered a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms and @entity1 . The prevalence of wheezing and chest tightness in the last 12 months and four weeks was estimated according to the occurrence of @entity2 during the corresponding time periods; 95% confidence intervals of the prevalence and the statistical significance of the differences in the prevalence by using chi-square test were calculated. RESULTS: The prevalence of wheezing and chest tightness was higher in @entity0 who had experienced @entity2 than in those who had not. The prevalence of wheezing was 17.5% among @entity0 who had experienced @entity3 and 3.0% among @entity0 whom had not (p<0.001). The prevalence of chest tightness in the last 12 months was 3.7% (95% CI 3.1-4.1) among @entity0 without @entity1 and 59.3% (95% CI 53.4-65.2) among @entity0 with @entity1 (p<0.001). The prevalence of wheezing and chest tightness increased with increasing number of different types of @entity2 among @entity0 without @entity1 (p<0.001) and tended to be so among @entity0 with @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for the interpretation of results from epidemiological studies using respiratory symptoms as a health-related outcome of @entity1 .

title: The effect of XXXX on reported @entity1 symptoms.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Wheezing and chest tightness is associated with @entity2 . Thus the occurrence of @entity2 may influence the prevalence of @entity1 . AIMS: To assess the strength of relation between two main symptoms of @entity1 and the prevalence of @entity2 in @entity0 with and without @entity1 . METHODS: The study population was 3,796 @entity0 , four years of age, whose parents had answered a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms and @entity1 . The prevalence of wheezing and chest tightness in the last 12 months and four weeks was estimated according to the occurrence of @entity2 during the corresponding time periods; 95% confidence intervals of the prevalence and the statistical significance of the differences in the prevalence by using chi-square test were calculated. RESULTS: The prevalence of wheezing and chest tightness was higher in @entity0 who had experienced @entity2 than in those who had not. The prevalence of wheezing was 17.5% among @entity0 who had experienced @entity3 and 3.0% among @entity0 whom had not (p<0.001). The prevalence of chest tightness in the last 12 months was 3.7% (95% CI 3.1-4.1) among @entity0 without @entity1 and 59.3% (95% CI 53.4-65.2) among @entity0 with @entity1 (p<0.001). The prevalence of wheezing and chest tightness increased with increasing number of different types of @entity2 among @entity0 without @entity1 (p<0.001) and tended to be so among @entity0 with @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for the interpretation of results from epidemiological studies using respiratory symptoms as a health-related outcome of @entity1 .

title: The effect of @entity2 on reported XXXX symptoms.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The beneficial effect of modulating an allospecific immune response by ballistic @entity1 and @entity5 gene transfer to deliver minimalistic immunologically defined gene expression (MIDGE) vectors into the corneal epithelium was demonstrated in corneal transplantation. However, side effects reduced graft survival in control animals after ballistic transfer without DNA. METHODS: An adapter was constructed for the gene gun apparatus to enlarge and keep constant the distance between the gun and the @entity2 . @entity0 were treated by ballistic transfer of luciferase- or @entity3 -encoding MIDGE vectors using gold particles different in quantity, size and size uniformity. Levels of protein expression were determined. Treated corneas were observed under the scanning electron microscope and immunohistologically. Three groups of Balb/c ( @entity4 ) @entity0 received a @entity6 (H-2 k) corneal graft and two of them had gold particles delivered into the corneal epithelium by gene gun. RESULTS: Using the gene gun and the distance piece, scanning electron microscopy did not reveal morphological differences of the corneal surface compared with untreated corneas on day 2 and 5. Sagittal histological sections of the central @entity2 did not show an invasion of macrophages 24 h after treatment. The expression of luciferase and @entity3 was not reduced when a smaller amount of gold (0.1 mg instead of 0.5 mg) was employed. Ballistic gold treatment did not reduce graft survival. CONCLUSION: Ballistic gene transfer into the corneal epithelium allows high cytokine expression in the @entity2 without measurable side effects if an apparatus is used that is adapted for this specific purpose.

title: Minimizing side effects of ballistic gene transfer into the XXXX corneal epithelium.

answer: @entity0