abstract: INTRODUCTION: The effect of 5 mg @entity3 for 4 days was tested with ice-cubes before and after 4 days of treatment in 12 @entity0 with cold @entity1 . They had been asked not to take any antihistamine for at least 4 days. OBJECTIVE: To find the effect of @entity3 on wheals and itching induced by cold. METHOD: Ice-cubes in a thin plastic foil were placed on the inside of forearms for 0.5 to12 minutes. The time needed to produce a confluent @entity1 , four or more small wheals and fewer than four small wheals were registered, together with the degree of itching. RESULTS: Before treatment a mean of 6.2 minutes was needed to cause a confluent @entity1 , and itching occurred in seven of the @entity0 . Four or more small wheals were observed after a mean of 3.7 minutes and fewer than four after a mean of 1.2 minutes. One 5 mg tablet of @entity3 was then given each morning for 4 days and the ice-cube test was repeated 4-5 hours after the last dose: no confluent @entity1 and no itching occurred in any of the @entity0 . Four or more small wheals were seen in two @entity0 after 12 minutes, but there was no such reaction in the other 10 @entity0 ; in seven @entity0 one to three small wheals developed. After 2-3 months of continued treatment four @entity0 had noticed some wheals when out in the cold, but no itching. The symptoms of one @entity0 with a delayed reaction after exposure to @entity2 totally after a dose increase to 10 mg. CONCLUSION: @entity3 markedly inhibited the reactions to cold induced @entity1 .

title: Inhibition of cold @entity1 by XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The possible influence of pretreatment @entity0 characteristics upon the probabilities of complete remission (CR) induction and maintenance was investigated in a series of 815 nonresected @entity0 with @entity2 . All @entity0 underwent pretreatment staging which enabled allocation of 391 @entity0 to trials for limited stage disease and 424 @entity0 to trials for @entity1 . Three controlled trials for @entity1 stage were conducted between 1973 and 1981. All therapeutic regimens consisted of combinations of between three and six agents ( @entity11 , @entity5 , @entity7 , @entity8 , @entity4 , @entity10 ) with or without irradiation. Thirty-five % of the limited stage @entity0 and 18% of the extensive stage @entity0 were alive and had achieved a complete remission 16 weeks after initiation of the treatment, i.e., after four cycles of chemotherapy. Relationships between pretreatment characteristics and the probability to pass this benchmark were examined by logistic regression analysis. The probability of CR was negatively related to increased serum @entity6 dehydrogenase and male sex in both disease stages. Pretreatment @entity3 (less than 12 g/liter) and poor performance status were associated with a reduced CR rate in limited and extensive stage disease, respectively. Factors related to the maintenance of complete remission were subsequently examined in the 211 complete responders by use of Cox's regression analysis. Complete responders with @entity1 prior to treatment had greater cumulative risk of relapse than those with limited disease (P less than 0.01). @entity9 had a significant negative influence on the remission duration in limited disease while age greater than 60 years and bone marrow metastases had significantly negative influence in @entity1 . Using the models it was possible to identify subgroups of @entity0 with CR rates ranging from 5 to 55% and to stratify complete responders according to estimated risks of subsequent relapse.

title: Determinants of complete remission induction and maintenance in chemotherapy with or without irradiation of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Three mAb to variable region determinants of the alpha/beta-chain TCR were used to detect discrete populations of peripheral blood T cells. T cells sharing a TCR determinant defined by such an antibody presumably use the same or similar TCR V or J genes for their alpha- or beta-chains. Thus analysis with these mAb provides a tool to investigate TCR gene usage and expression. Since autoantigen specific T cells may play an important role in initiating @entity3 , TCR were analyzed in different @entity3 and control groups including @entity1 , @entity7 , @entity8 , @entity5 , @entity4 , @entity6 , and in nonautoimmune control diseases and normals. Purified T cells were stained by indirect immunofluorescence with three mAb to TCR variable regions: mAb S511 stains 1.8 +/- 0.9% (mean +/- 2 SD), mAb C37 stains 3.4 +/- 1.5% and mAb OT145 stains from 0 to 6% of T cells from normal donors. Several individuals were identified with expanded subsets of positive T cells. One @entity0 with adult ITP followed during a 12-mo period consistently had elevated percentages of T cells staining with the mAb OT145 (15.9 to 24.5%). These cells were found to be exclusively @entity2 +. By Southern blotting DNA prepared from these OT145+, @entity2 + cells, but not DNA from the @entity0 's OT145- T cells, revealed a clonal rearrangement using a beta-chain C region probe. Thus this @entity0 had a monoclonal expansion of @entity2 +, OT145+ cells. Hyperexpression of a TCR variable region, as defined by the available mAb, could not be associated with any of the diseases studied. Examination of T cells at the site of @entity3 , such as T cells from @entity1 synovial fluid, revealed normal percentages of cells staining with these mAb. Immunoperoxidase staining of psoriatic lesional skin showed no striking enrichment of T cells bearing one or the other TCR type.

title: T cell antigen receptors in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between corticosteroid use and central @entity4 (CSC). DESIGN: A prospective, case-controlled study. @entity0 AND CONTROLS: A consecutive series of @entity0 with acute manifestations of CSC and a control group matched for age, race, and gender were recruited between January 2000 and July 2000. METHODS: A detailed clinical history was taken, and fundus examination with slit-lamp biomicroscopy was performed on all @entity0 . Fluorescein angiography was obtained on the study @entity0 . RESULTS: A total of 50 @entity0 was recruited. Twenty-six @entity0 (52%) had a history of exogenous @entity1 use, including oral, intravenous, intranasal, and intraarticular administration. Two additional @entity0 had a history of endogenous @entity3 ( @entity3 ). In a matched control group, eight @entity0 (18%) had a history of @entity1 use. The difference in corticosteroid exposure between study @entity0 and controls was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: History of corticosteroid use or @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: This study is consistent with previous reports associating @entity1 use with CSC. It identifies corticosteroids as a significant risk factor for the development of acute, exudative macular manifestation and implicates @entity3 as a factor in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Several forms of @entity2 administration were observed to be a risk factor for CSC. Accordingly, susceptible @entity0 in need of corticosteroids should be advised of the risk of developing acute manifestations of CSC.

title: Corticosteroids and central XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) reliably induces durable remission in 75-80% of @entity0 with relapsed @entity6 ( @entity6 ) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. To identify immunological targets of the graft-versus- @entity5 response (GVL) after DLI, we used @entity6 post-DLI responder sera to screen a @entity6 cDNA expression library. One of the antigens identified in this screen is a M(r) 28,000 protein, termed CML28. CML28 is identical to @entity10 , a component of the @entity0 exosome, a multiprotein complex involved in the 3' processing of RNA. Components of the @entity0 exosome include known autoantigens, such as @entity9 , an autoantibody target in @entity0 with @entity8 , @entity7 , or @entity8 - @entity7 overlap syndrome. Recombinant CML28-GST fusion protein was purified, and used in Western blot and ELISA to demonstrate the development of a high-titer CML28-specific IgG antibody response in a @entity0 with relapsed @entity6 who responded to DLI. Northern blotting demonstrated that CML28 is highly expressed in a variety of hematopoietic and @entity2 cell lines, but not in normal hematopoietic tissues or other normal tissue, with the exception of testis. Purified recombinant CML28 was used to generate a CML28-specific murine monoclonal antibody. Western blotting with CML28 monoclonal antibody against whole-cell lysates derived from blood and marrow of normal donors and @entity0 with @entity5 revealed high expression of this antigen in @entity2 but not in normal samples. Because CML28 was highly expressed in @entity2 cell lines, anti-CML28 responses were also examined in @entity0 with solid @entity2 . By ELISA, we found specific serological responses in 10-33% of @entity0 with @entity1 , @entity4 , and @entity3 . Our studies suggest that immunogenicity of CML28 is likely because of overexpression of this antigen in @entity2 cells. Moreover, given its expression and immunogenicity in a wide variety of @entity2 , CML28 merits additional evaluation as a target for antigen-specific immunotherapy.

title: CML28 is a broadly immunogenic antigen, which is overexpressed in XXXX cells.

answer: @entity2


abstract: This paper reviews @entity1 , @entity5 , and @entity3 as they were described in landmark works, along with more recent epidemiologic studies of the disorders. The author discusses clinical syndromes of @entity1 as outlined in the DSM-III: @entity6 , social @entity3 , generalized @entity1 , @entity5 , simple phobic states, and @entity4 , relating them to Phobic @entity1 and to earlier descriptions by Westphal and Benedict. The paper addresses the problem of delineating @entity1 and phobic states from @entity2 , with regard to diagnosis and treatment outcome. Various etiological bases of @entity6 , @entity5 , and @entity1 are suggested: heredity, life events and circumstances, family background and developmental history, the premorbid personality, and some psychological aspects. Several questions are explored on the relationships of @entity6 , @entity1 and @entity5 attacks. For example, is @entity6 a new disease or one stage in the development of severe chronic @entity1 ? Are the @entity3 of @entity6 acquired by conditioning or learning? Are "panics" spontaneous or physiological? Are @entity5 attacks the first event in the primary cause of @entity6 ? For future work the authors propose a reassessment of the prevalence of @entity6 and related disorders, a more careful definition of the @entity0 , and thorough clinical investigation of the various treatment modalities in well-defined populations. The past twenty years' achievements in behavioural and pharmacological treatments for @entity6 are briefly recapitulated.

title: XXXX , @entity5 : an overview.

answer: @entity1


abstract: This paper reviews @entity1 , @entity5 , and @entity3 as they were described in landmark works, along with more recent epidemiologic studies of the disorders. The author discusses clinical syndromes of @entity1 as outlined in the DSM-III: @entity6 , social @entity3 , generalized @entity1 , @entity5 , simple phobic states, and @entity4 , relating them to Phobic @entity1 and to earlier descriptions by Westphal and Benedict. The paper addresses the problem of delineating @entity1 and phobic states from @entity2 , with regard to diagnosis and treatment outcome. Various etiological bases of @entity6 , @entity5 , and @entity1 are suggested: heredity, life events and circumstances, family background and developmental history, the premorbid personality, and some psychological aspects. Several questions are explored on the relationships of @entity6 , @entity1 and @entity5 attacks. For example, is @entity6 a new disease or one stage in the development of severe chronic @entity1 ? Are the @entity3 of @entity6 acquired by conditioning or learning? Are "panics" spontaneous or physiological? Are @entity5 attacks the first event in the primary cause of @entity6 ? For future work the authors propose a reassessment of the prevalence of @entity6 and related disorders, a more careful definition of the @entity0 , and thorough clinical investigation of the various treatment modalities in well-defined populations. The past twenty years' achievements in behavioural and pharmacological treatments for @entity6 are briefly recapitulated.

title: @entity1 , XXXX : an overview.

answer: @entity5


abstract: To investigate the morphologic correlates of @entity2 and @entity5 resulting from chronic partial @entity7 in the neonate, @entity4 were subjected to unilateral ureteral constriction within the first 2 days of life and were studied at 3 and 8 wk of age. Severity of histologic changes in the obstructed and intact contralateral kidney was assessed by light microscopy. Morphometric glomerular measurements were made using a computerized tracing device. Since contralateral nephrectomy or administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ( @entity8 ) result in increased blood flow to the obstructed kidney, morphologic changes were also examined in separate groups of animals subjected to these maneuvers, and were compared to appropriate controls. Ipsilateral chronic partial @entity7 resulted in decreased glomerular volume (p less than 0.0001) and increased glomerular crowding associated with tubular dilatation and progressive @entity0 , @entity3 , and @entity1 . The intact contralateral kidney underwent @entity6 with increase in glomerular volume (p less than 0.0001) and decreased glomerular density. Contralateral nephrectomy prevented the decrease in glomerular volume in the obstructed kidney and resulted in decreased glomerular density and reduced @entity3 at 3 wk of age. Enalapril prevented the decrease in glomerular volume at 3 wk of age, but glomerular and tubular changes progressed and were unaffected by enalapril at 8 wk. Left kidney glomerular volume was directly related to renal blood flow (r = 0.71, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Morphologic correlates of XXXX in neonatal partial @entity7 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: To investigate the morphologic correlates of @entity2 and @entity5 resulting from chronic partial @entity7 in the neonate, @entity4 were subjected to unilateral ureteral constriction within the first 2 days of life and were studied at 3 and 8 wk of age. Severity of histologic changes in the obstructed and intact contralateral kidney was assessed by light microscopy. Morphometric glomerular measurements were made using a computerized tracing device. Since contralateral nephrectomy or administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ( @entity8 ) result in increased blood flow to the obstructed kidney, morphologic changes were also examined in separate groups of animals subjected to these maneuvers, and were compared to appropriate controls. Ipsilateral chronic partial @entity7 resulted in decreased glomerular volume (p less than 0.0001) and increased glomerular crowding associated with tubular dilatation and progressive @entity0 , @entity3 , and @entity1 . The intact contralateral kidney underwent @entity6 with increase in glomerular volume (p less than 0.0001) and decreased glomerular density. Contralateral nephrectomy prevented the decrease in glomerular volume in the obstructed kidney and resulted in decreased glomerular density and reduced @entity3 at 3 wk of age. Enalapril prevented the decrease in glomerular volume at 3 wk of age, but glomerular and tubular changes progressed and were unaffected by enalapril at 8 wk. Left kidney glomerular volume was directly related to renal blood flow (r = 0.71, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Morphologic correlates of @entity2 in neonatal partial XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of spinal manipulation on blood pressure. DESIGN: This randomized clinical trial compared the effects of chiropractic spinal manipulation and diet with diet alone for lowering blood pressure in @entity0 with high-normal blood pressure or stage I @entity1 . Blood pressure observers were blinded to treatment group. SETTING: The study was conducted at the Berman Center for Clinical and Outcomes Research in Minnesota. Chiropractic treatments were administered by chiropractic physicians within private practice settings. @entity0 One hundred and forty @entity0 and @entity0 , aged 25-60 years, with high-normal blood pressure or stage I @entity1 , were enrolled. One hundred and twenty-eight @entity0 completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: (i) A dietary intervention program administered by a dietitian or (ii) a dietary intervention program administered by a doctor of chiropractic in conjunction with chiropractic spinal manipulation. The frequency of treatment for both groups was three times per week for 4 weeks, for a total of 12 visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes for this study were change from baseline in @entity2 . RESULTS: Study groups were comparable at baseline. Changes in potentially confounding covariates did not differ between groups. Average @entity2 were -4.9/5.6 mmHg for diet group and -3.5/4.0 mmHg for the chiropractic group. Between group changes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity0 with high normal blood pressure or stage I @entity1 , chiropractic spinal manipulation in conjunction with a dietary modification program offered no advantage in lowering either @entity2 compared to diet alone.

title: Treatment of XXXX with Alternative Therapies (THAT) Study: a randomized clinical trial.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The effects of @entity4 ( @entity5 ), @entity6 and @entity3 on intestinal hypersecretion in the @entity0 ileal loop model by the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of @entity2 were studied in relation to their ability to inhibit the stimulation of intestinal adenylate cyclase (AC) by LT. @entity5 5 mg by the intraluminal (i.1.) route and 4 mg/kg by the intramuscular (i.m.) route significantly reduced LT-induced intestinal hypersecretion. @entity6 (10 mg) exerted an inhibitory effect, but only after i.1. administration, whereas @entity3 did not exert any significant inhibitory effect when administered either i.1. (2.5 mg) or i.m. (4 mg/kg). At concentrations of (0.17-1.34) X 10(-3) M @entity5 , the anti-secretory effect of @entity5 correlated with its inhibitory effect on @entity0 LT-stimulated intestinal AC. Inhibition of @entity1 synthesis was probably not involved in the mechanism of action of the two other substances. These results indicate that @entity5 and @entity7 in general are efficient drugs for reducing LT-induced intestinal hypersecretion and could represent a model for synthesis of new anti-secretory drugs with no tranquiliser side effects.

title: Effects of @entity4 , @entity6 and @entity3 on @entity2 heat-labile enterotoxin-induced intestinal hypersecretion in XXXX ileal loops.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The effects of @entity4 ( @entity5 ), @entity6 and @entity3 on intestinal hypersecretion in the @entity0 ileal loop model by the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of @entity2 were studied in relation to their ability to inhibit the stimulation of intestinal adenylate cyclase (AC) by LT. @entity5 5 mg by the intraluminal (i.1.) route and 4 mg/kg by the intramuscular (i.m.) route significantly reduced LT-induced intestinal hypersecretion. @entity6 (10 mg) exerted an inhibitory effect, but only after i.1. administration, whereas @entity3 did not exert any significant inhibitory effect when administered either i.1. (2.5 mg) or i.m. (4 mg/kg). At concentrations of (0.17-1.34) X 10(-3) M @entity5 , the anti-secretory effect of @entity5 correlated with its inhibitory effect on @entity0 LT-stimulated intestinal AC. Inhibition of @entity1 synthesis was probably not involved in the mechanism of action of the two other substances. These results indicate that @entity5 and @entity7 in general are efficient drugs for reducing LT-induced intestinal hypersecretion and could represent a model for synthesis of new anti-secretory drugs with no tranquiliser side effects.

title: Effects of XXXX , @entity6 and @entity3 on @entity2 heat-labile enterotoxin-induced intestinal hypersecretion in @entity0 ileal loops.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The effects of @entity4 ( @entity5 ), @entity6 and @entity3 on intestinal hypersecretion in the @entity0 ileal loop model by the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of @entity2 were studied in relation to their ability to inhibit the stimulation of intestinal adenylate cyclase (AC) by LT. @entity5 5 mg by the intraluminal (i.1.) route and 4 mg/kg by the intramuscular (i.m.) route significantly reduced LT-induced intestinal hypersecretion. @entity6 (10 mg) exerted an inhibitory effect, but only after i.1. administration, whereas @entity3 did not exert any significant inhibitory effect when administered either i.1. (2.5 mg) or i.m. (4 mg/kg). At concentrations of (0.17-1.34) X 10(-3) M @entity5 , the anti-secretory effect of @entity5 correlated with its inhibitory effect on @entity0 LT-stimulated intestinal AC. Inhibition of @entity1 synthesis was probably not involved in the mechanism of action of the two other substances. These results indicate that @entity5 and @entity7 in general are efficient drugs for reducing LT-induced intestinal hypersecretion and could represent a model for synthesis of new anti-secretory drugs with no tranquiliser side effects.

title: Effects of @entity4 , XXXX and @entity3 on @entity2 heat-labile enterotoxin-induced intestinal hypersecretion in @entity0 ileal loops.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The effects of @entity4 ( @entity5 ), @entity6 and @entity3 on intestinal hypersecretion in the @entity0 ileal loop model by the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of @entity2 were studied in relation to their ability to inhibit the stimulation of intestinal adenylate cyclase (AC) by LT. @entity5 5 mg by the intraluminal (i.1.) route and 4 mg/kg by the intramuscular (i.m.) route significantly reduced LT-induced intestinal hypersecretion. @entity6 (10 mg) exerted an inhibitory effect, but only after i.1. administration, whereas @entity3 did not exert any significant inhibitory effect when administered either i.1. (2.5 mg) or i.m. (4 mg/kg). At concentrations of (0.17-1.34) X 10(-3) M @entity5 , the anti-secretory effect of @entity5 correlated with its inhibitory effect on @entity0 LT-stimulated intestinal AC. Inhibition of @entity1 synthesis was probably not involved in the mechanism of action of the two other substances. These results indicate that @entity5 and @entity7 in general are efficient drugs for reducing LT-induced intestinal hypersecretion and could represent a model for synthesis of new anti-secretory drugs with no tranquiliser side effects.

title: Effects of @entity4 , @entity6 and XXXX on @entity2 heat-labile enterotoxin-induced intestinal hypersecretion in @entity0 ileal loops.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The effects of @entity4 ( @entity5 ), @entity6 and @entity3 on intestinal hypersecretion in the @entity0 ileal loop model by the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of @entity2 were studied in relation to their ability to inhibit the stimulation of intestinal adenylate cyclase (AC) by LT. @entity5 5 mg by the intraluminal (i.1.) route and 4 mg/kg by the intramuscular (i.m.) route significantly reduced LT-induced intestinal hypersecretion. @entity6 (10 mg) exerted an inhibitory effect, but only after i.1. administration, whereas @entity3 did not exert any significant inhibitory effect when administered either i.1. (2.5 mg) or i.m. (4 mg/kg). At concentrations of (0.17-1.34) X 10(-3) M @entity5 , the anti-secretory effect of @entity5 correlated with its inhibitory effect on @entity0 LT-stimulated intestinal AC. Inhibition of @entity1 synthesis was probably not involved in the mechanism of action of the two other substances. These results indicate that @entity5 and @entity7 in general are efficient drugs for reducing LT-induced intestinal hypersecretion and could represent a model for synthesis of new anti-secretory drugs with no tranquiliser side effects.

title: Effects of @entity4 , @entity6 and @entity3 on XXXX heat-labile enterotoxin-induced intestinal hypersecretion in @entity0 ileal loops.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity7 is a potent @entity4 agonist and is known to have anti-Parkinson properties. We administered @entity7 to @entity0 with suboptimal control of @entity1 who had a short-duration response to carbidopa-levodopa in a 6-month, double-blind study. @entity7 added to the carbidopa-levodopa regimen resulted in both subjective and objective improvement in comparison with placebo. In @entity0 who tolerated @entity7 , the median time spent in the "off" ( @entity1 ) state was reduced from 5.0 to 2.2 hours daily (compared with a 0.3-hour reduction in the placebo group). These @entity0 were able to decrease the median frequency of carbidopa-levodopa dosage from 7.5 to 5.0 doses daily (no change in the placebo group). Prolongation of the "on" response (optimal response to treatment) to single doses of drugs was corroborated by monitoring of the @entity0 ' Parkinson response cycle. The peak response was also improved in most @entity0 . Of 25 @entity0 randomized to the @entity7 group, 7 were unable to tolerate this drug; @entity3 or @entity6 occurred in 4 of these @entity0 , and @entity2 , @entity5 , and nonspecific dizziness, respectively, developed in the other 3. All adverse events were reversible with reduction of the dose or discontinuation of the @entity7 regimen. In conclusion, @entity0 with @entity1 who experience clinical fluctuations with carbidopa-levodopa may be helped by the addition of @entity7 to the therapeutic regimen.

title: Treatment of @entity1 with XXXX : a double-blind study.

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity7 is a potent @entity4 agonist and is known to have anti-Parkinson properties. We administered @entity7 to @entity0 with suboptimal control of @entity1 who had a short-duration response to carbidopa-levodopa in a 6-month, double-blind study. @entity7 added to the carbidopa-levodopa regimen resulted in both subjective and objective improvement in comparison with placebo. In @entity0 who tolerated @entity7 , the median time spent in the "off" ( @entity1 ) state was reduced from 5.0 to 2.2 hours daily (compared with a 0.3-hour reduction in the placebo group). These @entity0 were able to decrease the median frequency of carbidopa-levodopa dosage from 7.5 to 5.0 doses daily (no change in the placebo group). Prolongation of the "on" response (optimal response to treatment) to single doses of drugs was corroborated by monitoring of the @entity0 ' Parkinson response cycle. The peak response was also improved in most @entity0 . Of 25 @entity0 randomized to the @entity7 group, 7 were unable to tolerate this drug; @entity3 or @entity6 occurred in 4 of these @entity0 , and @entity2 , @entity5 , and nonspecific dizziness, respectively, developed in the other 3. All adverse events were reversible with reduction of the dose or discontinuation of the @entity7 regimen. In conclusion, @entity0 with @entity1 who experience clinical fluctuations with carbidopa-levodopa may be helped by the addition of @entity7 to the therapeutic regimen.

title: Treatment of XXXX with @entity7 : a double-blind study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Repair of @entity9 ( @entity9 ) continues to be a challenging task. @entity6 , @entity7 and multisystem organ failures are the most frequent causes of @entity3 , and @entity5 and @entity2 are the most devastating complications. METHODS: Flawless surgical technique and the use of adjuncts to protect key organs including the brain, heart, spinal cord, liver and kidneys affect outcome. Perfection in exposure and suturing technique decreases bleeding complications, shortens cross-clamp time and assures optimal, visceral, renal and lower extremity perfusion. Technical details include retroperitoneal abdominal aortic exposure, double thoracotomy for Type I and @entity4 , and preservation of the diaphragm. The kidneys are protected by perfusion of iced lactated Ringers; @entity1 in Type I and Type II, @entity4 is diminished by using pulmonary vein-femoral artery pump with sequential clamping. Spinal cord protection is attempted by spinal fluid pressure monitoring and drainage, moderate @entity8 , selective left heart bypass, reimplantation of critical intercostal arteries, monitoring somatosensory and somatomotor evoked potentials and epidural cooling of the spinal cord. RESULTS: Outcome in 203 @entity0 (Group I) who underwent repair of @entity9 without epidural cooling was compared with outcome in 97 @entity0 , 27 with @entity9 and 70 with TAAA (Group II) who underwent repair using epidural cooling. In Group II @entity5 /parapesis occurred in 11.6%, not different from the 8.9% in Group I. Thirty day mortality for elective cases decreased from 14.6% (Group I) to 7.2% (Group II, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Open surgical repair of TAAA carries elevated mortality and complication rates. The etiology of @entity1 and reperfusion injury to the spinal cord is multifactorial and its prevention remains a formidable and as yet unresolved task. To select @entity0 for surgical repair, the risk of TAAA rupture should be balanced against risks of perioperative mortality, @entity5 and @entity2 .

title: Surgical repair of thoracoabdominal XXXX : @entity0 selection, techniques and results.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Repair of @entity9 ( @entity9 ) continues to be a challenging task. @entity6 , @entity7 and multisystem organ failures are the most frequent causes of @entity3 , and @entity5 and @entity2 are the most devastating complications. METHODS: Flawless surgical technique and the use of adjuncts to protect key organs including the brain, heart, spinal cord, liver and kidneys affect outcome. Perfection in exposure and suturing technique decreases bleeding complications, shortens cross-clamp time and assures optimal, visceral, renal and lower extremity perfusion. Technical details include retroperitoneal abdominal aortic exposure, double thoracotomy for Type I and @entity4 , and preservation of the diaphragm. The kidneys are protected by perfusion of iced lactated Ringers; @entity1 in Type I and Type II, @entity4 is diminished by using pulmonary vein-femoral artery pump with sequential clamping. Spinal cord protection is attempted by spinal fluid pressure monitoring and drainage, moderate @entity8 , selective left heart bypass, reimplantation of critical intercostal arteries, monitoring somatosensory and somatomotor evoked potentials and epidural cooling of the spinal cord. RESULTS: Outcome in 203 @entity0 (Group I) who underwent repair of @entity9 without epidural cooling was compared with outcome in 97 @entity0 , 27 with @entity9 and 70 with TAAA (Group II) who underwent repair using epidural cooling. In Group II @entity5 /parapesis occurred in 11.6%, not different from the 8.9% in Group I. Thirty day mortality for elective cases decreased from 14.6% (Group I) to 7.2% (Group II, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Open surgical repair of TAAA carries elevated mortality and complication rates. The etiology of @entity1 and reperfusion injury to the spinal cord is multifactorial and its prevention remains a formidable and as yet unresolved task. To select @entity0 for surgical repair, the risk of TAAA rupture should be balanced against risks of perioperative mortality, @entity5 and @entity2 .

title: Surgical repair of thoracoabdominal @entity4 : XXXX selection, techniques and results.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Following injection for renography, 99Tcm-labelled @entity2 ( @entity1 ) rapidly enters the extravascular space. Background therefore comprises two components, a falling intravascular signal and an extravascular signal which initially rises. We estimated the relative magnitudes of these two components in terms of their impact on the calculation of differential renal function and individual kidney glomerular filtration rate (IKGFR) from the second phase of the 99Tcm-labelled @entity1 renogram in 56 paediatric kidneys. We expressed each of the two background signals as a GFR equivalent. The GFR equivalent of the intravascular signal recorded from a peri-renal background region of interest (ROI), scaled by a factor equal to the ratio of the pixel numbers in the renal and background ROIs, was -39 (S.D. 14) ml @entity0 . The GFR equivalent of the extravascular signal was smaller than this and opposite to it at 23 (S.D. 10) ml @entity0 , giving a median ratio for the two equivalents of -1.68. Because of the opposing effects of the two background components on the second phase of the renogram, techniques recently described for the quantification of IKGFR from the renogram, and which eliminate the intravascular component, offer no theoretical advantage over a method of analysis which uses 'direct' subtraction of the total background signal. In practice, however, these new techniques are superior in their handling of 'noisy' data, consistently giving a lower coefficient of variation in their estimation of IKGFR.

title: Background in 99Tcm XXXX renography evaluated by the impact of its components on individual kidney glomerular filtration rate.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the causes and prognosis of @entity3 in @entity0 who are 20 to 50 years of age. DESIGN: Retrospective, noncomparative case series. @entity0 : All @entity0 aged 20 to 50 years with a nontraumatic @entity3 seen in a neuro-ophthalmic practice from 1994 to 2000. INTERVENTION: Diagnostic testing to determine the cause of the palsy and surgical intervention to correct persistent stable strabismus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cause of the palsy. The @entity0 ' clinical courses were reviewed. RESULTS: The most common cause for a @entity3 in this age group was a central nervous system (CNS) @entity2 , although the most common cause for an isolated @entity3 in this age group was @entity1 . @entity0 with a CNS @entity2 responsible for their palsy had the highest rate of nonresolution requiring strabismus surgery. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 are unusual in young adults, but in the practice of author (GBK) most are secondary to CNS mass lesions and, when isolated, @entity1 . Deferring neuroimaging or other appropriate investigations presuming a microvascular cause for the palsy in this age group is not recommended.

title: Cause and prognosis of XXXX in young adults.

answer: @entity3


abstract: 1. The present study aims to investigate whether phenotypic changes, reported to occur in cultured isolated @entity4 ( @entity4 ) cells, are of relevance to intact @entity4 . Moreover, we aimed to gain insight into the signalling pathways involved. 2. Culturing of @entity0 tracheal smooth muscle (BTSM) strips for up to 8 days in the presence of 10% foetal bovine serum caused a time-dependent (t(1/2)=2.8 days) decrease in maximal contraction (E(max)) to @entity3 compared to serum-deprived controls (E(max)=74+/-4% at day 8). A reduced E(max) was also found using @entity8 (30 ng ml(-1)) and platelet-derived growth factor (30 ng ml(-1)), but not using epidermal growth factor (10 ng ml(-1)) (E(max)=83+/-3, 67+/-8, 100+/-4%, respectively). Similar serum and growth factor-induced changes in E(max) were found for @entity6 -induced contraction (65+/-9, 80+/-7, 64+/-11% and 107+/-2%, respectively). 3. Strong correlations were found between the growth factor-induced reductions in E(max) and their proliferative responses, assessed by @entity1 -incorporation, in BTSM cells. (r=0.97, P=0.002 for @entity3 and r=0.93, P=0.007 for @entity6 ). 4. The PDGF-induced reduction in E(max) was inhibited completely by combined treatment with either @entity5 (30 micro M) or @entity2 (10 micro M). 5. These results indicate that serum and growth factors may cause a functional shift towards a less contractile phenotype in intact BTSM, which is associated with their proliferative response and dependent on signalling pathways involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and the @entity7 -3-kinase pathway.

title: Functional characterization of serum- and growth factor-induced phenotypic changes in intact XXXX tracheal smooth muscle.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The term @entity2 of the third ventricle was first used to describe a rare and slowly growing @entity1 of uncertain histogenesis, with chordoid appearance, occurring preferentially in middle-aged @entity0 . Herein we report two additional examples of this novel entity together with a literature review based on the 25 cases previously published. Our review fully confirms the strikingly stereotyped clinical, neuroradiologic, and pathologic features of this unique @entity1 . The female/male ratio was 1.7:1, and the age range was 24-70 years (mean 44.9 years). In all 27 cases imaging findings were similar showing a well-defined mass (mean 2.8 cm in largest dimension), ovoid in shape, hyperdense on CT scans, with uniform and intense contrast enhancement, arising in the hypothalamic/suprasellar/third ventricular region. Histologically, the main consistent characteristics were cords and clusters of epithelioid cells within an abundant mucinous and often vacuolated background. Mitoses were sparse or absent and anaplastic features, endothelial proliferation, and @entity3 were not identified. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates with Russell bodies were frequent throughout the @entity1 and its interface with adjacent @entity4 . Most of the @entity1 cells revealed a strong and diffuse expression of @entity8 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Additionally, the vast majority of @entity1 showed focal coexpression of cytokeratins, @entity9 , @entity10 protein, and epithelial membrane antigen; the @entity7 labeling indices were uniformly low. Surprisingly for a @entity2 assigned WHO grade II, the 19 @entity0 with an available but short follow-up (mean 22.5 months; range 6-68 months) experienced a rather poor outcome (three recurrences and seven @entity5 ), probably reflecting the anatomic site of the @entity1 that precludes a complete surgical excision rather than its histologic composition. Ultrastructural examination of 10 cases demonstrated findings in line with a glial derivation and a putative ependymal origin such as cytoplasmic intermediate filaments, microvilli, intermediate junctions or desmosomes, and focal basal lamina formation. In our case no. 1, and for the first time in this @entity1 , we observed sparse and abnormal cilia in an aberrant juxtanuclear location, a further argument for considering @entity2 as a subtype of @entity6 . However, a better understanding of the biologic behavior and histogenesis of this distinctive clinicopathologic entity needs to be investigated with a larger series. Nevertheless, taking into account its strikingly consistent anatomic localization, its unique histopathologic and immunohistochemical profile, in conjunction with the most recent and convincing ultrastructural arguments, we suggest that @entity2 of the third ventricle could be better classified as @entity6 of the lamina terminalis area.

title: XXXX of the third ventricle: a report of two new cases, with further evidence supporting an ependymal differentiation, and review of the literature.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Seven @entity0 with suspected @entity3 studied by either CT or angiography were imaged with magnetic resonance. Six of seven cases demonstrated a stellate appearance on contrast enhanced CT. In two @entity0 this finding was verified by angiography. Flow void was identified on both T1- and T2-weighted pulse sequences. In one @entity0 a field echo sequence demonstrated high intensity signal within the @entity3 . Magnetic resonance proved superior to CT in the identification of these lesions. A stellate configuration with an emanating transcortical vein and centrifugal drainage (transcortical venous flow) from the @entity2 into a sinus was present in all cases. Centripetal drainage via thalamostriate and internal cerebral veins was not seen. There was no evidence of mass effect, scar, or @entity1 . Four of the @entity2 were located in a frontal lobe and three in a cerebellar hemisphere. This distribution of the lesions is similar to that reported in the literature in which the frontal lobe is the most common location followed by the cerebellar hemisphere. An embryological explanation is cited and supported by a review of the literature.

title: XXXX : MR findings.

answer: @entity3


abstract: This article reviews the chest radiographic manifestations of @entity3 exposure. While the chest radiograph (CXR) is a highly valuable tool in the evaluation of @entity3 -related disease, there are ongoing controversies regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the plain film in diagnosing @entity0 . Autopsy series indicate that at least 60% of @entity2 may be overlooked. Conversely, such series indicate that up to 20% of plaques are falsely diagnosed. The significance of visceral @entity2 and positive predictive value of diffuse @entity2 as they relate to @entity3 exposure are unresolved issues. Data suggest that the CXR may fail to reflect significant @entity3 in 10% to 20% of cases. On the other hand, the presence of overlying @entity2 as well as technical factors may contribute to overreading of @entity1 . Data on the rate of false positive readings for @entity3 are limited. Considered alone, the CXR can support but not specifically establish nor exclude the diagnosis of @entity3 . In practice, an ILO grade of less than 1/0 implies that the diagnosis is unlikely. A constellation of positive CXR findings may increase specificity, although the diagnosis rests on a combination of multiple clinical criteria.

title: Issues and controversies in the plain-film diagnosis of XXXX in the chest.

answer: @entity0


abstract: We compared the effects of protein restriction and converting-enzyme inhibition by @entity5 (CAP) on urinary protein excretion (UP) and progressive @entity0 ( @entity0 ) in an experimental model of @entity6 induced in @entity1 by a single injection of @entity2 (ADR) at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Two isocaloric diets with a 6% and 22% (NP) protein content were used. Experimental groups were started on NP, on NP plus CAP (500 mg/liter) or on an isocaloric diet with a 6% protein content at day 2 after ADR injection and followed for 38 days. According to a cross-over design, groups were then switched to the alternative diet or maintained on the original diet, whereas in one CAP-treated group CAP treatment was stopped. All groups were followed for another 34 to 42 days and then sacrificed. Results showed that UP and the incidence of @entity0 were significantly reduced in groups on the isocaloric diet with a 6% protein content during the full length or the second half of the observation period. In contrast, CAP had no effect on UP or on the incidence of @entity0 , although systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced. Renal function studies performed in separate groups on the same regimes at 5 weeks after induction of ADR @entity6 , showed that LP had lowered glomerular filtration rate numerically and renal plasma flow significantly, whereas CAP was found to have no effect on glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. Glomerular volumes were increased in proteinuric @entity1 on both NP diet and NP diet with CAP treatment. The present study confirms earlier reports that in ADR- @entity4 @entity1 , protein restriction attenuates UP and @entity0 without affecting systolic blood pressure, whereas converting-enzyme inhibition does not have this beneficial effect although systolic blood pressure is lowered. @entity0 seems to be related to glomerular extension and @entity3 . The effect of protein restriction may be partially hemodynamically mediated by afferent vasoconstriction, resulting in a decrease in glomerular filtration rate and a reduction in protein flux across the ADR-induced large pore defects.

title: A comparison of the effects of converting-enzyme inhibition and protein restriction in experimental XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study assessed prescribing patterns for @entity4 and @entity3 in the treatment of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and @entity1 ( @entity1 ), as well as differences in prescribing patterns across physician specialties. METHODS: This was an observational, retrospective, cohort study of a large, US pharmacy claims database. Eligible @entity0 were initiating therapy with @entity4 or @entity3 and had succeeds, equals 90 days' supply of medication, as well as > or =1 medical claim specific to @entity2 or @entity1 between June 1, 2000, and May 31, 2001. Analyses were stratified according to diagnosis, prescribing physician specialty, and @entity0 demographics. The main outcome measure was mean daily usage (ie, mean daily dose [milligrams]; mean number of pills per day; and mean daily consumption [denoted as DACON], calculated as daily dose divided by most frequently prescribed strength). This was primarily a descriptive study. Tests of statistical significance were not performed because the large sample size would have rendered small differences significant. RESULTS: A total of 58,574 @entity0 with @entity2 (81.8% [n=47,935]) or @entity1 (18.2% [n=10,639]) received 220,627 prescriptions for @entity4 or @entity3 (47.7% [n=27, 924] and 52.3% [n=30, 650] of @entity0 , respectively) during the study period. Overall, the most frequently prescribed strengths were @entity4 25 mg and @entity3 200 mg. In both @entity2 and @entity1 , the most frequently prescribed mean daily dose of @entity4 was 25 mg. In @entity2 , the most frequently prescribed mean daily dose of @entity3 was 200 mg; in @entity1 , it was 400 mg. Both pills per day and DACON were higher for @entity3 than @entity4 . The DACON for @entity4 was unrelated to physician specialty. Rheumatologists prescribed @entity3 at 20% to 40% higher mean daily doses than did primary care physicians, orthopedic specialists, or other specialists. Regardless of physician specialty, the DACON appeared higher for @entity0 with @entity1 than @entity2 , for @entity0 than @entity0 , and for younger (aged <65 years) than older @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis, relative to the most frequently prescribed strength, @entity3 -treated @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity1 had higher DACONs than @entity4 -treated @entity2 and @entity1 @entity0 across all subgroups. These observations may have economic implications in terms of direct effects on cost and the need for formularies to consider overall use patterns in addition to pill costs. However, these conclusions are limited by lack of clinical information (other than an @entity2 or @entity1 diagnosis), inability to ascertain actual use, and potential for selection bias.

title: An observational, retrospective, cohort study of dosing patterns for @entity4 and XXXX in the treatment of arthritis.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study assessed prescribing patterns for @entity4 and @entity3 in the treatment of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and @entity1 ( @entity1 ), as well as differences in prescribing patterns across physician specialties. METHODS: This was an observational, retrospective, cohort study of a large, US pharmacy claims database. Eligible @entity0 were initiating therapy with @entity4 or @entity3 and had succeeds, equals 90 days' supply of medication, as well as > or =1 medical claim specific to @entity2 or @entity1 between June 1, 2000, and May 31, 2001. Analyses were stratified according to diagnosis, prescribing physician specialty, and @entity0 demographics. The main outcome measure was mean daily usage (ie, mean daily dose [milligrams]; mean number of pills per day; and mean daily consumption [denoted as DACON], calculated as daily dose divided by most frequently prescribed strength). This was primarily a descriptive study. Tests of statistical significance were not performed because the large sample size would have rendered small differences significant. RESULTS: A total of 58,574 @entity0 with @entity2 (81.8% [n=47,935]) or @entity1 (18.2% [n=10,639]) received 220,627 prescriptions for @entity4 or @entity3 (47.7% [n=27, 924] and 52.3% [n=30, 650] of @entity0 , respectively) during the study period. Overall, the most frequently prescribed strengths were @entity4 25 mg and @entity3 200 mg. In both @entity2 and @entity1 , the most frequently prescribed mean daily dose of @entity4 was 25 mg. In @entity2 , the most frequently prescribed mean daily dose of @entity3 was 200 mg; in @entity1 , it was 400 mg. Both pills per day and DACON were higher for @entity3 than @entity4 . The DACON for @entity4 was unrelated to physician specialty. Rheumatologists prescribed @entity3 at 20% to 40% higher mean daily doses than did primary care physicians, orthopedic specialists, or other specialists. Regardless of physician specialty, the DACON appeared higher for @entity0 with @entity1 than @entity2 , for @entity0 than @entity0 , and for younger (aged <65 years) than older @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis, relative to the most frequently prescribed strength, @entity3 -treated @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity1 had higher DACONs than @entity4 -treated @entity2 and @entity1 @entity0 across all subgroups. These observations may have economic implications in terms of direct effects on cost and the need for formularies to consider overall use patterns in addition to pill costs. However, these conclusions are limited by lack of clinical information (other than an @entity2 or @entity1 diagnosis), inability to ascertain actual use, and potential for selection bias.

title: An observational, retrospective, cohort study of dosing patterns for XXXX and @entity3 in the treatment of arthritis.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity4 is a common @entity3 primarily characterized by @entity12 , @entity8 and @entity13 . @entity1 and @entity2 are frequent in @entity4 , with a 70% cumulative incidence of @entity7 . The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the pattern of @entity5 on MRI in @entity4 @entity0 with @entity7 . We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to provide an unbiased means of investigating brain volume loss. Whole brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans from @entity4 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity14 , n = 26), @entity4 @entity0 without @entity7 (n = 31), @entity6 @entity0 (n = 28), @entity0 with @entity11 ( @entity11 , n = 17) and control subjects (n = 36) were acquired. Images were analysed using SPM99 and the optimized method of VBM. Reduced grey matter volume in @entity14 @entity0 compared with controls was observed bilaterally in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, and in the occipital lobe, the right frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe, as well as some subcortical regions. @entity4 @entity0 without @entity7 showed reduced grey matter volume in the frontal lobe compared with control subjects. There was significant grey @entity5 bilaterally in the occipital lobe of @entity14 @entity0 compared with @entity4 @entity0 . In addition, significant @entity10 , including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus was detected in @entity6 relative to @entity14 . No significant volumetric differences were observed in @entity14 compared with @entity11 . Thus, @entity4 involves grey matter loss in frontal areas. In @entity14 , this extends to temporal, @entity9 , with @entity5 in @entity14 being the only difference between the two groups. This provides important information about the pattern of @entity5 in @entity4 and @entity14 .

title: @entity5 in @entity4 with and without @entity7 : a comparison with XXXX , @entity11 and controls.

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity4 is a common @entity3 primarily characterized by @entity12 , @entity8 and @entity13 . @entity1 and @entity2 are frequent in @entity4 , with a 70% cumulative incidence of @entity7 . The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the pattern of @entity5 on MRI in @entity4 @entity0 with @entity7 . We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to provide an unbiased means of investigating brain volume loss. Whole brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans from @entity4 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity14 , n = 26), @entity4 @entity0 without @entity7 (n = 31), @entity6 @entity0 (n = 28), @entity0 with @entity11 ( @entity11 , n = 17) and control subjects (n = 36) were acquired. Images were analysed using SPM99 and the optimized method of VBM. Reduced grey matter volume in @entity14 @entity0 compared with controls was observed bilaterally in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, and in the occipital lobe, the right frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe, as well as some subcortical regions. @entity4 @entity0 without @entity7 showed reduced grey matter volume in the frontal lobe compared with control subjects. There was significant grey @entity5 bilaterally in the occipital lobe of @entity14 @entity0 compared with @entity4 @entity0 . In addition, significant @entity10 , including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus was detected in @entity6 relative to @entity14 . No significant volumetric differences were observed in @entity14 compared with @entity11 . Thus, @entity4 involves grey matter loss in frontal areas. In @entity14 , this extends to temporal, @entity9 , with @entity5 in @entity14 being the only difference between the two groups. This provides important information about the pattern of @entity5 in @entity4 and @entity14 .

title: XXXX in @entity4 with and without @entity7 : a comparison with @entity6 , @entity11 and controls.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity4 is a common @entity3 primarily characterized by @entity12 , @entity8 and @entity13 . @entity1 and @entity2 are frequent in @entity4 , with a 70% cumulative incidence of @entity7 . The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the pattern of @entity5 on MRI in @entity4 @entity0 with @entity7 . We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to provide an unbiased means of investigating brain volume loss. Whole brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans from @entity4 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity14 , n = 26), @entity4 @entity0 without @entity7 (n = 31), @entity6 @entity0 (n = 28), @entity0 with @entity11 ( @entity11 , n = 17) and control subjects (n = 36) were acquired. Images were analysed using SPM99 and the optimized method of VBM. Reduced grey matter volume in @entity14 @entity0 compared with controls was observed bilaterally in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, and in the occipital lobe, the right frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe, as well as some subcortical regions. @entity4 @entity0 without @entity7 showed reduced grey matter volume in the frontal lobe compared with control subjects. There was significant grey @entity5 bilaterally in the occipital lobe of @entity14 @entity0 compared with @entity4 @entity0 . In addition, significant @entity10 , including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus was detected in @entity6 relative to @entity14 . No significant volumetric differences were observed in @entity14 compared with @entity11 . Thus, @entity4 involves grey matter loss in frontal areas. In @entity14 , this extends to temporal, @entity9 , with @entity5 in @entity14 being the only difference between the two groups. This provides important information about the pattern of @entity5 in @entity4 and @entity14 .

title: @entity5 in XXXX with and without @entity7 : a comparison with @entity6 , @entity11 and controls.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity4 is a common @entity3 primarily characterized by @entity12 , @entity8 and @entity13 . @entity1 and @entity2 are frequent in @entity4 , with a 70% cumulative incidence of @entity7 . The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the pattern of @entity5 on MRI in @entity4 @entity0 with @entity7 . We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to provide an unbiased means of investigating brain volume loss. Whole brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans from @entity4 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity14 , n = 26), @entity4 @entity0 without @entity7 (n = 31), @entity6 @entity0 (n = 28), @entity0 with @entity11 ( @entity11 , n = 17) and control subjects (n = 36) were acquired. Images were analysed using SPM99 and the optimized method of VBM. Reduced grey matter volume in @entity14 @entity0 compared with controls was observed bilaterally in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, and in the occipital lobe, the right frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe, as well as some subcortical regions. @entity4 @entity0 without @entity7 showed reduced grey matter volume in the frontal lobe compared with control subjects. There was significant grey @entity5 bilaterally in the occipital lobe of @entity14 @entity0 compared with @entity4 @entity0 . In addition, significant @entity10 , including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus was detected in @entity6 relative to @entity14 . No significant volumetric differences were observed in @entity14 compared with @entity11 . Thus, @entity4 involves grey matter loss in frontal areas. In @entity14 , this extends to temporal, @entity9 , with @entity5 in @entity14 being the only difference between the two groups. This provides important information about the pattern of @entity5 in @entity4 and @entity14 .

title: @entity5 in @entity4 with and without XXXX : a comparison with @entity6 , @entity11 and controls.

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity4 is a common @entity3 primarily characterized by @entity12 , @entity8 and @entity13 . @entity1 and @entity2 are frequent in @entity4 , with a 70% cumulative incidence of @entity7 . The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the pattern of @entity5 on MRI in @entity4 @entity0 with @entity7 . We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to provide an unbiased means of investigating brain volume loss. Whole brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans from @entity4 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity14 , n = 26), @entity4 @entity0 without @entity7 (n = 31), @entity6 @entity0 (n = 28), @entity0 with @entity11 ( @entity11 , n = 17) and control subjects (n = 36) were acquired. Images were analysed using SPM99 and the optimized method of VBM. Reduced grey matter volume in @entity14 @entity0 compared with controls was observed bilaterally in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, and in the occipital lobe, the right frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe, as well as some subcortical regions. @entity4 @entity0 without @entity7 showed reduced grey matter volume in the frontal lobe compared with control subjects. There was significant grey @entity5 bilaterally in the occipital lobe of @entity14 @entity0 compared with @entity4 @entity0 . In addition, significant @entity10 , including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus was detected in @entity6 relative to @entity14 . No significant volumetric differences were observed in @entity14 compared with @entity11 . Thus, @entity4 involves grey matter loss in frontal areas. In @entity14 , this extends to temporal, @entity9 , with @entity5 in @entity14 being the only difference between the two groups. This provides important information about the pattern of @entity5 in @entity4 and @entity14 .

title: @entity5 in @entity4 with and without @entity7 : a comparison with @entity6 , XXXX and controls.

answer: @entity11


abstract: A double-blind crossover trial comparing @entity8 (360 mg/day) and @entity6 (120 mg/day) for treatment of @entity9 was conducted in 21 of 27 @entity0 with proven @entity4 who completed the trial. All @entity0 started with a 2 week placebo period followed by a random assignment to either drug treatment for 3 weeks and subsequent crossover to the other treatment. The two drug treatment periods were separated by a 1 week placebo washout phase and the study was completed with a 1 week placebo phase. There were no significant differences between @entity0 ' responses to @entity8 and @entity6 in relation to time to onset of @entity7 , ST @entity3 responses to exercise, @entity5 . A total of 37 adverse effects were reported with @entity6 compared with 9 with @entity8 in the 22 @entity0 in whom drug safety was analyzed. Additionally, two @entity0 treated with @entity6 were withdrawn from study participation before crossover. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) difference with respect to incidence of @entity1 (7 of 22 @entity0 taking @entity6 , 1 of 22 taking @entity8 ) and dizziness (7 of 22 @entity0 taking @entity6 , 0 of 22 taking @entity8 ). The most frequent adverse effect reported with @entity8 was rash (3 of 22 @entity0 ). Severe adverse effects were reported in four @entity0 : in one with @entity8 (rash) and in three with @entity6 (palpitation in two and @entity2 in one). A reduction in prescribed dosage was required in 37% of @entity6 -treated compared with 6% of @entity8 -treated @entity0 . Efficacy measures were significantly improved above placebo levels by both @entity8 and @entity6 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A randomized double-blind comparison of @entity8 and @entity6 in XXXX .

answer: @entity9


abstract: A double-blind crossover trial comparing @entity8 (360 mg/day) and @entity6 (120 mg/day) for treatment of @entity9 was conducted in 21 of 27 @entity0 with proven @entity4 who completed the trial. All @entity0 started with a 2 week placebo period followed by a random assignment to either drug treatment for 3 weeks and subsequent crossover to the other treatment. The two drug treatment periods were separated by a 1 week placebo washout phase and the study was completed with a 1 week placebo phase. There were no significant differences between @entity0 ' responses to @entity8 and @entity6 in relation to time to onset of @entity7 , ST @entity3 responses to exercise, @entity5 . A total of 37 adverse effects were reported with @entity6 compared with 9 with @entity8 in the 22 @entity0 in whom drug safety was analyzed. Additionally, two @entity0 treated with @entity6 were withdrawn from study participation before crossover. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) difference with respect to incidence of @entity1 (7 of 22 @entity0 taking @entity6 , 1 of 22 taking @entity8 ) and dizziness (7 of 22 @entity0 taking @entity6 , 0 of 22 taking @entity8 ). The most frequent adverse effect reported with @entity8 was rash (3 of 22 @entity0 ). Severe adverse effects were reported in four @entity0 : in one with @entity8 (rash) and in three with @entity6 (palpitation in two and @entity2 in one). A reduction in prescribed dosage was required in 37% of @entity6 -treated compared with 6% of @entity8 -treated @entity0 . Efficacy measures were significantly improved above placebo levels by both @entity8 and @entity6 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A randomized double-blind comparison of XXXX and @entity6 in @entity9 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: A double-blind crossover trial comparing @entity8 (360 mg/day) and @entity6 (120 mg/day) for treatment of @entity9 was conducted in 21 of 27 @entity0 with proven @entity4 who completed the trial. All @entity0 started with a 2 week placebo period followed by a random assignment to either drug treatment for 3 weeks and subsequent crossover to the other treatment. The two drug treatment periods were separated by a 1 week placebo washout phase and the study was completed with a 1 week placebo phase. There were no significant differences between @entity0 ' responses to @entity8 and @entity6 in relation to time to onset of @entity7 , ST @entity3 responses to exercise, @entity5 . A total of 37 adverse effects were reported with @entity6 compared with 9 with @entity8 in the 22 @entity0 in whom drug safety was analyzed. Additionally, two @entity0 treated with @entity6 were withdrawn from study participation before crossover. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) difference with respect to incidence of @entity1 (7 of 22 @entity0 taking @entity6 , 1 of 22 taking @entity8 ) and dizziness (7 of 22 @entity0 taking @entity6 , 0 of 22 taking @entity8 ). The most frequent adverse effect reported with @entity8 was rash (3 of 22 @entity0 ). Severe adverse effects were reported in four @entity0 : in one with @entity8 (rash) and in three with @entity6 (palpitation in two and @entity2 in one). A reduction in prescribed dosage was required in 37% of @entity6 -treated compared with 6% of @entity8 -treated @entity0 . Efficacy measures were significantly improved above placebo levels by both @entity8 and @entity6 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A randomized double-blind comparison of @entity8 and XXXX in @entity9 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Since the late 1970s there has been a decline in cardiovascular mortality in the Netherlands. In recent years, the number of hospital admissions due to @entity1 has decreased, whereas short-stay admissions and outpatients' visits are increasing. One explanation for this phenomenon, suggested by Koek et al. in this issue, is the limited availability and closure of hospital beds in recent years. However, there are other possible reasons for the decrease in cardiovascular mortality. First of all, there has been a substantial improvement in survival following acute @entity2 , mainly as a result of advances in the treatment. As all @entity0 with an acute @entity2 are admitted anyway, the observed decrease in hospital admissions due to acute @entity2 reflects a decrease in the incidence as opposed to a decrease in the availability of hospital beds. Secondly, primary preventive measures aimed at modifying risk factors have been shown to result in a clear decrease in cardiovascular mortality. Lastly, mortality and morbidity due to chronic @entity1 , such as @entity3 , have decreased significantly. The range of options to adequately treat this category of @entity0 has expanded considerably with, for example, the introduction of new drugs and biventricular pacemakers. There are many factors, other than the closure of hospital beds, which could explain the observed decline in the number of admissions due to @entity1 .

title: [Decrease in hospital admissions due to XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 normal and neoplastic adrenocortical cells were incubated under stimulation with ACTH and observed by scanning electron microscopy. Cultured normal adrenocortical cells gathered into small clusters, each cell of which had a polarity or orientation evidenced by two different aspects. In one aspect, the cell surface rounded up and microvilli protruded vertically. Pits were found among or close to the groups of microvilli. In the other aspect, the cell surface was flattened and well-developed microvilli ran horizontally. These two aspects of the cultured cells were thought to correspond to the cell surface facing the intercellular space and that facing the perisinusoidal space, respectively. In incubated cell clusters of @entity3 with @entity4 , most cells lost this polarity or orientation and unstimulated cells existed as unit of the clusters, but all @entity1 cells reacted to ACTH in the same manner. Microvilli were distributed unevenly. Filopodia were noticed in some cells. Bleb-like structures appeared frequently and some of them were about to be extricated from the cell surface as in normal adrenocortical cells. @entity3 with @entity2 showed remarkable responses to ACTH. Their cell surface was unclean with the adherence of fragmented cytoplasm and bleb-like structures. Horizontally running elongated microvilli were almost indistinguishable from collagen fibrils. Moreover, collagen fibrils were entangled with microvilli.

title: XXXX normal and neoplastic adrenocortical cells in tissue culture observed by scanning electron microscopy.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PROBLEM: In the @entity0 , lymphocyte alloimmunization immunotherapy (IT) has been proposed as a treatment for recurrent @entity3 (RSA). This treatment has been the subject of debate for a long period of time. Recently, it has been proposed to extend such a treatment for implantation failure in @entity0 , and I was asked to express my opinion on this topic. METHODS: I reviewed the evolution and theories and current paradigms in Reproductive Immunology and rationales proposed for IT. New discoveries show the complexity of implantation as a step by step developmental event, in @entity1 and @entity0 , and as such led me to re-examine paradigms currently evoked for extension of IT to implantation. Such a re-examination obviously leads me to re-question the basis of IT for RSA itself. CONCLUSIONS: I conclude that the @entity2 /Th2 paradigm, evoked as the current basis for IT, and as useful as it has been to explain pregnancy, is no longer sufficient. It is especially insufficient to explain the process of implantation, which involves inflammatory molecules and cannot fit in such a scheme. It ensues that alloimmunization has no scientific rationale for the treatment of @entity0 implantation as a whole, and should not be applied broadly at such a stage of pregnancy. Furthermore, its use in RSA should be re-examined.

title: Should we re-examine the status of lymphocyte alloimmunization therapy for recurrent XXXX ?

answer: @entity3


abstract: This retrospective study of impairments in a decentralized and integrated, routine @entity6 ( @entity6 ) programme was done on a cohort of all new @entity0 detected in Rond  nia state from 1996 to 1999. It shows that the dynamics of impairments during treatment in Rond  nia are similar to what has been published in other recent studies from Africa and Asia. Data about impairments at detection and at release from treatment (cure), the prescription of @entity4 , and epidemiological information are provided. Of the original 5350 new @entity0 , 4230 @entity0 (80%) completed multidrug therapy (MDT) and had complete data about their impairment status. At the start of treatment, 9% of the paucibacillary (PB) and 26% of the @entity7 ( @entity7 ) @entity0 had WHO grade 1 impairment. Three percent of the PB and 11% of the @entity7 @entity0 had @entity2 (WHO grade 2 impairment). Of the @entity0 without impairments (grade 0) at the start of treatment, 5% of the PB and 20% of the @entity7 @entity0 developed impairments during treatment. Of the PB @entity0 with a WHO impairment grade 1 at start of treatment, 34% improved and 6% got worse. Of the @entity7 @entity0 34% improved and 12% became worse. In a separate study of @entity0 from the 1997 intake, 17% of the PB and 58% of the @entity7 @entity0 were treated at least once with a course of @entity4 or @entity8 during MDT treatment. It is noted in the literature that the percentage of @entity0 with @entity1 (NFI), nerve @entity3 or @entity5 and/or reaction reactions differs between projects. This may reflect real differences or may be caused by differences in routine monitoring and/or criteria and methods of treatment. The use of the WHO maximum score, particularly for the @entity0 with grade 2, is not as sensitive to change as utilizing the summary of Eye, Hand and Foot (EHF) scores. If @entity1 figures are given, the proportions of @entity7 @entity0 may define the differences between projects, therefore it is important to analysis and present the results of PB and @entity7 @entity0 separately. The most simple (outcome) indicator to estimate the effectiveness of @entity0 management would be the proportions of @entity0 with impairment grade 0 at start of treatment who develop either grade 1 or 2 impairments during treatment. An additional (outcome) indicator could be the proportion of @entity0 with impairment grade 1 at start of treatment who develop grade 2 impairments during treatment. Currently, no operational targets or acceptable level of performance for @entity0 management have been set. This would be important to enable programme managers to determine if adequate @entity0 education, treatment and follow up have been provided after the disease detection to prevent and/or minimize problems associated with the disease. The available evidence strongly suggests that reactions and impairments related to @entity6 will continue to occur in large numbers, requiring the development of adequate infrastructures and sustainable services to detect and to manage problems associated with @entity6 during and after MDT treatment.

title: Impairments and XXXX control in Rond  nia state, Amazon region of Brazil.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of chronic @entity8 with @entity9 is still an enigma; however, the molecular biology of this disease is beginning to become unraveled and the proinflammatory cytokines and the message and the product of these cytokines have all been identified in @entity5 . However, the initial trigger that causes @entity1 of the lateral wall of the nose to up-regulate lymphocytes and eosinophils is still unknown. METHODS: Thirteen @entity0 with massive @entity9 were studied. The mucus of the nasal cavities surrounding the @entity5 was studied for both @entity4 . The lymphocytes of the @entity5 were extracted and evaluated for the T-cell receptor, particularly, the variable beta region of this receptor. Enterotoxins (superantigens) of the bacteria were studied. Finally, the histopathology of @entity5 was studied. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent of the @entity0 had toxin-producing @entity6 in the nasal mucus adjacent to the @entity7 . Three different enterotoxins were isolated, including @entity6 enterotoxin A, @entity6 enterotoxin B, and @entity3 toxin 1. The variable B specificity for these superantigens was identified also in the polyp lymphocyte T-cell receptor. CONCLUSION: A superantigen hypothesis for massive @entity9 is suggested because the most common bacterial species found in the nasal mucus is @entity6 . These bacteria produce enterotoxins in all of the cases studied and the corresponding variable beta region of the T-cell receptor also was up-regulated in the polyp lymphocytes in cases studied thus far. These data taken together suggest that the @entity2 to the lateral wall of the nose may be the result of toxin-producing Staphylococci. Superantigens (enterotoxins) may up-regulate lymphocytes to produce cytokines that are responsible for the massive up-regulation of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages, the three most common inflammatory cells found in @entity9 .

title: A superantigen hypothesis for the pathogenesis of chronic @entity8 with XXXX .

answer: @entity9


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of chronic @entity8 with @entity9 is still an enigma; however, the molecular biology of this disease is beginning to become unraveled and the proinflammatory cytokines and the message and the product of these cytokines have all been identified in @entity5 . However, the initial trigger that causes @entity1 of the lateral wall of the nose to up-regulate lymphocytes and eosinophils is still unknown. METHODS: Thirteen @entity0 with massive @entity9 were studied. The mucus of the nasal cavities surrounding the @entity5 was studied for both @entity4 . The lymphocytes of the @entity5 were extracted and evaluated for the T-cell receptor, particularly, the variable beta region of this receptor. Enterotoxins (superantigens) of the bacteria were studied. Finally, the histopathology of @entity5 was studied. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent of the @entity0 had toxin-producing @entity6 in the nasal mucus adjacent to the @entity7 . Three different enterotoxins were isolated, including @entity6 enterotoxin A, @entity6 enterotoxin B, and @entity3 toxin 1. The variable B specificity for these superantigens was identified also in the polyp lymphocyte T-cell receptor. CONCLUSION: A superantigen hypothesis for massive @entity9 is suggested because the most common bacterial species found in the nasal mucus is @entity6 . These bacteria produce enterotoxins in all of the cases studied and the corresponding variable beta region of the T-cell receptor also was up-regulated in the polyp lymphocytes in cases studied thus far. These data taken together suggest that the @entity2 to the lateral wall of the nose may be the result of toxin-producing Staphylococci. Superantigens (enterotoxins) may up-regulate lymphocytes to produce cytokines that are responsible for the massive up-regulation of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages, the three most common inflammatory cells found in @entity9 .

title: A superantigen hypothesis for the pathogenesis of chronic XXXX with @entity9 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adjunctive use of @entity3 ( @entity4 ) would increase the success rate of primary nonpenetrating @entity6 with collagen implant. @entity0 AND METHODS: Twenty-six @entity0 (26 eyes) with primary @entity5 uncontrolled with maximally tolerated medical therapy were randomly assigned to undergo nonpenetrating @entity6 and collagen implant, either with (13 eyes) or without (13 eyes) 0.3 mg/mL of adjunctive @entity4 for 3 minutes. @entity7 ( @entity7 ), number of @entity2 medications, and visual acuity were assessed before and 12 and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: The mean age of the study @entity0 was similar in both groups ( @entity4 = 68.1 +/- 8 years, control = 65.8 +/- 6.8 years). At the 12- and 24-month follow-up visits, the mean @entity7 with or without medications was lower in the @entity4 group than in the control group (15.6 +/- 3.5 vs 17.2 +/- 3.9 mm Hg at 12 months and 15.8 +/- 5.6 vs 17.8 +/- 2.8 mm Hg at 24 months, respectively). The @entity7 with or without medications significantly decreased after surgery in both groups (P < .05). Twelve months after surgery, the @entity7 decreased by 48% in the @entity4 group and by 35% in the control group. At the end of follow-up (24 months), the @entity7 decreased by 48% in the @entity4 group and by 32% in the control group (P = .01). The mean number of @entity2 medications decreased after surgery, there was no significant difference in complications ( @entity8 and @entity1 ), and visual acuity was unchanged throughout the study in both groups. CONCLUSION: The use of @entity4 in nonpenetrating @entity6 with collagen implant is safe and improves surgical results.

title: Nonpenetrating @entity6 with the use of adjunctive XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adjunctive use of @entity3 ( @entity4 ) would increase the success rate of primary nonpenetrating @entity6 with collagen implant. @entity0 AND METHODS: Twenty-six @entity0 (26 eyes) with primary @entity5 uncontrolled with maximally tolerated medical therapy were randomly assigned to undergo nonpenetrating @entity6 and collagen implant, either with (13 eyes) or without (13 eyes) 0.3 mg/mL of adjunctive @entity4 for 3 minutes. @entity7 ( @entity7 ), number of @entity2 medications, and visual acuity were assessed before and 12 and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: The mean age of the study @entity0 was similar in both groups ( @entity4 = 68.1 +/- 8 years, control = 65.8 +/- 6.8 years). At the 12- and 24-month follow-up visits, the mean @entity7 with or without medications was lower in the @entity4 group than in the control group (15.6 +/- 3.5 vs 17.2 +/- 3.9 mm Hg at 12 months and 15.8 +/- 5.6 vs 17.8 +/- 2.8 mm Hg at 24 months, respectively). The @entity7 with or without medications significantly decreased after surgery in both groups (P < .05). Twelve months after surgery, the @entity7 decreased by 48% in the @entity4 group and by 35% in the control group. At the end of follow-up (24 months), the @entity7 decreased by 48% in the @entity4 group and by 32% in the control group (P = .01). The mean number of @entity2 medications decreased after surgery, there was no significant difference in complications ( @entity8 and @entity1 ), and visual acuity was unchanged throughout the study in both groups. CONCLUSION: The use of @entity4 in nonpenetrating @entity6 with collagen implant is safe and improves surgical results.

title: Nonpenetrating XXXX with the use of adjunctive @entity3 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Medullo-radicular and neuro-muscular involvements of @entity6 , often reported in an analytic fashion in the literature, deserve to be the subject of a critical study. Various neurological manifestations secondary to exceptional atlo-occipital and sometimes @entity8 and medullary lesions as well as @entity7 . The medullary lesions have an epidural origin (3 cases in the literature, 2 cases from the authors) or are secondary to a @entity5 (4 cases in the literature) or secondary to both (1 case reported by the authors). As for @entity7 the authors report 3 cases to be added to the 55 published previously. It concerns always old @entity9 . The lesions combine posterior diverticula and lesions of the lamina. The treatment is usually ineffective. A special case is represented by forms with @entity1 . More debatable are the radicular lesions, which, except for @entity3 , should be linked to @entity3 . @entity4 are of no significance. Alterations of the paravertebral muscles viewed on the scanner X have, for now, an uncertain significance. Finally, various associations, without significance such as @entity0 , @entity2 and the classic spondylotic pseudo- @entity10 , should be rejected.

title: [Critical study of radiculomedullary and neuromuscular complications of XXXX ].

answer: @entity6


abstract: PURPOSE: In C5 and C6 @entity3 , elbow flexion, shoulder abduction, and external rotation are the functions that need to be restored. Because the proximal stumps are not available for grafting, surgical repair is based on nerve transfers. The purpose of this study was to describe and report the results of the use of multiple nerve transfers in the reconstruction of these @entity2 . METHODS: Ten @entity0 had @entity1 , ulnar nerve fascicles to the biceps motor branch, and triceps long or lateral head motor branch to the axillary nerve. Triceps branch transfer was performed through a posterior arm incision. RESULTS: Two years after surgery, all the @entity0 had recovered full elbow flexion; 7 scored M4 and 3 scored M3+ according to Medical Research Council scoring. All the @entity0 had recovered active abduction and external rotation. Abduction recovery averaged 92 degrees (range, 65 degrees-120 degrees) and external rotation, measured from full internal rotation, averaged 93 degrees (range, 80 degrees-120 degrees). Shoulder abduction strength was graded M4 in 3 @entity0 and M3 in the remaining 7 @entity0 . Shoulder external rotation strength was graded M4 in 2 @entity0 , M3 in 5 @entity0 , and M2 in 3 @entity0 . No donor site deficits were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed nerve transfers constitute a valid strategy in C5-C6 @entity2 reconstruction.

title: Reconstruction of C5 and C6 brachial plexus XXXX by multiple nerve transfers: spinal accessory to suprascapular, ulnar fascicles to biceps branch, and triceps long or lateral head branch to axillary nerve.

answer: @entity2


abstract: There is no curative therapy for metastatic or recurrent @entity2 ( @entity2 ). Almost three-quarters of such @entity0 die of their malignancy in 1 year and less than 5% of such @entity0 are alive at 3 years. Few @entity0 respond to hormonal therapy or chemotherapy, and when responses occur, they are usually brief and partial with little impact on survival. Interferon therapy in metastatic @entity2 has been associated with response rates of approximately 15-20%, and @entity1 regression has been demonstrated in @entity0 treated with both partially purified and, more recently, recombinant interferon. Analysis of published trials shows no clear dose-response relationship; however, the highest therapeutic index appears associated with a daily dosage of 5-10 million units. The time to response is variable and may occasionally be prolonged; however, some @entity0 have durations of response exceeding 12 months. Although nephrectomy may be associated with higher response rates, review of available data indicates that nephrectomy has frequently been an eligibility criteria, and indeed there are adequate descriptions of responses in @entity0 that have not undergone this procedure. @entity0 with pulmonary metastases have the highest response rate. Recently, laboratory and clinical investigations of interferons and several chemotherapeutic agents, notably @entity3 , suggest synergy, but further data is needed to confirm these findings. The role of interferon therapy in improving survival is unknown. There is little doubt, however, that symptomatic @entity0 who respond to interferon therapy may show improvement in their quality of life and prolongation of survival.

title: Interferon therapy of metastatic XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To estimate the objective response rate and @entity2 associated with alternating @entity8 (MA) and @entity3 (T) in @entity0 with @entity6 . METHODS: Consenting @entity0 with measurable recurrent or advanced @entity6 were eligible if they had not received prior cytotoxic or hormonal treatment. MA 80 mg @entity7 x 3 weeks alternating with T 20 mg @entity7 x 3 weeks orally was given. RESULTS: Of 61 @entity0 entered, 56 eligible @entity0 were evaluable for @entity2 and response. Fifteen @entity0 responded (12 complete, 3 partial) for an overall response rate of 27% (90% Confidence Interval: 17-38%). In 8 of 15 (53%) responders, response duration exceeded 20 months. The response rate was 38% in @entity0 with histologic grade 1 @entity1 (n = 16), 24% in those with grade 2 disease (n = 17), and 22% among @entity0 with grade 3 disease (n = 23). @entity0 less than or equal to 60 years (n = 16) appear to have a better response rate than those >60 years (n = 40), 44% versus 20%. The response rate in @entity0 with extra @entity4 (n = 42) was 31% as compared to 14% in those with strictly pelvic and/or @entity9 (n = 14). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.7 months and median overall survival was 14.0 months. Two @entity0 experienced a grade 4 @entity5 event. Additional @entity2 included one of each grade 3 gastrointestinal, grade 3 neurologic, and grade 3 genitourinary. CONCLUSION: A regimen of alternating @entity8 and @entity3 is active in treating @entity6 and may result in a prolonged complete response (CR) in some @entity0 .

title: Phase II trial of alternating courses of @entity8 and XXXX in advanced @entity6 : a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To estimate the objective response rate and @entity2 associated with alternating @entity8 (MA) and @entity3 (T) in @entity0 with @entity6 . METHODS: Consenting @entity0 with measurable recurrent or advanced @entity6 were eligible if they had not received prior cytotoxic or hormonal treatment. MA 80 mg @entity7 x 3 weeks alternating with T 20 mg @entity7 x 3 weeks orally was given. RESULTS: Of 61 @entity0 entered, 56 eligible @entity0 were evaluable for @entity2 and response. Fifteen @entity0 responded (12 complete, 3 partial) for an overall response rate of 27% (90% Confidence Interval: 17-38%). In 8 of 15 (53%) responders, response duration exceeded 20 months. The response rate was 38% in @entity0 with histologic grade 1 @entity1 (n = 16), 24% in those with grade 2 disease (n = 17), and 22% among @entity0 with grade 3 disease (n = 23). @entity0 less than or equal to 60 years (n = 16) appear to have a better response rate than those >60 years (n = 40), 44% versus 20%. The response rate in @entity0 with extra @entity4 (n = 42) was 31% as compared to 14% in those with strictly pelvic and/or @entity9 (n = 14). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.7 months and median overall survival was 14.0 months. Two @entity0 experienced a grade 4 @entity5 event. Additional @entity2 included one of each grade 3 gastrointestinal, grade 3 neurologic, and grade 3 genitourinary. CONCLUSION: A regimen of alternating @entity8 and @entity3 is active in treating @entity6 and may result in a prolonged complete response (CR) in some @entity0 .

title: Phase II trial of alternating courses of @entity8 and @entity3 in advanced XXXX : a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To estimate the objective response rate and @entity2 associated with alternating @entity8 (MA) and @entity3 (T) in @entity0 with @entity6 . METHODS: Consenting @entity0 with measurable recurrent or advanced @entity6 were eligible if they had not received prior cytotoxic or hormonal treatment. MA 80 mg @entity7 x 3 weeks alternating with T 20 mg @entity7 x 3 weeks orally was given. RESULTS: Of 61 @entity0 entered, 56 eligible @entity0 were evaluable for @entity2 and response. Fifteen @entity0 responded (12 complete, 3 partial) for an overall response rate of 27% (90% Confidence Interval: 17-38%). In 8 of 15 (53%) responders, response duration exceeded 20 months. The response rate was 38% in @entity0 with histologic grade 1 @entity1 (n = 16), 24% in those with grade 2 disease (n = 17), and 22% among @entity0 with grade 3 disease (n = 23). @entity0 less than or equal to 60 years (n = 16) appear to have a better response rate than those >60 years (n = 40), 44% versus 20%. The response rate in @entity0 with extra @entity4 (n = 42) was 31% as compared to 14% in those with strictly pelvic and/or @entity9 (n = 14). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.7 months and median overall survival was 14.0 months. Two @entity0 experienced a grade 4 @entity5 event. Additional @entity2 included one of each grade 3 gastrointestinal, grade 3 neurologic, and grade 3 genitourinary. CONCLUSION: A regimen of alternating @entity8 and @entity3 is active in treating @entity6 and may result in a prolonged complete response (CR) in some @entity0 .

title: Phase II trial of alternating courses of XXXX and @entity3 in advanced @entity6 : a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the morbidity and efficacy of radical parametrectomy (RP) performed following extrafascial hysterectomy in @entity0 with @entity4 . METHODS: An IRB approved retrospective chart review identified 23 @entity0 that underwent RP with pelvic and/or para-aortic lymphadenectomy and upper vaginectomy. Data were collected on demographics, @entity2 stage, grade, histology, indication for hysterectomy, surgical findings, complications, recurrence, and survival. RESULTS: Of the 23 @entity0 , 2 @entity0 had a stage IA(2) lesion while 21 @entity0 had a stage IB(1) lesion. There were 5 @entity0 with a grade 1 @entity2 , 10 with grade 2, 4 with grade 3, and 4 with unknown grade. Median age was 41 years (range 27-59). The most common indication (48%) for extrafascial hysterectomy was CIS of the cervix. Four @entity0 (17%) had @entity1 to pelvic nodes or evidence of @entity2 at the margin at the time of RP. Three of these 4 @entity0 with a positive specimen received adjuvant radiation and all are alive (mean follow-up 66 months). One @entity0 declined radiation and is alive at 42 months. There were 7 (30%) operative complications: Most notably 4 @entity0 received blood transfusions. Two of 19 @entity0 (11%) with no @entity3 in RP specimen recurred and 1 @entity0 was salvaged with radiation (follow-up 103 months). With a median follow-up of 61 months (range 9-103), overall 5-year survival is 96%. CONCLUSIONS: RP is an acceptable option for @entity0 diagnosed with an @entity4 at the time of extrafascial hysterectomy. Careful selection of RP for @entity0 unlikely to have @entity3 will obviate the need for radiation in most instances.

title: The role of radical parametrectomy in the treatment of XXXX after extrafascial hysterectomy.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Stereotaxic injections of 5% Fast Blue or 1% horseradish peroxidase- @entity3 germ agglutinin conjugate (HRP-WGA) were made into various cytoarchitectonic or functional regions of the cerebral cortex of anesthetized adult albino or hooded @entity0 . Sections through the brainstems of these animals were then scrutinized for the presence of retrogradely labeled neurons. The data generated by this study indicate that at least 33 distinct nuclei or subnuclei within the brainstem reticular formation of the @entity0 project directly to the cerebral cortex. More than half of these ascending reticulocortical systems are probably aminergic. The strongest reticulocortical projections emanate from presumed aminergic reticular-cell groups located at isthmic levels: specifically, the rostral @entity2 -containing cell groups, as well as the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. However, relatively strong direct reticulocortical projections also originate from lower medullary cell groups which are probably catecholaminergic. Moderately strong reticulocortical projections emanate from cholinergic cell groups located at isthmic levels (the pars compacta of the pedunculopontine nucleus and the X area of Sakai). The most surprising finding in this study was that the classic isodendritic, nonaminergic central core of the brainstem gives rise to direct reticulocortical projections. The ventromedial areas of the medullary brainstem reticular formation give rise to the strongest nonaminergic ascending reticular projections, but all levels of the classic isodendritic reticular core give rise to direct reticulocortical projections. As a whole, cortically projecting reticular neurons are mostly small (10-25 microns in greatest diameter) or medium sized (26-35 microns in greatest diameter) neurons. Previous studies have shown that many of the cortically projecting reticular nuclei also project to the spinal cord, and within these nuclei, @entity1 often strongly resemble their reticulospinal counterparts with respect to details of neuronal morphology. This in turn suggests that some @entity1 may also project to spinal levels.

title: Nuclear origins of brainstem reticulocortical systems in the XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Several side effects and risks associated with @entity2 replacement therapy are known to stem from the hormone's impact on the liver. With oral administration, the enhanced action at hepatic, as compared with nonhepatic, sites is presumably related to the so-called first-pass effect. Attempts have been made to avoid this action by administering @entity2 nonorally, but heightened hepatic effects (comparable with those of other preparations) have nonetheless been seen with both @entity4 and conjugated @entity3 @entity2 given vaginally. We conducted a series of investigations aimed at evaluating the effects of @entity1 delivered via a transdermal patch. In a 50- @entity0 study of transcutaneous @entity1 (25, 50, 100, or 200 micrograms/day) versus placebo, a dose-dependent beneficial effect on objectively measured hot flashes was demonstrated. A second study was designed to compare the effects of these doses with those of 0.625 and 1.25 mg conjugated @entity3 @entity2 administered orally. Effects on nonhepatic markers were similar for the 50 micrograms patch and 0.625 mg tablet, as well as for the 100 micrograms patch and 1.25 mg tablet. None of the doses of transdermal @entity1 exerted any measurable action on hepatic markers of @entity2 action, whereas both doses of conjugated @entity3 @entity2 demonstrated actions on both hepatic protein and lipid synthesis. Our data clearly show that the transdermal administration of @entity1 circumvents the enhanced hepatic actions of the hormone. Possible explanations for these results are presented.

title: Efficacy of transdermal XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Alveolar-macrophage-derived @entity11 metabolites of @entity4 (AA) are thought to be important mediators of @entity1 and injury. Inhibition of AA metabolism may be an important anti-inflammatory mechanism of glucocorticoid (GC) action. In the present study, we have examined the effect of @entity5 (MP) on leukotriene (LT) B4 and LTC4 synthesis by cultured @entity0 alveolar macrophages (AMs) stimulated with the proinflammatory particle zymosan. Zymosan stimulation resulted in the formation of LTB4 greater than @entity9 ( @entity7 ) greater than LTC4 as assessed by both high performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Sixteen hours of pretreatment with 1 microM MP maximally inhibited synthesis of @entity7 by 76 +/- 4%, LTB4 by 83 +/- 3%, and LTC4 by 91 +/- 3%. The inhibition of @entity6 was specific, as the sex hormones @entity3 , @entity2 , and @entity10 had no consistent effect. Inhibition was dose-dependent, with 50% inhibition of synthesis occurring at 10(-7) M for @entity7 , but at 10(-8) M for both LTB4 and LTC4. Pretreatment with MP for only 1 h inhibited LTC4 production (42 +/- 3%) to a greater extent than either @entity7 (25 +/- 1%) or LTB4 (14 +/- 7%). These data indicate that MP significantly and substantially inhibits zymosan-induced LTB4 and LTC4 synthesis. Furthermore, the greater degree, greater potency, and faster onset of action for MP inhibition of LT synthesis than of @entity7 synthesis suggest the possibility that MP may exert postphospholipase effect(s) on LT synthesis. These results support the possibility that modulation of AM @entity8 metabolism may represent an important anti-inflammatory mechanism of GC action in the lung.

title: Inhibition by XXXX of zymosan-induced leukotriene synthesis in alveolar macrophages.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: The ability of sperm to interact with the zona pellucida (ZP) plays a critical role during the process of @entity0 fertilization. The aim of this study is to determine frequency of defective sperm-ZP interaction in oligozoospermic infertile @entity0 . METHODS: Sperm-ZP binding assays and the ZP-induced @entity1 ( @entity1 ) were performed in 72 infertile @entity0 with a sperm concentration <20 x 10(6)/ml. Oocytes that had previously failed to fertilize in a clinical IVF programme were used for the tests. Motile sperm (2 x 10(6)/ml) selected by swim-up from each semen sample were incubated with four oocytes for 2 h. The number of sperm bound per ZP and the ZP-induced @entity1 were assessed. Under these conditions, an average of < or =40 sperm bound/ZP was defined as low sperm-ZP binding and a ZP-induced @entity1 < or =16% was defined as low ZP-induced @entity1 . RESULTS: In the 72 oligozoospermic @entity0 , 28% (20/72) had low sperm-ZP binding. Of those with normal sperm-ZP binding, 69% (36/52) had low ZP-induced @entity1 . Overall, 78% (56/72) had either low ZP-binding or normal ZP binding but low ZP-induced @entity1 . This means that only 22% (16/72) had both normal sperm-ZP binding and normal ZP-induced @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Oligozoospermic @entity0 have a very high frequency of defective sperm-ZP interaction, consistent with their low natural fertility or low fertilization rate in conventional IVF. Infertile couples with oligozoospermic semen should be treated by ICSI rather than by conventional IVF.

title: High frequency of defective sperm-zona pellucida interaction in oligozoospermic infertile XXXX .

answer: @entity0