abstract: The cytogenetic changes in enhanced growth (EG) variants of @entity1 tracheal epithelial cells in culture were examined. These variants which are detectable at 35 days after carcinogen exposure are the first phenotypic alteration in the multistep @entity0 process studied in this model system. Karyotypic analysis of @entity2 -induced EG variants at Day 35 was made possible by the development of an in situ method of cytogenetic analysis on intact colonies containing too few cells for conventional chromosome preparation methods. Of the transformed EG variant colonies in both control and @entity2 -treated groups, 62-78% had abnormal karyotypes which included numerical and structural changes. There were no specific chromosome changes, although aberrations of chromosomes 3 and 4 were recurrently observed. However, some colonies of even the most morphologically transformed EG variants were composed of only diploid cells. To confirm this finding 10 EG variant colonies were bisected and half of the clone was prepared for chromosome analysis and the other half was subcultured to measure the clonogenicity and karyotypes of the cells. Cells from 3 colonies plated very poorly on 3T3 feeders and therefore no karyotypic analysis of the colony-forming cells was possible; the cells of the 3 parental colonies were diploid. Three other parental colonies were predominantly diploid (80-90%) but upon replating the resultant daughter colonies had progressively smaller fractions of diploid cells indicating a selection for cells with abnormal karyotypes. When more selective conditions were used (i.e., growth after removal of the feeder cells), the percentage of abnormal cells increased even further. In one case the parental cells had a karyotypic alteration in the long arm of chromosome 4 and this karyotypic alteration was accentuated in the daughter colonies. Thus, selection of cells with increased growth ability upon subculturing or growth in the absence of feeder cells (properties associated with the acquisition of immortality) resulted in concomitant selection for cells with abnormal karyotypes. Since some of the carcinogen-induced @entity1 tracheal epithelial cells expressing the EG variant phenotype were diploid, it is possible that the first step in this transformation process is an epigenetic change. However, most of the diploid cells became terminal. The aneuploid subpopulations present in these colonies have a selective growth advantage and comprise the cell compartment that expresses continued growth, immortality, and ultimately tumorigenicity.

title: Cytogenetic changes in XXXX tracheal epithelial cells during early stages of carcinogen-induced @entity0 progression.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is a chronic @entity12 (CNS) characterized by @entity3 , but also degenerative changes. Besides @entity4 , the rate of @entity9 such as @entity6 and @entity5 is at least six fold increased. Many aspects of @entity1 can be mimicked in the animal model of @entity13 experimental autoimmune @entity10 (MOG-EAE). Here we investigate behavioral changes in C57BL/6 @entity2 suffering from mild MOG-EAE. In the later phase of the disease, @entity2 were subjected to behavioral tests including the light-dark-box (LD Box), the acoustic startle response (SR) with a pre-pulse inhibition protocol as well as the learned helplessness (LH) paradigm. Behavioral data were correlated with the motor performance in an open field and rotarod test (RR). In the RR and open field, there was no significant difference in the motor performance between controls and @entity2 suffering from mild MOG-EAE. Yet EAE @entity2 displayed an increased @entity5 -like behavior with a 23% reduction of the time spent in the bright compartment of the LD Box as well as an increased SR. In the LH paradigm, @entity2 suffering from MOG-EAE were twice as much prone to depressive-like behavior. These changes correlate with an increase of hippocampal tissue @entity0 necrosis factor alpha levels and @entity7 in the hippocampus. Modulation of monoaminergic transmission by chronic application of the antidepressant @entity11 resulted in a decreased startle reaction and increased hippocampal @entity8 levels. These data imply that @entity3 in the CNS may impact on emotional responses in rodent models of @entity5 .

title: Inflammation modulates XXXX in an animal model of @entity1 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is a chronic @entity12 (CNS) characterized by @entity3 , but also degenerative changes. Besides @entity4 , the rate of @entity9 such as @entity6 and @entity5 is at least six fold increased. Many aspects of @entity1 can be mimicked in the animal model of @entity13 experimental autoimmune @entity10 (MOG-EAE). Here we investigate behavioral changes in C57BL/6 @entity2 suffering from mild MOG-EAE. In the later phase of the disease, @entity2 were subjected to behavioral tests including the light-dark-box (LD Box), the acoustic startle response (SR) with a pre-pulse inhibition protocol as well as the learned helplessness (LH) paradigm. Behavioral data were correlated with the motor performance in an open field and rotarod test (RR). In the RR and open field, there was no significant difference in the motor performance between controls and @entity2 suffering from mild MOG-EAE. Yet EAE @entity2 displayed an increased @entity5 -like behavior with a 23% reduction of the time spent in the bright compartment of the LD Box as well as an increased SR. In the LH paradigm, @entity2 suffering from MOG-EAE were twice as much prone to depressive-like behavior. These changes correlate with an increase of hippocampal tissue @entity0 necrosis factor alpha levels and @entity7 in the hippocampus. Modulation of monoaminergic transmission by chronic application of the antidepressant @entity11 resulted in a decreased startle reaction and increased hippocampal @entity8 levels. These data imply that @entity3 in the CNS may impact on emotional responses in rodent models of @entity5 .

title: Inflammation modulates @entity5 in an animal model of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Although @entity8 ( @entity9 ), a selective metabotropic @entity5 receptor 5 antagonist, improves the motor symptoms of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), the effects of @entity9 on the psychiatric symptom of @entity3 and the mechanism involved are still unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of @entity9 in anxiolytic-like behavior and firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in @entity0 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) injected bilaterally into dorsal striatum. @entity0 were divided into three groups, sham-operated group, @entity6 lesion with vehicle treatment group and @entity6 lesion with @entity9 treatment group. Injection of @entity6 (10.5  g) into the dorsal striatum produced 31.5% loss of @entity4 hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the SNpc. The @entity6 -lesioned @entity0 showed @entity1 and the firing rate of BLA projection neurons decreased significantly compared with sham-operated @entity0 , and no difference was found in the firing pattern of these neurons. Whereas chronic, systemic treatment of @entity9 (3 mg/kg/day, i.p.; 14 days) attenuated loss of TH-ir neurons, produced anxiolytic-like effect and normalized the abnormal firing rate of projection neurons of the BLA in @entity0 with the bilateral lesions. Systemic administration of cumulative @entity7 (10-160  g/kg, i.v.) inhibited the firing rate of BLA projection neurons in sham-operated, @entity6 lesion with vehicle-treated and @entity9 -treated @entity0 , but the @entity6 lesion decreased the response of BLA projection neurons to @entity7 stimulation, while @entity9 reversed the reactivity of these neurons. These data demonstrate that the partial lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway causes @entity2 symptom and decreases firing rate of BLA projection neurons in the @entity0 . Furthermore, chronic, systemic @entity9 treatment has the neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and reverses the abnormal firing rate of BLA projection neurons, suggesting that @entity9 has important implication for the treatment of @entity3 .

title: Chronic, systemic treatment with a metabotropic XXXX receptor 5 antagonist produces anxiolytic-like effects and reverses abnormal firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in @entity0 with bilateral @entity6 lesions.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Although @entity8 ( @entity9 ), a selective metabotropic @entity5 receptor 5 antagonist, improves the motor symptoms of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), the effects of @entity9 on the psychiatric symptom of @entity3 and the mechanism involved are still unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of @entity9 in anxiolytic-like behavior and firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in @entity0 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) injected bilaterally into dorsal striatum. @entity0 were divided into three groups, sham-operated group, @entity6 lesion with vehicle treatment group and @entity6 lesion with @entity9 treatment group. Injection of @entity6 (10.5  g) into the dorsal striatum produced 31.5% loss of @entity4 hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the SNpc. The @entity6 -lesioned @entity0 showed @entity1 and the firing rate of BLA projection neurons decreased significantly compared with sham-operated @entity0 , and no difference was found in the firing pattern of these neurons. Whereas chronic, systemic treatment of @entity9 (3 mg/kg/day, i.p.; 14 days) attenuated loss of TH-ir neurons, produced anxiolytic-like effect and normalized the abnormal firing rate of projection neurons of the BLA in @entity0 with the bilateral lesions. Systemic administration of cumulative @entity7 (10-160  g/kg, i.v.) inhibited the firing rate of BLA projection neurons in sham-operated, @entity6 lesion with vehicle-treated and @entity9 -treated @entity0 , but the @entity6 lesion decreased the response of BLA projection neurons to @entity7 stimulation, while @entity9 reversed the reactivity of these neurons. These data demonstrate that the partial lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway causes @entity2 symptom and decreases firing rate of BLA projection neurons in the @entity0 . Furthermore, chronic, systemic @entity9 treatment has the neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and reverses the abnormal firing rate of BLA projection neurons, suggesting that @entity9 has important implication for the treatment of @entity3 .

title: Chronic, systemic treatment with a metabotropic @entity5 receptor 5 antagonist produces anxiolytic-like effects and reverses abnormal firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in @entity0 with bilateral XXXX lesions.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Although @entity8 ( @entity9 ), a selective metabotropic @entity5 receptor 5 antagonist, improves the motor symptoms of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), the effects of @entity9 on the psychiatric symptom of @entity3 and the mechanism involved are still unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of @entity9 in anxiolytic-like behavior and firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in @entity0 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) injected bilaterally into dorsal striatum. @entity0 were divided into three groups, sham-operated group, @entity6 lesion with vehicle treatment group and @entity6 lesion with @entity9 treatment group. Injection of @entity6 (10.5  g) into the dorsal striatum produced 31.5% loss of @entity4 hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the SNpc. The @entity6 -lesioned @entity0 showed @entity1 and the firing rate of BLA projection neurons decreased significantly compared with sham-operated @entity0 , and no difference was found in the firing pattern of these neurons. Whereas chronic, systemic treatment of @entity9 (3 mg/kg/day, i.p.; 14 days) attenuated loss of TH-ir neurons, produced anxiolytic-like effect and normalized the abnormal firing rate of projection neurons of the BLA in @entity0 with the bilateral lesions. Systemic administration of cumulative @entity7 (10-160  g/kg, i.v.) inhibited the firing rate of BLA projection neurons in sham-operated, @entity6 lesion with vehicle-treated and @entity9 -treated @entity0 , but the @entity6 lesion decreased the response of BLA projection neurons to @entity7 stimulation, while @entity9 reversed the reactivity of these neurons. These data demonstrate that the partial lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway causes @entity2 symptom and decreases firing rate of BLA projection neurons in the @entity0 . Furthermore, chronic, systemic @entity9 treatment has the neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and reverses the abnormal firing rate of BLA projection neurons, suggesting that @entity9 has important implication for the treatment of @entity3 .

title: Chronic, systemic treatment with a metabotropic @entity5 receptor 5 antagonist produces anxiolytic-like effects and reverses abnormal firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in XXXX with bilateral @entity6 lesions.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Fifty femur @entity1 were treated with the Brooker-Wills intramedullary locking nail. The indications included subtrochanteric, subisthmal, segmental or comminuted acute @entity1 or nonunions, and intramedullary @entity5 procedures. Eighteen technical problems in 13 (26%) @entity0 were encountered during insertion of the nail. The incidence of technical problems was high early in the series and in procedures done with the @entity0 in the supine position. Adverse clinical results from technical errors occurred in two @entity0 . Most technical errors seem avoidable with careful technique. The mean healing time was only 12.1 weeks and there were four nonunions (8%). One @entity0 had a 10 degrees malunion, four @entity0 had 1-2 cm of @entity5 , and there were two late device @entity1 . No @entity0 had @entity3 or @entity2 . The results and complication rate are comparable to those reported for other interlocking systems. The Brooker-Wills nail is useful for treatment of complex femur @entity1 and has been effective in preventing @entity4 , angulation, and excessive @entity5 .

title: Treatment of femoral shaft XXXX with the Brooker-Wills interlocking intramedullary nail.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Evoked responses in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are affected by the presence of acoustic scanner noise ( @entity1 ). Particularly, stimulus-related activation of the auditory system and deactivation of the default mode network have repeatedly been shown to diminish. In contrast, little is known about the influence of @entity1 on the spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity that are crucial for network-related neuroimaging methods like independent component analysis (ICA) or functional and effective connectivity analysis (ECA). The present study assessed the robustness of intrinsic connectivity networks in the @entity0 brain to the presence of @entity1 by comparing 'silent' (sparse) and 'noisy' (continuous) acquisition schemes, both during task performance and during rest. In agreement with existing literature, @entity1 strongly diminished conventional evoked response levels. In contrast, ICA and ECA robustly identified similar functional networks regardless of the scanning method. @entity1 affected the strength of only few independent components, and effective connectivity was hardly sensitive to @entity1 overall. However, unexpectedly, ICA revealed notable differences in the underlying neurodynamics. In particular, @entity2 dominated in the commonly used continuous scanning environment, but signal spectra were significantly flatter during the less noisy sparse scanning runs. We tentatively attribute these differences to the ubiquitous influence of @entity1 on alertness and arousal.

title: Robustness of intrinsic connectivity networks in the XXXX brain to the presence of acoustic scanner noise.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Twenty-one @entity0 with @entity3 were treated with surgical debridement and local antibiotic therapy. @entity4 (19 @entity0 ) or @entity5 (2 @entity0 ) was delivered locally via a pump implanted subcutaneously. The outflow catheters were led from the pump subcutaneously to the infected area and placed in the defect created by the surgical debridement. The pump was refilled at intervals, on an outpatient basis. The pump was surgically removed at the conclusion of therapy. Follow-up evaluation was for 12-27 months. The duration of hospitalization was five to 52 days (mean, 23 days). The infusions were sustained for 32-140 days (mean, 63 days). Systemic levels of antibiotics were always below acceptable trough levels. Levels in the wound drainage of the 11 @entity0 who drained after operation were always greater than the upper limit of the assay. Nephrotoxicity and @entity2 were determined using pre- and posttherapy @entity1 clearances and audiograms. Two @entity0 exhibited minimal nephrotoxicity ( @entity1 clearance of 66 ml/minute and 55 ml/minute; normal, 70 ml/minute). There were no other adverse effects of the antibiotics. Sixteen @entity0 have not drained since removal of the pumps.

title: Local delivery of antibiotics via an implantable pump in the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity2 -stimulated macrophages (M phi) produce inflammatory mediators that are largely responsible for the pathophysiology associated with @entity1 . M phi respond to @entity2 with rapid protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation on @entity3 , @entity7 , and @entity6 residues. If these events are critical for the cellular response to @entity2 , the kinases and/or phosphatases involved may be vulnerable targets for pharmacologic intervention. Recent studies demonstrated that @entity6 kinase inhibitors block @entity2 -induced @entity6 phosphorylation of MAP kinases as well as @entity5 and @entity4 production. To investigate a role for @entity3 / @entity7 phosphatases, we evaluated the effect of @entity12 , a potent @entity3 / @entity7 phosphatase inhibitor, on @entity2 stimulation of @entity0 M phi. Pretreatment of M phi with @entity12 inhibited @entity2 -induced expression of six immediate-early genes: @entity5 , @entity4 , @entity9 , @entity10 , @entity11 , and @entity8 . @entity12 added 1.5 h after @entity2 treatment greatly reduced accumulation of @entity10 , @entity11 , and @entity8 mRNA, but not @entity5 , @entity4 , and @entity9 mRNA. @entity12 , in the absence or presence of @entity2 , resulted in sustained @entity6 phosphorylation of the MAP kinases. These findings suggest that an "early" @entity3 / @entity7 phosphatase activity is essential for @entity2 stimulation of M phi and that the activation of MAP kinases is not sufficient for the induction of these immediate-early genes. The requirement for a "late" phosphatase activity for expression of a subset of @entity2 -inducible genes dissociates at least two regulatory pathways in @entity2 signal transduction.

title: The @entity3 / XXXX phosphatase inhibitor, @entity12 , inhibits and dissociates macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide.

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity2 -stimulated macrophages (M phi) produce inflammatory mediators that are largely responsible for the pathophysiology associated with @entity1 . M phi respond to @entity2 with rapid protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation on @entity3 , @entity7 , and @entity6 residues. If these events are critical for the cellular response to @entity2 , the kinases and/or phosphatases involved may be vulnerable targets for pharmacologic intervention. Recent studies demonstrated that @entity6 kinase inhibitors block @entity2 -induced @entity6 phosphorylation of MAP kinases as well as @entity5 and @entity4 production. To investigate a role for @entity3 / @entity7 phosphatases, we evaluated the effect of @entity12 , a potent @entity3 / @entity7 phosphatase inhibitor, on @entity2 stimulation of @entity0 M phi. Pretreatment of M phi with @entity12 inhibited @entity2 -induced expression of six immediate-early genes: @entity5 , @entity4 , @entity9 , @entity10 , @entity11 , and @entity8 . @entity12 added 1.5 h after @entity2 treatment greatly reduced accumulation of @entity10 , @entity11 , and @entity8 mRNA, but not @entity5 , @entity4 , and @entity9 mRNA. @entity12 , in the absence or presence of @entity2 , resulted in sustained @entity6 phosphorylation of the MAP kinases. These findings suggest that an "early" @entity3 / @entity7 phosphatase activity is essential for @entity2 stimulation of M phi and that the activation of MAP kinases is not sufficient for the induction of these immediate-early genes. The requirement for a "late" phosphatase activity for expression of a subset of @entity2 -inducible genes dissociates at least two regulatory pathways in @entity2 signal transduction.

title: The XXXX / @entity7 phosphatase inhibitor, @entity12 , inhibits and dissociates macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity2 -stimulated macrophages (M phi) produce inflammatory mediators that are largely responsible for the pathophysiology associated with @entity1 . M phi respond to @entity2 with rapid protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation on @entity3 , @entity7 , and @entity6 residues. If these events are critical for the cellular response to @entity2 , the kinases and/or phosphatases involved may be vulnerable targets for pharmacologic intervention. Recent studies demonstrated that @entity6 kinase inhibitors block @entity2 -induced @entity6 phosphorylation of MAP kinases as well as @entity5 and @entity4 production. To investigate a role for @entity3 / @entity7 phosphatases, we evaluated the effect of @entity12 , a potent @entity3 / @entity7 phosphatase inhibitor, on @entity2 stimulation of @entity0 M phi. Pretreatment of M phi with @entity12 inhibited @entity2 -induced expression of six immediate-early genes: @entity5 , @entity4 , @entity9 , @entity10 , @entity11 , and @entity8 . @entity12 added 1.5 h after @entity2 treatment greatly reduced accumulation of @entity10 , @entity11 , and @entity8 mRNA, but not @entity5 , @entity4 , and @entity9 mRNA. @entity12 , in the absence or presence of @entity2 , resulted in sustained @entity6 phosphorylation of the MAP kinases. These findings suggest that an "early" @entity3 / @entity7 phosphatase activity is essential for @entity2 stimulation of M phi and that the activation of MAP kinases is not sufficient for the induction of these immediate-early genes. The requirement for a "late" phosphatase activity for expression of a subset of @entity2 -inducible genes dissociates at least two regulatory pathways in @entity2 signal transduction.

title: The @entity3 / @entity7 phosphatase inhibitor, XXXX , inhibits and dissociates macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide.

answer: @entity12


abstract: We have investigated the effect of oxidants on ligand recognition and internalization by the macrophage @entity7 receptor. @entity0 bone marrow macrophages were treated with increasing concentrations of @entity2 for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Fifty percent inhibition of ligand uptake was observed at 250 microM, with only 10% of control uptake remaining following exposure to 1 mM @entity2 for 30 min. Electron micrographic analysis of macrophages following @entity2 treatment showed no morphological alterations compared to untreated cells. Ligand uptake was also inhibited by the following @entity2 generating systems: @entity8 , @entity6 / @entity6 oxidase, @entity3 / @entity3 oxidase, and @entity5 -stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Inhibition could be blocked by catalase plus or minus @entity1 dismutase. Treatment of macrophages at 4 degrees C with @entity2 had no effect on ligand binding, whereas treatment with @entity2 at 37 degrees C reduced binding to 15% of control levels and decreased the number of surface receptors to one-third of control cells. @entity2 treatment inhibited ligand degradation by macrophages, but did not prevent ligand movement from the surface to the interior of the cell. In addition, ligand delivery to lysosomes was blocked by oxidant treatment. These results suggest that treatment of macrophages with reagent @entity2 or @entity2 -generating systems inhibits the normal ligand delivery and receptor recycling process involving the @entity7 receptor. Potential mechanisms might include receptor oxidation, alterations in @entity4 levels, or membrane lipid peroxidation.

title: Oxidant-mediated inhibition of ligand uptake by the macrophage XXXX receptor.

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: Given the potential for the transfer of @entity1 among @entity0 in isolation, @entity2 ( @entity2 ), and other @entity0 in the hospital environment, the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is paramount. The literature is limited regarding studies of @entity2 ' use of PPE in @entity0 care tasks. METHODS: A pilot study was conducted to examine the feasibility of using a simulated health care environment to assess @entity2 ' technique when implementing standard airborne and contact isolation precautions. The @entity0 (n = 10) were assigned @entity0 care tasks based on their specific professional roles. The encounters were digitally recorded during donning and doffing of PPE, as well as during interactions with the simulated @entity0 . Powdered fluorescent marker was used as a measure of contamination. RESULTS: The pilot data show various inconsistencies in the @entity2 ' PPE technique. Each of the 10 @entity0 committed at least one breach of standard airborne and contact isolation precautions. CONCLUSION: An expanded research study of HCW behaviors is needed to properly examine these contamination and exposure pathways. Training programs should be developed that emphasize the common errors in @entity2 ' PPE technique.

title: A method for evaluating XXXX ' personal protective equipment technique.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To document a 15 year experience of @entity4 in ano surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective audit of @entity0 . SUBJECTS: All @entity0 referred with @entity4 in ano between 1975 and 1990. SETTING: Colorectal Service, University Department of Surgery, Wellington School of Medicine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Resolution of symptoms and morbidity of surgery. RESULTS: 92 operations were performed in 88 @entity0 . There were 65 males (39.6 year) and 23 females (25.9 year). Two @entity0 were operated on two occasions and one @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) had three fistulae laid open over a two year period. Three further @entity0 with @entity1 had one operation each. One @entity0 had mucosal @entity2 , one @entity0 was found to have a @entity3 in situ close to the @entity4 tract and one had a @entity3 in the fistulous tract. There were no postoperative deaths. Over 50% of the @entity0 were discharged within three days of surgery. No @entity0 complained of anal @entity5 at the time of discharge. Two @entity0 returned with recurrence (a cryptogenic sepsis recurrence rate of 2.3%). CONCLUSION: Low fistulae in ano can be very satisfactorily managed by simple laying open. The recurrence rate following surgery is low, and there have been no complaints of problems with continence.

title: XXXX in ano: a surgical audit.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) and bacterial endotoxin ( @entity2 ) synergistically produce @entity1 . To elucidate possible mechanisms, three groups of @entity0 received @entity2 alone, @entity2 plus human serum albumin (HSA), or @entity2 plus Hb (Hb group). The intravascular retention of injected @entity3 125-labeled @entity2 during the 30-minute period analyzed was significantly longer in the Hb group than in the @entity2 alone or HSA groups (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.03, respectively), especially during the initial 10 minutes. The intravascular half-life of @entity2 in the @entity2 control, HSA, and Hb groups was 2.8, 4.0, and 4.9 minutes, respectively; the area under the curve was 1369 +/- 483, 1594 +/- 360, and 1731 +/- 481, respectively (ng/ml x minutes, mean +/- SD); and the total body clearance was 24.7 +/- 9.2, 20.1 +/- 5.4, and 18.9 +/- 6.0 (ml/min, mean +/- SD), respectively. The proportion of @entity2 associated with blood cells was very small at the initial 1-minute time period, and this decreased even further during the 30-minute period analyzed (p = 0.0001). Over 96% of injected @entity2 was associated with the cell-free plasma, with 51% to 54% of @entity2 in the apoprotein fraction at the initial time point and 35% to 37% in the HDL fraction. The proportion of @entity2 increased significantly in the HDL fraction and decreased significantly in apoproteins during the 30-minute period analyzed (p = 0.0006 and p = 0.002, respectively). However, there were no differences between the three groups. The liver was the main distribution site (74%) of injected @entity2 among the six organs evaluated. In the Hb group the accumulation of 125I-labeled @entity2 in the spleen was significantly lower than that in the HSA group (p = 0.05). The synergism of the in vivo @entity1 reported for @entity2 and Hb may be due, in part, to the decreased rate of intravascular clearance of endotoxin.

title: The effect of cell-free hemoglobin on intravascular clearance and cellular, plasma, and organ distribution of bacterial endotoxin in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the ability of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) to spare critical organs immediately adjacent to the @entity1 target in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for centrally located lung lesions. METHODS AND MATERIALS: @entity4 SBRT plans for 10 @entity0 with centrally located lesions or lesions immediately adjacent to a critical structure were generated. A total of 70 Gy in 10 fractions was prescribed to the planning target volume ( @entity2 ) to satisfy a target volume coverage of >= 95% @entity2 receiving 70 Gy and an established set of dose constraints for the organs at risk (OARs). Quality assurance (QA) of the @entity4 plans was performed with both ion chamber and film measurements. RESULTS: The @entity2 coverage criteria was met with 95% of the @entity2 receiving 70.68    0.33 Gy for all cases even though the OARs immediately adjacent to the @entity2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.85 cm away. The @entity3 ( @entity3 ), and V(20) were 7.15    1.44 Gy, and 11.93    3.24 % for the total lung, respectively. The dose parameters of @entity3 , V(5), V(10), and V(20) for the contralateral lung were significantly lower than those for the ipsilateral lung (p < 0.05). An average dose fall off from the @entity2 periphery to the edge of the immediately adjacent OAR was 47.6% over an average distance of 4.87 mm. Comparison of calculated and measured doses with the ion chamber showed an average of 1.85% point dose error, whereas an average mean gamma and the area with a gamma larger than 1 of 0.20 and 0.94% were observed, respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity4 allows the sparing of critical structures immediately adjacent to the @entity1 target, thus making SBRT for these centrally located lesions feasible.

title: Feasibility of XXXX in stereotactic body radiation therapy for centrally located early stage non   small-cell lung cancer or lung metastases.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity3 -deficient variants, selected from the @entity1 @entity2 , were recently shown to be less tumorigenic in syngeneic @entity1 compared with the corresponding @entity3 -positive wild-type cell line. The present study focused on the detailed cellular interactions leading to the specific rejection of @entity3 -deficient cells in vivo. In vivo experiments with @entity0 inocula, measuring either @entity0 outgrowth or rapid elimination, showed that the presence of @entity3 -positive @entity2 cells did not suppress the rejection of @entity3 -deficient cells. Conversely, @entity3 -deficient cells did not activate a rejection of @entity3 -positive cells. @entity3 -deficient cells were selectively eliminated even when they were present in a 10-fold excess compared with the @entity3 -positive @entity2 cells in the same inoculum. In vitro, @entity3 -deficient cells were more sensitive to killing by spleen cells from @entity1 treated with interferon or natural killer-inducing agents. The presence of cold @entity3 -deficient cells did not activate the killing of @entity3 -positive cells, and @entity3 -positive cells did not inhibit killing of @entity3 -deficient cells. Such mixing experiments revealed a more efficient cold target inhibition by the @entity3 -deficient cells, although no difference was seen between these and the @entity3 -positive wild-type cells in target binding assays. When Thy-1.2+, nylon wool adherent or phagocytic populations were removed from normal spleen effectors, the difference in spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity between the @entity3 -deficient and the @entity3 -positive cells persisted. This result was also obtained when spleen cell effectors from @entity1 or asialo GM1+ effectors, positively enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorter, were used. The results show that the selectivity in the rejection of @entity3 -deficient cells was not determined in the afferent arm alone. The present data fit with a previously proposed model where natural killer cells would bind equally well to both major histocompatibility complex class I negative and class I positive target cells, but only the latter would be able to present a postbinding inhibitory signal allowing them to escape killing which results in outgrowth in vivo and poor cold target competition in vitro.

title: Afferent and efferent cellular interactions in natural resistance directed against MHC class I deficient XXXX grafts.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A simplified procedure for preparing washed @entity0 platelets, free of contaminating plasma proteins, has been developed. Platelet-rich plasma ( @entity3 ) was prepared from diluted whole blood from C57BL/6 @entity0 by two centrifugations at 100 x g for 12 minutes. Platelets were concentrated and then washed by centrifugation through isosmolar 10% arabinogalactan (Stractan). Platelet recovery was 85% +/- 6% (1 SD) (n = 10) from whole blood to @entity3 and 86% +/- 4% (1 SD) (n = 6) from @entity3 to Stractan-washed platelets. Overall recovery of platelets with this technique was 73% +/- 10% (1 SD). Contamination of platelets with plasma proteins could not be detected with use of unlabeled platelets that had been incubated with radiolabeled plasma proteins followed by washing with Stractan. The Stractan-washed platelets were assessed for function by using aggregometry. The response of Stractan-washed platelets to collagen and @entity2 was identical to that of unwashed platelets. Stractan-washed platelets did not respond to 20 mumol/L @entity1 unless supplemented with 12% platelet-free plasma. The morphology of the Stractan-washed platelets indicated that degranulation had not occurred. With use of antibodies directed against the alpha granule membrane protein @entity4 or fibrinogen, no evidence of secretion or plasma protein contamination was observed. The use of this method resulted in an improved assay for the rate of thrombopoiesis, based on detection of radioactive proteins in newly synthesized platelets, by eliminating contamination by radioactive plasma proteins. Our results indicate that this procedure is a convenient method for the separation of platelets from platelet-rich plasma, free of plasma proteins, which are suitable for bioassays, functional studies, and morphologic investigations.

title: Use of arabinogalactan to obtain washed XXXX platelets free of contaminating plasma proteins and appropriate for studies of function, morphology, and thrombopoiesis.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity8 on the development of @entity3 , and on @entity5 and @entity7 in a group of renal transplant recipients. @entity0 AND METHODS: Forty-four renal transplant recipients with more than 10 @entity3 on the hands and forearms were enrolled onto a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the possible @entity6 -preventing effect of a 6-month treatment with @entity8 30 mg/d. RESULTS: No deterioration in renal function occurred in any of the 38 assessable @entity0 treated. During the 6-month treatment period, two of 19 @entity0 (11%) in the @entity8 group reported a total of two new @entity5 , compared with nine of 19 @entity0 (47%) in the placebo group who developed a @entity2 (chi 2 = 6.27, P = .01). The relative decrease in the number of @entity3 in the @entity8 group was 13.4%, as compared with a relative increase in the placebo group of 28.2% (difference, 41.6%; 95% confidence interval, 11.5 to 71.7). Most @entity0 treated with @entity8 had mild mucocutaneous side effects, but these were easily manageable. Some @entity0 experienced mild hair loss. With the exception of three @entity0 , no increase in serum @entity1 or @entity4 above pretreatment levels was observed, and liver function remained unchanged in all @entity0 . CONCLUSION: @entity8 30 mg/d over 6 months had significantly more effect than placebo in the prevention of @entity5 and reduced the occurrence of @entity3 in a group of renal transplant recipients with severe lesions. This effect was most pronounced in @entity0 with a history of @entity5 and @entity7 .

title: Prevention of @entity6 and @entity3 during XXXX therapy in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

answer: @entity8


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity8 on the development of @entity3 , and on @entity5 and @entity7 in a group of renal transplant recipients. @entity0 AND METHODS: Forty-four renal transplant recipients with more than 10 @entity3 on the hands and forearms were enrolled onto a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the possible @entity6 -preventing effect of a 6-month treatment with @entity8 30 mg/d. RESULTS: No deterioration in renal function occurred in any of the 38 assessable @entity0 treated. During the 6-month treatment period, two of 19 @entity0 (11%) in the @entity8 group reported a total of two new @entity5 , compared with nine of 19 @entity0 (47%) in the placebo group who developed a @entity2 (chi 2 = 6.27, P = .01). The relative decrease in the number of @entity3 in the @entity8 group was 13.4%, as compared with a relative increase in the placebo group of 28.2% (difference, 41.6%; 95% confidence interval, 11.5 to 71.7). Most @entity0 treated with @entity8 had mild mucocutaneous side effects, but these were easily manageable. Some @entity0 experienced mild hair loss. With the exception of three @entity0 , no increase in serum @entity1 or @entity4 above pretreatment levels was observed, and liver function remained unchanged in all @entity0 . CONCLUSION: @entity8 30 mg/d over 6 months had significantly more effect than placebo in the prevention of @entity5 and reduced the occurrence of @entity3 in a group of renal transplant recipients with severe lesions. This effect was most pronounced in @entity0 with a history of @entity5 and @entity7 .

title: Prevention of @entity6 and XXXX during @entity8 therapy in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity8 on the development of @entity3 , and on @entity5 and @entity7 in a group of renal transplant recipients. @entity0 AND METHODS: Forty-four renal transplant recipients with more than 10 @entity3 on the hands and forearms were enrolled onto a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the possible @entity6 -preventing effect of a 6-month treatment with @entity8 30 mg/d. RESULTS: No deterioration in renal function occurred in any of the 38 assessable @entity0 treated. During the 6-month treatment period, two of 19 @entity0 (11%) in the @entity8 group reported a total of two new @entity5 , compared with nine of 19 @entity0 (47%) in the placebo group who developed a @entity2 (chi 2 = 6.27, P = .01). The relative decrease in the number of @entity3 in the @entity8 group was 13.4%, as compared with a relative increase in the placebo group of 28.2% (difference, 41.6%; 95% confidence interval, 11.5 to 71.7). Most @entity0 treated with @entity8 had mild mucocutaneous side effects, but these were easily manageable. Some @entity0 experienced mild hair loss. With the exception of three @entity0 , no increase in serum @entity1 or @entity4 above pretreatment levels was observed, and liver function remained unchanged in all @entity0 . CONCLUSION: @entity8 30 mg/d over 6 months had significantly more effect than placebo in the prevention of @entity5 and reduced the occurrence of @entity3 in a group of renal transplant recipients with severe lesions. This effect was most pronounced in @entity0 with a history of @entity5 and @entity7 .

title: Prevention of XXXX and @entity3 during @entity8 therapy in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The results of @entity2 following @entity3 removal have generally ignored the sensory component of the nerve. This lack of reporting occurs partly because the distress relating to these functions is less obvious to the surgeon, and partly because the @entity2 grading systems currently used do not include the functions of the nervus intermedius. We have estimated the frequency and nature of abnormalities of nervus intermedius function following @entity3 removal using a retrospective questionnaire. Questionnaires were mailed to 257 @entity0 and correctly completed and returned by 224 (87%) of the @entity0 . Prior to surgery 5 (2%) of the @entity0 complained of crocodile tears, 9 (4%) noted @entity1 (6%) complained of an abnormality of taste. Postoperative crocodile tears occurred in 98 (44%), an absence or significant reduction in the production of tears was noted in 162 (72%), and a taste abnormality, either a significant reduction or an alteration in character, was noted in 107 (48%). The onset of crocodile tears approximated to a bimodal distribution, and the recovery of nervus intermedius functions was variable. This study has demonstrated that nervus intermedius abnormalities are common following @entity3 removal. It also documents their natural history and discusses the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. We suggest that appropriate preoperative counseling be given to all @entity0 undergoing surgery and that the functions of the nervus intermedius be included in the surgical reporting of @entity2 results in cerebellopontine angle surgery.

title: Nervus intermedius function after XXXX removal: clinical features and pathophysiological mechanisms.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A high efficiency procedure for the purification to homogeneity of an ovine fetal @entity6 is described. Fetal sheep serum was used as the source material, and activity was followed throughout purification by an @entity5 RRA. @entity5 -like activity was initially enriched through binding at acid pH to a column of SP-Sephadex C-25 and elution with a neutral pH high-salt buffer. Further chromatography on SP-Sephadex resulted in a preparation containing less than 0.1% of the original serum protein content, but retaining much of the @entity5 -like activity. This enriched fetal IGF preparation was then purified to homogeneity using reverse phase HPLC. However, chromatography on an HPLC gel filtration column was found to be essential to ensure the stability of the purified peptide during storage, although this procedure did not result in any apparent increase in purification. The final yield of purified ovine fetal IGF was 80 micrograms from 400 ml fetal sheep serum. Only one polypeptide chain was detected during @entity4 -terminal sequencing of the fetal @entity6 , and the preparation gave a single band on both gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, indicating that the peptide was essentially pure. The sequence (eight @entity3 residues) was identical to the equivalent sequence in @entity5 from @entity0 , @entity1 , and @entity2 sources. In additional, @entity3 analysis of the ovine fetal IGF showed close similarity to the @entity3 content of @entity5 from other species. The mol wt of the purified peptide, estimated by HPLC gel filtration, was approximately 7000, close to that of previously purified somatomedins, and the isoelectric point, obtained by chromatofocusing, was around pH 6.8. Thus, the purified ovine fetal @entity6 appears to be similar to @entity5 from other species, and may be the ovine homolog of @entity0 @entity5 .

title: Purification and characterization of a fetal XXXX from the sheep: similarity to insulin-like growth factor II.

answer: @entity6


abstract: A family history of @entity2 is believed to place @entity0 at increased risk for development of the disease. It is unclear, however, how "strong" a family history must be to increase this risk or to make colonoscopic screening appropriate. We performed initial colonoscopy in 154 asymptomatic subjects whose only suspected risk factor was one or two first-degree relatives with @entity2 ; 48 of these subjects also had affected second- and third-degree relatives. We found 45 @entity3 in 28 subjects (18%). One subject had a 3-cm villous adenoma. In 6 subjects, the most advanced findings were tubular @entity3 5-9 mm in diameter; in 21 subjects, we found only tubular @entity3 that were 2-4 mm in diameter. The prevalence of @entity3 increased significantly with age of subjects (p less than 0.01). Although the overall prevalence of @entity2 in our group was no greater than might be expected in the general population, subjects with two first-degree relatives tended to have more diminutive @entity3 than those with one such relative. Our findings suggest that colonoscopy is not an appropriate first step in screening @entity0 with one affected first-degree relative. For those with more complex family histories, more data are needed--particularly on the prevalence of advanced @entity1 --to determine whether a screening technique that is less costly and less invasive than colonoscopy may be adequate.

title: Colonoscopic screening of XXXX with suspected risk factors for colon cancer. I. Family history.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A mixture of 3 MAbs directed against 3 different @entity5 epitopes was radiolabelled with 131I and used for the treatment of a @entity0 @entity4 transplanted s.c. into @entity2 . Intact MAbs and F(ab')2 fragments were mixed because it had been shown by autoradiography that these 2 antibody forms can penetrate into different areas of the @entity1 nodule. Ten days after transplantation of @entity4 T380 a single dose of 600 microCi of 131I MAbs was injected i.v. The @entity1 grafts were well established (as evidenced by exponential growth in untreated @entity2 ) and their size continued to increase up to 6 days after radiolabelled antibody injection. @entity1 shrinking was then observed lasting for 4-12 weeks. In a control group injected with 600 microCi of 131I coupled to irrelevant monoclonal IgG, @entity1 growth was delayed, but no regression was observed. @entity1 of @entity2 injected with the corresponding amount of unlabelled antibodies grew like those of untreated @entity2 . Based on measurements of the effective whole-body half-life of injected 131I, the mean radiation dose received by the animals was calculated to be 382 rads for the antibody group and 478 rads for the normal IgG controls. The genetically immunodeficient animals exhibited no increase in mortality, and only limited bone-marrow @entity3 was observed. Direct measurement of radioactivity in @entity2 dissected 1, 3 and 7 days after 131I-MAb injection showed that 25, 7.2 and 2.2% of injected dose were recovered per gram of @entity1 , the mean radiation dose delivered to the @entity1 being thus more than 5,000 rads. These experiments show that therapeutic doses of radioactivity can be selectively directed to @entity0 @entity4 by i.v. injection of 131I-labelled anti- @entity5 MAbs.

title: Radioimmunotherapy of XXXX @entity4 by 131I-labelled monoclonal anti- @entity5 antibodies in a nude @entity2 model.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A mixture of 3 MAbs directed against 3 different @entity5 epitopes was radiolabelled with 131I and used for the treatment of a @entity0 @entity4 transplanted s.c. into @entity2 . Intact MAbs and F(ab')2 fragments were mixed because it had been shown by autoradiography that these 2 antibody forms can penetrate into different areas of the @entity1 nodule. Ten days after transplantation of @entity4 T380 a single dose of 600 microCi of 131I MAbs was injected i.v. The @entity1 grafts were well established (as evidenced by exponential growth in untreated @entity2 ) and their size continued to increase up to 6 days after radiolabelled antibody injection. @entity1 shrinking was then observed lasting for 4-12 weeks. In a control group injected with 600 microCi of 131I coupled to irrelevant monoclonal IgG, @entity1 growth was delayed, but no regression was observed. @entity1 of @entity2 injected with the corresponding amount of unlabelled antibodies grew like those of untreated @entity2 . Based on measurements of the effective whole-body half-life of injected 131I, the mean radiation dose received by the animals was calculated to be 382 rads for the antibody group and 478 rads for the normal IgG controls. The genetically immunodeficient animals exhibited no increase in mortality, and only limited bone-marrow @entity3 was observed. Direct measurement of radioactivity in @entity2 dissected 1, 3 and 7 days after 131I-MAb injection showed that 25, 7.2 and 2.2% of injected dose were recovered per gram of @entity1 , the mean radiation dose delivered to the @entity1 being thus more than 5,000 rads. These experiments show that therapeutic doses of radioactivity can be selectively directed to @entity0 @entity4 by i.v. injection of 131I-labelled anti- @entity5 MAbs.

title: Radioimmunotherapy of @entity0 XXXX by 131I-labelled monoclonal anti- @entity5 antibodies in a nude @entity2 model.

answer: @entity4


abstract: A mixture of 3 MAbs directed against 3 different @entity5 epitopes was radiolabelled with 131I and used for the treatment of a @entity0 @entity4 transplanted s.c. into @entity2 . Intact MAbs and F(ab')2 fragments were mixed because it had been shown by autoradiography that these 2 antibody forms can penetrate into different areas of the @entity1 nodule. Ten days after transplantation of @entity4 T380 a single dose of 600 microCi of 131I MAbs was injected i.v. The @entity1 grafts were well established (as evidenced by exponential growth in untreated @entity2 ) and their size continued to increase up to 6 days after radiolabelled antibody injection. @entity1 shrinking was then observed lasting for 4-12 weeks. In a control group injected with 600 microCi of 131I coupled to irrelevant monoclonal IgG, @entity1 growth was delayed, but no regression was observed. @entity1 of @entity2 injected with the corresponding amount of unlabelled antibodies grew like those of untreated @entity2 . Based on measurements of the effective whole-body half-life of injected 131I, the mean radiation dose received by the animals was calculated to be 382 rads for the antibody group and 478 rads for the normal IgG controls. The genetically immunodeficient animals exhibited no increase in mortality, and only limited bone-marrow @entity3 was observed. Direct measurement of radioactivity in @entity2 dissected 1, 3 and 7 days after 131I-MAb injection showed that 25, 7.2 and 2.2% of injected dose were recovered per gram of @entity1 , the mean radiation dose delivered to the @entity1 being thus more than 5,000 rads. These experiments show that therapeutic doses of radioactivity can be selectively directed to @entity0 @entity4 by i.v. injection of 131I-labelled anti- @entity5 MAbs.

title: Radioimmunotherapy of @entity0 @entity4 by 131I-labelled monoclonal anti- XXXX antibodies in a nude @entity2 model.

answer: @entity5


abstract: A mixture of 3 MAbs directed against 3 different @entity5 epitopes was radiolabelled with 131I and used for the treatment of a @entity0 @entity4 transplanted s.c. into @entity2 . Intact MAbs and F(ab')2 fragments were mixed because it had been shown by autoradiography that these 2 antibody forms can penetrate into different areas of the @entity1 nodule. Ten days after transplantation of @entity4 T380 a single dose of 600 microCi of 131I MAbs was injected i.v. The @entity1 grafts were well established (as evidenced by exponential growth in untreated @entity2 ) and their size continued to increase up to 6 days after radiolabelled antibody injection. @entity1 shrinking was then observed lasting for 4-12 weeks. In a control group injected with 600 microCi of 131I coupled to irrelevant monoclonal IgG, @entity1 growth was delayed, but no regression was observed. @entity1 of @entity2 injected with the corresponding amount of unlabelled antibodies grew like those of untreated @entity2 . Based on measurements of the effective whole-body half-life of injected 131I, the mean radiation dose received by the animals was calculated to be 382 rads for the antibody group and 478 rads for the normal IgG controls. The genetically immunodeficient animals exhibited no increase in mortality, and only limited bone-marrow @entity3 was observed. Direct measurement of radioactivity in @entity2 dissected 1, 3 and 7 days after 131I-MAb injection showed that 25, 7.2 and 2.2% of injected dose were recovered per gram of @entity1 , the mean radiation dose delivered to the @entity1 being thus more than 5,000 rads. These experiments show that therapeutic doses of radioactivity can be selectively directed to @entity0 @entity4 by i.v. injection of 131I-labelled anti- @entity5 MAbs.

title: Radioimmunotherapy of @entity0 @entity4 by 131I-labelled monoclonal anti- @entity5 antibodies in a nude XXXX model.

answer: @entity2


abstract: At the Mayo Clinic, between 1978 and 1982, forty-four total knee arthroplasties were performed with cement in twenty-six adults who had @entity2 . The age at operation ranged from nineteen to thirty-nine years old. The twenty-six @entity0 were followed for two to eight years (average, five years). At the time of final follow-up, thirty-nine knees were free of @entity1 and five were mildly painful during weight-bearing. The Hospital for Special Surgery knee score improved from a mean of 52 points preoperatively to 84 points postoperatively. There were twenty-four excellent, fourteen good, six fair, and no poor results. Radiographic analysis revealed an incomplete radiolucent line that was more than one millimeter in width adjacent to five tibial and four femoral components in eight knees (18 per cent). The positions of the components had not changed. Postoperatively, there was one transient @entity3 and two knees required patellar resurfacing. No revisions were performed for loosening of a prosthesis. We concluded that use of a cemented total knee prosthesis in a @entity0 who has @entity2 and is less than forty years old provides a satisfactory result and that the component will not loosen after an average of five years.

title: Total knee arthroplasty in young adults who have XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Since 1976, 70 @entity7 have been used to reconstruct extremities from which @entity1 not requiring chemotherapy or radiotherapy have been resected. Allografts excised from cadavers were stored in the vapor phase of liquid @entity5 in liquid @entity5 freezers (-150 degrees) after exposure to 15% @entity4 . Prior to their use, the allografts were thawed rapidly in either tissue culture or balanced salt solutions. Following resection of the @entity1 , the excised bone was replaced with allografts that were rigidly internally fixed with plates and screws or, occasionally, with intramedullary rods. @entity0 were observed carefully for complications and were subjected to functional evaluations. Complications did not include alterations suggestive of a pronounced immunologic response to the graft. Five @entity0 developed either local recurrences or distal metastasis. Of the remaining 65 @entity0 , followed for one year or longer, osteochondral allografts performed satisfactorily in 55 (84.6%). This group included eight @entity0 with initial complications that were successfully treated. The group of ten @entity0 with unsatisfactory results included four @entity0 with @entity2 of the grafts, one with fragmentation of the humeral head, three with @entity3 , and two with joint instabilities. Since all @entity0 had either hemi-joint or quarter joint replacements, the overall results achieved so far have been rewarding. However, continued long-term observations of @entity0 with allografts are indicated, as are studies that would allow for the improvement of cartilage preservation, decrease the incidence of @entity2 , and improve @entity6 of internal fixation. The incidence of infection can be reduced by the improvement in surgical technique, particularly with reference to the wound closure.

title: Massive XXXX in the reconstruction of extremities following resection of @entity1 not requiring chemotherapy and radiation.

answer: @entity7


abstract: Since 1976, 70 @entity7 have been used to reconstruct extremities from which @entity1 not requiring chemotherapy or radiotherapy have been resected. Allografts excised from cadavers were stored in the vapor phase of liquid @entity5 in liquid @entity5 freezers (-150 degrees) after exposure to 15% @entity4 . Prior to their use, the allografts were thawed rapidly in either tissue culture or balanced salt solutions. Following resection of the @entity1 , the excised bone was replaced with allografts that were rigidly internally fixed with plates and screws or, occasionally, with intramedullary rods. @entity0 were observed carefully for complications and were subjected to functional evaluations. Complications did not include alterations suggestive of a pronounced immunologic response to the graft. Five @entity0 developed either local recurrences or distal metastasis. Of the remaining 65 @entity0 , followed for one year or longer, osteochondral allografts performed satisfactorily in 55 (84.6%). This group included eight @entity0 with initial complications that were successfully treated. The group of ten @entity0 with unsatisfactory results included four @entity0 with @entity2 of the grafts, one with fragmentation of the humeral head, three with @entity3 , and two with joint instabilities. Since all @entity0 had either hemi-joint or quarter joint replacements, the overall results achieved so far have been rewarding. However, continued long-term observations of @entity0 with allografts are indicated, as are studies that would allow for the improvement of cartilage preservation, decrease the incidence of @entity2 , and improve @entity6 of internal fixation. The incidence of infection can be reduced by the improvement in surgical technique, particularly with reference to the wound closure.

title: Massive @entity7 in the reconstruction of extremities following resection of XXXX not requiring chemotherapy and radiation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Chemically induced @entity2 is often divided into two stages: initiation, which involves the conversion of some epidermal cells into latent neoplastic cells, and promotion, which allows the evolution of this neoplastic change into the formation of a @entity0 . The hallmark of @entity0 is the transformation of the normal epidermis into a @entity6 . A major unanswered question about @entity0 is whether the @entity5 that characterizes promoted skin is a @entity5 resulting from damage produced by the promoter. The opinion currently held is that the @entity5 produced by @entity0 promoters is not simply a @entity5 and possesses characteristics which a regenerative @entity5 does not have, enabling it to evolve into an epidermal @entity0 . The purpose of this review is to present recent evidence which strongly suggests that promoter-induced @entity5 is a regenerative @entity5 . Three principal lines of evidence are reviewed. The first demonstrates that an epidermal regenerative @entity5 repeatedly produced by wounding or abrasion can promote @entity2 in the initiated skin of @entity1 . The second line of evidence demonstrates that the @entity5 produced by the application of @entity3 ( @entity4 ), the most powerful and widely used promoter of @entity2 , is preceded by damage to the epidermis. This strongly suggests that the @entity5 which ensues is a regenerative @entity5 . Thirdly, evidence is presented which demonstrates that @entity5 -producing agents which do not promote, produce an @entity5 which is different from that produced by @entity0 promoters. Finally, the review discusses the evidence which suggests that the production of a @entity5 may be the mechanism for @entity0 promotion in other organs, such as the liver, bladder, and intestine.

title: Regeneration and the mechanism of XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Amaranthus caudatus L. toasted flour, popped grain and flakes were each fed to nine young @entity0 as the source of all diet protein and fat and 50% of diet energy, preceded and followed by casein control diets. All provided 6.4-6.7% of energy as protein and 9.3-10.1% as fat. Balances were carried out during the last 6 d of the three 9-d amaranth periods and during the four control periods. Fecal wet and dry weights during amaranth diets were 129-157% of those during casein control diets; fecal energy, fat and @entity2 from the toasted flour periods were 193, 268 and 256%; from the popped grain 253, 586 and 195%; and from the flakes 225, 356 and 255% of those during casein diets. Apparent N absorptions were 84.1-84.6% of the casein values (P less than 0.001); apparent retentions from toasted, popped and flaked amaranth were 70.9, 65.9 and 59.0% of casein (P less than 0.001). The last of these was significantly lower than the first (P less than 0.05). Fecal fat was much higher (P less than 0.001) from the popped than from the flaked grain and the toasted flour. Toasted flour was then added to @entity3 meal so that amaranth provided 20 or 30% of the protein. Seven young @entity0 received diets in which 6.4% of total energy came from one of the above mixes, or from casein, as protein. Soya-cottonseed oils completed 25% lipid energy in all three diets; balance of energy was from @entity1 in the experimental diets and from @entity1 , @entity4 syrup solids and cornstarch in the casein diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Nutritional value for young @entity0 of grain amaranth and XXXX -amaranth mixtures: effect of processing.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Amaranthus caudatus L. toasted flour, popped grain and flakes were each fed to nine young @entity0 as the source of all diet protein and fat and 50% of diet energy, preceded and followed by casein control diets. All provided 6.4-6.7% of energy as protein and 9.3-10.1% as fat. Balances were carried out during the last 6 d of the three 9-d amaranth periods and during the four control periods. Fecal wet and dry weights during amaranth diets were 129-157% of those during casein control diets; fecal energy, fat and @entity2 from the toasted flour periods were 193, 268 and 256%; from the popped grain 253, 586 and 195%; and from the flakes 225, 356 and 255% of those during casein diets. Apparent N absorptions were 84.1-84.6% of the casein values (P less than 0.001); apparent retentions from toasted, popped and flaked amaranth were 70.9, 65.9 and 59.0% of casein (P less than 0.001). The last of these was significantly lower than the first (P less than 0.05). Fecal fat was much higher (P less than 0.001) from the popped than from the flaked grain and the toasted flour. Toasted flour was then added to @entity3 meal so that amaranth provided 20 or 30% of the protein. Seven young @entity0 received diets in which 6.4% of total energy came from one of the above mixes, or from casein, as protein. Soya-cottonseed oils completed 25% lipid energy in all three diets; balance of energy was from @entity1 in the experimental diets and from @entity1 , @entity4 syrup solids and cornstarch in the casein diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Nutritional value for young XXXX of grain amaranth and @entity3 -amaranth mixtures: effect of processing.

answer: @entity0


abstract: There are several potential outcomes of @entity2 . When ischaemia is severe and prolonged, irreversible damage occurs and there is no recovery of contractile function. When @entity2 is less severe but still prolonged, myocytes may remain viable but exhibit depressed contractile function. Under these conditions, reperfusion restores complete contractile performance. This type of ischaemia, leading to a reversible, chronic @entity6 , has been termed hibernating @entity7 . The difference between this condition and that described before, i.e. prolonged ischaemia, which results in further damage on reperfusion, is, most likely, related to residual coronary flow. In the hibernating @entity7 , which is supplied by a narrow coronary artery, blood flow is not low enough to cause progression toward tissue @entity0 , but it is low enough to cause intracellular changes and adaptative mechanisms which, in turn, are responsible for the down-regulation of myocardial contractility and for the preservation of viability. The level of underperfusion is sufficient to maintain aerobic metabolism of the quiescent @entity7 as demonstrated by the absence of @entity4 and @entity5 phosphokinase releases. There are no doubts that revascularization is essential for hibernating @entity7 , and the clinical goal to achieve is the possibility of accurately distinguishing viable from infarcted tissue. A third possible outcome of @entity2 is a post-ischaemic @entity1 or @entity7 . This term describes a transient @entity3 that persists on reperfusion after a short period of ischaemia, despite the absence of irreversible damage.

title: Particular outcomes of XXXX : stunning and hibernation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity7 can be associated with various @entity1 related to several mechanisms. These disorders might be related to the reduced life-span of whole blood components and/or to an autoimmune mechanism. Only one case of @entity10 has yet been reported. The observation of 3 new personal cases (1 toxic @entity5 ) led us to review the pathogeny of @entity1 found in @entity7 . Only one patient had antineutrophil autoantibodies. Direct and indirect Coomb's test, and Dixon's test were negative. In all @entity0 , @entity2 was unable to demonstrate pernicious @entity3 or @entity9 . Two @entity0 presented cytological signs of macrophage activation with @entity8 . These cytological features were compatible with an immuno- @entity4 mechanism. All @entity1 disappeared when @entity0 became euthyroid. In all cases, the @entity6 were quite mild and might have gone unnoticed. Thus, it can be suggested that the frequency of @entity10 in @entity7 is underestimated.

title: [ XXXX resolved by the treatment of @entity7 ].

answer: @entity10


abstract: @entity7 can be associated with various @entity1 related to several mechanisms. These disorders might be related to the reduced life-span of whole blood components and/or to an autoimmune mechanism. Only one case of @entity10 has yet been reported. The observation of 3 new personal cases (1 toxic @entity5 ) led us to review the pathogeny of @entity1 found in @entity7 . Only one patient had antineutrophil autoantibodies. Direct and indirect Coomb's test, and Dixon's test were negative. In all @entity0 , @entity2 was unable to demonstrate pernicious @entity3 or @entity9 . Two @entity0 presented cytological signs of macrophage activation with @entity8 . These cytological features were compatible with an immuno- @entity4 mechanism. All @entity1 disappeared when @entity0 became euthyroid. In all cases, the @entity6 were quite mild and might have gone unnoticed. Thus, it can be suggested that the frequency of @entity10 in @entity7 is underestimated.

title: [ @entity10 resolved by the treatment of XXXX ].

answer: @entity7


abstract: A multicentric study on the treatment of nonmalignant @entity2 with epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been carried out in 32 Italian centers devoted to @entity1 therapy. Neurosurgical and anesthesiology units participated in this retrospective study. 410 of the eligible @entity0 were enrolled in the protocol: 48% were male, 52% female. All @entity0 underwent a screening test period (average 21 days) and 74% underwent the definitive implant. The diagnosis was @entity5 in 45%, @entity4 in 15%, phantom limb @entity1 in 14%, @entity6 in 8%, @entity3 in 5%, others 13%. 84% received noninvasive unsuccessful treatment (10 tensor acupuncture). All had previous pharmacological therapy which was not always discontinued when SCS took place. @entity1 assessment had been done with the visual analog scale and verbal scale both subjectively and by the physician and nurses. Neuropsychological profile with minimal mental test or MMPI was obtained in 68% of the @entity0 . These results were favorable (i.e. excellent or good; more than 50% reduction of @entity1 ) in 87% of the @entity0 at the 3-month follow-up, 75% at the 6-month follow-up, 69% at the 1-year follow-up, and 58% at the 2-year follow-up. Complication rate was: dislocation of the electrocatheter 4%, technical problems 3%, infections of the system 2%. The results will be discussed in correlation with the different etiologies of the nonmalignant @entity2 .

title: Italian multicentric study on XXXX treatment with epidural spinal cord stimulation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Effects of extracellular matrices (ECM) and the plasminogen activator (PA) system on outgrowth of @entity1 @entity0 ( @entity0 ) and trophectoderm in vitro were investigated. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of plasminogen and ECM type on @entity0 and trophectodermal outgrowth, on glass Lab- @entity2 chamber slides coated with collagen IV, fibronectin, or laminin. @entity0 outgrowth areas were reduced (p < 0.05) by plasminogen and were greatest (p < 0.05) on fibronectin. Trophectodermal outgrowth was not supported in this system. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) or antiserum to urokinase-type PA (anti- @entity4 ) on @entity0 outgrowth on fibronectin. Numbers of cells in the outgrowths were increased (p < 0.05) with @entity3 , and anti- @entity4 had no effect (p > 0.10). Experiment 3 evaluated the relationship between PA production and ECM type on @entity0 and trophectodermal outgrowth in microdrop cultures. PA production by @entity0 was greatest (p < 0.05) on fibronectin, but no differences (p > 0.10) were observed for trophectoderm. PA production was not correlated with @entity0 outgrowth areas (r = -0.12; p = 0.72) or numbers of cells in the @entity0 outgrowths (r = 0.09; p = 0.74) but was correlated with @entity0 areas (r = 0.75; p < 0.01) and numbers of cells in trophectodermal outgrowths (r = 0.57; p = 0.01). These results suggest that type of ECM, culture system, and alterations in the PA system influence cellular outgrowths by @entity0 and trophectoderm.

title: Evaluation of extracellular matrices and the plasminogen activator system in XXXX inner cell mass and trophectodermal outgrowth in vitro.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Despite matching for serologically defined @entity3 , DR antigens, @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is a major complication contributing to increased morbidity and mortality in @entity0 who undergo marrow transplantation from unrelated donors. The extent to which unrecognized mismatching for alleles that encode @entity4 -DR18 contribute to the increased risk of acute @entity2 and overall survival is unknown. We analyzed 364 @entity0 and their @entity3 , DR serologically matched donors to determine whether molecular typing of @entity1 alleles can allow more accurate donor/recipient matching and thereby improve clinical outcome after marrow transplantation. @entity1 alleles were typed by sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization methods. Selected alleles were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Of the 364 pairs, 305 were matched and 59 were mismatched for @entity1 . The probability of moderate to severe acute @entity2 was .48 for the matched and .70 for the mismatched @entity0 . Compared with mismatched @entity0 , the estimated relative risk (RR) of @entity2 for matched @entity0 was .58 (95% confidence interval [CI], .40 to .85). @entity1 matching decreased the risk of transplant-related mortality (RR, .66; 95% CI, .44 to .97) and was associated with decreased overall mortality (RR, .71; 95% CI, .51 to 1.0). Therefore, matching @entity1 alleles of the donor and recipient decreases the risk of acute @entity2 and improves survival after unrelated marrow transplantation. These results indicate that prospective matching of @entity0 and donors for @entity1 alleles is warranted.

title: The significance of @entity1 matching on clinical outcome after XXXX , DR identical unrelated donor marrow transplantation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Despite matching for serologically defined @entity3 , DR antigens, @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is a major complication contributing to increased morbidity and mortality in @entity0 who undergo marrow transplantation from unrelated donors. The extent to which unrecognized mismatching for alleles that encode @entity4 -DR18 contribute to the increased risk of acute @entity2 and overall survival is unknown. We analyzed 364 @entity0 and their @entity3 , DR serologically matched donors to determine whether molecular typing of @entity1 alleles can allow more accurate donor/recipient matching and thereby improve clinical outcome after marrow transplantation. @entity1 alleles were typed by sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization methods. Selected alleles were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Of the 364 pairs, 305 were matched and 59 were mismatched for @entity1 . The probability of moderate to severe acute @entity2 was .48 for the matched and .70 for the mismatched @entity0 . Compared with mismatched @entity0 , the estimated relative risk (RR) of @entity2 for matched @entity0 was .58 (95% confidence interval [CI], .40 to .85). @entity1 matching decreased the risk of transplant-related mortality (RR, .66; 95% CI, .44 to .97) and was associated with decreased overall mortality (RR, .71; 95% CI, .51 to 1.0). Therefore, matching @entity1 alleles of the donor and recipient decreases the risk of acute @entity2 and improves survival after unrelated marrow transplantation. These results indicate that prospective matching of @entity0 and donors for @entity1 alleles is warranted.

title: The significance of XXXX matching on clinical outcome after @entity3 , DR identical unrelated donor marrow transplantation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The goal of this study was to analyze, discuss, and compare risks and results obtained with the "buried strip" and two "tube" techniques for @entity1 repair in a personal series. From 1976 through 1982, 82 @entity0 underwent complete two-stage repair of @entity1 using either the Denis Browne procedure (23 @entity0 ) or the Belt-Fuqua technique (41) and Byars procedure (18), respectively. Only those @entity0 with originally distal and mid shaft @entity1 plus chordee were included in this series. The mean age at the time of repair was 4.9 years, with a range of two to sixteen years. The overall complication rate was 13.4 per cent (11 of 82). The tube procedures alone had a complication rate of 6.8 per cent (4 of 59) compared with 30 per cent (7 of 23) with the Denis Browne technique. Complications noted were: fistulas 6 (Denis Browne 5, Belt-Fuqua 1); meatal stenosis 4 (Denis Browne 2, Byars 2); urethral stricture 1 (Belt-Fuqua). Our results confirm the general belief that tube techniques have a higher reliability than does the Denis Browne procedure. Each procedure improves with the experience of the surgeon, although the tube technique appears to cause less trouble in our hands. The running subcutaneous and intracutaneous sutures give a far smoother healing. We believe this study supports the virtues of two-stage tube repairs.

title: "Buried strip" versus "tube" in XXXX repair: analysis of 82 consecutive cases.

answer: @entity1


abstract: A major research program in the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, in the 1930s was the preparation of a large number of @entity7 and their anhydrides as substitute @entity4 for @entity0 diets. As an outgrowth of this work, many of these polyols were converted to their @entity11 and investigated for their vasodilating properties. The organic @entity3 that were synthesized were examined for their potency, duration of action, and possible therapeutic use. It was demonstrated that, contrary to prior belief, the @entity9 and vasodilating action was exhibited by their own molecular structure and not through hydrolysis and reduction to @entity5 . The search for the finer mechanism(s) of action on the vascular musculature showed that these nitrated @entity8 and their anhydrides inhibited arterial @entity1 triphosphatase, although this enzyme inhibition did not correlate with pharmacologic activity. Today the mechanism of action of these drugs is not clearly understood at the cellular level. The @entity12 ( @entity6 ) was synthesized, studied, and reported in 1940. It appeared to be a useful drug because blood levels of the unhydrolyzed @entity10 were found to persist for long periods of time. Subsequent clinical studies in the 1960s demonstrated its prophylactic value in @entity2 and its prolonged action as a therapeutic asset. In 1967 the mononitrate was shown to be formed in vivo when the dinitrate was administered orally and has been studied as the possible pharmacodynamically active moiety.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: History of the synthesis and pharmacology of XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Seventy-seven @entity0 (age 12 to 46 years) who underwent allogeneic marrow transplantation for @entity2 or @entity5 and who had grade II to IV @entity4 despite methotrexate prophylaxis were randomly assigned to receive @entity3 2 mg/kg per day intravenously (n = 39) or @entity1 (n = 38) either 12 to 15 mg/kg per day orally or 3 to 5 mg/kg per day intravenously. In both groups, clinical and histologic evidence of @entity4 was detected at medians of 16 and 25 days, respectively. Drugs were given for a minimum of 14 days unless significant deterioration occurred. If @entity4 did not improve with this therapy, treatment with a second agent was initiated. Treatment responses were scored after reviewing clinical and laboratory data collected before, during, and after the 14-day treatment period. Possible scores were as follows: -1, worse; 0, no change; + 1, improvement in one organ system (skin, liver, gut) with no deterioration in the other two; +2, complete resolution of all involved systems. The median response score among 39 @entity3 -treated @entity0 was 0. Sixteen @entity0 (41 percent) showed response to treatment, 11 with partial and five with complete response. The median response score among 38 @entity1 -treated @entity0 was +1. Twenty-three @entity0 (61 percent) showed response to treatment, 15 with partial and eight with complete response (p = 0.039). Twenty @entity0 receiving @entity3 and 18 receiving @entity1 required additional therapy. The incidence of @entity4 was similar in both groups. It developed in all nonresponding @entity0 at risk who had received secondary therapy. Among responding @entity0 (scores +1 or +2) who were not given additional treatment, @entity4 developed in eight of 11 (72 percent) receiving @entity3 and five of ten (50 percent) receiving @entity1 . Survival beyond 17 months was similar in the two groups (28 percent and 24 percent, respectively). These data suggest that @entity1 is a useful agent for the treatment of @entity4 , comparable in its efficacy to @entity3 .

title: Treatment of XXXX after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Randomized study comparing corticosteroids and @entity1 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Seventy-seven @entity0 (age 12 to 46 years) who underwent allogeneic marrow transplantation for @entity2 or @entity5 and who had grade II to IV @entity4 despite methotrexate prophylaxis were randomly assigned to receive @entity3 2 mg/kg per day intravenously (n = 39) or @entity1 (n = 38) either 12 to 15 mg/kg per day orally or 3 to 5 mg/kg per day intravenously. In both groups, clinical and histologic evidence of @entity4 was detected at medians of 16 and 25 days, respectively. Drugs were given for a minimum of 14 days unless significant deterioration occurred. If @entity4 did not improve with this therapy, treatment with a second agent was initiated. Treatment responses were scored after reviewing clinical and laboratory data collected before, during, and after the 14-day treatment period. Possible scores were as follows: -1, worse; 0, no change; + 1, improvement in one organ system (skin, liver, gut) with no deterioration in the other two; +2, complete resolution of all involved systems. The median response score among 39 @entity3 -treated @entity0 was 0. Sixteen @entity0 (41 percent) showed response to treatment, 11 with partial and five with complete response. The median response score among 38 @entity1 -treated @entity0 was +1. Twenty-three @entity0 (61 percent) showed response to treatment, 15 with partial and eight with complete response (p = 0.039). Twenty @entity0 receiving @entity3 and 18 receiving @entity1 required additional therapy. The incidence of @entity4 was similar in both groups. It developed in all nonresponding @entity0 at risk who had received secondary therapy. Among responding @entity0 (scores +1 or +2) who were not given additional treatment, @entity4 developed in eight of 11 (72 percent) receiving @entity3 and five of ten (50 percent) receiving @entity1 . Survival beyond 17 months was similar in the two groups (28 percent and 24 percent, respectively). These data suggest that @entity1 is a useful agent for the treatment of @entity4 , comparable in its efficacy to @entity3 .

title: Treatment of @entity4 after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Randomized study comparing corticosteroids and XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: This study is based on a 'natural experiment' in which a cohort of @entity1 users was assessed at one unit, then referred on geographic grounds for treatment to one of two clinics--one orientated to long-term maintenance (Clinic 2, with 61 subjects), the other to time-limited treatment aimed at achieving abstinence from all drugs including @entity0 (Clinic 1, 141 subjects). The outcome measure was @entity1 use as measured by urine testing performed regularly at both clinics. Overall, 25% of urine tests from Clinic 1 were positive for @entity1 compared to 18% in Clinic 2. This difference reflected in part a high rate of @entity1 use during the period of mandatory withdrawal from treatment in clinic 1. Statistical models were developed to identify factors associated with @entity1 use. There was a strong association between @entity0 dose and @entity1 use; relative to a daily dose of 40 mg, a dose of 80 mg/day of @entity0 was less likely to be associated with a @entity1 -positive urine (OR 0.55, 95% CI [0.45, 0.68]). Average doses prescribed in Clinic 1 were lower, reflecting the clinic's orientation to abstinence. Adjusting for dose, and for the fact that certain individuals tend to use @entity1 heavily while others do not, there was no difference between the clinics in risk of @entity1 use during maintenance treatment. The higher rates of @entity1 use in the abstinence-orientated clinic were attributable to time-limited treatment and the use of lower doses of @entity0 . This finding confirms that in investigating the effects of treatment factors, the powerful influence of @entity0 dose needs to be taken into account.

title: Investigating the influence of treatment philosophy on outcome of XXXX maintenance.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Complication rates and postoperative mortality were studied in 1010 consecutive @entity0 entered into the Norwegian @entity1 Trial. Twenty-eight per cent of the @entity0 had one or more complications (31% of the @entity0 and 21% of the @entity0 ). General complications ( @entity2 , @entity4 , and cardiac) were most frequent. The postoperative mortality rate for resected @entity0 was 8.3% (63 of 763). Complication and mortality rates were highest for proximal resections (52% and 16%) followed by total gastrectomy (38% and 8%), subtotal resection (28% and 10%), and distal resection (19% and 7%). By logistic regression analysis it was found that age, sex, operative procedure, prophylactic antibiotics, and splenectomy were significantly related to @entity3 . The odds ratio for complication for @entity0 versus @entity0 was 1.75: for no antibiotics versus antibiotic prophylaxis it was 2.5. Relative to distal resection the odds ratio for complications after subtotal resection was 2.2, for total gastrectomy was 3.9, and for proximal resection was 7.6. Age and sex were the only factors that affected operative mortality. The odds ratio for mortality for @entity0 versus @entity0 was 2.3. The odds ratio for operative mortality was 2.2 when the age of the @entity0 increased with 10 years.

title: XXXX and mortality after surgery for gastric cancer.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The effectiveness of @entity6 in @entity2 has been challenged; retrospective studies have not supported its use. We conducted a prospective, randomized, blinded study comparing the effectiveness of @entity6 with saline in the prehospital paramedic setting. Seventy-three @entity0 who had received @entity3 , @entity4 , and @entity5 and were in refractory @entity2 were included in the study, which was conducted from October 1982 to October 1983. Traumatic and pediatric arrests were excluded. The successful resuscitation rate was three of 39 in the @entity1 group versus one of 34 in the saline group (P less than .37). A successful resuscitation was defined as the conveyance of a @entity0 with a pulse and a rhythm to an emergency department. Groups were analyzed for sex, age, and witnessed arrests. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. No @entity0 who was resuscitated successfully in the field was discharged from the hospital alive. We conclude that @entity6 is not of value in resuscitating @entity0 from refractory @entity2 in the prehospital @entity2 setting.

title: Lack of effectiveness of XXXX in refractory @entity2 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: The effectiveness of @entity6 in @entity2 has been challenged; retrospective studies have not supported its use. We conducted a prospective, randomized, blinded study comparing the effectiveness of @entity6 with saline in the prehospital paramedic setting. Seventy-three @entity0 who had received @entity3 , @entity4 , and @entity5 and were in refractory @entity2 were included in the study, which was conducted from October 1982 to October 1983. Traumatic and pediatric arrests were excluded. The successful resuscitation rate was three of 39 in the @entity1 group versus one of 34 in the saline group (P less than .37). A successful resuscitation was defined as the conveyance of a @entity0 with a pulse and a rhythm to an emergency department. Groups were analyzed for sex, age, and witnessed arrests. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. No @entity0 who was resuscitated successfully in the field was discharged from the hospital alive. We conclude that @entity6 is not of value in resuscitating @entity0 from refractory @entity2 in the prehospital @entity2 setting.

title: Lack of effectiveness of @entity6 in refractory XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Cationic lipids are an effective means for transfecting nucleic acids into a variety of cell types. Very few of these lipids, however, have been reported to be effective with primary cells. We report on the efficacy of several commercially available cationic lipid reagents to transfect plasmid DNA into primary @entity0 hepatocytes in culture. The reagents tested in this study include TransfectAce, LipofectAmine, Lipofectin, @entity5 ( @entity5 ), ( @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and @entity2 / @entity3 ( @entity2 / @entity4 ). Electron micrographic (EM) studies indicate that similar size Lipofectin and @entity1 vesicles contain DNA-like material internally and that these vesicles attach to the cell membrane. @entity1 vesicles are multilamellar, appear as clusters, and have a high DNA-to-lipid ratio. Lipofectin vesicles appear to attach to the cell surface as individual vesicles. The EM observations are consistent with current theories on the mechanism of transfection by cationic lipids. While Lipofectin has proven to be effective in transfection studies of primary cells in culture, we have found @entity1 to be a viable alternative. @entity1 yields transfection rates in hepatocytes comparable to @entity5 and Lipofectin, however, at lower concentrations of reagent and at considerably less cost. Optimal conditions for transfecting 5 micrograms of plasmid DNA with @entity1 were achieved by utilizing multilamellar (vortexed) vesicles at a concentration of 15 micrograms @entity1 per 2 ml media in 60-mm plates for 2 h transfection time. In this study, @entity1 has proven to be economical, easy to prepare, and very effective in transfecting DNA into primary @entity0 hepatocytes.

title: Efficient lipid-mediated transfection of DNA into primary XXXX hepatocytes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Twelve consecutive @entity0 who developed @entity4 (polymorphous @entity3 with marked @entity2 , @entity8 ) over a 4 year period were treated with intravenous injections of @entity6 . In nine of the @entity0 a single bolus of 2 g completely abolished the @entity8 within 1 to 5 min, and in three others complete abolition of the @entity8 was achieved after a second bolus was given 5 to 15 min later. Nine of the @entity0 also received continuous infusion of @entity7 (3 to 20 mg/min) for 7 to 48 hr until the QT interval was below 0.50 sec. In nine of the 12 @entity0 the @entity8 was induced by antiarrhythmic agents. The QT interval preceding @entity8 ranged from 0.54 to 0.72 sec. After the @entity7 bolus, which prevented the recurrence of @entity8 , no significant changes were observed in the QT interval. There were no side effects of this treatment. In eight of the 12 @entity0 @entity1 levels before the @entity8 were below 3.5 meq/liter; @entity5 levels were available in eight @entity0 before @entity8 , and were normal in all. Five additional @entity0 with polymorphous @entity3 but normal QT intervals (non- @entity8 @entity0 ) received two to three boluses of @entity7 . This treatment was ineffective in all, but they responded to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy. Thus, @entity7 is a very effective and safe treatment for @entity8 , and its application is rapid and simple. Its use is therefore recommended as the first line of therapy for @entity8 .

title: Treatment of XXXX with @entity6 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Twelve consecutive @entity0 who developed @entity4 (polymorphous @entity3 with marked @entity2 , @entity8 ) over a 4 year period were treated with intravenous injections of @entity6 . In nine of the @entity0 a single bolus of 2 g completely abolished the @entity8 within 1 to 5 min, and in three others complete abolition of the @entity8 was achieved after a second bolus was given 5 to 15 min later. Nine of the @entity0 also received continuous infusion of @entity7 (3 to 20 mg/min) for 7 to 48 hr until the QT interval was below 0.50 sec. In nine of the 12 @entity0 the @entity8 was induced by antiarrhythmic agents. The QT interval preceding @entity8 ranged from 0.54 to 0.72 sec. After the @entity7 bolus, which prevented the recurrence of @entity8 , no significant changes were observed in the QT interval. There were no side effects of this treatment. In eight of the 12 @entity0 @entity1 levels before the @entity8 were below 3.5 meq/liter; @entity5 levels were available in eight @entity0 before @entity8 , and were normal in all. Five additional @entity0 with polymorphous @entity3 but normal QT intervals (non- @entity8 @entity0 ) received two to three boluses of @entity7 . This treatment was ineffective in all, but they responded to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy. Thus, @entity7 is a very effective and safe treatment for @entity8 , and its application is rapid and simple. Its use is therefore recommended as the first line of therapy for @entity8 .

title: Treatment of @entity4 with XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Due to controversial evaluation of the contribution of clinical signs for the diagnosing of non-specific @entity1 , as well as due to the lack of similar data, we tried to find our own answer to the question as to whether the clinical signs of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and @entity2 (MC) are helpful, unhelpful, or even confusing for the diagnosis. A group of @entity0 with MC and @entity3 was analyzed from this aspect. Individuals in their twenties and thirties prevailed in the sample, mostly intellectual workers, the number of males and females was equal. Our attempt to analyze all the available diagnostic methods originated in an observation that a long period of health problems precedes the diagnosis of MC, namely 1.5 y in males and as long as 4 y in females. Other striking information was that surgery represented the initial treatment in 66% of cases and the correct diagnosis was made peroperatively only in 56% of cases. We compared our results with those of the OMGE study, one of the largest projects which evaluated positively the contribution of clinical signs to the diagnosing of MC and @entity3 . We found that the main signs of CU have not changed in the last century, and some additional signs occur rather due to complications than due to the disease per se. Frequency of @entity4 increased by 25% in our @entity0 , and approximately 1/3 of it represented intermittent @entity4 caused by tenesms. @entity4 in MC must be properly analyzed in order to discriminate @entity5 . Other indicators did not differ from the OMGE study. In accordance with its results, we confirmed the importance of correct evaluation of clinical signs for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of @entity3 and MC. The number of diagnostic methods still increases. Their validity must be continuously re-evaluated, however the clinical examination in the dynamic process stays to be of crucial value.

title: [What is the value of clinical symptoms in the diagnosis of nonspecific XXXX ?].

answer: @entity1


abstract: 1. The responses of plasma @entity4 and plasma prolactin concentrations to @entity6 (10 mg intravenously) were evaluated over 2 h in eight healthy controls and in 23 @entity0 with @entity1 (10 without and 13 with @entity2 ). Plasma @entity3 activity, glomerular filtration rate and renal @entity5 excretion were also determined. 2. @entity6 did not significantly influence plasma @entity3 activity, whereas both plasma @entity4 and plasma prolactin rose significantly. The incremental areas under the curves did not differ among controls and cirrhotic @entity0 without and with @entity2 . No significant correlations between plasma prolactin and @entity4 , either under basal conditions or after @entity6 administration, were found in either controls or @entity0 . 3. Glomerular filtration rate did not change after @entity6 . Renal @entity5 excretion in controls and cirrhotic @entity0 without @entity2 was also unaffected, whereas it decreased significantly in cirrhotic @entity0 with @entity2 . In the latter, renal @entity5 excretion was inversely correlated with plasma @entity4 both under basal conditions and after @entity6 administration. 4. The dopaminergic control of @entity4 secretion does not appear to be significantly altered in @entity1 . @entity6 administration to cirrhotic @entity0 with @entity2 leads to an increase in plasma @entity4 that may enhance renal @entity5 retention.

title: Unaltered dopaminergic modulation of @entity4 secretion in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: 1. The responses of plasma @entity4 and plasma prolactin concentrations to @entity6 (10 mg intravenously) were evaluated over 2 h in eight healthy controls and in 23 @entity0 with @entity1 (10 without and 13 with @entity2 ). Plasma @entity3 activity, glomerular filtration rate and renal @entity5 excretion were also determined. 2. @entity6 did not significantly influence plasma @entity3 activity, whereas both plasma @entity4 and plasma prolactin rose significantly. The incremental areas under the curves did not differ among controls and cirrhotic @entity0 without and with @entity2 . No significant correlations between plasma prolactin and @entity4 , either under basal conditions or after @entity6 administration, were found in either controls or @entity0 . 3. Glomerular filtration rate did not change after @entity6 . Renal @entity5 excretion in controls and cirrhotic @entity0 without @entity2 was also unaffected, whereas it decreased significantly in cirrhotic @entity0 with @entity2 . In the latter, renal @entity5 excretion was inversely correlated with plasma @entity4 both under basal conditions and after @entity6 administration. 4. The dopaminergic control of @entity4 secretion does not appear to be significantly altered in @entity1 . @entity6 administration to cirrhotic @entity0 with @entity2 leads to an increase in plasma @entity4 that may enhance renal @entity5 retention.

title: Unaltered dopaminergic modulation of XXXX secretion in @entity1 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Twenty-five adult @entity3 @entity0 with intrathoracic lymphadenopathy were studied. Intrathoracic @entity3 seems rare in Chinese and affects more older and female subjects. The most common symptoms were cough, followed by chills, @entity1 and the most common physical finding was peripheral lymph node enlargement. The roentgenographic appearance of mediastinal lesions varied but often included right paratracheal involvement. Nine @entity0 had clear lungs. @entity3 involvement was limited to the lower lung field in seven out of 16 @entity0 with concomitant parenchymal lesions. The remaining nine @entity0 had @entity4 involving the upper lobes. Consolidation was the most common form of @entity2 . A diagnosis was made on the basis of sputum examination in nine @entity0 ; however, peripheral lymph node examination yielded a higher diagnostic rate (90 percent). Endobronchial involvement was proved by bronchoscopy in 12 of 16 @entity0 . In three instances, the final diagnosis could be documented after mediastinoscopy or exploratory thoracotomy.

title: Clinical role of bronchoscopy in adults with intrathoracic XXXX .

answer: @entity3