abstract: @entity10 replacement therapy (HRT) is an established approach for the treatment and the prevention of @entity4 . Many studies with bone mineral density as primary outcome have shown significant efficacy. Observational studies have indicated a significant reduction of @entity6 risk in cohorts of @entity1 who maintained HRT therapy. The @entity1 's Health Initiative is the first prospective randomised controlled study which showed a positive effect of HRT in terms of @entity6 risk. Unfortunately, this study has been interrupted after 5.2 years because of the unsupportable increase of risk of @entity2 and @entity0 . Compliance with HRT, however, is typically poor because of the potential side effects and possible increased risk of @entity0 . Nevertheless, there is now evidence that lower doses of @entity5 in elderly @entity1 may prevent @entity9 while minimizing the side effects seen with higher doses. Combination therapies using low doses @entity5 should probably be reserved for @entity1 who continue to @entity7 on single therapy. Selective @entity5 receptor modulators (SERMs) are very interesting drugs. The goal of these agents is to maximize the beneficial effect of @entity5 on bone and to minimize or antagonize the deleterious effects on the breast and endometrium. @entity8 , approved for the prevention and the treatment of @entity4 , has been shown to reduce the risks of @entity7 in large clinical trials. However, they don't reduce non vertebral @entity7 . @entity11 is a synthetic @entity3 that increased bone mineral density at lumbar spine and femoral neck. But no trial has been performed with @entity7 as end point.

title: [ XXXX replacement therapy and its derivatives in the prevention and treatment of @entity4 ].

answer: @entity10


abstract: The first IARC Monographs Volume was distributed in 1972, and over the 23 years through 1993, under the leadership of Dr Lorenzo Tomatis, 59 IARC Monographs were completed. During 1977-1979 the author was privileged to lead the program for Volumes 15-22, and participated in the pioneering development of the @entity14 Preamble and Categories of Evidence. During this era other Chiefs of the IARC Monographs included Claus Agthe, Harri Vainio, Antero Aitio, and Julian Wilbourn. Since then (starting with Volume 62: 1995), a new attitude seems to have pervaded the IARC Monographs program, resulting in an increasing influence of or partiality for industry and a diminishing dedication to public and occupational health and safety concerns, and for primary prevention. Some of this attitude comes from an apparent misguided scientific zest prematurely to endorse purported or hypothetical mechanisms of chemical @entity3 or modes of action of chemicals causing @entity1 in experimental animals. These speculations are in turn used cavalierly to discount the value of experimental evidence for predicting probable carcinogenicity to @entity0 . Most often this is accomplished by opining that the mechanism(s) of carcinogenicity in animals would not be operative in @entity0 . End of explanation. Examples whereby the IARC has recently "down-graded" or "under-graded" the available evidence of carcinogenicity include: @entity4 ; @entity12 ; @entity15 -based dyes; @entity11 , @entity5 ( @entity5 ); @entity7 ; glass wool insulation; MtBE [ @entity9 ]; @entity16 ; @entity10 ; sunlamps and sunbeds (use of); @entity6 ; @entity13 ; and others more inclusively mentioned in the text and tables. Further impeding or compromising public health, chemicals causing site-specific @entity1 in animals attendant with calculi/precipitate in the urinary bladder, @entity8 and thyroid gland, kidney and alpha-2mu globulin, peroxisome proliferation and @entity2 , and cell proliferation in general have led the IARC to discount these car- cinogenic effects. To stem this tide at the IARC, new leadership, with more objectivity and public health perspective, is needed.

title: IARC monographs, industry influence, and upgrading, downgrading, and under-grading chemicals: a personal point of view. International Agency for Research on XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: In @entity0 with @entity2 , conventional @entity3 ablation may not result in complete @entity1 . This prospective, randomized study tested the hypothesis that the cooled @entity3 ablation is safe and facilitates the achievement of @entity1 with fewer @entity3 applications than with standard ablation for typical @entity2 . Isthmus ablation was performed in 59 @entity0 (40 @entity0 , 64 +/- 14 years) with @entity2 using standard @entity3 (n = 31) or cooled @entity3 (n = 28) catheters with crossover after 12 unsuccessful @entity3 applications. The endpoint was bidirectional @entity1 or a total of 24 unsuccessful @entity3 applications. After the first 12 @entity3 applications, 17 (55%) of 31 standard @entity3 and 22 (79%) of 28 cooled @entity3 @entity0 had bidirectional @entity1 (P < 0.05). After the remaining @entity0 crossed over to the alternate @entity3 ablation system and underwent up to 12 more @entity3 applications, bidirectional @entity1 had been demonstrated in 27 (87%) of 31 standard @entity3 and 25 (89%) of 28 cooled @entity3 @entity0 (P = NS). Isthmus block was not achieved within 24 @entity3 applications in four standard and three cooled @entity3 @entity0 . Mean measured tip temperatures for cooled @entity3 were lower than for standard @entity3 (38.5 degrees C +/- 6.98 degrees C vs 57.2 degrees C +/- 7.42 degrees C, P < 0.0001). Peak temperatures were also lower for cooled @entity3 compared to standard @entity3 (45.7 degrees C +/- 22.7 degrees C vs 63.4 degrees C +/- 9.87 degrees C, P < 0.0001). Importantly, mean power delivered was significantly higher for cooled than for standard @entity3 (42.3 +/- 9.48 vs 34.0 +/- 14.0 W, P < 0.0001). There were no serious complications for either ablation system. During a 12.8 +/- 3.76-month follow-up, there were two @entity2 in the cooled @entity3 group and four in the standard @entity3 group (P = NS). In @entity0 with @entity2 , ablation with the cooled @entity3 catheter is as safe as, and facilitates creation of bidirectional @entity1 more rapidly than, standard @entity3 ablation.

title: Prospective randomized comparison of cooled radiofrequency versus standard radiofrequency energy for ablation of typical XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is now increasingly applied not only to @entity6 such as @entity8 and @entity9 but also to some of solid @entity3 . We experienced ten cases of bone marrow harvest and six cases of autologous or allogeneic BMT during the period from June, 1986 to August, 1987. For autologous BMT cases, bone marrow cells were harvested and cryopreserved at -196 degrees C in liquid @entity7 tank and colony forming assays were examined to ascertain the colony forming ability of harvested bone marrow stem cells. Recovery of colony forming ability after cryopreservation in colony forming unit in culture and burst forming unit in erythrocyte is about 63 to 73% and well preserved. Among 6 cases undergone BMT, five cases are @entity1 with advanced solid @entity3 including @entity0 , @entity10 , @entity2 , @entity4 and @entity5 and these 5 cases have undergone autologous BMT. Conditioning regimen for each @entity3 in autologous BMT differs based upon conventional chemotherapy regimen and two to four fold dose of conventionally used chemotherapy regimen were administered and after two or three days of high dose chemotherapy, cryopreserved bone marrow cells were thawed and infused. Peripheral white blood cells and platelets were recovered to more than 1000/microliters and 5 x 10(4)/microliters, respectively, within 21 days after bone marrow cell infusion. Disappearance or decrease in @entity3 size was observed in all cases except @entity5 even though those cases were advanced ones. After autologous BMT, recurrence occurred within three to five months in three cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Basic and clinical studies on XXXX who have undergone autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Hematopoietic reconstitution in the allogeneic chimera is an important issue because its failure causes fatal @entity1 in the host. Although @entity2 ( @entity2 ) often occurs and is a major obstacle for successful bone marrow transplantation (BMT), it does not always play an unfavorable role in the host. It has been suggested that @entity2 may show some effects on the hematopoietic reconstitution. In order to elucidate mechanism of the influence of @entity2 on the hematopoiesis, I have studied kinetics of the hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow chimeric @entity0 and the effects of spleen cells on it using in vitro @entity3 assay. The number of @entity3 in the bone marrow obtained from the allogeneic chimeras were reduced in the very early phase after BMT compared to that of syngeneic bone marrow chimeras. After then, the @entity3 number in the allogeneic chimeras increased rapidly, especially in the chimeras showing a sign of severe @entity2 . Addition of spleen cells from syngeneic chimeras to the bone marrow cell cultures showed no influence on the @entity3 number observed. However, addition of spleen cells from allogeneic chimeras at 14 days after BMT to the bone marrow cells increased the @entity3 number. By contrast, the chimeric spleen cells at 21 days after BMT decreased the number. These biphasic effects of spleen cells from allogeneic chimeras on the @entity3 were considered to be mediated by some kinds of colony stimulating and inhibiting factors. Intraperitoneal injections of recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factors into bone marrow chimeras increased the number of granulocyte.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Hematopoietic reconstitution in the allogeneic bone marrow chimeric XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: This phase I study was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose of @entity9 when administered in combination with a fixed dose of @entity5 and concomitant radiation therapy in @entity0 with advanced @entity4 . Chemotherapy was administered on days 1 and 8 of two 21 day cycles. It consisted of @entity5 at 15 mg/m(2) and @entity9 administered at an initial area under the curve (AUC) of 1.5, and increased by an AUC of 0.5 per dose level to a maximum AUC of 3, corresponding with an AUC of 6 per cycle of chemotherapy. Radiation was administered in daily fractions of 200 cGy over 5-7 weeks. We treated 36 @entity0 , of whom 27 had @entity1 , and nine had stage IV disease but required thoracic radiation for palliation. @entity2 included @entity7 (three with Grade 4) and @entity8 (seven with Grade 3 and one with Grade 4). Four @entity0 had @entity6 4-7 months after completing therapy, three of whom died. The recommended phase II dose of @entity9 is an AUC of 3 on 2 consecutive weeks. Of 33 @entity0 evaluable for response within the radiation field, 17 (52%) had complete or partial response, and 13 had stable disease. Of seven @entity0 evaluable with distant metastatic disease, three had a complete or partial response, and two had stable disease. The median survival for the entire group and for @entity0 with @entity1 was 13.5 months. We conclude that the combination of @entity9 , @entity5 , and radiotherapy is feasible at these doses. It may be a useful alternative for @entity0 not able to tolerate @entity3 -based therapy.

title: @entity9 plus @entity5 with concomitant radiation therapy in advanced XXXX : a phase I study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: This phase I study was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose of @entity9 when administered in combination with a fixed dose of @entity5 and concomitant radiation therapy in @entity0 with advanced @entity4 . Chemotherapy was administered on days 1 and 8 of two 21 day cycles. It consisted of @entity5 at 15 mg/m(2) and @entity9 administered at an initial area under the curve (AUC) of 1.5, and increased by an AUC of 0.5 per dose level to a maximum AUC of 3, corresponding with an AUC of 6 per cycle of chemotherapy. Radiation was administered in daily fractions of 200 cGy over 5-7 weeks. We treated 36 @entity0 , of whom 27 had @entity1 , and nine had stage IV disease but required thoracic radiation for palliation. @entity2 included @entity7 (three with Grade 4) and @entity8 (seven with Grade 3 and one with Grade 4). Four @entity0 had @entity6 4-7 months after completing therapy, three of whom died. The recommended phase II dose of @entity9 is an AUC of 3 on 2 consecutive weeks. Of 33 @entity0 evaluable for response within the radiation field, 17 (52%) had complete or partial response, and 13 had stable disease. Of seven @entity0 evaluable with distant metastatic disease, three had a complete or partial response, and two had stable disease. The median survival for the entire group and for @entity0 with @entity1 was 13.5 months. We conclude that the combination of @entity9 , @entity5 , and radiotherapy is feasible at these doses. It may be a useful alternative for @entity0 not able to tolerate @entity3 -based therapy.

title: XXXX plus @entity5 with concomitant radiation therapy in advanced @entity4 : a phase I study.

answer: @entity9


abstract: This phase I study was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose of @entity9 when administered in combination with a fixed dose of @entity5 and concomitant radiation therapy in @entity0 with advanced @entity4 . Chemotherapy was administered on days 1 and 8 of two 21 day cycles. It consisted of @entity5 at 15 mg/m(2) and @entity9 administered at an initial area under the curve (AUC) of 1.5, and increased by an AUC of 0.5 per dose level to a maximum AUC of 3, corresponding with an AUC of 6 per cycle of chemotherapy. Radiation was administered in daily fractions of 200 cGy over 5-7 weeks. We treated 36 @entity0 , of whom 27 had @entity1 , and nine had stage IV disease but required thoracic radiation for palliation. @entity2 included @entity7 (three with Grade 4) and @entity8 (seven with Grade 3 and one with Grade 4). Four @entity0 had @entity6 4-7 months after completing therapy, three of whom died. The recommended phase II dose of @entity9 is an AUC of 3 on 2 consecutive weeks. Of 33 @entity0 evaluable for response within the radiation field, 17 (52%) had complete or partial response, and 13 had stable disease. Of seven @entity0 evaluable with distant metastatic disease, three had a complete or partial response, and two had stable disease. The median survival for the entire group and for @entity0 with @entity1 was 13.5 months. We conclude that the combination of @entity9 , @entity5 , and radiotherapy is feasible at these doses. It may be a useful alternative for @entity0 not able to tolerate @entity3 -based therapy.

title: @entity9 plus XXXX with concomitant radiation therapy in advanced @entity4 : a phase I study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity2 (apo B) is the major component of LDL, VLDL and chylomicrons. Variations of lipid concentrations in @entity1 @entity0 result from @entity1 , nutritional and genetic factors. Many genetic polymorphisms of the apo B have been described, associated with variation of lipid concentrations. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of VNTR3' polymorphism of the @entity2 gene on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in overweight subjects. 234 unrelated outpatients (160 @entity0 and 74 @entity0 , aged 39.3 y 10.5; BMI: 32.8 kg/m2 4.7) were recruited. Using the polymerase chain reaction followed by electrophoresis in @entity3 gels, 15 different alleles have been identified. Among them four have been observed less than 5 times in our study. Alleles with 21, 25, 35 and 42 repeats have been observed once. The most frequent is VNTR36 allele (38%), followed by alleles 34, 30, 48, and 46 repeats whose frequencies are 20, 9, 8, and 7% respectively. The possible association between alleles of the VNTR3' of the @entity2 and anthroprometric and lipid variables was examined. Subjects with 50 repeat allele had significantly higher BMI, and subjects with 32 repeat allele had significantly higher HDL-C and ApoAI levels. Our study confirms in the @entity1 subjects, results published in the general litterature, and shows that the @entity2 has an important role in the metabolism of plasma lipids and most particulary its gene variants.

title: [VNTR3' polymorphism of apoliproprotein B gene in XXXX @entity0 ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity2 (apo B) is the major component of LDL, VLDL and chylomicrons. Variations of lipid concentrations in @entity1 @entity0 result from @entity1 , nutritional and genetic factors. Many genetic polymorphisms of the apo B have been described, associated with variation of lipid concentrations. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of VNTR3' polymorphism of the @entity2 gene on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in overweight subjects. 234 unrelated outpatients (160 @entity0 and 74 @entity0 , aged 39.3 y 10.5; BMI: 32.8 kg/m2 4.7) were recruited. Using the polymerase chain reaction followed by electrophoresis in @entity3 gels, 15 different alleles have been identified. Among them four have been observed less than 5 times in our study. Alleles with 21, 25, 35 and 42 repeats have been observed once. The most frequent is VNTR36 allele (38%), followed by alleles 34, 30, 48, and 46 repeats whose frequencies are 20, 9, 8, and 7% respectively. The possible association between alleles of the VNTR3' of the @entity2 and anthroprometric and lipid variables was examined. Subjects with 50 repeat allele had significantly higher BMI, and subjects with 32 repeat allele had significantly higher HDL-C and ApoAI levels. Our study confirms in the @entity1 subjects, results published in the general litterature, and shows that the @entity2 has an important role in the metabolism of plasma lipids and most particulary its gene variants.

title: [VNTR3' polymorphism of apoliproprotein B gene in @entity1 XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: Caveolin-1 ( @entity5 -1) is the principal structural protein of caveolae membranes that are found in most cells types, including mammary epithelial cells. Recently, we mapped the @entity1 @entity6 gene to a suspected @entity2 suppressor locus (7q31.1/D7S522) that is deleted in a variety of @entity1 @entity2 , as well as @entity2 . In addition, the @entity6 gene is mutated ( @entity7 ) in up to approximately 16% of @entity1 @entity0 . The mechanism by which deletion or mutation of the @entity5 -1 gene contributes to mammary tumorigenesis remains unknown. To understand the role of the @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) mutation in the pathogenesis of @entity1 @entity0 , we generated the same mutation in wild-type (WT) @entity5 -1 and studied its behavior in cultured cells. Interestingly, the @entity7 mutation leads to formation of misfolded @entity5 -1 oligomers that are retained within the Golgi complex and are not targeted to caveolae or the plasma membrane. To examine whether the @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) mutant behaves in a dominant-negative manner, we next co-transfected cells with @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) and WT @entity5 -1, and evaluated their caveolar targeting. Our results indicate that @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner, causing the mislocalization and intracellular retention of WT @entity5 -1. Virtually identical results were obtained when @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) was stably expressed at physiological levels in a nontransformed @entity1 mammary epithelial cell line (hTERT-HME1). These data provide a molecular explanation for why only a single mutated @entity6 allele is found in @entity1 with @entity0 . Thus, we next investigated if functional inactivation of @entity5 -1 gene expression leads to mammary tumorigenesis in vivo. For this purpose, we performed mammary gland analysis on @entity5 -1-deficient @entity3 (-/-) that harbor a targeted disruption of the @entity5 -1 gene (a null mutation). Interestingly, we show that inactivation of @entity5 -1 gene expression leads to mammary epithelial cell @entity4 , even in 6-week-old virgin female @entity3 . These data clearly implicate loss of functional @entity5 -1 in the pathogenesis of mammary epithelial cell @entity4 , and suggest that @entity5 -1-null @entity3 represent a novel animal model to study premalignant mammary disease.

title: Caveolin-1 mutations ( @entity7 and null) and the pathogenesis of @entity0 : caveolin-1 ( @entity7 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner and caveolin-1 (-/-) null @entity3 show mammary epithelial cell XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Caveolin-1 ( @entity5 -1) is the principal structural protein of caveolae membranes that are found in most cells types, including mammary epithelial cells. Recently, we mapped the @entity1 @entity6 gene to a suspected @entity2 suppressor locus (7q31.1/D7S522) that is deleted in a variety of @entity1 @entity2 , as well as @entity2 . In addition, the @entity6 gene is mutated ( @entity7 ) in up to approximately 16% of @entity1 @entity0 . The mechanism by which deletion or mutation of the @entity5 -1 gene contributes to mammary tumorigenesis remains unknown. To understand the role of the @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) mutation in the pathogenesis of @entity1 @entity0 , we generated the same mutation in wild-type (WT) @entity5 -1 and studied its behavior in cultured cells. Interestingly, the @entity7 mutation leads to formation of misfolded @entity5 -1 oligomers that are retained within the Golgi complex and are not targeted to caveolae or the plasma membrane. To examine whether the @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) mutant behaves in a dominant-negative manner, we next co-transfected cells with @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) and WT @entity5 -1, and evaluated their caveolar targeting. Our results indicate that @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner, causing the mislocalization and intracellular retention of WT @entity5 -1. Virtually identical results were obtained when @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) was stably expressed at physiological levels in a nontransformed @entity1 mammary epithelial cell line (hTERT-HME1). These data provide a molecular explanation for why only a single mutated @entity6 allele is found in @entity1 with @entity0 . Thus, we next investigated if functional inactivation of @entity5 -1 gene expression leads to mammary tumorigenesis in vivo. For this purpose, we performed mammary gland analysis on @entity5 -1-deficient @entity3 (-/-) that harbor a targeted disruption of the @entity5 -1 gene (a null mutation). Interestingly, we show that inactivation of @entity5 -1 gene expression leads to mammary epithelial cell @entity4 , even in 6-week-old virgin female @entity3 . These data clearly implicate loss of functional @entity5 -1 in the pathogenesis of mammary epithelial cell @entity4 , and suggest that @entity5 -1-null @entity3 represent a novel animal model to study premalignant mammary disease.

title: Caveolin-1 mutations ( @entity7 and null) and the pathogenesis of XXXX : caveolin-1 ( @entity7 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner and caveolin-1 (-/-) null @entity3 show mammary epithelial cell @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Caveolin-1 ( @entity5 -1) is the principal structural protein of caveolae membranes that are found in most cells types, including mammary epithelial cells. Recently, we mapped the @entity1 @entity6 gene to a suspected @entity2 suppressor locus (7q31.1/D7S522) that is deleted in a variety of @entity1 @entity2 , as well as @entity2 . In addition, the @entity6 gene is mutated ( @entity7 ) in up to approximately 16% of @entity1 @entity0 . The mechanism by which deletion or mutation of the @entity5 -1 gene contributes to mammary tumorigenesis remains unknown. To understand the role of the @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) mutation in the pathogenesis of @entity1 @entity0 , we generated the same mutation in wild-type (WT) @entity5 -1 and studied its behavior in cultured cells. Interestingly, the @entity7 mutation leads to formation of misfolded @entity5 -1 oligomers that are retained within the Golgi complex and are not targeted to caveolae or the plasma membrane. To examine whether the @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) mutant behaves in a dominant-negative manner, we next co-transfected cells with @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) and WT @entity5 -1, and evaluated their caveolar targeting. Our results indicate that @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner, causing the mislocalization and intracellular retention of WT @entity5 -1. Virtually identical results were obtained when @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) was stably expressed at physiological levels in a nontransformed @entity1 mammary epithelial cell line (hTERT-HME1). These data provide a molecular explanation for why only a single mutated @entity6 allele is found in @entity1 with @entity0 . Thus, we next investigated if functional inactivation of @entity5 -1 gene expression leads to mammary tumorigenesis in vivo. For this purpose, we performed mammary gland analysis on @entity5 -1-deficient @entity3 (-/-) that harbor a targeted disruption of the @entity5 -1 gene (a null mutation). Interestingly, we show that inactivation of @entity5 -1 gene expression leads to mammary epithelial cell @entity4 , even in 6-week-old virgin female @entity3 . These data clearly implicate loss of functional @entity5 -1 in the pathogenesis of mammary epithelial cell @entity4 , and suggest that @entity5 -1-null @entity3 represent a novel animal model to study premalignant mammary disease.

title: Caveolin-1 mutations ( XXXX and null) and the pathogenesis of @entity0 : caveolin-1 ( @entity7 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner and caveolin-1 (-/-) null @entity3 show mammary epithelial cell @entity4 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: Caveolin-1 ( @entity5 -1) is the principal structural protein of caveolae membranes that are found in most cells types, including mammary epithelial cells. Recently, we mapped the @entity1 @entity6 gene to a suspected @entity2 suppressor locus (7q31.1/D7S522) that is deleted in a variety of @entity1 @entity2 , as well as @entity2 . In addition, the @entity6 gene is mutated ( @entity7 ) in up to approximately 16% of @entity1 @entity0 . The mechanism by which deletion or mutation of the @entity5 -1 gene contributes to mammary tumorigenesis remains unknown. To understand the role of the @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) mutation in the pathogenesis of @entity1 @entity0 , we generated the same mutation in wild-type (WT) @entity5 -1 and studied its behavior in cultured cells. Interestingly, the @entity7 mutation leads to formation of misfolded @entity5 -1 oligomers that are retained within the Golgi complex and are not targeted to caveolae or the plasma membrane. To examine whether the @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) mutant behaves in a dominant-negative manner, we next co-transfected cells with @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) and WT @entity5 -1, and evaluated their caveolar targeting. Our results indicate that @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner, causing the mislocalization and intracellular retention of WT @entity5 -1. Virtually identical results were obtained when @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) was stably expressed at physiological levels in a nontransformed @entity1 mammary epithelial cell line (hTERT-HME1). These data provide a molecular explanation for why only a single mutated @entity6 allele is found in @entity1 with @entity0 . Thus, we next investigated if functional inactivation of @entity5 -1 gene expression leads to mammary tumorigenesis in vivo. For this purpose, we performed mammary gland analysis on @entity5 -1-deficient @entity3 (-/-) that harbor a targeted disruption of the @entity5 -1 gene (a null mutation). Interestingly, we show that inactivation of @entity5 -1 gene expression leads to mammary epithelial cell @entity4 , even in 6-week-old virgin female @entity3 . These data clearly implicate loss of functional @entity5 -1 in the pathogenesis of mammary epithelial cell @entity4 , and suggest that @entity5 -1-null @entity3 represent a novel animal model to study premalignant mammary disease.

title: Caveolin-1 mutations ( @entity7 and null) and the pathogenesis of @entity0 : caveolin-1 ( XXXX ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner and caveolin-1 (-/-) null @entity3 show mammary epithelial cell @entity4 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: Caveolin-1 ( @entity5 -1) is the principal structural protein of caveolae membranes that are found in most cells types, including mammary epithelial cells. Recently, we mapped the @entity1 @entity6 gene to a suspected @entity2 suppressor locus (7q31.1/D7S522) that is deleted in a variety of @entity1 @entity2 , as well as @entity2 . In addition, the @entity6 gene is mutated ( @entity7 ) in up to approximately 16% of @entity1 @entity0 . The mechanism by which deletion or mutation of the @entity5 -1 gene contributes to mammary tumorigenesis remains unknown. To understand the role of the @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) mutation in the pathogenesis of @entity1 @entity0 , we generated the same mutation in wild-type (WT) @entity5 -1 and studied its behavior in cultured cells. Interestingly, the @entity7 mutation leads to formation of misfolded @entity5 -1 oligomers that are retained within the Golgi complex and are not targeted to caveolae or the plasma membrane. To examine whether the @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) mutant behaves in a dominant-negative manner, we next co-transfected cells with @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) and WT @entity5 -1, and evaluated their caveolar targeting. Our results indicate that @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner, causing the mislocalization and intracellular retention of WT @entity5 -1. Virtually identical results were obtained when @entity5 -1 ( @entity7 ) was stably expressed at physiological levels in a nontransformed @entity1 mammary epithelial cell line (hTERT-HME1). These data provide a molecular explanation for why only a single mutated @entity6 allele is found in @entity1 with @entity0 . Thus, we next investigated if functional inactivation of @entity5 -1 gene expression leads to mammary tumorigenesis in vivo. For this purpose, we performed mammary gland analysis on @entity5 -1-deficient @entity3 (-/-) that harbor a targeted disruption of the @entity5 -1 gene (a null mutation). Interestingly, we show that inactivation of @entity5 -1 gene expression leads to mammary epithelial cell @entity4 , even in 6-week-old virgin female @entity3 . These data clearly implicate loss of functional @entity5 -1 in the pathogenesis of mammary epithelial cell @entity4 , and suggest that @entity5 -1-null @entity3 represent a novel animal model to study premalignant mammary disease.

title: Caveolin-1 mutations ( @entity7 and null) and the pathogenesis of @entity0 : caveolin-1 ( @entity7 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner and caveolin-1 (-/-) null XXXX show mammary epithelial cell @entity4 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was performed in 8 @entity0 with B @entity2 ( @entity2 ): 6 males and 2 females with a median age of 41 years (37 to 46). Seven @entity0 were resistant to previous therapy and were grafted in the evolutive phase. Only 1 @entity0 was grafted without any previous treatment. At the time of BMT 5 @entity0 were classified according to the Rai classification in stage IV, 1 in stage III and 2 in stage 1. The delay between diagnosis and BMT was 47 months (5 to 68). @entity5 ( @entity5 ) prophylaxis was methotrexate (1 @entity0 ), @entity1 (2 @entity0 ), @entity3 + @entity1 (3 @entity0 ), @entity1 + physical removal of T cells (2 @entity0 ). The conditioning regimen was standard for 5 @entity0 , reinforced for 3 @entity0 with @entity6 (1 @entity0 ) and etoposide (2 @entity0 ). A successful engraftment was obtained in all cases. The @entity7 decreased slowly and disappeared from day 0 to day 28. All @entity0 developed an acute @entity5 5 of which resolved. Three @entity0 died: 2 of acute @entity5 and 1 of @entity4 . Five @entity0 are alive in persistent complete remission without clinical symptoms and with normal peripheral blood and normal bone marrow. The median follow-up is 27 months (13-53). This small series suggests that allogeneic BMT should be investigated in selected @entity0 as possible curative treatment of @entity2 .

title: Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in XXXX : report from the European Cooperative Group for bone marrow transplantation (8 cases).

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine urinary @entity4 excretion in @entity0 with @entity3 and normal controls. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Tertiary care center in New Delhi. METHODS: This study was done on 50 @entity0 , below the age of 12 years, with idiopathic urinary calculi and 150 age and weight matched controls. The @entity0 were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (1-4 years), Group 2 (5-8 years) and Group 3 (9-12 years). Urinary @entity4 was estimated in a 24-hour urine sample using colorimetric method. The stones removed from these @entity0 were also analysed. RESULTS: There was a preponderance of urinary stones in males; the highest incidence being in Group 1. Excretion of @entity4 in 24-hour urine sample was significantly lower in @entity0 compared to controls, for males in all age groups and for females in Group 3. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the urinary @entity4 value between males and females in a given age group for either controls or @entity0 . The urinary @entity4 excretion increased with age in @entity0 and controls, but the levels in @entity0 were lower. Depending upon the constituents, four types of stones were identified, @entity1 , @entity5 , @entity2 and @entity6 . Nine stones had at least more than one major constituent. Hypocitraturia was detected in 43 percent cases. The incidence was 76 percent for @entity1 , 87 percent for @entity5 , 40 percent for @entity2 stones and 50 percent for @entity6 . CONCLUSION: This study shows that low urinary @entity4 is associated with urinary stones in @entity0 , especially in endemic areas, in the absence of obvious etiological factors. Urinary @entity4 excretion should be determined in all @entity0 with @entity3 .

title: Urinary @entity4 excretion in idiopathic XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine urinary @entity4 excretion in @entity0 with @entity3 and normal controls. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Tertiary care center in New Delhi. METHODS: This study was done on 50 @entity0 , below the age of 12 years, with idiopathic urinary calculi and 150 age and weight matched controls. The @entity0 were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (1-4 years), Group 2 (5-8 years) and Group 3 (9-12 years). Urinary @entity4 was estimated in a 24-hour urine sample using colorimetric method. The stones removed from these @entity0 were also analysed. RESULTS: There was a preponderance of urinary stones in males; the highest incidence being in Group 1. Excretion of @entity4 in 24-hour urine sample was significantly lower in @entity0 compared to controls, for males in all age groups and for females in Group 3. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the urinary @entity4 value between males and females in a given age group for either controls or @entity0 . The urinary @entity4 excretion increased with age in @entity0 and controls, but the levels in @entity0 were lower. Depending upon the constituents, four types of stones were identified, @entity1 , @entity5 , @entity2 and @entity6 . Nine stones had at least more than one major constituent. Hypocitraturia was detected in 43 percent cases. The incidence was 76 percent for @entity1 , 87 percent for @entity5 , 40 percent for @entity2 stones and 50 percent for @entity6 . CONCLUSION: This study shows that low urinary @entity4 is associated with urinary stones in @entity0 , especially in endemic areas, in the absence of obvious etiological factors. Urinary @entity4 excretion should be determined in all @entity0 with @entity3 .

title: Urinary XXXX excretion in idiopathic @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present the authors' 30-year experience with @entity4 ( @entity4 ). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: @entity4 is a highly lethal injury. Most institutions manage a small number of cases, and most surgeons receive only modest exposure during training. METHODS: Between 1971 and 2001, the authors operated on 219 @entity0 with a diagnosis of @entity4 . Diagnosis of @entity4 since 1994 has been based exclusively on the use of contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomography, with angiography reserved for equivocal cases (periaortic mediastinal @entity3 without @entity5 ). @entity0 were divided according to surgical technique. Eighty-two @entity0 (group A) were operated on with a clamp-and-sew technique. Sixty-four @entity0 (group B) underwent surgery with the use of a passive shunt, and 73 @entity0 (group C) were treated using heparin-less partial cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: Mortality was 18 @entity0 for group A (21.9%), 23 @entity0 for group B (35.9%), and 13 @entity0 for group C (17.8%) (P =.03). @entity2 occurred in 15 of 64 survivors in group A (23.4%), 7 of 41 survivors in group B (17%), and 0 of 60 survivors in group C ( P=.0005). @entity1 without lower body perfusion for longer than 30 minutes (P =.004) and surgical technique without lower body bypass support (P =.0005) were associated with @entity2 . CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for @entity4 based on spiral computed tomography screening and diagnosis is reliable. The use of heparin-less distal cardiopulmonary bypass in the authors' hands is safe and is associated with a reduced incidence of @entity2 .

title: Management of XXXX : a 30-year experience.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report our initial experience with endovascular stent-graft repair of complicated penetrating @entity4 as an alternative to surgery in @entity0 with increased risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. METHOD: During a 2-year period, eight @entity0 with complicated penetrating @entity4 of the descending thoracic aorta were treated with the Gore Excluder stent-graft. @entity0 (mean age, 70.6 years) presented with two to five comorbid conditions causing an increased risk for surgical repair. In addition to painful events, three @entity0 presented with severe @entity10 , one @entity0 with @entity7 , and one @entity0 with @entity6 . All @entity0 underwent emergency computed tomography, and diagnosis of contained @entity1 was confirmed in five @entity0 . Computed tomographic findings included one to three penetrating @entity5 per @entity0 (n = 4), @entity9 (n = 5), additional intramural @entity8 (n = 4), @entity3 (n = 2), and hematothoraces (n = 4). Through an iliac or femoral access site, a total of 11 stent-grafts were implanted under general (n = 5), epidural (n = 2), or spinal (n = 1) anesthesia. RESULTS: Deployment of stent-grafts was successful in all @entity0 , and all sites of @entity3 were sealed. The intramural @entity8 resolved completely in three cases, and two @entity9 decreased in size. Intentional occlusion of the origin of left subclavian artery with the stent-graft in one @entity0 was tolerated without left arm or cerebral symptoms. One @entity0 experienced permanent @entity2 immediately after endovascular repair. There were no deaths during the hospital stay (range, 7-35 days; mean, 14.5 days). One @entity0 was lost to follow-up after hospital discharge. The clinical observation period for the remaining seven @entity0 was 38 to 99 weeks (mean, 60 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular stent-graft repair in complicated penetrating @entity4 is an alternative therapeutic option to conventional thoracotomy, especially in @entity0 at high risk of increased morbidity and mortality perioperatively and postoperatively.

title: Endovascular stent-graft repair of complicated penetrating XXXX of the descending thoracic aorta.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The antrum-fundic section and re- @entity2 (AESR), liberates, in @entity0 male @entity0 , genuine antral peptic ulcers. They start within 20 days. They are progressive evolution, penetrating into all gastric walls. Between 7 and 8 months, they involve near organs (spleen, liver, pancreas) and produce a great inflammatory reaction of the @entity7 . The antral peptic ulcer is induced if the gastric lesser curvature's nerves are sectioned and a concomitant pyloroplasty is done or not. The gastric hemisection, if anterior or posterior, break out the peptic ulcer only on the same side of the antrum-fundic interruption. In all this situations, except in cases of concomitant pyloroplasty, it is proved a pronounced and significantly increase of the gastric (g/kg), but not pancreatic index. In the AFSR series with nervous section on the lesser curvature and without pyloroplasty, the percentage of antral peptic ulcers in 56%. It is postulated the probably existence, at an antrum-fundic level, of a neuroendocrine center. Its nullification or disturbance by the section and re- @entity2 procedure could generate the antral ulcer and other histologic changes (increase of the "G" cells, @entity4 of the parietal, ECL and "A like" cells) by one or various hypothetical ways: 1. Direct action, nullifying the normal blocking function of somatostative over the "G" cells and or parietal cells. 2. Disturbing or nullifying the motor pump effect of the gastric antrum, and on this way, enhancing the duodenum-gastric reflux with all know deleterious effects of the bile in the antrum particularly in an acid milieu. 3. Modifying, in the opposite direction, the sensitivity by one hand, of the "G" cells mass and by the other one, of the parietal, ECL and "A like" cells. The @entity3 of the fundic sensitivity will induce the @entity4 of the "G" cells, the hypersecretion of @entity8 and, "a posteriori", all the secretory effects and trophic characteristic of it. 4. Disturbing the @entity5 secretion, perhaps through a @entity1 , with the resulting epiphenomenon of a cytoprotection deficit mediated through the mucus and @entity6 production. It is probably that the proposed physiopathogenic mechanism are associated and that the final result, the antral peptic ulcer is the consequence of an increase of the aggressive factors (acid, bile) and a concomitant @entity3 of the defensive factors (cytoprotection), starting normally by the @entity5 through the mucus and @entity6 secretion.

title: [Post-sectional antral peptic ulcer and antrofundic re- XXXX in @entity0 (manifestation of a probable antrofundic neuroendocrine center)].

answer: @entity2


abstract: The antrum-fundic section and re- @entity2 (AESR), liberates, in @entity0 male @entity0 , genuine antral peptic ulcers. They start within 20 days. They are progressive evolution, penetrating into all gastric walls. Between 7 and 8 months, they involve near organs (spleen, liver, pancreas) and produce a great inflammatory reaction of the @entity7 . The antral peptic ulcer is induced if the gastric lesser curvature's nerves are sectioned and a concomitant pyloroplasty is done or not. The gastric hemisection, if anterior or posterior, break out the peptic ulcer only on the same side of the antrum-fundic interruption. In all this situations, except in cases of concomitant pyloroplasty, it is proved a pronounced and significantly increase of the gastric (g/kg), but not pancreatic index. In the AFSR series with nervous section on the lesser curvature and without pyloroplasty, the percentage of antral peptic ulcers in 56%. It is postulated the probably existence, at an antrum-fundic level, of a neuroendocrine center. Its nullification or disturbance by the section and re- @entity2 procedure could generate the antral ulcer and other histologic changes (increase of the "G" cells, @entity4 of the parietal, ECL and "A like" cells) by one or various hypothetical ways: 1. Direct action, nullifying the normal blocking function of somatostative over the "G" cells and or parietal cells. 2. Disturbing or nullifying the motor pump effect of the gastric antrum, and on this way, enhancing the duodenum-gastric reflux with all know deleterious effects of the bile in the antrum particularly in an acid milieu. 3. Modifying, in the opposite direction, the sensitivity by one hand, of the "G" cells mass and by the other one, of the parietal, ECL and "A like" cells. The @entity3 of the fundic sensitivity will induce the @entity4 of the "G" cells, the hypersecretion of @entity8 and, "a posteriori", all the secretory effects and trophic characteristic of it. 4. Disturbing the @entity5 secretion, perhaps through a @entity1 , with the resulting epiphenomenon of a cytoprotection deficit mediated through the mucus and @entity6 production. It is probably that the proposed physiopathogenic mechanism are associated and that the final result, the antral peptic ulcer is the consequence of an increase of the aggressive factors (acid, bile) and a concomitant @entity3 of the defensive factors (cytoprotection), starting normally by the @entity5 through the mucus and @entity6 secretion.

title: [Post-sectional antral peptic ulcer and antrofundic re- @entity2 in XXXX (manifestation of a probable antrofundic neuroendocrine center)].

answer: @entity0


abstract: AIMS AND BACKGROUND: @entity8 ( @entity8 ) has recently been evaluated as a new staging technique for early @entity0 . To minimize the extent of surgery, the feasibility of eradicating primary @entity7 and the relative sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) under regional anesthesia was evaluated in this study. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A selected population of 76 @entity1 with suspected operable @entity0 and no clinically palpable lymph nodes was enrolled in the study. Intra- and perilesional administration of a radiotracer was performed. Lymphoscintigraphy was carried out to confirm the drainage pathway and locate the SLN. The following day, after inducing a nervous block induction of the ipsilateral intercostal nerves, we performed the surgical procedure with the help of a hand-held gamma-detecting probe. In case the @entity4 was diagnosed as @entity5 by frozen section, the SLN and the remaining axillary lymph nodes (non-SLNs) were removed. The status of SLN and non-SLNs was compared. RESULTS: The primary breast lesion was located and excised in all cases (identification rate: 100%). Lymphoscintigraphy positively identified SLNs in 40/45 (89%) @entity1 ; in five @entity1 no lymphatic drainage was detected. In 38 cases an average of 1.5 SLNs and 14 non-SLNs per @entity1 were removed and pathologically analyzed; the remaining two @entity1 showed SLNs in the internal mammary chain, which were not excised. Twenty-nine percent of the @entity1 showed @entity2 in the lymph nodes examined. Of all @entity1 with affected nodes, 55% had @entity3 cells only in the SLN. No false negatives (skip metastases) were found. No immediate or long-term anesthesia-related complications (e.g., @entity6 , intravascular injection) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm the feasibility of single radiotracer administration for both @entity4 and SLN localization as well as the usefulness of @entity8 in staging early @entity0 . Regional anesthesia resulted in easy management and good @entity1 compliance. This time-saving procedure allowed the completion of the whole surgical plan, reducing the recovery time without modifying the effectiveness of surgery.

title: Minimal sentinel node procedure for staging early XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: During 1999 the issue of rape in South Africa was debated at the highest levels. The epidemiology of rape has become an issue of considerable political importance and sensitivity, with President Mbeki demanding an answer to the question: how much rape is there in South Africa? The purpose of this paper is both to summarise and synthesise the findings of research to provide an overview of the epidemiology of rape of @entity0 in South Africa and to show how difficult it is to answer the President's question. The review begins by considering why rape is so difficult to research. Data available shows that rape reported to the police (240 incidents of rape and attempted rape per 100,000 @entity0 each year) represents the tip of an ice berg of @entity1 . Representative community-based surveys have found, for example, that in the 17-48 age group there are 2070 such incidents per 100,000 @entity0 per year. Non-consensual sex in marriage and dating relationships is believed to be very common but is usually not well reported in surveys. Forced sexual initiation is reported by almost a third of adolescent @entity0 . In addition coerced consensual sex is a common problem in schools, workplaces and amongst peers. Knowledge of causal and contributory factors influencing the high levels of rape are also discussed. We conclude that the rape statistic for the country is currently elusive but levels of non-consensual and coerced sex are clearly very high. International comparison needs to be approached with caution because most developing countries lack the infrastructure for accurate crime reporting and do not have such a substantial body of survey data.

title: The epidemiology of rape and XXXX in South Africa: an overview.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Results from a laboratory-scale investigation on batch combustion of @entity5 are reported herein. Limited quantities of waste @entity5 monomer are incinerated, however this monomer is, also, the primary pyrolyzate during combustion of waste @entity0 , the second most abundant polymer produced worldwide. Thus, its combustion-generated emissions are of importance to the operation of hazardous waste incinerators and municipal waste-to-energy powerplants. This work focuses on emissions of @entity2 ( @entity3 ), particulates, as well as @entity1 . To investigate methods for minimizing such emissions, batch combustion of the monomer was conducted in a two-stage muffle furnace. An additional air mixing chamber was installed between the two stages. Small quantities of the liquid monomer were inserted in the primary furnace which served as a gasifier/burner. The furnace temperature was in the range of 300-1000 degrees C and diffusion flames were formed under most conditions. Upon mixing with additional air, combustion of unburned gaseous fuel and primary reaction products continued in the secondary furnace (afterburner), which was kept at a constant temperature of either 1000 or 800 degrees C. Using this technique, conditions that minimize emissions were explored and theoretical investigations on the fate of pollutants in the secondary furnace were undertaken. Results revealed that combustion of @entity5 , which is a highly volatile fuel, occurred with the formation of flames that were often non-anchored, unsteady and unstable. Emissions of organic pollutants, soot and CO were more intense than in the case of the @entity0 combustion, studied previously under identical conditions, due to the additional depolymerization/pyrolysis steps therein. The emissions from the secondary furnace exceeded those of the primary furnace, consistent with the fact that a very significant fraction of the fuel conversion occurred in the secondary chamber. Clear trends in the emissions of @entity3 and soot, products of incomplete combustion, with the temperature of the primary furnace (gasifier) were observed. Emissions were drastically reduced with lowering the gasifier temperature. While final cumulative emissions of @entity3 and soot accounted for more than one third of the mass of the fuel at high temperatures, their concentrations at the exit of the afterburner were negligible when the primary furnace was operated at 300 degrees C under pyrolytic conditions. In the latter case air was added to the afterburner. Numerical modeling based on a complex reaction network was used for the description of the primary furnace as well as of the afterburner. Kinetic analysis showed @entity6 and @entity4 to be key species in the growth of @entity3 . Formation of @entity3 in the afterburner, found experimentally, was reproduced by the model using a plug-flow assumption.

title: A study on toxic organic emissions from batch combustion of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Two hundred and eighty three @entity0 with FIGO Stages III-IV @entity1 were entered on a randomized trial of @entity6 with or without @entity3 . Eighty two of these @entity0 have subsequently undergone surgical reexploration. Ten of these were for surgical indications ( @entity5 , etc.), and 7 were interval reexplorations at about 6 months on @entity0 who had not been adequately debulked at primary surgery. The remaining 65 @entity0 had elective operations after 12 months chemotherapy, and in 52 of these there was no pre-operative clinical evidence of @entity2 . @entity4 ( @entity4 ) was similar in the 2 treatment arms (8% v 9.7%); 42.3% of @entity0 in apparent remission at 12 months had negative reexploration and 57.5% of these were alive after 4 years (post-reexploration median survival greater than 4 1/2 years). The remaining 57.7% of @entity0 had @entity2 at reexploration and their 4-year survival was 15% (median survival 73 weeks). A further group of 13 @entity0 had 'responding' and probably resectable @entity2 at 12 months. These @entity0 were reexplored with a view to secondary debulking. Their 4-year postoperation survival was 15% (median survival, 70 weeks). There were 9 @entity0 who, though in apparent remission at 12 months, were not subjected to surgical reexploration. The median survival for this group was 33 weeks, calculated from the mean theoretical time when they should have had reexploration. This was significantly inferior to the results for the 52 @entity0 , also in apparent remission, who underwent reexploration (4-year survival 32.5%, median survival 123 weeks, p = 0.002).

title: The role of surgical reexploration following chemotherapy in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The results of a randomised, prospective, multicentre trial of the management of primary @entity5 are presented at up to five years' follow up. Previously undiagnosed cases were selected with intraocular pressure of 26 mmHg or more on two occasions together with field loss characteristic of @entity3 . Analysis was performed on one eye selected at random from each of 99 @entity0 . Conventional medical treatment followed in unsuccessful cases by trabeculectomy (group A) was compared with trabeculectomy at diagnosis followed when necessary by supplementary medical therapy (group B). The life expectancy of these @entity3 @entity0 was found to be similar to that for the local population matched for age and sex. In group A after four years trabeculectomy had been performed in 53% of eyes because medical management had failed to control the disease. The rate of operation was lower in those @entity0 with intraocular pressure less than 31 mmHg and mild relative field loss (17% at three years) than in those with intraocular pressure greater than 30 mmHg and dense @entity4 (75% at three years). Early surgery provided much more stable control with fewer changes in treatment than in group A. The group mean intraocular pressure after trabeculectomy was 15.0 mmHg irrespective of the time of operation, and this was significantly lower than the intraocular pressure in those cases thought to be controlled on medical therapy alone at the end of the first year (20.8 mmHg). Early operation provided significantly better protection of visual field, and the extra @entity1 with delayed operation occurred in the preoperative period. Changes in visual fields were not related to the use of miotics. There was no significant difference in the final visual acuity in the two groups, but six cases in group A lost central fixation because of progressive @entity1 , and there were no such cases in group B. @entity2 occurred in approximately 10% of cases in both groups, but in group A this happened with only half the number of operations and at a shorter postoperative follow-up than in group B. It appears that in cases of primary @entity5 of this severity the risk of delaying operation are significantly greater than those of performing trabeculectomy as the primary treatment.

title: Early trabeculectomy versus conventional management in primary XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: The maze procedure is an effective way to treat @entity3 ( @entity3 ) associated with @entity2 . In a last several years, cryoablation was substituted for atrial incision in many reports to simplify the maze procedure. However, there has been no comparative study to delineate the feasibility of the use of cryoablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared the early and intermediate-term results of the maze procedure including pulmonary venous isolation from the left atrium using cryoablation (CM) with our conventional (Kosakai) maze procedure (KM) including encircling incision around the orifices of pulmonary veins. One hundred and 10 pairs of @entity0 were matched in the age, left atrial dimension >70 mm, duration of @entity3 >0 years, previous cardiac surgery, mechanical valve implantation and concomitant aortic valve procedures. CM required significantly shorter cardiopulmonary bypass time (186+/-56 minute versus 214+/-47 minute, P=0.001) and aortic cross-clamp time (134+/-43 minute versus 144+/-37 minute, P=0.03) than KM with less chest tube drainage (590+/-353 mL versus 745+/-618 mL, P=0.02) for 12 hours after operation. The sinus rhythm restoration rate in CM group (85.4%) was comparable with KM group (86.4%) at discharge. In the late results, the actuarial freedom from recurrence of sustained @entity3 at 3 years in CM group (97.7%) was not significantly (P=0.11) different from that in KM group (90.4%). The actuarial freedom from @entity1 at 3 years in CM group was 99.0%. CONCLUSION: The modification of the maze procedure including cryoablation for pulmonary venous isolation provided less aortic cross-clamp time and less amount of chest tube drainage with the comparable recovery and maintenance of sinus rhythm with KM. CM is a reliable and less invasive surgical option for the @entity3 associated with @entity2 .

title: The effect of cryo-maze procedure on early and intermediate term outcome in XXXX : case matched study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6 is a selective @entity4 inhibitor used for the treatment of @entity5 . We evaluated its therapeutic effect using coagulation markers in 30 @entity0 with @entity5 and 30 @entity0 with @entity5 during the immediate period after @entity3 . METHODS: Argatroban therapy was initiated within 24 hours of the onset of @entity2 and the course was followed until 7 days after the start of treatment. Neurological evaluation was performed using the @entity2 ( @entity2 ). We also monitored the serial changes in activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, @entity4 -antithrombin complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 (F1 + 2). RESULTS: Both groups of @entity0 showed significant improvement of @entity2 after 7 days of argatroban therapy (p < 0.05). @entity3 developed in 8 of @entity0 with @entity5 , but no worsening of symptoms was noted in any of these @entity0 . There was no significant prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time or prothrombin time after 7 days, while levels of both TAT and F1 + 2 were significantly decreased from day 2. CONCLUSION: The decrease in TAT and F1 + 2 during argatroban therapy suggested improvement of @entity1 , which might explain how this drug prevents the recurrence of both ATI and CEI in the acute stage. Our findings also suggested that TAT and F1 + 2 might be useful indices for evaluation of argatroban efficacy.

title: Anticoagulant therapy with a selective @entity4 inhibitor for acute XXXX : usefulness of coagulation markers for evaluation of efficacy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6 is a selective @entity4 inhibitor used for the treatment of @entity5 . We evaluated its therapeutic effect using coagulation markers in 30 @entity0 with @entity5 and 30 @entity0 with @entity5 during the immediate period after @entity3 . METHODS: Argatroban therapy was initiated within 24 hours of the onset of @entity2 and the course was followed until 7 days after the start of treatment. Neurological evaluation was performed using the @entity2 ( @entity2 ). We also monitored the serial changes in activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, @entity4 -antithrombin complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 (F1 + 2). RESULTS: Both groups of @entity0 showed significant improvement of @entity2 after 7 days of argatroban therapy (p < 0.05). @entity3 developed in 8 of @entity0 with @entity5 , but no worsening of symptoms was noted in any of these @entity0 . There was no significant prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time or prothrombin time after 7 days, while levels of both TAT and F1 + 2 were significantly decreased from day 2. CONCLUSION: The decrease in TAT and F1 + 2 during argatroban therapy suggested improvement of @entity1 , which might explain how this drug prevents the recurrence of both ATI and CEI in the acute stage. Our findings also suggested that TAT and F1 + 2 might be useful indices for evaluation of argatroban efficacy.

title: Anticoagulant therapy with a selective XXXX inhibitor for acute @entity3 : usefulness of coagulation markers for evaluation of efficacy.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity6 is a serious problem for the elderly institutionalized @entity0 , often requiring transfer to a hospital and a lengthy stay there. It is associated with a high mortality rate and is very costly to the health care system. The current study sought to determine the key predictors of @entity6 in a nursing home population with the hope that health care providers could identify those residents at highest risk and focus more efforts on prevention of this serious disease. A cross-sectional, retrospective analysis was done, using the @entity8 ( @entity8 ) nursing home assessment data for three states (New York, Mississippi, Maine) from 1993 to 1994 (N = 102842). Nursing home residents were aged 65+. Standardized @entity8 summary scales and their component items were used, including: the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale, the cognitive performance scale (CPS), and the Resource Utilization Groups (RUGs). Results of these analyses showed the prevalence of @entity1 among this population was 3% (n = 3118). Results from the logistic regression models indicated 18 significant predictors of @entity6 . The strongest to weakest predictors of @entity1 were, respectively, suctioning use, COPD, CHF, presence of feeding tube, bedfast, high case mix index, @entity4 , @entity2 , swallowing problems, urinary tract infections, mechanically altered diet, @entity3 for eating, bed mobility, locomotion, number of medications, and age, while both CVA and tracheotomy care were inversely predictive of @entity1 . The emergence of these significant predictors suggested a different pathogenesis of @entity1 in the elderly nursing home resident from the acute care @entity0 or the outpatient. Nursing home residents have chronic medical conditions that gradually lead to "decompensation" in functional status, nutritional status, and pulmonary clearance. @entity7 and @entity5 are common complications of their medical conditions and may slowly worsen as their status deteriorates. Alternatively, a sudden adverse event may dramatically increase the amount aspirated or the ability to resist infection and lead to sudden decompensation. Clinical staff must identify residents with @entity7 and @entity5 and work to prevent decline in functional status in all residents. They must be aware of the dangers of adverse events that lead to sudden inactivity or illness and increase the risk of @entity6 . Prevention of this disease whenever possible will reduce costs, improve health outcomes, and improve our quality of care.

title: Predictors of XXXX in nursing home residents.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The carotid body is a major sensor of @entity0 partial pressure in the arterial blood, and plays a role in the control of respiration. Despite extensive investigation of the structure, the cellular basis of the transduction mechanism remains poorly understood. We have developed a preparation of freshly dissociated cells from the @entity1 carotid body, in which two cell types may be identified using morphological criteria. The preparation allows application of the patch clamp technique to characterize the properties of the cells which have otherwise proved difficult to study in situ. Carotid bodies of @entity1 were dissociated using a combination of enzymatic and mechanical procedures. The dissociated preparation obtained consisted of clusters of spherical or ovoid cells of 12-15 microns in diameter and a distinct population of spherical cells of 8-10 microns diameter. Electron microscopic techniques were used to identify the cells present in the preparation. Again two populations of cells could be distinguished. A population of cells 10-12 microns in diameter, often found in clusters, possessed the dense-cored vesicles characteristic of Type I cells, while a population of smaller cells (diameter 5-7 microns) had peripherally condensed nuclear chromatin and fine cytoplasmic surface extensions characteristic of Type II cells. Patch clamp study of the cells showed that they represent two electrophysiologically distinct populations. The larger cells, corresponding to Type I cells, were found to be excitable, generating fast, @entity5 -dependent action potentials that were recorded both in the cell attached and whole cell recording configurations. The smaller Type II cells did not generate action potentials. Voltage clamp study of Type I cells allowed definition of a range of voltage-gated currents. These included an inactivating, @entity4 -sensitive inward @entity5 current, a high threshold sustained inward @entity2 current, and outward @entity3 currents. A component of the outward current showed a dependence on voltage-gated @entity2 entry, and was blocked by @entity6 or @entity7 . Of the @entity2 -dependent current, a component was sensitive to apamin, and the remaining current was blocked by @entity8 . Type II cells showed only a high threshold outward @entity3 current. These studies have thus revealed an electrophysiological differentiation that parallels the morphological differentiation of the cells of the carotid body. The Type I cell is essentially neuron-like in its properties, while the Type II cell appears to have properties resembling those of glial elements elsewhere in the nervous system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Biophysical studies of the cellular elements of the XXXX carotid body.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Clinical reports on unintentional mass exposure to extreme concentrations of @entity4 are rare. We describe an industrial incident caused by a container of liquid @entity4 that was unintentionally opened in an enclosed working environment. Twenty-five casualties reached our emergency department. Symptoms included @entity8 , cough, dizziness, @entity6 , and @entity1 . ECGs (n=15) revealed ST-segment changes in 2 (13.3%) @entity0 , @entity7 in 2 @entity0 , and non-Q wave @entity5 in 1 @entity0 . Chest radiographs (n=22) revealed @entity9 , consistent with @entity2 , in 6 (27%) @entity0 and @entity10 in 2 (9%) @entity0 . Eleven (44%) @entity0 were admitted to the hospital: 8 were discharged 24 hours later and the others within 8 days. No @entity0 died. Exposure to high concentrations of @entity4 resulted in significant but transient cardiopulmonary morbidity with no mortality when victims were promptly evacuated and given supportive therapy. @entity3 were frequently observed and should be actively sought.

title: Exposure to extremely high concentrations of XXXX : a clinical description of a mass casualty incident.

answer: @entity4


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: Emergency physicians often use the Glasgow @entity3 Scale (GCS) to help guide decisions in @entity0 care, yet the reliability of the GCS has never been tested in a typical broad sample of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) @entity0 . We determined the interrater reliability of the GCS between emergency physicians when adult @entity0 with altered levels of @entity4 are assessed. METHODS: In this prospective observational study at a university Level I @entity1 center, we enrolled a convenience sample of @entity2 @entity0 older than 17 years who presented with an altered level of @entity4 . Two residency-trained attending emergency physicians independently assessed and recorded the GCS score and its components (eye, verbal, and motor) in blinded fashion within a 5-minute period. Data were analyzed for interrater reliability by using standard ordinal calculations. We also created scatter plots and Bland-Altman plots for each GCS component and for the GCS score. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one @entity0 were screened and enrolled in the study, with 15 excluded because of protocol violations. Of the 116 remaining @entity0 , the agreement percentage for exact total GCS was 32% (tau-b=0.739; Spearman rho=0.864; Spearman rho2=75%). Agreement percentage for GCS components were eye 74% (tau-b=0.715; Spearman rho=0.757; Spearman rho2=57%), verbal 55% (tau-b=0.587; Spearman rho=0.665; Spearman rho2=44%), and motor 72% (tau-b=0.742; Spearman rho=0.808; Spearman rho2=65%). Our Spearman's analyses found that only approximately half (44% to 65%) of the observed variance could be explained by the relationship between the paired component measures. For GCS components, only 55% to 74% of paired measures were identical, and 6% to 17% of them were 2 or more points apart. CONCLUSION: We found only moderate degrees of interrater agreement for the GCS and its components.

title: Interrater reliability of Glasgow @entity3 Scale scores in the XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: Emergency physicians often use the Glasgow @entity3 Scale (GCS) to help guide decisions in @entity0 care, yet the reliability of the GCS has never been tested in a typical broad sample of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) @entity0 . We determined the interrater reliability of the GCS between emergency physicians when adult @entity0 with altered levels of @entity4 are assessed. METHODS: In this prospective observational study at a university Level I @entity1 center, we enrolled a convenience sample of @entity2 @entity0 older than 17 years who presented with an altered level of @entity4 . Two residency-trained attending emergency physicians independently assessed and recorded the GCS score and its components (eye, verbal, and motor) in blinded fashion within a 5-minute period. Data were analyzed for interrater reliability by using standard ordinal calculations. We also created scatter plots and Bland-Altman plots for each GCS component and for the GCS score. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one @entity0 were screened and enrolled in the study, with 15 excluded because of protocol violations. Of the 116 remaining @entity0 , the agreement percentage for exact total GCS was 32% (tau-b=0.739; Spearman rho=0.864; Spearman rho2=75%). Agreement percentage for GCS components were eye 74% (tau-b=0.715; Spearman rho=0.757; Spearman rho2=57%), verbal 55% (tau-b=0.587; Spearman rho=0.665; Spearman rho2=44%), and motor 72% (tau-b=0.742; Spearman rho=0.808; Spearman rho2=65%). Our Spearman's analyses found that only approximately half (44% to 65%) of the observed variance could be explained by the relationship between the paired component measures. For GCS components, only 55% to 74% of paired measures were identical, and 6% to 17% of them were 2 or more points apart. CONCLUSION: We found only moderate degrees of interrater agreement for the GCS and its components.

title: Interrater reliability of Glasgow XXXX Scale scores in the @entity2 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The following management guidelines, based on changing concepts in @entity2 pathogenesis and treatment, outline an approach aimed at reducing @entity2 morbidity and mortality. Use of these guidelines may help to reduce @entity3 and result in improved care for these @entity0 . Maintain open lines of communication between @entity0 and physician. Promote positive @entity0 -physician interaction. Remain alert for signs of @entity1 . Use maintenance antiinflammatory medications and bronchodilators as needed. Discuss medication requirements and possible side effects. Caution against abuse of beta agonists. Monitor drug diaries and @entity4 levels to assess medication requirements and compliance with treatment. Monitor daily peak expiratory flow rates in @entity0 prone to severe attacks of @entity2 . Encourage @entity0 to report progressive symptoms or peak expiratory flow rates less than 200 liters/min. For @entity2 uncontrolled by bronchodilators and inhaled antiinflammatory medications, treat promptly with systemic corticosteroids.

title: New concepts in chronic XXXX . What is the impact on therapy?

answer: @entity2


abstract: In order to investigate the value of immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity test for the serological diagnosis of @entity1 , a total of 118 @entity0 (74 male, 44 female; mean age: 43 +/- 18.7 years) were included into the present study. The @entity0 have been diagnosed with the characteristic clinical findings, > or = 1/160 antibody titers in standard tube agglutination (STA) test and/or blood culture positivities. Brucella spp. have been grown in blood cultures of 78 @entity0 , and STA test results were found positive (> or = 1/160 titers) in 117 @entity0 . The diagnosis of a @entity0 with 1/80 STA titer was based on the blood culture positivity. By enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), 3 @entity0 (2.5%) were found positive for IgM, 14 (11.9%) were positive for IgG, and 101 (85.6%) were positive for both IgM and IgG. The @entity0 who were found IgG positive have been grouped according to their duration of complaints. Group 1 included 99 @entity0 with the history of @entity3 < or = 6 months, and group 2 included 16 @entity0 with the history of @entity3 > 6 months. IgG avidity test was performed by ELISA in 115 IgG positive serum samples, with the denaturation substance (8 M @entity2 ). The cut-off value for IgG avidity index (AI) was accepted as 40%, and the avidity maturation period was defined as 6 months. As a result, the rates of @entity0 who had low IgG AI in group 1 and 2 were found as 91.9% and 43.7%, respectively, while these rates were 8.1% and 56.3% for the presence of high IgG AI, respectively. The rate of low AI in group 1 was an expected result, while the rate was more than expected in group 2, indicating that Brucella antibodies with low avidity indices would not be helpful for the diagnosis of a recent infection, while Brucella antibodies with high avidity indices would be useful for the elimination of a recent infection.

title: [The value of the immunoglobulin G avidity test for the serologic diagnosis of XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Very little is known about the epidemiology of @entity3 in Israel. AIM: We aimed to provide an estimate on the incidence of low-impact @entity2 in southern Israel. METHODS: The study included @entity0 and @entity0 50 years and older with radiographic evidence of a new @entity2 . We screened and reviewed all the emergency room and hospital charts to identify all @entity0 with low impact @entity2 who attended the Soroka Hospital during the corresponding months of January and February of 1998 through 2001. RESULTS: There were a total of 580 @entity2 @entity0 (461 @entity0 and 119 @entity0 ). The estimated incidence of all low-impact @entity2 in the entire population aged 50 and older was 1064:100,000 (95% C.I. 981: 1153) per year. The estimated incidence of low-impact @entity2 in @entity0 was three fold higher than in @entity0 [1526:100,000 (95% C.I. 1390: 1675) vs. 490/100,000 (95% C.I. 408: 580) per year, respectively]. @entity2 of the distal forearm and proximal hip (26% each) were, by far, the most common in @entity0 , followed by @entity2 of the humerus (18%), ankle (12%) and pelvis (5%). In @entity0 , proximal @entity1 (39%) were the most common, followed by @entity2 of the humerus (18%), distal forearm (15%) and ankle (14%). Multiple concurrent @entity2 occurred in 2.5% of the @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data provides a preliminary estimate of the incidence of @entity3 , not including most @entity2 , among @entity0 and @entity0 in southern Israel. Further studies are warranted to characterize @entity2 risk in other regions of the country and population sub-groups.

title: [Incidence of XXXX in southern Israel].

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity5 (MGA) is determined by liquid chromatography using a fraction from preparatory LC as a means of sample cleanup for feedstuffs, both dry and liquid. Dry ground feed is Soxhlet extracted with @entity3 and passed through a 2% deactivated @entity4 column for initial cleanup. The eluate is evaporated, redissolved in @entity0 , filtered, and injected onto a preparatory LC column. The fraction containing MGA is separated from the remaining matrix, evaporated to dryness, dissolved in @entity0 , and quantitated by LC analysis. Liquid supplements are extracted in @entity0 , and the extract is evaporated to near dryness. The residue is diluted with water, extracted with @entity2 , passed through @entity1 , and evaporated to dryness. The remaining sample is dissolved in @entity0 prior to preparative LC and quantitative LC. Recoveries for 2 laboratory-fortified commercial feeds, one dry and one liquid, containing 0.39 and 0.40 mg/lb, were 98.3% +/- 4.4 and 95.8% +/- 4.3, respectively. Results compare favorably with existing methods. Up to a 4-fold time savings was realized by this method without automation.

title: Determination of XXXX in feedstuffs with liquid chromatographic preparatory column cleanup and quantitative analysis.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECT: Cervical @entity3 may develop as a result of @entity5 with or without @entity1 . The effect of persistent @entity1 on the ability of the cervical cord to recover following decompressive surgery is not known. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2000, a total of 28 @entity0 with progressive @entity3 and @entity1 underwent anterior decompression, @entity1 correction (0-4 degrees of @entity4 ), and fusion with anterior plating. @entity0 received clinical and radiological follow-up care, with independent analysis. Variables assessed included @entity0 characteristics, severity of preoperative @entity3 , @entity6 , and cervical sagittal alignment. Twenty-six @entity0 (93%) underwent follow-up review for a minimum of 18 months. Two @entity0 died: one died in the perioperative period and was excluded from further analysis, and in the other only 3 months of follow-up data could be obtained. @entity1 was corrected to neutral or @entity4 in 24 cases (89%), and the overall cervical curve was corrected to neutral or @entity4 in 20 cases (74%). There was a significant improvement in @entity3 scores in those @entity0 in whom the target (0 to 4 degrees of @entity4 ) local angle was achieved (p = 0.04). There was a variable change in overall cervical sagittal alignment following local correction. Improvement in @entity3 was unrelated to @entity0 age, previous surgery, or number of segments fused. Improvement in @entity2 score was not related to correction of kyphotic angle. CONCLUSIONS: The correction of sagittal alignment may promote recovery in spinal cord function in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: Anterior correction of cervical XXXX : effects on @entity3 , @entity6 , and sagittal alignment.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECT: Cervical @entity3 may develop as a result of @entity5 with or without @entity1 . The effect of persistent @entity1 on the ability of the cervical cord to recover following decompressive surgery is not known. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2000, a total of 28 @entity0 with progressive @entity3 and @entity1 underwent anterior decompression, @entity1 correction (0-4 degrees of @entity4 ), and fusion with anterior plating. @entity0 received clinical and radiological follow-up care, with independent analysis. Variables assessed included @entity0 characteristics, severity of preoperative @entity3 , @entity6 , and cervical sagittal alignment. Twenty-six @entity0 (93%) underwent follow-up review for a minimum of 18 months. Two @entity0 died: one died in the perioperative period and was excluded from further analysis, and in the other only 3 months of follow-up data could be obtained. @entity1 was corrected to neutral or @entity4 in 24 cases (89%), and the overall cervical curve was corrected to neutral or @entity4 in 20 cases (74%). There was a significant improvement in @entity3 scores in those @entity0 in whom the target (0 to 4 degrees of @entity4 ) local angle was achieved (p = 0.04). There was a variable change in overall cervical sagittal alignment following local correction. Improvement in @entity3 was unrelated to @entity0 age, previous surgery, or number of segments fused. Improvement in @entity2 score was not related to correction of kyphotic angle. CONCLUSIONS: The correction of sagittal alignment may promote recovery in spinal cord function in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: Anterior correction of cervical @entity1 : effects on XXXX , @entity6 , and sagittal alignment.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECT: Cervical @entity3 may develop as a result of @entity5 with or without @entity1 . The effect of persistent @entity1 on the ability of the cervical cord to recover following decompressive surgery is not known. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2000, a total of 28 @entity0 with progressive @entity3 and @entity1 underwent anterior decompression, @entity1 correction (0-4 degrees of @entity4 ), and fusion with anterior plating. @entity0 received clinical and radiological follow-up care, with independent analysis. Variables assessed included @entity0 characteristics, severity of preoperative @entity3 , @entity6 , and cervical sagittal alignment. Twenty-six @entity0 (93%) underwent follow-up review for a minimum of 18 months. Two @entity0 died: one died in the perioperative period and was excluded from further analysis, and in the other only 3 months of follow-up data could be obtained. @entity1 was corrected to neutral or @entity4 in 24 cases (89%), and the overall cervical curve was corrected to neutral or @entity4 in 20 cases (74%). There was a significant improvement in @entity3 scores in those @entity0 in whom the target (0 to 4 degrees of @entity4 ) local angle was achieved (p = 0.04). There was a variable change in overall cervical sagittal alignment following local correction. Improvement in @entity3 was unrelated to @entity0 age, previous surgery, or number of segments fused. Improvement in @entity2 score was not related to correction of kyphotic angle. CONCLUSIONS: The correction of sagittal alignment may promote recovery in spinal cord function in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: Anterior correction of cervical @entity1 : effects on @entity3 , XXXX , and sagittal alignment.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: Blunt @entity3 (BTAI) is a severe injury that traditionally has mandated immediate surgical repair. Delaying operative intervention for BTAI can allow other life-threatening injuries to be managed first, but potentially increases the risk of @entity5 and @entity2 . The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcome of delayed repair (DR) compared with early repair (ER) for BTAI and to assess the effectiveness of a protocol for medical control of systolic blood pressure and heart rate in those @entity0 whose repairs were delayed. METHODS: This study is a retrospective review of University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) data from January 1, 1992, through @entity6 , 2003. ER was defined as operative repair within 16 hours from the time of injury. A similar analysis was conducted for @entity0 with BTAI selected from the National @entity1 Data Bank. RESULTS: For the UMHS data, there were 45 @entity0 in the DR group and 33 @entity0 in the ER group. Mortality in the ER group versus the DR group was 9% versus 20%. Multivariate analysis adjusting for age, Injury Severity Score, abdominal Abbreviated Injury Scale score, Glasgow @entity4 Scale score, and intubation status demonstrated an odds ratio for @entity2 from ER compared with DR of 1.72 (p = 0.57). @entity0 undergoing DR had an absolute increase in hospital length of stay (33.1 vs. 20.9 days) and complication rate (2.1 vs. 1.5 incidents per @entity0 ). A similar result was obtained for multivariate analysis of the National @entity1 Data Bank data, with an odds ratio of 1.40 (p = 0.51) for @entity2 from ER versus DR. UMHS @entity0 whose repairs were delayed achieved target systolic blood pressure and heart rate for 76% and 74% of the hourly measurements recorded, respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity0 with BTAI can safely undergo delayed aortic repair if other injuries warrant a higher treatment priority without increasing their overall risk of mortality. Delayed repair is, however, associated with a higher complication rate.

title: Delayed repair for blunt XXXX : is it really equivalent to early repair?

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was designed (1) to evaluate the effect of a @entity7 inhibitor, @entity6 , on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous @entity5 and its 2 pharmacologically active metabolites, @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and @entity9 (GX), to confirm recent in vitro results indicating that @entity7 is the main isoform responsible for @entity5 biotransformation and (2) to assess whether liver function has any influence on the @entity6 - @entity5 interaction. METHODS: The study was carried out in 10 healthy volunteers and 20 @entity0 with @entity2 , 10 with mild ( @entity0 grade A) and 10 with severe ( @entity0 grade C) @entity3 , according to a randomized, double-blind, 2-phase, crossover design. In one phase all @entity0 received placebo for 6 days; in the other phase they received 50 mg @entity6 for 2 days and 100 mg @entity6 for the next 4 days. On day 6, a 1-mg/kg @entity5 dose was administered intravenously 2 hours after the last dose of @entity6 or placebo. Plasma concentrations of @entity5 , @entity8 , GX, and @entity6 were measured up to 12 hours after @entity5 injection. RESULTS: The effects of @entity6 coadministration were dependent on liver function. @entity5 clearance was decreased on average by 60% (from 12.1 mL/min.kg to 4.85 mL/min.kg, P <.001) in healthy subjects and by 44% (from 9.83 mL/min.kg to 5.06 mL/min.kg, P <.001) in @entity0 with mild @entity3 , with proportional increases in terminal half-lives, whereas virtually no effect was produced in @entity0 with severe @entity3 (4.21 mL/min.kg versus 3.65 mL/min.kg, P >.05). Analogous effects were observed on @entity8 and GX formation kinetics, which were @entity1 in healthy subjects and @entity0 with mild @entity4 but virtually unaffected in @entity0 with severe @entity2 . CONCLUSION: @entity7 is the enzyme principally responsible for the metabolic disposition of @entity5 in subjects with normal liver function. The extent of @entity6 - @entity5 interaction decreases as liver function worsens, most likely because of the concomitant decrease in the hepatic level of @entity7 . These observations indicate that results obtained in healthy subjects cannot be extended a priori to @entity0 with @entity3 , but the clinical consequences of inhibition of drug metabolism must also be assessed in such @entity0 .

title: @entity7 is a major determinant of XXXX metabolism in vivo: effects of liver function.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was designed (1) to evaluate the effect of a @entity7 inhibitor, @entity6 , on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous @entity5 and its 2 pharmacologically active metabolites, @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and @entity9 (GX), to confirm recent in vitro results indicating that @entity7 is the main isoform responsible for @entity5 biotransformation and (2) to assess whether liver function has any influence on the @entity6 - @entity5 interaction. METHODS: The study was carried out in 10 healthy volunteers and 20 @entity0 with @entity2 , 10 with mild ( @entity0 grade A) and 10 with severe ( @entity0 grade C) @entity3 , according to a randomized, double-blind, 2-phase, crossover design. In one phase all @entity0 received placebo for 6 days; in the other phase they received 50 mg @entity6 for 2 days and 100 mg @entity6 for the next 4 days. On day 6, a 1-mg/kg @entity5 dose was administered intravenously 2 hours after the last dose of @entity6 or placebo. Plasma concentrations of @entity5 , @entity8 , GX, and @entity6 were measured up to 12 hours after @entity5 injection. RESULTS: The effects of @entity6 coadministration were dependent on liver function. @entity5 clearance was decreased on average by 60% (from 12.1 mL/min.kg to 4.85 mL/min.kg, P <.001) in healthy subjects and by 44% (from 9.83 mL/min.kg to 5.06 mL/min.kg, P <.001) in @entity0 with mild @entity3 , with proportional increases in terminal half-lives, whereas virtually no effect was produced in @entity0 with severe @entity3 (4.21 mL/min.kg versus 3.65 mL/min.kg, P >.05). Analogous effects were observed on @entity8 and GX formation kinetics, which were @entity1 in healthy subjects and @entity0 with mild @entity4 but virtually unaffected in @entity0 with severe @entity2 . CONCLUSION: @entity7 is the enzyme principally responsible for the metabolic disposition of @entity5 in subjects with normal liver function. The extent of @entity6 - @entity5 interaction decreases as liver function worsens, most likely because of the concomitant decrease in the hepatic level of @entity7 . These observations indicate that results obtained in healthy subjects cannot be extended a priori to @entity0 with @entity3 , but the clinical consequences of inhibition of drug metabolism must also be assessed in such @entity0 .

title: XXXX is a major determinant of @entity5 metabolism in vivo: effects of liver function.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to develop an explicit evidence-based model of medication monitoring and to evaluate monitoring practices and adverse drug events in @entity0 taking @entity2 at one institution. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (1966 through 2000) for English-language publications providing specific monitoring recommendations for @entity2 . A cross-sectional retrospective chart review of 99 outpatients receiving @entity2 therapy between Jan 1, 2000, and Jan 1, 2001, at a large tertiary-care hospital was performed to assess monitoring practices. Adverse drug events were identified by use of structured implicit reviews. The main outcome measure was the proportion of @entity0 receiving the monitoring recommended in the literature and having @entity2 -related adverse drug events. RESULTS: Forty-three articles were identified that provided specific monitoring recommendations, although no studies were found that compared the outcomes of @entity0 managed with different monitoring regimens. Overall, 70% of the recommended monitoring criteria were satisfied, although only 9 @entity0 (9%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3%-15%) received all of the recommended monitoring. Variability in monitoring practices was identified at all stages of the monitoring model. Of the @entity0 , 52 (52%; 95% CI, 42%-62%) received minimum baseline evaluations, 22 (22%; 95% CI, 14%-31%) underwent ongoing surveillance, 75 (75%; 95% CI, 61%-89%) had appropriate responses to abnormal surveillance results, and 71 (71%; 95% CI, 62%-80%) had timely follow-up visits. Of the @entity0 , 8 (8%; 95% CI, 3%-13%) had 9 @entity2 -related adverse drug events, of which 3 were judged to be preventable. Interrater agreement for monitoring processes (kappa = 0.83) and adverse drug events (kappa = 0.67) was good. CONCLUSIONS: Current standards for @entity2 @entity1 monitoring are based on expert opinion with limited evidence to support most recommendations. Monitoring practices appear to vary significantly, with few @entity0 receiving all of the recommended monitoring. Some @entity2 -related adverse drug events may be preventable and @entity0 safety might be improved with a better understanding of monitoring processes.

title: Monitoring @entity2 's XXXX : recommendations, evidence, and clinical practice.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to develop an explicit evidence-based model of medication monitoring and to evaluate monitoring practices and adverse drug events in @entity0 taking @entity2 at one institution. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (1966 through 2000) for English-language publications providing specific monitoring recommendations for @entity2 . A cross-sectional retrospective chart review of 99 outpatients receiving @entity2 therapy between Jan 1, 2000, and Jan 1, 2001, at a large tertiary-care hospital was performed to assess monitoring practices. Adverse drug events were identified by use of structured implicit reviews. The main outcome measure was the proportion of @entity0 receiving the monitoring recommended in the literature and having @entity2 -related adverse drug events. RESULTS: Forty-three articles were identified that provided specific monitoring recommendations, although no studies were found that compared the outcomes of @entity0 managed with different monitoring regimens. Overall, 70% of the recommended monitoring criteria were satisfied, although only 9 @entity0 (9%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3%-15%) received all of the recommended monitoring. Variability in monitoring practices was identified at all stages of the monitoring model. Of the @entity0 , 52 (52%; 95% CI, 42%-62%) received minimum baseline evaluations, 22 (22%; 95% CI, 14%-31%) underwent ongoing surveillance, 75 (75%; 95% CI, 61%-89%) had appropriate responses to abnormal surveillance results, and 71 (71%; 95% CI, 62%-80%) had timely follow-up visits. Of the @entity0 , 8 (8%; 95% CI, 3%-13%) had 9 @entity2 -related adverse drug events, of which 3 were judged to be preventable. Interrater agreement for monitoring processes (kappa = 0.83) and adverse drug events (kappa = 0.67) was good. CONCLUSIONS: Current standards for @entity2 @entity1 monitoring are based on expert opinion with limited evidence to support most recommendations. Monitoring practices appear to vary significantly, with few @entity0 receiving all of the recommended monitoring. Some @entity2 -related adverse drug events may be preventable and @entity0 safety might be improved with a better understanding of monitoring processes.

title: Monitoring XXXX 's @entity1 : recommendations, evidence, and clinical practice.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Extracts of water blooms of the toxic cyanobacterium @entity5 showed a range of @entity2 not related to their ability to lyse @entity0 red cells. The HPLC-purified heptapeptide toxin (mol. wt. 1035) from @entity5 did not lyse red cells at up to 500-fold higher concentrations than that required to kill @entity1 . This toxin (LD50 110 micrograms/kg for male @entity1 ) was used to investigate in vitro effects on isolated thymocytes, hepatocytes, mammary alveolar cells, and cultured Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Thymocytes were stimulated to progressive @entity3 entry by toxin (0.1-10 micrograms/ml), reaching a peak after approx. 5 min. No deformation, intracellular pH change, @entity4 entry or cell lysis was seen within 60 min at 37 degrees C. Hepatocytes were grossly deformed by the toxin, with a dose/response relationship between 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/ml. No progressive @entity3 entry was observed on toxin addition, instead a rapid rise in intracellular @entity3 , presumably from intracellular sources. No change in intracellular pH, @entity4 exclusion or cell lysis was observed over 60 min. Mammary alveolar cells and 3T3 fibroblasts were unresponsive to toxin at the concentrations tested. No change in protein synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis in thymocytes was observed after culture with 0.5 or 5.0 micrograms/ml toxin. It was concluded that cytoskeletal changes in deformed hepatocytes (the target cells in vivo) demonstrated the most probable cellular basis for @entity2 , rather than changes in membrane permeability or cell metabolism.

title: Effects of the peptide toxin from XXXX on intracellular calcium, pH and membrane integrity in @entity0 cells.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Extracts of water blooms of the toxic cyanobacterium @entity5 showed a range of @entity2 not related to their ability to lyse @entity0 red cells. The HPLC-purified heptapeptide toxin (mol. wt. 1035) from @entity5 did not lyse red cells at up to 500-fold higher concentrations than that required to kill @entity1 . This toxin (LD50 110 micrograms/kg for male @entity1 ) was used to investigate in vitro effects on isolated thymocytes, hepatocytes, mammary alveolar cells, and cultured Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Thymocytes were stimulated to progressive @entity3 entry by toxin (0.1-10 micrograms/ml), reaching a peak after approx. 5 min. No deformation, intracellular pH change, @entity4 entry or cell lysis was seen within 60 min at 37 degrees C. Hepatocytes were grossly deformed by the toxin, with a dose/response relationship between 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/ml. No progressive @entity3 entry was observed on toxin addition, instead a rapid rise in intracellular @entity3 , presumably from intracellular sources. No change in intracellular pH, @entity4 exclusion or cell lysis was observed over 60 min. Mammary alveolar cells and 3T3 fibroblasts were unresponsive to toxin at the concentrations tested. No change in protein synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis in thymocytes was observed after culture with 0.5 or 5.0 micrograms/ml toxin. It was concluded that cytoskeletal changes in deformed hepatocytes (the target cells in vivo) demonstrated the most probable cellular basis for @entity2 , rather than changes in membrane permeability or cell metabolism.

title: Effects of the peptide toxin from @entity5 on intracellular calcium, pH and membrane integrity in XXXX cells.

answer: @entity0