abstract: BACKGROUND: Revisions in the international system for the staging of @entity1 , adopted in 1997, assigned the T4 descriptor to separate @entity2 nodules in the same lobe and the M1 descriptor to @entity2 nodules in a different lobe. Consequently, these changes shifted the stage of @entity0 with these lesions to stage IIIB or stage IV. The goal of this review was to determine the impact of multifocal @entity3 on survival. METHODS: A database analysis of our cardiothoracic surgery @entity2 registry was performed to identify all @entity0 who underwent surgical resection of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), who were ultimately determined to have pathologically node-negative disease from 1994 to 1999. All pathology reports were individually reviewed. Survival data were collected on each @entity0 from the date of surgery with a mean duration of follow-up of 46.3 months. Kaplan Meier actuarial survival was determined for all @entity0 . RESULTS: Forty-four @entity0 were identified who underwent complete resection of multiple @entity3 . During this same period, 504 @entity0 underwent complete resection of stage I @entity3 . The 3-year actuarial survival for @entity0 with T1/N0/M0 @entity2 was 79.6%. In comparison with @entity0 with T1/N0/M0 @entity2 , the 3-year actuarial survival rates of @entity0 with T2/N0/M0 @entity2 (72.3%, p = 0.056), T4/N0/M0 @entity2 (66.5%, p = 0.058), and T1 to T2/N0/M1 @entity2 (63.6%, p = 0.201) were lower. However, these differences did not achieve statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was a trend toward decreased survival in @entity0 with multifocal @entity3 compared with @entity0 with stage I @entity3 , this did not achieve statistical significance. Importantly, survival in these subgroups of @entity0 with stage IIIB or stage IV disease (stage determined solely on the basis of multifocal @entity3 ) is better than the survival reported in the series that formed the foundation for these staging changes. These data support complete surgical resection of multifocal @entity1 in @entity0 with node-negative @entity3 .

title: Surgical resection of multifocal XXXX is associated with prolonged survival.

answer: @entity3


abstract: In this study we tested the effect of monoclonal antibodies (moAb) AN-18 to @entity2 @entity3 on the generation of cytolytic T cells (CTL) from a homogeneous population of precursor cells (CTL-P). As responder cells, highly purified @entity6 + C57BL/6 lymph node T cells were used that had been positively selected by flow cytofluorometry on a cell sorter. @entity6 + cells were set up in bulk culture or in limiting dilution (LD) either with Con A or with @entity2 @entity1 cells as antigen and recombinant @entity0 @entity4 (rec. @entity4 ) in the presence or absence of moAb AN-18 and tested for growth and development of CTL. The results show that moAb AN-18 but not the unrelated moAb AN-37 diminished or abrogated proliferative and cytolytic responses of @entity6 + lymphocytes to lectin and rec. @entity4 in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory activity of the antibodies could be abolished by neutralizing moAb AN-18 with recombinant @entity2 @entity3 (rec.mIFN-gamma) before their addition to culture. Kinetic analysis shows that the inhibitory effect of moAb AN-18 is only optimal when added at the beginning of culture or up to 48 hr after initiation. The frequencies of CTL-P responding either to Con A or to @entity2 @entity1 cells and rec. @entity4 were reduced up to 10-fold in the presence of moAb AN-18. The inhibitory capacity of moAb AN-18 was also operative in cultures containing on the average one antigen-specific CTL-P. Together with the finding that activated CTL-P secrete @entity3 in response to rec. @entity4 in a dose-dependent manner, the data suggest that endogenous @entity3 collaborates with exogenous @entity5 in the induction of CTL-P. The generation of CTL may therefore represent a case of autocrine growth regulation of normal lymphocytes, in which the same cell synthesizes and responds to its own factor.

title: Monoclonal antibodies to @entity3 inhibit XXXX -dependent induction of growth and maturation in lectin/antigen-reactive cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors.

answer: @entity5


abstract: In this study we tested the effect of monoclonal antibodies (moAb) AN-18 to @entity2 @entity3 on the generation of cytolytic T cells (CTL) from a homogeneous population of precursor cells (CTL-P). As responder cells, highly purified @entity6 + C57BL/6 lymph node T cells were used that had been positively selected by flow cytofluorometry on a cell sorter. @entity6 + cells were set up in bulk culture or in limiting dilution (LD) either with Con A or with @entity2 @entity1 cells as antigen and recombinant @entity0 @entity4 (rec. @entity4 ) in the presence or absence of moAb AN-18 and tested for growth and development of CTL. The results show that moAb AN-18 but not the unrelated moAb AN-37 diminished or abrogated proliferative and cytolytic responses of @entity6 + lymphocytes to lectin and rec. @entity4 in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory activity of the antibodies could be abolished by neutralizing moAb AN-18 with recombinant @entity2 @entity3 (rec.mIFN-gamma) before their addition to culture. Kinetic analysis shows that the inhibitory effect of moAb AN-18 is only optimal when added at the beginning of culture or up to 48 hr after initiation. The frequencies of CTL-P responding either to Con A or to @entity2 @entity1 cells and rec. @entity4 were reduced up to 10-fold in the presence of moAb AN-18. The inhibitory capacity of moAb AN-18 was also operative in cultures containing on the average one antigen-specific CTL-P. Together with the finding that activated CTL-P secrete @entity3 in response to rec. @entity4 in a dose-dependent manner, the data suggest that endogenous @entity3 collaborates with exogenous @entity5 in the induction of CTL-P. The generation of CTL may therefore represent a case of autocrine growth regulation of normal lymphocytes, in which the same cell synthesizes and responds to its own factor.

title: Monoclonal antibodies to XXXX inhibit @entity5 -dependent induction of growth and maturation in lectin/antigen-reactive cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Morphology of the common pulmonary venous chamber and its spatial relationship to the left atrium were investigated in 19 @entity0 with @entity2 using two-dimensional echocardiography. The subjects were 12 males and seven females, ranging in age from newborn to 11 months with a median age of 34 days. Nine of the 19 @entity0 were less than one month; 15 of 19 were less than two months. Ten @entity0 had the supracardiac type (type I); three, the cardiac type (type II); and six, the infracardiac type ( @entity1 ). To image the common pulmonary venous chamber the suprasternal short-axis coronal plane was used. The chamber was recorded simultaneously with the right pulmonary artery. A more anterior angulation for this view facilitated imaging the left atrium. The outlines of both the chamber and left atrium were traced. We calculated (1) the ratio of the width to the height of the chamber (W/H), (2) the angle made by the direction of the long-axis of the chamber and a horizontal line ( @entity3 ), (3) the quotient of the distance from the center of chamber to the bottom of the left atrium divided by the longitudinal dimension of the left atrium (B/A) and (4) the product of the width and height of the chamber (W x H). The W/H was 1.94 +/- 0.29 (type I); 1.21 +/- 0.27 (type II); and 0.63 +/- 0.15 ( @entity1 ). There were statistically significant differences (p less than 0.01) among all types. The width was greater than the height in types I and II, but the height was greater than the width in @entity1 . Axes were -19.0 +/- 5.7 degrees (type I); -5.1 +/- 5.0 (type II); and 91.7 +/- 9.3 ( @entity1 ). There were statistically significant differences between all of the types (p less than 0.01). The long-axis was horizontal in types I and II, and vertical in @entity1 . The B/A was 0.74 +/- 0.13 (type I); 0.57 +/- 0.10 (type II); and -0.04 +/- 0.30 ( @entity1 ). There was a significant difference between @entity1 and all other types (p less than 0.01). The common pulmonary venous chamber was located slightly superiorly to the left atrium in types I and II, but it was located inferiorly to the left atrium. In the six @entity0 with @entity1 , both lower pulmonary veins were located more inferiorly than the lower border of the left atrium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of the common pulmonary venous chamber in XXXX ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although techniques for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are continually being refined, angiographic follow-up studies have indicated a higher rate of anastomoses-related stenoses than expected after traditional on-pump CABG. This study was performed to evaluate the use of intraoperative epicardial color Doppler ultrasound to quality-assess left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to left anterior descending coronary artery ( @entity2 ) anastomoses performed on the beating heart. METHODS: Twenty-four LIMA-to- @entity2 anastomoses were evaluated with real-time epicardial ultrasound imaging using an ultrasound transducer positioned between the paddles of the stabilizer during off-pump procedures. The length of the @entity0 (D(A)), diameters of LIMA (D(M)), @entity2 at the toe of the @entity0 (D1), and 5 mm distally to the @entity0 (D2) were measured, and the ratios between these variables were calculated. The flow velocity through the anastomoses was visualized by color Doppler coding, and flow was assessed with transit-time flowmetry. RESULTS: The epicardial color Doppler ultrasound allowed accurate assessment of the anastomoses. Twenty-three (96%) of the primary anastomoses were confirmed as patent. Mean ratios of D1/D2, D(A)/D2, and D(M)/D2 were 0.89 +/- 0.13, 3.01 +/- 1.04 and 1.32 +/- 0.32, respectively. One @entity0 had a @entity1 more than 50% detected by color Doppler ultrasound. After surgical revision, transit-time flow increased from 22 to 40 ml/min. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative color Doppler ultrasound allowed adequate imaging for quality assessment of LIMA-to- @entity2 anastomoses performed on the beating heart. One @entity0 was revised due to a technical error detected by epicardial color Doppler imaging. Epicardial ultrasound scanning is a valuable tool for intraoperative assessment of LIMA-to- @entity2 anastomoses during off-pump coronary surgery.

title: Intraoperative color Doppler ultrasound assessment of LIMA-to- XXXX anastomoses in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A case of a 76-year-old @entity0 presenting with weakness of the lower legs and bilateral steppage gait is described. Neurological examination revealed a @entity2 with axonopathy and myelinic aspects. At the time of the diagnostic workup an episode of @entity4 occurred. Colonoscopy demonstrated an exophytic @entity5 at 40 cm from the anal verge. At surgery the @entity1 adhered to the ileum, so a left hemicolectomy and ileo-ileal resection were performed. @entity1 stage was Dukes' B, Jass III, Astler-Coller B2, T3N0M0. The @entity0 underwent postoperative chemotherapy and was followed for the past three years. At present he is free of @entity2 has completely regressed without any dedicated therapy. As reported in the literature the appearance of a @entity2 ( @entity2 ) may be the first sign of a @entity1 that is occult at the time of clinical presentation. The most widely supported theory about its etiology is that of an autoimmune origin. The @entity2 is considered to be at a point of intersection between @entity1 immunology, @entity8 , and basic neurobiology. Previous experience has resulted in a pathogenic model and in a definition of a group of autoantibodies related to the disease. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is the @entity1 most frequently associated with @entity2 ; other @entity6 and various @entity7 . Some authors reported also that the percentage of @entity0 with a high titer of neuronal autoantibodies is small and several of the autoantibodies are present at low levels without any accompanying clinical manifestation. In a clinical retrospective study of the Mayo Clinic Group 115,081 @entity0 were examined over the period 1984-1993 and only 58 @entity0 (0.05%) could be defined as being affected by a @entity2 . Only five of these @entity0 had @entity5 . The number of @entity0 is so small and so widely scattered among publications that no statistical analysis is possible. Probably the only possibility for early identification of such a syndrome is a high degree of suspicion. In fact, these @entity0 are usually first admitted and studied in a neurological unit, and the diagnosis of a @entity1 is a delayed event.

title: Peripheral XXXX , an uncommon clinical onset of @entity1 . Case report and review of the literature.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A case of a 76-year-old @entity0 presenting with weakness of the lower legs and bilateral steppage gait is described. Neurological examination revealed a @entity2 with axonopathy and myelinic aspects. At the time of the diagnostic workup an episode of @entity4 occurred. Colonoscopy demonstrated an exophytic @entity5 at 40 cm from the anal verge. At surgery the @entity1 adhered to the ileum, so a left hemicolectomy and ileo-ileal resection were performed. @entity1 stage was Dukes' B, Jass III, Astler-Coller B2, T3N0M0. The @entity0 underwent postoperative chemotherapy and was followed for the past three years. At present he is free of @entity2 has completely regressed without any dedicated therapy. As reported in the literature the appearance of a @entity2 ( @entity2 ) may be the first sign of a @entity1 that is occult at the time of clinical presentation. The most widely supported theory about its etiology is that of an autoimmune origin. The @entity2 is considered to be at a point of intersection between @entity1 immunology, @entity8 , and basic neurobiology. Previous experience has resulted in a pathogenic model and in a definition of a group of autoantibodies related to the disease. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is the @entity1 most frequently associated with @entity2 ; other @entity6 and various @entity7 . Some authors reported also that the percentage of @entity0 with a high titer of neuronal autoantibodies is small and several of the autoantibodies are present at low levels without any accompanying clinical manifestation. In a clinical retrospective study of the Mayo Clinic Group 115,081 @entity0 were examined over the period 1984-1993 and only 58 @entity0 (0.05%) could be defined as being affected by a @entity2 . Only five of these @entity0 had @entity5 . The number of @entity0 is so small and so widely scattered among publications that no statistical analysis is possible. Probably the only possibility for early identification of such a syndrome is a high degree of suspicion. In fact, these @entity0 are usually first admitted and studied in a neurological unit, and the diagnosis of a @entity1 is a delayed event.

title: Peripheral @entity2 , an uncommon clinical onset of XXXX . Case report and review of the literature.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the role of the combination of @entity8 and @entity5 in @entity0 with low-grade @entity7 . Twenty-seven @entity0 with low-grade @entity7 were treated with i.v. @entity8 (30 mg/m ) and @entity5 (250 mg/m ) on days 1-3. Cycles were given at 4-week intervals for a maximum of six courses. Fourteen @entity0 (52%) were previously untreated, 13 @entity0 (48%) had been treated with at least one chemotherapy regimen before. Of the 27 @entity0 , 11 (41%) obtained a complete and 13 (48%) a partial remission, thus the overall response rate was 89%. The remission rate in untreated @entity0 was slightly higher than in pretreated @entity0 (93 versus 85%). The @entity1 was mild, no treatment-related mortality occurred. @entity6 was the most common side effect, grade 4 @entity6 of rather short duration was observed in less than 7% of the cycles. At the end of the treatment, the mean @entity3 count was 155/ l and the mean @entity4 count 204/ l. @entity2 did not occur. These results show that the combination of @entity8 and @entity5 in the doses used in this study is an effective regimen with manageable @entity1 in low-grade @entity7 .

title: The combination of @entity8 and @entity5 results in a high remission rate with moderate XXXX in low-grade @entity7 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the role of the combination of @entity8 and @entity5 in @entity0 with low-grade @entity7 . Twenty-seven @entity0 with low-grade @entity7 were treated with i.v. @entity8 (30 mg/m ) and @entity5 (250 mg/m ) on days 1-3. Cycles were given at 4-week intervals for a maximum of six courses. Fourteen @entity0 (52%) were previously untreated, 13 @entity0 (48%) had been treated with at least one chemotherapy regimen before. Of the 27 @entity0 , 11 (41%) obtained a complete and 13 (48%) a partial remission, thus the overall response rate was 89%. The remission rate in untreated @entity0 was slightly higher than in pretreated @entity0 (93 versus 85%). The @entity1 was mild, no treatment-related mortality occurred. @entity6 was the most common side effect, grade 4 @entity6 of rather short duration was observed in less than 7% of the cycles. At the end of the treatment, the mean @entity3 count was 155/ l and the mean @entity4 count 204/ l. @entity2 did not occur. These results show that the combination of @entity8 and @entity5 in the doses used in this study is an effective regimen with manageable @entity1 in low-grade @entity7 .

title: The combination of XXXX and @entity5 results in a high remission rate with moderate @entity1 in low-grade @entity7 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the role of the combination of @entity8 and @entity5 in @entity0 with low-grade @entity7 . Twenty-seven @entity0 with low-grade @entity7 were treated with i.v. @entity8 (30 mg/m ) and @entity5 (250 mg/m ) on days 1-3. Cycles were given at 4-week intervals for a maximum of six courses. Fourteen @entity0 (52%) were previously untreated, 13 @entity0 (48%) had been treated with at least one chemotherapy regimen before. Of the 27 @entity0 , 11 (41%) obtained a complete and 13 (48%) a partial remission, thus the overall response rate was 89%. The remission rate in untreated @entity0 was slightly higher than in pretreated @entity0 (93 versus 85%). The @entity1 was mild, no treatment-related mortality occurred. @entity6 was the most common side effect, grade 4 @entity6 of rather short duration was observed in less than 7% of the cycles. At the end of the treatment, the mean @entity3 count was 155/ l and the mean @entity4 count 204/ l. @entity2 did not occur. These results show that the combination of @entity8 and @entity5 in the doses used in this study is an effective regimen with manageable @entity1 in low-grade @entity7 .

title: The combination of @entity8 and @entity5 results in a high remission rate with moderate @entity1 in low-grade XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the role of the combination of @entity8 and @entity5 in @entity0 with low-grade @entity7 . Twenty-seven @entity0 with low-grade @entity7 were treated with i.v. @entity8 (30 mg/m ) and @entity5 (250 mg/m ) on days 1-3. Cycles were given at 4-week intervals for a maximum of six courses. Fourteen @entity0 (52%) were previously untreated, 13 @entity0 (48%) had been treated with at least one chemotherapy regimen before. Of the 27 @entity0 , 11 (41%) obtained a complete and 13 (48%) a partial remission, thus the overall response rate was 89%. The remission rate in untreated @entity0 was slightly higher than in pretreated @entity0 (93 versus 85%). The @entity1 was mild, no treatment-related mortality occurred. @entity6 was the most common side effect, grade 4 @entity6 of rather short duration was observed in less than 7% of the cycles. At the end of the treatment, the mean @entity3 count was 155/ l and the mean @entity4 count 204/ l. @entity2 did not occur. These results show that the combination of @entity8 and @entity5 in the doses used in this study is an effective regimen with manageable @entity1 in low-grade @entity7 .

title: The combination of @entity8 and XXXX results in a high remission rate with moderate @entity1 in low-grade @entity7 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: British guidelines recommend treatment for mild @entity2 at a cardiovascular (CVD) risk threshold of 20% over 10 years. However, treatment is targeted at the equivalent coronary (CHD) risk of 15% over 10 years. We examined the relationship between CHD and CVD risk in @entity0 and @entity0 with mild @entity2 and assessed the accuracy of using a 10-year CHD risk threshold of 15% to identify @entity0 at a 10-year CVD risk > or = 20%. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of England in 1998. METHODS: We identified 5588 subjects aged 35-74 years free of @entity1 with complete data for risk assessment. Of these, 1364 (24.4%) had mild @entity2 (systolic pressure 140-159 mmHg or diastolic pressure 90-99 mmHg). The Framingham functions were used to estimate CHD and CVD event risk for each individual. RESULTS: At a 10-year CHD risk of 15%, the corresponding 10-year CVD risk for @entity0 and @entity0 , respectively was 20% and 21% in those aged < 55 years, and 24% and 25% in those aged > or = 55 years. Using a 10-year CHD risk threshold of 15% to identify @entity0 at a 10-year CVD risk > or = 20% had high specificity (>96%) in all four groups. For @entity0 and @entity0 respectively, the sensitivity was 73% (62-84%) and 62% (35-88%) in younger subjects, and 89% (85-93%) and 47% (38-56%) in older subjects. CONCLUSION: Using a 10-year CHD risk of 15% to target @entity0 at a 10-year CVD risk > or = 20% was reasonably accurate for @entity0 but missed about 50% of @entity0 eligible for antihypertensive treatment.

title: Coronary risk versus cardiovascular risk for treatment decisions in mild XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Individuals who are moderate/heavy drinkers are at increased risk to abuse @entity2 and this risk is increased in @entity0 compared to @entity0 . However, no studies have determined whether female @entity5 ( @entity5 ) show a differential response to the subjective and performance effects of @entity2 compared to female light drinkers (LD). Fourteen female @entity5 who consumed an average of 36 drinks/month were compared to 14 female LD who consumed an average of 4.2 drinks/month. None of the @entity0 had either a first- or second-degree family history of @entity1 . The acute effects of placebo, @entity3 (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mg) and @entity4 (5, 10, 15 mg) were evaluated using a double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient design. Drug effects were assessed using a full range of performance measures and subjective-effects questionnaires. @entity3 impaired performance in a dose-related manner on all performance tasks for both groups of females, whereas @entity4 had minimal effects on performance. There were few differences between LD and @entity5 with respect to subjective response or performance impairment following either @entity3 or @entity4 . Although @entity5 reported greater ratings of Good Drug Effect and Drug Liking than LD, this was neither dose-related, nor specific to @entity3 . The results of the present study suggest that female @entity5 without a family history of @entity1 experience the same level of performance impairment as female LD, although they tend to report greater positive subjective effects from @entity3 .

title: The effects of XXXX and @entity4 in light and moderate female social drinkers.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Individuals who are moderate/heavy drinkers are at increased risk to abuse @entity2 and this risk is increased in @entity0 compared to @entity0 . However, no studies have determined whether female @entity5 ( @entity5 ) show a differential response to the subjective and performance effects of @entity2 compared to female light drinkers (LD). Fourteen female @entity5 who consumed an average of 36 drinks/month were compared to 14 female LD who consumed an average of 4.2 drinks/month. None of the @entity0 had either a first- or second-degree family history of @entity1 . The acute effects of placebo, @entity3 (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mg) and @entity4 (5, 10, 15 mg) were evaluated using a double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient design. Drug effects were assessed using a full range of performance measures and subjective-effects questionnaires. @entity3 impaired performance in a dose-related manner on all performance tasks for both groups of females, whereas @entity4 had minimal effects on performance. There were few differences between LD and @entity5 with respect to subjective response or performance impairment following either @entity3 or @entity4 . Although @entity5 reported greater ratings of Good Drug Effect and Drug Liking than LD, this was neither dose-related, nor specific to @entity3 . The results of the present study suggest that female @entity5 without a family history of @entity1 experience the same level of performance impairment as female LD, although they tend to report greater positive subjective effects from @entity3 .

title: The effects of @entity3 and XXXX in light and moderate female social drinkers.

answer: @entity4


abstract: This study aimed to establish the diagnostic value of paracentesis (peritoneal tap) in the assessment of @entity0 with blunt @entity1 . Paracentesis, using a four-quadrant puncture technique, was performed in blunt @entity1 victims presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary-care university medical centre. Pregnant @entity0 , those under 18 or those having an abdominal scar were excluded from the study. All @entity0 then underwent one of the following procedures as indicated: emergency ultrasound, abdominal computed tomography scan, diagnostic peritoneal lavage or laparotomy. Paracentesis results were compared with the results of other tests and surgery in diagnosing haemoperitoneum. Haemoperitoneum was confirmed surgically in six of the seven @entity0 with a positive paracentesis. Nine out of 65 @entity0 with positive clinical findings but negative taps underwent surgical intervention, and abdominal bleeding was confirmed in eight. Three seriously injured @entity0 died before diagnostic studies or laparotomy could be performed. In conclusion, a positive paracentesis result may be used to guide decision-making in the setting of blunt @entity1 if other diagnostic methods are unavailable. Its high false-negative rate limits its overall usefulness.

title: Current value of peritoneal tap in blunt XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Multiple lines of experimental evidence point to the involvement of endogenous opiates in appetite regulation. Post @entity6 @entity0 often exhibit driven eating behaviour. Since this problem fails to respond to behaviour modification, appetite suppressants, @entity5 , or any other usual approach, the use of the oral narcotic antagonist, @entity4 , was given to three such @entity0 . @entity4 binds multiple opiate receptor sites in the hypothalamus, including the kappa receptors which have been implicated in appetite regulation, the use of this narcotic antagonist in hypothalamic @entity9 appears to be a rational approach to this intractable problem. In this open trial, lasting from 4 1/2 to 9 months, the minimal effective dose appeared to be in the range of 100 mg per day. No side-effects (for example elevations in liver enzymes) were noted. All of the @entity0 had an improved sense of well-being and their behaviours were less difficult to manage when on the @entity4 . The significance of this preliminary trial is that narcotic antagonists may have a role in the treatment of @entity1 @entity0 with @entity8 . Also, @entity4 may be useful in treating other maladaptive behavioural consequences of @entity3 such as stealing, manipulation, demandingness, and @entity2 . Likewise, the effects on the deranged endocrine system, such as the @entity7 , are significant and deserve further exploration.

title: XXXX in organic @entity8 : a preliminary report.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Multiple lines of experimental evidence point to the involvement of endogenous opiates in appetite regulation. Post @entity6 @entity0 often exhibit driven eating behaviour. Since this problem fails to respond to behaviour modification, appetite suppressants, @entity5 , or any other usual approach, the use of the oral narcotic antagonist, @entity4 , was given to three such @entity0 . @entity4 binds multiple opiate receptor sites in the hypothalamus, including the kappa receptors which have been implicated in appetite regulation, the use of this narcotic antagonist in hypothalamic @entity9 appears to be a rational approach to this intractable problem. In this open trial, lasting from 4 1/2 to 9 months, the minimal effective dose appeared to be in the range of 100 mg per day. No side-effects (for example elevations in liver enzymes) were noted. All of the @entity0 had an improved sense of well-being and their behaviours were less difficult to manage when on the @entity4 . The significance of this preliminary trial is that narcotic antagonists may have a role in the treatment of @entity1 @entity0 with @entity8 . Also, @entity4 may be useful in treating other maladaptive behavioural consequences of @entity3 such as stealing, manipulation, demandingness, and @entity2 . Likewise, the effects on the deranged endocrine system, such as the @entity7 , are significant and deserve further exploration.

title: @entity4 in organic XXXX : a preliminary report.

answer: @entity8


abstract: PURPOSE: We provide an overview of @entity1 , a rare entity that is difficult to diagnose and traditionally has been associated with a poor prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search for @entity1 was performed, and current concepts related to the diagnosis and clinical management were reviewed. Two unpublished additional cases recently treated at our institution were added to the international experience. Special attention was given to new developments in diagnostic methods. Histopathological changes and biomarker criteria are provided to allow accurate diagnosis of this condition. RESULTS: Early diagnosis of @entity1 has often been difficult due to a lack of immunohistochemical markers that distinguish this entity from invasive @entity3 of adjacent organs. A total of 49 documented cases of @entity1 in @entity0 between 19 and 90 years old has been reported in the current literature. Two additional cases that were diagnosed and treated at our institution are incorporated into this review. Recently the tissue marker @entity5 has substantially increased the accurate diagnosis of @entity1 . In addition, increased serum @entity5 in @entity0 with this disease has been reported and serum levels correlate well with the clinical course of the disease. Radical surgery in combination with adjuvant radiotherapy or @entity2 deprivation has resulted in long-term palliation in some @entity0 with @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: Including @entity1 in the differential diagnosis of lower urinary tract symptoms will improve detection. Improved imaging tools and the availability of a serum marker will undoubtedly enhance detection at the earliest stages. More defined histopathological criteria will allow diagnosis even with small biopsy specimens. Radical surgery appears to offer the best chance for cure but hormonal manipulation and radiotherapy seem to be effective as adjuvant treatment modalities.

title: Primary XXXX of the seminal vesicles.

answer: @entity3


abstract: With respect to the most efficient approach to the diagnosis and treatment of @entity4 , the recognition of @entity0 at high risk can reduce this disease to a minimum and possibly eradicate much of the resulting mortality. Such an approach depends on the following factors: Recognition of the menopause as a time of life when high-risk @entity0 may be identified. Recognition of @entity5 as a precursor of invasive @entity4 . Further research into the technology of obtaining suitable samples in menopausal @entity0 on an ambulatory basis without anesthesia is indicated as a search for efficient screening. Until such research yields new methods, however, recognition of the high-risk menopausal @entity0 through histologic sampling at menopause, with or without dysfunctional @entity3 , can serve well. The modern FIGO staging formula shows the order of clinical virulence of any @entity4 and allows individualization of treatment in a manner that prevents overtreatment of those with @entity2 and undertreatment of those with highly virulent @entity1 . Overtreatment causes an excess of complications, and undertreatment leads to a lower rate of cure than might be obtained by more radical treatment. Such individualization of treatment allows recognition of the appropriate place for surgical and/or radiotherapeutic treatment and the combinations that are most appropriate for the particular @entity0 . Individualization also encourages the development of new chemotherapeutic agents and more efficient use of those now existing. Hormonal treatment is indicated for several categories of perimenopausal or postmenopausal @entity0 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Current concepts in the control of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: In this prospective study we evaluated the results of @entity3 enhanced diuretic renography in @entity0 with congenital unilateral ureteropelvic junction type @entity2 . @entity3 renography helps to distinguish @entity0 who have renin-angiotensin system activation from those in whom it is not yet activated. Renin-angiotensin system activation heralds the beginning of compensatory vasoactive response in the kidney. Identifying grades of such activation may help in determine the end points of nonoperative management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 25 @entity0 with suspected unilateral @entity4 treated at our department. A prenatal diagnosis was made in 60% of cases. @entity0 age was 1 to 144 months (mean 40) and the male-to-female ratio was 4:1. Followup was 6 to 72 months (mean 30). @entity0 evaluation and analysis included sonography, standard diuretic and @entity3 renography, glomerular filtration rate, serum @entity1 and blood pressure. The indications for surgery were symptoms, differential function below 35%, or a documented decrease of 10% or more during followup. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system was considered positive when split renal function decreased significantly by 5% or more in an obstructed system on a post- @entity3 study. The results of @entity3 renography were examined retrospectively in @entity0 who required surgery according to preexisting criteria. RESULTS: Society for Fetal Urology @entity2 grade was II to IV in 8, 10 and 7 renal units, respectively. The renin-angiotensin system was activated in 8 of the 25 cases (32%) of unilateral @entity4 . In 15 @entity0 there was no change on pre- @entity3 and post- @entity3 studies and in 2 split renal function on the obstructed side marginally increased on the post- @entity3 study. Surgical correction was required in only 6 of the 8 @entity0 with renin-angiotensin system activation. Of those who required surgery @entity2 was grades II to IV in 3, 1 and in 2 @entity0 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study renin-angiotensin system activation correlated with the need for surgery in 75% of the cases of congenital unilateral ureteropelvic type @entity2 . Since @entity3 serves to identify @entity0 who have renin-angiotensin system activation, it may also be possible to grade this activation. Our preliminary results show that there may be a role for @entity3 renography for identifying the risk group for surgical intervention.

title: Prognostic significance of @entity3 renography for managing congenital unilateral XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: In this prospective study we evaluated the results of @entity3 enhanced diuretic renography in @entity0 with congenital unilateral ureteropelvic junction type @entity2 . @entity3 renography helps to distinguish @entity0 who have renin-angiotensin system activation from those in whom it is not yet activated. Renin-angiotensin system activation heralds the beginning of compensatory vasoactive response in the kidney. Identifying grades of such activation may help in determine the end points of nonoperative management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 25 @entity0 with suspected unilateral @entity4 treated at our department. A prenatal diagnosis was made in 60% of cases. @entity0 age was 1 to 144 months (mean 40) and the male-to-female ratio was 4:1. Followup was 6 to 72 months (mean 30). @entity0 evaluation and analysis included sonography, standard diuretic and @entity3 renography, glomerular filtration rate, serum @entity1 and blood pressure. The indications for surgery were symptoms, differential function below 35%, or a documented decrease of 10% or more during followup. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system was considered positive when split renal function decreased significantly by 5% or more in an obstructed system on a post- @entity3 study. The results of @entity3 renography were examined retrospectively in @entity0 who required surgery according to preexisting criteria. RESULTS: Society for Fetal Urology @entity2 grade was II to IV in 8, 10 and 7 renal units, respectively. The renin-angiotensin system was activated in 8 of the 25 cases (32%) of unilateral @entity4 . In 15 @entity0 there was no change on pre- @entity3 and post- @entity3 studies and in 2 split renal function on the obstructed side marginally increased on the post- @entity3 study. Surgical correction was required in only 6 of the 8 @entity0 with renin-angiotensin system activation. Of those who required surgery @entity2 was grades II to IV in 3, 1 and in 2 @entity0 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study renin-angiotensin system activation correlated with the need for surgery in 75% of the cases of congenital unilateral ureteropelvic type @entity2 . Since @entity3 serves to identify @entity0 who have renin-angiotensin system activation, it may also be possible to grade this activation. Our preliminary results show that there may be a role for @entity3 renography for identifying the risk group for surgical intervention.

title: Prognostic significance of XXXX renography for managing congenital unilateral @entity2 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Corticosteroid hormones regulate many aspects of neural function via mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Although GR expression is negatively regulated by endogenous corticosteroids, the autologous regulation of MR expression has been less well studied, partly due to limitations of receptor binding assays that cannot measure the ligand-activated form of MR. Using MR-reactive antibodies and Western blot, we examined relative MR protein expression in @entity0 brain and its potential autoregulation by corticosteroids. We found that MR protein expression is autoregulated in a negative fashion by adrenal @entity1 . Compared with GR, we see a more rapid regulation of MR, such that there is a substantial increase in MR protein within 12 h after adrenalectomy, whereas GR levels show very little increase until more than 24 h after adrenalectomy. Also, in contrast to GR, which has been found to be regulated by both MR and GR, adrenalectomy-induced increase in MR was prevented by treatment with the MR selective agonist, @entity2 , but not the GR selective agonist, @entity4 . Interestingly, acute treatment of adrenalectomized @entity0 with @entity3 produced a significant decrease in whole-cell MR protein within 45 min, suggesting ligand-induced rapid degradation of MR. Chronic high levels of @entity3 also produced a significant decrease in MR protein levels below adrenal-intact @entity0 levels. These results have important implications for previous studies that estimated the proportion of MR that are occupied in vivo by various circulating levels of @entity3 . Those studies compared available MR binding levels in adrenal-intact @entity0 with 24-h adrenalectomized @entity0 , with the assumption that there were no differences between the various conditions in total receptor expression. Those studies concluded that MR is nearly fully occupied by even the lowest circulating @entity3 levels. Given the 2- to 3-fold increase in MR protein that we have observed within 24 h after adrenalectomy, it is likely that those studies significantly overestimated the proportion of MR that were occupied by low basal @entity3 levels. These results support the prospect that MR as well as GR can participate in the transduction of phasic corticosteroid signals.

title: Rapid corticosteroid-dependent regulation of mineralocorticoid receptor protein expression in XXXX brain.

answer: @entity0


abstract: In contrast to other species, the preovulatory rise in gonadotropins in mares causes a remarkable expansion of the entire granulosa cell layer in vivo, suggesting that hyaluronan (HA) synthesis may be regulated in mural granulosa cells in this species. The objectives of this study were to clone and characterize @entity3 @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and investigate the regulation of its transcript and of HA synthesis in @entity3 follicles during @entity0 chorionic gonadotropin ( @entity2 )- induced ovulation. Results showed that the @entity3 @entity4 cDNA contains a 5'-untranslated region of 436 bp, an open reading frame of 1659 bp, and a 3'-untranslated region of 707 bp. The open reading frame encodes a 552-amino acid protein that is highly conserved (98-99% identity), compared with other known @entity0 homologs. The regulation of @entity4 mRNA was studied in @entity3 follicles isolated during estrus between 0 and 39 h after an ovulatory dose of @entity2 and in corpora lutea obtained on d 8 of the estrous cycle. Results from semiquantitative RT-PCR/Southern blotting analyses revealed a transient induction of @entity4 during the ovulatory process. Levels of @entity4 transcripts were undetectable in follicles before @entity2 treatment (0 h), increased markedly after gonadotropin treatment (P < 0.05), but returned to undetectable levels in corpora lutea. Analyses performed on isolated preparations of theca interna and granulosa cells showed that the granulosa cell layer was the predominant site of @entity4 expression. An immunohistochemical approach showed that this induction of @entity4 transcript was accompanied by a dramatic increase in HA production after @entity2 treatment. The isolation and characterization of a 1.8-kb fragment of genomic sequence located immediately upstream of @entity3 @entity4 , and comparison with corresponding @entity0 and @entity1 genomic regions identified several conserved putative cis-acting elements. Thus, this study describes the primary structure of @entity3 @entity4 , demonstrates for the first time the regulation of @entity4 in mural granulosa cells during the ovulatory process in vivo and identifies a valuable model in which to study the molecular control of @entity4 gene expression.

title: Induction of hyaluronan synthase 2 by @entity0 chorionic gonadotropin in mural granulosa cells of XXXX preovulatory follicles.

answer: @entity3


abstract: In contrast to other species, the preovulatory rise in gonadotropins in mares causes a remarkable expansion of the entire granulosa cell layer in vivo, suggesting that hyaluronan (HA) synthesis may be regulated in mural granulosa cells in this species. The objectives of this study were to clone and characterize @entity3 @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and investigate the regulation of its transcript and of HA synthesis in @entity3 follicles during @entity0 chorionic gonadotropin ( @entity2 )- induced ovulation. Results showed that the @entity3 @entity4 cDNA contains a 5'-untranslated region of 436 bp, an open reading frame of 1659 bp, and a 3'-untranslated region of 707 bp. The open reading frame encodes a 552-amino acid protein that is highly conserved (98-99% identity), compared with other known @entity0 homologs. The regulation of @entity4 mRNA was studied in @entity3 follicles isolated during estrus between 0 and 39 h after an ovulatory dose of @entity2 and in corpora lutea obtained on d 8 of the estrous cycle. Results from semiquantitative RT-PCR/Southern blotting analyses revealed a transient induction of @entity4 during the ovulatory process. Levels of @entity4 transcripts were undetectable in follicles before @entity2 treatment (0 h), increased markedly after gonadotropin treatment (P < 0.05), but returned to undetectable levels in corpora lutea. Analyses performed on isolated preparations of theca interna and granulosa cells showed that the granulosa cell layer was the predominant site of @entity4 expression. An immunohistochemical approach showed that this induction of @entity4 transcript was accompanied by a dramatic increase in HA production after @entity2 treatment. The isolation and characterization of a 1.8-kb fragment of genomic sequence located immediately upstream of @entity3 @entity4 , and comparison with corresponding @entity0 and @entity1 genomic regions identified several conserved putative cis-acting elements. Thus, this study describes the primary structure of @entity3 @entity4 , demonstrates for the first time the regulation of @entity4 in mural granulosa cells during the ovulatory process in vivo and identifies a valuable model in which to study the molecular control of @entity4 gene expression.

title: Induction of hyaluronan synthase 2 by XXXX chorionic gonadotropin in mural granulosa cells of @entity3 preovulatory follicles.

answer: @entity0


abstract: In 1983 and 1984, in the State Veterinary Institute at Jihlava, 129 samples of eggs of wild birds of 14 species were analyzed coming from different regions of the Czech Socialist Republic for the presence of residues of chlorinated pesticides and @entity1 ( @entity3 ). Apart from this, nine samples of hawk fat and 27 samples of buzzard fat were examined. The method of gas chromatography with a detector of electron capture was used for the analysis. The analyzed samples were found to contain residues of @entity3 , @entity0 (and mainly its metabolite @entity4 ), @entity6 , @entity5 , @entity7 . No residues of other chlorinated @entity2 were detected. The residue levels of these substances in the eggs and fatty tissues of different species of wild birds vary within a very wide range. A significant influence is exerted on these levels by the differences in food spectrum, the age of the birds, lack of food causing mobilization of food reserves, and mainly the environment where the birds live. The highest levels of residues were found in the eggs and fatty tissues of predatory birds with a narrow spectrum of food, i.e. those feeding on other birds (sparrow-hawk 33.00 mg.kg-1 in the dry matter of eggs, hawk 239.98 mg.kg-1 in fat) or those associated with water ( @entity8 11.97 mg.kg-1, sea-gull 11.24 mg.kg-1 in the dry matter of eggs). Much lower levels of the residues of the chemicals were recorded in the species feeding mainly on small rodents (kestrel 0.681 mg.kg-1, buzzard 2.456 mg.kg-1 in the dry matter of eggs and 11.398 mg.kg-1 in fat). Some of the samples under study contained dead embryos. These embryos had particularly high residue levels, often higher than the levels regarded in literature as toxic.

title: [Residual chlorinated pesticides and XXXX in the eggs and adipose tissue of wild birds].

answer: @entity1


abstract: In @entity0 ovaries, luteinizing hormone (LH) induces @entity4 biosynthesis by theca interna cells, whereas both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH stimulate aromatase activity by granulosa cells. The joint action of these two types of cell and pituitary hormones forms the basis of a 2-cell, 2-gonadotropin hypothesis for biosynthesis of @entity2 . We tested the synergism between these cell types using antisera against the @entity2 precursors @entity5 and @entity3 . Ovaries were obtained from immature @entity1 two days after a single injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Granulosa cells were obtained by puncturing the follicles, and ovarian remnants were dissociated with collagenase to derive cells from the theca interstitium. Granulosa and theca interstitial cells were cultured alone or in combination for 20 h. Granulosa cells secreted negligible amounts of @entity2 and @entity3 , but contained high aromatase activity. Treatment with both FSH and @entity0 @entity6 increased production of @entity5 in granulosa cells. In contrast, theca interstitial cells had negligible aromatase activity. Treatment with hCG, but not FSH, increased @entity4 production by theca interstitium; the hCG action was further augmented by the inclusion of exogenous @entity5 . Furthermore, co-culture of gonadotropin-treated granulosa and theca interstitial cells resulted in substantial increases in @entity2 production, indicating synergism between the two types of cell. The increases in @entity2 production in the co-cultures were accompanied by decreases in @entity5 content. To test the possibility that @entity5 released by granulosa cells may serve as a substrate for production of @entity4 in theca cells, specific antiserum was used to adsorb @entity5 present in the medium. Addition of the @entity5 antibody inhibited gonadotropin-stimulated production of @entity3 (39% decrease) and @entity2 (64% decrease) by the combined cell cultures. The inhibitory effect on @entity2 production could be reversed by the addition of @entity5 (10(-6) M) or @entity3 (10(-6) M) but not by the addition of a synthetic progestin, R5020. Since @entity3 released from theca cells may serve as the substrate for aromatases in granulosa cells, specific @entity3 antiserum was also used. Production of @entity2 by the combined cell cultures was inhibited (78%) by the @entity3 antiserum, but the inhibitory effect was completely reversed by exogenous @entity3 or @entity5 . Thus, synergistic interactions between granulosa and theca interstitial cells are important in effecting maximal @entity2 biosynthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Synergism between granulosa and theca-interstitial cells in XXXX biosynthesis by gonadotropin-treated @entity1 ovaries: studies on the two-cell, two-gonadotropin hypothesis using steroid antisera.

answer: @entity2


abstract: In @entity0 ovaries, luteinizing hormone (LH) induces @entity4 biosynthesis by theca interna cells, whereas both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH stimulate aromatase activity by granulosa cells. The joint action of these two types of cell and pituitary hormones forms the basis of a 2-cell, 2-gonadotropin hypothesis for biosynthesis of @entity2 . We tested the synergism between these cell types using antisera against the @entity2 precursors @entity5 and @entity3 . Ovaries were obtained from immature @entity1 two days after a single injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Granulosa cells were obtained by puncturing the follicles, and ovarian remnants were dissociated with collagenase to derive cells from the theca interstitium. Granulosa and theca interstitial cells were cultured alone or in combination for 20 h. Granulosa cells secreted negligible amounts of @entity2 and @entity3 , but contained high aromatase activity. Treatment with both FSH and @entity0 @entity6 increased production of @entity5 in granulosa cells. In contrast, theca interstitial cells had negligible aromatase activity. Treatment with hCG, but not FSH, increased @entity4 production by theca interstitium; the hCG action was further augmented by the inclusion of exogenous @entity5 . Furthermore, co-culture of gonadotropin-treated granulosa and theca interstitial cells resulted in substantial increases in @entity2 production, indicating synergism between the two types of cell. The increases in @entity2 production in the co-cultures were accompanied by decreases in @entity5 content. To test the possibility that @entity5 released by granulosa cells may serve as a substrate for production of @entity4 in theca cells, specific antiserum was used to adsorb @entity5 present in the medium. Addition of the @entity5 antibody inhibited gonadotropin-stimulated production of @entity3 (39% decrease) and @entity2 (64% decrease) by the combined cell cultures. The inhibitory effect on @entity2 production could be reversed by the addition of @entity5 (10(-6) M) or @entity3 (10(-6) M) but not by the addition of a synthetic progestin, R5020. Since @entity3 released from theca cells may serve as the substrate for aromatases in granulosa cells, specific @entity3 antiserum was also used. Production of @entity2 by the combined cell cultures was inhibited (78%) by the @entity3 antiserum, but the inhibitory effect was completely reversed by exogenous @entity3 or @entity5 . Thus, synergistic interactions between granulosa and theca interstitial cells are important in effecting maximal @entity2 biosynthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Synergism between granulosa and theca-interstitial cells in @entity2 biosynthesis by gonadotropin-treated XXXX ovaries: studies on the two-cell, two-gonadotropin hypothesis using steroid antisera.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The suction-electrode technique was used to monitor the photocurrent of isolated retinal rods from the @entity2 salamander, by drawing in the light-sensitive outer segment, or sometimes the inner segment. @entity1 buffers or other agents were then introduced into the rod cytoplasm by the 'whole-cell patch-clamp' technique. A patch pipette was sealed against the region of the rod protruding from the suction pipette (usually the inner segment), and the membrane patch was ruptured to obtain a whole-cell recording. Several lines of evidence indicated that the pipette contents diffused into the outer segment, and showed that the cell could be adequately voltage clamped. With only trace quantities of chelator in the patch pipette (to bind stray @entity1 ), a gradual decline of the dark current and slowing of responses was usually observed over a period of 10-20 min after rupture of the patch. When the patch pipette contained no added @entity1 and 10 mM of the @entity1 chelator @entity3 ( @entity3 ) (free @entity0 ca. 10(-9) M) rupture of the patch led, over a period of a few minutes, to an increase in mean dark current, an increased duration of responses, a substantial increase in flash sensitivity, and a pronounced overshoot in the recovery phase, but with virtually no change in the rising phase of the response to bright flashes. Similar results were obtained when EGTA was used in place of @entity3 , and also in the few cases when successful rupture of the outer segment membrane was obtained. With the free @entity1 concentration in the patch pipette buffered to the higher level of 1 microM (with 10 mM- @entity0 /11 mM- @entity3 ) the results were qualitatively similar to those obtained with @entity3 alone, except that the mean dark current did not increase. This is consistent with a resting free @entity1 concentration in darkness in the region of 1 microM. In the presence of bright steady illumination with @entity3 in the cell the suppression of outer segment current could be maintained for at least 15 min. Upon extinction of the light a very large current transient developed (similar to the overshoot with flashes) which was light suppressible. With backgrounds of moderate intensity the incorporation of buffer led to a gradual reduction of the residual current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Incorporation of XXXX buffers into salamander retinal rods: a rejection of the @entity1 hypothesis of phototransduction.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The suction-electrode technique was used to monitor the photocurrent of isolated retinal rods from the @entity2 salamander, by drawing in the light-sensitive outer segment, or sometimes the inner segment. @entity1 buffers or other agents were then introduced into the rod cytoplasm by the 'whole-cell patch-clamp' technique. A patch pipette was sealed against the region of the rod protruding from the suction pipette (usually the inner segment), and the membrane patch was ruptured to obtain a whole-cell recording. Several lines of evidence indicated that the pipette contents diffused into the outer segment, and showed that the cell could be adequately voltage clamped. With only trace quantities of chelator in the patch pipette (to bind stray @entity1 ), a gradual decline of the dark current and slowing of responses was usually observed over a period of 10-20 min after rupture of the patch. When the patch pipette contained no added @entity1 and 10 mM of the @entity1 chelator @entity3 ( @entity3 ) (free @entity0 ca. 10(-9) M) rupture of the patch led, over a period of a few minutes, to an increase in mean dark current, an increased duration of responses, a substantial increase in flash sensitivity, and a pronounced overshoot in the recovery phase, but with virtually no change in the rising phase of the response to bright flashes. Similar results were obtained when EGTA was used in place of @entity3 , and also in the few cases when successful rupture of the outer segment membrane was obtained. With the free @entity1 concentration in the patch pipette buffered to the higher level of 1 microM (with 10 mM- @entity0 /11 mM- @entity3 ) the results were qualitatively similar to those obtained with @entity3 alone, except that the mean dark current did not increase. This is consistent with a resting free @entity1 concentration in darkness in the region of 1 microM. In the presence of bright steady illumination with @entity3 in the cell the suppression of outer segment current could be maintained for at least 15 min. Upon extinction of the light a very large current transient developed (similar to the overshoot with flashes) which was light suppressible. With backgrounds of moderate intensity the incorporation of buffer led to a gradual reduction of the residual current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Incorporation of @entity1 buffers into salamander retinal rods: a rejection of the XXXX hypothesis of phototransduction.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Previous reports have indicated that prenatal, but not postnatal, @entity2 impairs the ontogenic development of striatal @entity1 D-2 receptors. In the present study a specific D-2 receptor antagonist, @entity4 (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) and/or a specific D-1 receptor antagonist, @entity3 (0.30 mg/kg i.p.), was administered to @entity0 for 32 successive days from birth. Postnatal @entity4 and @entity3 treatments markedly impaired the development of striatal @entity1 D-2 and D-1 receptors, respectively, at 12 weeks after birth. @entity4 did not affect D-1 receptor development and did not modify the effect of @entity3 treatment. Also, @entity3 did not affect D-2 receptor development and did not modify the effect of @entity4 treatment. When @entity0 with impaired development of striatal D-2 receptors were challenged at 12 weeks with @entity4 (1.0 mg/kg per day i.p. x 17 days) D-2 receptors did not up-regulate. However, when @entity0 with impaired development of striatal D-1 receptors were challenged at 12 weeks with @entity3 (0.30 mg/kg per day i.p. x 17 days) D-1 receptors did up-regulate. These findings demonstrate that postnatal treatment with D-1 and D-2 receptor antagonists can permanently impair the development of striatal D-1 and D-2 receptors. Moreover, the ability of developmentally impaired striatal D-1 receptors to up-regulate in adulthood appears to be greater than that for the developmentally impaired striatal D-2 receptors.

title: Impaired striatal XXXX receptor development: differential D-1 regulation in adults.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Four Macaca nemestrina monkeys were trained to pull a manipulandum to escape @entity3 ( @entity3 ) applied to either leg. The intensities of stimulation which the monkeys chose to escape were those that @entity0 identify as @entity1 . The duration of escape trials was inversely related to stimulus intensity, and the force of escape responses was directly related to @entity3 intensity. Reflexive responses were elicited by stimulus intensities below and above the escape threshold, and the force of the flexion reflexes was a negatively accelerating function of stimulus magnitude. The monkeys were also trained to respond, for water reinforcement, to cued, low-intensity @entity3 . The stimulus intensities detected for water reinforcement were 50-100 X less than the escape thresholds. Following unilateral, anterolateral chordotomy, all monkeys demonstrated a large reduction in percentage of escape responding to stimulation of the contralateral leg. When the animals did escape contralateral stimulation, the latencies to respond were longer than preoperatively. The percentage and latency of escape responses to stimulation of the ipsilateral leg were not changed following chordotomy. Despite the @entity2 of @entity1 reactivity, the animals continued to respond to low levels of stimulation on the detection task, demonstrating that anterolateral chordotomy reduced the @entity1 of strong stimulation without eliminating sensibility for low levels of stimulation. However, postoperative detection thresholds were consistently higher contralaterally than ipsilaterally. This effect resulted from slight contralateral decreases and significant ipsilateral increases in sensitivity to low levels of @entity3 (relative to preoperative values). Thus, contralateral axons in the anterolateral column contribute to detection of light cutaneous stimulation, and chordotomy appears to disinhibit inputs from large myelinated afferent fibers to ipsilateral neurons in the spinal gray matter caudal to the lesion. The strictly contralateral slowing and reduction in percentage of @entity1 reactivity by chordotomy correlated with reports from @entity0 @entity0 . However, reflexive measures did not suffice as indicants of @entity1 sensitivity. The chordotomies produced bilateral attenuations of reflexive amplitudes. Also, the force of operant escape responses was reduced with stimulation of either side. Thus, the disfacilitation of motoric reactions extended both rostral and caudal to the spinal lesions that interrupted propriospinal axons in the vicinity of the ventral horns.

title: Sensitivity to XXXX and nonpainful electrocutaneous stimuli in monkeys: effects of anterolateral chordotomy.

answer: @entity1


abstract: This article reviews some properties of @entity0 leucocyte elastase. This 30 kDa glycoprotein formed of 218 @entity4 residues, is a @entity5 proteinase which cleaves proteins at Val-X, Ala-X, Leu-X or Met-X bonds. Leucocyte elastase solubilizes fibrous @entity6 and also degrades other extracellular matrix proteins. It hydrolyses and inactivates a number of plasma proteins. Synthetic substrates are more convenient than @entity6 to measure elastase activity. A large number of natural and synthetic inhibitors of leucocyte elastase have been described. The former include alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor or alpha 1-antitrypsin, inter-alpha-inhibitor, alpha 2-macroglobulin, bronchial and cervical mucous inhibitor and a number of animal and plant proteins. Numerous synthetic inhibitors with therapeutic potentials have been designed. The efficiency of an inhibitor depends, among others, upon its rate of association with the enzyme and upon the stability of the enzyme-inhibitor complex. Elastase probably plays a physiological function in neutrophil migration, phagocytosis and tissue remodeling. It apparently plays a pathological role in @entity8 , @entity3 , @entity2 and @entity1 . The pathogenic role of leucocyte elastase is best understood in @entity7 .

title: [ XXXX leukocyte elastase].

answer: @entity0


abstract: A @entity3 Severity Index (PSI) was developed and then tested in a population of 154 @entity0 attending the University of Mississippi School of Dentistry screening clinic. @entity0 were grouped by age decade. The premises of the PSI follow: (1) @entity3 is diagnosed on the concurrence of clinically apparent @entity1 and vertical loss of supporting periodontium (the severity of the associated clinical @entity1 does not seem to be related to the severity of the tissue loss) and (2) a Schei ruler is used to determine from the radiograph the percentage of @entity2 for a tooth surface. For each @entity0 , a 0 to 1 Clinical Inflammation Score (CIS) was determined at the mesial and distal of every tooth. A CIS of 0 reflected no demonstrable clinical @entity1 , whereas a CIS of 1 meant that clinical @entity1 could be detected. A modified Schei ruler was used to determine the percentage of @entity2 at each interproximal site. A Bone Loss Score (BLS) was calculated on a 0 to 10 whole number continuum. A BLS of 0 meant no @entity2 , 1 = up to 10%, etc., up to BLS 10 = 90 to 100% loss. The PSI was then calculated for each mesial and distal surface. PSI = BLS X CIS. The PSI could be 0 if either no @entity2 could be determined or the gingiva was healthy. In the presence of @entity1 , the PSI value was directly proportional to the percentage of @entity2 . Mean PSI values were calculated for each age group. The PSI tended to increase with age. The PSI offers several advantages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A XXXX Severity Index.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A @entity0 presented with acute erythromyelosis (DiGuglielmo) which was developed after 3 yr of @entity6 . @entity6 differed from the classical form, since erythroid cells and megakaryocytes were relatively preserved in the bone marrow. Treatment with @entity8 induced the increase of hematocrit and reticulocyte as well as general improvement. The sudden appearance of @entity2 due to @entity3 was associated with aggravation of @entity1 and @entity7 . In the bone marrow, giant multinuclear proerythroblasts with bizarre nuclear morphology and PAS positivity with coarse granules was found. Serum @entity4 (Ep) level was high. Bone marrow cells culture in vitro revealed two types of erythroid colonies: typical and giant multinuclear cells, both @entity10 -positive. The number of colonies was irrespective to the Ep dose. "Autonomous" Ep independent growth of these colonies was also demonstrated. The number of colonies was more than 3 times higher per number of cells seeded when compared to normals, which indicated malignant proliferation and Ep independent growth. Treatment with @entity9 and transfusions was without effect and the @entity0 died after 15 days with signs of @entity5 .

title: Acute erythremic myelosis (DiGuglielmo) following atypical XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: The @entity3 are characterized by an increase in left ventricular internal dimensions without an appropriate increase in ventricular wall thickness. The @entity1 often goes unrecognized until the offending cause is no longer apparent. Although specific diagnoses and treatment can sometimes be established, the majority of cases are designated idiopathic but are believed to result from previous @entity9 , @entity12 , or abnormalities of the coronary microvasculature. Despite impaired contractility and @entity10 , @entity4 may prevail for some time. Excessive fluid retention, neurohumoral activation, systemic vasoconstriction, and @entity2 promote progressive @entity11 . The meticulous matching of diuretic and vasodilator therapy to specific hemodynamic goals, particularly the normalization of ventricular filling pressure, frequently allows restoration and maintenance of reasonable functional capacity even in @entity0 with severe @entity5 . Nevertheless, @entity7 due to @entity6 and occasionally to @entity8 remains a major threat. Prophylactic use of antiarrhythmic agents and anticoagulant therapy is not of proven efficacy. Cardiac transplantation results in significant improvement in life expectancy for @entity0 with dilated @entity5 but is available only to a relatively small number of @entity0 because of the limited donor supply. Accordingly, programs providing cardiac transplantation should be equally committed to providing optimal medical management that is the only option for the majority of @entity0 with @entity3 .

title: The XXXX : clinical aspects.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The structural effects of @entity0 and subsequent insulin treatment upon the contractile and supporting elements of the @entity1 myocardium were examined at progressive stages of both untreated and treated disease. @entity0 was induced by intravenous injection of @entity5 , and tissue was examined after 6, 12, and 26 weeks. Insulin treatment began after 12 weeks of @entity0 and tissue from these animals was examined after the same intervals. Within the cardiocytes, @entity0 produced a focal yet progressive @entity2 , transverse tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum, and separation of the fasciae adherens was evident at the intercalated disk. @entity3 was not evident. These cytoplasmic alterations were accompanied by intercellular and perivascular deposition of connective tissue, thickening of the endothelial cytoplasm with pinocytotic @entity4 , and characteristic basal laminar changes. When insulin treatment began after 12 weeks of @entity0 , most, but not all, of these changes were reversed, and this reversal was essentially complete within 6-12 weeks. Even with longer periods of insulin treatment, cardiocytes still exhibited scattered areas of myofibril loss and extracellular matrix was retained. In contrast, @entity0 changes in the intercalated disk and capillaries, including their basal laminae, were completely and rapidly reversed. It is hypothesized that the structural manifestations of @entity6 consist of two major components; the first is a short-term, physiologic adaptation to metabolic alterations, while the other represents degenerative changes for which the myocardium has only a limited capacity for repair.

title: Structural manifestations of XXXX in the @entity1 and its reversal by insulin treatment.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The structural effects of @entity0 and subsequent insulin treatment upon the contractile and supporting elements of the @entity1 myocardium were examined at progressive stages of both untreated and treated disease. @entity0 was induced by intravenous injection of @entity5 , and tissue was examined after 6, 12, and 26 weeks. Insulin treatment began after 12 weeks of @entity0 and tissue from these animals was examined after the same intervals. Within the cardiocytes, @entity0 produced a focal yet progressive @entity2 , transverse tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum, and separation of the fasciae adherens was evident at the intercalated disk. @entity3 was not evident. These cytoplasmic alterations were accompanied by intercellular and perivascular deposition of connective tissue, thickening of the endothelial cytoplasm with pinocytotic @entity4 , and characteristic basal laminar changes. When insulin treatment began after 12 weeks of @entity0 , most, but not all, of these changes were reversed, and this reversal was essentially complete within 6-12 weeks. Even with longer periods of insulin treatment, cardiocytes still exhibited scattered areas of myofibril loss and extracellular matrix was retained. In contrast, @entity0 changes in the intercalated disk and capillaries, including their basal laminae, were completely and rapidly reversed. It is hypothesized that the structural manifestations of @entity6 consist of two major components; the first is a short-term, physiologic adaptation to metabolic alterations, while the other represents degenerative changes for which the myocardium has only a limited capacity for repair.

title: Structural manifestations of @entity6 in the XXXX and its reversal by insulin treatment.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Data were obtained from 46 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity7 ) who received bone marrow transplants (BMT) from donors other than genotypically HLA-identical siblings. The data were collected in the @entity7 Registry of the European Bone Marrow Transplant Group. The donors were non-HLA-identical siblings in six cases, parents in 28 cases, a son in one case and unrelated individuals in 11 cases. Fifteen donor-recipient pairs were @entity6 identical and mutually non-reactive in mixed lymphocyte culture; nine were mismatched at one locus, 17 were mismatched at two or more loci and in five cases data were not available for D/DR determinants. Actuarial survival was predicted by the degree of mismatch. It was 45% for phenotypically HLA-identical grafts, 25% for grafts mismatched at one locus and 11% for graft mismatched at more than one locus. Whether the graft was derived from a family member or an unrelated donor seemed to be less important and results were comparable. Age, @entity0 sex and year of transplant had no significant influence on survival. The use of @entity2 (CSA) for @entity5 ( @entity5 ) prophylaxis (n = 21, survival 34%) appeared superior to both @entity4 (n = 9, survival 11%) and to CSA with T cell depletion of donor marrow (n = 13, survival 14%). The causes of death were rejection (n = 15), @entity5 (n = 13), @entity1 (n = 5) and @entity3 (n = 1). Twelve @entity0 are alive at 16-84 months post-BMT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Bone marrow transplantation for XXXX from donors other than HLA identical siblings: a report of the BMT Working Party.

answer: @entity7


abstract: One hundred @entity0 operated for large bowel @entity2 were divided into a distinct aneuploid group of 63, and a near diploid one of 37. Flow cytometry was used for determination of the DNA ploidy pattern. All @entity1 in the aneuploid group contained one or more aneuploid cell populations. All @entity0 were followed clinically from 3.5 to 7.8 years. The corrected 5 year survival was 64% and 49% for @entity0 with near @entity1 , respectively (not significant). Significant differences in corrected survival time were not observed for Dukes' stages A, B, and C @entity0 pooled, nor for Dukes' stage D @entity0 . However, for Dukes' stage C @entity0 alone, there was a tendency (P = 0.10) for @entity0 with near @entity1 to show a better survival. A highly significant predominance of @entity1 was seen in males, in contrast to an equal distribution of aneuploid and near @entity1 in females. A slight predominance of @entity1 in the left colon and rectum was seen. Both these findings indicate the influence of environmental factors (hormonal, anatomical, phenotypical) on the development of @entity1 with a particular DNA ploidy pattern.

title: XXXX @entity0 with different DNA ploidy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: One hundred @entity0 operated for large bowel @entity2 were divided into a distinct aneuploid group of 63, and a near diploid one of 37. Flow cytometry was used for determination of the DNA ploidy pattern. All @entity1 in the aneuploid group contained one or more aneuploid cell populations. All @entity0 were followed clinically from 3.5 to 7.8 years. The corrected 5 year survival was 64% and 49% for @entity0 with near @entity1 , respectively (not significant). Significant differences in corrected survival time were not observed for Dukes' stages A, B, and C @entity0 pooled, nor for Dukes' stage D @entity0 . However, for Dukes' stage C @entity0 alone, there was a tendency (P = 0.10) for @entity0 with near @entity1 to show a better survival. A highly significant predominance of @entity1 was seen in males, in contrast to an equal distribution of aneuploid and near @entity1 in females. A slight predominance of @entity1 in the left colon and rectum was seen. Both these findings indicate the influence of environmental factors (hormonal, anatomical, phenotypical) on the development of @entity1 with a particular DNA ploidy pattern.

title: @entity2 XXXX with different DNA ploidy.

answer: @entity0


abstract: This paper presents findings made using special techniques of imaging and/or of specimen preparation to investigate the changes in tooth structure which occur in caries. We have studied both coronal and root caries in enamel, dentine and cementum using scanning electron and confocal scanning optical microscopy. In preparation for backscattered electron (BSE) imaging in the SEM, teeth were stored in 70% @entity2 until further dehydration in @entity2 and embedding in polymethylmethacrylate ( @entity4 ). Longitudinally cut surfaces were @entity5 polished and coated with @entity0 or @entity1 before BSE imaging. Important changes in the distribution of densities in both enamel and dentine occurred during caries, and could be correlated with prior published studies using polarised light and microradiography to study demineralization in these tissues. However, the resolution of the BSE imaging technique is much higher than that of these previous methods. A new method was used for demonstrating local variations in microhardness with special relevance to the changes occurring in @entity3 . Sectioned surfaces were subjected to treatment with a jet of soft abrasive particles, resulting in the selective removal of carious enamel, and enhanced removal of carious dentine. The tandem scanning reflected light microscope (ISRLM) has also been shown to be useful in characterising the spread of caries in the dental tissues. Teeth only need to be cut once, because the image is formed on looking into a bulk specimen. Fluorescent dyes can be used to study the distribution of pore volume, making use of the high resolution in depth of this confocal microscope.

title: Scanning microscopic observations on XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: We present adult @entity8 with giant regional lymph node @entity1 . The @entity0 was a 21-year-old male, who had a left @entity2 diagnosed by ultrasonography incidentally. He was moderately developed and physical examination was almost normal. Blood pressure was within the normal range. Only the value of the @entity9 , which was 68.7 mg/day, in the urine was abnormal. Other laboratory data were almost normal. Neither chemical nor physical hormonal disorders were present. We carried out the radical surgical treatment by trans-thoracoabdominal approach under the diagnosis of @entity4 . Pathological diagnosis was @entity8 . After the operation, the @entity0 received both systemic chemotherapy of @entity7 and @entity5 and immunotherapy of @entity6 by subcutaneous administration. Furthermore, 40 Gy of the regional irradiation of 60Co to the operative space after the surgery was performed. At eight months after the operation, he is alive with no evidence of disease. @entity8 is a @entity2 including @entity3 , which commonly occurs in childhood. The prognosis of the @entity2 which occur either in the adrenal gland of a young @entity0 or in an older @entity0 is poor. On the other hand, the biological activity of the adult @entity2 is different from that of the pediatric @entity2 . In the adult, the @entity8 does not always have a poor prognosis. The multimodality treatment which we performed is effective for the @entity2 . Ultrasonography is both effective and adequate for the screening of the retroperitoneal lesion such as in our case.

title: [Multimodality treatment of XXXX : a case report].

answer: @entity8


abstract: We analyzed renal @entity3 handling in a @entity0 with @entity4 after equilibration on diets containing 200 and 700 mmol @entity2 /day. No @entity1 supplements were given. Clearance studies were performed during maximal water diuresis, maximal free water clearance was taken as measure of diluting segment @entity3 reabsorption. A normal reference frame of diluting segment @entity2 reabsorption at varying delivery rates to that segment was drawn from data collected in similarly studied normal subjects after equilibration on low (20 and 200 mmol/day) or very high (916-1,224 mmol/day) @entity3 intakes. The results were compatible with a defect in diluting segment reabsorption in the @entity0 , which appeared more pronounced during the high @entity3 intake. Recent reports do not agree with the existence of such a defect in @entity4 . One of the reasons of this difference may be the lack of a proper reference frame in previously published studies. We, therefore, compared clearance data in adults with @entity4 published by others with our studies in normals. Our analysis showed that in @entity4 (1) a moderate diluting segment @entity2 reabsorption defect is often present, and (2) the proximal reabsorption is frequently elevated relative to @entity3 intake. Severely suppressed diluting segment reabsorption and relatively low proximal reabsorption may also occur, particularly in association with salt loading or reduced glomerular filtration. It seems, therefore, that much of the continuing controversy on renal @entity3 handling in @entity4 may be solved by using the proper frame of reference.

title: Suppressed diluting segment reabsorption in XXXX : studies in 1 @entity0 and synthesis of literature data.

answer: @entity4


abstract: We analyzed renal @entity3 handling in a @entity0 with @entity4 after equilibration on diets containing 200 and 700 mmol @entity2 /day. No @entity1 supplements were given. Clearance studies were performed during maximal water diuresis, maximal free water clearance was taken as measure of diluting segment @entity3 reabsorption. A normal reference frame of diluting segment @entity2 reabsorption at varying delivery rates to that segment was drawn from data collected in similarly studied normal subjects after equilibration on low (20 and 200 mmol/day) or very high (916-1,224 mmol/day) @entity3 intakes. The results were compatible with a defect in diluting segment reabsorption in the @entity0 , which appeared more pronounced during the high @entity3 intake. Recent reports do not agree with the existence of such a defect in @entity4 . One of the reasons of this difference may be the lack of a proper reference frame in previously published studies. We, therefore, compared clearance data in adults with @entity4 published by others with our studies in normals. Our analysis showed that in @entity4 (1) a moderate diluting segment @entity2 reabsorption defect is often present, and (2) the proximal reabsorption is frequently elevated relative to @entity3 intake. Severely suppressed diluting segment reabsorption and relatively low proximal reabsorption may also occur, particularly in association with salt loading or reduced glomerular filtration. It seems, therefore, that much of the continuing controversy on renal @entity3 handling in @entity4 may be solved by using the proper frame of reference.

title: Suppressed diluting segment reabsorption in @entity4 : studies in 1 XXXX and synthesis of literature data.

answer: @entity0


abstract: 24 @entity0 suffering from a mild @entity1 with normal or nearly normal ejection fraction and histologic evidence of cardiac fiber @entity4 were followed-up over 5.5 +/- 1.9 years. @entity0 presented predominantly with @entity5 , @entity3 . During the observation period, the severity of symptoms increased only slightly. The ECG showed @entity2 in 34% and premature ventricular beats or conduction disturbances in the majority. During the 5.5 year follow-up period four @entity0 had developed an intermittent III AV-block and two @entity0 a @entity6 . The heart volume determined by X-ray increased insignificantly (893 +/- 224 to 933 +/- 245 ml/1.73 m2; n.s.), while left ventricle end-diastolic (5.5 +/- 1.1 to 5.6 +/- 0.6 cm) and end-systolic (3.9 +/- 1.2 to 3.7 +/- 0.7 cm) diameter remained nearly constant. Pulmonary artery pressure at rest (18 +/- 5.9 to 17.8 +/- 4 mm Hg) and during exercise (40.5 +/- 9.5 to 37.4 +/- 7.8 mm Hg) showed no significant change. However, cardiac output decreased significantly at rest from 5.6 +/- 1.6 l/min/1.73 m2 to 4.5 +/- 0.7 l/min/1.73 m2 (p less than 0.01) and during exercise from 13 +/- 4.1 l/min/1.73 m2 to 10.4 +/- 2.3 l/min/1.73 m2 (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that @entity0 with this mild @entity1 show only minor changes over a period of 5.5 years. The prognosis seems to be promising in most cases.

title: Long-term observations in mild forms of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: In a multidisciplinary study comprising 280 @entity0 with @entity3 (median age 76, range 30-96 years), instruments for functional assessment in @entity1 care were developed. The improvements of motor function and activities of daily living were investigated during a period of up to one year after a @entity1 . A new chart for motor capacity assessment, which includes both the paretic and the non-paretic side, modified after that of Fugl-Meyer et al, was tested for its reliability and validity. At the same time the Activity Index of Hamrin _ Wohlin was further tested. The internal consistency reliability measured with the standardized item alpha method confirmed that the two instruments have high homogeneity. Construct validity was investigated by factor analysis and showed a logical structure. The predictive validity of the scores on admission was significant and the two tools had a satisfactory predictive capacity for survival and later functional outcome. The improvements in different motor functions were followed up for up to one year after the @entity1 among the 183 one-year survivors. In @entity0 with @entity2 , the improvement occurred mostly during the first week. @entity0 with moderate or moderately severe @entity2 improved more continuously for up to three months, while the few surviving @entity0 with very severe @entity2 continued to recover to some extent even after three months. Older @entity0 with severe functional loss seemed to improve more slowly and not as well as younger @entity0 with equivalent @entity2 . The patterns of instrumental activities of daily living (I-ADL), such as household work, locomotion, psychosocial functions and intellectual activities, were investigated in the 207 three-month survivors and the 183 one-year survivors. At both the three-month and the one-year follow-ups the scores had decreased considerably, compared with before the @entity1 , for all activities except locomotion, and many @entity0 were dependent on somebody else for help. The same group of @entity0 was also examined by a Standardized Practical Equipment (SPE) test constructed by T  mquist three months and one year after the @entity1 . The construct validity of the SPE test was estimated through factor analysis. Three factors emerged, one concerning mainly cognitive factors and co-ordination, one concerning hand function and one concerning mainly mobility and balance. The instruments developed in the course of this study have proved to be reliable and valid, and useful in assessing functional losses and following progress. The tools are well suited for any clinical settings and for home care examinations as well as research.

title: Evaluation of functional capacity after XXXX with special emphasis on motor function and activities of daily living.

answer: @entity1


abstract: A national @entity1 -control program was developed in Uganda to deal with a potentially serious epidemic of the @entity1 ( @entity1 ). A cumulative total of 1,138 cases of @entity1 has been reported in Uganda between 1983-since @entity1 was introduced into the country-and March 1987. More than 80% of the victims are sexually active @entity0 whereas less than 10% are @entity0 and @entity0 younger than 5 years. Virtually no cases or seropositivity is reported in @entity0 between the ages of 5 and 14 years or after the age of 60 years. Most transmission has been through the heterosexual route, and, unlike in the United States, the male-female ratio is 1:1. Heterosexual high-risk behavior is cited as an important mode of transmission. A survey of household contacts showed that despite the closeness, only the sexual partners were seropositive.A five-year plan of action has been developed, and health education is the main thrust. It also includes blood screening, improved sterile procedures, improved surveillance and notification, research and terminal @entity0 care. The plan stresses integration based on primary health care. There are unresolved moral issues of whether or not to tell the truth to an @entity1 victim or any healthy seropositive @entity0 in developing countries, especially unstable @entity0 . The best approach is to sensitize everyone so that they become guardians of their lives because sexual behavior is an issue of individual responsibility.

title: Towards a national XXXX -control program in Uganda.

answer: @entity1


abstract: A 4-year-old @entity5 was evaluated at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for rapidly progressing @entity2 . Euthanasia was elected and at postmortem examination a proliferative mass encompassing the right side of the cerebellum was discovered. The lesion was characterized by large, convoluted, vascular folia and absence of the core of central white matter. Histologically, there was a diminution or loss of the internal granule cell layer, cavitation of the central white matter, and absence of Purkinje cells. The molecular layer was thickened with myelinated axons originating from large neurons aberrantly located in this zone. The pathology of this cerebellar mass closely resembles that seen in the cerebellum of @entity0 with @entity4 . Mature adults are most commonly affected and clinical signs associated with this disease are often vague. The disease is thought to result from hypertrophy of granule cells possibly due to an early maturation or @entity6 defect. Because of the late age of onset and the rarity of the disorder, its pathogenesis has been difficult to discover. Awareness that other @entity0 species may be affected with @entity1 may lead to an understanding of the causative @entity3 .

title: Dysplastic disease of the cerebellum of an adult XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The effect on mucociliary (m.c.) activity in the @entity0 maxillary sinus of cigarette smoke and @entity3 ( @entity4 ) vapour delivered through a tracheal cannula or as nasal challenges was investigated by a photo-electric technique, and compared with simultaneously induced changes in the respiratory rate. Neither irritant had any effect on m.c. activity in the sinus after tracheo-bronchial exposure. However, the respiration rate was increased by @entity4 vapour (2.5 ml, diluted 1:1 with room air) and neat cigarette smoke (10 ml) by 76.9% and 24.3% respectively (median values). In contrast, nasal challenges with both irritants increased m.c. activity by 24.1% ( @entity4 ) and 19.1% (cigarette smoke), and reduced the respiration rate by 31.0% ( @entity4 ) and 28.4% (cigarette smoke) (median values). @entity4 vapour sometimes produced an @entity1 proper. Identical results were obtained in laryngectomized @entity0 , indicating that laryngeal afferents were not involved in the responses. Moreover, topical application of the C-fibre stimulant @entity2 mimicked the effects produced by the airway irritants. It is concluded that nasal exposure to irritants triggers at least two different protective reflexes. One is the increase of m.c. activity in the upper airways involving sensory C-fibres and the other the apneic reflex of Kratschmer.

title: Nasal exposure to airway irritants triggers a mucociliary defence reflex in the XXXX maxillary sinus.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Results of 606 equilibrium radionuclide ventriculographies performed in 348 non-selected @entity0 receiving @entity2 (ADM) therapy were stored in a data base system. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of a potential @entity3 therapy on left ventricular pump function. Increasing ADM doses yielded a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease of the resting ejection fraction (R- @entity4 ), the peak ejection rate and the peak filling rate. End diastolic and end systolic volumes increased significantly. @entity1 volume, heart rate and time to peak filling rate did not change significantly. 368 follow-up studies were performed in 128 @entity0 : 65/128 @entity0 presented a decrease of R- @entity4 , but only in 45 of these @entity0 R- @entity4 values fell into the pathologic range. In 44 of these follow-ups, R- @entity4 remained unchanged. In 19 @entity0 , a R- @entity4 increase was observed. At the beginning of ADM therapy 14% of the @entity0 had subnormal R- @entity4 values. With increasing ADM doses pathologic findings increased to 86% in @entity0 with ADM doses higher than 500 mg/m2.

title: [Evaluation of @entity2 XXXX using equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. I. Results at rest].

answer: @entity3


abstract: Results of 606 equilibrium radionuclide ventriculographies performed in 348 non-selected @entity0 receiving @entity2 (ADM) therapy were stored in a data base system. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of a potential @entity3 therapy on left ventricular pump function. Increasing ADM doses yielded a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease of the resting ejection fraction (R- @entity4 ), the peak ejection rate and the peak filling rate. End diastolic and end systolic volumes increased significantly. @entity1 volume, heart rate and time to peak filling rate did not change significantly. 368 follow-up studies were performed in 128 @entity0 : 65/128 @entity0 presented a decrease of R- @entity4 , but only in 45 of these @entity0 R- @entity4 values fell into the pathologic range. In 44 of these follow-ups, R- @entity4 remained unchanged. In 19 @entity0 , a R- @entity4 increase was observed. At the beginning of ADM therapy 14% of the @entity0 had subnormal R- @entity4 values. With increasing ADM doses pathologic findings increased to 86% in @entity0 with ADM doses higher than 500 mg/m2.

title: [Evaluation of XXXX @entity3 using equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. I. Results at rest].

answer: @entity2


abstract: We experienced a case of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) with a specific form of obstruction of the right proximal subclavian artery. The @entity0 was a 44-year-old @entity0 who complained of numbness of the right hand. Right carotid-subclavian artery anastomosis was performed under general anesthesia. The obstructed segment was a fibrous cord, 3.5 cm in length and 2.0 mm in diameter. Postoperatively, the @entity0 was free from the symptom. In the Japanese literature, 73 cases of @entity3 were reported from 1965 to 1986, and the etiology was mentioned in 64 cases. In 28 cases the cause was @entity5 (43.8%), in 22 cases @entity4 (34.4%), in 13 cases @entity1 (20.3%), and in 1 case iatrogenic lesion (1.6%). These data indicated that @entity3 caused by @entity1 was not so rare as previously believed. Of 13 cases with @entity1 , our case and 3 other cases had similar aspect in clinical features. All 4 @entity0 were middle-aged @entity0 (aged 34, 26, 45 and 44 years) with a fibrous cord at the proximal portion of the right subclavian artery. None had any other @entity2 .

title: A case of XXXX with a specific form of obstruction of the right proximal subclavian artery.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A series of 47 primary and seven metastatic @entity2 , including well, moderately and poorly differentiated, were tested for @entity4 (Tg) using immunohistology. In addition, three combined follicular @entity1 , 17 @entity1 and @entity3 metastatic to the thyroid were examined. Only two @entity1 did not stain for @entity4 . Some @entity0 differences in Tg staining were found but there was no absolute correlation between this and the degree of @entity0 differentiation. The two @entity0 that failed to stain for Tg were poorly differentiated; @entity4 positive poorly differentiated @entity0 demonstrated a clearly weaker staining pattern for Tg. All but one of 15 @entity1 stained positively for Tg but the staining intensity was often weak. Five of six @entity3 were positive for Tg but the staining reaction was generally faint and there were often large areas devoid of positive cells. Positive staining was demonstrated in the differentiated areas of combined follicular @entity1 . @entity1 and metastatic @entity3 gave negative results. @entity4 is a reliable marker for @entity2 but the patchy staining pattern, particularly in the less well-differentiated @entity0 may produce less reliable results in small biopsies.

title: @entity4 immunostaining in XXXX : relationship to the degree of differentiation and cell type.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A series of 47 primary and seven metastatic @entity2 , including well, moderately and poorly differentiated, were tested for @entity4 (Tg) using immunohistology. In addition, three combined follicular @entity1 , 17 @entity1 and @entity3 metastatic to the thyroid were examined. Only two @entity1 did not stain for @entity4 . Some @entity0 differences in Tg staining were found but there was no absolute correlation between this and the degree of @entity0 differentiation. The two @entity0 that failed to stain for Tg were poorly differentiated; @entity4 positive poorly differentiated @entity0 demonstrated a clearly weaker staining pattern for Tg. All but one of 15 @entity1 stained positively for Tg but the staining intensity was often weak. Five of six @entity3 were positive for Tg but the staining reaction was generally faint and there were often large areas devoid of positive cells. Positive staining was demonstrated in the differentiated areas of combined follicular @entity1 . @entity1 and metastatic @entity3 gave negative results. @entity4 is a reliable marker for @entity2 but the patchy staining pattern, particularly in the less well-differentiated @entity0 may produce less reliable results in small biopsies.

title: XXXX immunostaining in @entity2 : relationship to the degree of differentiation and cell type.

answer: @entity4


abstract: A retrospective study of 232 @entity2 with minimum follow-up 5 years is presented. The @entity3 was superficial in 66%, muscle-invasive in 31% and could not be staged in 3%. Primary treatment was mainly transurethral resection for superficial @entity1 , but was cystectomy or radiotherapy in 22 of 29 T1 G3. Of the superficial @entity1 , 71% recurred. Progression to higher T stage occurred in 15% of Ta and 29% of T1 @entity1 , and half of these @entity0 died of @entity2 . The corrected 5-year survival rates in grades 1, 2A, 2B and 3-4 were 96, 84, 64 and 43%, and in stages Ta, T1, T2 and T3 they were 94, 69, 40 and 31%. All @entity0 with T4 @entity1 died within 4 years. Among the 45 @entity0 with 40 Gy irradiation + cystectomy, the corrected 5-year survival rate was 83% in superficial and 64% in @entity1 , and among the 38 with radical radiotherapy the rates in @entity4 were 46, 36 and 13%. Transurethral resection was successful in most Ta cases. Most T1 @entity1 were, like T2-4, of higher grade than Ta. Prognosis was worse in T1 than in Ta. After progression to @entity5 , even during close follow-up the outlook was poor, as poor as for @entity0 with primary @entity5 .

title: Recurrence, progression and survival in XXXX . A retrospective analysis of 232 @entity0 with greater than or equal to 5-year follow-up.

answer: @entity2