abstract: OBJECT: The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term treatment efficacy and morbidity of @entity0 who undergo gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for @entity2 . METHODS: Twenty-one consecutive Swedish @entity0 were evaluated retrospectively: 11 @entity0 (< or = 15 years) and 10 adults. The time from diagnosis to the most recent follow-up imaging study was 6.3 to 34.3 years (mean 18.2 years, median 16.8 years). @entity1 volumes and morbidity from GKS or other treatments were assessed at the time of the most recent imaging study or at the time of a subsequent new treatment. The observation period ranged from 0.5 to 29 years (mean 7.5 years, median 3.5 years). The prescription dose ranged from less than 3 Gy to 25 Gy. The mean @entity1 volume was 7.8 cm3 (range 0.4-33 cm3). There were 22 @entity1 in 21 @entity0 treated with GKS. Five of these @entity1 were reduced in size, three were unchanged, and 14 increased. @entity1 progression correlated with a low dose to the @entity1 margin. Eleven (85%) of 13 @entity1 that received a dose of less than 6 Gy to the margin increased in size, whereas only three (33%) of nine @entity1 that received 6 Gy increased. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01). In five of six @entity0 @entity1 that became smaller after GKS there were no recurrences within a mean follow-up period of 12 years. Nine (82%) of 11 @entity1 in @entity0 ultimately increased after GKS, compared with five (50%) of 10 in adults. In eight @entity0 there was a deterioration of visual function. In all except one this could be related to a volume increase but radiation-induced damage could not be excluded as a factor in any of them. Four @entity0 developed @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: Gamma knife radiosurgery is effective in controlling growth of @entity2 with a minimum dose of 6 Gy. The findings also suggest that other stereotactic techniques, such as cyst aspiration and intracystic treatment, are only of value in reducing @entity1 volume in preparation for safe GKS.

title: Gamma knife radiosurgery for XXXX : long-term results in the first Swedish @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECT: The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term treatment efficacy and morbidity of @entity0 who undergo gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for @entity2 . METHODS: Twenty-one consecutive Swedish @entity0 were evaluated retrospectively: 11 @entity0 (< or = 15 years) and 10 adults. The time from diagnosis to the most recent follow-up imaging study was 6.3 to 34.3 years (mean 18.2 years, median 16.8 years). @entity1 volumes and morbidity from GKS or other treatments were assessed at the time of the most recent imaging study or at the time of a subsequent new treatment. The observation period ranged from 0.5 to 29 years (mean 7.5 years, median 3.5 years). The prescription dose ranged from less than 3 Gy to 25 Gy. The mean @entity1 volume was 7.8 cm3 (range 0.4-33 cm3). There were 22 @entity1 in 21 @entity0 treated with GKS. Five of these @entity1 were reduced in size, three were unchanged, and 14 increased. @entity1 progression correlated with a low dose to the @entity1 margin. Eleven (85%) of 13 @entity1 that received a dose of less than 6 Gy to the margin increased in size, whereas only three (33%) of nine @entity1 that received 6 Gy increased. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01). In five of six @entity0 @entity1 that became smaller after GKS there were no recurrences within a mean follow-up period of 12 years. Nine (82%) of 11 @entity1 in @entity0 ultimately increased after GKS, compared with five (50%) of 10 in adults. In eight @entity0 there was a deterioration of visual function. In all except one this could be related to a volume increase but radiation-induced damage could not be excluded as a factor in any of them. Four @entity0 developed @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: Gamma knife radiosurgery is effective in controlling growth of @entity2 with a minimum dose of 6 Gy. The findings also suggest that other stereotactic techniques, such as cyst aspiration and intracystic treatment, are only of value in reducing @entity1 volume in preparation for safe GKS.

title: Gamma knife radiosurgery for @entity2 : long-term results in the first Swedish XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: We studied the effect of bone substitutes on revascularization and the restart of blood supply after sintered bone implantation in comparison with synthetic @entity1 implantation and fresh autogenous bone transplantation (control) in @entity0 parietal bones. Methods for the study included the microvascular corrosion cast method and immunohistochemical techniques were also used. The revascularization of the control group was the same as that for usual wound healing in the observations of the microvascular corrosion casts. The sintered bone implantation group was quite similar to that of the control group. In the synthetic @entity1 group, immature newly-formed blood vessels existed even on the 21st day after implantation and the physiological process of angiogenesis was interrupted. Immunohistochemically, @entity3 ( @entity3 ), which activates angiogenesis, appeared at the early stages of both the control group and the sintered bone implantation group. @entity3 reduced parallel with the appearance of the @entity2 ( @entity2 ), which obstructs angiogenesis, and the angiogenesis passed gradually into the mature stage. In the @entity1 implantation group, @entity2 appeared at the early stage of the implants. The appearance of @entity3 lagged and it existed around the pores of @entity1 even on the 21st day of the implantation. Proliferation and wandering of endothelial cells continued without any maturing of the vessels. These findings suggest that the structure and the components of the implant material affect angiogenesis after implantation as well as new bone formation.

title: Angiogenesis after sintered bone implantation in XXXX parietal bone.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Visual information is encoded at the photoreceptor synapse by modulation of the tonic release of @entity0 from one or more electron-dense ribbons. This release is highest in the dark, when photoreceptors are depolarized, and decreases in grades when photoreceptors hyperpolarize with increasing light. Functional diversity between neurons postsynaptic at the synaptic ribbon arises in part from differential expression of both metabotropic (G-protein-gated) and ionotropic (ligand-gated) @entity0 receptor. In the brain, different subunits also modulate the presynaptic active zone. In hippocampus, ionotropic @entity2 receptors localize to the presynaptic membrane of glutamatergic axon terminals and facilitate depolarization of the synapse (e.g. Lauri et al., 2001). Such facilitation may be helpful in the retina, where consistent depolarization of the photoreceptor axon terminal is necessary to maintain @entity0 release in the dark. We investigated whether such a mechanism could be present in primate retina by using electron microscopy to examine the localization of the @entity2 subunits @entity1 /7 at the rod axon terminal, where only a single ribbon synapse mediates @entity0 release. We scored 54 rod axon terminals whose postsynaptic space contained one or more @entity1 /7-labeled processes and traced these processes through serial sections to determine their identity. Of 68 labeled processes, 63% originated from narrow "fingers" of cytoplasm extending from the presynaptic axon terminal into the postsynaptic cleft. Each rod terminal typically inserts 4-6 presynaptic fingers, and we scored several instances where multiple fingers contained label. Such consistency suggests that each presynaptic finger expresses @entity1 /7. The physiological properties of @entity2 receptors and the geometry of the rod axon terminal suggest that presynaptic @entity1 /7 could provide a steady inward current to maintain consistent depolarization of the rod synapse in the long intervals between photons in the dark.

title: Localization of XXXX receptors to the presynaptic active zone of the rod photoreceptor in primate retina.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: The presence of @entity1 is a major prognostic factor in @entity4 ( @entity4 ). The relapse pattern of @entity0 with @entity2 has long indicated that cases with disseminated @entity4 cells escape detection at diagnosis. @entity4 cells are characterized by specific gene fusions that can be detected with high sensitivity and specificity by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). @entity0 AND METHODS: RT-PCR targeting @entity5 or EWS-ERG transcripts was used to search for @entity2 cells in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) at diagnosis in 172 @entity0 with @entity4 , and the prognostic significance of this parameter was assessed. RESULTS: As we suggested previously in a smaller series of @entity0 , RT-PCR positivity of the BM was correlated with a high risk of adverse outcome in the overall study population (P =.007). More interestingly, among @entity0 with otherwise @entity2 , BM micrometastasis also predicted significantly poorer disease-free survival rates (P =.043). The presence of circulating @entity2 cells (CTC) was more frequently observed in @entity0 with large @entity2 (P =.006). CTC were associated with a poor outcome among @entity0 with clinically localized disease (P =.045). @entity0 with clinically localized disease and @entity3 cells as evidenced by BM and/or PB RT-PCR positivity had @entity2 and experienced relapses at a systemic rather than at a local level. CONCLUSION: @entity0 with localized @entity4 and BM micrometastasis or CTC are comparable to @entity0 with @entity1 in terms of the localization of the @entity2 , outcome, and relapse pattern.

title: Increased risk of systemic relapses associated with bone marrow micrometastasis and circulating XXXX cells in localized ewing @entity2 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: The presence of @entity1 is a major prognostic factor in @entity4 ( @entity4 ). The relapse pattern of @entity0 with @entity2 has long indicated that cases with disseminated @entity4 cells escape detection at diagnosis. @entity4 cells are characterized by specific gene fusions that can be detected with high sensitivity and specificity by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). @entity0 AND METHODS: RT-PCR targeting @entity5 or EWS-ERG transcripts was used to search for @entity2 cells in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) at diagnosis in 172 @entity0 with @entity4 , and the prognostic significance of this parameter was assessed. RESULTS: As we suggested previously in a smaller series of @entity0 , RT-PCR positivity of the BM was correlated with a high risk of adverse outcome in the overall study population (P =.007). More interestingly, among @entity0 with otherwise @entity2 , BM micrometastasis also predicted significantly poorer disease-free survival rates (P =.043). The presence of circulating @entity2 cells (CTC) was more frequently observed in @entity0 with large @entity2 (P =.006). CTC were associated with a poor outcome among @entity0 with clinically localized disease (P =.045). @entity0 with clinically localized disease and @entity3 cells as evidenced by BM and/or PB RT-PCR positivity had @entity2 and experienced relapses at a systemic rather than at a local level. CONCLUSION: @entity0 with localized @entity4 and BM micrometastasis or CTC are comparable to @entity0 with @entity1 in terms of the localization of the @entity2 , outcome, and relapse pattern.

title: Increased risk of systemic relapses associated with bone marrow micrometastasis and circulating @entity2 cells in localized ewing XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: Recent studies have suggested that simple nasolacrimal duct (NLD) probing can be an effective primary surgery for congenital NLD obstruction regardless of age. The success of @entity1 after failed NLD probing suggests that maximally enlarging the passage through the NLD system may enhance the success of simple NLD probing. This study used sequential probing with modified, taper-tip probes to evaluate whether maximally enlarging the nasolacrimal duct can effectively treat @entity3 in all age groups. METHODS: Under general anesthesia, each obstructed NLD system was sequentially probed with larger diameter NLD probes until firm resistance prevented the passage of any larger probe size. Successful treatment was defined as a negative dye-disappearance test 2 weeks after probing and the absence of tearing symptoms at last contact. RESULTS: A retrospective chart review identified 40 @entity0 ages 6 to 32 months (average, 17.7 months) who underwent the sequential probing procedure. Sequential NLD probing was successful in 66 (92%) of 72 eyes. Of the failures, both eyes in a 15-month-old @entity0 with @entity4 had tight, @entity2 . In the remaining 4 eyes, 2 had resolution of symptoms but partially positive dye-disappearance tests, and 2 underwent successful repeat sequential NLD probing. Subdividing by age, 27 (100%) of 27 obstructed NLD systems were treated successfully in @entity0 older than 18 months compared with 39 (87%) of 45 in younger @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Sequential NLD probing to maximally enlarge the NLD system has a high rate of success in all @entity0 . Age does not appear to have an impact on success of probing.

title: Dilation probing as primary treatment for XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: There has been a renaissance in the surgical management of @entity1 . This has been due to long-term effects of levodopa and a better understanding of the basal ganglia and its circuitry. Ablative surgery and neurostimulation are the only realistic surgical options at present. Although surgical treatments, such as ablation and stimulation are effective, they are not useful for stopping the progression or restoring the system. Neural transplantation helps restore the system by using a number of techniques. Targets mostly used are in the thalamus, globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus. A number of factors must be considered including @entity0 's age, disability and his wishes. Globus pallidus stimulation might be preferable for @entity0 who suffer from @entity2 as a major source of disability. Pallidotomy might be appropriate in cases where frequent stimulator adjustments are impractical. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation is more suitable for @entity0 with significant off periods and in younger @entity0 in whom it may be desirable to maintain intact circuitry. Fetal neural transplantation, stem cell transplantation, xenotransplantation, adrenal medullary transplantation and transplantation of genetically engineered cells are at various stages of development and research. Ethical issues surrounding these process are likely to arouse strong emotions and have to be carefully considered.

title: Current surgical treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: A distinctive skin problem has been observed for the last 10 years that appeared on the neck of a young adult. This encouraged us to conduct this study, to evaluate its clinical and histopathological picture. METHOD: Thirty @entity0 were studied in the Department of Dermatology, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Iraq during a one-year period from November 1998 through to November 1999. There were 29 males and a female, their ages ranged from 11-50 years (mean 25 years). @entity0 complained of @entity2 on the back and sides of the neck, they were fully interrogated and examined and skin biopsy was carried out in 10 @entity0 . RESULTS: The study showed that this disease has well defined clinical pictures, which affect young males mainly and appeared in summer time. The @entity2 was located mostly on the back of the neck; it had dark-red to red-violeceous, rounded to oval, single or multiple plaques. The @entity2 was mainly asymptomatic a part from appearance. The histopathological picture has many similarities with that of @entity3 , but with striking increased vascularity of the dermis. CONCLUSION: From the clinical and histopathological study, this skin problem deserve its own name @entity1 , which was induced by solar radiation and has many similarities with @entity3 and could be confused with lichen simplex chronicus.

title: XXXX . A clinical and histopathological study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Recurrence rate in @entity2 repair is the main concern of both the surgeon and @entity0 . The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome in @entity0 undergoing open @entity2 repair by using muscle fascial plication and nylon darn. METHODS: This technique was performed in 2 University hospitals within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital and King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, for a period of 23 years, October 1978 through to October 2001, on a total of 600 @entity0 . RESULTS: The total number of @entity0 was 654 these were all male. The same repair was performed in elective cases, in acute emergency and for both direct and indirect @entity2 . @entity0 suffering from chronic cough are referred to a pulmonologist for treatment before surgery. Follow-up was for a period of 10 years thereafter by phone communication. Fifty-four @entity0 were excluded from the study as they failed to attend for follow up after the 3rd year. Six hundred @entity0 underwent 619 repairs. Post operative @entity1 was controlled by @entity4 in the first 24-hours, thereafter by @entity3 tablets. @entity0 were advised to return to normal activity after 3/52. No heavy weight lifting before 3-4 months. Recurrence occurred in one case. CONCLUSION: Muscle fascial plication combined with nylon darn is a good operation for the repair of @entity2 .

title: Plication darn for the repair of XXXX . A university hospital experience.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Twenty-one Donryu male @entity1 of six weeks old were injected with @entity5 ( @entity4 ), once a week, for 4 to 20 weeks, and sacrificed at intervals of two weeks since a lapse of four weeks after the commencement of the injections. The DMH induced 320 atypia lesions, from 0.03 through 20 mm in size, of grade II or higher. The rate of benign lesions was higher in the group receiving less than 20 injections than in the group of 20 injections of DMH, while in the latter group, the rates of the benign, borderline and malignant lesions were stable, suggesting that benign lesions mainly develop in the earlier period of the DMH treatment, and thereafter various grades of lesions develop at a constant rate. All the benign lesions were less than 1 mm in size, and all lesions greater than 1 mm were malignant. In addition, the size of the lesion was significantly greater when it was occupied by malignant crypts in a greater rate. These results indicate that the benign lesions become cancerous before they reach a certain size ( @entity3 sequence). Twenty-seven minute lesions (less than 1 mm) were mixed lesions of malignant and benign atypia, suggesting that the @entity3 sequence is elicited in any size of lesion. On the other hand, there were 41 minute @entity0 , which constituted 27.7% of the overall minute lesions and included three "single crypt" @entity0 . In addition, @entity0 were smaller when compared to the malignant-dominant mixed lesions. These results indicate that about 30% of @entity2 develop de-novo.

title: The histogenesis of DMH-induced XXXX in @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Twenty-one Donryu male @entity1 of six weeks old were injected with @entity5 ( @entity4 ), once a week, for 4 to 20 weeks, and sacrificed at intervals of two weeks since a lapse of four weeks after the commencement of the injections. The DMH induced 320 atypia lesions, from 0.03 through 20 mm in size, of grade II or higher. The rate of benign lesions was higher in the group receiving less than 20 injections than in the group of 20 injections of DMH, while in the latter group, the rates of the benign, borderline and malignant lesions were stable, suggesting that benign lesions mainly develop in the earlier period of the DMH treatment, and thereafter various grades of lesions develop at a constant rate. All the benign lesions were less than 1 mm in size, and all lesions greater than 1 mm were malignant. In addition, the size of the lesion was significantly greater when it was occupied by malignant crypts in a greater rate. These results indicate that the benign lesions become cancerous before they reach a certain size ( @entity3 sequence). Twenty-seven minute lesions (less than 1 mm) were mixed lesions of malignant and benign atypia, suggesting that the @entity3 sequence is elicited in any size of lesion. On the other hand, there were 41 minute @entity0 , which constituted 27.7% of the overall minute lesions and included three "single crypt" @entity0 . In addition, @entity0 were smaller when compared to the malignant-dominant mixed lesions. These results indicate that about 30% of @entity2 develop de-novo.

title: The histogenesis of DMH-induced @entity2 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: From 1957 to 1987 altogether 206 cases of tracheobronchial @entity1 were diagnosed. Two third of the @entity0 were one or two years old. @entity0 prevailed with 57 per cent. 55 per cent of all foreign bodies were nuts. Only 10 per cent were radiopaque (screws, nails, needles or pieces of bones). The attempt to eliminate the foreign body via the bronchoscope was successful in 96 per cent and failed in seven cases. Six @entity0 had to undergo a thoracotomy. In one third of the cases the foreign body remained two weeks or longer in the bronchial tree. 66 @entity0 with such a "chronic" foreign body were later on examined by bronchography, which showed in 29 per cent severe deformations of the bronchial wall and in 14 per cent even bronchiectasis. An acute @entity1 should always be considered and handled as an emergency.

title: [Acute XXXX as a respiratory emergency in childhood].

answer: @entity1


abstract: A prospective randomized study in selected @entity0 with Stage IB and IIA @entity4 was carried out at Washington University between January 1966 and December 1979. @entity0 were randomized to be treated with irradiation alone consisting of 1000 cGy whole pelvis, additional 4000 cGy to the parametria with a step wedge midline block, and two intracavitary insertions for 7500 mgh; or irradiation and surgery, consisting of 2000 cGy whole pelvis irradiation, one intracavitary insertion for 5000-6000 mgh followed 2 to 6 weeks later by a radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. A total of 40 @entity0 with Stage IB and 16 with Stage IIA were randomized to be treated with irradiation alone. A similar group of 48 @entity0 with Stage IB and 14 with IIA were randomized to the preoperative radiation and surgery group. The 5-year, @entity2 -free actuarial survival for Stage IB @entity0 treated with radiation was 89% and with preoperative radiation and surgery 80%. In Stage IIA, the @entity2 -free actuarial 5-year survival was 56% for the irradiation alone group and 79% for the @entity0 treated with preoperative radiation and radical hysterectomy. In the @entity0 with Stage IB treated by irradiation alone only one pelvic failure combined with distant @entity1 occurred, and 3 @entity0 developed distant @entity1 . In the 48 @entity0 treated with combined therapy, there were six pelvic failures (12.5%) all combined with distant metastases and two distant metastases alone. In the 16 @entity0 with Stage IIA treated with radiotherapy alone, there were four pelvic failures (all parametrial), three of them combined with distant @entity1 . In the 14 @entity0 treated with irradiation and surgery, two developed a pelvic recurrence, and one distant @entity1 . In the preoperative radiation group, the incidence of metastatic pelvic lymph nodes was 6.3% in Stage IB and 7.1% in Stage IIA. Major complications of therapy in the @entity0 treated with radiation alone (10%) consisted of one @entity5 , two @entity3 , and one rectal stricture. In the preoperative radiation group, three ureteral strictures and two severe @entity6 were noted (8%). The present study shows no significant difference in therapeutic results or morbidity for invasive @entity4 Stage IB or IIA treated with irradiation alone or combined with a radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy.

title: Randomized study of preoperative radiation and surgery or irradiation alone in the treatment of stage IB and IIA XXXX : final report.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The article deals with @entity2 in the territory of the posterior cerebral arteries. For a better understanding of pathoanatomical and pathogenetical factors influencing @entity1 embryological, orthological and pathological data on the posterior cerebral artery and on its leptomeningeal anastomoses to other cerebral arteries were reported in the first two chapters. Chapter 3 includes a review of findings on the predilection sites for occlusions of the posterior cerebral artery, on the relative incidence and also on pathogenetical factors of @entity1 . The few papers especially dealing with the @entity1 in the @entity3 were indicated likewise. Chapter 4 contains our own findings on 180 @entity0 with @entity1 , who were all examined with @entity3 (the slices were done parallel to the fronto-occipital line); data on age, sex and hemispheric distribution of the sample and on combinations with other @entity1 were reported. 159 @entity1 (of 144 @entity0 including 15 with @entity2 ) could be described "anatomically". As to the maximum @entity2 areas referred to 8 defined slice levels, differences to the findings reported so far in the literature were observed; they comprise the (ventro-) lateral borders of the @entity2 areas including the longitudinal fibre projections (e.g. the optic radiation), the cranial extension of the @entity1 and the splenial as well as thalamic lesions. The @entity1 were classified as uni-territorial, bi-territorial and subtotal subtypes. Among the uni-territorial @entity1 calcarine @entity2 outweighed those in the territory of the posterior temporal (temporo-occipital) artery and of the parieto-occipital artery by a ratio of 2:1:1. The overlap areas of the uni-territorial @entity1 are shown in figures. The second, less frequent bi-territorial subtype is a combination of @entity2 in the territories of the calcarine and the parieto-occipital arteries. The calcarine, the medio-basal and the subtotal subtype occurred in about 23% of the "anatomically" evaluated @entity1 . At length, thalamic and @entity2 associated with any of the subtypes were observed in about a quarter of all @entity1 . As to the subtotal @entity1 additional thalamic and @entity2 can be expected in about 40%.

title: [On the posterior XXXX ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: Lesions of the gastrointestinal tract with massive tissue @entity6 may present a difficult diagnostic problem. In a series of 250 @entity3 drawn from the files of St Bartholomew's and St Mark's Hospitals there were 28 cases of a @entity4 with distinctive histological features, characterized by a massive tissue @entity6 . Two of these @entity0 were present in the stomach and 26 in the small intestine. Eight of the latter were associated with @entity1 . On low power examination a zoning phenomenon was regularly seen and fissuring @entity5 , with perforation and @entity2 formation, was a common finding. The @entity0 cells were large and pleomorphic with irregular nuclear morphology and prominent nucleoli. Eosinophils were the predominant inflammatory cell associated with the @entity4 but plasma cells, epithelioid histiocytes and small lymphocytes were also present. Vascular changes were prominent. Involved lymph nodes showed gross expansion of the paracortex by @entity0 . Immunohistochemical studies showed that this @entity4 was probably of T-cell origin.

title: XXXX with @entity6 of the gastrointestinal tract.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Lesions of the gastrointestinal tract with massive tissue @entity6 may present a difficult diagnostic problem. In a series of 250 @entity3 drawn from the files of St Bartholomew's and St Mark's Hospitals there were 28 cases of a @entity4 with distinctive histological features, characterized by a massive tissue @entity6 . Two of these @entity0 were present in the stomach and 26 in the small intestine. Eight of the latter were associated with @entity1 . On low power examination a zoning phenomenon was regularly seen and fissuring @entity5 , with perforation and @entity2 formation, was a common finding. The @entity0 cells were large and pleomorphic with irregular nuclear morphology and prominent nucleoli. Eosinophils were the predominant inflammatory cell associated with the @entity4 but plasma cells, epithelioid histiocytes and small lymphocytes were also present. Vascular changes were prominent. Involved lymph nodes showed gross expansion of the paracortex by @entity0 . Immunohistochemical studies showed that this @entity4 was probably of T-cell origin.

title: @entity4 with XXXX of the gastrointestinal tract.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Adequate adrenocortical function is essential to survive @entity7 . Most @entity7 @entity0 display an elevated plasma @entity3 level, reflecting activation of the @entity4 , which is considered to be a homeostatic adaptation. In the setting of @entity7 , the failure of an appropriate neuroendocrine response can lead to the picture of vasopressor-dependent refractory @entity2 . In randomised trials with @entity0 in @entity1 , a more rapid haemodynamic recovery was obtained with physiological doses of @entity3 than with placebo. The observed haemodynamic response following @entity3 administration supports the concept of relative @entity5 . Causes of this relative @entity5 are a dysfunction of the @entity6 and/or @entity3 resistance. There is increasing evidence that @entity3 physiology and regulation are substantially altered in the course of @entity1 . Several controlled studies have shown that stress doses of @entity3 given in @entity0 with @entity1 reduce the time to shock reversal and decrease mortality. A multicenter large-scale trial (CORTICUS) is on the way investigating the benefit of stress doses of @entity3 on the mortality of @entity1 . In this review glucocorticoid physiology and regulation during @entity1 and the effects of hydrocortison administration in the course of @entity1 are being discussed.

title: [Corticosteroids in XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: This paper describes the introduction of a @entity1 screening programme in the German Democratic Republic after conclusions were drawn from two pilot studies. The pilot studies were carried out to decide between two organizational structures: computerized monitoring, such as invitations to participate, versus full integration of the programme into the basic gynaecological health care system. Since similarly high attendance rates were obtained in the two systems, the recommendation for the GDR as a whole was to conform with the noncomputerized system. This programme has been implemented in Berlin, capital of the GDR, for ten years. Incidence decreased rapidly among @entity0 of all ages (33% lower than at the beginning) and for @entity0 aged 40-49 (58% lower). Mortality rates for @entity0 of all ages are now 37% lower, and for @entity0 of ages 50-59, 57% lower. A comparison of incidence in the screened and unscreened population shows that nonparticipants have a relative risk of 3.0 for developing the disease and of 11.3 for dying from the disease. In an analysis of the failures of screening, the cervical smears of 184 previously screened @entity1 cases were re-examined. In 48% no reason for failure was found. Possibilities for improving the results further, including a screening registry, are discussed.

title: Organization and results of XXXX screening in the German Democratic Republic.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Eight workers with clinically diagnosed or suspected occupational @entity3 caused by penicillins were studied by the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) and by skin test. The majority of the workers handled @entity7 , some of them had been in contact with @entity6 and one worked with @entity8 only. Six workers had @entity2 and 2 workers suffered from @entity5 only. Lymphocytes from workers with @entity7 -induced symptoms responded to this drug in vitro by an increased @entity4 incorporation and by lymphoblastogenesis. @entity7 -specific @entity3 had been confirmed by positive patch test in 5 workers. Lymphocytes from @entity7 - @entity0 workers did not respond to other penicillins such as @entity6 or @entity8 in vitro. However, such penicillins were antigenic in vitro since lymphocytes from an @entity8 patch test positive worker proliferated on exposure to @entity8 in vitro. The findings at the cellular level were further supported by the specificity of the skin test. Thus, @entity7 patch test positive workers had a negative skin reaction to @entity6 . In conclusion, these data suggest the role of @entity1 side chains in the sensitization process underlying occupational @entity3 to penicillins. LTT can be used as a tool for studying antigenic specificities involved in a sensitization process leading to penicillin @entity3 .

title: Side-chain-specific lymphocyte responses in workers with occupational XXXX induced by penicillins.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Levels of physical activity in @entity4 @entity0 are relatively low due to their fear of provoking @entity2 . This may have a secondary impact on maintenance of bone mass. The objective of this study is to determine if @entity0 with @entity4 are at a higher risk of @entity1 . DESIGN: @entity1 ( @entity1 ) was measured in 25 @entity4 @entity0 at the lumbar spine, hip and distal forearm. SETTING: A university hospital. SUBJECTS: Twenty-five @entity4 @entity0 (mean age 45 years) enrolled on a residential back @entity2 rehabilitation programme. RESULTS: Thirteen @entity0 (52%) were @entity7 or @entity6 in one or more sites. @entity1 at the lumbar spine was generally lower than the mean @entity1 of age-matched subjects (p = 0.04). There was no significant relationship between @entity1 and duration of @entity2 , disability, sex or previous surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 @entity0 have an increased incidence of @entity5 and @entity3 . This finding reinforces the importance of motivating @entity0 to incorporate exercise into daily life. Given the limited set of subjects used in the present study, further studies are required.

title: Bone density in XXXX : a pilot study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of lowering the cut point of the 2010 criteria to identify more @entity0 with @entity1 among early inflammatory @entity3 @entity0 . METHODS: We included early @entity3 @entity0 from the Rotterdam Early Arthritis Cohort with at least one joint with clinical @entity2 and symptoms for <1 year, with no other explanation for their symptoms. The demographic and clinical characteristics of each @entity0 were recorded at baseline. @entity0 were classified as case or non-case at the 1-year follow-up by the definition used in the development of the 2010 criteria ( @entity4 initiation). To assess the diagnostic performance of the 2010 criteria, the sensitivity and specificity at each cut point were determined. RESULTS: We included 557 @entity0 in our analysis. At the 1-year follow-up, 253 @entity0 (45%) were classified as case ( @entity4 use). In the group of @entity0 who scored 0-5 points (n = 328), 98 @entity0 (30%) were classified as case ( @entity4 use). The sensitivity and specificity of the 2010 criteria using the cut point of 6 were 61% and 76%, respectively. With the cut point of 5, the sensitivity would increase to 76% and the specificity would decrease to 68%. CONCLUSION: By lowering the cut point of the 2010 criteria from 6 to 5 points, we were able to identify 15% more @entity1 @entity0 at the cost of 8% more false-positive @entity0 .

title: Do we need to lower the cut point of the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for diagnosing XXXX ?

answer: @entity1


abstract: From October 1985 to February 1988, 41 @entity0 with @entity4 were treated with transurethral resection (TUR) and radiotherapy with simultaneous @entity5 chemotherapy at the University Hospital in Erlangen. Radiotherapy was performed as primary treatment in case of macroscopic @entity2 after TUR (n = 22) or as adjuvant treatment in @entity0 with macroscopically complete transurethral resection (n = 19). Age ranged from 44 to 77 years. Radiotherapy was given in daily fractions of 1.8 Gy. The pelvis was treated with a box up to 41.4 Gy and the bladder was boosted up to 50.4 Gy by a rotation technique. @entity5 was administered in the first and fifth treatment week on five consecutive days with 25 mg @entity5 /m2 per day as short infusion. Pathohistologic response was examined by control cystoscopy with biopsies from the deep layers 6 weeks after completing radiochemotherapy. Maximum follow-up is 24 months after control cystoscopy. After TUR plus radiochemotherapy, histologically confirmed complete remission rates according to T-stage were: 7/8 T1-, 26/31 T2-3-, and 2/2 T4- @entity1 . In @entity0 with macroscopic @entity1 prior to radiochemotherapy, histological and cytological complete remission was achieved in 2/ @entity7 -, 14/18 T2-3-, and 1/1 T4-cancers with an overall complete response rate of 77%. In complete responders, 3 isolated local recurrences (2 T1- and one T3-recurrence) and two local recurrences with distant metastases have occurred until now. Six @entity0 had only partial response. Mild to moderate side effects occurred frequently, but overall treatment tolerance was good even in older @entity0 . Complications did not occur. So far, 7 cystectomies have been performed, 6 were a result of persistent or recurrent @entity1 and one a result of a @entity6 after multiple TURs. Thirty-four of forty-one @entity0 (83%!) maintained their bladder and normal bladder function. In conclusion, moderate dose radiation therapy (50 Gy) in combination with simultaneous @entity5 chemotherapy is a well-tolerated treatment and highly effective for controlling @entity3 and preservation of bladder function in @entity4 .

title: Preliminary results of treatment of invasive @entity4 with radiotherapy and XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: From October 1985 to February 1988, 41 @entity0 with @entity4 were treated with transurethral resection (TUR) and radiotherapy with simultaneous @entity5 chemotherapy at the University Hospital in Erlangen. Radiotherapy was performed as primary treatment in case of macroscopic @entity2 after TUR (n = 22) or as adjuvant treatment in @entity0 with macroscopically complete transurethral resection (n = 19). Age ranged from 44 to 77 years. Radiotherapy was given in daily fractions of 1.8 Gy. The pelvis was treated with a box up to 41.4 Gy and the bladder was boosted up to 50.4 Gy by a rotation technique. @entity5 was administered in the first and fifth treatment week on five consecutive days with 25 mg @entity5 /m2 per day as short infusion. Pathohistologic response was examined by control cystoscopy with biopsies from the deep layers 6 weeks after completing radiochemotherapy. Maximum follow-up is 24 months after control cystoscopy. After TUR plus radiochemotherapy, histologically confirmed complete remission rates according to T-stage were: 7/8 T1-, 26/31 T2-3-, and 2/2 T4- @entity1 . In @entity0 with macroscopic @entity1 prior to radiochemotherapy, histological and cytological complete remission was achieved in 2/ @entity7 -, 14/18 T2-3-, and 1/1 T4-cancers with an overall complete response rate of 77%. In complete responders, 3 isolated local recurrences (2 T1- and one T3-recurrence) and two local recurrences with distant metastases have occurred until now. Six @entity0 had only partial response. Mild to moderate side effects occurred frequently, but overall treatment tolerance was good even in older @entity0 . Complications did not occur. So far, 7 cystectomies have been performed, 6 were a result of persistent or recurrent @entity1 and one a result of a @entity6 after multiple TURs. Thirty-four of forty-one @entity0 (83%!) maintained their bladder and normal bladder function. In conclusion, moderate dose radiation therapy (50 Gy) in combination with simultaneous @entity5 chemotherapy is a well-tolerated treatment and highly effective for controlling @entity3 and preservation of bladder function in @entity4 .

title: Preliminary results of treatment of invasive XXXX with radiotherapy and @entity5 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity1 lens epithelial cells from newborn animals exhibited limited growth when cultured under standard conditions. Cell lines were generated when explants from individual lenses were cultured in medium supplemented with conditioned medium or untreated rabbit serum. All lines exhibited a stable epithelial morphology. One line, N/ @entity5 , was examined extensively with respect to its growth, ploidy, and maintenance of lens-specific functions. Cells at population-doubling level (pdl) 120 exhibited a normal chromosomal banding pattern, were diploid, were non-tumorigenic in vivo, did not grow in suspension culture, and did not exhibit sustained growth in medium supplemented with low concentrations of serum. The shape of the growth curves and the final density for cells at pdl 24 and 181 exposed to various concentrations of serum were identical. The cells showed no diminution in growth as a function of in vitro age. The cells retained lens-specific functions. Proteins were isolated from cells at pdl 40 and 170, and were separated on @entity3 gels. Western immunoblot analysis using antiserum to alpha-crystallin, a tissue-specific protein found in lens epithelial cells in vivo, indicated the presence of alpha-A- and alpha-B-crystallin polypeptides. The cells also contained the transcription factors required for activating the @entity0 @entity4 gene promoter, which is known to function with precise tissue specificity. When an expression vector including the bacterial @entity2 acetyltransferase (CAT) gene controlled by the @entity4 gene promoter was introduced into the lens epithelial cells, the CAT gene was expressed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Retention of lens specificity in long-term cultures of diploid XXXX lens epithelial cells.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Four cases of @entity5 diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are described and 105 cases of this @entity1 in adults in Japan were reviewed. Among 105 cases, @entity2 was the most frequent symptom. Concerning associated diseases, peptic @entity4 was present in 24.8% and @entity3 in 13.3%. In case 1, duodenal @entity4 and @entity0 were noted. Pancreatolithiasis was found in two cases (case 1 and 2). Case 4 presented the clinical features of acute @entity3 . Out of 105 cases, well-described 26 were divided into six types. The following results were obtained. 1) The most frequent type was that in which the annular duct arose from the duct of Wirsung. 2) The next most frequent type was that in which the main pancreatic duct encircled the duodenum. 3) The other types corresponded to those in which the annular duct arose from the duct of Santorini and the common bile duct. We emphasized that ERCP is the most important procedure to find the characteristic features and to establish the therapeutic strategy in cases of @entity5 .

title: XXXX detected in adults, diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: report of four cases.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several studies have suggested a theory of mind (ToM) @entity1 . However, the role of interfering variables such as IQ, attention, memory, and severity of the disorder has remained ambiguous. METHODS: A theory of mind picture story comprising a sequencing task, a first and a second order false belief test, and a tactical deception test was given to a group of 23 @entity0 with @entity4 and to 12 healthy control @entity0 . In addition, a nonsocial picture story had to be sequenced. Severity of the psychopathology was measured by using the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), IQ was estimated using the 'Mehrfachwahlwortschatztest' (MWT, multiple choice verbal comprehension test). RESULTS: The @entity1 group was impaired relative to controls on the theory of mind task, but not on the sequencing task of the nonsocial picture story. However, when controlled for IQ, no such difference was found. These findings were neither related to severity, duration, nor age at onset of the disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Theory of mind deficits in @entity1 may be related to domain general impairments, e.g., intelligence and working memory load, rather than reflecting a 'genuine' compromised mental state attribution similar to @entity2 . @entity1 @entity0 may, however, rather be impaired in how and when to apply strategic social reasoning. Further studies to investigate the nature of @entity3 in @entity1 are warranted.

title: Theory of mind and the role of IQ in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: A 20-year-old female, who was one of identical twins, was transferred from an another hospital for further therapy of a right @entity3 . There was no history of @entity4 , @entity5 . Routine laboratory studies were within the normal range. On excretory urogram, the @entity1 , 7 x 9 cm in diameter, was demonstrated in lower pole of the right kidney. A selective renal arteriography revealed that the central area of the @entity1 was rather hypovascular, but, some @entity7 was seen in the peripheral area. Pedal lymphography, chest X-ray and bone survey showed normal findings. A right nephrectomy was carried out. Grossly, the @entity1 in the lower pole of the kidney was well demarcated by a pseudocapsule and had massive @entity2 areas. Pathological sections revealed a granular cell @entity6 . No extension into the peripheric fat was present. The @entity0 remains well and free of recurrent @entity1 one year post-operatively. We discussed the diagnosis and prognosis of @entity6 in young adults in the literature.

title: [ XXXX in a 20-year-old female].

answer: @entity6


abstract: Because of its high incidence in many of the most populous countries in the world, its often fulminant course, poor response to conservative treatment, low resectabilty rate when symptomatic, high recurrence rate after resection and liver transplantation, and grave prognosis, @entity3 is now regarded as one of the major @entity1 . @entity3 is the most common primary @entity2 . Relative to other @entity1 , it ranks fifth in overall frequency (fifth in @entity0 and eighth in @entity0 ) and fourth in annual mortality rate. An estimated 372,000 new cases of @entity3 are diagnosed each year, constituting 4.6% of all new @entity0 @entity1 (6.3% in @entity0 ; 2.7% in @entity0 ). The annual mortality rate from the @entity1 is virtually the same as its annual incidence. The highest incidences occur in eastern and southeastern Asia, some of the Western Pacific islands, and sub-Saharan Africa. Intermediate incidences are found in eastern and southern Europe, the Caribbean, Central America, and Western Asia. @entity3 is uncommon in the remaining countries. @entity0 are affected more often than are @entity0 . The incidence generally increases with increasing age, although there is a definite shift towards a younger age distribution in black African and ethnic Chinese populations.

title: Epidemiology of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: In two case-control studies conducted in the six-county San Francisco Bay Area, 111 @entity0 diagnosed with @entity1 in 1974-1977 and 188 @entity0 diagnosed in 1983-1985 were interviewed concerning their menstrual, sexual, and reproductive histories. For comparison, interviews were conducted with 752 control @entity0 admitted to the same hospitals within six months of the cases; for cases diagnosed in the later period, interviews were also conducted with an additional 259 population-based controls selected by random digit dialing. Controls were matched to cases by age and race. Qualitative and quantitative findings were similar for the two studies. In the combined data, cases were more likely than their matched controls to have been nulliparous, to have undergone menarche at an early age, and to have refrained from using oral contraceptives. Menopause occurred slightly later for cases than for controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. Neither age at first term pregnancy (20 or more weeks gestation) nor number of term pregnancies was predictive of @entity1 risk. The protection afforded by oral contraceptive use was independent of parity, and it increased with increasing duration of use. There were no trends in risk with time since last oral contraceptive use or with time since first use, after adjustment for duration of use. These observations suggest that oral contraceptive use decreases risk for @entity1 , rather than merely indicates fertility, which may itself decrease risk of developing the disease. The authors combined reproductive characteristics and oral contraceptive use to estimate a @entity0 's total duration of ovulation, which was positively associated with @entity1 risk (p less than 0.001 for trend). These observations support the concept that the greater the duration of ovulation or accompanying endocrinologic phenomena, the greater a @entity0 's risk for @entity1 .

title: Personal and environmental characteristics related to XXXX . I. Reproductive and menstrual events and oral contraceptive use.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between baseline radiographic severity of @entity2 ( @entity1 ) and the importance of long-term joint space narrowing. DESIGN: Sub-analysis from a three-year randomized, placebo-controlled, prospective study, of 212 @entity0 with knee @entity1 , recruited in an osteoarthritic outpatient clinic and having been part of a study evaluating the effect of @entity3 on symptom and structure modification in knee @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Measurements of mean joint space width (JSW), assessed by a computer-assisted method, were performed at baseline and after 3 years, on weightbearing anteroposterior knee radiographs. RESULTS: In the placebo group, baseline JSW was significantly and negatively correlated with the joint space narrowing observed after 3 years (r=-0.34, P=0.003). In the lowest quartile of baseline mean JSW (<4.5mm), the JSW increased after 3 years by (mean (S.D.)) 3.8% (23.8) in the placebo group and 6.2% (17.5) in the @entity3 group. The difference between the two groups in these @entity0 with the most severe @entity1 at baseline was not statistically significant (P=0.70). In the highest quartile of baseline mean JSW (>6.2mm), a joint space narrowing of 14.9% (17.9) occurred in the placebo group after 3 years while @entity0 from the @entity3 group only experienced a narrowing of 6.0% (15.1). @entity0 with the most severe @entity1 at baseline had a RR of 0.42 (0.17-1.01) to experience a 0.5mm joint space narrowing over 3 years, compared to those with the less affected joint. In @entity0 with mild @entity1 , i.e. in the highest quartile of baseline mean JSW, @entity3 use was associated with a trend (P=0.10) towards a significant reduction in joint space narrowing. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that @entity0 with the less severe radiographic knee @entity1 will experience, over 3 years, the most dramatic disease progression in terms of joint space narrowing. Such @entity0 may be particularly responsive to structure-modifying drugs.

title: Correlation between radiographic severity of @entity2 and future disease progression. Results from a 3-year prospective, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effect of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between baseline radiographic severity of @entity2 ( @entity1 ) and the importance of long-term joint space narrowing. DESIGN: Sub-analysis from a three-year randomized, placebo-controlled, prospective study, of 212 @entity0 with knee @entity1 , recruited in an osteoarthritic outpatient clinic and having been part of a study evaluating the effect of @entity3 on symptom and structure modification in knee @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Measurements of mean joint space width (JSW), assessed by a computer-assisted method, were performed at baseline and after 3 years, on weightbearing anteroposterior knee radiographs. RESULTS: In the placebo group, baseline JSW was significantly and negatively correlated with the joint space narrowing observed after 3 years (r=-0.34, P=0.003). In the lowest quartile of baseline mean JSW (<4.5mm), the JSW increased after 3 years by (mean (S.D.)) 3.8% (23.8) in the placebo group and 6.2% (17.5) in the @entity3 group. The difference between the two groups in these @entity0 with the most severe @entity1 at baseline was not statistically significant (P=0.70). In the highest quartile of baseline mean JSW (>6.2mm), a joint space narrowing of 14.9% (17.9) occurred in the placebo group after 3 years while @entity0 from the @entity3 group only experienced a narrowing of 6.0% (15.1). @entity0 with the most severe @entity1 at baseline had a RR of 0.42 (0.17-1.01) to experience a 0.5mm joint space narrowing over 3 years, compared to those with the less affected joint. In @entity0 with mild @entity1 , i.e. in the highest quartile of baseline mean JSW, @entity3 use was associated with a trend (P=0.10) towards a significant reduction in joint space narrowing. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that @entity0 with the less severe radiographic knee @entity1 will experience, over 3 years, the most dramatic disease progression in terms of joint space narrowing. Such @entity0 may be particularly responsive to structure-modifying drugs.

title: Correlation between radiographic severity of XXXX and future disease progression. Results from a 3-year prospective, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effect of @entity3 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The alpha-EEG @entity1 has been associated with chronic @entity4 . Although controversial, the @entity3 is believed by some to be an important biologic correlate of certain otherwise poorly explained painful conditions (e.g., @entity5 and @entity7 ). To shed further light on this phenomenon, this study compared the sleep and psychological characteristics of @entity6 @entity0 who exhibited the alpha-EEG @entity1 with @entity4 -free @entity2 and medical @entity0 who also were found to exhibit the alpha-EEG @entity3 . METHODS: The alpha-EEG sleep was identified in the polysomnographic records of 5% of over 1000 consecutive sleep @entity0 . Objective sleep parameters, @entity1 and psychological characteristics (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI] scores) of @entity0 exhibiting this @entity3 were examined. RESULTS: The alpha-EEG @entity3 was identified in only 5% of the total @entity0 sample. @entity0 with the alpha-EEG @entity3 could be further classified into three diagnostic subgroups: @entity6 , @entity2 and other @entity1 , The subgroups were compared on sleep parameters and psychological characteristics. Less than 40% of the @entity0 exhibiting the alpha-EEG @entity3 experienced @entity6 . @entity6 @entity0 evidenced disturbed sleep patterns and psychological characteristics that were for the most part similar to those observed in some @entity4 -free medical and @entity2 @entity0 . Only the medical subgroup exhibited objective @entity1 . The alpha-EEG sleep disturbance was not accounted for by psychological characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge the notion that alpha-EEG sleep is of direct etiological significance in producing the @entity4 complaint among @entity0 with @entity6 since the alpha-EEG sleep was not a sufficient condition for @entity4 .

title: Sleep and XXXX : challenges to the alpha-EEG sleep pattern as a @entity4 specific @entity1 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The alpha-EEG @entity1 has been associated with chronic @entity4 . Although controversial, the @entity3 is believed by some to be an important biologic correlate of certain otherwise poorly explained painful conditions (e.g., @entity5 and @entity7 ). To shed further light on this phenomenon, this study compared the sleep and psychological characteristics of @entity6 @entity0 who exhibited the alpha-EEG @entity1 with @entity4 -free @entity2 and medical @entity0 who also were found to exhibit the alpha-EEG @entity3 . METHODS: The alpha-EEG sleep was identified in the polysomnographic records of 5% of over 1000 consecutive sleep @entity0 . Objective sleep parameters, @entity1 and psychological characteristics (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI] scores) of @entity0 exhibiting this @entity3 were examined. RESULTS: The alpha-EEG @entity3 was identified in only 5% of the total @entity0 sample. @entity0 with the alpha-EEG @entity3 could be further classified into three diagnostic subgroups: @entity6 , @entity2 and other @entity1 , The subgroups were compared on sleep parameters and psychological characteristics. Less than 40% of the @entity0 exhibiting the alpha-EEG @entity3 experienced @entity6 . @entity6 @entity0 evidenced disturbed sleep patterns and psychological characteristics that were for the most part similar to those observed in some @entity4 -free medical and @entity2 @entity0 . Only the medical subgroup exhibited objective @entity1 . The alpha-EEG sleep disturbance was not accounted for by psychological characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge the notion that alpha-EEG sleep is of direct etiological significance in producing the @entity4 complaint among @entity0 with @entity6 since the alpha-EEG sleep was not a sufficient condition for @entity4 .

title: Sleep and @entity6 : challenges to the alpha-EEG sleep pattern as a @entity4 specific XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The alpha-EEG @entity1 has been associated with chronic @entity4 . Although controversial, the @entity3 is believed by some to be an important biologic correlate of certain otherwise poorly explained painful conditions (e.g., @entity5 and @entity7 ). To shed further light on this phenomenon, this study compared the sleep and psychological characteristics of @entity6 @entity0 who exhibited the alpha-EEG @entity1 with @entity4 -free @entity2 and medical @entity0 who also were found to exhibit the alpha-EEG @entity3 . METHODS: The alpha-EEG sleep was identified in the polysomnographic records of 5% of over 1000 consecutive sleep @entity0 . Objective sleep parameters, @entity1 and psychological characteristics (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI] scores) of @entity0 exhibiting this @entity3 were examined. RESULTS: The alpha-EEG @entity3 was identified in only 5% of the total @entity0 sample. @entity0 with the alpha-EEG @entity3 could be further classified into three diagnostic subgroups: @entity6 , @entity2 and other @entity1 , The subgroups were compared on sleep parameters and psychological characteristics. Less than 40% of the @entity0 exhibiting the alpha-EEG @entity3 experienced @entity6 . @entity6 @entity0 evidenced disturbed sleep patterns and psychological characteristics that were for the most part similar to those observed in some @entity4 -free medical and @entity2 @entity0 . Only the medical subgroup exhibited objective @entity1 . The alpha-EEG sleep disturbance was not accounted for by psychological characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge the notion that alpha-EEG sleep is of direct etiological significance in producing the @entity4 complaint among @entity0 with @entity6 since the alpha-EEG sleep was not a sufficient condition for @entity4 .

title: Sleep and @entity6 : challenges to the alpha-EEG sleep pattern as a XXXX specific @entity1 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Other than @entity3 , most traditional methods of nutritional assessment are not acceptable in advanced @entity1 @entity0 because they are inaccurate, too expensive for routine use, or too difficult for a debilitated @entity0 to complete. The prognostic inflammatory and nutritional index (PINI) is a formula devised to evaluate nutritional status and prognosis in @entity4 @entity0 . It has been suggested that the PINI score can be used to follow most pathological conditions. It has been measured in several settings and has been found to be a reliable indicator of both nutritional status and prognosis in @entity2 , burn, infected, and cardiac @entity0 . In this pilot study, we evaluated the PINI in 50 consecutive @entity0 referred to a palliative care service. Compared to a value in normal, healthy @entity0 of <1, the mean score in this sample was 102 (SD = 142, 95% CI = 62-142). The mean protein values were: alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1409 mg/l (SD = 556, 95% CI = 1251-1567); C-reactive protein (CRP) 106 mg/l (SD = 89, 95% CI = 81-131); albumin 24 g/l (SD = 7, 95% CI = 23-26); and prealbumin 147 mg/l (SD = 73, 95% CI = 126-168). There was no significant association between the PINI and corticosteroid use, @entity3 over time, age, or sex. These data indicate that the PINI is highly abnormal in our population. The CRP may be the most important value.

title: The XXXX : a survey of the Prognostic Inflammatory and Nutritional Index (PINI) in advanced disease.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity5 (1080) is a vertebrate pesticide widely used for possum control in New Zealand. @entity4 is also a toxic component of poisonous plants found in Australia, South Africa, South America, and India. Because of its importance and effectiveness in pest control and the highly toxic nature of this compound, its acute sub-lethal and target organ @entity1 have been extensively studied. In relation to its use as a pesticide its environmental fate, persistence, non-target impacts and general toxicology have been and continue to be extensively studied. @entity1 baits must be prepared and used with extreme care, otherwise @entity0 , livestock, and non-target wildlife will be put at risk. The high risk of secondary poisoning of @entity2 is a cause for concern. 1080 acts by interfering with cellular energy production. Possums die from @entity3 , usually within 6-18 h of eating baits. Long-term exposure to sub-lethal doses can have harmful effects and strict safety precautions are enforced to protect contractors and workers in the bait manufacturing industry. Considerable care is taken when using 1080 to ensure that the risks of using it are outweighed by the ecological benefits achieved from its use. When its use is controversial, risk communicators must take care not to trivialise the @entity1 of the compound. The benefits of 1080 use in conservation, pest control, and disease control should be weighed up alongside the risks of using 1080 and other techniques for pest control.

title: XXXX (1080) risk assessment and risk communication.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Seven @entity0 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) unresponsive to thymectomy and @entity1 treatment (Osserman group III) underwent plasma perfusion (PP). All @entity0 showed @entity5 , @entity3 , @entity8 , @entity4 , and @entity2 ; five of them had impaired ventilatory function. Separated plasma was perfused onto a column to adsorb anti-AChR-Ab. Each @entity0 received a treatment cycle of six PP sessions. Clinical conditions were assessed before and after the treatment, with evaluation of muscular strength, ventilatory function, and electromyographic testing ( @entity7 ). Immunologic markers were tested before and after each PP. Clinical improvement in bulbar symptoms and respiratory function was noted in all @entity0 after one to three PP. Limb muscle strength began to improve later. Serum concentration decreased (mean % +/- SD) after each PP:anti-AChR-Ab 36.47 +/- 17.43; IgA 20.44 +/- 11.26; IgG 21.24 +/- 32.56; IgM 23.22 +/- 11.40; C3 36.78 +/- 10.15; C4 42.69 +/- 14.82. In five of seven @entity0 the improvement continues (follow-up 1 to 10 months). In one @entity0 it lasted only 1 month, and in another a relapse occurred after 10 months of benefit, but was successfully reversed by retreatment.

title: Plasma perfusion in XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Nuclear DNA content of @entity4 -embedded tissue from 48 @entity5 , 18 histologically normal control adrenal glands, and five @entity7 was analyzed retrospectively using flow cytometry. Aneuploidy was compared with morphologic criteria as a predictor of recurrence. All 18 controls, five hyperplastic glands, and 39 @entity1 were diploid. Nine @entity1 were aneuploid. Compared with their diploid counterparts, @entity1 were more likely to weigh more than 50 g (P less than 0.0001) and to have three or more histologic features of @entity2 (P less than 0.0001). Thirty-six @entity1 were followed clinically for at least 2 years (range 24 to 120 months, mean = 64.6 months) or until local recurrence, @entity0 , or @entity3 . Five were clinically malignant. @entity1 which recurred or metastasized were more apt to be aneuploid (P less than 0.005) than those showing no evidence of further disease during the follow-up period. They were also more likely to weigh more than 50 g (P less than 0.005) and to have three or more histologic features of @entity2 (P less than 0.0025). However, neither @entity6 , large size, nor unfavorable histology result was a consistent feature in every malignant @entity1 . Flow cytometric DNA content analysis appears to be as effective a predictor of clinical outcome as size and histology and may be of particular value when the morphologic features are ambiguous.

title: Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA from @entity5 . A retrospective study using XXXX -embedded tissue.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Nuclear DNA content of @entity4 -embedded tissue from 48 @entity5 , 18 histologically normal control adrenal glands, and five @entity7 was analyzed retrospectively using flow cytometry. Aneuploidy was compared with morphologic criteria as a predictor of recurrence. All 18 controls, five hyperplastic glands, and 39 @entity1 were diploid. Nine @entity1 were aneuploid. Compared with their diploid counterparts, @entity1 were more likely to weigh more than 50 g (P less than 0.0001) and to have three or more histologic features of @entity2 (P less than 0.0001). Thirty-six @entity1 were followed clinically for at least 2 years (range 24 to 120 months, mean = 64.6 months) or until local recurrence, @entity0 , or @entity3 . Five were clinically malignant. @entity1 which recurred or metastasized were more apt to be aneuploid (P less than 0.005) than those showing no evidence of further disease during the follow-up period. They were also more likely to weigh more than 50 g (P less than 0.005) and to have three or more histologic features of @entity2 (P less than 0.0025). However, neither @entity6 , large size, nor unfavorable histology result was a consistent feature in every malignant @entity1 . Flow cytometric DNA content analysis appears to be as effective a predictor of clinical outcome as size and histology and may be of particular value when the morphologic features are ambiguous.

title: Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA from XXXX . A retrospective study using @entity4 -embedded tissue.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Between March 1970 and December 1978 there were 366 @entity0 with @entity2 treated by 125I seed implants and pelvic lymph node dissection. All had a minimum of 5 years follow-up. One hundred thirty-three @entity0 had metastatic @entity2 in lymph nodes (Stage D1) at the time of lymph node dissection and seed implantation. Ninety-one of the 133 @entity0 were judged to have sufficient metastatic @entity2 in their nodal tissue (greater than 50% replacement with @entity1 ) to justify flow cytometric cellular DNA measurements on the involved @entity3 -embedded nodal tissue. Nine @entity0 were excluded due to uninterpretable DNA histograms leaving 82 @entity0 for analysis. Forty-nine @entity0 had @entity4 and 33 had @entity1 . There was no statistical bias between the @entity4 and diploid groups due to age (P = 0.970, chi 2 test), time between diagnosis and implantation (P = 0.217, chi 2 test), number of positive nodes (P = 0.669, two-sample t test of means), or @entity1 grade (P = 0.332, chi 2 test). Median survival time of the @entity4 and diploid groups was 5.0 and 8.8 years, respectively (P = 0.0109, log rank test). Cox regression analysis confirmed the effect of aneuploidy versus diploidy on survival by controlling for other potentially confounding variables (age, time from diagnosis to implantation, number of positive nodes, and grade). Grade as a predictor of survival did not approach statistical significance in this series of relatively small size (P = 0.116). Thirty-eight of the 82 @entity0 had moderately differentiated @entity1 . Nineteen of these were @entity4 and 19 diploid. The median survival was 5.8 and 9.1 years, respectively, for these grade-matched @entity4 and diploid groups (P = 0.039, log rank test). We conclude that flow cytometric DNA measurements on archived paraffin-embedded @entity1 in nodal metastases appear to be a strong predictor of survival for Stage @entity2 .

title: Flow cytometry of XXXX : relationship of DNA content to survival.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Twenty-nine adult @entity0 with primary @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and an excess of @entity1 were treated by aggressive chemotherapy while still in @entity2 phase (20 cases) or after progression to ANLL (9 cases). Median age was 47.5 (range 18-68). Twenty-eight @entity0 received a combination of @entity4 and @entity5 received High dose Ara C. Fourteen @entity0 (48%) achieved complete remission (CR), 5 (17%) were treatment failures (F) and 10 (35%) died during therapy induced @entity3 (DA). Median disease free survival was 8.5 months. Median survival of the whole population was 6 months from the onset of treatment, and 17 months in @entity0 achieving CR. These results were significantly less favorable than those obtained at our institution in de novo ANLL with the same chemotherapy regimens. No statistically significant prognostic factors of treatment outcome emerged but @entity0 with normal cytogenetic findings seemed to have both a higher CR rate and longer remissions than @entity0 with abnormal karyotypes. @entity0 under 50 did not have higher CR rates than older @entity0 , although they had longer remissions (with 3 out of 6 CRs exceeding 2 years). Finally, treatment outcome and survival were identical in @entity0 treated in the @entity2 phase and in those treated after progression to ANLL. Combination chemotherapy is a highly toxic approach in @entity2 and essentially seems to benefit younger @entity0 with a normal karyotype, in whom some long remissions can be obtained.

title: Aggressive chemotherapy in adult primary XXXX . A report on 29 cases.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Seventeen @entity6 and @entity7 strains have been screened for naturally occurring antibiotic resistance, as determined by zones of inhibition from antibiotic disks. These strains were also examined for extrachromosomal DNA content. All strains screened are resistant to low levels (10-200 micrograms/mL) of @entity4 . In contrast to the previously reported data, we have found that @entity7 C-94 is now susceptible to both @entity5 and @entity1 . However, @entity7 @entity8 is not susceptible to @entity5 (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 40 micrograms/mL). Furthermore, @entity6 8 is resistant to @entity1 (MIC = 40 micrograms/mL), and @entity3 (MIC = 100 micrograms/mL). Six freshly isolated strains showed resistance to @entity1 (35-70 micrograms/mL), and all @entity1 -resistant strains also showed resistance to @entity2 . None of these @entity6 determinants share homology with the streptococcal tetL, tetM, or tetN determinants. All 17 strains were screened for extrachromosomal DNA content. Nine different techniques for the detection and isolation of extrachromosomal DNA were tested. However, owing to difficulties in demonstrating or isolating plasmid DNA, it has not been possible to determine if these antibiotic resistance genes are plasmid borne. Evidence is presented to suggest that the presence of @entity0 may affect the quality of the DNA obtained from @entity6 .

title: Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility and extrachromosomal DNA content of XXXX and @entity7 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Seventeen @entity6 and @entity7 strains have been screened for naturally occurring antibiotic resistance, as determined by zones of inhibition from antibiotic disks. These strains were also examined for extrachromosomal DNA content. All strains screened are resistant to low levels (10-200 micrograms/mL) of @entity4 . In contrast to the previously reported data, we have found that @entity7 C-94 is now susceptible to both @entity5 and @entity1 . However, @entity7 @entity8 is not susceptible to @entity5 (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 40 micrograms/mL). Furthermore, @entity6 8 is resistant to @entity1 (MIC = 40 micrograms/mL), and @entity3 (MIC = 100 micrograms/mL). Six freshly isolated strains showed resistance to @entity1 (35-70 micrograms/mL), and all @entity1 -resistant strains also showed resistance to @entity2 . None of these @entity6 determinants share homology with the streptococcal tetL, tetM, or tetN determinants. All 17 strains were screened for extrachromosomal DNA content. Nine different techniques for the detection and isolation of extrachromosomal DNA were tested. However, owing to difficulties in demonstrating or isolating plasmid DNA, it has not been possible to determine if these antibiotic resistance genes are plasmid borne. Evidence is presented to suggest that the presence of @entity0 may affect the quality of the DNA obtained from @entity6 .

title: Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility and extrachromosomal DNA content of @entity6 and XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: In 22 @entity0 with advanced @entity6 of the @entity3 we evaluated the efficacy and @entity4 of 200 mg/m2 @entity5 administered in 3% @entity7 with vigorous hydration. Six @entity0 had previously untreated stage IV disease and 16 @entity0 had @entity2 , including eight with prior chemotherapy including low-dose @entity5 and @entity9 . @entity5 was administered as a brief infusion, either 40 mg/m2/day X 5 or 50 mg/m2/day X4, every 28 days. Objective responses were observed in 16 of 22 (73%) @entity0 , including 5 of 6 (83%) previously untreated @entity0 and 11 of 16 (69%) @entity0 with @entity2 . This included two complete responses, one confirmed pathologically. Fifty-seven courses of drug were administered and @entity4 was monitored with serial creatinine clearance determinations, audiograms, and sensorimotor exams. @entity1 and @entity8 were dose-limiting and led to the stopping of treatment in 12 of the 16 responders after one to four courses (median three courses). Only two responding @entity0 continued treatment until disease progression occurred at 3 and 4 months after achieving maximum response. Acute, transient nephrotoxicity occurred in four @entity0 ; two were retreated. Moderate myelosuppression occurred in all @entity0 but was not treatment-limiting. For most @entity0 the maximally tolerated number of courses was three. The median survival time was 33.5 weeks for @entity2 @entity0 , 108 weeks for newly diagnosed @entity0 . This regimen is not recommended for the palliation of @entity2 . However, the very high response rate suggests that high-dose @entity5 may have a useful role in induction or adjuvant chemotherapy regimens.

title: High-dose XXXX in advanced @entity3 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: In 22 @entity0 with advanced @entity6 of the @entity3 we evaluated the efficacy and @entity4 of 200 mg/m2 @entity5 administered in 3% @entity7 with vigorous hydration. Six @entity0 had previously untreated stage IV disease and 16 @entity0 had @entity2 , including eight with prior chemotherapy including low-dose @entity5 and @entity9 . @entity5 was administered as a brief infusion, either 40 mg/m2/day X 5 or 50 mg/m2/day X4, every 28 days. Objective responses were observed in 16 of 22 (73%) @entity0 , including 5 of 6 (83%) previously untreated @entity0 and 11 of 16 (69%) @entity0 with @entity2 . This included two complete responses, one confirmed pathologically. Fifty-seven courses of drug were administered and @entity4 was monitored with serial creatinine clearance determinations, audiograms, and sensorimotor exams. @entity1 and @entity8 were dose-limiting and led to the stopping of treatment in 12 of the 16 responders after one to four courses (median three courses). Only two responding @entity0 continued treatment until disease progression occurred at 3 and 4 months after achieving maximum response. Acute, transient nephrotoxicity occurred in four @entity0 ; two were retreated. Moderate myelosuppression occurred in all @entity0 but was not treatment-limiting. For most @entity0 the maximally tolerated number of courses was three. The median survival time was 33.5 weeks for @entity2 @entity0 , 108 weeks for newly diagnosed @entity0 . This regimen is not recommended for the palliation of @entity2 . However, the very high response rate suggests that high-dose @entity5 may have a useful role in induction or adjuvant chemotherapy regimens.

title: High-dose @entity5 in advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Between 1973 and 1983, 27 @entity0 with acute @entity5 were treated at the UCLA Medical Center with @entity4 . These cases were selected on the basis of age, high activity level, and degenerative changes in the acetabular cartilage. The average age was 72 years. There were 19 @entity0 and eight @entity0 . The average follow-up period was 3.8 years with a range of one to ten years. Methods used included analysis of clinical data, roentgenograms, final @entity1 ratings, walking ratings, and activity levels using the UCLA rating system. @entity1 relief and overall functional results were better than that of most series of acute @entity5 treated with hemiarthroplasty and similar to that of @entity4 series. The complication rate was slightly less than both authors' elective total hip series, and considerably less than most hemiarthroplasty series. Complications included a @entity6 , a @entity3 , and a perforated @entity7 . Four @entity0 died within one year from causes unrelated to the hip arthroplasty. There were no deep @entity2 , dislocations, or reoperations. Total hip arthroplasty in selective cases of acute @entity5 can give more consistent @entity1 relief and better functional results than hemiarthroplasty, without an increase in complications.

title: Treatment of acute XXXX with @entity4 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Between 1973 and 1983, 27 @entity0 with acute @entity5 were treated at the UCLA Medical Center with @entity4 . These cases were selected on the basis of age, high activity level, and degenerative changes in the acetabular cartilage. The average age was 72 years. There were 19 @entity0 and eight @entity0 . The average follow-up period was 3.8 years with a range of one to ten years. Methods used included analysis of clinical data, roentgenograms, final @entity1 ratings, walking ratings, and activity levels using the UCLA rating system. @entity1 relief and overall functional results were better than that of most series of acute @entity5 treated with hemiarthroplasty and similar to that of @entity4 series. The complication rate was slightly less than both authors' elective total hip series, and considerably less than most hemiarthroplasty series. Complications included a @entity6 , a @entity3 , and a perforated @entity7 . Four @entity0 died within one year from causes unrelated to the hip arthroplasty. There were no deep @entity2 , dislocations, or reoperations. Total hip arthroplasty in selective cases of acute @entity5 can give more consistent @entity1 relief and better functional results than hemiarthroplasty, without an increase in complications.

title: Treatment of acute @entity5 with XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Investigations were carried out on 24 @entity2 or borderline @entity2 @entity0 with different degrees of renal function. Eight had normal renal function [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) greater than 90 ml/min], 8 moderate (GFR 30 to 60 ml/min) and 8 severe @entity1 (GFR less than 30 ml/min). All @entity0 were given @entity4 0.3mg once daily for 7 days and both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data were determined. During @entity4 treatment plasma elimination half-life, area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and apparent total clearance (CLT) showed statistically significant differences among @entity0 in the 3 groups. Elimination half-life was 2.6 +/- 0.9 hours in @entity0 with a GFR greater than 90 ml/min and increased to 6.9 +/- 3.7 hours in those with a GFR less than 30 ml/min (mean +/- SD; p = 0.012). Correspondingly, AUC0-24 h rose from 5.4 +/- 2.7 to 17.2 +/- 7.9 micrograms/L . h (p = 0.001), and CLT decreased from 1150 +/- 602.l ml/min to 369 +/- 227.6 ml/min (p = 0.001). These data suggest that once-daily administration of 0.3mg @entity4 may be appropriate in @entity0 with @entity1 . Independent of renal function, @entity4 was well tolerated in 22 of 24 @entity0 . No deterioration in renal function as a consequence of the use of @entity4 was found. Thus, in @entity0 with @entity3 , dosage of @entity4 should be individually titrated according to the desired clinical response, as is recommended for @entity2 @entity0 without @entity1 .

title: The influence of renal function on clinical pharmacokinetics of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The present study was undertaken to determine if beta-agonists delivered by nebulizer provide better clinical responses than @entity3 therapy in status asthmaticus. We divided 28 hospitalized @entity1 @entity0 into three groups. Group 1 received @entity2 by @entity3 with InspirEase. Group 2 received nebulized @entity2 . Group 3 received nebulized @entity4 . Both nebulizer regimens resulted in significant improvements in both FVC and FEV1 by 30 min after initial hospital beta-agonist treatment. No significant improvement was noted in initial spirometry in the @entity3 with InspirEase group. In spite of the superiority of nebulizer therapy in the initial phase of hospitalization, the daily rates of spirometric improvement and duration of hospitalization were not significantly different among the three groups. Our results indicate that nebulizer therapy provides superior spirometric improvement in the initial phase of status asthmaticus. However, both @entity3 and nebulizer regimens provided similar rates of spirometric improvement and duration of hospitalization.

title: Comparison of beta-adrenergic agents delivered by nebulizer vs metered dose inhaler with InspirEase in hospitalized XXXX @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The present study was undertaken to determine if beta-agonists delivered by nebulizer provide better clinical responses than @entity3 therapy in status asthmaticus. We divided 28 hospitalized @entity1 @entity0 into three groups. Group 1 received @entity2 by @entity3 with InspirEase. Group 2 received nebulized @entity2 . Group 3 received nebulized @entity4 . Both nebulizer regimens resulted in significant improvements in both FVC and FEV1 by 30 min after initial hospital beta-agonist treatment. No significant improvement was noted in initial spirometry in the @entity3 with InspirEase group. In spite of the superiority of nebulizer therapy in the initial phase of hospitalization, the daily rates of spirometric improvement and duration of hospitalization were not significantly different among the three groups. Our results indicate that nebulizer therapy provides superior spirometric improvement in the initial phase of status asthmaticus. However, both @entity3 and nebulizer regimens provided similar rates of spirometric improvement and duration of hospitalization.

title: Comparison of beta-adrenergic agents delivered by nebulizer vs metered dose inhaler with InspirEase in hospitalized @entity1 XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: LH pulses during the @entity1 (P)-induced LH surge were examined in ovariectomized and @entity0 -treated female monkeys. Animals received a 2.5-mg P or oil injection 24 h after administration of 30 micrograms @entity3 . The animals were fitted with jugular catheters connected to a tether-swivel system. Blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals starting 3-4 h before and ending 12-20 h after P or oil injection. Plasma LH was measured by both bioassay and RIA. LH pulses were determined by the PULSAR program. P administration induced a BIA-LH surge with a latency of 71 +/- 10 min in all seven animals. The P-induced bioassayable LH (BIA-LH) surge consisted of an ascending phase (204 +/- 24 min), a plateau period (174 +/- 32 min), and a descending phase (376 +/- 60 min). Oil injection did not cause a LH surge (n = 4). BIA-LH release before P and that during the P-induced LH surge were pulsatile. Pulse intervals of BIA-LH before P treatment (57.1 +/- 5.2 min) were not different from those before (55.0 +/- 11.7 min) and after (62.9 +/- 16.3 min) oil injection. In contrast, pulse intervals during the ascending phase (35.0 +/- 4.0 min), plateau period (34.6 +/- 2.6 min), and descending phase (45.0 +/- 3.1 min) were significantly shorter (P less than 0.02) than those before P. Pulse amplitudes of BIA-LH during the ascending phase (125.3 +/- 28.7 ng/ml) and plateau period (253.9 +/- 27.0 ng/ml) were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than those (44.7 +/- 12.6 ng/ml) before P and during the descending phase (66.9 +/- 11.1 ng/ml). Radioimmunoassayable LH results were quite similar to those for BIA-LH, except that amplitude changes in radioimmunoassayable LH after P treatment were smaller than those in BIA-LH. It was concluded, therefore, that both the frequency and amplitude of pulsatile LH release increase during the P-induced LH surge, especially during the ascending phase and plateau period, in female @entity2 . Furthermore, the present results support our previous conclusion that P facilitates pulsatile LHRH release with increases in frequency and amplitude in ovariectomized and @entity0 -treated monkeys.

title: Pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) release during the XXXX -induced LH surge in the female @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: LH pulses during the @entity1 (P)-induced LH surge were examined in ovariectomized and @entity0 -treated female monkeys. Animals received a 2.5-mg P or oil injection 24 h after administration of 30 micrograms @entity3 . The animals were fitted with jugular catheters connected to a tether-swivel system. Blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals starting 3-4 h before and ending 12-20 h after P or oil injection. Plasma LH was measured by both bioassay and RIA. LH pulses were determined by the PULSAR program. P administration induced a BIA-LH surge with a latency of 71 +/- 10 min in all seven animals. The P-induced bioassayable LH (BIA-LH) surge consisted of an ascending phase (204 +/- 24 min), a plateau period (174 +/- 32 min), and a descending phase (376 +/- 60 min). Oil injection did not cause a LH surge (n = 4). BIA-LH release before P and that during the P-induced LH surge were pulsatile. Pulse intervals of BIA-LH before P treatment (57.1 +/- 5.2 min) were not different from those before (55.0 +/- 11.7 min) and after (62.9 +/- 16.3 min) oil injection. In contrast, pulse intervals during the ascending phase (35.0 +/- 4.0 min), plateau period (34.6 +/- 2.6 min), and descending phase (45.0 +/- 3.1 min) were significantly shorter (P less than 0.02) than those before P. Pulse amplitudes of BIA-LH during the ascending phase (125.3 +/- 28.7 ng/ml) and plateau period (253.9 +/- 27.0 ng/ml) were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than those (44.7 +/- 12.6 ng/ml) before P and during the descending phase (66.9 +/- 11.1 ng/ml). Radioimmunoassayable LH results were quite similar to those for BIA-LH, except that amplitude changes in radioimmunoassayable LH after P treatment were smaller than those in BIA-LH. It was concluded, therefore, that both the frequency and amplitude of pulsatile LH release increase during the P-induced LH surge, especially during the ascending phase and plateau period, in female @entity2 . Furthermore, the present results support our previous conclusion that P facilitates pulsatile LHRH release with increases in frequency and amplitude in ovariectomized and @entity0 -treated monkeys.

title: Pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) release during the @entity1 -induced LH surge in the female XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that low-amplitude electrical activity ( @entity4 ) may occur during standard @entity3 hypothermic @entity2 and be undetected by routine monitoring techniques. The present study was designed to elucidate the electrophysiological nature of @entity4 . Ten @entity0 were monitored continuously during standard @entity2 using a 32-channel data acquisition system. In 7 animals (Part I), electrophysiological mapping of the lower right atrial septum during arrest was performed. The initial site of activation of @entity4 was consistently recorded from the region of the lower atrial septum prior to atrial or ventricular electrical activation. The site of origin of @entity4 was thus localized to the anatomical region of the atrial septum containing the atrioventricular nodal conduction tissue. In Part II, the electrophysiological mechanism of @entity4 was investigated in the remaining 3 animals utilizing an intrinsic property of specialized conduction tissue. Inclusion of a @entity1 channel-blocking agent in standard cardioplegic solution completely prevented the development of @entity4 in all 3 animals, which is in contrast to findings in previous studies using standard cardioplegic solution alone. These data suggest that @entity4 may be related to @entity1 -mediated activation of specialized conduction tissue. This mechanism of activation may explain why @entity4 cannot be detected by the intraoperative monitoring techniques routinely employed.

title: Electrical activity in the heart during @entity3 hypothermic XXXX : site of origin and relationship to specialized conduction tissue.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that low-amplitude electrical activity ( @entity4 ) may occur during standard @entity3 hypothermic @entity2 and be undetected by routine monitoring techniques. The present study was designed to elucidate the electrophysiological nature of @entity4 . Ten @entity0 were monitored continuously during standard @entity2 using a 32-channel data acquisition system. In 7 animals (Part I), electrophysiological mapping of the lower right atrial septum during arrest was performed. The initial site of activation of @entity4 was consistently recorded from the region of the lower atrial septum prior to atrial or ventricular electrical activation. The site of origin of @entity4 was thus localized to the anatomical region of the atrial septum containing the atrioventricular nodal conduction tissue. In Part II, the electrophysiological mechanism of @entity4 was investigated in the remaining 3 animals utilizing an intrinsic property of specialized conduction tissue. Inclusion of a @entity1 channel-blocking agent in standard cardioplegic solution completely prevented the development of @entity4 in all 3 animals, which is in contrast to findings in previous studies using standard cardioplegic solution alone. These data suggest that @entity4 may be related to @entity1 -mediated activation of specialized conduction tissue. This mechanism of activation may explain why @entity4 cannot be detected by the intraoperative monitoring techniques routinely employed.

title: Electrical activity in the heart during XXXX hypothermic @entity2 : site of origin and relationship to specialized conduction tissue.

answer: @entity3


abstract: On chronic treatment certain amphiphilic drugs induce a generalized phospholipidosis. This @entity0 has been related to an inhibition of the lysosomal phospholipases due to the interaction of the drugs with phospholipids (PL). In the present experiments, the influence of the amphiphilic drugs @entity7 , @entity3 , @entity1 and @entity8 on the hydrolysis of @entity4 ( @entity5 ) unilamellar liposomes by @entity6 venom @entity10 ( @entity10 ) was studied. Special emphasis was laid on the initial phase and temperature @entity2 . The activity of @entity10 was measured continuously with a spectrophotometric assay using @entity9 red as indicator. In most cases a lag-phase of different duration was observed before the enzyme exhibited its full activity. The duration of the lag-phase and the rate of hydrolysis in the second phase are inversely related. The temperature @entity2 of the hydrolysis reveals a maximum of activity near the phase transition of the bilayer and a gradually decreasing activity at lower and higher temperatures, respectively. The analysis of the influence of amphiphilic drugs reveals three types of interaction. @entity3 and @entity7 shift the temperature activity profile towards lower temperatures without a substantial influence on the shape of the profile and on the maximal rate of hydrolysis. @entity1 inhibits the enzyme activity without any temperature @entity2 . @entity8 , the classical @entity11 inducing drug, exhibits a third type of interaction which seems to be a combination of the two former types.

title: Influence of cationic amphiphilic drugs on the phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by XXXX .

answer: @entity10


abstract: Mutations affecting @entity0 spermatogenesis can be used to dissect the processes of meiosis and spermatozoan morphological maturation. We have obtained 23 new chromosome I mutations that affect spermatogenesis (spe mutations). These mutations, together with six previously described mutations, identify 11 complementation groups, of which six are defined by multiple alleles. These spe mutations are all recessive and cause normally self-fertile hermaphrodites to produce unfertilized oocytes that can be fertilized by wild-type male sperm. Five chromosome I mutation/deficiency heterozygotes have similar phenotypes to the homozygote showing that the probable null phenotype of these genes is defective sperm. Spermatogenesis is disrupted at different steps by mutations in these genes. The maturation of 1 degree spermatocytes is disrupted by mutations in @entity3 and @entity4 . Spermatids from @entity1 and @entity5 mutants develop into normal spermatozoa in males, but not in hermaphrodites. fer-6 spermatids are abnormal, and @entity6 spermatids look normal but subsequently become abnormal spermatozoa. Mutations in five genes (fer-7, @entity2 , @entity7 , spe-13 and @entity8 ) allow formation of normal looking motile spermatozoa that appear to be defective in either sperm-spermathecal or sperm-oocyte interactions.

title: Developmental genetics of chromosome I spermatogenesis-defective mutants in the XXXX @entity0 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Mutations affecting @entity0 spermatogenesis can be used to dissect the processes of meiosis and spermatozoan morphological maturation. We have obtained 23 new chromosome I mutations that affect spermatogenesis (spe mutations). These mutations, together with six previously described mutations, identify 11 complementation groups, of which six are defined by multiple alleles. These spe mutations are all recessive and cause normally self-fertile hermaphrodites to produce unfertilized oocytes that can be fertilized by wild-type male sperm. Five chromosome I mutation/deficiency heterozygotes have similar phenotypes to the homozygote showing that the probable null phenotype of these genes is defective sperm. Spermatogenesis is disrupted at different steps by mutations in these genes. The maturation of 1 degree spermatocytes is disrupted by mutations in @entity3 and @entity4 . Spermatids from @entity1 and @entity5 mutants develop into normal spermatozoa in males, but not in hermaphrodites. fer-6 spermatids are abnormal, and @entity6 spermatids look normal but subsequently become abnormal spermatozoa. Mutations in five genes (fer-7, @entity2 , @entity7 , spe-13 and @entity8 ) allow formation of normal looking motile spermatozoa that appear to be defective in either sperm-spermathecal or sperm-oocyte interactions.

title: Developmental genetics of chromosome I spermatogenesis-defective mutants in the @entity0 XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Natural killer (NK) cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes capable of killing a variety of neoplastic targets. NK can limit pulmonary metastases in animal models and could be important mediators of @entity1 defense in @entity0 lung. Previous studies in @entity0 have suggested, however, that pulmonary NK cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are functionally inert. We purified lymphocytes from @entity0 lung tissue and compared the NK activity of these cells with lymphocytes purified from peripheral blood. The activity of NK cells obtained from minced whole lung specimens was comparable to that found in peripheral blood. Monoclonal antibodies to 2 markers found on peripheral blood large granular lymphocytes (LGL) were utilized to determine the phenotype of pulmonary NK cells. Lymphocytes expressing Leu 11b were responsible for pulmonary NK activity as all NK function was abrogated by pretreatment with anti-Leu 11b and complement. In contrast, lymphocytes expressing @entity2 had little NK activity. Although the frequency of lymphocytes expressing @entity2 or Leu 11 in blood was comparable, there were significantly more (p less than 0.001) @entity2 + lymphocytes in the lung than Leu 11+ cells. Immunofluorescent staining of lung tissue demonstrated that LGL expressing Leu 11 were confined largely to the lung interstitium, whereas LGL expressing @entity2 were frequently located in alveoli and larger airways. These findings suggest that NK function is present in the @entity0 lung and that it is compartmentalized with the NK-active Leu 11+ lymphocytes located primarily in the lung interstitium.

title: Natural killer cell function in XXXX lung is compartmentalized.

answer: @entity0