abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify any effects that lead, @entity2 , @entity3 , and @entity1 may have on the development of gestational @entity0 . METHODS: Third-trimester 110 normotensive and 33 gestational @entity0 cases were assayed for various metal levels, using standard techniques, including atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS: Gestational @entity0 cases showed significantly higher blood lead levels than normotensives. No differences were noticed regarding @entity2 (ionized and total), @entity3 , and @entity1 levels. Blood lead was significantly related with blood pressure, even after correcting for the body mass indices and age. Blood pressure levels showed no relation to the other analyzed metals. However, the lead:ionized @entity2 ratio showed a stronger association with blood pressure, than lead alone. Blood lead showed a significant negative relationship with ionized @entity2 , but none with the other metals. CONCLUSIONS: Blood lead evidently influenced blood pressure increments and gestational @entity0 development. This implies that all efforts should be made to reduce the population's exposure.

title: Lead and other metals in gestational XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intranasal corticosteroids are effective for the treatment of @entity1 . Sensory attributes associated with these sprays may affect @entity0 preference and adherence to treatment regimens. OBJECTIVES: These 2 studies compared @entity0 ' perceptions of and preferences for specific sensory attributes of @entity2 aqueous nasal spray (BANS) and @entity3 nasal spray (FPNS). METHODS: In 2 multicenter, randomized, single-blind ( @entity0 ), single-dose, 2-period, 1-day crossover studies, adults with mild to moderate @entity1 received single doses of BANS (one 32-pg spray per nostril in both studies, 64-microg total dose) and FPNS (two 50-microg sprays per nostril in study 1, 200-pg total dose; one 50-microg spray per nostril in study 2, 100-microg total dose). Study 1 compared the once-daily recommended starting doses of BANS and FPNS, and study 2 compared BANS with half the once-daily recommended dose of FPNS to balance the number of actuations for delivery of study drug. @entity0 completed the 23-item Sensory Perceptions Questionnaire and indicated their product preference (if any). RESULTS: A total of 110 @entity0 and 71 @entity0 in study 1 and 136 @entity0 and 54 @entity0 in study 2 were randomized to treatment. None had previously used BANS or FPNS. In both studies, fewer @entity0 perceived scent or taste (both P < 0.001 in both studies), forceful spray (P < 0.001 in both studies), and a wet feel in both the nose and throat (study 1, P < 0.004; study 2, P < 0.002) with BANS than with FPNS. In addition, more @entity0 in both studies liked the spray force (study 1, P < 0.01; study 2, P < 0.001) and moisture content in the throat (study 1, P < 0.001; study 2, P < 0.006) of BANS and indicated a greater overall satisfaction with the sensory features of BANS than those of FPNS (study 1, P < 0.001; study 2, P < 0.015). In analyses that included all responding @entity0 , 54.4% of @entity0 in study 1 preferred BANS and 37.8% preferred FPNS (P < 0.022). In study 2, 47.4% preferred BANS and 41.1% preferred FPNS (not significant). Of the 92.2% of @entity0 in study 1 and 88.4% in study 2 who specified a product preference, 59.0% preferred BANS and 41.0% preferred FPNS in study 1 (P = 0.021), and 53.6% preferred BANS and 46.4% preferred FPNS in study 2 (not significant). CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of perceptions of specific sensory attributes reported after 1 administration in these 2 studies, BANS was rated as more pleasing and preferred over the recommended QD starting dose of FPNS, and was also rated as more pleasing than half the QD recommended starting dose of FPNS.

title: Two multicenter, randomized, single-blind, single-dose, crossover studies of specific sensory attributes of @entity2 aqueous nasal spray and XXXX nasal spray.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intranasal corticosteroids are effective for the treatment of @entity1 . Sensory attributes associated with these sprays may affect @entity0 preference and adherence to treatment regimens. OBJECTIVES: These 2 studies compared @entity0 ' perceptions of and preferences for specific sensory attributes of @entity2 aqueous nasal spray (BANS) and @entity3 nasal spray (FPNS). METHODS: In 2 multicenter, randomized, single-blind ( @entity0 ), single-dose, 2-period, 1-day crossover studies, adults with mild to moderate @entity1 received single doses of BANS (one 32-pg spray per nostril in both studies, 64-microg total dose) and FPNS (two 50-microg sprays per nostril in study 1, 200-pg total dose; one 50-microg spray per nostril in study 2, 100-microg total dose). Study 1 compared the once-daily recommended starting doses of BANS and FPNS, and study 2 compared BANS with half the once-daily recommended dose of FPNS to balance the number of actuations for delivery of study drug. @entity0 completed the 23-item Sensory Perceptions Questionnaire and indicated their product preference (if any). RESULTS: A total of 110 @entity0 and 71 @entity0 in study 1 and 136 @entity0 and 54 @entity0 in study 2 were randomized to treatment. None had previously used BANS or FPNS. In both studies, fewer @entity0 perceived scent or taste (both P < 0.001 in both studies), forceful spray (P < 0.001 in both studies), and a wet feel in both the nose and throat (study 1, P < 0.004; study 2, P < 0.002) with BANS than with FPNS. In addition, more @entity0 in both studies liked the spray force (study 1, P < 0.01; study 2, P < 0.001) and moisture content in the throat (study 1, P < 0.001; study 2, P < 0.006) of BANS and indicated a greater overall satisfaction with the sensory features of BANS than those of FPNS (study 1, P < 0.001; study 2, P < 0.015). In analyses that included all responding @entity0 , 54.4% of @entity0 in study 1 preferred BANS and 37.8% preferred FPNS (P < 0.022). In study 2, 47.4% preferred BANS and 41.1% preferred FPNS (not significant). Of the 92.2% of @entity0 in study 1 and 88.4% in study 2 who specified a product preference, 59.0% preferred BANS and 41.0% preferred FPNS in study 1 (P = 0.021), and 53.6% preferred BANS and 46.4% preferred FPNS in study 2 (not significant). CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of perceptions of specific sensory attributes reported after 1 administration in these 2 studies, BANS was rated as more pleasing and preferred over the recommended QD starting dose of FPNS, and was also rated as more pleasing than half the QD recommended starting dose of FPNS.

title: Two multicenter, randomized, single-blind, single-dose, crossover studies of specific sensory attributes of XXXX aqueous nasal spray and @entity3 nasal spray.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop a @entity1 -specific quality-of-life instrument. METHODS: Based on the results of directed focus sessions with 8 @entity0 with @entity2 or @entity3 , we conceptualized 3 major constructs that explain the way @entity4 affect @entity0 quality of life: symptoms, functioning, and emotions. We constructed a 23-item instrument, Scalpdex, and tested its reliability, responsiveness, and validity. RESULTS: Fifty-two dermatology @entity0 completed the study. We demonstrated construct validity by confirming that the factors derived by principal axes factor analyses with orthogonal rotation correlated to our hypothesized scales (r = 0.76-0.84) and that differences in symptom, functioning, and emotion scores differed among the varying levels of self-reported scalp severity more than would be expected by chance (P<.05 by analysis of variance). The instrument demonstrated reliability with internal consistency (Cronbach alpha, 0.62-0.80) and reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.90-0.97). The quality-of-life scores changed in the expected direction in our test for responsiveness (P<or=.05, by paired t test for functioning and emotion for those who improved). We ascertained the discriminant capability of Scalpdex compared with a dermatological generic quality-of-life tool, Skindex, by demonstrating superior responsiveness (P<or=.005 by paired t test in functioning and emotion) and improved overall sensitivity in individual items. CONCLUSIONS: Scalpdex is, to our knowledge, the first quality-of-life instrument specifically for @entity0 with @entity1 that is reliable, valid, and responsive. Clinicians can use the instrument to determine which aspect of the disease most bothers the @entity0 and to evaluate quality of life as one variable of responsiveness to the therapeutic intervention.

title: Scalpdex: a quality-of-life instrument for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7 has been associated with @entity2 . Recently, it was detected in the joints and blood of @entity0 with @entity2 , but it is not clear yet how the bacteria enter the body and reach the joints. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of @entity7 to induce experimental @entity3 in @entity1 following inoculation of the bacteria in the @entity5 and knee joints. METHODS: P-140 and PG-18 strains were each injected in the knee joints of 14 @entity1 in order to evaluate and compare their arthritogenicity. P-140 was also injected in the @entity5 of 14 @entity1 in order to test the ability of the bacteria to reach the joints and induce @entity3 . RESULTS: @entity7 produced an acute @entity3 in @entity1 . Joint swelling appeared first in @entity1 injected with P-140, which caused a more severe @entity3 than PG-18. Both strains were able to migrate to the uninoculated knee joints and they were detected viable in the joints all along the duration of the experiment. Changes in the synovial tissue were more severe by the end of the experiment and characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils and substitution of adipose tissue by connective tissue. @entity1 intracheally injected with P-140 showed induced @entity3 and the bacteria could be isolated from lungs, blood, heart, kidney, spleen, brain and joints. CONCLUSION: @entity7 induced @entity3 regardless of the inoculation route. These findings may help explain why @entity6 are commonly isolated from the joints of @entity4 @entity0 .

title: Experimental @entity3 induced by a clinical XXXX isolate.

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7 has been associated with @entity2 . Recently, it was detected in the joints and blood of @entity0 with @entity2 , but it is not clear yet how the bacteria enter the body and reach the joints. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of @entity7 to induce experimental @entity3 in @entity1 following inoculation of the bacteria in the @entity5 and knee joints. METHODS: P-140 and PG-18 strains were each injected in the knee joints of 14 @entity1 in order to evaluate and compare their arthritogenicity. P-140 was also injected in the @entity5 of 14 @entity1 in order to test the ability of the bacteria to reach the joints and induce @entity3 . RESULTS: @entity7 produced an acute @entity3 in @entity1 . Joint swelling appeared first in @entity1 injected with P-140, which caused a more severe @entity3 than PG-18. Both strains were able to migrate to the uninoculated knee joints and they were detected viable in the joints all along the duration of the experiment. Changes in the synovial tissue were more severe by the end of the experiment and characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils and substitution of adipose tissue by connective tissue. @entity1 intracheally injected with P-140 showed induced @entity3 and the bacteria could be isolated from lungs, blood, heart, kidney, spleen, brain and joints. CONCLUSION: @entity7 induced @entity3 regardless of the inoculation route. These findings may help explain why @entity6 are commonly isolated from the joints of @entity4 @entity0 .

title: Experimental XXXX induced by a clinical @entity7 isolate.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Early cervical @entity2 includes a @entity3 , from clinically undetectable microinvasive @entity2 that replace the entire cervix. Further subgrouping of this category is therefore necessary to define the optimal treatment approach for individual cases. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system stratifies stage I @entity2 into two broad categories, stage IA (microinvasive) and stage IB (gross @entity2 ). Management of @entity0 with stage IA disease is controversial. In the United States, @entity0 with stromal invasion of less than 3 mm and no lymphvascular involvement are usually treated conservatively with simple hysterectomy. In selected @entity0 who desire fertility, cone biopsy with negative surgical margins is also considered. @entity0 with invasion of more than 3 mm or lymphvascular space involvement are at risk for pelvic lymph node @entity1 and are most often treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Stage @entity6 cervical @entity2 is managed by either radical surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent recurrence and survival rates. In @entity0 with @entity2 less than 4 cm in diameter, the decision between radical surgery and radiotherapy is guided by @entity0 ' overall health and treatment preferences. For younger @entity0 , radical surgery is preferred because ovarian function can be preserved and vaginal @entity4 secondary to radiation can be avoided. Radiation therapy is preferred for @entity0 who may not tolerate radical surgery. We always prefer primary radiation therapy for @entity0 with @entity2 larger than 4 cm in diameter. Recent data convincingly demonstrate that the addition of @entity5 -based chemotherapy significantly improves overall survival rates in cervical @entity2 @entity0 who undergo radiation therapy.

title: Early cervical XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Melphalan combined with @entity3 (MP) has been accepted as the standard therapy for previously untreated @entity6 ( @entity6 ) because most studies demonstrate only a modest survival benefit of combination chemotherapy regimens when compared with MP. There have been modest gains with more intensive myeloablative regimens in combination with blood stem cell support, particularly for @entity0 with early primary @entity1 who subsequently achieve partial remission, and for the approximately 25% to 35% of @entity0 achieving complete remission. To preserve the ability to adequately collect stem cells, the use of alkylating agents, such as melphalan, should be limited in the previously untreated @entity0 with @entity6 (including those older than 65 years of age) who is a candidate for myeloablative therapy. Pulse @entity4 -containing regimens provide rapid responses and may be considered the first regimens of choice. Although @entity7 / @entity5 / @entity4 (VAD) produces responses in approximately 50% to 70% of @entity0 with previously untreated @entity6 , use early in the disease has not improved survival. Outside of a specific study protocol, this regimen may be best reserved for @entity0 with refractory (particularly relapsing) disease. Notable exceptions include @entity0 with @entity2 or @entity9 in whom the rapid responses provided by VAD may avoid potentially permanent, serious complications. Recently, new agents with novel mechanisms of action (ie, @entity8 , immunomodulatory drugs, proteosome inhibitors) have demonstrated activity in resistant @entity6 . Because these agents are likely to show activity alone or in combination, newly diagnosed @entity0 and previously untreated @entity0 should be considered for clinical trials. @entity8 / @entity4 has already produced response rates of 65% to 75% in previously untreated @entity0 . Its ease of administration along with stem cell preservation are likely to make this, followed by myeloablative therapy with stem cell support, the treatment of choice for untreated @entity6 as confirmatory studies are completed.

title: Newly diagnosed XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: It is desirable to prevent dissemination of @entity3 ) in macaque colonies because transmission of BV to @entity0 causes deadly @entity1 . Vaccination of monkeys is one method that could confine spread of BV within macaque colonies. Availability of a BV DNA vaccine for use in macaques would eliminate the risk of working with infectious BV. Toward this end, we constructed a plasmid expressing the BV glycoprotein D (gD). Immunogenicity of this construct as a DNA vaccine was assessed in adult Japanese macaques by four intracutaneous injections at a dose of 500 microg per head. Results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a recombinant @entity2 ) gD, a homologue of BV gD, showed that significant levels of antibody was induced in all vaccinated animals following each booster injection. Western blot of sera from vaccinated macaques confirmed the specific recognition of authentic BV gD. Immune sera were also demonstrated to contain neutralizing activity against infectious BV. Weak lymphoproliferative responses were also observed in vaccinated macaques using recombinant @entity2 gD as a stimulating antigen and flow cytometry analysis of one individual revealed the presence of @entity2 gD-responsive effector T cells. Thus, the BV gD DNA vaccine was demonstrated to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in macaques which recognized BV gD.

title: Efficacy of a XXXX gD DNA vaccine for induction of humoral and cellular immune responses in Japanese macaques.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The caveolin gene family consists of caveolins 1, 2, and 3. @entity9 are co-expressed in many cell types, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and adipocytes, where they form a heteroligomeric complex. In contrast, the expression of @entity10 is muscle-specific. Thus, the expression of @entity8 is required for caveolae formation in non-muscle cells, while the expression of @entity10 drives caveolae formation in striated muscle cell types (cardiac and skeletal). To create a truly caveolae-deficient @entity0 , we interbred @entity7 -1 null @entity0 and @entity7 -3 null @entity0 to generate @entity7 -1/ @entity7 -3 double-knockout ( @entity7 -1/3 dKO) @entity0 . Here, we report that @entity7 -1/3 dKO @entity0 are viable and fertile, despite the fact that they lack morphologically identifiable caveolae in endothelia, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle fibers, and cardiac myocytes. We also show that these @entity0 are deficient in all three caveolin gene products, as @entity11 is unstable in the absence of @entity8 . Interestingly, @entity7 -1/3 dKO @entity0 develop a severe @entity3 . At 2 months of age, analysis of @entity7 -1/3 dKO hearts via gated magnetic resonance imaging reveals a dramatic increase in left ventricular wall thickness, as compared with @entity7 -1-KO, @entity7 -3 KO, and wild-type @entity0 . Further functional analysis of @entity7 -1/3 dKO hearts via transthoracic echocardiography demonstrates @entity4 and dilation of the left ventricle, with a significant decrease in fractional @entity6 . As predicted, Northern analysis of RNA derived from the left ventricle of @entity7 -1/3 dKO @entity0 shows a dramatic up-regulation of the atrial natriuretic factor message, a well-established biochemical marker of @entity5 . Finally, histological analysis of @entity7 -1/3 dKO hearts reveals @entity4 , disorganization, and degeneration of the cardiac myocytes, as well as chronic interstitial @entity2 and @entity1 . Thus, dual ablation of both @entity7 -1 and @entity7 -3 genes in @entity0 leads to a pleiotropic defect in caveolae formation and severe @entity3 .

title: Caveolin-1/3 double-knockout XXXX are viable, but lack both muscle and non-muscle caveolae, and develop a severe cardiomyopathic phenotype.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity3 with @entity1 (TLE- @entity6 +) is one of the most common medically intractable @entity2 . Although the pathogenesis of @entity6 + still remains highly controversial, genetics may play a role as a predisposing factor. Previous evidence in a Japanese population shows that the homozygotes for allele 2 at position -511 of the @entity4 gene promoter region ( @entity4 -511*2/2) confers susceptibility to the development of @entity6 . However, this result has not been confirmed in populations of European ancestry. Given that the discrepancy may be attributed to ethnic differences, our aim in this study was to test the validity of a previous report in another Asian population. METHODS: This study consisted of total 112 nonlesional TLE @entity0 of Chinese ancestry, and 115 ethnically matched control subjects. A 304-base pair fragment in position of @entity4 -511 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme AvaI, and run on a 12% @entity5 gel. We compared the frequency of this gene variation among 67 refractory TLE- @entity6 + @entity0 , 45 @entity0 without @entity6 (TLE- @entity6 -), and normal control subjects. RESULTS: The heterozygous type (-511*1/2) is the most common genotype in our @entity0 groups and controls. Allele 1 (-511C) and allele 2 (-511T) showed equal frequency ( approximately 50%), which is similar to that (46%) in Japanese. Analysis of genotype and allele distribution showed no significant difference among the three groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with the lower frequency in the white population (35 and 34%) and higher rate in the population of African ancestry (60%), the allele -511T frequency in our present study is approximately 50%, indicating differences in the distribution of allele frequencies in @entity4 -511 among different ethnic groups. In this Chinese population, however, we still did not find a strong association between @entity4 -511 polymorphism and the development of @entity6 .

title: Association analysis of a polymorphism of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) gene with XXXX in a Chinese population.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity3 with @entity1 (TLE- @entity6 +) is one of the most common medically intractable @entity2 . Although the pathogenesis of @entity6 + still remains highly controversial, genetics may play a role as a predisposing factor. Previous evidence in a Japanese population shows that the homozygotes for allele 2 at position -511 of the @entity4 gene promoter region ( @entity4 -511*2/2) confers susceptibility to the development of @entity6 . However, this result has not been confirmed in populations of European ancestry. Given that the discrepancy may be attributed to ethnic differences, our aim in this study was to test the validity of a previous report in another Asian population. METHODS: This study consisted of total 112 nonlesional TLE @entity0 of Chinese ancestry, and 115 ethnically matched control subjects. A 304-base pair fragment in position of @entity4 -511 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme AvaI, and run on a 12% @entity5 gel. We compared the frequency of this gene variation among 67 refractory TLE- @entity6 + @entity0 , 45 @entity0 without @entity6 (TLE- @entity6 -), and normal control subjects. RESULTS: The heterozygous type (-511*1/2) is the most common genotype in our @entity0 groups and controls. Allele 1 (-511C) and allele 2 (-511T) showed equal frequency ( approximately 50%), which is similar to that (46%) in Japanese. Analysis of genotype and allele distribution showed no significant difference among the three groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with the lower frequency in the white population (35 and 34%) and higher rate in the population of African ancestry (60%), the allele -511T frequency in our present study is approximately 50%, indicating differences in the distribution of allele frequencies in @entity4 -511 among different ethnic groups. In this Chinese population, however, we still did not find a strong association between @entity4 -511 polymorphism and the development of @entity6 .

title: Association analysis of a polymorphism of XXXX ( @entity4 ) gene with @entity3 in a Chinese population.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity3 with @entity1 (TLE- @entity6 +) is one of the most common medically intractable @entity2 . Although the pathogenesis of @entity6 + still remains highly controversial, genetics may play a role as a predisposing factor. Previous evidence in a Japanese population shows that the homozygotes for allele 2 at position -511 of the @entity4 gene promoter region ( @entity4 -511*2/2) confers susceptibility to the development of @entity6 . However, this result has not been confirmed in populations of European ancestry. Given that the discrepancy may be attributed to ethnic differences, our aim in this study was to test the validity of a previous report in another Asian population. METHODS: This study consisted of total 112 nonlesional TLE @entity0 of Chinese ancestry, and 115 ethnically matched control subjects. A 304-base pair fragment in position of @entity4 -511 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme AvaI, and run on a 12% @entity5 gel. We compared the frequency of this gene variation among 67 refractory TLE- @entity6 + @entity0 , 45 @entity0 without @entity6 (TLE- @entity6 -), and normal control subjects. RESULTS: The heterozygous type (-511*1/2) is the most common genotype in our @entity0 groups and controls. Allele 1 (-511C) and allele 2 (-511T) showed equal frequency ( approximately 50%), which is similar to that (46%) in Japanese. Analysis of genotype and allele distribution showed no significant difference among the three groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with the lower frequency in the white population (35 and 34%) and higher rate in the population of African ancestry (60%), the allele -511T frequency in our present study is approximately 50%, indicating differences in the distribution of allele frequencies in @entity4 -511 among different ethnic groups. In this Chinese population, however, we still did not find a strong association between @entity4 -511 polymorphism and the development of @entity6 .

title: Association analysis of a polymorphism of @entity4 ( XXXX ) gene with @entity3 in a Chinese population.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Combination therapy is one way of improving the cure rate of @entity4 . The LION Study examined the efficacies of @entity5 and @entity2 . The Icelandic cohort of the study reported that after 5 years only 46% of the @entity5 -treated @entity0 and 13% of the @entity2 -treated @entity0 were still disease-free, suggesting that relapses and reinfections were common in the long term treatment of @entity4 with monotherapy. Combination therapy is a well-established principle in mycology; the current strategy involves the combination of oral and topical antifungal treatments. A number of specific drug combinations have proved to be useful in the treatment of @entity4 : @entity7 and @entity3 , @entity6 and @entity3 , @entity6 and @entity5 , and @entity6 and @entity2 . However, comparison of the combination trials can be difficult because of the short duration of some of the studies and variation in global cure rates. Although it is necessary to consider these factors it is clear that combination therapy offers advantages when compared with monotherapy. Combination therapy can be administered sequentially or in parallel. Parallel therapy is recommended for @entity0 who are likely to fail therapy (e.g. @entity0 with @entity1 ), whereas sequential therapy is recommended for @entity0 who show a poor response to initial treatment.

title: Combination therapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6 other than @entity12 ( @entity12 ) are a heterogeneous group with wide variations in clinical presentation, biological behaviour and prognosis. New classification systems have been designed or proposed in recent years, with well-defined disease entities and emphasis on the importance of site. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyse a series of @entity6 in an institution-based dermatological setting in Singapore, based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity1 (EORTC) classification and the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. A secondary objective is to highlight the clinical utility of both classification systems. @entity0 AND METHODS: Forty cases diagnosed over a 12-year period were examined by immunohistochemistry with antibodies targeting CD3, @entity3 , @entity14 , @entity4 , @entity10 , @entity13 , @entity16 , CD45RO, @entity11 and @entity5 in @entity8 -embedded specimens. The immunohistological diagnosis was correlated with the clinical presentation and staging investigations for the final diagnosis and the course of disease recorded. RESULTS: Non- @entity12 @entity7 presenting in the skin comprised 31 cases (78%) and were 3(1/2) times more common than @entity9 , which comprised nine cases (22%). The common subtypes were @entity15 , @entity13 + large cell @entity7 and @entity17 -like @entity7 . The commonly ascribed B-cell pattern with infiltrates in the mid and deep dermis and perivascular spaces was seen in 60% of @entity7 . Overall, there were equal numbers of primary @entity7 and those due to concurrent or secondary @entity6 . Five of six cases of @entity17 -like @entity7 had concurrent cutaneous and @entity2 involvement and their median survival was 7 months. CONCLUSIONS: The predominance of @entity7 in this case series closely matched that reported from east Asia; cutaneous @entity9 are much less common than in Europe. The EORTC classification, which is designed only for primary @entity6 , should be used in conjunction with the WHO classification because of the high prevalence of @entity6 as the secondary site of disease from @entity6 . In addition, @entity17 -like @entity7 is a primary @entity6 where @entity2 involvement is common at initial presentation. We propose full immunophenotyping and complete clinical evaluation with staging investigations for all @entity0 presenting with @entity6 other than @entity12 .

title: XXXX other than @entity12 in Singapore: a clinicopathological analysis using recent classification systems.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6 other than @entity12 ( @entity12 ) are a heterogeneous group with wide variations in clinical presentation, biological behaviour and prognosis. New classification systems have been designed or proposed in recent years, with well-defined disease entities and emphasis on the importance of site. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyse a series of @entity6 in an institution-based dermatological setting in Singapore, based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity1 (EORTC) classification and the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. A secondary objective is to highlight the clinical utility of both classification systems. @entity0 AND METHODS: Forty cases diagnosed over a 12-year period were examined by immunohistochemistry with antibodies targeting CD3, @entity3 , @entity14 , @entity4 , @entity10 , @entity13 , @entity16 , CD45RO, @entity11 and @entity5 in @entity8 -embedded specimens. The immunohistological diagnosis was correlated with the clinical presentation and staging investigations for the final diagnosis and the course of disease recorded. RESULTS: Non- @entity12 @entity7 presenting in the skin comprised 31 cases (78%) and were 3(1/2) times more common than @entity9 , which comprised nine cases (22%). The common subtypes were @entity15 , @entity13 + large cell @entity7 and @entity17 -like @entity7 . The commonly ascribed B-cell pattern with infiltrates in the mid and deep dermis and perivascular spaces was seen in 60% of @entity7 . Overall, there were equal numbers of primary @entity7 and those due to concurrent or secondary @entity6 . Five of six cases of @entity17 -like @entity7 had concurrent cutaneous and @entity2 involvement and their median survival was 7 months. CONCLUSIONS: The predominance of @entity7 in this case series closely matched that reported from east Asia; cutaneous @entity9 are much less common than in Europe. The EORTC classification, which is designed only for primary @entity6 , should be used in conjunction with the WHO classification because of the high prevalence of @entity6 as the secondary site of disease from @entity6 . In addition, @entity17 -like @entity7 is a primary @entity6 where @entity2 involvement is common at initial presentation. We propose full immunophenotyping and complete clinical evaluation with staging investigations for all @entity0 presenting with @entity6 other than @entity12 .

title: @entity6 other than XXXX in Singapore: a clinicopathological analysis using recent classification systems.

answer: @entity12


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the feasibility of introducing advanced @entity1 ( @entity1 ) to a paediatric urology division, using the mentorship-training model. Although the scope of practice in paediatric urology is currently adapting endoscopic surgery into daily practice, most paediatric urologists in North America have had no formal training in laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: The study included four paediatric urologists with 3-25 years of practice; none had had any formal laparoscopic training or ever undertaken advanced @entity1 . An experienced laparoscopic surgeon (the mentor) assisted the learning surgeons over a year. The initial phases of learning incorporated detailed lectures, visualization through videotapes and 'hands-on' demonstration by the expert in the technique of the standardized steps for each type of surgery. Over 10 months, ablative and reconstructive @entity1 was undertaken jointly by the surgeons and the mentor. After this training the surgeons operated independently. To prevent lengthy operations, conversion to open surgery was planned if there was no significant progression after 2 h of laparoscopic surgery. RESULTS: Over the 10 months of mentorship, 36 @entity1 procedures were undertaken in 31 @entity0 (28 ablative and eight reconstructive). In all cases the mentored surgeons accomplished both retroperitoneal access and the creation of a working space within the cavity. The group was able to initiate ablative @entity1 but the mentor undertook all the reconstructive procedures. After the mentorship period, over 10 months, 12 ablative procedures were undertaken independently, and five other attempts at @entity1 failed. CONCLUSION: Although the mentored approach can successfully and safely initiate advanced @entity1 in a paediatric urology division, assessing the laparoscopic practice pattern after mentorship in the same group of trainees is warranted. Ablative @entity1 is easier to learn for the experienced surgeon, but reconstructive procedures, e.g. pyeloplasty, require a high degree of skill in laparoscopic technique, which may only be acquired through formal training focusing primarily on suturing techniques.

title: Mentored retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal surgery in XXXX : a safe approach to learning.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To longitudinally assess on-road driving performance in healthy older adults and those with early-stage @entity2 of the @entity1 (DAT). DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study. SETTING: Large urban medical center and surrounding area. @entity0 : A sample of 58 healthy controls, 21 @entity0 with very mild DAT, and 29 @entity0 with mild DAT participated. DAT was diagnosed using validated clinical diagnostic criteria and staged according to the Clinical @entity2 Rating (CDR) Scale. MEASUREMENTS: Healthy controls and individuals with very mild DAT and mild DAT were administered a standardized on-road driving assessment over repeated times of testing. RESULTS: Subjects in the @entity3 group (mild DAT) had a faster rate of receiving a rating of not safe on the driving test than subjects in the CDR=0 group (healthy controls; log rank test, P=.006), and the survival function of the CDR=0.5 group (very mild DAT) fell between those of the CDR=0 and @entity3 groups. A Cox proportional hazards model indicated a significant difference in survival functions between the CDR=0 and @entity3 groups after baseline age was controlled for (P<.001). Cox regression analysis also indicated that baseline age was a significant risk factor for a rating of "not safe" (P=.002). CONCLUSION: This study provides longitudinal evidence for a decline in driving performance over time, primarily in early-stage DAT, and supports the need not only for driving assessments, but also for reevaluation of individuals with very mild and mild DAT.

title: Longitudinal driving performance in early-stage @entity2 of the XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To longitudinally assess on-road driving performance in healthy older adults and those with early-stage @entity2 of the @entity1 (DAT). DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study. SETTING: Large urban medical center and surrounding area. @entity0 : A sample of 58 healthy controls, 21 @entity0 with very mild DAT, and 29 @entity0 with mild DAT participated. DAT was diagnosed using validated clinical diagnostic criteria and staged according to the Clinical @entity2 Rating (CDR) Scale. MEASUREMENTS: Healthy controls and individuals with very mild DAT and mild DAT were administered a standardized on-road driving assessment over repeated times of testing. RESULTS: Subjects in the @entity3 group (mild DAT) had a faster rate of receiving a rating of not safe on the driving test than subjects in the CDR=0 group (healthy controls; log rank test, P=.006), and the survival function of the CDR=0.5 group (very mild DAT) fell between those of the CDR=0 and @entity3 groups. A Cox proportional hazards model indicated a significant difference in survival functions between the CDR=0 and @entity3 groups after baseline age was controlled for (P<.001). Cox regression analysis also indicated that baseline age was a significant risk factor for a rating of "not safe" (P=.002). CONCLUSION: This study provides longitudinal evidence for a decline in driving performance over time, primarily in early-stage DAT, and supports the need not only for driving assessments, but also for reevaluation of individuals with very mild and mild DAT.

title: Longitudinal driving performance in early-stage XXXX of the @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: CONTEXT: In some individuals, chronic @entity4 fails to respond to tricyclic antidepressant medications that often serve as first-line therapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of @entity3 for chronic @entity4 not responding to @entity5 . DESIGN AND SETTING: Open-label trial of @entity3 conducted at 2 outpatient sites in Ohio. @entity0 AND INTERVENTION: Thirty-one adults (mean age, 37 years; 20 @entity0 ) with chronic @entity4 (mean, 25 @entity1 days per month) who had failed to respond (less than 30% improvement) to treatment with either @entity5 (n = 13) or matched placebo (n = 18). All @entity0 were treated with @entity3 (up to 40 mg per day) in a 9-month protocol. OUTCOME MEASURES: Monthly @entity1 index calculated as the mean of @entity2 ratings (0 to 10 scale) recorded by @entity0 in a diary 4 times per day, number of days per month with at least moderate @entity2 ( @entity2 rating of 5 or greater), and analgesic medication use. RESULTS: In @entity0 who had not responded to @entity5 , @entity3 failed to reduce chronic @entity4 or analgesic medication use. In @entity0 who had not responded to placebo, @entity3 produced modest reductions in chronic @entity4 and analgesic use. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that chronic @entity4 that failed to respond to tricyclic antidepressant therapy with @entity5 improved when subsequently treated with @entity3 . More support was found for the efficacy of @entity3 in @entity0 with chronic @entity4 who had failed to respond to placebo.

title: Treating chronic @entity4 not responding to XXXX with @entity3 : a pilot evaluation.

answer: @entity5


abstract: CONTEXT: In some individuals, chronic @entity4 fails to respond to tricyclic antidepressant medications that often serve as first-line therapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of @entity3 for chronic @entity4 not responding to @entity5 . DESIGN AND SETTING: Open-label trial of @entity3 conducted at 2 outpatient sites in Ohio. @entity0 AND INTERVENTION: Thirty-one adults (mean age, 37 years; 20 @entity0 ) with chronic @entity4 (mean, 25 @entity1 days per month) who had failed to respond (less than 30% improvement) to treatment with either @entity5 (n = 13) or matched placebo (n = 18). All @entity0 were treated with @entity3 (up to 40 mg per day) in a 9-month protocol. OUTCOME MEASURES: Monthly @entity1 index calculated as the mean of @entity2 ratings (0 to 10 scale) recorded by @entity0 in a diary 4 times per day, number of days per month with at least moderate @entity2 ( @entity2 rating of 5 or greater), and analgesic medication use. RESULTS: In @entity0 who had not responded to @entity5 , @entity3 failed to reduce chronic @entity4 or analgesic medication use. In @entity0 who had not responded to placebo, @entity3 produced modest reductions in chronic @entity4 and analgesic use. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that chronic @entity4 that failed to respond to tricyclic antidepressant therapy with @entity5 improved when subsequently treated with @entity3 . More support was found for the efficacy of @entity3 in @entity0 with chronic @entity4 who had failed to respond to placebo.

title: Treating chronic XXXX not responding to @entity5 with @entity3 : a pilot evaluation.

answer: @entity4


abstract: CONTEXT: In some individuals, chronic @entity4 fails to respond to tricyclic antidepressant medications that often serve as first-line therapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of @entity3 for chronic @entity4 not responding to @entity5 . DESIGN AND SETTING: Open-label trial of @entity3 conducted at 2 outpatient sites in Ohio. @entity0 AND INTERVENTION: Thirty-one adults (mean age, 37 years; 20 @entity0 ) with chronic @entity4 (mean, 25 @entity1 days per month) who had failed to respond (less than 30% improvement) to treatment with either @entity5 (n = 13) or matched placebo (n = 18). All @entity0 were treated with @entity3 (up to 40 mg per day) in a 9-month protocol. OUTCOME MEASURES: Monthly @entity1 index calculated as the mean of @entity2 ratings (0 to 10 scale) recorded by @entity0 in a diary 4 times per day, number of days per month with at least moderate @entity2 ( @entity2 rating of 5 or greater), and analgesic medication use. RESULTS: In @entity0 who had not responded to @entity5 , @entity3 failed to reduce chronic @entity4 or analgesic medication use. In @entity0 who had not responded to placebo, @entity3 produced modest reductions in chronic @entity4 and analgesic use. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that chronic @entity4 that failed to respond to tricyclic antidepressant therapy with @entity5 improved when subsequently treated with @entity3 . More support was found for the efficacy of @entity3 in @entity0 with chronic @entity4 who had failed to respond to placebo.

title: Treating chronic @entity4 not responding to @entity5 with XXXX : a pilot evaluation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The large size of the serpin reactive site loop (RSL) suggests that the role of the RSL in protease inhibition is more complex than that of presenting the reactive site (P1 residue) to the protease. This study examines the effect on inhibition of relocating the reactive site (Leu-358) of the serpin @entity4 either one residue closer (P2) or further (P1') from the base of the RSL ( @entity2 -342). @entity4 variants were produced by mutation within the P4-P2' region; the sequence ITLLSA was changed to ITLSSA to relocate the reactive site to P2 (Leu-357) and to ITITLS to relocate it to P1' (Leu-359). Inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like proteases @entity0 @entity3 and chymotrypsin and the non-target protease @entity0 neutrophil elastase ( @entity5 ) were analyzed. The P2 variant inhibited @entity3 and chymotrypsin but not @entity5 . Relative to P1, interaction at P2 was characterized by greater complex stability, lower inhibition rate constants, and increased stoichiometry of inhibition values. In contrast, the P1' variant inhibited @entity5 (stoichiometry of inhibition = 4) but not @entity3 or chymotrypsin. However, inhibition of @entity5 was by interaction with Ile-357, the P2 residue. The P1' site was recognized by all proteases as a cleavage site. Covalent-complexes resistant to @entity1 -PAGE were observed in all inhibitory reactions, consistent with the trapping of the protease as a serpin-acyl protease complex. The complete loss in inhibitory activity associated with lengthening the @entity2 -342-reactive site distance by a single residue and the enhanced stability of complexes associated with shortening this distance by a single residue are compatible with the distorted-protease model of inhibition requiring full insertion of the RSL into the body of the serpin and translocation of the linked protease to the pole opposite from that of encounter.

title: The effects of reactive site location on the inhibitory properties of the serpin XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity4 cell activation and cytokine production shift the balance between @entity4 and @entity2 , favoring the up-regulation of proinflammatory activity that leads to destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells in type 1 @entity0 . @entity2 -type cytokines, such as @entity6 , have immune regulatory function. Administration of @entity6 , or @entity6 gene transfer, prevents @entity8 in nonobese @entity0 (NOD) @entity1 . However, constant administration of purified @entity9 is not practical for long-term therapy to prevent @entity0 . In this study, we transferred the BCRF-1 gene, an open reading frame in the @entity7 with remarkable homology to @entity1 @entity6 (viral @entity6 or vIL-10), by an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to NOD @entity1 to attain sustained vIL-10 gene expression. Like endogenous @entity1 @entity6 , vIL-10 has potent immunoregulatory and immunosuppressive functions, but can be specifically distinguished from endogenous @entity1 @entity6 for monitoring of the transgene expression. A single systemic administration of AAV vIL-10 significantly @entity3 and prevented @entity0 development in NOD @entity1 . This protective effect correlated with sustained transgene expression and protein production. Moreover, splenocytes from the treated @entity1 blocked @entity0 transfer to NOD recipients, suggesting that vIL-10 induces an active suppression of @entity5 . This study provides evidence to support the possibility of using vIL-10 gene therapy to prevent type 1 @entity0 .

title: Suppression of @entity8 by viral XXXX gene transfer.

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity4 cell activation and cytokine production shift the balance between @entity4 and @entity2 , favoring the up-regulation of proinflammatory activity that leads to destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells in type 1 @entity0 . @entity2 -type cytokines, such as @entity6 , have immune regulatory function. Administration of @entity6 , or @entity6 gene transfer, prevents @entity8 in nonobese @entity0 (NOD) @entity1 . However, constant administration of purified @entity9 is not practical for long-term therapy to prevent @entity0 . In this study, we transferred the BCRF-1 gene, an open reading frame in the @entity7 with remarkable homology to @entity1 @entity6 (viral @entity6 or vIL-10), by an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to NOD @entity1 to attain sustained vIL-10 gene expression. Like endogenous @entity1 @entity6 , vIL-10 has potent immunoregulatory and immunosuppressive functions, but can be specifically distinguished from endogenous @entity1 @entity6 for monitoring of the transgene expression. A single systemic administration of AAV vIL-10 significantly @entity3 and prevented @entity0 development in NOD @entity1 . This protective effect correlated with sustained transgene expression and protein production. Moreover, splenocytes from the treated @entity1 blocked @entity0 transfer to NOD recipients, suggesting that vIL-10 induces an active suppression of @entity5 . This study provides evidence to support the possibility of using vIL-10 gene therapy to prevent type 1 @entity0 .

title: Suppression of XXXX by viral @entity6 gene transfer.

answer: @entity8


abstract: Ring @entity3 replantation is a technically challenging procedure with a very low success rate. Because the zone of @entity4 is more extensive than what it appears to be in such @entity3 amputations, a technique was developed to debride the avulsed digital artery for a long distance, extending well into the digital pulp, thereby creating healthy arterial ends to be bridged by one or two segments of long venous grafts. Using this technical approach, 7 @entity0 with complete amputations of ring @entity2 (Urbaniak's class III) were operated. In all amputations the bone was disrupted at the distal interphalangeal level (except in 1 @entity0 ) and the soft tissues at the proximal phalanx level, with the proximal interphalangeal joint and the flexor digitorum superficialis tendons being intact. Results indicated that replantation was successful in all @entity0 . However, 2 @entity0 presented with unusually late arterial failure 28 and 30 days after surgery respectively. Although one of these cases was salvaged by reoperation, the other case (followed by conservative management) demonstrated @entity1 . Therefore, the ultimate success rate in this series was 85% in the long term. At follow-up, sensibility was protective in all @entity0 , with an average static two-point discrimination of 7.8 mm (range, 6-14 mm). The total active motion of the replanted digits was 194 deg on average (range, 155-205 deg) without loss of function of the proximal interphalangeal joint except in 2 @entity0 who had late vascular problems. The authors conclude that microsurgical replantation of completely amputated ring @entity3 injuries with an intact proximal interphalangeal joint and flexor digitorum superficialis tendon, is a worthwhile procedure that results in good functional and aesthetic results. Furthermore, using an aggressive approach for debridement of the avulsed digital artery, as described in this article, an experienced microsurgeon can replant successfully nearly all cases. However, one should be cautious in the follow-up of such @entity0 , because late arterial failure may be encountered, as was observed in 2 @entity0 in this series. The authors suggest immediate reoperation in such unusual circumstances.

title: Ring XXXX replantation by extended debridement of the avulsed digital artery and interposition with long venous grafts.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: To test whether @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is able to protect the myocardium in recently unstable CABG @entity0 . METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">prospective, randomised, controlled clinical study. SETTING: University Hospital. @entity0 : Forty CABG @entity0 with recent unstable @entity2 were randomised into an @entity1 group (n=20) and a control group (n=20). Subgroup was divided based on the time of the most recent @entity1 onset before the operation. INTERVENTION: The @entity1 group was preconditioned with 2 cycles of 2-min @entity1 followed by 3-min reperfusion before cross clamping. MEASURES: Hemodynamic data were monitored till the 1st POD. Biochemical markers were measured till the 2nd POD. RESULTS: There were no differences in cardiac index (Cl) and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) in @entity0 experiencing @entity2 within 48 hours prior to operation. The percentage changes in CI and RVEF at 1 hour after declamping were significantly better in the @entity1 group in @entity0 experienced @entity2 within 48-72 hours (106% vs 88% of baseline, p=0.027 and 103% vs 81% of baseline, p=0.023). No difference in postoperative @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and CK-MB was found between the @entity1 and controls in either subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 has a beneficial effect on global and right ventricular hemodynamic functional recovery in unstable CABG @entity0 experiencing @entity2 within 48-72 hours prior to the operation. However, @entity1 has no additional protective effects in unstable CABG @entity0 who experience @entity2 within 48 hours.

title: Ischemic preconditioning protects right ventricular function in coronary artery bypass grafting @entity0 experiencing XXXX within 48-72 hours.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: To test whether @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is able to protect the myocardium in recently unstable CABG @entity0 . METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">prospective, randomised, controlled clinical study. SETTING: University Hospital. @entity0 : Forty CABG @entity0 with recent unstable @entity2 were randomised into an @entity1 group (n=20) and a control group (n=20). Subgroup was divided based on the time of the most recent @entity1 onset before the operation. INTERVENTION: The @entity1 group was preconditioned with 2 cycles of 2-min @entity1 followed by 3-min reperfusion before cross clamping. MEASURES: Hemodynamic data were monitored till the 1st POD. Biochemical markers were measured till the 2nd POD. RESULTS: There were no differences in cardiac index (Cl) and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) in @entity0 experiencing @entity2 within 48 hours prior to operation. The percentage changes in CI and RVEF at 1 hour after declamping were significantly better in the @entity1 group in @entity0 experienced @entity2 within 48-72 hours (106% vs 88% of baseline, p=0.027 and 103% vs 81% of baseline, p=0.023). No difference in postoperative @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and CK-MB was found between the @entity1 and controls in either subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 has a beneficial effect on global and right ventricular hemodynamic functional recovery in unstable CABG @entity0 experiencing @entity2 within 48-72 hours prior to the operation. However, @entity1 has no additional protective effects in unstable CABG @entity0 who experience @entity2 within 48 hours.

title: Ischemic preconditioning protects right ventricular function in coronary artery bypass grafting XXXX experiencing @entity2 within 48-72 hours.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Non randomized studies suggest that mitral valve repair for @entity4 is technically more difficult than repair for @entity2 , and that operative and late results are worse. New surgical techniques have been developed in our and other institutes during the last 5 years, and this moved us to review the experience with these two pathologies and to compare the operative and mid-term RESULTS:                 <AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">From March 1996 to September 1997, 66 @entity0 underwent primary mitral valve repair for treatment of @entity4 . Fifty-two @entity0 (79%) were in the former group (group A) and 14 in the latter (group B). Surgery was performed by 2 experienced cardiac surgeons. A new technique to calculate the exact artificial chordae length was introduced. In 2 cases, tricuspid autografts were transposed to mitral position and reinforced with artificial chordae. @entity0 were followed both clinically and echocardiographically. The follow-up data were collected in a 1-month period (May 2000). The average clinical follow-up was 3.1+/-0.9 years (range 1.7 to 4.2 years) while the average echocardiographic follow-up was 2.7+/-0.7 years (range 9 months to 4 years). All values were expressed by means of the average and standard deviation. chi(2) and Student's "t"-test were used to analyze the significance between variables. The Kaplan-Meyer method was used for actuarial statistics. RESULTS: There were no operative deaths in either group. In group A, 1 @entity0 underwent a second surgical repair 1 week later, successfully. In group B no @entity0 underwent reoperation within 30 days or during the initial hospitalization. At follow-up of group A there were the following events: deaths from @entity1 (n=2), @entity6 (n=1), @entity7 (n=1). At follow-up of group B there were mitral valve replacement (1 year after first operation, n=1), Ross procedure (n=1), @entity5 (n=1). Among the remaining 62 @entity0 followed, 32 were in NYHA class I, 15 in class II, 3 in class III, and none in class IV, in group A. In group B, 7 @entity0 were in class I, 4 in class II, 1 in class III and none in class IV (p=ns). In group A @entity3 was absent in 23 @entity0 , mild in 21, moderate in 6, while in group B it was absent in 4, mild in 6, and moderate in 2 (p=ns). In both groups there were no cases of severe insufficiency. The mean gradient was 1.1+/-1.7 mmHg in group A (median=0), and 2.4+/-3.1 mmHg in group B (median=0), (p=ns). No case of systolic anterior movement was seen at mid-term. The event free-survival rate was 92.8% in group A and 92.3% in B. CONCLUSIONS: Perfecting and innovation of surgical techniques make possible nowadays to reach good and equivalent operative and mid-term results in both pathologies.

title: Surgical repair for degenerative and XXXX . Operative and mid-term results.

answer: @entity4


abstract: A Japanese @entity0 aged 12 years who presented with a month history of @entity3 developed a significant elevation of urinary @entity5 ( @entity5 ) up to 13,933 micrograms/l. A percutaneous renal biopsy revealed a dense @entity1 -positive T-cell infiltration with focal @entity6 in the interstitium. The tubulointerstitial score (TI score) described by Foster et al. was 7 points. She was diagnosed as having @entity7 ( @entity7 ). Due to the severe @entity4 , a 6-month course of @entity2 at the dose of 30 mg per alternate day was started. The levels of urinary @entity5 dramatically decreased following treatment and the renal function remained normal. The second renal biopsy performed 6 months later revealed mild persistent @entity1 -positive T-cell infiltration associated with 19% periglomerular thickening, with the TI score of 4 points. These clinical observations suggest that the interstitial cell infiltration persists for a relatively long time in a proportion of @entity0 with @entity7 . Since persistent @entity4 has been known to be harmful to the kidney, we therefore speculate that prompt administration of corticosteroids might be beneficial to these @entity0 . Although the renal outcome of @entity7 has been reported to be favorable to date, @entity0 with severe @entity4 should be followed under close observation. Study of similar @entity0 is needed to clarify our understanding of effective therapy for @entity7 .

title: [Repeat renal biopsy in XXXX : report of a case].

answer: @entity7


abstract: The evaluation of penetrating @entity3 for the presence of a @entity1 presents a diagnostic challenge to the @entity1 surgeon. The use of diagnostic laparoscopy (DL) in this setting was reviewed at a level-one @entity1 institution. Eighty @entity0 (71 males, 9 females) with penetrating injuries to the thoracoabdominal region underwent DL to rule out @entity1 . Fifty-eight @entity0 (72.5%) had a negative study and were spared a celiotomy. In the remaining 22 @entity0 (27.5%), @entity1 was identified. This subset of @entity0 underwent a mandatory celiotomy to rule out an associated @entity6 . Seventeen out of 22 (77.2%) @entity0 had a positive exploration requiring surgical intervention, representing an associated @entity6 rate of 21.2 per cent. Intra-abdominal injuries requiring repair included small bowel, colon, spleen, liver, and stomach, in descending order. There were no missed injuries or @entity2 . One @entity0 with a left @entity1 secondary to a stab wound developed a @entity5 . @entity4 secondary to atelectasis was the most common complication. Diagnostic laparoscopy is an essential and safe modality for the evaluation of @entity1 in penetrating @entity3 .

title: Laparoscopy in the evaluation of penetrating XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is not uncommon that some @entity0 in poor general condition and advanced @entity3 cannot proceed with the staged anterior spinal surgery after posterior instrumentation. We demonstrated a group of @entity0 with advanced @entity3 that were treated posterior procedure alone. METHODS: From January 1993 to January 2001, 12 @entity0 in our hospital in poor general condition and advanced @entity3 -marked abscess with @entity1 more than 25 degrees and/or spinal canal compromised more than 30%, were treated in our hospital with posterior instrumentation and chemotherapy only. All @entity0 were immobilized postoperatively with orthosis until solid fusion was noted on bony graft. The chemotherapy persisted for at least 12 months in all @entity0 . RESULTS: Spontaneous bony fusion of vertebrae at 1-year follow-up averaged 75%. Solid union on posterior or posterolateral fusion was about 91.7%. Implant loosening and deep wound @entity2 were noted in 2 of the @entity0 respectively. We assessed the functional results with the postoperative activity condition, symptom relief and medication dependence in the 6th month after the spinal surgery. Seven cases of the 12 @entity0 (58.3%) had good to excellent results in this series. CONCLUSIONS: The one-stage posterior surgery adjunct with chemotherapy is a considerable and alternative treatment for @entity0 with advanced @entity3 and in poor general condition.

title: One-stage posterior surgery for treatment of advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Fibrin glue has been shown to be effective in improving postoperative chylothorax following various thoracic procedures and in reducing lymphorrhea after axillary dissection. It is unknown, however, whether fibrin glue is effective in reducing @entity6 ( @entity4 ) after esophagectomy. A series of 43 consecutive @entity0 with @entity3 who underwent extended esophagectomy were prospectively randomized to two groups: group A (n = 21), in whom 3 ml of fibrin glue was applied to the dissected mediastinum; and group B (n = 22), in whom fibrin glue was not applied. The time of drain removal and the volume of the thoracic drainage were compared. All data were expressed as the mean +/- standard deviation. There were no significant differences in the clinicopathologic characteristics between the two groups. None of the @entity0 developed chylothorax or died during their hospital stay. The daily volume from the thoracic drain (457 +/- 273 ml) was significantly (p < 0.05) larger on postoperative day (POD) 1 in group A than in group B (298 +/- 158 ml) and tended to be larger (p < 0.10) on PODs 4 and 6 in group A than in group B. The cumulative drainage volume was significantly (p < 0.05) larger on PODs 4 to 6 and POD 9, and it tended to be larger (p < 0.10) on PODs 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, and 11 in group A than in group B, suggesting that the cumulative drainage volume in group A was consistently larger than that in group B. The cumulative numbers of @entity0 with a drain remaining in place were not significantly different for the two groups (p = 0.4683). Three @entity0 in group A, however, had prolonged insertion (> 20 days) of the chest tube. There were no significant differences in the incidence of @entity2 . No @entity0 in group A developed @entity5 during the long-term follow-up. Application of fibrin glue to the dissected mediastinum seems to induce @entity1 and thus be responsible for prolonged chest tube insertion in some @entity0 . Hence the use of fibrin glue cannot be recommended for reducing @entity6 after esophagectomy.

title: Does fibrin glue reduce XXXX ( @entity4 ) after extended esophagectomy? Prospective randomized clinical trial.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Fibrin glue has been shown to be effective in improving postoperative chylothorax following various thoracic procedures and in reducing lymphorrhea after axillary dissection. It is unknown, however, whether fibrin glue is effective in reducing @entity6 ( @entity4 ) after esophagectomy. A series of 43 consecutive @entity0 with @entity3 who underwent extended esophagectomy were prospectively randomized to two groups: group A (n = 21), in whom 3 ml of fibrin glue was applied to the dissected mediastinum; and group B (n = 22), in whom fibrin glue was not applied. The time of drain removal and the volume of the thoracic drainage were compared. All data were expressed as the mean +/- standard deviation. There were no significant differences in the clinicopathologic characteristics between the two groups. None of the @entity0 developed chylothorax or died during their hospital stay. The daily volume from the thoracic drain (457 +/- 273 ml) was significantly (p < 0.05) larger on postoperative day (POD) 1 in group A than in group B (298 +/- 158 ml) and tended to be larger (p < 0.10) on PODs 4 and 6 in group A than in group B. The cumulative drainage volume was significantly (p < 0.05) larger on PODs 4 to 6 and POD 9, and it tended to be larger (p < 0.10) on PODs 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, and 11 in group A than in group B, suggesting that the cumulative drainage volume in group A was consistently larger than that in group B. The cumulative numbers of @entity0 with a drain remaining in place were not significantly different for the two groups (p = 0.4683). Three @entity0 in group A, however, had prolonged insertion (> 20 days) of the chest tube. There were no significant differences in the incidence of @entity2 . No @entity0 in group A developed @entity5 during the long-term follow-up. Application of fibrin glue to the dissected mediastinum seems to induce @entity1 and thus be responsible for prolonged chest tube insertion in some @entity0 . Hence the use of fibrin glue cannot be recommended for reducing @entity6 after esophagectomy.

title: Does fibrin glue reduce @entity6 ( XXXX ) after extended esophagectomy? Prospective randomized clinical trial.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Combination surgery and radiotherapy (RT) is frequently used in soft tissue @entity2 (STS). Because lower doses and smaller irradiation volumes are possible in preoperative RT (pre-op RT), this approach can be especially valuable in anatomic settings where critical organs are in close proximity to the RT target area. A recent multicenter phase III trial (SR.2 trial of the National @entity1 Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group) comparing pre-op RT against post-op RT for extremity STS has shown significantly higher major wound complication rates (35%) with pre-op RT. We postulated that wound complication rates may be less frequent in the head and neck with better vascularity and wider use of secondary wound reconstruction. Using a prospective database, we identified 40 consecutive @entity0 with head and neck STS treated with pre-op RT (50 Gy) and subsequent (4 to 6 weeks later) resection between 1/89 and 8/99 in a single institution setting. Major wound complications (MWC) were classified by the identical criteria used in the SR.2 trial. Intracranial extension was evident in 5 @entity0 , whereas 50% of the @entity0 had large @entity1 (> 5 cm). @entity1 was present in 34 (85%), and 6 (15%) were superficial to fascia. In this series, 31 @entity0 (77.5%) had secondary reconstruction of the acquired soft tissue deficit. The actuarial 2-year local relapse-free rate was 80%, and the metastatic relapse-free rate was 85%. Major wound complications occurred in 8 of 40 @entity0 (20%) within 120 days of surgery according to the SR.2 criteria: secondary wound surgery (3), readmission or prolonged hospital admission for wound care (2), deep packing (0), prolonged dressing changes (2), and invasive procedure for wound care (1). The latter was a minor wound management problem (a single outpatient drainage of a @entity3 ) for the combined rate of 8/20 or 20%. Our findings show that (1) pre-op RT in head and neck STS is associated with lower rates of major wound complications compared to extremity cases; (2) pre-op RT provides high rates of local control in an adverse group of cases of adult head and neck STS; (3) the choice of scheduling of RT should be based on anatomic issues with emphasis on the trade-offs between RT doses and volumes versus wound morbidity for individual @entity0 . This is especially important when @entity1 may be adjacent to critical head and neck structures which may be protected from the high-dose RT area.

title: Preoperative radiotherapy for adult head and neck soft tissue XXXX : assessment of wound complication rates and @entity1 outcome in a prospective series.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Combination surgery and radiotherapy (RT) is frequently used in soft tissue @entity2 (STS). Because lower doses and smaller irradiation volumes are possible in preoperative RT (pre-op RT), this approach can be especially valuable in anatomic settings where critical organs are in close proximity to the RT target area. A recent multicenter phase III trial (SR.2 trial of the National @entity1 Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group) comparing pre-op RT against post-op RT for extremity STS has shown significantly higher major wound complication rates (35%) with pre-op RT. We postulated that wound complication rates may be less frequent in the head and neck with better vascularity and wider use of secondary wound reconstruction. Using a prospective database, we identified 40 consecutive @entity0 with head and neck STS treated with pre-op RT (50 Gy) and subsequent (4 to 6 weeks later) resection between 1/89 and 8/99 in a single institution setting. Major wound complications (MWC) were classified by the identical criteria used in the SR.2 trial. Intracranial extension was evident in 5 @entity0 , whereas 50% of the @entity0 had large @entity1 (> 5 cm). @entity1 was present in 34 (85%), and 6 (15%) were superficial to fascia. In this series, 31 @entity0 (77.5%) had secondary reconstruction of the acquired soft tissue deficit. The actuarial 2-year local relapse-free rate was 80%, and the metastatic relapse-free rate was 85%. Major wound complications occurred in 8 of 40 @entity0 (20%) within 120 days of surgery according to the SR.2 criteria: secondary wound surgery (3), readmission or prolonged hospital admission for wound care (2), deep packing (0), prolonged dressing changes (2), and invasive procedure for wound care (1). The latter was a minor wound management problem (a single outpatient drainage of a @entity3 ) for the combined rate of 8/20 or 20%. Our findings show that (1) pre-op RT in head and neck STS is associated with lower rates of major wound complications compared to extremity cases; (2) pre-op RT provides high rates of local control in an adverse group of cases of adult head and neck STS; (3) the choice of scheduling of RT should be based on anatomic issues with emphasis on the trade-offs between RT doses and volumes versus wound morbidity for individual @entity0 . This is especially important when @entity1 may be adjacent to critical head and neck structures which may be protected from the high-dose RT area.

title: Preoperative radiotherapy for adult head and neck soft tissue @entity2 : assessment of wound complication rates and XXXX outcome in a prospective series.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The purpose of this retrospective study is to show the pattern of penetrating @entity3 , methods of management and the outcome. Were viewed all consecutive penetrating chest injured @entity0 admitted to the Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan between May 1975 and April 1999. We found that 597 @entity0 had penetrating @entity3 . This was 31% of all @entity3 treated. To analyse pattern of injuries, period of study was divided into 2 periods of 12 years each, May 1975 to April 1987 (Group A) and May 1987 to April 1999 (Group B). Mean ages of the @entity0 in group A and B were, respectively, 27 +/- 12.5years and 48 +/- 10.2 years; male:female ratio for the 2 groups were 20:1 and 17:1, respectively. The main mechanisms of injury were gunshot wounds (GSW) in 364 @entity0 (61%) and stab wounds (SW) in 214 @entity0 (35.8%). The ratio of GSW to SW was reversed for the 2 periods, 1:3 for group A and 7:1 for group B. Nine @entity0 died during resuscitation. Four hundred and eleven @entity0 of 588 @entity0 (69.9%) were managed conservatively. Sixty-five (11.1%) by clinical observation and 346 (58.8%) by closed thoracostomy drainage. Mortality among the conservatively managed was 2.2%, morbidity was 18.2% (75 out of 411 @entity0 ). Ninety @entity0 had early major surgery, 75 had late major surgical management of complication of conservative management. The operative mortality was 22% (in 39 @entity0 ). The determinant of mortality were @entity2 , @entity4 and @entity1 . We conclude that @entity5 is a third of @entity3 we see. It is commoner in @entity0 and currently involves the older age group and it is most frequently inflicted by gunshot. Majority may be managed conservatively with low incidence of complications. Prompt major surgery limits mortality among the salvageable.

title: Penetrating XXXX in civilian practice.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity3 -dependent kinase ( @entity6 interacting cyclins perform essential functions for DNA replication and cellular proliferation. The @entity1 genome encodes two E-type cyclins (E and E2) and two A-type cyclins (A1 and A2). Dysregulation of the @entity6 -bound cyclins plays an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity2 . @entity5 is associated with cellular proliferation and can be used for molecular diagnostics as a proliferation marker. In addition, @entity5 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in several types of @entity2 . @entity8 is a tissue-specific @entity3 that is highly expressed in @entity4 and in @entity2 . High levels of @entity3 E expression are found in many types of @entity2 . Overexpression of @entity3 E at the mRNA level can be based on gene amplification and transcriptional mechanisms. In addition, proteolytically cleaved forms of @entity3 E that show oncogenic functions have been described. @entity3 E plays a critical role for G1/S transition. Its overexpression is not only associated with proliferation but rather indicates a more malignant phenotype which is likely to be linked to the induction of chromosomal instability. These biological functions of @entity3 E relate to a poor prognosis when high @entity3 E levels are found. The link between @entity3 E and poor prognosis is well established in @entity0 but is likely to be observed in other @entity2 as well. The second E-type @entity3 , @entity7 , has been shown to be overexpressed in @entity0 although the potential role as a diagnostic or prognostic marker is unknown. This review provides an overview of the potential of cyclins E and A as markers for diagnosis and prognosis in @entity1 @entity2 .

title: E- and A-type cyclins as markers for XXXX diagnosis and prognosis.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The purpose of this review, based on studies from our laboratory as well as from others, is to summarize salient features of mast cell immunobiology and to describe their associations with @entity4 . Gastrointestinal mast cells are involved in many pathologic effects, such as @entity0 . On the other hand, they also play a protective role in defense against @entity3 . Thus, they have both positive and negative effects, but presently the mechanisms that control the balance of these various effects are poorly known. It has been suggested that stabilization of mast cells may be a key mechanism to protect the gastrointestinal tract from injury. Few molecules are known to possess both mast cell stabilizing and gastrointestinal cytoprotective activity. These include @entity2 compounds, @entity9 , @entity14 , @entity8 , aloe vera, certain @entity6 such as @entity7 , some sulfated proteoglycans such as @entity10 and @entity13 . @entity13 , a @entity12 isolated from Artemisia douglasiana Besser, exhibits anti-inflammatory and gastrointestinal cytoprotective action. The @entity11 stimulates mucus production, and inhibits @entity1 and @entity5 release from intestinal mast cells. The @entity11 could act as a selective mast cell stabilizer by releasing cytoprotective factors and inhibiting pro-inflammatory mast cell mediators.

title: Role of mast cells in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: A mathematical kinetic model for the adsorption and desorption of @entity1 on Amberlite XAD-2 resin is proposed. The model can represent Langmuir, Freundlich or linear isotherms at equilibrium. The intrinsic kinetic parameters and adsorption isotherms as well as physical parameters such as the effective diffusivity and the external mass transfer coefficient were obtained at different temperatures and @entity0 concentrations. An unfavourable @entity1 adsorption occurred when @entity0 was present in the solution. It has been shown that at 25 degrees C the @entity0 , at concentrations from 1.5% to 2.5%, decreases the @entity1 adsorption. However, this behaviour was not observed at 10 degrees C. The kinetic model fitted the experimental data well under different conditions. The model was validated in a continuous process of @entity1 purification using the same resin. The model with the validated parameters is able to predict the behaviour of the reactor system. The continuous process is composed of two stirred tank reactors with adsorber recycle. The adsorption occurs in the first stage, and elution of the product takes place in the second stage with @entity0 as eluent. The dynamic behaviour of the process was described using the following parameters: hydraulic residence time for the first (theta(h1)) and second stage (theta(h2)), solid residence time (theta(s)), initial concentration of CPC (C(0)), inlet @entity0 concentration (C(ET0)) and kinetics parameters.

title: Continuous XXXX purification: dynamic modelling and parameter validation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of two treatment modalities for @entity3 , 12 @entity0 aged between 15 years and 23 years were recruited into a six months longitudinal study. The split mouth design was used such that one side (upper and lower quadrants) received conservative treatment. Each side was randomly assigned one of the two treatment modalities. Standardized probing attachment level (PAL) measurement and degree of mobility of the teeth were taken at recruitment (baseline), one, three and six months postoperation. @entity1 capsules 250mg, 6 hourly, was administered for 2 weeks at baseline and at 3 months follow-up. Initial thorough scaling and polishing of the @entity2 was done for all the @entity0 . At follow-up, there were marked improvements seen with both treatment modalities. The mean probing depth for surgical treatment (3.57mm +/- 0.78) was significantly lower than that of conservative treatment (4.11mm +/- 0.74) P < 0.05 at 3 months. Also, this significant difference continued up to 6 months (2.70mm +/- 0.57, 3.55mm +/- 0.65; P < 0.05 ). For the degree of mobility, significant difference was only evident at 6 months of follow-up (0.48 +/- 0.29, 0.98 +/- 0.523; P < 0.05 ) for surgical treatment and conservative treatment respectively. It was therefore concluded that surgical debridement with systemic administration of @entity1 is more effective than the conservative technique in the treatment of @entity3 , although both gave improvement.

title: Comparative evaluation of surgical and conservative treatment modalities of XXXX @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: In a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of two treatment modalities for @entity3 , 12 @entity0 aged between 15 years and 23 years were recruited into a six months longitudinal study. The split mouth design was used such that one side (upper and lower quadrants) received conservative treatment. Each side was randomly assigned one of the two treatment modalities. Standardized probing attachment level (PAL) measurement and degree of mobility of the teeth were taken at recruitment (baseline), one, three and six months postoperation. @entity1 capsules 250mg, 6 hourly, was administered for 2 weeks at baseline and at 3 months follow-up. Initial thorough scaling and polishing of the @entity2 was done for all the @entity0 . At follow-up, there were marked improvements seen with both treatment modalities. The mean probing depth for surgical treatment (3.57mm +/- 0.78) was significantly lower than that of conservative treatment (4.11mm +/- 0.74) P < 0.05 at 3 months. Also, this significant difference continued up to 6 months (2.70mm +/- 0.57, 3.55mm +/- 0.65; P < 0.05 ). For the degree of mobility, significant difference was only evident at 6 months of follow-up (0.48 +/- 0.29, 0.98 +/- 0.523; P < 0.05 ) for surgical treatment and conservative treatment respectively. It was therefore concluded that surgical debridement with systemic administration of @entity1 is more effective than the conservative technique in the treatment of @entity3 , although both gave improvement.

title: Comparative evaluation of surgical and conservative treatment modalities of @entity3 XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Presumptive treatment of fever with @entity2 (CQ) remains the major strategy for @entity1 control in Nigeria. Efficacy surveillance of CQ must therefore be continuous for this strategy to remain valid. In this study we determined the efficacy of CQ in 120 @entity0 aged 6m to 34yr who presented with acute uncomplicated @entity4 @entity1 . Clinical success was 86.6%. Parasitological cure was 56.7%. Mean fever and parasite clearance times were 2.5 +/- 1.2D and 4.2 +/- 1.6D, respectively. Recrudescence rate was 24.45%. Twenty-four @entity0 (20%) showed R11 response while 6 @entity0 (5%) showed R111 response. Risk of treatment failure was significantly higher among @entity0 (< or = 15 yr) [P = 0.02, RR = 2.35 ] and among @entity0 whose level of parasitaemia on day 2 was higher than day zero value. [P = 0.04; RR = 6.54]. Although @entity3 was not associated with higher risk of parasitological failure (P = 0.52), the proportion of @entity0 with R11/R111 response compared to R1 response was significantly higher among malnourished @entity0 compared to @entity0 with satisfactory nutritional status (OR 2.92; p = 0.001). The findings suggests the need for extra vigilance of CQ-Resistant @entity4 (CRPF) @entity1 in @entity0 in general, and malnourished @entity0 in particular if potentially serious complications are to be averted.

title: @entity2 -resistant XXXX @entity1 in Ilorin, Nigeria: prevalence and risk factors for treatment failure.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Presumptive treatment of fever with @entity2 (CQ) remains the major strategy for @entity1 control in Nigeria. Efficacy surveillance of CQ must therefore be continuous for this strategy to remain valid. In this study we determined the efficacy of CQ in 120 @entity0 aged 6m to 34yr who presented with acute uncomplicated @entity4 @entity1 . Clinical success was 86.6%. Parasitological cure was 56.7%. Mean fever and parasite clearance times were 2.5 +/- 1.2D and 4.2 +/- 1.6D, respectively. Recrudescence rate was 24.45%. Twenty-four @entity0 (20%) showed R11 response while 6 @entity0 (5%) showed R111 response. Risk of treatment failure was significantly higher among @entity0 (< or = 15 yr) [P = 0.02, RR = 2.35 ] and among @entity0 whose level of parasitaemia on day 2 was higher than day zero value. [P = 0.04; RR = 6.54]. Although @entity3 was not associated with higher risk of parasitological failure (P = 0.52), the proportion of @entity0 with R11/R111 response compared to R1 response was significantly higher among malnourished @entity0 compared to @entity0 with satisfactory nutritional status (OR 2.92; p = 0.001). The findings suggests the need for extra vigilance of CQ-Resistant @entity4 (CRPF) @entity1 in @entity0 in general, and malnourished @entity0 in particular if potentially serious complications are to be averted.

title: XXXX -resistant @entity4 @entity1 in Ilorin, Nigeria: prevalence and risk factors for treatment failure.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Presumptive treatment of fever with @entity2 (CQ) remains the major strategy for @entity1 control in Nigeria. Efficacy surveillance of CQ must therefore be continuous for this strategy to remain valid. In this study we determined the efficacy of CQ in 120 @entity0 aged 6m to 34yr who presented with acute uncomplicated @entity4 @entity1 . Clinical success was 86.6%. Parasitological cure was 56.7%. Mean fever and parasite clearance times were 2.5 +/- 1.2D and 4.2 +/- 1.6D, respectively. Recrudescence rate was 24.45%. Twenty-four @entity0 (20%) showed R11 response while 6 @entity0 (5%) showed R111 response. Risk of treatment failure was significantly higher among @entity0 (< or = 15 yr) [P = 0.02, RR = 2.35 ] and among @entity0 whose level of parasitaemia on day 2 was higher than day zero value. [P = 0.04; RR = 6.54]. Although @entity3 was not associated with higher risk of parasitological failure (P = 0.52), the proportion of @entity0 with R11/R111 response compared to R1 response was significantly higher among malnourished @entity0 compared to @entity0 with satisfactory nutritional status (OR 2.92; p = 0.001). The findings suggests the need for extra vigilance of CQ-Resistant @entity4 (CRPF) @entity1 in @entity0 in general, and malnourished @entity0 in particular if potentially serious complications are to be averted.

title: @entity2 -resistant @entity4 XXXX in Ilorin, Nigeria: prevalence and risk factors for treatment failure.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF STUDY: The use of a biological, biodegradable scaffold remodeled by cells to resemble a valve leaflet is an attractive approach to tissue engineering. The study aim was to evaluate the suitability of a three-dimensional biodegradable collagen sponge for maintenance of cell viability, proliferation and phenotype of cultured @entity0 cardiac valve interstitial cells (ICs). METHODS: Pieces of valve leaflets were snap-frozen, sectioned and stained by immunoperoxidase. Interstitial cells were cultured from cardiac valves and plated onto glass coverslips or seeded in collagen sponge, then stained by immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase. A panel of antibodies was used to determine cell phenotype. Cell viability was assessed using a dye-based cell proliferation assay, and cell death by @entity1 dehydrogenase measurement. RESULTS: ICs variably expressing the phenotypic markers were found throughout the native valve leaflet, but particularly on the ventricular side. Cultured ICs either on coverslips or in collagen sponge expressed @entity2 , a fibroblast surface antigen and variable amounts of smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin. Expression of the other phenotypic markers, SM @entity4 , @entity3 and @entity5 4-hydroxylase differed: interestingly, the ratio of cells in collagen sponge expressing these markers reflected that found in the native valve leaflet. Confocal microscopy of ICs in the collagen sponge revealed the presence of cells with long interconnecting extensions indicating cell communication. Cell proliferation and cell death assays established that cells were not only viable after four weeks in the sponge, but were also proliferating. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that collagen sponge is a suitable biodegradable scaffold that can maintain viable valve ICs and appears to enhance the capacity of the cell to express its original phenotype.

title: XXXX cardiac valve interstitial cells in collagen sponge: a biological three-dimensional matrix for tissue engineering.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The beneficial effects of @entity1 is well-documented in ICU @entity0 . However, the documentation and control of enteral administration of @entity1 is still insufficient. As an adjunct to enteral nutrition, a concentrated @entity3 solution may be given in a central venous line, but administration via a peripheral vein would be preferable. Therefore, we systematically evaluated local vascular tolerance following a concentrated @entity3 infusion in ICU- @entity0 . METHODS: ICU- @entity0 (n=20) were randomized to receive a 20% @entity4 infusion of 0.5 g/kg or placebo during 4 h in a peripheral vein on 3 consecutive days. Local tolerance was evaluated clinically, by Maddox score, and ultrasonically before the infusion and on days 1, 4 and 8 after the infusion. RESULTS: In the study, 56 out of 60 (93%) planned infusions were administered and 157 out of 168 (93%) clinical evaluations were successfully performed. The ultrasonic evaluation revealed that the utilized veins had a diameter of 2.15+/-0.8 mm (range, 1.0--4.4 mm). There were no signs of @entity2 in any single vein. CONCLUSION: Administration of a @entity1 -containing @entity3 concentrate (20%) by peripheral veins is safe in terms of local tolerance, if a strict protocol is adapted for this purpose is used.

title: The local vascular tolerance to an intravenous infusion of a concentrated XXXX solution in ICU @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The beneficial effects of @entity1 is well-documented in ICU @entity0 . However, the documentation and control of enteral administration of @entity1 is still insufficient. As an adjunct to enteral nutrition, a concentrated @entity3 solution may be given in a central venous line, but administration via a peripheral vein would be preferable. Therefore, we systematically evaluated local vascular tolerance following a concentrated @entity3 infusion in ICU- @entity0 . METHODS: ICU- @entity0 (n=20) were randomized to receive a 20% @entity4 infusion of 0.5 g/kg or placebo during 4 h in a peripheral vein on 3 consecutive days. Local tolerance was evaluated clinically, by Maddox score, and ultrasonically before the infusion and on days 1, 4 and 8 after the infusion. RESULTS: In the study, 56 out of 60 (93%) planned infusions were administered and 157 out of 168 (93%) clinical evaluations were successfully performed. The ultrasonic evaluation revealed that the utilized veins had a diameter of 2.15+/-0.8 mm (range, 1.0--4.4 mm). There were no signs of @entity2 in any single vein. CONCLUSION: Administration of a @entity1 -containing @entity3 concentrate (20%) by peripheral veins is safe in terms of local tolerance, if a strict protocol is adapted for this purpose is used.

title: The local vascular tolerance to an intravenous infusion of a concentrated @entity1 solution in ICU XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the IVF outcome for @entity0 with @entity1 . DESIGN: Meta-analysis. SETTING: @entity4 . @entity0 (S): A MEDLINE search and review of the literature were performed. @entity0 were classified by level of @entity1 , and controls were classified according to the indication for IVF. INTERVENTION(S): Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate overall effect and control for confounding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pregnancy rates, fertilization rate, implantation rates, and numbers of oocytes retrieved. RESULT(S): Twenty-two published studies were included in the overall analysis. The chance of achieving pregnancy was significantly lower for @entity1 @entity0 (odds ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.70) when compared with tubal factor controls. Multivariate analysis also demonstrated a decrease in fertilization and implantation rates, and a significant decrease in the number of oocytes retrieved for @entity1 @entity0 . Pregnancy rates for @entity0 with severe @entity1 were significantly lower than for @entity0 with @entity2 (odds ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.87). CONCLUSION(S): @entity0 with @entity1 -associated @entity3 undergoing IVF respond with significantly decreased levels of all markers of reproductive process, resulting in a pregnancy rate that is almost one half that of @entity0 with other indications for IVF. These data suggest that the effect of @entity1 is not exclusively on the receptivity of the endometrium but also on the development of the oocyte and embryo.

title: Effect of XXXX on in vitro fertilization.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The non-invasive brain scanning techniques introduced a quarter of a century ago have become crucial for diagnosis in clinical neurology. They have also been used to investigate brain function and have provided information about normal activity and pathogenesis. They have been used to investigate functional specialization in the brain and how specialized areas communicate to generate complex integrated functions such as speech, memory, the emotions and so on. The phenomenon of brain plasticity is poorly understood and yet clinical neurologists are aware, from everyday observations, that spontaneous recovery from @entity1 is common. An improved understanding of the mechanisms of recovery may generate new therapeutic strategies and indicate ways of modulating mechanisms that promote @entity3 for loss of function. The main methods used to investigate these issues are positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (M.R.I.). M.R.I. is also used to map brain structure. The techniques of functional brain mapping and computational morphometrics depend on high performance scanners and a validated set of analytic statistical procedures that generate reproducible data and meaningful inferences from brain scanning data. The motor system presents a good paradigm to illustrate advances made by scanning towards an understanding of plasticity at the level of brain areas. The normal motor system is organized in a nested hierarchy. Recovery from paralysis caused by internal capsule strokes involves functional reorganization manifesting itself as changed patterns of activity in the component brain areas of the normal motor system. The pattern of plastic modification depends in part on patterns of residual or disturbed connectivity after @entity4 . Therapeutic manipulations in @entity0 with @entity2 using deep brain stimulation, dopaminergic agents or fetal mesencephalic transplantation provide a means to examine mechanisms underpinning plastic change. Other models of plastic change, such as normal visuospatial learning or re-establishing speech comprehension after cochlear implantation in the deaf illustrate how patterns of brain function adapt over time. Limitations of the scanning techniques and prospects for the future are discussed in relation to new developments in the neuroimaging field.

title: Forthergillian Lecture. Imaging XXXX brain function.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity5 (PA) may cause serious complications. Early detection and surgery are beneficial. What are the circumstances under which the diagnosis of PA is made? What risks are associated with the treatment? A total of 36 consecutive PAs in 22 @entity0 and 2 @entity0 were treated in a single-center series. Altogether, 26 surgical reconstructions (group 1) were performed using a medial approach, and two PAs were resected through a dorsal approach. Eight @entity0 with eight PAs did not undergo surgery (group 2): Two were awaiting surgery, and six had refused it. At the time of diagnosis, 25 PAs were symptomatic: @entity3 , @entity1 , or "pulsation" in the popliteal groove (29%); claudication of the foot/ @entity4 (39%); critical @entity2 (21%). Eleven asymptomatic cases were discovered during screening duplex sonography of known @entity6 . Among the 28 PAs that underwent surgery, 6 produced acute symptoms. The following complications were observed: five postoperative @entity8 , one infected @entity7 ( @entity7 ) graft, two early graft occlusions, and two significant stenoses of the distal anastomosis. After a mean follow-up of 15 months (range 2-43 months), group 1 had a limb salvage rate of 100% and a secondary patency rate of 96%. Two @entity0 are still awaiting surgery. Critical @entity2 represents an absolute indication for surgical repair, but the observed zero mortality and relatively low morbidity associated with the intervention combined with a favorable patency rate justify the liberal use of surgery even for asymptomatic PAs. The extensible medial approach is preferred. Sequential reconstruction is advised for bilateral PAs.

title: XXXX : diagnostic workup and results of surgical treatment.

answer: @entity5


abstract: We used the standard comet assay successfully to generate in vitro dose-response curves under oxic and @entity4 conditions. We then made mixtures of cells that had been irradiated with 3 and 9 Gy of X-rays to simulate two subpopulations in a @entity1 , but efforts to accurately detect and quantify the subpopulations using the standard comet assay were unsuccessful. Therefore, we investigated a modified comet assay to determine whether it could be used for measuring @entity4 in our model systems. @entity0 cells were grown as @entity1 in athymic @entity2 ; @entity0 and U87 MG cells were grown as intracerebral (i.c.) @entity1 in athymic @entity3 . Animals were injected with @entity5 , irradiated, and euthanized. @entity1 and normal brains were removed, and the cells were analyzed using a modified comet assay. Differences in comet tail moment distributions between @entity1 and contralateral normal brain, using tail moments at either the 25th or 50th percentile in each distribution, were taken as measures of the degree of @entity1 . For U251 @entity1 , there was a positive relationship between @entity1 size and the degree of @entity4 , whereas preliminary data from U87 MG i.c. @entity1 showed less @entity4 and no apparent relationship between @entity1 size and @entity4 .

title: Detection of XXXX in @entity0 brain tumor xenografts using a modified comet assay.

answer: @entity4


abstract: We used the standard comet assay successfully to generate in vitro dose-response curves under oxic and @entity4 conditions. We then made mixtures of cells that had been irradiated with 3 and 9 Gy of X-rays to simulate two subpopulations in a @entity1 , but efforts to accurately detect and quantify the subpopulations using the standard comet assay were unsuccessful. Therefore, we investigated a modified comet assay to determine whether it could be used for measuring @entity4 in our model systems. @entity0 cells were grown as @entity1 in athymic @entity2 ; @entity0 and U87 MG cells were grown as intracerebral (i.c.) @entity1 in athymic @entity3 . Animals were injected with @entity5 , irradiated, and euthanized. @entity1 and normal brains were removed, and the cells were analyzed using a modified comet assay. Differences in comet tail moment distributions between @entity1 and contralateral normal brain, using tail moments at either the 25th or 50th percentile in each distribution, were taken as measures of the degree of @entity1 . For U251 @entity1 , there was a positive relationship between @entity1 size and the degree of @entity4 , whereas preliminary data from U87 MG i.c. @entity1 showed less @entity4 and no apparent relationship between @entity1 size and @entity4 .

title: Detection of @entity4 in XXXX brain tumor xenografts using a modified comet assay.

answer: @entity0