abstract: BACKGROUND: Outcomes for @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in low-income countries lag far behind high-income countries (HIC). We explored the impact of central nervous system (CNS) involvement on outcome of pediatric @entity0 with @entity1 in Tanzania. PROCEDURE: Comprehensive chart review was performed to characterize CNS involvement, treatment, and outcomes of pediatric @entity0 with @entity1 at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2013. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-six @entity0 with confirmed @entity1 had accessible data, and 128 initiated therapy. Sixteen percent of 156 @entity0 had a documented cerebral spinal fluid analysis by cytospin. Seventy @entity0 (45%) had a documented lumbar puncture with intrathecal (IT) therapy within 1 week of diagnosis. Thirteen @entity0 presented with CNS involvement at diagnosis based on cytospin and/or unequivocal symptoms. Twenty-one @entity0 (16%) experienced CNS relapse, three of whom had @entity3 at diagnosis. Median @entity2 ( @entity2 ) for all @entity0 was 7.9 months and estimated @entity2 at 24 months was 31%. For the @entity0 with CNS involvement at diagnosis, the estimated @entity2 at 24 months was 45%. Only three of 21 @entity0 with CNS relapse were still alive with a median follow up of 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of @entity3 in @entity0 with @entity1 in Dar es Salaam at diagnosis and relapse was higher than that reported in HIC, and overall survival was lower. Improving outcomes will require further advances including consistent CNS prophylaxis and may include targeting high-risk @entity0 with additional IT treatments.

title: Evaluation and Outcome of Central Nervous System Involvement in XXXX in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the renoprotective effect of specific @entity9 ( @entity9 ) inhibitor @entity15 and its possible mechanism of retarding progressive @entity0 in @entity1 with @entity0 . METHODS: @entity1 were randomly divided into six groups: sham, @entity0 (SNX). SNX treated with @entity15 (10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity7 (2 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity13 (100 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity15 and @entity13 . Blood pressure, urinary protein and @entity10 ( @entity8 ) were measured at the 6th week after operation and morphological changes were examined with light microscopy. The mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors ( @entity16 , @entity17 ) was detected by way of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression of @entity11 ( @entity11 ), fibronectin (FN) and @entity14 was examined utilizing Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The levels of urinary protein and TXB(2) as well as cortical @entity9 expression in SNX group were significantly increased while @entity12 expression remained undisturbed in comparison with those in sham group. The levels of systolic blood pressure and @entity5 in renal cortex significantly increased. The expression of @entity16 and @entity17 mRNA, @entity11 and @entity6 protein was up-regulated. The @entity2 index (GSI) and @entity4 index were increased in SNX group. @entity15 significantly inhibited the increase in @entity3 and reduced GSI and @entity4 index. The expression of @entity16 , @entity17 and @entity11 was down-regulated by 36.44%, 45.02% and 31.16% respectively, similar to the effect of @entity13 treatment. @entity7 significantly decreased @entity3 and slightly reduced GSI. However the @entity4 index was exacerbated. Systolic blood pressure was not significantly blunted in the groups of @entity15 and @entity7 . There was no significant additive effect of combined therapy with @entity13 and @entity15 , though @entity3 was reduced to a lower level. CONCLUSION: @entity15 attenuates @entity3 and retards the progressive @entity0 in @entity1 with @entity0 partly by inhibition of @entity9 activity and modulation of activation of renal renin-angiotensin system as well as the down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors and @entity11 .

title: [Renal protective effects of specific @entity9 inhibitor in @entity1 with XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the renoprotective effect of specific @entity9 ( @entity9 ) inhibitor @entity15 and its possible mechanism of retarding progressive @entity0 in @entity1 with @entity0 . METHODS: @entity1 were randomly divided into six groups: sham, @entity0 (SNX). SNX treated with @entity15 (10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity7 (2 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity13 (100 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity15 and @entity13 . Blood pressure, urinary protein and @entity10 ( @entity8 ) were measured at the 6th week after operation and morphological changes were examined with light microscopy. The mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors ( @entity16 , @entity17 ) was detected by way of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression of @entity11 ( @entity11 ), fibronectin (FN) and @entity14 was examined utilizing Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The levels of urinary protein and TXB(2) as well as cortical @entity9 expression in SNX group were significantly increased while @entity12 expression remained undisturbed in comparison with those in sham group. The levels of systolic blood pressure and @entity5 in renal cortex significantly increased. The expression of @entity16 and @entity17 mRNA, @entity11 and @entity6 protein was up-regulated. The @entity2 index (GSI) and @entity4 index were increased in SNX group. @entity15 significantly inhibited the increase in @entity3 and reduced GSI and @entity4 index. The expression of @entity16 , @entity17 and @entity11 was down-regulated by 36.44%, 45.02% and 31.16% respectively, similar to the effect of @entity13 treatment. @entity7 significantly decreased @entity3 and slightly reduced GSI. However the @entity4 index was exacerbated. Systolic blood pressure was not significantly blunted in the groups of @entity15 and @entity7 . There was no significant additive effect of combined therapy with @entity13 and @entity15 , though @entity3 was reduced to a lower level. CONCLUSION: @entity15 attenuates @entity3 and retards the progressive @entity0 in @entity1 with @entity0 partly by inhibition of @entity9 activity and modulation of activation of renal renin-angiotensin system as well as the down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors and @entity11 .

title: [Renal protective effects of specific XXXX inhibitor in @entity1 with @entity0 ].

answer: @entity9


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the renoprotective effect of specific @entity9 ( @entity9 ) inhibitor @entity15 and its possible mechanism of retarding progressive @entity0 in @entity1 with @entity0 . METHODS: @entity1 were randomly divided into six groups: sham, @entity0 (SNX). SNX treated with @entity15 (10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity7 (2 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity13 (100 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity15 and @entity13 . Blood pressure, urinary protein and @entity10 ( @entity8 ) were measured at the 6th week after operation and morphological changes were examined with light microscopy. The mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors ( @entity16 , @entity17 ) was detected by way of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression of @entity11 ( @entity11 ), fibronectin (FN) and @entity14 was examined utilizing Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The levels of urinary protein and TXB(2) as well as cortical @entity9 expression in SNX group were significantly increased while @entity12 expression remained undisturbed in comparison with those in sham group. The levels of systolic blood pressure and @entity5 in renal cortex significantly increased. The expression of @entity16 and @entity17 mRNA, @entity11 and @entity6 protein was up-regulated. The @entity2 index (GSI) and @entity4 index were increased in SNX group. @entity15 significantly inhibited the increase in @entity3 and reduced GSI and @entity4 index. The expression of @entity16 , @entity17 and @entity11 was down-regulated by 36.44%, 45.02% and 31.16% respectively, similar to the effect of @entity13 treatment. @entity7 significantly decreased @entity3 and slightly reduced GSI. However the @entity4 index was exacerbated. Systolic blood pressure was not significantly blunted in the groups of @entity15 and @entity7 . There was no significant additive effect of combined therapy with @entity13 and @entity15 , though @entity3 was reduced to a lower level. CONCLUSION: @entity15 attenuates @entity3 and retards the progressive @entity0 in @entity1 with @entity0 partly by inhibition of @entity9 activity and modulation of activation of renal renin-angiotensin system as well as the down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors and @entity11 .

title: [Renal protective effects of specific @entity9 inhibitor in XXXX with @entity0 ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: To examine the influence of the pathology review mechanism on the results of analyses of therapeutic efficacy and biological prognostic correlates for pediatric high-grade @entity2 , we evaluated the effects of using single-expert review or consensus review, as alternatives to institutional classification, in determining outcome results of a large randomized trial. The study group was the randomized cohort of @entity0 's Cancer Group study 945, which compared efficacy of 2 chemotherapy regimens adjuvant to surgery and radiation. Trial eligibility required institutional histopathologic diagnosis of high-grade @entity2 . Sections of study @entity1 also were centrally reviewed, initially by a study review neuropathologist and subsequently by 5 neuropathologists, including the review pathologist. Reviews were independent, and reviewers were masked to clinical factors and outcomes, and consensus diagnoses of the panel were then established. Among 172 eligible @entity0 , 42 @entity1 were classified as discordant on single-expert review and 51 on consensus review. Progression-free survival probabilities calculated for @entity0 with @entity1 classified as high-grade @entity2 by either single-expert or consensus review were inferior to those for the overall, institutionally diagnosed cohort. However, conclusions of the study regarding relative efficacy of treatment and clinical and molecular outcome correlates were unaffected by diagnosis method. Resection extent, proliferation index, and @entity3 expression were associated strongly with outcome, regardless of diagnosis method. However, comparisons between arms in which inclusion was determined by different review criteria for each arm caused spurious conclusions about efficacy differences between treatments. We conclude that the pathology review mechanism had little effect on within-trial comparisons of therapeutic effects or prognostic correlates in this randomized study, but strongly influenced survival distributions that were calculated for each treatment arm. These results support the implementation of expedited central review in therapeutic studies involving @entity2 as a way to prospectively identify and exclude cases with discordant diagnoses and indicate the need for additional measures, such as molecular assessments, to increase the reproducibility of neuropathologic classification for these @entity1 .

title: The influence of central review on outcome associations in XXXX : results from the CCG-945 experience.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is a common, @entity1 that requires long-term management. Although effective treatments are available, @entity2 frequently remains undiagnosed. Furthermore, once recognized, treatment duration and dosage are often inadequate and adherence to medication is often poor. However, adequate acute phase treatment of @entity2 is essential to reduce symptomatology, and improve quality of life and the clinical course. After remission, treatment should be continued for 4-9 months to consolidate the remission and prevent relapse. For @entity0 who do not respond adequately to their initial antidepressant therapy, switching or augmentation of therapy may be necessary. Many @entity0 suffer residual symptomatology, even when classified as being in remission. In addition to the suffering and impairment that this causes, residual symptomatology is associated with a high rate of relapse. Clinicians should strive to achieve asymptomatic recovery both in terms of core symptomatology and @entity3 . This requires appropriate treatment at therapeutic doses for a sufficient duration; education and support to promote @entity0 compliance with treatment; and regular monitoring and prompt intervention for @entity0 with symptoms that persist even at subsyndromal levels. In conclusion, there remains considerable scope for improving the identification, treatment and management of @entity0 with @entity2 .

title: Improving the chance of recovery from the short- and long-term consequences of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) reduce @entity6 events by unknown mechanisms in @entity0 with @entity4 . DESIGN: We studied the in-vitro effects of @entity13 , an ACEI, on the ability of @entity0 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to inhibit @entity10 . METHODS: Platelet aggregation in the presence of HUVEC and endothelial surface expression and activities of ecto- @entity8 diphosphohydrolase (ecto-ADPase), @entity15 , were determined. The capability of HUVEC to release @entity14 and @entity7 (NO) was also investigated. RESULTS: Perindoprilat (an active metabolite of @entity13 ) significantly enhanced the surface expression and activities of ecto-ADPase and @entity14 release, resulting in enhancement of ability to inhibit @entity10 by HUVEC. These effects of perindoprilat were also observed in HUVEC activated by @entity1 @entity3 factor ( @entity5 , which increased the expression of @entity12 ( @entity12 ), @entity12 , and, despite up-regulation of @entity14 release, attenuated endothelial anti-platelet properties by decreasing ecto-ADPase activity. Perindoprilat partially restored this capability, but failed to reduce enhanced expression of @entity12 . By contrast, the role of NO as a platelet inhibitor appeared minimal in HUVEC. @entity11 , an angiotensin II receptor ( @entity9 (1)) blocker, did not affect endothelial anti-platelet property. CONCLUSIONS: Perindoprilat was found to augment endothelial capability to inhibit @entity10 by increasing ecto-ADPase activity and @entity14 release in HUVEC. This beneficial effect of perindoprilat appeared to be preserved in the activated cells exposed to @entity5 , although no evidence was found to support that it could reverse the @entity2 process induced by cytokines.

title: XXXX augments ecto- @entity8 diphosphohydrolase activity and enhances endothelial anti-platelet function in @entity0 umbilical vein endothelial cells.

answer: @entity13


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) reduce @entity6 events by unknown mechanisms in @entity0 with @entity4 . DESIGN: We studied the in-vitro effects of @entity13 , an ACEI, on the ability of @entity0 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to inhibit @entity10 . METHODS: Platelet aggregation in the presence of HUVEC and endothelial surface expression and activities of ecto- @entity8 diphosphohydrolase (ecto-ADPase), @entity15 , were determined. The capability of HUVEC to release @entity14 and @entity7 (NO) was also investigated. RESULTS: Perindoprilat (an active metabolite of @entity13 ) significantly enhanced the surface expression and activities of ecto-ADPase and @entity14 release, resulting in enhancement of ability to inhibit @entity10 by HUVEC. These effects of perindoprilat were also observed in HUVEC activated by @entity1 @entity3 factor ( @entity5 , which increased the expression of @entity12 ( @entity12 ), @entity12 , and, despite up-regulation of @entity14 release, attenuated endothelial anti-platelet properties by decreasing ecto-ADPase activity. Perindoprilat partially restored this capability, but failed to reduce enhanced expression of @entity12 . By contrast, the role of NO as a platelet inhibitor appeared minimal in HUVEC. @entity11 , an angiotensin II receptor ( @entity9 (1)) blocker, did not affect endothelial anti-platelet property. CONCLUSIONS: Perindoprilat was found to augment endothelial capability to inhibit @entity10 by increasing ecto-ADPase activity and @entity14 release in HUVEC. This beneficial effect of perindoprilat appeared to be preserved in the activated cells exposed to @entity5 , although no evidence was found to support that it could reverse the @entity2 process induced by cytokines.

title: @entity13 augments ecto- XXXX diphosphohydrolase activity and enhances endothelial anti-platelet function in @entity0 umbilical vein endothelial cells.

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) reduce @entity6 events by unknown mechanisms in @entity0 with @entity4 . DESIGN: We studied the in-vitro effects of @entity13 , an ACEI, on the ability of @entity0 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to inhibit @entity10 . METHODS: Platelet aggregation in the presence of HUVEC and endothelial surface expression and activities of ecto- @entity8 diphosphohydrolase (ecto-ADPase), @entity15 , were determined. The capability of HUVEC to release @entity14 and @entity7 (NO) was also investigated. RESULTS: Perindoprilat (an active metabolite of @entity13 ) significantly enhanced the surface expression and activities of ecto-ADPase and @entity14 release, resulting in enhancement of ability to inhibit @entity10 by HUVEC. These effects of perindoprilat were also observed in HUVEC activated by @entity1 @entity3 factor ( @entity5 , which increased the expression of @entity12 ( @entity12 ), @entity12 , and, despite up-regulation of @entity14 release, attenuated endothelial anti-platelet properties by decreasing ecto-ADPase activity. Perindoprilat partially restored this capability, but failed to reduce enhanced expression of @entity12 . By contrast, the role of NO as a platelet inhibitor appeared minimal in HUVEC. @entity11 , an angiotensin II receptor ( @entity9 (1)) blocker, did not affect endothelial anti-platelet property. CONCLUSIONS: Perindoprilat was found to augment endothelial capability to inhibit @entity10 by increasing ecto-ADPase activity and @entity14 release in HUVEC. This beneficial effect of perindoprilat appeared to be preserved in the activated cells exposed to @entity5 , although no evidence was found to support that it could reverse the @entity2 process induced by cytokines.

title: @entity13 augments ecto- @entity8 diphosphohydrolase activity and enhances endothelial anti-platelet function in XXXX umbilical vein endothelial cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the incidence and severity of complications associated with intraarterial @entity3 and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced @entity2 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred five @entity0 treated between June 1993 and March 1998 were studied. Forty-seven (44%) had T4 lesions and 40 (37%) had bulky (N2/3) nodal disease. Three hundred eighty-five procedures were performed. All @entity0 were treated with selective intraarterial @entity1 -directed @entity3 (150 mg/m(2) weekly x 4), simultaneous intravenous @entity5 (9 g/m(2)) for systemic neutralization of @entity3 , and conventional external-beam radiation to the @entity1 and nodal disease (total dose of 66-74 Gy). RESULTS: One hundred five @entity0 were evaluated for complications. Twenty-two (5.7%) groin @entity4 occurred, none of which needed therapy. Two asymptomatic common carotid artery dissections were reported. Two @entity0 experienced acute occlusion of the external iliac artery requiring a femorofemoral bypass. Overall, there were 41 grade III/IV chemotoxic events related to treatment. Chemotoxic events included 29 mucosal events, nine hematologic events, two otologic events, and one gastrointestinal event. No renal events occurred. There were three permanent and three transient neurologic events. CONCLUSION: Selective high-dose intraarterial @entity3 and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced @entity2 can be performed safely with a relatively low complication rate compared to standard intravenous chemotherapy treatment protocols.

title: Complications associated with selective high-dose intraarterial XXXX and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced @entity2 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the incidence and severity of complications associated with intraarterial @entity3 and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced @entity2 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred five @entity0 treated between June 1993 and March 1998 were studied. Forty-seven (44%) had T4 lesions and 40 (37%) had bulky (N2/3) nodal disease. Three hundred eighty-five procedures were performed. All @entity0 were treated with selective intraarterial @entity1 -directed @entity3 (150 mg/m(2) weekly x 4), simultaneous intravenous @entity5 (9 g/m(2)) for systemic neutralization of @entity3 , and conventional external-beam radiation to the @entity1 and nodal disease (total dose of 66-74 Gy). RESULTS: One hundred five @entity0 were evaluated for complications. Twenty-two (5.7%) groin @entity4 occurred, none of which needed therapy. Two asymptomatic common carotid artery dissections were reported. Two @entity0 experienced acute occlusion of the external iliac artery requiring a femorofemoral bypass. Overall, there were 41 grade III/IV chemotoxic events related to treatment. Chemotoxic events included 29 mucosal events, nine hematologic events, two otologic events, and one gastrointestinal event. No renal events occurred. There were three permanent and three transient neurologic events. CONCLUSION: Selective high-dose intraarterial @entity3 and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced @entity2 can be performed safely with a relatively low complication rate compared to standard intravenous chemotherapy treatment protocols.

title: Complications associated with selective high-dose intraarterial @entity3 and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 combined with @entity4 has been the recommended antimalarial treatment of @entity3 @entity1 for six decades but the efficacy of this treatment regimen is threatened by @entity2 resistance (CQR). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the multidrug resistance gene, Pvmdr1 are putative determinants of CQR but the extent of their emergence at population level remains to be explored. OBJECTIVE: In this study we describe the prevalence of SNPs in the Pvmdr1 among samples collected in seven @entity3 endemic countries and we looked for molecular evidence of drug selection by characterising polymorphism at @entity0 ( @entity0 ) loci flanking the Pvmdr1 gene. METHODS: We examined the prevalence of SNPs in the Pvmdr1 gene among 267 samples collected from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Sudan, S  o Tom   and Ecuador. We measured and diversity in four @entity0 ( @entity0 ) markers flanking the Pvmdr1 gene to look evidence of selection on mutant alleles. RESULTS: SNP polymorphism in the Pvmdr1 gene was largely confined to codons @entity6 , @entity5 and @entity7 . Only 2.4% of samples were wildtype at all three codons (TYF, n = 5), 13.3% (n = 28) of the samples were single mutant MYF, 63.0% of samples (n = 133) were double mutant MYL, and 21.3% (n = 45) were triple mutant MFL. Clear geographic differences in the prevalence of these Pvmdr mutation combinations were observed. Significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) between Pvmdr1 and @entity0 alleles was found in populations sampled in Ecuador, Nepal and Sri Lanka, while significant LD between Pvmdr1 and the combined 4 @entity0 locus haplotype was only seen in Ecuador and Sri Lanka. When combining the 5 loci, high level diversity, measured as expected heterozygosity (He), was seen in the complete sample set (He = 0.99), while He estimates for individual loci ranged from 0.00-0.93. Although Pvmdr1 haplotypes were not consistently associated with specific flanking @entity0 alleles, there was significant differentiation between geographic sites which could indicate directional selection through local drug pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations suggest that Pvmdr1 mutations emerged independently on multiple occasions even within the same population. In Sri Lanka population analysis at multiple sites showed evidence of local selection and geographical dispersal of Pvmdr1 mutations between sites.

title: Multiple Origins of Mutations in the mdr1 Gene-A Putative Marker of XXXX Resistance in @entity3 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 combined with @entity4 has been the recommended antimalarial treatment of @entity3 @entity1 for six decades but the efficacy of this treatment regimen is threatened by @entity2 resistance (CQR). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the multidrug resistance gene, Pvmdr1 are putative determinants of CQR but the extent of their emergence at population level remains to be explored. OBJECTIVE: In this study we describe the prevalence of SNPs in the Pvmdr1 among samples collected in seven @entity3 endemic countries and we looked for molecular evidence of drug selection by characterising polymorphism at @entity0 ( @entity0 ) loci flanking the Pvmdr1 gene. METHODS: We examined the prevalence of SNPs in the Pvmdr1 gene among 267 samples collected from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Sudan, S  o Tom   and Ecuador. We measured and diversity in four @entity0 ( @entity0 ) markers flanking the Pvmdr1 gene to look evidence of selection on mutant alleles. RESULTS: SNP polymorphism in the Pvmdr1 gene was largely confined to codons @entity6 , @entity5 and @entity7 . Only 2.4% of samples were wildtype at all three codons (TYF, n = 5), 13.3% (n = 28) of the samples were single mutant MYF, 63.0% of samples (n = 133) were double mutant MYL, and 21.3% (n = 45) were triple mutant MFL. Clear geographic differences in the prevalence of these Pvmdr mutation combinations were observed. Significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) between Pvmdr1 and @entity0 alleles was found in populations sampled in Ecuador, Nepal and Sri Lanka, while significant LD between Pvmdr1 and the combined 4 @entity0 locus haplotype was only seen in Ecuador and Sri Lanka. When combining the 5 loci, high level diversity, measured as expected heterozygosity (He), was seen in the complete sample set (He = 0.99), while He estimates for individual loci ranged from 0.00-0.93. Although Pvmdr1 haplotypes were not consistently associated with specific flanking @entity0 alleles, there was significant differentiation between geographic sites which could indicate directional selection through local drug pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations suggest that Pvmdr1 mutations emerged independently on multiple occasions even within the same population. In Sri Lanka population analysis at multiple sites showed evidence of local selection and geographical dispersal of Pvmdr1 mutations between sites.

title: Multiple Origins of Mutations in the mdr1 Gene-A Putative Marker of @entity2 Resistance in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Relatively high plasma levels of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) have been associated with @entity1 and poor clinical outcomes in @entity0 with various conditions. It is unknown whether elevated suPAR levels in @entity0 with normal kidney function are associated with future decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and with @entity2 . METHODS: We measured plasma suPAR levels in 3683 @entity0 enrolled in the Emory Cardiovascular Biobank (mean age, 63 years; 65% @entity0 ; median suPAR level, 3040 pg per milliliter) and determined renal function at enrollment and at subsequent visits in 2292 @entity0 . The relationship between suPAR levels and the eGFR at baseline, the change in the eGFR over time, and the development of @entity2 (eGFR <60 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area) were analyzed with the use of linear mixed models and Cox regression after adjustment for demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS: A higher suPAR level at baseline was associated with a greater decline in the eGFR during follow-up; the annual change in the eGFR was -0.9 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) among @entity0 in the lowest quartile of suPAR levels as compared with -4.2 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) among @entity0 in the highest quartile (P<0.001). The 921 @entity0 with a normal eGFR (>=  90 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2)) at baseline had the largest suPAR-related decline in the eGFR. In 1335 @entity0 with a baseline eGFR of at least 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2), the risk of progression to @entity2 in the highest quartile of suPAR levels was 3.13 times as high (95% confidence interval, 2.11 to 4.65) as that in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS: An elevated level of suPAR was independently associated with @entity2 and an accelerated decline in the eGFR in the groups studied. (Funded by the Abraham J. and Phyllis Katz Foundation and others.).

title: Soluble Urokinase Receptor and XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Importance: Evolving data on the effectiveness of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) have led to changes in National @entity2 Network (NCCN) recommendations, counseling clinicians to "strongly consider" PMRT for @entity1 with @entity0 with @entity2 5 cm or smaller and 1 to 3 positive nodes; however, anticipation of PMRT may lead to delay or omission of reconstruction, which can have cosmetic, quality-of-life, and complication implications for @entity1 . Objective: To determine whether revised guidelines have increased PMRT and affected receipt of breast reconstruction. We hypothesized that (1) PMRT rates would increase for @entity1 affected by the revised guidelines while remaining stable in other cohorts and (2) receipt of breast reconstruction would decrease in these @entity1 while increasing in other groups. Design, Setting, and @entity1 : Retrospective, population-based cohort study of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data on @entity1 with stage I to III @entity0 undergoing mastectomy from 2000 through 2011. Our analytic sample (N   =   62   442) was divided into cohorts on the basis of current NCCN radiotherapy recommendations: "radiotherapy recommended" ( @entity2 >5 cm or >= 4 positive lymph nodes), "strongly consider radiotherapy" ( @entity2  <=5 cm, 1-3 positive nodes), and "radiotherapy not recommended" ( @entity2  <=5 cm, no positive nodes). Main Outcomes and Measures: We used Joinpoint regression analysis to evaluate temporal trends in receipt of PMRT and breast reconstruction. Results: The 3 cohorts comprised 15   999 in the "radiotherapy recommended" group, 15   0006 in the "strongly consider radiotherapy" group, and 31   837 in the "radiotherapy not recommended" group. Rates of PMRT were unchanged in the radiotherapy recommended (29.9%) and radiotherapy not recommended (7.4%) cohorts over the study period. Receipt of PMRT for the strongly consider radiotherapy cohort was unchanged at 26.9% until 2007. At that time, a significant change in the @entity3 was observed (P   =   .01) with an increase in @entity3 from 2.1% to 9.0% (P   =   .02) through the end of the study period, for a final rate of 40.5%. Breast reconstruction increased across all cohorts. Despite increasing receipt of PMRT, the strongly consider radiotherapy cohort maintained a consistent increase in reconstruction (annual percentage change, 7.4%) throughout the study period. This is similar to the increase in reconstruction observed for the radiotherapy recommended (10.7%) and radiotherapy not recommended (8.4%) cohorts. Conclusions and Relevance: Changes in NCCN guidelines have been associated with an increase in PMRT among @entity1 with @entity2 5 cm or smaller and 1 to 3 positive nodes without an associated decrease in receipt of reconstruction. This may represent increasing clinician comfort with irradiating a new breast reconstruction and may have cosmetic and quality-of-life implications for @entity1 .

title: Temporal Trends in Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy and Breast Reconstruction Associated With Changes in National XXXX Network Guidelines.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of @entity5 extended release (D-ER) in @entity0 with chronic post- @entity2 , and to assess for potential drug activity on sensorimotor function. METHODS: Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, @entity0 were randomized to placebo/D-ER or D-ER/placebo sequences and given D-ER 10 mg or placebo twice daily. Key inclusion criteria were: @entity2 >=    6 months, Fugl-Meyer Assessment lower extremity motor score  <=   28, ability to complete Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW). The primary outcome was safety and tolerability. The key exploratory measure was walking speed (T25FW). Other assessments were: Box and Block, and Grip and Pinch tests; Functional Independence Measure. Full-crossover data were analyzed using mixed-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 83 @entity0 were randomized: 70 completed and 13 discontinued the study. Adverse events were consistent with previous D-ER trials; no new safety signals were observed. Four @entity0 experienced serious adverse events: 3 @entity4 (1 placebo, 2 D-ER), 1 was secondary to intentional @entity7 . Most common treatment-emergent adverse events were: dizziness, @entity3 , @entity8 and @entity6 . Mixed-effects analysis showed an effect for D-ER vs placebo in improving walking speed (0.21 vs 0.10 ft/s; p   =   0.027). CONCLUSIONS: D-ER was generally well tolerated in @entity0 with @entity1 . Potential drug activity on lower extremity sensorimotor function, with an improvement in walking speed, was seen.

title: XXXX in chronic sensorimotor deficits after @entity2 : A proof of concept study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of @entity5 extended release (D-ER) in @entity0 with chronic post- @entity2 , and to assess for potential drug activity on sensorimotor function. METHODS: Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, @entity0 were randomized to placebo/D-ER or D-ER/placebo sequences and given D-ER 10 mg or placebo twice daily. Key inclusion criteria were: @entity2 >=    6 months, Fugl-Meyer Assessment lower extremity motor score  <=   28, ability to complete Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW). The primary outcome was safety and tolerability. The key exploratory measure was walking speed (T25FW). Other assessments were: Box and Block, and Grip and Pinch tests; Functional Independence Measure. Full-crossover data were analyzed using mixed-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 83 @entity0 were randomized: 70 completed and 13 discontinued the study. Adverse events were consistent with previous D-ER trials; no new safety signals were observed. Four @entity0 experienced serious adverse events: 3 @entity4 (1 placebo, 2 D-ER), 1 was secondary to intentional @entity7 . Most common treatment-emergent adverse events were: dizziness, @entity3 , @entity8 and @entity6 . Mixed-effects analysis showed an effect for D-ER vs placebo in improving walking speed (0.21 vs 0.10 ft/s; p   =   0.027). CONCLUSIONS: D-ER was generally well tolerated in @entity0 with @entity1 . Potential drug activity on lower extremity sensorimotor function, with an improvement in walking speed, was seen.

title: @entity5 in chronic sensorimotor deficits after XXXX : A proof of concept study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Meiotic recombination is an essential biological process that generates genetic diversity and ensures proper segregation of chromosomes during meiosis. From a large USDA dairy @entity1 pedigree with over half a million genotyped animals, we extracted 186,927 three-generation families, identified over 8.5 million maternal and paternal recombination events, and constructed sex-specific recombination maps for 59,309 autosomal SNPs. The recombination map spans for 25.5 Morgans in males and 23.2 Morgans in females, for a total studied region of 2,516 Mb (986 kb/cM in males and 1,085 kb/cM in females). The male map is 10% longer than the female map and the sex difference is most pronounced in the subtelomeric regions. We identified 1,792 male and 1,885 female putative recombination hotspots, with 720 hotspots shared between sexes. These hotspots encompass 3% of the genome but account for 25% of the genome-wide recombination events in both sexes. During the past forty years, males showed a decreasing trend in recombination rate that coincided with the artificial selection for milk production. Sex-specific GWAS analyses identified @entity2 and @entity3 to have significant effects on genome-wide recombination rate in both sexes. Two novel loci, @entity4 and @entity5 , were associated with recombination rate in both sexes, whereas three loci, @entity6 , @entity7 and @entity8 , affected recombination rate in females only. Among the multiple @entity2 paralogues on the @entity1 genome, our GWAS of recombination hotspot usage together with linkage analysis identified the @entity2 paralogue on chromosome 1 to be associated in the U.S. Holstein data. Given the largest sample size ever reported for such studies, our results reveal new insights into the understanding of @entity1 and @entity0 recombination.

title: XXXX Sex-Specific Recombination and Genetic Control from a Large Pedigree Analysis.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Angus bulls (n = 24) were selected for either high or low milk @entity1 , but with similar growth @entity1 and mated within location (n = 6) at random to Angus @entity0 . Daughters from these matings were bred to calve first at 2 yr of age to common reference sires across locations. Lactation records for 192 daughters were used to evaluate 12-h milk yield, percentage of milk fat and protein, and weaning weight of offspring. Milk production was measured four times during the lactation at regular intervals within location. Dams were separated from their @entity0 the night before milking and milked with a portable milking machine the next morning to estimate 12-h milk yield. A sample of the milk was collected from each @entity0 and analyzed for percentages of milk fat and protein. Data were analyzed as repeated records of the dam. Fixed effects were location, genetic line of sire, gender of @entity0 within location, and milking period, with postpartum interval used as a covariate. Fixed effects and the random effects of sire of dam nested within line, sire of @entity0 , and year were estimated by REML. Genetic line was an important source of variation for milk yield (P < 0.01) and percentage of milk fat (P = 0.03) but not for percentage of @entity2 (P = 0.49). Location was significant for all three milk variables (P < 0.01), but the interactions between line and location were not significant. Gender of @entity0 was significant for milk yield (P = 0.04) but not for percentage of milk fat or protein. Line (P = 0.02), location (P = 0.01), @entity0 gender (P = 0.01), and age at weaning (P = 0.01) were significant sources of variation for weaning weight but the interaction of line and location was not (P = 0.69). The correlation coefficient between the sire's milk @entity1 and 12-h milk yield was significantly different from zero (r = 0.56). The difference between the least squares means for high and low lines for milk yield was 0.66 kg/12 h and the difference was 15.3 kg for weaning weight. The results indicate that there was not evidence for a genotype by environment interaction in milk production for daughters from divergent sires selected for high or low milk @entity1 .

title: Evaluation of maternal performance of daughters from high and low milk XXXX sires.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 exposed to a heat-stressed environment (33 degrees C, 50% relative humidity) were used in three experiments to determine whether @entity5 (EV) is the primary toxin involved in fescue @entity3 . The first study evaluated the effects of feeding diets containing increasing levels of endophyte-infected @entity4 seed (E+) and decreasing levels of endophyte-free @entity4 seed (E-). The second and third study evaluated the response to a diet that contained synthetic EV added to an E- diet and the response to a diet containing endophyte-infected ryegrass seed (R+) with an elevated concentration of EV. In Exp. 1, @entity0 were fed diets of: 1) 10% E- and 0% E+, 2) 5% E- and 5% E+, or 3) 0% E- and 10% E+. Increasing the percentage of E+ in the diet resulted in a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in feed intake (as-fed basis), skin temperature, @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and serum prolactin. Body @entity2 also decreased (P < 0.06). Respiratory rate and core body temperature were not affected by the 5 or 10% E+ diets. In Exp. 2, @entity0 were fed diets that contained: 1) 10% E-, 2) 10% E- with synthetic EV added at a level equivalent to the 10% E+ diet, or 3) 10% E+. Feed intake (as-fed basis), body @entity2 , and skin temperature did not differ for @entity0 fed the E- and EV diets. The EV diet elicited a decrease (P < 0.05) in @entity1 and prolactin compared with the E- diet. The @entity1 for @entity0 fed EV did not differ (P > 0.10) from the E+ lambs; however, serum prolactin was lower (P < 0.05) for @entity0 on the E+ diet than for those fed EV. Core body temperature was not affected (P > 0.10) by feeding EV or E+ fescue seed in Exp. 2. In Exp. 3, @entity0 were fed diets that contained: 1) 10% E-, 2) 3.24% R+ and 6.76% E-, which added an equivalent amount of EV to E+ diets but reduced concentrations of other ergot alkaloids, or 3) 10% E+. @entity0 fed the E+ diet and maintained at 33 degrees C had lowered feed intake (as-fed basis), skin temperature, and @entity1 compared with @entity0 fed the E- or R+ diets (P < 0.05). @entity0 fed the E+ diet had increased rectal temperatures and lowered serum prolactin compared with @entity0 on the R+ diet (P < 0.05). @entity0 on the R+ diet had a greater rectal temperature and lower serum prolactin than @entity0 on the E- diet (P < 0.05). These results suggest that EV is a fescue toxin; however, other alkaloids might work synergistically with EV, causing the full expression of fescue @entity3 .

title: Effects of feeding XXXX on lamb performance in a heat stress environment.

answer: @entity5


abstract: To represent industry on the topic of this conference, position papers were obtained from six pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Despite their holding a wide range of positions in the market with regard to prevention and treatment of @entity1 , all companies were unanimous in their concerns about the ability to conduct randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials (PCTs) in the future. The clinical research environment contains conflicting directives. Regulatory agencies strongly prefer (even insist on) PCTs as a requirement for drug approval, while many physicians, @entity0 studies institutional review boards, and informed @entity0 believe that it is no longer ethical to place @entity3 @entity0 on placebo because effective therapies are now available. PCTs offer the best means of calibrating the absolute efficacy of a new agent and identifying its side effects against a "neutral" background. Are comparison-controlled clinical trials (CCTs) using an approved drug the answer? No. Examples are given that illustrate that such trials require very large numbers of @entity0 to show "non-inferiority" (approximately 15,000-20,000) or "superiority" (approximately 30,000) compared with an existing approved therapy. Such studies are not only impractical, but also accumulate a greater number of @entity2 during the course of clinical research in both the new treatment and control (active comparator) groups than would occur in PCTs. Total adverse experiences and exposure of @entity0 to investigational agents is considerably greater when CCTs rather than PCTs are used. Based on this analysis, industry recommends that regulatory approval of new agents for @entity1 be based on (1) conduct of PCTs in @entity0 at low risk for @entity2 (e.g., T-score < -2.5 and no previous @entity3 ); (2) use of bone mineral density as an end-point for the indication "to preserve or improve bone mass"; (3) a 2-year, rather than 3-year, trial period; (4) demonstration of no adverse effect on bone quality preclinically; (5) extrapolation of clinical trial results to higher risk @entity0 ; (6) an option for the sponsor to perform additional @entity2 end-point studies postapproval to obtain an indication for "treatment to reduce the risk of @entity2 specifically in the spine, hip, or both"; and (7) the option to file for a "prevention" claim before a "treatment" claim.

title: Is it ethical to conduct placebo-controlled clinical trials in the development of new agents for XXXX ? An industry perspective.

answer: @entity1


abstract: This study is aimed at answering the question whether the demands of the intensified @entity1 management and good metabolic control may influence the Quality of Life (QOL) of adolescents with @entity2 ( @entity2 ), and that of their parents. Overall, 153 adolescents were involved (78 males, mean age 15.0 +/- 2.3 median age 14.6 years; average @entity1 duration 6.5 +/- 3.5 years) from the Regional Centres of the Universities of Chieti and Parma. HbA1c determination was centralized and the adolescents were tested according to the adolescent version of the questionnaire developed by Ingersoll and Marrero on the impact of @entity1 , worries about @entity1 , satisfaction with life, and health perception. The burden on the family was assessed following a newly constructed questionnaire. The average HbA1c value was 7.7 +/- 1.4% ( @entity0 8.0 +/- 1.4 and @entity0 7.5 +/- 1.2%). The impact of @entity1 was similar for both @entity0 and @entity0 (average scores: 44.68 vs 45.00) with no effect regarding age or the duration of @entity1 , but the influence of HbA1c values was significant (p < 0.001). Compared with @entity0 , @entity0 had an earlier (at about 12 years of age) and more significant increase in worries (p < 0.01). Lower HbA1c values were associated with fewer worries (p < 0.02). Satisfaction deterioration appeared earlier in @entity0 than in @entity0 and was associated with high levels of HbA1c (p < 0.01). Health perception was poorer in @entity0 than in @entity0 and was influenced by HbA1c values (p < 0.005) in both @entity0 and @entity0 . The burden on the family with @entity1 decreased with the age of the adolescent. In conclusion, in our group of adolescents with @entity2 , lower HbA1c was also associated with better QOL and with a lower perception of a burden on the family. These findings justify the efforts to assess QOL perception in adolescents in order to facilitate achieving better metabolic control.

title: Relationship between metabolic control and quality of life in adolescents with type 1 XXXX . Report from two Italian centres for the management of @entity1 in childhood.

answer: @entity1


abstract: This study is aimed at answering the question whether the demands of the intensified @entity1 management and good metabolic control may influence the Quality of Life (QOL) of adolescents with @entity2 ( @entity2 ), and that of their parents. Overall, 153 adolescents were involved (78 males, mean age 15.0 +/- 2.3 median age 14.6 years; average @entity1 duration 6.5 +/- 3.5 years) from the Regional Centres of the Universities of Chieti and Parma. HbA1c determination was centralized and the adolescents were tested according to the adolescent version of the questionnaire developed by Ingersoll and Marrero on the impact of @entity1 , worries about @entity1 , satisfaction with life, and health perception. The burden on the family was assessed following a newly constructed questionnaire. The average HbA1c value was 7.7 +/- 1.4% ( @entity0 8.0 +/- 1.4 and @entity0 7.5 +/- 1.2%). The impact of @entity1 was similar for both @entity0 and @entity0 (average scores: 44.68 vs 45.00) with no effect regarding age or the duration of @entity1 , but the influence of HbA1c values was significant (p < 0.001). Compared with @entity0 , @entity0 had an earlier (at about 12 years of age) and more significant increase in worries (p < 0.01). Lower HbA1c values were associated with fewer worries (p < 0.02). Satisfaction deterioration appeared earlier in @entity0 than in @entity0 and was associated with high levels of HbA1c (p < 0.01). Health perception was poorer in @entity0 than in @entity0 and was influenced by HbA1c values (p < 0.005) in both @entity0 and @entity0 . The burden on the family with @entity1 decreased with the age of the adolescent. In conclusion, in our group of adolescents with @entity2 , lower HbA1c was also associated with better QOL and with a lower perception of a burden on the family. These findings justify the efforts to assess QOL perception in adolescents in order to facilitate achieving better metabolic control.

title: Relationship between metabolic control and quality of life in adolescents with type 1 @entity1 . Report from two Italian centres for the management of XXXX in childhood.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The published molecular mass of erythrocruorin of @entity1 and related earthworm species covers a bewildering range of 3.23-4.5 MDa. A critical reexamination reveals that some mass determinations were underestimated and the results do cluster, not at one, but at two values of the molecular mass. One cluster corresponds to approximately 3.6 MDa, as predicted for a stoichiometry of 144 globin and 36 linker chains-the Vinogradov model for the @entity0 ( @entity0 ) assembly of Lumbricus erythrocruorin-and as estimated from the crystal structure of @entity0 at 5.5 A resolution [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 (2000) 7107]. The other cluster corresponds to approximately 4.4 MDa. In addition, a molecular mass of 4.1 MDa, determined by multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS), stands apart of the two clusters, separated from the masses obtained by other methods of molecular mass determination. We propose a stoichiometry of 192 globin and 36 linker chains for the 4.4-MDa molecule. The 36 linkers and 144 out of 192 globin chains are identified with the @entity0 and the remaining 48 globins are allotted equally to the two halves of the axial cavity above and below the central torus of the structure. The proposed model is supported by the occurrence in some annelid species of erythrocruorin with centrally placed subunits [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 359 (1974) 210], and by the oxidation-dependent shedding of subunits in Lumbricus erythrocruorin. We propose further that the 4.1 MDa determination represents the weight average molecular mass of a population of molecules resulting from a partial dissociation of 4.4-MDa erythrocruorin. This interpretation seems reasonable on the background of the very low protein concentrations ( approximately 100 microg/ml and lower) prevailing at the MALLS experiment.

title: Towards a resolution of the long-standing controversy regarding the molecular mass of extracellular erythrocruorin of the earthworm XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The antimycotic effect of @entity3 (FOA) was studied in experimental and clinical conditions. The experiments in vitro were performed on 21 strains of fungi isolated mainly from clinical material. The effect of FOA was compared with those of the structurally related drug @entity2 . The clinical study was performed on 40 @entity0 aged 18 to 75 years with @entity1 . FOA in different dosage forms was applied topically 2 to 3 times daily for 30 days. Microscopic and cultured mycological studies were performed before and after treatment. The results showed that FOA possesses a well-expressed anticandidal effect close to that of @entity2 , as well as moderate antidermatophytal effects. Clinical studies of 1% FOA cream showed good therapeutic effects similar to that of @entity4 . Whitfield, but 55% of the @entity0 developed relapse of the lesions after discontinuation of the treatment. Higher concentrations of FOA included in milk suspension and powder induced severe side effects of local irritability.

title: Studies on the antimycotic activity of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Presentation of two @entity0 studies demonstrating the use of synchronized independent lung ventilation in the management of acute @entity7 in @entity0 with @entity2 and variable sources of pulmonary blood flow. DESIGN: Clinical course of two @entity0 . SETTING: Cardiac intensive care unit in a tertiary care, university-affiliated pediatric teaching hospital. @entity0 : @entity0 1 was a 22-yr-old @entity0 with a single ventricle and right lung blood flow supplied by a classic Glenn shunt and left lung blood flow through a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt. @entity0 2 was a 12-yr-old @entity0 with @entity1 and complete common @entity4 with right lung blood flow supplied by a classic Glenn shunt and left lung blood flow supplied by the right ventricle. Both @entity0 presented with acute, left-sided @entity3 and @entity5 . INTERVENTIONS: We used selective bronchial intubation via a double-lumen tracheal tube with a bronchial extension for synchronized independent lung ventilation to permit high-pressure ventilation of the abnormal left lung low-pressure ventilation of the normal right lung supplied by a Glenn shunt. Inhaled @entity6 was administered to both @entity0 and continued in one when improved oxygenation was observed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Serial arterial blood gas measurements, mechanical indices of pulmonary function, and chest radiographs were closely followed. Synchronized independent lung ventilation contributed to improvements in systemic arterial blood oxygenation and alveolar ventilation allowing resumption of conventional ventilation in both @entity0 . No adverse effects related to bronchial tube placement or maintenance occurred. CONCLUSION: Independent lung ventilation is an effective means of isolating the two lungs for differential ventilation, as well as the selective delivery of inhaled medications. In @entity0 with @entity3 and a Glenn shunt supplying the unaffected lung, selective lung ventilation allows aggressive treatment of the abnormal lung while optimizing flow through the Glenn shunt to maximize effective pulmonary blood flow, systemic oxygenation, and hemodynamics.

title: Synchronized independent lung ventilation in palliated XXXX with variable sources of pulmonary blood flow.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine whether physicians are sufficiently investigating the cause of @entity2 in @entity0 younger than 3 years and 2) to find out what influences physicians' quality of history taking and documentation necessary to rule out inflicted @entity1 . DESIGN: Descriptive, retrospective chart review. SETTING: Pediatric emergency department and orthopedic clinic of an urban teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: @entity0 younger than 3 years treated between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 1998, presenting with a @entity2 . RESULTS: A total of 653 charts met entry criteria. Information that was significantly lacking in the recorded history included witness presence, history of previous injury, review of past medical record, other @entity1 , and whether the injury was consistent with the development of the @entity0 . It was not possible to rule out inflicted injury in 42% of the @entity0 . Four groups emerged from the entire cohort: group 1, accidental @entity1 , which made up 63% of the entire group (n = 413); group 2, inflicted @entity1 , which made up 13% (n = 85); group 3, missed inflicted @entity1 , which made up 23% (n = 151); and group 4, missed accidental @entity1 , which made up 0.6% (n = 4). Younger age of the @entity0 , @entity2 , need for hospital admission, and the examining physician being a pediatrician positively influenced physicians' propensity to accurately report inflicted @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: A large percentage of the charts reviewed contained inadequate documentation to explain the cause of @entity2 and thereby rule out inflicted @entity1 . Information in 23% of the charts reviewed aroused suspicion of inflicted @entity1 . There is a need to ensure that adequate information is obtained and documented in hospital records to rule out inflicted injury. This will require changes in the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of physicians. The use of forms, protocols, and periodic chart review will help to ensure compliance.

title: XXXX in young @entity0 : are physicians in the emergency department and orthopedic clinics adequately screening for possible abuse?

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine whether physicians are sufficiently investigating the cause of @entity2 in @entity0 younger than 3 years and 2) to find out what influences physicians' quality of history taking and documentation necessary to rule out inflicted @entity1 . DESIGN: Descriptive, retrospective chart review. SETTING: Pediatric emergency department and orthopedic clinic of an urban teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: @entity0 younger than 3 years treated between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 1998, presenting with a @entity2 . RESULTS: A total of 653 charts met entry criteria. Information that was significantly lacking in the recorded history included witness presence, history of previous injury, review of past medical record, other @entity1 , and whether the injury was consistent with the development of the @entity0 . It was not possible to rule out inflicted injury in 42% of the @entity0 . Four groups emerged from the entire cohort: group 1, accidental @entity1 , which made up 63% of the entire group (n = 413); group 2, inflicted @entity1 , which made up 13% (n = 85); group 3, missed inflicted @entity1 , which made up 23% (n = 151); and group 4, missed accidental @entity1 , which made up 0.6% (n = 4). Younger age of the @entity0 , @entity2 , need for hospital admission, and the examining physician being a pediatrician positively influenced physicians' propensity to accurately report inflicted @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: A large percentage of the charts reviewed contained inadequate documentation to explain the cause of @entity2 and thereby rule out inflicted @entity1 . Information in 23% of the charts reviewed aroused suspicion of inflicted @entity1 . There is a need to ensure that adequate information is obtained and documented in hospital records to rule out inflicted injury. This will require changes in the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of physicians. The use of forms, protocols, and periodic chart review will help to ensure compliance.

title: @entity2 in young XXXX : are physicians in the emergency department and orthopedic clinics adequately screening for possible abuse?

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Techniques for better @entity2 control after injury could change outcome. A large-animal model of lethal, uncontrolled @entity2 was developed to test whether the use of various hemostatic agents would decrease @entity2 and improve early survival. METHODS: A complex groin injury was created in 30 Yorkshire @entity3 (42-55 kg) to produce uncontrolled @entity2 . This injury included semitransection of the proximal thigh and complete division of the femoral artery and vein. After 5 minutes, the animals were randomized to (n = 6 animals per group) @entity4 ( @entity4 ), standard dressing (SD), SD and Rapid Deployment Hemostat (RDH) bandage, SD and QuikClot hemostatic agent (QC), or SD and TraumaDEX (TDEX). Limited volume 0.9% saline (1,000 mL over 30 minutes) resuscitation was started 30 minutes after injury. We measured @entity0 , early mortality (180 minutes), and physiologic markers of @entity2 (e.g., cardiac output, blood pressure, hemoglobin, @entity1 ). RESULTS: Application of wound dressing decreased mortality in all groups compared with the @entity4 group (83% mortality). However, this difference was significant (p < 0.05) only for the QuikClot hemostatic agent (0% mortality). Before the application of dressing (first 5 minutes), there were no differences in @entity0 between the groups. After application of dressings, the QC group had the lowest @entity0 (4.4 +/- 1.4 mL/kg). CONCLUSION: Of the hemostatic agents tested, QuikClot improved survival and decreased @entity2 in a @entity3 model of lethal vascular and soft tissue injury.

title: Comparative analysis of hemostatic agents in a XXXX model of lethal groin injury.

answer: @entity3


abstract: An acute septic inflammatory response with access to the portal circulation was created in a @entity0 model using an @entity9 composed of a sterile agar pellet, or one contaminated with 102 @entity3 (E. coli) and 109 Bacteriodes fragilis ( @entity6 ). After 3 days postimplantation, a well-formed @entity9 occurred whose wall showed @entity4 DNA by PCR and @entity4 mRNA by in situ hybridization. Portal venous blood draining into the liver from the @entity9 had increased levels of @entity5 , @entity7 , and @entity4 in both sterile and septic groups compared with a control normal animal group. Increased levels of these cytokines were also found in suprahepatic inferior vena caval blood, but were correlated with the higher portal vein levels, suggesting a gradient from abscess wall to portal vein into the systemic circulation via the liver. Liver histology demonstrated @entity8 centering on the central vein, growing worse with progression from normal in control, to sterile, to septic. Similarly, the degree of intrahepatic myeloperoxidase-positive inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatocellular lipid deposition and apoptosis also increased from control, to sterile, to septic. Gene expression by in situ hybridization demonstrated a significant increase in @entity4 and fibrinogen mRNAs in cells surrounding the central vein in sterile and septic animals, being greatest in animals with @entity2 , associated with an increased deposition of collagen in the central vein area, most prominent in the septic liver. The pericentral vein cells with @entity4 and fibrinogen mRNA increases paralleled the increases in cells containing @entity4 and fibrinogen mRNAs in the abscess walls of sterile and septic animals, respectively. The data suggest that an @entity9 , especially when contaminated with gram-negative bacteria, induces mRNA-generated cytokine responses in the abscess wall that are related to increased portal venous levels of the inflammatory cytokines @entity5 , @entity7 , and @entity4 perfusing the liver. These, in turn, induce localized production of @entity4 and fibrinogen mRNAs in cells at the central vein area with resultant outflow @entity1 and increased inflammatory cell sequestration within the liver lobular sinuses. This is associated with a generalized inflammatory response and intrahepatic portal sinusoid congestion. There is also increased hepatocellular lipid deposition and apoptosis. Thus, the cytokine production of the abscess wall itself appears to be a major mediator of the septic hepatic response.

title: The septic abscess wall: a cytokine-generating organ associated with portal venous cytokinemia, hepatic outflow fibrosis, XXXX , inflammatory cell sequestration, hepatocellular lipid deposition, and focal cell death.

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of @entity1 @entity0 outcomes before and after Level II American College of Surgeons (ACS) verification was received in a not-for-profit community hospital. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of hospital discharge data for timeframes before and after Level II ACS verification was conducted. Originally, 8,674 @entity0 were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes for @entity1 . These data were parsed to 7,811 @entity0 by using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes 800 xx through 959.9 x, which signify an admitting diagnosis of @entity1 ; 3,835 of the @entity0 were admitted after the July 28, 1998, verification date. @entity2 constituted the vast majority of the @entity0 (n = 7,488). Outcome measures studied included changes in length of stay (LOS), mortality, and total cost. Internal control was coronary artery bypass graft @entity0 at the same hospital, and external control was @entity1 @entity0 at a non-ACS hospital over the same time period. Data are presented with p values and SE and the ratio of observed/expected values on the basis of the all-payer severity-adjusted diagnosis-related group severity model. RESULTS: The two timeframes exhibited statistically different outcomes in several variables. Adjusting for severity postverification, LOS was 10% less (p < 0.000). Similarly, severity-adjusted mortality observed/expected ratios were significantly different: 0.81 before versus 0.59 after (p < 0.000). The severity-adjusted ratio of costs found that the postverification era was 5% lower (p < 0.000). The contribution margin of the @entity1 @entity0 population to the hospital well exceeded any postverification costs. Both control groups exhibited no significant changes in their severity-adjusted outcomes, which could have invalidated these results. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the efforts and resources consumed achieving ACS Level II @entity1 center verification appear to result in desired outcomes as evidenced by decreased LOS, reduced in-hospital mortality rates, reduced cost, and improved contribution margins.

title: Impact of American College of Surgeons verification on XXXX outcomes.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: We reviewed the incidence and injury severity of @entity0 with gunshot wounds (GSWs) at our hospital. METHODS: We compared @entity1 registry, emergency unit (EU), and admissions data from January 1993 to June 1996 (period I) and July 1996 to December 1999 (period II). Outcome measures included EU disposition ( @entity2 , immediate operation, pediatric intensive care unit, ward), injury severity, mortality, and injury cause (accidental, intentional). RESULTS: We treated 437 @entity0 for GSWs in the EU, with 238 (54%) admissions and 199 discharges. Comparing period I versus period II, @entity0 treated declined from 288 to 149 (-52%, p < 0.001), and admissions decreased from 159 to 79 (-50%, p < 0.001). Injury severity increased from 35% to 57% (p < 0.001). @entity0 requiring immediate operations increased from 20% to 42% (p < 0.001). Direct ward admissions declined from 65% to 43% (p < 0.001). @entity2 occurred in 3% of @entity0 in both time periods. Accidental and intentional GSWs were evenly divided. CONCLUSION: An alarming number of @entity0 , an average of 62 @entity0 annually, were treated for GSWs at our hospital. Despite a 52% reduction in GSWs, the percentage of severely injured @entity0 increased by 63%. These data emphasize the importance of prevention, education, early assessment, and operative treatment.

title: An analysis of pediatric gunshot wounds treated at a Level I pediatric XXXX center.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Keloid and @entity2 commonly occur after injuries. Overproliferation of fibroblasts, overproduction of collagen, and contraction characterize these pathologic scars. Current treatment of excessive scars with intralesional corticosteroid injections used individually or in combination with other methods often have unsatisfactory outcome, frustrating both the @entity0 and the clinician. The phytochemical compounds are well known as potential anticancer agents. We have investigated the inhibitory effects of compounds on keloid fibroblasts (KF) and @entity1 scar-derived fibroblasts (HSF). METHODS: Fibroblasts were cultured from nontreated earlobe keloids and burn @entity2 . Ten compounds (three hydroxybenzoic and four @entity12 derivatives, two @entity6 [ @entity3 and @entity10 ], and turmeric @entity7 ) were tested with fibroblasts. The inhibitory effects of compounds on fibroblasts was assessed by proliferation assays, fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) contraction, and electron microscopy. RESULTS: The phytochemicals significantly inhibited KF and HSF proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In the hydroxybenzoic and @entity4 groups, increasing inhibitory effects seemed to depend on increasing numbers of @entity5 groups in their chemical structures. This phenomenon was not observed in the @entity12 group. The phytochemicals inhibited fibroblast proliferation by inducing cell growth arrest but not apoptosis. The reversibility of growth inhibition occurred when the compounds were removed from the culture and fresh media was replaced. Slower reversibility of growth inhibition was observed in the groups treated with @entity3 , @entity9 , or @entity7 . The compounds @entity3 , @entity8 , @entity11 , and @entity9 were the strongest inhibitors of FPLC contraction by HTFs. When the compounds were washed out of the lattices and replaced by fresh medium, the FPCL contraction was resumed. The resumption of FPCL contraction was slowest in the @entity3 -treated group, indicating again the strong inhibitory effect of @entity3 . CONCLUSION: From this in vitro study, @entity3 seemed to have good potent effects to inhibit proliferation and contraction of excessive scar-derived fibroblasts.

title: Dietary compounds inhibit proliferation and contraction of keloid and XXXX scar-derived fibroblasts in vitro: therapeutic implication for excessive scarring.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical features, initial management and outcome of @entity4 presenting to a paediatric accident and emergency (A_E) department. DESIGN: A retrospective study of all cases of @entity4 seen in the department over a five year period. SETTING: A paediatric A_E department which treats approximately 30,000 @entity0 a year. SUBJECTS: All @entity0 under the age of 13 years with a discharge diagnosis of @entity4 RESULTS: Fifty @entity0 , forty-six with microbiological confirmation of their diagnosis were identified. Sixty six percent of @entity0 were seen first by their general practitioner. However only 28% had received prehospital parenteral antibiotics. Twenty six percent of @entity0 had neither meningism nor a classical @entity2 , 60% showed signs of @entity1 and 66% had an altered conscious level. The case fatality rate was 4%, with 78% making a full recovery. CONCLUSION: Classical features of @entity4 are often absent. Assessing simple clinical parameters such as capillary refill, respiratory rate and conscious level adds to the detection of the disease. If @entity4 is suspected parental @entity3 should be given and the @entity0 transferred to hospital.

title: Presenting features of XXXX --a five year experience from a paediatric accident and emergency department.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine serologically the incidence of @entity5 in a group of adults (> 15 years of age) presenting to their General Practitioner with symptoms which suggested the possibility of @entity5 . DESIGN: One year's study of the results of testing blood samples. This was followed by a questionnaire to the General Practitioners involved, asking information on all the @entity0 tested. SETTING: Specimens were tested as part of the normal workload in the Microbiology Department of a District General Hospital. SUBJECTS: The @entity0 all attended a Health Centre in South Lanarkshire which caters for a population of 12,749 @entity0 . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Twenty of fifty six @entity0 tested (35.7%) produced serological evidence of recent @entity5 @entity1 . The average age of the positive @entity0 was 43.5, and the duration of their symptoms, before testing, was 4.2 weeks. The results suggest that @entity5 in adults is not uncommon. @entity2 were seldom reported in this series. "Paroxysmal coughing", "nocturnal coughing", and " @entity4 " were more common in the positive cases than in the negative ones. The use of antibiotics did not appear to have any beneficial effect, probably due to them being given too late after the onset of @entity1 . Most adults are susceptible to @entity5 , as vaccine-induced @entity3 and is absent after 12 years following vaccination. In a vaccinated population, adults are now the primary source of @entity1 for susceptible @entity0 .

title: Adult XXXX in a general practice.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The prevalence of @entity1 varies from 60% to 90% in @entity0 receiving hemodialysis. The aim to this study was to evaluate the frequency of @entity1 and its characteristics among moroccan @entity0 receiving hemodialysis. @entity1 related to primary @entity3 or other identified cause than @entity2 was excluded. Biological parameters were compared between @entity0 with @entity1 and those without. @entity1 occurred in 74.4% of hemodialysis @entity0 and concerned 66 @entity0 and 68 @entity0 , mean age 44.8 + 14 years. Duration of hemodialysis varied between 5 months to 10 years. Main characteristics of @entity1 were a general pattern in 70%, moderate intensity in 50%, appearance after dialysis in 81.2% and severe psychologic repercussion in 20.8%. Antihistamines first-line treatment was rarely effective. UVB radiation used in 7 cases leaded to a marked improvement. This study underlined the high frequency of @entity1 in moroccan @entity0 with @entity2 on maintenance hemodialysis. Hemodialysis can initiate this symptom as well as improve it. Biological parameters were not different between @entity0 with or without @entity1 . It also pointed out on therapeutic challenges. However, UVB radiation seems to be an effective therapy in intractable itching as well as increased frequency of weekly courses of hemodialysis. Long term skin hydratation should be also highly recommended.

title: [Hemodialysis-related XXXX . A study of 134 Moroccans ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Proteasome activity is essential during @entity2 -induced terminal differentiation of a @entity1 @entity3 cell line (NBP2). However, the mechanisms through which proteasome affects NBP2 differentiation have not been characterized. We hypothesized that proteasome is required to implement the differentiation-mediated effects on cell cycle, and its partial inhibition during differentiation may have adverse consequences. Here we show that partial inhibition of proteasome during @entity2 -induced differentiation of NBP2 cells causes apoptosis. Whereas differentiation induced @entity4 at G1 phase, partial proteasome inhibition during differentiation resulted in the accumulation of cells at G2M phase. Cell cycle data correlated with the level of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors @entity6 and @entity7 , and @entity5 . While the level of @entity6 and @entity7 increased, the level of @entity5 decreased upon differentiation. In contrast, cells treated with proteasome inhibitor in the presence of @entity2 -inducing agents showed increased levels of @entity6 and @entity5 early in the course of differentiation. However, the level of @entity6 and @entity7 , but not @entity5 , decreased later during concomitant differentiation and partial proteasome inhibition when cells were undergoing apoptosis. Our data suggest that differentiation-mediated @entity4 is dependent on the temporal activity of cell cycle proteins. Partial inhibition of proteasome interferes with differentiation events partly by stabilizing cell cycle proteins and this triggers apoptosis. Thus, differentiating drugs combined with partial proteasome inhibition may impart higher therapeutic efficacy than differentiating agents alone for the treatment of @entity0 .

title: Concomitant differentiation and partial proteasome inhibition trigger apoptosis in XXXX cells.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The size, number and volume per cell of secretion granules in @entity0 exocrine pancreas have been measured using stereological techniques. The changes which occur as a result of feeding starved animals (90 min) or stimulating lobular fragments in vitro with @entity2 are documented. In fasted animals mean acinar cell volume was estimated as 1670 micron 3 and the cells contained an average of around 450 secretion granules with a corrected mean diameter of 0.70 micron. They occupied around 7% of cell volume. After feeding mean cell volume was about 1300 micron 3 and the cells contained an average of about 190 granules per cell with a mean diameter of 0.58 micron. They occupied 3% of cell volume. A shift in the size frequency distribution of granule diameters occurred as a result of feeding. In vitro experiments in which lobules were induced to secrete with @entity2 (10 microM, 3 h, 37 degrees C) had a similar effect. Mean cell volume was reduced from around 1760 micron 3 to 1360 micron 3, mean granule number from around 420 per cell to 180 per cell and the volume density of granules was reduced from about 8% to 3% of cell volume. There was no significant change in mean granule diameter or shift in the size-frequency distribution of granule diameters. Incubation of tissues with @entity1 (1 mM, 3 h, 37 degrees C) did not prevent secretion by @entity2 but it prevented replacement of granules. As a consequence, depletion by @entity2 was greater in the presence of @entity1 , the granules being reduced to around 110 per cell and to only 2.5% of cell volume. We conclude that feeding causes a preferential loss of larger granules and that during secretion replacement of granules occurs. Some of these granules are smaller than those evident in the glands of starved animals.

title: Changes in the size and number of secretion granules in the XXXX exocrine pancreas induced by feeding or stimulation in vitro. A morphometric study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The optimal local-regional treatment for @entity1 with @entity0 has not been determined. To evaluate the effectiveness of radiation therapy as local treatment for such @entity1 , the results of 192 @entity1 (five with bilateral disease) treated with radiation therapy without mastectomy between July 1, 1968 and December 31, 1981 were reviewed. Excisional biopsy (gross @entity3 removal) was performed in only 54 of the 197 breasts. @entity1 typically received 4500 to 5000 cGy in 5 weeks to the breast and draining lymph nodes; a local boost to areas of gross disease was delivered to 157 @entity1 . Multi-agent chemotherapy was given to 53 @entity1 . The median follow-up was 65 months. The actuarial probability of survival for the entire group was 41% at 5 years and 23% at 10 years. The probability of relapse-free survival (RFS) was 30% at 5 years and 19% at 10 years. The addition of multi-agent chemotherapy was associated with a significantly improved 5-year RFS (40% versus 26%, P = 0.02). The 5-year survival rate was 51% for @entity1 who received adjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy and 38% for @entity1 who did not (P = 0.16). The actuarial rate of @entity3 control (not censored for distant failure) for all @entity1 was 73% at 5 years and 68% at ten years, and the crude incidence of local-regional control was 78%. @entity3 control was principally influenced by radiation dose. @entity1 who received 6000 cGy or greater to the primary site had a better 5-year rate of control in the breast than did @entity1 who received less than 6000 cGy (83% versus 70%, P = 0.06). Significant complications were seen in 15 @entity1 (8%); these included moderate or severe arm @entity2 in six @entity1 and @entity4 in four @entity1 . Cosmetic results at last evaluation were excellent or good in 56% of evaluable @entity1 , fair in 25%, and poor in 19%. It is concluded that high-dose radiation therapy without mastectomy is an effective means of controlling @entity3 in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 .

title: Primary radiation therapy for locally advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The management of malignant @entity3 (MUO) has undergone major changes due to the availability of percutaneous drainage techniques and new ureteral stents for endoscopic insertion. These procedures are less morbid than conventional surgical techniques so that the indications for urinary diversion due to untreated or relapsing @entity1 have to be reconsidered. During the period of technological change from 1978 to 1984, 135 @entity0 with unilateral (37) or bilateral (98) MUO were managed. Open nephrostomy is now almost never necessary. Initial retrograde ureteral stenting (RS) was successful under local anaesthesia in 41% of @entity0 . Forty-seven had percutaneous nephrostomy (PN), nine of whom underwent @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and elimination of external appliances. Twenty-nine @entity0 underwent miscellaneous open procedures mostly in the earlier years, with a 57% morbidity rate compared to the minimal morbidity associated with the newer techniques. The overall mean survival post diversion was 9.9 months, which is significantly longer than that reported using open procedures. MUO can now be successfully relieved with little morbidity and frequently without the use of external urine collection devices. The relative ease of diversion can complicate decision making in @entity0 with progressive @entity2 due to bilateral MUO.

title: Nonoperative urinary diversion for malignant XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Malignant changes are often accompanied by alterations in activity and composition of the plasminogen activators (PA). To study the relationship between PA expression and the development of @entity0 , we determined @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and @entity5 ( @entity5 ) activity in normal mucosa (n = 80), @entity7 (n = 76), and @entity2 (n = 71) of the colon. Tissues obtained from surgical resection or polypectomy were analyzed for @entity5 and @entity4 activity in a specific enzymatic assay using plasminogen, a chromogenic substrate, and selective quenching with monospecific antibodies to both activators. The plasminogen activator activities were found to be changed in @entity2 as @entity6 . The relative contribution of @entity4 (expressed as percentage of @entity4 ) was raised from 6 to 50% for, respectively, normal mucosa and @entity2 . This change could be attributed to a 3-fold decrease in @entity5 activity and a 5-fold increase in @entity4 activity in the @entity1 . @entity7 as a group showed percentages of @entity4 [20.2 +/- 1.3 (SE)] which were intermediate as well as significantly different (P less than 0.001) from those of normal mucosa and @entity2 . This observation was strengthened by a gradual rise in the relative contribution of @entity4 in four resection specimens containing both @entity7 and @entity2 . Zymography showed the presence of minor quantities of PA-PA inhibitor complexes in the tissue extracts studied. The present study shows that the sequence of normal mucosa-adenomatous @entity3 in the colon is associated with a parallel change in plasminogen activator activity. Thus, change in the regulation of plasminogen activator activity is an early event in the development of @entity0 .

title: Plasminogen activators and tumor development in the human colon: activity levels in normal mucosa, @entity7 , and XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Malignant changes are often accompanied by alterations in activity and composition of the plasminogen activators (PA). To study the relationship between PA expression and the development of @entity0 , we determined @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and @entity5 ( @entity5 ) activity in normal mucosa (n = 80), @entity7 (n = 76), and @entity2 (n = 71) of the colon. Tissues obtained from surgical resection or polypectomy were analyzed for @entity5 and @entity4 activity in a specific enzymatic assay using plasminogen, a chromogenic substrate, and selective quenching with monospecific antibodies to both activators. The plasminogen activator activities were found to be changed in @entity2 as @entity6 . The relative contribution of @entity4 (expressed as percentage of @entity4 ) was raised from 6 to 50% for, respectively, normal mucosa and @entity2 . This change could be attributed to a 3-fold decrease in @entity5 activity and a 5-fold increase in @entity4 activity in the @entity1 . @entity7 as a group showed percentages of @entity4 [20.2 +/- 1.3 (SE)] which were intermediate as well as significantly different (P less than 0.001) from those of normal mucosa and @entity2 . This observation was strengthened by a gradual rise in the relative contribution of @entity4 in four resection specimens containing both @entity7 and @entity2 . Zymography showed the presence of minor quantities of PA-PA inhibitor complexes in the tissue extracts studied. The present study shows that the sequence of normal mucosa-adenomatous @entity3 in the colon is associated with a parallel change in plasminogen activator activity. Thus, change in the regulation of plasminogen activator activity is an early event in the development of @entity0 .

title: Plasminogen activators and tumor development in the human colon: activity levels in normal mucosa, XXXX , and @entity2 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of an herbal ointment to a sham ointment for relieving @entity1 and @entity3 associated with @entity2 of the hand and knee. METHOD: Single-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in 3 chiropractic medicine practices. Subjects were solicited from @entity0 attending the 3 centers. Selection of subjects with @entity2 of the hand or knee was based on the criteria developed by the American College of Rheumatology. Subjects were randomized to an active (n = 17) or a sham (n = 19) group. Subjects applied the herbal ointment to the affected joint(s) for 42 consecutive days and recorded level of @entity1 and @entity3 daily on visual analog scales. RESULTS: Thirty subjects completed the study (15 active and 15 sham). Significant differences in @entity1 (P = 0.003) and @entity3 (P = 0.0008) were found between the first 21 days of application and the last 21 days of application for the experimental group but not for the sham group. Gain scores between the experimental and sham groups were significant for @entity1 (P = 0.026) and @entity3 (P = 0.042). CONCLUSION: An herbal ointment showed significant improvement in @entity1 and @entity3 for @entity0 with hand and knee @entity2 who applied the ointment to the affected joint(s) for 42 consecutive days.

title: Effect of a topical herbal cream on XXXX of the hand and knee: a pilot study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Sixteen consenting @entity0 with @entity5 of the @entity2 recurrent after surgery and irradiation were treated with i.v. @entity6 . The @entity6 dose given to most @entity0 was 16 mg/m2. Two @entity0 older than 70 years old and one performance status 3 @entity0 received a slightly lower dose (14 mg/m2). Two @entity0 who died less than 3 weeks after treatment were considered unevaluable for response. Of the 14 evaluable @entity0 , eight (57%) were stable (including three with @entity1 shrinkage less than 50%) and six (43%) failed. There were no major responses. Most treatment courses resulted in @entity7 , but this was rapidly reversible and not associated with major @entity4 . Other @entity3 was generally mild to moderate. Based on this study, we conclude that @entity6 has minimal activity against @entity5 of the @entity2 . Studies of the drug in other @entity1 types at doses of 16 mg/m2 or higher may be warranted.

title: Phase II study of high-dose XXXX in the treatment of recurrent @entity5 of the @entity2 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Sixteen consenting @entity0 with @entity5 of the @entity2 recurrent after surgery and irradiation were treated with i.v. @entity6 . The @entity6 dose given to most @entity0 was 16 mg/m2. Two @entity0 older than 70 years old and one performance status 3 @entity0 received a slightly lower dose (14 mg/m2). Two @entity0 who died less than 3 weeks after treatment were considered unevaluable for response. Of the 14 evaluable @entity0 , eight (57%) were stable (including three with @entity1 shrinkage less than 50%) and six (43%) failed. There were no major responses. Most treatment courses resulted in @entity7 , but this was rapidly reversible and not associated with major @entity4 . Other @entity3 was generally mild to moderate. Based on this study, we conclude that @entity6 has minimal activity against @entity5 of the @entity2 . Studies of the drug in other @entity1 types at doses of 16 mg/m2 or higher may be warranted.

title: Phase II study of high-dose @entity6 in the treatment of recurrent XXXX of the @entity2 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Sixteen consenting @entity0 with @entity5 of the @entity2 recurrent after surgery and irradiation were treated with i.v. @entity6 . The @entity6 dose given to most @entity0 was 16 mg/m2. Two @entity0 older than 70 years old and one performance status 3 @entity0 received a slightly lower dose (14 mg/m2). Two @entity0 who died less than 3 weeks after treatment were considered unevaluable for response. Of the 14 evaluable @entity0 , eight (57%) were stable (including three with @entity1 shrinkage less than 50%) and six (43%) failed. There were no major responses. Most treatment courses resulted in @entity7 , but this was rapidly reversible and not associated with major @entity4 . Other @entity3 was generally mild to moderate. Based on this study, we conclude that @entity6 has minimal activity against @entity5 of the @entity2 . Studies of the drug in other @entity1 types at doses of 16 mg/m2 or higher may be warranted.

title: Phase II study of high-dose @entity6 in the treatment of recurrent @entity5 of the XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The effect of cardiac relaxation on the intramyocardial blood volume was studied by measuring the integrated difference between arterial inflow and great cardiac venous outflow. In nine anesthetized @entity2 , the left main coronary artery was perfused under constant pressure. The great cardiac vein was drained under pressure control. The venous flow signal was amplified so that the integrated intramyocardial blood volume was constant in the beating heart. With normal vasomotor tone, the mean change in vascular volume was 3.01 +/- 0.18 (SE) ml/100 g left ventricle (LV); 67% of the volume change was achieved in 1.60 +/- 0.09 s. For the fully dilated bed ( @entity0 infusion), the values were 4.13 +/- 0.33 ml/100 g and 0.96 +/- 0.06 s, respectively. The volume change could be correlated with the venous pressure during @entity1 (Pvd) and the change in mean left ventricular pressure after @entity1 (r = 0.95). The correlation improved when data were selected for Pvd less than 6 mmHg to r = 0.98. We assumed that the change in vascular transmural pressure can be approximated as half the mean left ventricular pressure change. The intramyocardial vascular compliance was then estimated as 0.104 +/- 0.012 and 0.146 +/- 0.028 ml X mmHg-1 X 100 g-1 for control and @entity0 conditions, respectively. The long time constants excluded the large epicardial veins as the site of volume change; they were much longer than the duration of diastole in the beating heart. We conclude that the intramyocardial vascular compartment is capable of volume expansion on the order of 20% of its normal volume when myocardial compression by ventricular systole is suspended.

title: Intramyocardial blood volume change in first moments of @entity1 in anesthetized XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The effect of cardiac relaxation on the intramyocardial blood volume was studied by measuring the integrated difference between arterial inflow and great cardiac venous outflow. In nine anesthetized @entity2 , the left main coronary artery was perfused under constant pressure. The great cardiac vein was drained under pressure control. The venous flow signal was amplified so that the integrated intramyocardial blood volume was constant in the beating heart. With normal vasomotor tone, the mean change in vascular volume was 3.01 +/- 0.18 (SE) ml/100 g left ventricle (LV); 67% of the volume change was achieved in 1.60 +/- 0.09 s. For the fully dilated bed ( @entity0 infusion), the values were 4.13 +/- 0.33 ml/100 g and 0.96 +/- 0.06 s, respectively. The volume change could be correlated with the venous pressure during @entity1 (Pvd) and the change in mean left ventricular pressure after @entity1 (r = 0.95). The correlation improved when data were selected for Pvd less than 6 mmHg to r = 0.98. We assumed that the change in vascular transmural pressure can be approximated as half the mean left ventricular pressure change. The intramyocardial vascular compliance was then estimated as 0.104 +/- 0.012 and 0.146 +/- 0.028 ml X mmHg-1 X 100 g-1 for control and @entity0 conditions, respectively. The long time constants excluded the large epicardial veins as the site of volume change; they were much longer than the duration of diastole in the beating heart. We conclude that the intramyocardial vascular compartment is capable of volume expansion on the order of 20% of its normal volume when myocardial compression by ventricular systole is suspended.

title: Intramyocardial blood volume change in first moments of XXXX in anesthetized @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Nutrition is a major factor affecting @entity1 reproductive efficiency. Long-term moderate or chronic dietary restriction results in a gradual reduction in dominant follicle (DF) growth rate, maximum diameter and persistence. Animals become anoestrus when they lose on average 22-24% of their initial body weight. There is evidence of significant animal-to-animal variation in the interval from the imposition of dietary restriction to onset of anoestrus and from the recommencement of re-alimentation to resumption of ovulation. In contrast, acute dietary restriction to 40% of maintenance requirements rapidly reduces dominant follicle growth rate and maximum diameter and induces anoestrus in a high proportion (60%) of heifers within 13-15 days of dietary restriction. In lactating dairy and beef @entity1 negative energy balance or reduced dietary intake in the early post-partum period, while not affecting the population of small-to-medium size follicles, adversely affects the size and ovulatory fate of the dominant follicle. Re-alimentation of nutritionally induced @entity5 results in an initial gradual increase in dominant follicle growth rate and maximum diameter, followed by a more accelerated increase in dominant follicle growth rate and maximum diameter as the time of resumption of ovulation approaches. Increased dominant follicle growth rate and maximum diameter are associated with increased peripheral concentrations of @entity3 , pulsatile LH and @entity0 . Direct nutritional effects on ovarian function appear to operate through hepatic rather than follicular regulation of @entity3 , and on systemic concentrations of @entity4 ; cumulatively reducing follicular responsiveness to LH and ultimately shutting down follicular @entity0 production. Indirect nutritional effects are apparently mediated through altering the GnRH pulse generator and in-turn selectively reducing pulsatile LH secretion without any apparent adverse effect on FSH secretory patterns. Endogenous opioid peptides, @entity6 and @entity2 appear to play a role in the nutritional regulation of GnRH release and in turn pulsatile LH secretion.

title: Effects of nutrition and metabolic status on circulating hormones and ovarian follicle development in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: In a retrospective study, 113 bites which occurred in Switzerland within a 16-year period by either of the two indigenous adders (Vipera berus and Vipera aspis) were analyzed. 13 @entity0 showed no signs of @entity10 . Out of the other 100, 62 @entity0 had merely minor (local @entity1 only) and 24 moderate @entity10 ( @entity6 , @entity5 , cramps, @entity7 ), while 24 had severe @entity10 (shock and @entity3 and lips). No fatalities were recorded. In residents of the endemic area the bites occurred accidentally in 86% of the cases, while tourists were bitten after manipulating the snake in 42%. Specific antivenin was given to 49 of 95 hospitalized @entity0 . In cases of severe @entity10 (n = 14) a reduction of the median duration of hospitalization from 10 days in patients without antivenin therapy (n = 4) to 5 days in patients with antivenin therapy (n = 10) was obtained. In cases of moderate (n = 21) or minor @entity10 (n = 49), antivenin therapy did not influence the hospital stay of 4 and 2 days respectively. In the 11 @entity0 with bites not followed by @entity10 the antivenin treatment increased the duration of hospitalization from 1 day (in 6 patients without antivenin) to 2 days (in 5 patients with antivenin). Side effects of the antivenin treatment, such as @entity2 , @entity3 , @entity8 , @entity4 and @entity9 were noted in 4 out of 49 @entity0 .

title: [Poisoning by domestic vipers (Vipera berus and Vipera aspis). A retrospective study of 113 XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We studied high-resolution CT of @entity5 and @entity7 to determine whether differences-other than the frequency of associated pleural changes-could be discerned between the two diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: High-resolution CT scans of 80 @entity0 with @entity5 and 80 @entity0 with @entity7 were retrospectively reviewed. Two chest radiologists assessed the type and distribution of parenchymal and @entity4 on high-resolution CT. RESULTS: @entity2 (65/80), subpleural curvilinear lines (55/80), mosaic perfusion (39/80), and parenchymal bands (38/80) were more common in @entity0 with @entity5 (p < 0.0001). Visible intralobular bronchioles (62/80), bronchiolectasis within fibrotic consolidations (47/80), and honeycombing (61/80) were more common in @entity0 with @entity7 (p < 0.0001). The frequencies of interlobular septal thickening, ground-glass opacities, fibrotic consolidation, and @entity6 were similar in both groups. Parenchymal bands and fibrotic consolidation were more commonly seen (p < 0. 05) in @entity0 with @entity5 associated with @entity4 (n = 66) than in @entity0 with @entity5 without @entity4 (n = 14). Also, statistically significant differences were noted between high-resolution CT findings of @entity0 with @entity5 without @entity4 and those of @entity0 with @entity7 , except for parenchymal bands. CONCLUSION: Specific combinations of high-resolution CT findings strongly suggest either @entity5 or @entity7 . We found that CT findings that might have represented @entity1 in the subpleural region were more prominent in @entity0 with @entity5 than in those with @entity7 , whereas @entity3 was more prominent in @entity0 with @entity7 than in those with @entity5 .

title: High-resolution CT of XXXX and @entity7 .

answer: @entity5