abstract: A procedure has been developed which allows the immobilization on glass-fiber sheets coated with the polyquaternary @entity4 , @entity5 , of proteins and protein fragments previously separated on @entity3 -containing @entity2 gels. The transfer is carried out essentially as has been used for protein blotting on nitrocellulose membranes [Towbin, H., Staehelin, T. and Gordon, J. (1979) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 76, 4350-4354], but is now used to determine the @entity0 composition and partial sequence of the immobilized proteins. Protein transfer could be carried out after staining the proteins in the gels with Coomassie blue, by which immobilized proteins are visible as blue spots, or without previous staining, after which transferred proteins are detected as fluorescent spots following reaction with @entity6 . The latter procedure was found to be more efficient and yielded binding capacities of +/- 20 micrograms/cm2. @entity6 detection was of equal or higher sensitivity than the classical Coomassie staining of proteins in the gel. Immobilized proteins could be hydrolyzed when still present on the glass fiber and reliable @entity0 compositions were obtained for various reference proteins immobilized in less than 100 pmol quantities. In addition, and more importantly, glass-fiber-bound proteins could be subjected to the Edman degradation procedure by simply cutting out the area of the sheet carrying the immobilized protein and mounting the disc in the reaction chamber of the gas-phase sequenator. Results of this immobilization-sequencing technique are shown for immobilized myoglobin (1 nmol) and two proteolytic fragments of actin (+/- 80 pmol each) previously separated on a @entity1 - @entity7 -containing gel.

title: Protein-blotting on XXXX -coated glass-fiber sheets. A basis for acid hydrolysis and gas-phase sequencing of picomole quantities of protein previously separated on @entity3 / @entity2 gel.

answer: @entity5


abstract: A procedure has been developed which allows the immobilization on glass-fiber sheets coated with the polyquaternary @entity4 , @entity5 , of proteins and protein fragments previously separated on @entity3 -containing @entity2 gels. The transfer is carried out essentially as has been used for protein blotting on nitrocellulose membranes [Towbin, H., Staehelin, T. and Gordon, J. (1979) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 76, 4350-4354], but is now used to determine the @entity0 composition and partial sequence of the immobilized proteins. Protein transfer could be carried out after staining the proteins in the gels with Coomassie blue, by which immobilized proteins are visible as blue spots, or without previous staining, after which transferred proteins are detected as fluorescent spots following reaction with @entity6 . The latter procedure was found to be more efficient and yielded binding capacities of +/- 20 micrograms/cm2. @entity6 detection was of equal or higher sensitivity than the classical Coomassie staining of proteins in the gel. Immobilized proteins could be hydrolyzed when still present on the glass fiber and reliable @entity0 compositions were obtained for various reference proteins immobilized in less than 100 pmol quantities. In addition, and more importantly, glass-fiber-bound proteins could be subjected to the Edman degradation procedure by simply cutting out the area of the sheet carrying the immobilized protein and mounting the disc in the reaction chamber of the gas-phase sequenator. Results of this immobilization-sequencing technique are shown for immobilized myoglobin (1 nmol) and two proteolytic fragments of actin (+/- 80 pmol each) previously separated on a @entity1 - @entity7 -containing gel.

title: Protein-blotting on @entity5 -coated glass-fiber sheets. A basis for acid hydrolysis and gas-phase sequencing of picomole quantities of protein previously separated on XXXX / @entity2 gel.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A procedure has been developed which allows the immobilization on glass-fiber sheets coated with the polyquaternary @entity4 , @entity5 , of proteins and protein fragments previously separated on @entity3 -containing @entity2 gels. The transfer is carried out essentially as has been used for protein blotting on nitrocellulose membranes [Towbin, H., Staehelin, T. and Gordon, J. (1979) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 76, 4350-4354], but is now used to determine the @entity0 composition and partial sequence of the immobilized proteins. Protein transfer could be carried out after staining the proteins in the gels with Coomassie blue, by which immobilized proteins are visible as blue spots, or without previous staining, after which transferred proteins are detected as fluorescent spots following reaction with @entity6 . The latter procedure was found to be more efficient and yielded binding capacities of +/- 20 micrograms/cm2. @entity6 detection was of equal or higher sensitivity than the classical Coomassie staining of proteins in the gel. Immobilized proteins could be hydrolyzed when still present on the glass fiber and reliable @entity0 compositions were obtained for various reference proteins immobilized in less than 100 pmol quantities. In addition, and more importantly, glass-fiber-bound proteins could be subjected to the Edman degradation procedure by simply cutting out the area of the sheet carrying the immobilized protein and mounting the disc in the reaction chamber of the gas-phase sequenator. Results of this immobilization-sequencing technique are shown for immobilized myoglobin (1 nmol) and two proteolytic fragments of actin (+/- 80 pmol each) previously separated on a @entity1 - @entity7 -containing gel.

title: Protein-blotting on @entity5 -coated glass-fiber sheets. A basis for acid hydrolysis and gas-phase sequencing of picomole quantities of protein previously separated on @entity3 / XXXX gel.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical course of early onset @entity1 and to investigate factors which may influence its clinical course. For the past 15 years we have been conducting a study of families with early onset @entity1 , and have examined 142 localized @entity2 and 185 severe generalized early onset @entity1 @entity0 . In order to study the clinical course of early onset @entity1 we recalled our subject population to determine their periodontal status. Forty (40) @entity0 with localized early onset @entity1 (LJP) and 48 with generalized early onset @entity1 (SP) were re-examined. The time since the most recent visit for LJP @entity0 was approximately 3 years and for SP @entity0 almost 4 years. LJP @entity0 who received periodontal therapy on the average gained periodontal attachment. In contrast, LJP @entity0 who did not receive therapy lost periodontal attachment. SP @entity0 lost periodontal attachment regardless of whether or not they had periodontal therapy. SP @entity0 also lost an average of one tooth during the approximately 4 years of observation. LJP @entity0 lost very few teeth with only 4 teeth being lost in 40 @entity0 . The results of this study suggest that localized @entity2 is a stable disease in most individuals. In contrast, @entity0 with severe generalized early onset @entity1 continued to lose both periodontal attachment and teeth.

title: Longitudinal assessment of early onset XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: We investigated the impact of pregestationally elevated @entity3 plasma levels on glycemic control in pregnant @entity0 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ). Twelve @entity0 with @entity4 who became pregnant within six months following evaluation of their metabolic status were the study subjects. Four were @entity1 and six (two @entity1 ) had a hyperinsulinemic response to the oral @entity2 tolerance test (OGTT). They were tested with the OGTT at 28-30 weeks of gestation. We also tested 12 normal @entity0 and 10 consecutive @entity0 with @entity5 ; all were at the same gestational age. Plasma levels of @entity3 and @entity2 were determined in the samples collected for a period of four hours after @entity2 load (100 g). All @entity4 @entity0 significantly increased their @entity3 secretion in pregnancy. The hyperinsulinemic @entity4 @entity0 developed @entity5 (two @entity0 ) and impaired gestational @entity2 tolerance (three @entity0 ). The area under the @entity3 curve was greater in @entity4 @entity0 than in control and @entity5 @entity0 (P < .01). In spite of their large increase in @entity3 secretion observed during pregnancy, @entity0 with @entity4 may develop a derangement of glycemic control, probably related to their pregestational insulinemic status.

title: @entity4 . A risk factor for XXXX ?

answer: @entity5


abstract: We investigated the impact of pregestationally elevated @entity3 plasma levels on glycemic control in pregnant @entity0 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ). Twelve @entity0 with @entity4 who became pregnant within six months following evaluation of their metabolic status were the study subjects. Four were @entity1 and six (two @entity1 ) had a hyperinsulinemic response to the oral @entity2 tolerance test (OGTT). They were tested with the OGTT at 28-30 weeks of gestation. We also tested 12 normal @entity0 and 10 consecutive @entity0 with @entity5 ; all were at the same gestational age. Plasma levels of @entity3 and @entity2 were determined in the samples collected for a period of four hours after @entity2 load (100 g). All @entity4 @entity0 significantly increased their @entity3 secretion in pregnancy. The hyperinsulinemic @entity4 @entity0 developed @entity5 (two @entity0 ) and impaired gestational @entity2 tolerance (three @entity0 ). The area under the @entity3 curve was greater in @entity4 @entity0 than in control and @entity5 @entity0 (P < .01). In spite of their large increase in @entity3 secretion observed during pregnancy, @entity0 with @entity4 may develop a derangement of glycemic control, probably related to their pregestational insulinemic status.

title: XXXX . A risk factor for @entity5 ?

answer: @entity4


abstract: This study was performed to determine if the unperfused microvascular reserve in the @entity0 heart can be controlled by beta adrenoceptors. Anesthetized, open chest @entity0 (N = 54) were subjected to saline i.v., 0.7 mg/kg of @entity1 i.v., 1 mg/kg of @entity4 , 0.1 microgram/kg of @entity3 , 1 microgram/kg of @entity3 or 0.7 mg/kg of @entity1 + 1 microgram/kg of @entity3 treatments. In half these animals coronary flows were determined before and after treatment using radioactive microspheres. The others were given 100 mg/kg of @entity2 -dextran and the hearts were removed and analyzed for perfused and total microvascular morphology. The fluorescence marked the perfused microvessels and the slides were stained to show all vessels. Control group blood flow was 213 +/- 25 ml/min/100 g. Flows decreased 25% with @entity1 and @entity4 whereas no change was seen with @entity3 or @entity1 + @entity3 . Total capillary volume fraction ranged from 0.15 to 0.20 mm3/mm3 with 60% of this perfused in controls. @entity1 significantly reduced this to 47% whereas @entity4 (90%), high-dose @entity3 (97%) and @entity3 + @entity1 (99%) resulted in a significant mobilization. Low-dose @entity3 resulted in a mobilization of capillaries to a degree intermediate (79%) between controls and high-dose @entity3 . Total arteriolar volume fraction ranged from 0.002 to 0.004 mm3/mm3 and in controls 65% of this was perfused. This percentage was reduced with @entity1 and significantly increased with all other treatments except @entity4 . Thus, blockade of beta-1 adrenoceptors results in decreases in the percentage of perfused microvessels whereas stimulation of beta-2 adrenoceptors results in an increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Beta adrenoceptor control of the microvascular reserve in XXXX myocardium.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity3 and urban @entity1 go hand in hand. But research focuses on large cities served by major academic medical centers. Do small cities face the same problems? Two hundred thirty-three urban @entity1 inpatients from a metro area of 250,000 were studied using @entity0 interviews and medical records. As in large cities, one half used @entity2 or drugs when attacked. Seventy percent were likely to be young, male, poor African-Americans. Only 3% were gang members, but demographic characteristics failed to explain @entity3 as they have for larger cities. A culture of violence pervades the small city, as it does in large urban ghettos. Two fifths were repeat urban @entity1 victims. Two fifths witnessed assaults in the past year. One third carried a knife or gun. Fifteen percent used a weapon on another @entity0 in the last year. Contextual variables, like being hurt in a bar, were related to drinking and drugs. The best predictor of present @entity3 and urban @entity1 was medical history of @entity3 . The need for (a) toxicology screens for all @entity1 victims, (b) referrals to @entity3 programs, (c) targeting at-risk populations for prevention, and (d) eliminating environments fostering violence and @entity3 is supported.

title: XXXX , drugs, and urban violence in a small city @entity1 center.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity3 and urban @entity1 go hand in hand. But research focuses on large cities served by major academic medical centers. Do small cities face the same problems? Two hundred thirty-three urban @entity1 inpatients from a metro area of 250,000 were studied using @entity0 interviews and medical records. As in large cities, one half used @entity2 or drugs when attacked. Seventy percent were likely to be young, male, poor African-Americans. Only 3% were gang members, but demographic characteristics failed to explain @entity3 as they have for larger cities. A culture of violence pervades the small city, as it does in large urban ghettos. Two fifths were repeat urban @entity1 victims. Two fifths witnessed assaults in the past year. One third carried a knife or gun. Fifteen percent used a weapon on another @entity0 in the last year. Contextual variables, like being hurt in a bar, were related to drinking and drugs. The best predictor of present @entity3 and urban @entity1 was medical history of @entity3 . The need for (a) toxicology screens for all @entity1 victims, (b) referrals to @entity3 programs, (c) targeting at-risk populations for prevention, and (d) eliminating environments fostering violence and @entity3 is supported.

title: @entity2 , drugs, and urban violence in a small city XXXX center.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity3 or @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is the most frequent @entity1 . The demyelinated or type 1 form ( @entity4 ) is the most frequently presented, commonly being of a dominant autosomic inheritance. @entity4 is heterogeneous genetically and the subjacent mutation found in most of the cases is a duplication of 1,500 kb in the CMT1A locus of chromosome 17p11.2. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of CMT1A duplication in @entity0 with @entity4 and evaluate its usefulness as a biological diagnostic marker. METHODS: The study was carried out in a group of @entity0 with @entity2 who were not related, and were distributed according to the following diagnostic categories: @entity4 (n = 49), @entity5 (n = 9), untyped @entity3 (n = 11) and D  j  rine-Sottas (DS) disease (n = 4). To detect three alleles confirming the presence of duplication the DNA of the @entity0 was analyzed with four polymorph markers, VAW409R3a, RM11-GT, VAW412R3HEc and EW401HE localized in the CMT1A locus. RESULTS: CMT1A duplication was found in 68.7% of the @entity0 with @entity4 and in 27.2% of untyped @entity3 @entity0 . None of the individuals in the @entity5 and DS categories showed duplication. Cases pertaining to families with dominant autosomic inheritance and genetically sporadic cases were confirmed to show a high prevalence of duplication, being of 83.3% and 85.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Duplication of the CMT1A locus is the most prevalent mutation found in @entity3 . It is a specific mutation of this disease among the different forms of @entity2 . This mutation is useful as a biological marker in the diagnosis of these @entity1 .

title: [The diagnosis and prevalence of locus CMT1A duplication in XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: Sera from each of five preselected groups of @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ), @entity2 ( @entity2 ), @entity1 , @entity3 ( @entity3 ), and healthy controls were examined for antibodies to @entity0 @entity3 (T-lymphotropic) virus type-I ( @entity4 ) and HTLV-III by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) methods. All sera from five @entity0 with @entity2 , @entity2 , and @entity1 reacted at titers from 1 : 512 to 1 : 5,120 with fixed H9/HTLV-III cells by IF but not with fixed @entity0 cells carrying @entity4 . Similarly, sera from @entity0 with @entity2 , @entity2 , and @entity1 precipitated HTLV-III-specific polypeptides of 120K, 46K, and 24K. In contrast, sera from five @entity0 with @entity3 did not react with fixed H9/HTLV-III cells, but reacted with fixed @entity0 cells. Moreover, @entity4 -specific polypeptides of 68K, 28K, and 24K were precipitated with sera from @entity3 - @entity0 but not with anti-HTLV-III-positive sera. Recently, we infected @entity4 -carrying MT-4 cells with HTLV-III and provoked strong cytopathic effects. This system enabled testing for neutralizing antibodies to HTLV-III. Neutralizing titers to HTLV-III of five anti-HTLV-III-positive sera ranged from 1 : 720 to 1 : 9,000. In contrast, all five seronegative controls showed no or only low reactivity to HTLV-III envelope (1 : 80 and 100). However, three out of five anti-HTLV-I-positive sera exhibited weak cross-reactivities with HTLV-III. The reactivities were expressed as less than 1 : 160, except for one case (1 : 720). They were considered to be nonspecific since they were negative for HTLV-III antibodies in the radioimmunoprecipitation studies.

title: Serological differences between XXXX ) and HTLV-III/LAV.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Personality characteristics and lifestyle variables were assessed in two cohorts of second-year medical students at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK as part of a psychopharmacology 'teach-in' in 1993 and 1994. The pooled sample included 186 students: 77 @entity0 , 109 @entity0 , mean age 20.4 +/- 1.8 years. Measures included the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the @entity4 Scale, and a questionnaire concerning consumption of @entity2 , @entity3 , @entity5 and other illicit drugs, and physical exercise. The results were compared, where possible, with a similar survey in Newcastle upon Tyne medical students in 1983 and 1984. Personality variables, prevalence of cigarette smoking, levels of @entity6 consumption and participation in sports had not changed significantly over the decade. There appeared to be a modest overall increase in @entity2 consumption and in the 1993 and 1994 cohorts of students, 25.5% of those who drank @entity2 exceeded recommended low risk levels (comparable data not available for 1983 and 1984). Reported use of @entity5 and other illicit drugs had more than doubled, and in the present survey 49.2% of students recorded using @entity5 and 22% had tried other illicit drugs. Corresponding figures for 1983 and 1984 were 20.9% for @entity5 and 3.3% for other illicit drugs. Anxiety levels were not measured in 1983 and 1984 but in the present survey 39.3% of the students had @entity1 ratings within the clinically significant range. The high levels of @entity2 consumption and illicit drug use, and the high @entity1 ratings, in this sample of medical students are a cause for concern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Personality, lifestyles, XXXX and drug consumption in a sample of British medical students.

answer: @entity2


abstract: In a 10-year period, 22 neonates with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and @entity5 ( @entity5 ) required high pressure ventilatory support soon after birth because of @entity3 ( @entity3 ). Eleven of the 22 or 50% survived overall, but if the 5 @entity0 who died before definitive surgical repair could be attempted are excluded, 11 of 17 or 65% survived. More importantly, 4 of 7 (57%) @entity0 who had gastrostomy performed first survived while 7 of 10 (70%) who had @entity1 ligation performed first survived. The difficulties with intraoperative management of those who had gastrostomy performed first were even more impressive. Our experience leads us to conclude that @entity0 with @entity4 and @entity5 with severe @entity3 who require high pressure ventilation preoperatively represent a group of @entity0 who require special consideration. The danger to such @entity0 with increased pulmonary resistance is not @entity2 but sudden loss of intragastric pressure. In the presence of poor lung compliance, the upper gastrointestinal tract functions in continuity with the tracheobronchial tree. A sudden loss of intragastric pressure, as with placement of a @entity6 , results in an acute loss of effective ventilating pressure. Resuscitation of such a @entity0 is not possible until leakage from the esophagus is controlled by ligation of the @entity1 or transabdominal occlusion of the distal esophagus. Placement of a Fogarty catheter into the @entity1 via a bronchoscope is effective but may not be feasible in every case. Early thoracotomy and ligation of the @entity1 in @entity0 with progressive @entity3 provides immediate improvement in ventilatory efficiency and relief of @entity2 .

title: Management of @entity4 and XXXX in the neonate with severe @entity3 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: In a 10-year period, 22 neonates with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and @entity5 ( @entity5 ) required high pressure ventilatory support soon after birth because of @entity3 ( @entity3 ). Eleven of the 22 or 50% survived overall, but if the 5 @entity0 who died before definitive surgical repair could be attempted are excluded, 11 of 17 or 65% survived. More importantly, 4 of 7 (57%) @entity0 who had gastrostomy performed first survived while 7 of 10 (70%) who had @entity1 ligation performed first survived. The difficulties with intraoperative management of those who had gastrostomy performed first were even more impressive. Our experience leads us to conclude that @entity0 with @entity4 and @entity5 with severe @entity3 who require high pressure ventilation preoperatively represent a group of @entity0 who require special consideration. The danger to such @entity0 with increased pulmonary resistance is not @entity2 but sudden loss of intragastric pressure. In the presence of poor lung compliance, the upper gastrointestinal tract functions in continuity with the tracheobronchial tree. A sudden loss of intragastric pressure, as with placement of a @entity6 , results in an acute loss of effective ventilating pressure. Resuscitation of such a @entity0 is not possible until leakage from the esophagus is controlled by ligation of the @entity1 or transabdominal occlusion of the distal esophagus. Placement of a Fogarty catheter into the @entity1 via a bronchoscope is effective but may not be feasible in every case. Early thoracotomy and ligation of the @entity1 in @entity0 with progressive @entity3 provides immediate improvement in ventilatory efficiency and relief of @entity2 .

title: Management of XXXX and @entity5 in the neonate with severe @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: In a 10-year period, 22 neonates with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and @entity5 ( @entity5 ) required high pressure ventilatory support soon after birth because of @entity3 ( @entity3 ). Eleven of the 22 or 50% survived overall, but if the 5 @entity0 who died before definitive surgical repair could be attempted are excluded, 11 of 17 or 65% survived. More importantly, 4 of 7 (57%) @entity0 who had gastrostomy performed first survived while 7 of 10 (70%) who had @entity1 ligation performed first survived. The difficulties with intraoperative management of those who had gastrostomy performed first were even more impressive. Our experience leads us to conclude that @entity0 with @entity4 and @entity5 with severe @entity3 who require high pressure ventilation preoperatively represent a group of @entity0 who require special consideration. The danger to such @entity0 with increased pulmonary resistance is not @entity2 but sudden loss of intragastric pressure. In the presence of poor lung compliance, the upper gastrointestinal tract functions in continuity with the tracheobronchial tree. A sudden loss of intragastric pressure, as with placement of a @entity6 , results in an acute loss of effective ventilating pressure. Resuscitation of such a @entity0 is not possible until leakage from the esophagus is controlled by ligation of the @entity1 or transabdominal occlusion of the distal esophagus. Placement of a Fogarty catheter into the @entity1 via a bronchoscope is effective but may not be feasible in every case. Early thoracotomy and ligation of the @entity1 in @entity0 with progressive @entity3 provides immediate improvement in ventilatory efficiency and relief of @entity2 .

title: Management of @entity4 and @entity5 in the neonate with severe XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Transcription of the two unlinked structural genes @entity5 and @entity3 of @entity0 is positively regulated by the gene product @entity4 . We have used S1 digestion and primer extension mapping to investigate the RNAs produced in different genetic backgrounds: wild-type, @entity4 deletion mutants, constitutively induced and non-inducible @entity4 mutants. Results show that each structural gene specifies multiple messenger RNA classes with different 5'-terminal sequences. The basal level of these transcripts does not require a functional @entity4 gene. Induction of @entity5 results from an even increase of the level of synthesis of all the transcripts in contrast to that of @entity3 which is effected by selectively increasing the levels of synthesis of one subset of transcripts. The @entity4 -mediated control was also studied in the foreign genetic background of @entity2 using autonomously replicating hybrid plasmids carrying the gene @entity5 or @entity3 along with the regulatory gene @entity4 , either in a constitutive or non-inducible allelic form. The 5' ends of the transcripts @entity5 and @entity3 made in @entity2 map upstream from the initiation sites used in @entity0 . In contrast to @entity0 , in @entity2 the @entity3 but not @entity5 transcripts respond to the @entity4 -induction. We have identified a minimal control region for the @entity4 -specific induction of @entity5 , that includes sequences located between the T-A-T-A box and the translation start codon. This region contains sequence features in common with @entity3 . There is an extensive alternating Pu:Py region including the T-A-T-A box of both promoters and an eight base-pair exact homology; further downstream, there is another 11 base-pair highly conserved sequence which either @entity1 or lies in close proximity to the unregulated start sites of @entity5 in @entity2 and of @entity3 in @entity0 . A positive regulatory model taking into accounts all these observations is presented.

title: @entity0 promoters @entity5 and XXXX . Examples of positive control.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Transcription of the two unlinked structural genes @entity5 and @entity3 of @entity0 is positively regulated by the gene product @entity4 . We have used S1 digestion and primer extension mapping to investigate the RNAs produced in different genetic backgrounds: wild-type, @entity4 deletion mutants, constitutively induced and non-inducible @entity4 mutants. Results show that each structural gene specifies multiple messenger RNA classes with different 5'-terminal sequences. The basal level of these transcripts does not require a functional @entity4 gene. Induction of @entity5 results from an even increase of the level of synthesis of all the transcripts in contrast to that of @entity3 which is effected by selectively increasing the levels of synthesis of one subset of transcripts. The @entity4 -mediated control was also studied in the foreign genetic background of @entity2 using autonomously replicating hybrid plasmids carrying the gene @entity5 or @entity3 along with the regulatory gene @entity4 , either in a constitutive or non-inducible allelic form. The 5' ends of the transcripts @entity5 and @entity3 made in @entity2 map upstream from the initiation sites used in @entity0 . In contrast to @entity0 , in @entity2 the @entity3 but not @entity5 transcripts respond to the @entity4 -induction. We have identified a minimal control region for the @entity4 -specific induction of @entity5 , that includes sequences located between the T-A-T-A box and the translation start codon. This region contains sequence features in common with @entity3 . There is an extensive alternating Pu:Py region including the T-A-T-A box of both promoters and an eight base-pair exact homology; further downstream, there is another 11 base-pair highly conserved sequence which either @entity1 or lies in close proximity to the unregulated start sites of @entity5 in @entity2 and of @entity3 in @entity0 . A positive regulatory model taking into accounts all these observations is presented.

title: @entity0 promoters XXXX and @entity3 . Examples of positive control.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Transcription of the two unlinked structural genes @entity5 and @entity3 of @entity0 is positively regulated by the gene product @entity4 . We have used S1 digestion and primer extension mapping to investigate the RNAs produced in different genetic backgrounds: wild-type, @entity4 deletion mutants, constitutively induced and non-inducible @entity4 mutants. Results show that each structural gene specifies multiple messenger RNA classes with different 5'-terminal sequences. The basal level of these transcripts does not require a functional @entity4 gene. Induction of @entity5 results from an even increase of the level of synthesis of all the transcripts in contrast to that of @entity3 which is effected by selectively increasing the levels of synthesis of one subset of transcripts. The @entity4 -mediated control was also studied in the foreign genetic background of @entity2 using autonomously replicating hybrid plasmids carrying the gene @entity5 or @entity3 along with the regulatory gene @entity4 , either in a constitutive or non-inducible allelic form. The 5' ends of the transcripts @entity5 and @entity3 made in @entity2 map upstream from the initiation sites used in @entity0 . In contrast to @entity0 , in @entity2 the @entity3 but not @entity5 transcripts respond to the @entity4 -induction. We have identified a minimal control region for the @entity4 -specific induction of @entity5 , that includes sequences located between the T-A-T-A box and the translation start codon. This region contains sequence features in common with @entity3 . There is an extensive alternating Pu:Py region including the T-A-T-A box of both promoters and an eight base-pair exact homology; further downstream, there is another 11 base-pair highly conserved sequence which either @entity1 or lies in close proximity to the unregulated start sites of @entity5 in @entity2 and of @entity3 in @entity0 . A positive regulatory model taking into accounts all these observations is presented.

title: XXXX promoters @entity5 and @entity3 . Examples of positive control.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: The surgical closure of an @entity1 is frequently recommended for @entity0 over 40 years of age. However, the prognosis for such @entity0 with unrepaired defects is largely unknown, and the outcome for @entity0 operated on after the fourth decade of life has not yet been compared with that for medically treated @entity0 in a controlled follow-up study. METHODS: In a retrospective study, we examined the clinical course of 179 consecutive @entity0 with isolated @entity1 diagnosed after the age of 40. The 84 @entity0 (47 percent) who underwent surgical repair were compared with the 95 @entity0 (53 percent) who were treated medically. The mean (+/-SD) follow-up period was 8.9 +/- 5.2 years (range, 1 to 26). RESULTS: Multivariate analysis revealed that surgical closure of the defect significantly reduced mortality from all causes (relative risk, 0.31; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.85). The adjusted 10-year survival rate of surgically treated @entity0 was 95 percent, as compared with 84 percent for the medically treated @entity0 . In addition, surgical treatment prevented functional deterioration, as measured by the New York Heart Association class (relative risk, 0.21; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.08 to 0.55). However, the incidence of new @entity3 or of cerebrovascular insults in the two groups was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical repair of an @entity1 in @entity0 over 40 years of age, as compared with medical therapy, increases long-term survival and limits the deterioration of function due to @entity2 . However, surgically treated @entity0 should be followed closely for the onset of @entity3 so as to reduce the risk of @entity4 complications.

title: A comparison of surgical and medical therapy for XXXX in adults.

answer: @entity1


abstract: With the advent of prenatal diagnosis and the feasibility of intrauterine treatment, non-immune @entity4 (NHIF) is gaining increasing importance. 14 @entity0 are reported 10 of whom having been diagnosed prenatally. 13 were born prematurely severe @entity3 being a frequent occurrence. 7 out of 14 @entity0 survived. In 5 cases no definite etiology could be established. In 7 @entity0 NHIF was attributable to @entity1 , predominantly associated with brady- or @entity2 . A survey of the literature reveals that etiology remains unidentified in about 40%. For the rest fetal, maternal or @entity5 are the primary causes. The abundance of underlying diseases are operative via three pathophysiological pathways: hemodynamic disturbances, decreased oncotic pressure and increased capillary permeability. By ultrasound examination, NHIF can be detected prenatally permitting intrauterine treatment in selected cases. In combination with improved postnatal management, this might contribute to a better outcome of @entity4 which is still associated with a high mortality rate. Meticulous diagnostic work-up facilitates genetic counseling and the pursuit of prenatal diagnosis in subsequent pregnancies.

title: [Non-immunologic XXXX --report of 14 cases and literature review].

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity3 is a highly malignant variant of @entity3 . Approximately 11 per cent of @entity3 can be expected to dedifferentiate into more anaplastic lesions. In this report, we analyze the clinicopathological features and treatment of seventy-eight lesions of this type. The ages of the @entity0 ranged from nineteen to eighty-two years (average, 54.6 years). The cartilaginous precursor was central in most @entity0 . Eleven of the lesions developed in the site of a previously resected @entity1 . Dedifferentiation was from @entity1 to @entity2 in forty-two @entity0 , to @entity4 in thirty-three, and to malignant (fibrous) histiocytoma in three. Perforation of the cortex and a soft-tissue mass were found in most of the @entity0 . Widespread metastatic disease within two years after resection was a frequent finding. The over-all five-year-survival rate was 10.5 per cent. Any potential for a "cure" is related to early diagnosis and adequate surgical treatment by amputation or resection.

title: XXXX . A report of the clinicopathological features and treatment of seventy-eight cases.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The initial focus is on defining race, culture, and ethnicity, followed by a review of the extent of @entity1 and @entity1 use consequences among African-Americans and Native Americans. Cultural specificity in an historical context is provided. A brief overview of gaps in the incident and prevalence data is presented. The biosociocultural context of drinking among African-American @entity0 with specific emphasis on cultural disruption, socialization, and social class is explored. A triracial @entity0 @entity0 (African-American/Native American/German-Irish-American), whose family genogram documents, by the case study method, six generations back to slavery, is presented. The @entity1 use patterns within this family are somewhat illustrative of historical patterns and of racial and ethnic import. An absence of religiosity/spirituality is noted. The family genogram is followed by a discussion of the limitations of the case study method of family genograms. The final section relates the findings of the family genogram back to the extant data and the gaps in the collection of data regarding the epidemiology of @entity2 across groups. It highlights the recent findings and questions raised by those findings from cross-cultural and racial studies of @entity2 among @entity0 of color.

title: XXXX in the family. A multicultural exploration.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The effect of brain irradiation on myelosuppression was studied in @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) by comparing 24 @entity0 who received brain irradiation for brain @entity1 at presentation (irradiated @entity0 ) with 24 control @entity0 who were selected by matching ages and non-CNS metastatic sites with those of irradiated @entity0 . All @entity0 were evaluated during the first three courses of chemotherapy. More irradiated @entity0 than control @entity0 had chemotherapy dose reductions from the starting dose level for the second (nine of 22 v two of 24; P = .03) and the third (nine of 18 v three of 20; P = .05) courses of chemotherapy. Overall, more irradiated @entity0 had chemotherapy dose reductions than did control @entity0 (11 of 22 v three of 24; P = .01). The difference was highly significant even after other variables were considered in a multivariate analysis (P less than .001). Myelosuppression was more severe in irradiated @entity0 for WBCs (P = .01) and for platelets (P = .05). When the second course of chemotherapy was administered at the same dose levels as in the first course, irradiated @entity0 had greater decreases in nadir counts after the second course compared with the first course than did control @entity0 . Irradiated @entity0 had a higher incidence of @entity3 than did control @entity0 (14 of 24 v six of 24; P = .02), particularly after the second course of chemotherapy (seven of 22 v one of 24; P = .04). There were four treatment-related @entity4 due to @entity5 in irradiated @entity0 . Following brain irradiation given concurrently with intensive chemotherapy, close monitoring of myelosuppression and adjustments of chemotherapy doses are advised.

title: Effects of brain irradiation and chemotherapy on myelosuppression in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: In selected @entity0 with recurrent @entity2 , interstitial brachytherapy has been advocated as an effective method for @entity1 control and prolonged survival. We are presenting our results with brachytherapy in @entity0 with recurrent @entity2 , and comparing this technique with cytoreductive surgery. Twenty @entity0 (9 male, 11 female) underwent stereotactic 125I implantation for recurrent @entity2 (9 grade III, 11 grade IV). The average age was 43 years and the average Karnofsky score was 76. All @entity0 had received radiation therapy following their initial surgical procedure and 17 received chemotherapy. The median interval from initial procedure to implantation was 70.5 weeks. The median survival following implantation was 24 weeks and total median survival for the group was 94.5 weeks. This group was compared to a contemporary series of 22 @entity0 (16 male, 6 female) who underwent cytoreductive surgery for @entity2 (10 grade III, 12 grade IV). The average age was 44 years and the average Karnofsky score was 76. All @entity0 received radiation therapy following their initial procedure and 20 @entity0 also received chemotherapy. The median interval from initial procedure to second procedure was 35.5 weeks, and from the second procedure to death was 28 weeks. The median survival for the group was 63.5 weeks. The interval from the first procedure to the second procedure was statistically significant comparing the implant group (median 70.5 weeks) versus the cytoreductive surgery group (median 35.5 weeks; p = 0.04). No significant difference could be demonstrated between the interval from second procedure to death in the implant group (median 24 weeks) versus cytoreductive surgery group (median 28 weeks; p = 0.45).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Interstitial brachytherapy versus cytoreductive surgery in recurrent XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Genotoxicity and @entity0 were evaluated in @entity5 hepatocytes exposed to sediment extracts obtained in the vicinity of a creosote-treated wharf. Sediment cores were collected at the intertidal and subtidal sections of the wharf at distances of 1, 5, 40 and 50 m. Moreover, subsamples were also taken at different depths of the cores ranging from 2 to 10 cm below the sediment/water interface. Sediment samples were air-dried and extracted in @entity1 followed with an exchange into @entity4 ( @entity4 ). @entity5 hepatocytes were exposed for 24 h at 15 degrees C to several concentrations of the sediment extract. Afterwards, the cells were collected, and cell viability was assayed along with genotoxicity using the nick translation and the alkaline precipitation assays. Results showed that the wharf contained high concentration of @entity2 ( @entity3 ), displayed genotoxicity and @entity0 to hepatocytes. In addition, @entity3 , @entity0 and sometimes genotoxicity were detected in all sediment samples and tended to decrease with distance. Chemical contamination and (geno)toxic effects were greater in sediment extracts from the intertidal section than from the subtidal section. However, no evident change in chemical or toxicological characteristics was noted between samples obtained at different depths. Spearman rank-correlation analysis revealed some trends between levels of some @entity3 and (geno) @entity0 in hepatocytes exposed to sediment extracts.

title: Genotoxicity of sediment extracts obtained in the vicinity of a creosote-treated wharf to XXXX hepatocytes.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Before considering the possible biases discussed above, the results as reported in the current literature may indicate an advantage for radical prostatectomy in disease specific survival at 10 years' follow-up when compared with external radiation therapy and deferred treatment. It appears that most of the obvious biases found in the literature work in favour of radical prostatectomy. The actual advantage of radical prostatectomy with respect to disease specific survival at 10 years may therefore be less than the data complications suggest. The magnitude of these biases is, however, impossible to assess. A probable but perhaps marginal benefit for the majority of the @entity0 must, however, be put in relation to possible side effects and long term complications of the various treatments as well as the @entity0 's preferences when choosing treatment. Reliable controlled data on outcome and quality of life for the various treatments of @entity1 are needed, but we may have to wait for many years for such data. It must also be remembered that the results presented in this overview derive from a series started in the late 1970s of @entity0 treated with the surgical techniques and radiotherapy technology available at that time. Today, the frequent use of @entity2 in early detection or screening programmes will definitely detect a larger number of low @entity1 that may be more curable by surgery or radiotherapy. This, however, remains to be proved. Moreover, new technology in radiotherapy, such as conformal therapy, may enable radiotherapists to deliver higher local doses of radiation to the prostate, which in turn may improve the cure rate for radiotherapy.

title: Radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy or deferred treatment for XXXX ?

answer: @entity1


abstract: To identify clinical signs of disease that might lead to more rapid recognition in treatment, we reviewed the time from onset of illness to diagnosis of 42 consecutive cases of @entity3 seen between 1965 and 1984. The first signs of illness included @entity1 in 14, central nervous system signs in 20, fever in 6 and @entity2 in 2 @entity0 . The median time from onset of illness to presentation to medical personnel was 1 day. The median time from presentation to medical personnel to obtaining viral cultures was 3 days (range, 1 to 11) and was similar in @entity0 who did and did not have @entity1 . Viral cultures were performed within 24 hours of admission on 8 of 13 noncongenitally infected @entity0 born between 1982 and 1984 compared to 5 of 24 seen between 1965 and 1981 (P less than 0.03). However, a greater than 72-hour delay between presentation to medical personnel and obtaining viral diagnostic studies occurred in 33, 40 and 14% of @entity0 born in the years 1965 to 1977, 1978 to 1981 and 1982 to 1984. Involvement of additional organ systems by HSV was noted in 57% of @entity0 between the time from presentation to medical personnel and diagnosis. @entity3 was often severe by the time @entity0 presented to medical personnel, and the disease usually progressed rapidly. To achieve a better therapeutic outcome for @entity0 with @entity3 , consideration should be given to the initiation of antiviral therapy on presumptive clinical and epidemiologic grounds. Future strategies for therapy of @entity3 should be directed at preventing the acquisition of disease.

title: Presentation of XXXX : implications for a change in therapeutic strategy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The risk of @entity1 associated with intracoronary infusion of streptokinase in acute @entity2 was determined in a randomised controlled trial containing 302 @entity0 under the age of 70. Intracoronary streptokinase infusion was given to 152 @entity0 and 150 @entity0 were treated conventionally. @entity1 was seen in 24 (16%) @entity0 in the streptokinase group and in two of the conventionally treated @entity0 . @entity1 was most common (28%) in @entity0 over the age of 60 years. The groin was the site of @entity1 in all @entity0 except one. In the first 48 hours after admission the haematocrit in streptokinase treated @entity0 with @entity1 fell by 0.07 (0.04) (mean (SD)). The fall in haematocrit in the streptokinase treated @entity0 without @entity1 was 0.05 (0.04) and in the conventionally treated @entity0 it fell by 0.03 (0.04). Sixty six units of packed cells were transfused in the streptokinase group (50 units to those who bled); the control group required only 17 units. There were no deaths due to @entity1 . The occurrence of @entity1 and the fall in haematocrit in the streptokinase group correlated with the occurrence of systemic fibrinolysis but not with the dose of streptokinase given. Thus, in about 15% of @entity0 treatment with intracoronary streptokinase resulted in significant @entity1 from the femoral puncture site that required substantial transfusion support. Furthermore, there was a significant drop in haematocrit in @entity0 without @entity1 . These results emphasise the need for more specific fibrinolytic agents.

title: XXXX complications of intracoronary fibrinolytic therapy in acute @entity2 . Assessment of risk in a randomised trial.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The risk of @entity1 associated with intracoronary infusion of streptokinase in acute @entity2 was determined in a randomised controlled trial containing 302 @entity0 under the age of 70. Intracoronary streptokinase infusion was given to 152 @entity0 and 150 @entity0 were treated conventionally. @entity1 was seen in 24 (16%) @entity0 in the streptokinase group and in two of the conventionally treated @entity0 . @entity1 was most common (28%) in @entity0 over the age of 60 years. The groin was the site of @entity1 in all @entity0 except one. In the first 48 hours after admission the haematocrit in streptokinase treated @entity0 with @entity1 fell by 0.07 (0.04) (mean (SD)). The fall in haematocrit in the streptokinase treated @entity0 without @entity1 was 0.05 (0.04) and in the conventionally treated @entity0 it fell by 0.03 (0.04). Sixty six units of packed cells were transfused in the streptokinase group (50 units to those who bled); the control group required only 17 units. There were no deaths due to @entity1 . The occurrence of @entity1 and the fall in haematocrit in the streptokinase group correlated with the occurrence of systemic fibrinolysis but not with the dose of streptokinase given. Thus, in about 15% of @entity0 treatment with intracoronary streptokinase resulted in significant @entity1 from the femoral puncture site that required substantial transfusion support. Furthermore, there was a significant drop in haematocrit in @entity0 without @entity1 . These results emphasise the need for more specific fibrinolytic agents.

title: @entity1 complications of intracoronary fibrinolytic therapy in acute XXXX . Assessment of risk in a randomised trial.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Many models of @entity0 are available. Animals with chemically-induced @entity0 have been used to study @entity11 . @entity9 in @entity15 -induced @entity0 in @entity2 results from increased intestinal absorption and synthesis of @entity6 . Lipoproteins from @entity0 @entity2 are oxidized and demonstrate @entity5 , a feature which can be prevented by insulin or antioxidant treatment. @entity0 @entity4 fed a @entity6 -rich diet do not develop @entity8 because accumulated VLDL are apo E-depleted, too large and do not enter into the arterial wall. Models for @entity12 ( @entity12 ) are obtained through selective breeding or dietary conditions. The @entity1 Zucker @entity2 (fa/fa) is characterized by hyperphagy, hyperglycaemia, @entity14 , @entity10 , @entity13 and hypercholesteolemia. It responds to dietary, hormonal and drug treatments, but does not develop @entity8 spontaneously. It is used as a model for @entity1 , @entity12 and type IV @entity7 . The JCR:LA cp @entity2 bears the corpulent gene and develops similar characteristics to those of the Zucker @entity2 . However, @entity10 is more severe in homozygous males (cp/cp), and @entity3 are observed. Their appearance is reduced by treatments which decrease @entity14 and insulin resistance but not by lowering lipid levels alone. The sand @entity2 (Psammomys obesus) develop @entity1 and @entity12 when fed a laboratory diet. When @entity6 and anti-thyroid drug are added to the diet, they develop @entity3 . This species constitutes a new model for studying @entity8 -related @entity0 .

title: Dyslipidemia and XXXX : animal models.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The @entity1 Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that a regimen of intensive therapy aimed at maintaining near-normal blood @entity2 values markedly reduces the risks of development or @entity3 and other complications of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) when compared with a conventional treatment regimen. This report presents an epidemiological assessment of the association between levels of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) before and during the DCCT with the risk of @entity3 progression within each treatment group. The initial level of HbA1c observed at eligibility screening as an index of pre-DCCT glycemia and the duration of @entity4 on entry were the dominant baseline predictors of the risk of progression. The shorter the duration of @entity4 on entry, the greater were the benefits of intensive therapy. In each treatment group, the mean HbA1c during the trial was the dominant predictor of @entity3 progression, and the risk gradients were similar in the two groups; a 10% lower HbA1c (e.g., 8 vs. 7.2%) is associated with a 43% lower risk in the intensive group and a 45% lower risk in the conventional group. These risk gradients applied over the observed range of HbA1c values and were unaffected by adjustment for other covariates. Over the range of HbA1c achieved by DCCT intensive therapy, there does not appear to be a level of glycemia below which the risks of @entity3 progression are eliminated. The change in risk over time, however, differed significantly between the treatment groups, the risk increasing with time in the study in the conventional group but remaining relatively constant in the intensive group. The risks were compounded by a multiplicative effect of the level of HbA1c with the duration of exposure (time in study). Total glycemic exposure was the dominant factor associated with the risk of @entity3 progression. When examined simultaneously within each treatment group, each of the components of pre-DCCT glycemic exposure (screening @entity5 c value and @entity4 duration) and glycemic exposure during the DCCT (mean HbA1c, time in study, and their interaction) were significantly associated with risk of @entity3 progression. Similar results also apply to other retinopathic, @entity6 , and neuropathic outcomes. The recommendation of the DCCT remains that intensive therapy with the goal of achieving near-normal glycemia should be implemented as early as possible in as many @entity4 @entity0 as is safely possible.

title: The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and @entity3 in the XXXX control and complications trial.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The @entity1 Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that a regimen of intensive therapy aimed at maintaining near-normal blood @entity2 values markedly reduces the risks of development or @entity3 and other complications of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) when compared with a conventional treatment regimen. This report presents an epidemiological assessment of the association between levels of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) before and during the DCCT with the risk of @entity3 progression within each treatment group. The initial level of HbA1c observed at eligibility screening as an index of pre-DCCT glycemia and the duration of @entity4 on entry were the dominant baseline predictors of the risk of progression. The shorter the duration of @entity4 on entry, the greater were the benefits of intensive therapy. In each treatment group, the mean HbA1c during the trial was the dominant predictor of @entity3 progression, and the risk gradients were similar in the two groups; a 10% lower HbA1c (e.g., 8 vs. 7.2%) is associated with a 43% lower risk in the intensive group and a 45% lower risk in the conventional group. These risk gradients applied over the observed range of HbA1c values and were unaffected by adjustment for other covariates. Over the range of HbA1c achieved by DCCT intensive therapy, there does not appear to be a level of glycemia below which the risks of @entity3 progression are eliminated. The change in risk over time, however, differed significantly between the treatment groups, the risk increasing with time in the study in the conventional group but remaining relatively constant in the intensive group. The risks were compounded by a multiplicative effect of the level of HbA1c with the duration of exposure (time in study). Total glycemic exposure was the dominant factor associated with the risk of @entity3 progression. When examined simultaneously within each treatment group, each of the components of pre-DCCT glycemic exposure (screening @entity5 c value and @entity4 duration) and glycemic exposure during the DCCT (mean HbA1c, time in study, and their interaction) were significantly associated with risk of @entity3 progression. Similar results also apply to other retinopathic, @entity6 , and neuropathic outcomes. The recommendation of the DCCT remains that intensive therapy with the goal of achieving near-normal glycemia should be implemented as early as possible in as many @entity4 @entity0 as is safely possible.

title: The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and XXXX in the @entity1 control and complications trial.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The influence of @entity3 , @entity2 , @entity4 , @entity5 , and @entity1 on elements of eucaryotic DNA replication was investigated in vitro. Each of the @entity6 , when present in amounts of more than 100 micrograms/ml, reversibly inhibited the DNA synthesis performed by the 95 DNA polymerase alpha primase complex from @entity0 thymus. @entity5 at 500 micrograms/ml or at higher concentrations irreversibly inactivated DNA polymerase alpha primase complex. The accuracy of in vitro DNA synthesis in the absence of repair mechanisms was determined from amber-revertant assays with phi X174am16(+) DNA as template. The antimicrobial agents did not significantly increase the frequencies of base pairing mismatches during the course of replication, indicating that the basal mutation rate is not affected by @entity5 and the @entity6 . The Ki values of 50% inhibition of DNA topoisomerases from @entity0 thymus by @entity3 , @entity4 , @entity5 , @entity2 , and @entity1 were 300, 400, 1,000 or more, 1,000 or more, and 1,500 or more micrograms/ml, respectively, in the case of topoisomerase I, and the Ki values were 150, 300, 500, 1,000, and 1,300 micrograms/ml, respectively, in the case of topoisomerase II. The procaryotic topoisomerase II is approximately 100-fold more sensitive to inhibition by @entity3 , @entity4 , and @entity1 than is its eucaryotic counterpart. Growth curves of lymphoblasts were recorded in the presence of @entity1 and @entity3 . Neither 1 nor 10 micrograms of @entity3 or of @entity1 per ml affected cell proliferation. @entity1 and @entity3 at 100 micrograms/ml inhibited cell growth; 1,000 micrograms/ml led to cell death. No correlation exists between the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the @entity6 .

title: Effect of @entity6 and @entity5 on XXXX thymus DNA polymerase alpha primase complex, topoisomerases I and II, and growth of mammalian lymphoblasts.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The influence of @entity3 , @entity2 , @entity4 , @entity5 , and @entity1 on elements of eucaryotic DNA replication was investigated in vitro. Each of the @entity6 , when present in amounts of more than 100 micrograms/ml, reversibly inhibited the DNA synthesis performed by the 95 DNA polymerase alpha primase complex from @entity0 thymus. @entity5 at 500 micrograms/ml or at higher concentrations irreversibly inactivated DNA polymerase alpha primase complex. The accuracy of in vitro DNA synthesis in the absence of repair mechanisms was determined from amber-revertant assays with phi X174am16(+) DNA as template. The antimicrobial agents did not significantly increase the frequencies of base pairing mismatches during the course of replication, indicating that the basal mutation rate is not affected by @entity5 and the @entity6 . The Ki values of 50% inhibition of DNA topoisomerases from @entity0 thymus by @entity3 , @entity4 , @entity5 , @entity2 , and @entity1 were 300, 400, 1,000 or more, 1,000 or more, and 1,500 or more micrograms/ml, respectively, in the case of topoisomerase I, and the Ki values were 150, 300, 500, 1,000, and 1,300 micrograms/ml, respectively, in the case of topoisomerase II. The procaryotic topoisomerase II is approximately 100-fold more sensitive to inhibition by @entity3 , @entity4 , and @entity1 than is its eucaryotic counterpart. Growth curves of lymphoblasts were recorded in the presence of @entity1 and @entity3 . Neither 1 nor 10 micrograms of @entity3 or of @entity1 per ml affected cell proliferation. @entity1 and @entity3 at 100 micrograms/ml inhibited cell growth; 1,000 micrograms/ml led to cell death. No correlation exists between the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the @entity6 .

title: Effect of @entity6 and XXXX on @entity0 thymus DNA polymerase alpha primase complex, topoisomerases I and II, and growth of mammalian lymphoblasts.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The influence of @entity3 , @entity2 , @entity4 , @entity5 , and @entity1 on elements of eucaryotic DNA replication was investigated in vitro. Each of the @entity6 , when present in amounts of more than 100 micrograms/ml, reversibly inhibited the DNA synthesis performed by the 95 DNA polymerase alpha primase complex from @entity0 thymus. @entity5 at 500 micrograms/ml or at higher concentrations irreversibly inactivated DNA polymerase alpha primase complex. The accuracy of in vitro DNA synthesis in the absence of repair mechanisms was determined from amber-revertant assays with phi X174am16(+) DNA as template. The antimicrobial agents did not significantly increase the frequencies of base pairing mismatches during the course of replication, indicating that the basal mutation rate is not affected by @entity5 and the @entity6 . The Ki values of 50% inhibition of DNA topoisomerases from @entity0 thymus by @entity3 , @entity4 , @entity5 , @entity2 , and @entity1 were 300, 400, 1,000 or more, 1,000 or more, and 1,500 or more micrograms/ml, respectively, in the case of topoisomerase I, and the Ki values were 150, 300, 500, 1,000, and 1,300 micrograms/ml, respectively, in the case of topoisomerase II. The procaryotic topoisomerase II is approximately 100-fold more sensitive to inhibition by @entity3 , @entity4 , and @entity1 than is its eucaryotic counterpart. Growth curves of lymphoblasts were recorded in the presence of @entity1 and @entity3 . Neither 1 nor 10 micrograms of @entity3 or of @entity1 per ml affected cell proliferation. @entity1 and @entity3 at 100 micrograms/ml inhibited cell growth; 1,000 micrograms/ml led to cell death. No correlation exists between the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the @entity6 .

title: Effect of XXXX and @entity5 on @entity0 thymus DNA polymerase alpha primase complex, topoisomerases I and II, and growth of mammalian lymphoblasts.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The pathophysiology of @entity3 remains unclear. We studied a mammosomatotroph @entity3 removed from an 8-year old @entity0 with a 5-year history of growth acceleration and acromegalic @entity14 at presentation. Elevated basal GH (mean 28 micrograms/l) and PRL (mean 120 micrograms/l) plasma levels were observed, as well as paradoxical responses of GH to L-dopa, @entity6 and oral @entity2 administration; PRL was reduced by L-dopa and slightly increased by @entity6 ; @entity12 stimulated release of both GH and PRL. Two operations were required to remove the very large @entity1 and the @entity0 was treated with @entity10 before the second. Hormonal secretion by @entity1 explants in culture was evaluated under basal conditions and after stimulation or inhibition. High levels of GH and PRL were secreted for up to 24 days. Furthermore, @entity12 and @entity6 caused a dose-related stimulation of both hormones, while @entity8 and @entity5 were effective in suppressing either basal or stimulated hormone release only at very high (microM) concentrations. Intracellular events were studied by determination of the @entity11 binding (G) protein levels and adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in the @entity1 tissue. Before @entity10 treatment, AC activity was very high in the @entity1 and could be further stimulated by various agents; very high levels of the AC-stimulatory G protein alpha subunit @entity9 and very low amounts of the AC-inhibiting G protein alpha subunit Gi3 alpha and of the phospholipase C-stimulating G protein alpha subunit Gq alpha were found in the @entity1 . After @entity10 , baseline AC activity was normalized and could no longer be stimulated; @entity9 and Gi3 alpha levels were unchanged while those of Gq alpha were normalized. Screening of @entity1 DNA after amplification by polymerase chain reaction followed by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis did not reveal any mutations in the hot spots of G protein alpha subunits (alpha s, alpha i2, alpha o2 and alpha 11) genes or in the H-ras and @entity4 genes. @entity9 and GH transcription factor-1 ( @entity13 ) expression were evaluated by amplification of cDNA. While the mRNA expression of @entity13 decreased after @entity10 treatment, that of @entity9 increased. These data suggest the possibility of an oncogenic process involving overexpression of @entity9 , resulting in chronic activation of adenylate cyclase. Furthermore, our results suggest that the anti-secretory and anti-proliferative effects of @entity10 may be mediated through a decrease in @entity13 secondary to the inhibition of @entity7 cyclase activity.

title: XXXX causing @entity14 in an 8-year old @entity0 : a possible pathogenetic mechanism.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The pathophysiology of @entity3 remains unclear. We studied a mammosomatotroph @entity3 removed from an 8-year old @entity0 with a 5-year history of growth acceleration and acromegalic @entity14 at presentation. Elevated basal GH (mean 28 micrograms/l) and PRL (mean 120 micrograms/l) plasma levels were observed, as well as paradoxical responses of GH to L-dopa, @entity6 and oral @entity2 administration; PRL was reduced by L-dopa and slightly increased by @entity6 ; @entity12 stimulated release of both GH and PRL. Two operations were required to remove the very large @entity1 and the @entity0 was treated with @entity10 before the second. Hormonal secretion by @entity1 explants in culture was evaluated under basal conditions and after stimulation or inhibition. High levels of GH and PRL were secreted for up to 24 days. Furthermore, @entity12 and @entity6 caused a dose-related stimulation of both hormones, while @entity8 and @entity5 were effective in suppressing either basal or stimulated hormone release only at very high (microM) concentrations. Intracellular events were studied by determination of the @entity11 binding (G) protein levels and adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in the @entity1 tissue. Before @entity10 treatment, AC activity was very high in the @entity1 and could be further stimulated by various agents; very high levels of the AC-stimulatory G protein alpha subunit @entity9 and very low amounts of the AC-inhibiting G protein alpha subunit Gi3 alpha and of the phospholipase C-stimulating G protein alpha subunit Gq alpha were found in the @entity1 . After @entity10 , baseline AC activity was normalized and could no longer be stimulated; @entity9 and Gi3 alpha levels were unchanged while those of Gq alpha were normalized. Screening of @entity1 DNA after amplification by polymerase chain reaction followed by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis did not reveal any mutations in the hot spots of G protein alpha subunits (alpha s, alpha i2, alpha o2 and alpha 11) genes or in the H-ras and @entity4 genes. @entity9 and GH transcription factor-1 ( @entity13 ) expression were evaluated by amplification of cDNA. While the mRNA expression of @entity13 decreased after @entity10 treatment, that of @entity9 increased. These data suggest the possibility of an oncogenic process involving overexpression of @entity9 , resulting in chronic activation of adenylate cyclase. Furthermore, our results suggest that the anti-secretory and anti-proliferative effects of @entity10 may be mediated through a decrease in @entity13 secondary to the inhibition of @entity7 cyclase activity.

title: @entity3 causing XXXX in an 8-year old @entity0 : a possible pathogenetic mechanism.

answer: @entity14


abstract: The pathophysiology of @entity3 remains unclear. We studied a mammosomatotroph @entity3 removed from an 8-year old @entity0 with a 5-year history of growth acceleration and acromegalic @entity14 at presentation. Elevated basal GH (mean 28 micrograms/l) and PRL (mean 120 micrograms/l) plasma levels were observed, as well as paradoxical responses of GH to L-dopa, @entity6 and oral @entity2 administration; PRL was reduced by L-dopa and slightly increased by @entity6 ; @entity12 stimulated release of both GH and PRL. Two operations were required to remove the very large @entity1 and the @entity0 was treated with @entity10 before the second. Hormonal secretion by @entity1 explants in culture was evaluated under basal conditions and after stimulation or inhibition. High levels of GH and PRL were secreted for up to 24 days. Furthermore, @entity12 and @entity6 caused a dose-related stimulation of both hormones, while @entity8 and @entity5 were effective in suppressing either basal or stimulated hormone release only at very high (microM) concentrations. Intracellular events were studied by determination of the @entity11 binding (G) protein levels and adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in the @entity1 tissue. Before @entity10 treatment, AC activity was very high in the @entity1 and could be further stimulated by various agents; very high levels of the AC-stimulatory G protein alpha subunit @entity9 and very low amounts of the AC-inhibiting G protein alpha subunit Gi3 alpha and of the phospholipase C-stimulating G protein alpha subunit Gq alpha were found in the @entity1 . After @entity10 , baseline AC activity was normalized and could no longer be stimulated; @entity9 and Gi3 alpha levels were unchanged while those of Gq alpha were normalized. Screening of @entity1 DNA after amplification by polymerase chain reaction followed by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis did not reveal any mutations in the hot spots of G protein alpha subunits (alpha s, alpha i2, alpha o2 and alpha 11) genes or in the H-ras and @entity4 genes. @entity9 and GH transcription factor-1 ( @entity13 ) expression were evaluated by amplification of cDNA. While the mRNA expression of @entity13 decreased after @entity10 treatment, that of @entity9 increased. These data suggest the possibility of an oncogenic process involving overexpression of @entity9 , resulting in chronic activation of adenylate cyclase. Furthermore, our results suggest that the anti-secretory and anti-proliferative effects of @entity10 may be mediated through a decrease in @entity13 secondary to the inhibition of @entity7 cyclase activity.

title: @entity3 causing @entity14 in an 8-year old XXXX : a possible pathogenetic mechanism.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Several methods of estimating prevalence of @entity3 are presented in this article. For both Brookmeyer and the @entity2 ( @entity2 ), the estimates of prevalence are derived statistically, forward calculating from incidence and survival figures. The choice of incidence rates on which to build the estimates may be critical. Brookmeyer used incidence rates from several published studies, whereas the @entity2 investigators applied the incidence rates observed in their own cohort. The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS) and the East Boston Senior Health Project (EBSHP) were sample surveys designed to ascertain the prevalence of @entity1 and @entity3 . ADAMS obtained direct estimates by relying on probability sampling nationwide. EBSHP relied on projection of localized prevalence estimates to the national population. The sampling techniques of ADAMS and EBSHP were rather similar, whereas their disease definitions were not. By contrast, EBSPH and @entity2 have similar disease definitions internally, but use different calculation techniques, and yet arrive at similar prevalence estimates, which are considerably greater than those obtained by either Brookmeyer or ADAMS. @entity0 may play the larger role in explaining differences in observed prevalence between these studies.

title: National estimates of the prevalence of XXXX in the United States.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity11 has atherogenic and thrombotic properties and is considered to be a major risk factor for the development of @entity7 . The risk of @entity2 is increased in both insulin-dependent ( @entity9 ) and @entity10 ( @entity10 ), and @entity11 has attracted attention as a potential risk factor in @entity1 @entity0 . @entity11 levels are "probably" elevated in @entity9 @entity0 and related to altered metabolic control and increased urinary albumin excretion rate or @entity3 , although results are controversial. There appears to be a real difference between the @entity11 of @entity0 with @entity1 and those with or without background @entity8 . The plasma @entity11 level may therefore be associated with @entity6 in some @entity9 @entity0 . However, data relating @entity11 to complications of @entity1 are limited, and the literature is conflicting. The few available data suggest that @entity11 is not elevated in @entity10 @entity0 and that there is no strong link between blood @entity5 control and plasma @entity11 . There is no clear evidence as to whether @entity11 is related to microalbuminuria in @entity10 @entity0 . There is little evidence for a correlation between increased risk of @entity2 and plasma @entity11 among @entity1 @entity0 . However, some @entity1 @entity0 with @entity4 have elevated plasma @entity11 , which seems to be correlated with genetic factors (especially the isoforms of apolipoprotein a) rather than to @entity1 per se. @entity11 synthesis and catabolism could be influenced by insulin or by @entity1 and its metabolic concomitants. The atherogenic and thrombogenic potential of @entity11 could also be increased in @entity1 @entity0 . Plasma @entity11 should be measured for both @entity9 and @entity10 @entity0 . If the @entity11 level is elevated, it seems reasonable to check the other major vascular risk factors.

title: [Lipoprotein (a) and XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Freshly isolated hepatocytes of the clawed toad, @entity2 , were cultured for at least 3 days. The viability of the cells was characterized using staining and biochemical methods. In particular, the @entity1 and glycogen balance was tested. After culture for 16-20 hrs, the cells were subjected to hormonal treatment. Both @entity3 and @entity4 stimulated the release of @entity1 in a dose dependent manner. 10(-6) M concentrations were strongly effective. The determination of the glycogen balance made it clear that the @entity1 release is mainly due to glycogenolysis. Using receptor antagonists and agonists, it has been shown that the effect of @entity3 is clearly mediated by beta-type receptors. @entity4 stimulated glycogenolysis via a type of receptor which is similar to the V2-receptor of mammals. This means that @entity0 is involved in the response to both types of hormones which is in contrast to that which is known about the effect of nonapeptides on the liver of mammals.

title: Hormonal response of primary hepatocytes of the clawed toad, XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that a positive CK-MB in the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) predicts an increased risk for complications of @entity7 in @entity0 admitted to the hospital for evaluation of @entity5 . METHODS: 53 @entity10 and community hospital EDs participated in this prospective observational cohort analysis of 5,120 @entity0 with @entity5 without ST-segment elevation on the initial @entity3 12-lead electrocardiogram. All @entity0 were admitted for evaluation of @entity5 in one of the participating hospitals as part of the National Cooperative CK-MB Project. @entity0 were stratified by whether or not they had an elevated CK-MB level in the @entity3 . CK-MB measurements were made on @entity3 presentation and two hours later. @entity0 medical records were reviewed for inpatient @entity4 ( @entity4 ) or other diagnosis--and for @entity1 complication--cardiac-related @entity2 , recurrent or delayed in-hospital @entity4 , significant @entity8 , new @entity11 , @entity6 , and @entity9 . RESULTS: 369 (7.2%) of the 5,120 @entity0 had @entity4 . The proportion of @entity0 with any complication in the @entity4 group was 24%, while the complication rate in the non- @entity4 group was 0.4%. In all @entity0 , regardless of final diagnosis, the relative risk of any complication was 16.1 (95% CI 11.0-23.6) in those with a positive @entity3 CK-MB versus negative @entity3 CK-MB @entity0 . Similarly, the relative risk of @entity2 was 25.4 (95% CI 10.8-60.2) in positive @entity3 CK-MB versus negative @entity3 CK-MB @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Multicenter data support the hypothesis that CK-MB measurements can help risk-stratify @entity3 @entity5 @entity0 whose initial ECGs are without diagnostic ST-segment elevation.

title: Emergency department CK-MB: a predictor of XXXX complications. National cooperative CK-MB project group.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Mutations of the @entity2 suppressor gene @entity3 have been implicated in certain familial cases of @entity0 . We examined a series of 38 cases of nonfamilial bilateral @entity0 using antibodies CM1 and DO7 to @entity3 wild-type and mutant protein (Novocastra Laboratories) by the avidin- @entity4 -peroxidase complex method. The two antibodies reacted similarly. Mutant @entity3 protein was detected in 17 of 76 (22%) @entity2 but in only 3 of 38 (8%) paired @entity2 . There were no significant differences in @entity3 expression between synchronous (< 12 mos) and @entity2 (29% vs 17%, P = 0.09) or between first and second @entity2 (14% vs 26%, P = 0.29). Mutant @entity3 was detected bilaterally in one metachronous and two synchronous cases, which were amplified and sequenced and two synchronous cases, which were amplified and sequenced by polymerase chain reaction and single strand confirmation polymorphism. One synchronous case showed a bilateral mutation in exon 2-3; the other had a bilateral mutation in exon 8-9. In the metachronous case, a mutation could be demonstrated in only one breast. Analysis of all @entity2 demonstrated that when @entity3 protein is overexpressed in the first @entity2 , there is a 60% probability of overexpression in the second, whereas if absent from the first, it is unlikely to be present in the second. These data suggest that @entity3 mutations do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of bilateral disease in most @entity1 .

title: The role of XXXX mutations in bilateral @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Mutations of the @entity2 suppressor gene @entity3 have been implicated in certain familial cases of @entity0 . We examined a series of 38 cases of nonfamilial bilateral @entity0 using antibodies CM1 and DO7 to @entity3 wild-type and mutant protein (Novocastra Laboratories) by the avidin- @entity4 -peroxidase complex method. The two antibodies reacted similarly. Mutant @entity3 protein was detected in 17 of 76 (22%) @entity2 but in only 3 of 38 (8%) paired @entity2 . There were no significant differences in @entity3 expression between synchronous (< 12 mos) and @entity2 (29% vs 17%, P = 0.09) or between first and second @entity2 (14% vs 26%, P = 0.29). Mutant @entity3 was detected bilaterally in one metachronous and two synchronous cases, which were amplified and sequenced and two synchronous cases, which were amplified and sequenced by polymerase chain reaction and single strand confirmation polymorphism. One synchronous case showed a bilateral mutation in exon 2-3; the other had a bilateral mutation in exon 8-9. In the metachronous case, a mutation could be demonstrated in only one breast. Analysis of all @entity2 demonstrated that when @entity3 protein is overexpressed in the first @entity2 , there is a 60% probability of overexpression in the second, whereas if absent from the first, it is unlikely to be present in the second. These data suggest that @entity3 mutations do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of bilateral disease in most @entity1 .

title: The role of @entity3 mutations in bilateral XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: The American @entity5 Society and @entity2 Society of America provide guidelines for management of hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and health-care-associated @entity1 , consisting of empirical antibiotic regimens for @entity0 at risk for multidrug-resistant pathogens. We aimed to improve compliance with these guidelines and assess outcomes. METHODS: We implemented a performance-improvement initiative in four academic medical centres in the USA with protocol-based education and prospective observation of outcomes. @entity0 were assessed for severity of illness and followed up until @entity3 , hospital discharge, or day 28. We included @entity0 in intensive-care units who were at risk for multidrug-resistant @entity1 and were treated empirically. FINDINGS: 303 @entity0 at risk for multidrug-resistant @entity1 were treated empirically, and prescribed treatment was guideline compliant in 129 @entity0 and non-compliant in 174 @entity0 . 44 (34%) @entity0 died before 28 days in the compliance group and 35 (20%) died in the non-compliance group. Five @entity0 in the compliance group and seven in the non-compliance group were lost to follow-up after day 14. Kaplan-Meier estimated survival to 28 days was 65% in the compliance group and 79% in the non-compliance group (p=0  0042). This difference persisted after adjustment for severity of illness. Median length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation did not differ between groups. Compliance failures included non-use of dual treatment for Gram-negative pathogens in 154 @entity0 and absence of @entity6 -resistant @entity4 coverage in 24 @entity0 . For @entity0 in whom pathogens were subsequently identified, empirical treatment was active in 79 (81%) of 97 of @entity0 receiving compliant therapy compared with 109 (85%) of 128 of @entity0 receiving non-compliant therapy. INTERPRETATION: Because adherence with empirical treatment was associated with increased mortality, we recommend a randomised trial be done before further implementation of these guidelines. FUNDING: Pfizer, US Medical.

title: Implementation of guidelines for management of possible multidrug-resistant XXXX in intensive care: an observational, multicentre cohort study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Peak @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and average smooth pursuit gain (SP) are reduced in a dose-dependent manner by @entity5 and provide reliable, quantitative measures of @entity2 agonist effects. To evaluate the specificity of these eye movement effects for agents acting at the central @entity3 - @entity2 receptor complex and the role of sedation in @entity2 effects, we studied eye movement effects of @entity6 , a sedating drug which does not act at the @entity3 - @entity2 receptor complex. Ten healthy males, aged 19-28 years, with no history of @entity0 or @entity1 , received 50 mg/70 kg intravenous @entity6 or a similar volume of saline on separate days 1 week apart. @entity4 , saccade latency and accuracy, SP, self-rated sedation, and short-term memory were assessed at baseline and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after drug administration. Compared with placebo, @entity6 produced significant @entity4 slowing, and increases in saccade latency and self-rated sedation. There was no significant effect of @entity6 on smooth pursuit gain, saccade accuracy, or short-term memory. These results suggest that, like @entity5 , @entity6 causes sedation, @entity4 slowing, and an increase in saccade latency. Since the degree of @entity6 -induced sedation was not correlated with changes in @entity4 or saccade latency, slowing of saccadic eye movements is unlikely to be attributable to sedation alone. Unlike @entity5 , @entity6 does not impair smooth pursuit gain, saccadic accuracy, or memory. Different neurotransmitter systems may influence the neural pathways involved in @entity4 and smooth pursuit again.

title: Effects of XXXX on human eye movements.

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity3 of the jaw differs from that in other sites because it is less aggressive, rarely metastasizes and appears later in life. The literature lacking a systematic treatise on the radiologic features of this disease, the authors decided to collect the case histories of 9 @entity0 , 5 @entity0 and 4 @entity0 , 24 to 48 years old, suffering from @entity3 of the jaw. Both conventional radiography and CT were used to examine all @entity0 . The accurate study of radiologic findings made it possible to establish 3 basic lesion patterns. The first and very rare one, is characterized by the total absence of neoplastic tissue ossification processes; in this case, the radiologic diagnosis is extremely difficult, even with CT support. The second and more common pattern exhibits evident @entity1 neo-ossification, the most representative cases present several bone lamellae radiating from the lesion, with a sunburst-like appearance. The disease can be diagnosed with conventional radiography alone, especially in the most advanced cases; CT permits the identification of early forms, missed with conventional methods. The third pattern is characterized by amorphous lesion ossification: there are small areas of structureless ossification and a patchy appearance, separated by non-ossified neoplastic tissue. CT shows @entity1 ossification missed at conventional radiography. Finally, the authors observed an extremely rare case of @entity2 of the jaw, considered a variety of @entity3 by some pathologists. The lesion presented uniform neo-ossification which was highly sclerotic and separated from cortical bone by a thin layer of radiolucent tissue: both findings were clearly visible with CT. In conclusion, the systemic use of CT has led to a marked improvement in the radiologic diagnosis of @entity3 of the jaw.

title: [Radiologic features of XXXX of the jaw].

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity3 are common @entity2 , which typically occur with @entity2 in young @entity0 . Treatment recommendations for these @entity2 are highly variable and controversial. There are greater than 100 surgical techniques described for operative treatment of this injury. One of the most widely recommended methods of surgical reconstruction for @entity3 is to utilize the coracoacromial ligament for stabilization of the distal clavicle. Several modifications of this procedure have been described which have involved adjunct coracoclavicular fixation or fixation across acromioclavicular joint. Although the literature is replete with descriptive papers, there is paucity of studies evaluating the surgical outcome of this procedure. We systematically reviewed the English language published literature in peer reviewed journals (Medline, EMBASE, SCOPUS) and assigned a level of evidence for available studies. We critically reviewed each paper for the flaws and biases and then evaluated the comparable clinical outcomes for various procedures and their modifications. The published literature consists entirely of case series (Level IV evidence) with variability in surgical technique and outcome measures. On review there is low level evidence to support the use of coracoacromial ligament for @entity4 but it has been associated with high rate of @entity1 . Adjunct fixation does not improve clinical results when compared to isolated coracoacromial ligament transfer. This is in part because of the high incidence of fixation related complications. Similar results are reported with coracoacromial ligament reconstruction for acute and chronic cases. The development of @entity5 joint symptoms with distal clavicle retention is poorly reported with the incidence rate varying from 12% to 32%. Despite this, the retention or excision of distal clavicle did not affect overall clinical results except in the @entity0 with pre existing @entity3 who have inferior results with retention of distal end of clavicle. Further well designed clinical trials with validated outcome measures are required to fully evaluate the clinical results of this procedure.

title: Clinical results of coracoacromial ligament transfer in XXXX : A review of published literature.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to identify dominant pathogens in the periapical lesions associated with persistent @entity1 . METHODS: thirty-three root-filled teeth with persistent @entity1 referred for surgical treatment were selected. Microbial samples were collected from the periapical lesions during apical surgery. Microbial identification was performed with species-specific primers prepared according to the sequence analysis data using a 16S rRNA technique. RESULTS: among the 33 cases, in 5 cases none of the target species were detected, 6 cases showed the presence of only one species, and 22 cases showed more than two species. @entity2 endodontalis (45% of sample) was the most commonly detected dominant microbial species in the study sample, followed by Actinomyces viscosus (42%), @entity4 (36%) and @entity2 (27%). Fusobacterium, Actinomyces israelii and @entity0 were also detected in 27%, 21% and 15% of the sample, respectively. The most frequently isolated species, P. endodontalis, was in most cases detected together with Actinomyces (14 cases) and @entity2 (6 cases). None of the lesions analysed in the present study contained @entity3 . There was no correlation in relation to the presence of sinus tracts and the bacterial species. CONCLUSION: a mixed population of pathogens was found in the endodontic lesions associated with persistent @entity1 . P. endodontalis, A. viscosus, @entity4 and @entity2 were the dominant species identified.

title: Identification of dominant pathogens in periapical lesions associated with persistent XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: We report the first double-blind, placebo-controlled study that assesses the efficacy and safety of @entity2 20 mg daily in the maintenance treatment of duodenal @entity1 . For the healing phase, 128 @entity0 with endoscopically proven active duodenal @entity1 and a history of three or more relapses during the 2 years prior to the study were treated until healing with @entity2 40 mg daily for 2 and up to 8 weeks. One hundred and twenty-three @entity0 whose @entity1 were healed were randomized to receive @entity2 20 mg daily (n = 60) or placebo (n = 63) for 12 months as maintenance treatment. @entity0 were interviewed at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, and endoscopy was performed at 3, 6 and 12 months and whenever symptoms recurred. The healing rates of the 124 @entity0 completing the healing phase were 84, 98 and 100% at 2, 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. During the maintenance phase, eight and four @entity0 discontinued treatment from the @entity2 and placebo groups, respectively. The proportion of @entity0 in remission in the @entity2 group and placebo group after 12 months were 94 and 9% respectively (life table estimates, P < 0.0001). No significant clinical or laboratory changes were observed in @entity0 on therapy with @entity2 . @entity0 with a history of frequent relapses thus continued to have a very high relapse rate without prophylactic treatment. @entity2 20 mg daily was effective and safe in maintaining such @entity0 in remission.

title: Prevention of duodenal XXXX relapse with @entity2 20 mg daily: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We report the first double-blind, placebo-controlled study that assesses the efficacy and safety of @entity2 20 mg daily in the maintenance treatment of duodenal @entity1 . For the healing phase, 128 @entity0 with endoscopically proven active duodenal @entity1 and a history of three or more relapses during the 2 years prior to the study were treated until healing with @entity2 40 mg daily for 2 and up to 8 weeks. One hundred and twenty-three @entity0 whose @entity1 were healed were randomized to receive @entity2 20 mg daily (n = 60) or placebo (n = 63) for 12 months as maintenance treatment. @entity0 were interviewed at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, and endoscopy was performed at 3, 6 and 12 months and whenever symptoms recurred. The healing rates of the 124 @entity0 completing the healing phase were 84, 98 and 100% at 2, 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. During the maintenance phase, eight and four @entity0 discontinued treatment from the @entity2 and placebo groups, respectively. The proportion of @entity0 in remission in the @entity2 group and placebo group after 12 months were 94 and 9% respectively (life table estimates, P < 0.0001). No significant clinical or laboratory changes were observed in @entity0 on therapy with @entity2 . @entity0 with a history of frequent relapses thus continued to have a very high relapse rate without prophylactic treatment. @entity2 20 mg daily was effective and safe in maintaining such @entity0 in remission.

title: Prevention of duodenal @entity1 relapse with XXXX 20 mg daily: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: K+ channel activators represent a novel class of smooth muscle relaxant agents. There is now much evidence demonstrating that K+ channels, localized to prejunctional neurons and post-junctional smooth muscle membranes, can regulate airway smooth muscle activity, inducing smooth muscle cell membrane hyperpolarization. K+ channel activity may be influenced by some neurotransmitters, such as @entity3 , @entity0 and @entity5 . More recently, it has been observed that the stimulation of GABAB receptors influences K+ channels in the hippocampus, dorsal rafe and spinal cord neurons. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of levcromakalim in @entity2 @entity1 at pre- and post-junctional sites and to evaluate whether GABAB receptors may modulate K+ channel activation. Levcromakalim (from 1 nM to 1 microM) relaxed @entity2 @entity1 (IC50 10 +/- 0.9 nM) previously contracted by @entity7 (30 mM). This effect was reversed by a pretreatment with @entity8 (10 mM) (IC50 120 +/- 0.7 nM). A 30-min pretreatment with @entity6 (1 microM) or @entity9 (1 microM) failed to modify the effects of @entity10 (IC50 18 +/- 1.0 nM and 14 +/- 0.6 nM, respectively). The contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (71.20 +/- 5.12% of @entity4 --100 microM--contraction) was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by a pretreatment with levcromakalim (10 nM) (54.00 +/- 6.68%). This reduction was antagonized by @entity8 (10 nM) (72.20 +/- 14.27%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: K+ channels and XXXX @entity1 : a possible functional modulation by GABAB receptors.

answer: @entity2


abstract: K+ channel activators represent a novel class of smooth muscle relaxant agents. There is now much evidence demonstrating that K+ channels, localized to prejunctional neurons and post-junctional smooth muscle membranes, can regulate airway smooth muscle activity, inducing smooth muscle cell membrane hyperpolarization. K+ channel activity may be influenced by some neurotransmitters, such as @entity3 , @entity0 and @entity5 . More recently, it has been observed that the stimulation of GABAB receptors influences K+ channels in the hippocampus, dorsal rafe and spinal cord neurons. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of levcromakalim in @entity2 @entity1 at pre- and post-junctional sites and to evaluate whether GABAB receptors may modulate K+ channel activation. Levcromakalim (from 1 nM to 1 microM) relaxed @entity2 @entity1 (IC50 10 +/- 0.9 nM) previously contracted by @entity7 (30 mM). This effect was reversed by a pretreatment with @entity8 (10 mM) (IC50 120 +/- 0.7 nM). A 30-min pretreatment with @entity6 (1 microM) or @entity9 (1 microM) failed to modify the effects of @entity10 (IC50 18 +/- 1.0 nM and 14 +/- 0.6 nM, respectively). The contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (71.20 +/- 5.12% of @entity4 --100 microM--contraction) was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by a pretreatment with levcromakalim (10 nM) (54.00 +/- 6.68%). This reduction was antagonized by @entity8 (10 nM) (72.20 +/- 14.27%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: K+ channels and @entity2 XXXX : a possible functional modulation by GABAB receptors.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The epidemiologic data supporting an association between physical activity and lipoprotein profile is controversial. We hypothesized that physical activity is positively associated with @entity3 levels and negatively associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity1 levels, and that these associations are mediated by @entity5 activity. We tested these hypotheses in 819 male and 1159 female healthy non-diabetic Mexicans, aged 35-64 years, residing in Mexico City. Physical activity was assessed using a modified Stanford 7-day Physical Activity Recall. Serum @entity4 and @entity5 were evaluated in the fasting state and 2 h following a @entity4 challenge. Crude analysis indicated that physical activity was not associated with HDL @entity1 in males, but was associated with HDL @entity1 in females (r = 0.06; p = 0.025). Physical activity was not associated with @entity3 concentration in males or females. Multivariate results showed that the positive association between HDL @entity1 and physical activity in @entity0 remained after controlling for age, @entity2 status, body mass index, and smoking. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between physical activity, HDL @entity1 and an index of @entity5 sensitivity. @entity0 with higher levels of @entity5 sensitivity had higher levels of HDL @entity1 . However, among @entity0 at lower levels of @entity5 sensitivity, those with greater physical activity were significantly more likely to have higher HDL @entity1 values.

title: Relationships between physical activity, XXXX levels and lipids in non-diabetic low income residents of Mexico City: the Mexico City Diabetes Study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Primary @entity2 is a @entity4 and it is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. In this report, we present a case with interesting sonographic and computed tomographic findings. On March 15, 1984, a 53-year-old male was admitted to Central Hospital of Social Insurance because of @entity6 , which was removed immediately. On May 17, the @entity0 complained of a vague @entity5 , in the left upper quadrant. Seven days later, the @entity3 became severe and he was referred to our department. White blood cell count was 19300/mm3. On ultrasound and computed tomographic examination, a rigid thick-walled bowel loop was visualized. Laparotomy was performed and a @entity1 (35cm long) was resected. Postoperative course was well. It should be emphasized that ultrasound and computed tomography are noninvasive and may be very helpful for differential diagnosis in the cases of acute abdomen.

title: [A case of XXXX : its sonographic and computed tomographic findings].

answer: @entity2