abstract: In this study, I have investigated the structure of the @entity0 brain @entity4 during fetal development. There is a progressive decrease in the apparent molecular size of the brain alpha-subunit during development: 130K on day 16 of gestation, 126K at birth, and 120K in the adult. Glycosylation was investigated as a possible reason for the observed differences in the alpha-subunit molecular size. The results show that the developmental decrease in the brain alpha-subunit apparent molecular size is due to a parallel decrease in @entity1 content. This was further confirmed by measuring the retention of autophosphorylated insulin receptors on @entity2 germ agglutinin (WGA)-Sepharose. An inverse correlation between developmental age and retention of @entity3 -labeled insulin receptors on the lectin column was observed. Insulin binding increases 6-fold between 16 and 20 days of gestation [61 +/- 25 (+/- SE) fmol/mg protein and 364 +/- 42 fmol/mg, respectively]. Thereafter, binding in brain membranes decreases to 150 +/- 20 fmol/mg by 2 days after birth, then reaches the adult level of 63 +/- 15 fmol/mg. In addition, the degree of insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation closely parallels the developmental changes in insulin binding. Between 16 and 20 days of fetal life, insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the beta-subunit increases 6-fold. Thereafter, the extent of phosphorylation decreases rapidly, reaching adult values identical with those in 16-day-old fetal brain. These results suggest that the embryonic brain possesses competent insulin receptors whose expression changes markedly during fetal development. This information should be important in defining the role of insulin in the developing nervous system.

title: Developmental aspects of the XXXX brain @entity4 : loss of @entity1 and fluctuation in number characterize fetal development.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of efavirenz after the failure of a @entity2 -containing regimen. This prospective study included 47 @entity0 with plasma @entity1 loads >1000 copies/ml, and who had received @entity2 for at least 16 weeks, included in an efavirenz-based salvage regimen. The main outcome measure was virological response, defined as an @entity1 RNA level decrease of at least 1 log(10) copies/ml after 24 weeks, according to genotypic and phenotypic resistance to efavirenz. Phenotypic resistance was defined as a >10-fold increase in the IC(50). The median CD4(+) cell count was 236 x 10(6)/liter and the median @entity1 RNA level was 4.5 log(10) copies/ml. Mutations known to decrease susceptibility to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were observed in 79% of @entity0 , predominantly at residues 181 (49%), 103 (40%), and 106 (19%), but phenotypic resistance to efavirenz was seen in 62% of cases. All the strains with the @entity3 mutation showed high-level resistance to efavirenz, in contrast with 20% of those carrying exclusively the @entity4 mutation. By week 24, 38% of @entity0 had responded and 19% had achieved an undetectable @entity1 load. Virological failure was observed in @entity0 with phenotypic resistance to efavirenz (67 vs. 11%; relative risk [RR], 4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-14.89; p = 0.04), or in presence of the @entity3 mutation (52 vs. 17%; RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.12-2.79; p = 0.02), and these results remained unchanged after adjusting for @entity1 load, or by resistance to the accompanying drugs in the salvage regimen. A previous longer period of @entity2 therapy was significantly associated with the emergence of efavirenz resistance (288 vs. 170 days, p < 0.01). We conclude that genotypic and/or phenotypic resistance assays permit the sequential use of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the clinical setting. Our data suggest that an early change after @entity2 failure could avoid the emergence of efavirenz resistance.

title: Extent and importance of cross-resistance to efavirenz after XXXX failure.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although several investigators have described a milder form of @entity3 ( @entity2 ), called @entity2 , little is known about the effect of light therapy in this group. The current study evaluates 3 weeks of open treatment with light therapy in @entity2 and @entity2 @entity0 . METHODS: Subjects with major or @entity1 according to DSM-IV with a seasonal pattern were recruited during the winter of 1998-1999 from clinic @entity0 and media advertising. Subjects were commenced on open treatment of morning light therapy, for 30 min daily using a new fluorescent light therapy unit that produced approximately 5,000 lux at a distance of 12 inches. The treatment lasted 3 weeks and at the end of the first and second week of treatment the duration of exposure could be increased to a maximum of 60 min at the discretion of the clinician. The @entity1 ( @entity2 ) was administered weekly to evaluate outcome. Response was defined in a variety of ways to reflect the fact that @entity2 subjects had milder symptoms. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity2 ( @entity2 , n = 29, @entity2 , n = 15) completed at least 2 weeks. Response rates were generally similar in @entity2 subjects (64-69%) and @entity2 (40-67%) @entity0 . There was a trend for longer exposure to be associated with better outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Light therapy may be an effective treatment for subjects with both @entity1 with a seasonal pattern. Optimal duration, for the light therapy unit used in this study, is likely 45-60 min daily.

title: A comparison of open treatment of seasonal XXXX with light therapy.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the significance of bivariate cytokeratin and DNA flow cytometry for analysis of the biologic @entity3 of resectable @entity5 . METHODS: In 92 @entity0 who underwent curative operations, the DNA ploidy status and S-phase fractions of the @entity2 cell populations inside the @entity2 were analyzed by a cytokeratin gating technique with @entity4 -embedded specimens and were correlated with the surgical results. RESULTS: Ninety @entity2 yielded assessable DNA histograms. DNA diploidy was detected in 25 @entity2 with a mean S-phase fraction of 14.3% +/- 4.7%, and DNA aneuploidy was detected in 65 @entity2 with a mean S-phase fraction of 15.1% +/- 7.1%. The 5-year overall and recurrence-free survivals were 73.3% and 70.3%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that only @entity6 staging was a prognostic factor after surgery. There was a negative correlation between the logarithms of S-phase fraction and the disease-free interval for 22 @entity0 with proven recurrence (P =.006). The @entity2 with high S-phase fractions recurred more rapidly than did those with low S-phase fractions. CONCLUSION: In a bivariate analysis of cytokeratin and DNA flow cytometry in resectable @entity5 , the S-phase fraction appeared to be correlated with the disease-free interval. However, DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction were not predictive of either recurrence or survival after operation. Thus DNA flow cytometry may be of limited use for the analysis of the biologic @entity1 .

title: Ability of bivariate cytokeratin and deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry to determine the biologic @entity3 of resectable XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the significance of bivariate cytokeratin and DNA flow cytometry for analysis of the biologic @entity3 of resectable @entity5 . METHODS: In 92 @entity0 who underwent curative operations, the DNA ploidy status and S-phase fractions of the @entity2 cell populations inside the @entity2 were analyzed by a cytokeratin gating technique with @entity4 -embedded specimens and were correlated with the surgical results. RESULTS: Ninety @entity2 yielded assessable DNA histograms. DNA diploidy was detected in 25 @entity2 with a mean S-phase fraction of 14.3% +/- 4.7%, and DNA aneuploidy was detected in 65 @entity2 with a mean S-phase fraction of 15.1% +/- 7.1%. The 5-year overall and recurrence-free survivals were 73.3% and 70.3%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that only @entity6 staging was a prognostic factor after surgery. There was a negative correlation between the logarithms of S-phase fraction and the disease-free interval for 22 @entity0 with proven recurrence (P =.006). The @entity2 with high S-phase fractions recurred more rapidly than did those with low S-phase fractions. CONCLUSION: In a bivariate analysis of cytokeratin and DNA flow cytometry in resectable @entity5 , the S-phase fraction appeared to be correlated with the disease-free interval. However, DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction were not predictive of either recurrence or survival after operation. Thus DNA flow cytometry may be of limited use for the analysis of the biologic @entity1 .

title: Ability of bivariate cytokeratin and deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry to determine the biologic XXXX of resectable @entity5 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Microdeletions and microduplications, not visible by routine chromosome analysis, are a major cause of @entity0 @entity1 and @entity2 . Novel high-resolution, whole-genome technologies can improve the diagnostic detection rate of these small @entity3 . Array-based comparative genomic hybridization allows such a high-resolution screening by hybridizing differentially labeled test and reference DNAs to arrays consisting of thousands of genomic clones. In this study, we tested the diagnostic capacity of this technology using approximately 3,500 flourescent in situ hybridization-verified clones selected to cover the genome with an average of 1 clone per megabase (Mb). The sensitivity and specificity of the technology were tested in normal-versus-normal control experiments and through the screening of @entity0 with known microdeletion syndromes. Subsequently, a series of 20 cytogenetically normal @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity4 suggestive of a @entity3 were analyzed. In this series, three microdeletions and two microduplications were identified and validated. Two of these genomic changes were identified also in one of the parents, indicating that these are large-scale genomic polymorphisms. Deletions and duplications as small as 1 Mb could be reliably detected by our approach. The percentage of false-positive results was reduced to a minimum by use of a dye-swap-replicate analysis, all but eliminating the need for laborious validation experiments and facilitating implementation in a routine diagnostic setting. This high-resolution assay will facilitate the identification of novel genes involved in @entity0 @entity2 and/or @entity1 syndromes and will provide insight into the flexibility and plasticity of the @entity0 genome.

title: Array-based comparative genomic hybridization for the genomewide detection of submicroscopic XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: An endoglucanase gene of @entity2 present on plasmid pRUCL150 and expressed in @entity0 was subcloned in plasmid pBR322. Plasmid pRUCL153 contained the smallest DNA insert (2.9 kb) with endoglucanase activity. The plasmids directed the synthesis of a mostly periplasmic enzyme in @entity0 and the level of enzyme activity was comparable in several strains. Analysis by non-denaturing @entity1 gel electrophoresis of the endoglucanase produced with various recombinant plasmids showed that it was unique. The endoglucanase gene on plasmid pRUCL153 was localized by physical mapping of independent transposon Tn5 insertions. Hence, its size was estimated to be approx. 1.3 kb. In vivo radioactive labelling of plasmid-encoded proteins using minicells, followed by denaturing @entity1 gel electrophoresis, allowed us to determine the size of the endoglucanase: Mr 40,000 for the precursor and Mr 38,000 for the mature enzyme. It was demonstrated that no cellulase operon, but a single gene, was cloned. The direction of transcription of the gene was determined by placing it under the control of the promoter of the lactose operon.

title: Characterization and expression in XXXX of an endoglucanase gene of Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. @entity2 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: An endoglucanase gene of @entity2 present on plasmid pRUCL150 and expressed in @entity0 was subcloned in plasmid pBR322. Plasmid pRUCL153 contained the smallest DNA insert (2.9 kb) with endoglucanase activity. The plasmids directed the synthesis of a mostly periplasmic enzyme in @entity0 and the level of enzyme activity was comparable in several strains. Analysis by non-denaturing @entity1 gel electrophoresis of the endoglucanase produced with various recombinant plasmids showed that it was unique. The endoglucanase gene on plasmid pRUCL153 was localized by physical mapping of independent transposon Tn5 insertions. Hence, its size was estimated to be approx. 1.3 kb. In vivo radioactive labelling of plasmid-encoded proteins using minicells, followed by denaturing @entity1 gel electrophoresis, allowed us to determine the size of the endoglucanase: Mr 40,000 for the precursor and Mr 38,000 for the mature enzyme. It was demonstrated that no cellulase operon, but a single gene, was cloned. The direction of transcription of the gene was determined by placing it under the control of the promoter of the lactose operon.

title: Characterization and expression in @entity0 of an endoglucanase gene of Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 is the most lethal of the gynaecological @entity1 , affecting approximately 1 in 75 @entity0 in the developed world. In most cases (>75%), the disease is disseminated beyond the ovary at diagnosis. For @entity0 with @entity1 , many clinicians agree that standard treatment should comprise six cycles of @entity8 - @entity10 . Randomised trials over the past 10 years have indicated the superiority of @entity8 -based treatment and that @entity10 is equivalent to @entity5 , but better tolerated. A recent trial has suggested that @entity7 may be a better option than @entity8 , with reduced @entity9 and comparable efficacy. Overall treatment results remain unsatisfactory, since the median survival for these @entity0 is 2-3 years. Future progress may be made by addressing the following issues: Would sequential regimes be more effective? Intriguing results from two large randomised trials (ICON-3 and GOG-132) indicate that single agent @entity6 might well be incorporated into such regimes. Additionally, a range of other agents could be tested as part of first-line regimes, having demonstrated activity in relapsed @entity0 ; these include topotecan, @entity3 and liposomal @entity4 . Newer agents, such as cell signalling inhibitors have shown potential as single agents, but may be particularly effective in combination with current drugs. Real progress can be expected when a better understanding is achieved of the mechanisms underlying clinical drug resistance in @entity2 , and a close laboratory-clinical interaction is crucial.

title: XXXX : progress and continuing controversies in management.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The purpose of this multicentre phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and @entity2 of topotecan in pretreated @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) who relapsed with symptomatic brain @entity1 . 30 @entity0 with a median age of 62 years were entered into the study. 22 @entity0 received the initially planned dose of 1.5 mg/m(2) topotecan as a 30-min intravenous (i.v.) infusion for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks. Due to the observed @entity5 , the dose was reduced to 1.25 mg/m(2) in the last 8 @entity0 . All 30 @entity0 were pretreated with chemotherapy: 14 with one and 16 with at least two protocols. 8 @entity0 had prior whole-brain iradiation (WBI): 7 in the prophylactic and 1 in the palliative setting. Concomitant systemic @entity1 were recorded in 24 @entity0 at the time of brain relapse. Cerebral @entity1 responded in 33% of @entity0 (10/30; three complete responses (CR) and seven partial responses (PR)). Noteworthy is the fact that response was achieved in 4 of 8 @entity0 pretreated by WBI (3 in prophylactic and 1 in palliative setting). The systemic response rate was 29% (7/24). Median time to progression was 3.1 months (range 0.25-14.2+ months), median survival from the beginning of this study was 3.6 months (range 0.25-14.2+ months). Therapy was generally well tolerated, with myelotoxicity being the most common adverse event. Grade 3 leucocytopenia according to the Common @entity2 Criteria (CTC) occurred in 28% (23/83) of the courses and grade 4 in 22% (18/83). Grade 3 @entity5 was observed in 17% of the courses (14/83) and grade 4 in 11% (9/83). 17% of @entity0 (5/30) had a documented grade 3 @entity4 . These results using topotecan are promising in heavily pretreated @entity0 with @entity3 brain @entity1 and merit further evaluation.

title: Response to topotecan of symptomatic brain @entity1 of XXXX also after whole-brain irradiation. a multicentre phase II study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The purpose of this multicentre phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and @entity2 of topotecan in pretreated @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) who relapsed with symptomatic brain @entity1 . 30 @entity0 with a median age of 62 years were entered into the study. 22 @entity0 received the initially planned dose of 1.5 mg/m(2) topotecan as a 30-min intravenous (i.v.) infusion for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks. Due to the observed @entity5 , the dose was reduced to 1.25 mg/m(2) in the last 8 @entity0 . All 30 @entity0 were pretreated with chemotherapy: 14 with one and 16 with at least two protocols. 8 @entity0 had prior whole-brain iradiation (WBI): 7 in the prophylactic and 1 in the palliative setting. Concomitant systemic @entity1 were recorded in 24 @entity0 at the time of brain relapse. Cerebral @entity1 responded in 33% of @entity0 (10/30; three complete responses (CR) and seven partial responses (PR)). Noteworthy is the fact that response was achieved in 4 of 8 @entity0 pretreated by WBI (3 in prophylactic and 1 in palliative setting). The systemic response rate was 29% (7/24). Median time to progression was 3.1 months (range 0.25-14.2+ months), median survival from the beginning of this study was 3.6 months (range 0.25-14.2+ months). Therapy was generally well tolerated, with myelotoxicity being the most common adverse event. Grade 3 leucocytopenia according to the Common @entity2 Criteria (CTC) occurred in 28% (23/83) of the courses and grade 4 in 22% (18/83). Grade 3 @entity5 was observed in 17% of the courses (14/83) and grade 4 in 11% (9/83). 17% of @entity0 (5/30) had a documented grade 3 @entity4 . These results using topotecan are promising in heavily pretreated @entity0 with @entity3 brain @entity1 and merit further evaluation.

title: Response to topotecan of symptomatic brain XXXX of @entity3 also after whole-brain irradiation. a multicentre phase II study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays an important role in the development of @entity1 /reperfusion injury. @entity4 is a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor. This study evaluated the effects of p38 MAPK inhibition during cold @entity1 on subsequent reperfusion injury using @entity4 as an additive to @entity3 -Collins solution in @entity2 lung transplantation. METHODS: @entity2 orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed after 12-hr cold storage using @entity3 -Collins solution, with or without @entity4 . Fifteen minutes after reperfusion, the right pulmonary artery and the right stem bronchus were ligated, and the animals were observed for 4 hr after reperfusion. Left pulmonary vascular resistance (L-PVR), cardiac output (CO), arterial @entity0 pressure (Pao2), and alveolar-arterial @entity0 pressure difference (A-aDo2) were measured. Lung specimens were harvested for wet-to-dry lung weight ratio (WDR) measurements, histopathologic studies, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts. The activities of p38 MAPK in lung grafts were evaluated. RESULTS: The addition of @entity4 significantly (P<0.05) improved Pao2, A-aDo2, L-PVR, CO, and WDR and suppressed PMN infiltration after transplantation. @entity4 also ameliorated histologic damage to the lung graft. During cold storage, p38 MAPK was not activated in the lung graft, whereas it was markedly activated 30 min after reperfusion. @entity4 significantly (P<0.05) inhibited p38 MAPK activation 30 min after reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of @entity4 to @entity3 -Collins solution improved lung graft viability associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK activation. These results suggest that inhibiting p38 MAPK activation may attenuate @entity1 /reperfusion injury in lung transplantation.

title: Effects of a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor as an additive to XXXX -Collins solution on reperfusion injury in @entity2 lung transplantation1.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays an important role in the development of @entity1 /reperfusion injury. @entity4 is a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor. This study evaluated the effects of p38 MAPK inhibition during cold @entity1 on subsequent reperfusion injury using @entity4 as an additive to @entity3 -Collins solution in @entity2 lung transplantation. METHODS: @entity2 orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed after 12-hr cold storage using @entity3 -Collins solution, with or without @entity4 . Fifteen minutes after reperfusion, the right pulmonary artery and the right stem bronchus were ligated, and the animals were observed for 4 hr after reperfusion. Left pulmonary vascular resistance (L-PVR), cardiac output (CO), arterial @entity0 pressure (Pao2), and alveolar-arterial @entity0 pressure difference (A-aDo2) were measured. Lung specimens were harvested for wet-to-dry lung weight ratio (WDR) measurements, histopathologic studies, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts. The activities of p38 MAPK in lung grafts were evaluated. RESULTS: The addition of @entity4 significantly (P<0.05) improved Pao2, A-aDo2, L-PVR, CO, and WDR and suppressed PMN infiltration after transplantation. @entity4 also ameliorated histologic damage to the lung graft. During cold storage, p38 MAPK was not activated in the lung graft, whereas it was markedly activated 30 min after reperfusion. @entity4 significantly (P<0.05) inhibited p38 MAPK activation 30 min after reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of @entity4 to @entity3 -Collins solution improved lung graft viability associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK activation. These results suggest that inhibiting p38 MAPK activation may attenuate @entity1 /reperfusion injury in lung transplantation.

title: Effects of a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor as an additive to @entity3 -Collins solution on reperfusion injury in XXXX lung transplantation1.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 attributable to @entity3 or peptic ulcer are common, but the outcome of proton pump inhibitor therapy in clinical practice is not well documented. AIM: To assess the range of upper gastrointestinal acid-related symptoms in clinical practice and the rapidity of their response to @entity7 (40 mg daily), after seven days of therapy. METHODS: A total of 726 Canadian physicians (65.3% family physicians) recorded a working diagnosis and alarm features in eligible @entity0 , who then recorded the severity of eight @entity2 in a daily symptom diary during the first week of therapy. RESULTS: Complete data were obtained from 2273 (37.3% male) of 3261 @entity0 ; physicians diagnosed @entity3 alone (66.9%), peptic ulcer (9.7%), other @entity2 (12.3%) and @entity3 with another diagnosis (11.1%). Alarm features were common (29.6%), but a history of @entity4 was rare (less than 1%). Mean daytime heartburn scores decreased from 2.59 to 1.40, and @entity1 scores decreased from 2.54 to 1.56 over the first week (P<0.00001); the proportions of @entity0 who became symptom-free were 68.1% and 55.4%, respectively. Decreased mean symptom scores were also observed for acid regurgitation (2.21 to 1.35), bloating (2.47 to 1.57), @entity5 (2.03 to 1.36), slow digestion (2.51 to 1.56) and burping (2.56 to 1.69). The percentage of @entity0 with severe or very severe symptoms decreased from 53.5% to 13.8% at day 7. The physician's initial diagnosis was not predictive of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In a predominantly primary care population with upper gastrointestinal acid-related symptoms, proton pump inhibitor therapy produces prompt symptomatic relief in most @entity0 . @entity6 are common, and further research is required to determine the absolute risk of alarm symptoms and their implications for empirical therapy.

title: Early relief of upper XXXX : a survey of empirical therapy with @entity7 in Canadian clinical practice.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 attributable to @entity3 or peptic ulcer are common, but the outcome of proton pump inhibitor therapy in clinical practice is not well documented. AIM: To assess the range of upper gastrointestinal acid-related symptoms in clinical practice and the rapidity of their response to @entity7 (40 mg daily), after seven days of therapy. METHODS: A total of 726 Canadian physicians (65.3% family physicians) recorded a working diagnosis and alarm features in eligible @entity0 , who then recorded the severity of eight @entity2 in a daily symptom diary during the first week of therapy. RESULTS: Complete data were obtained from 2273 (37.3% male) of 3261 @entity0 ; physicians diagnosed @entity3 alone (66.9%), peptic ulcer (9.7%), other @entity2 (12.3%) and @entity3 with another diagnosis (11.1%). Alarm features were common (29.6%), but a history of @entity4 was rare (less than 1%). Mean daytime heartburn scores decreased from 2.59 to 1.40, and @entity1 scores decreased from 2.54 to 1.56 over the first week (P<0.00001); the proportions of @entity0 who became symptom-free were 68.1% and 55.4%, respectively. Decreased mean symptom scores were also observed for acid regurgitation (2.21 to 1.35), bloating (2.47 to 1.57), @entity5 (2.03 to 1.36), slow digestion (2.51 to 1.56) and burping (2.56 to 1.69). The percentage of @entity0 with severe or very severe symptoms decreased from 53.5% to 13.8% at day 7. The physician's initial diagnosis was not predictive of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In a predominantly primary care population with upper gastrointestinal acid-related symptoms, proton pump inhibitor therapy produces prompt symptomatic relief in most @entity0 . @entity6 are common, and further research is required to determine the absolute risk of alarm symptoms and their implications for empirical therapy.

title: Early relief of upper @entity2 : a survey of empirical therapy with XXXX in Canadian clinical practice.

answer: @entity7


abstract: The female-sterile @entity0 gene, @entity3 , is located in cytological region 7F1 on the @entity1 chromosome map. We have mapped the gene at the molecular level by using four dysgenic alleles and two revertant derivatives of these alleles as well as an @entity2 -induced allele. The insertional (dysgenic) changes were all associated with one restriction fragment, and its size was restored after phenotypic reversion. One @entity2 -induced allele had a deletion in the restriction fragment adjacent (distal) to the fragment altered in the insertional alleles. These two restriction fragments were immediately adjacent to the @entity4 chorion gene. Associated with the two altered restriction fragments were two RNA species, an abundant 3.2-kilobase (kb) poly(A)+ RNA and a minor 4.0-kb RNA. Several other less-abundant RNA species were detectable with more-sensitive single-stranded RNA probes. The @entity3 gene was transcribed proximal to distal relative to the centromere; this was opposite to the direction of transcription of the adjacent @entity4 gene. During development, the 3.2-kb RNA was absent in larvae, first appeared in the pupal stages, and persisted in adult females, in which it was most prevalent in the ovaries. The DNA that hybridized to the 3.2-kb ovarian RNA hybridized to four different RNAs found in the testes but not in the rest of the adult male. These testis-enriched RNAs were transcribed from the same strand of DNA as the ovarian transcripts.

title: Molecular localization and developmental expression of the XXXX locus of @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The female-sterile @entity0 gene, @entity3 , is located in cytological region 7F1 on the @entity1 chromosome map. We have mapped the gene at the molecular level by using four dysgenic alleles and two revertant derivatives of these alleles as well as an @entity2 -induced allele. The insertional (dysgenic) changes were all associated with one restriction fragment, and its size was restored after phenotypic reversion. One @entity2 -induced allele had a deletion in the restriction fragment adjacent (distal) to the fragment altered in the insertional alleles. These two restriction fragments were immediately adjacent to the @entity4 chorion gene. Associated with the two altered restriction fragments were two RNA species, an abundant 3.2-kilobase (kb) poly(A)+ RNA and a minor 4.0-kb RNA. Several other less-abundant RNA species were detectable with more-sensitive single-stranded RNA probes. The @entity3 gene was transcribed proximal to distal relative to the centromere; this was opposite to the direction of transcription of the adjacent @entity4 gene. During development, the 3.2-kb RNA was absent in larvae, first appeared in the pupal stages, and persisted in adult females, in which it was most prevalent in the ovaries. The DNA that hybridized to the 3.2-kb ovarian RNA hybridized to four different RNAs found in the testes but not in the rest of the adult male. These testis-enriched RNAs were transcribed from the same strand of DNA as the ovarian transcripts.

title: Molecular localization and developmental expression of the @entity3 locus of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Focal cortical @entity8 is rare. Obvious causes include @entity1 or @entity4 involving the motor strip, but in some cases no cause is apparent. We present 4 @entity0 who started to have focal @entity8 in childhood. All had focal motor @entity6 as well, and one had recurrent focal motor @entity3 . All 4 had a mild progressive @entity7 . Electrographic investigations showed focal @entity5 discharges in the contralateral rolandic areas. Radiological studies were unrevealing, but magnetic resonance showed @entity2 in 3 @entity0 . At surgery, abnormally wide gyri were found in the distribution demonstrated by magnetic resonance. The pathological substrate was focal @entity9 . All @entity0 have improved considerably following surgery. These findings suggest that focal @entity8 may be due to a rolandic @entity10 . Visualization of these lesions by magnetic resonance permits development of a surgical strategy leading to optimal treatment of these medically intractable @entity5 .

title: Focal cortical @entity8 and rolandic XXXX : clarification by magnetic resonance imaging.

answer: @entity9


abstract: Focal cortical @entity8 is rare. Obvious causes include @entity1 or @entity4 involving the motor strip, but in some cases no cause is apparent. We present 4 @entity0 who started to have focal @entity8 in childhood. All had focal motor @entity6 as well, and one had recurrent focal motor @entity3 . All 4 had a mild progressive @entity7 . Electrographic investigations showed focal @entity5 discharges in the contralateral rolandic areas. Radiological studies were unrevealing, but magnetic resonance showed @entity2 in 3 @entity0 . At surgery, abnormally wide gyri were found in the distribution demonstrated by magnetic resonance. The pathological substrate was focal @entity9 . All @entity0 have improved considerably following surgery. These findings suggest that focal @entity8 may be due to a rolandic @entity10 . Visualization of these lesions by magnetic resonance permits development of a surgical strategy leading to optimal treatment of these medically intractable @entity5 .

title: Focal cortical XXXX and rolandic @entity9 : clarification by magnetic resonance imaging.

answer: @entity8


abstract: We treated 11 @entity0 who had @entity3 with natural interferon alpha ( @entity0 lymphoblastoid interferon; HLBI). HLBI was given at 6-12 X 10(6) u/day i.m. or i.s.c. during induction therapy. Nine @entity0 responded to the treatment, of whom 7 had hematologic remission and 2 had partial remission. Six @entity0 with @entity4 or @entity2 , and 3 @entity0 with @entity2 from @entity4 were treated with recombinant interferon gamma (GI-3). GI-3 was given at 0.4 X 10(6) u/m2 of body-surface area per day i.s.c. or i.v. for 4-6 weeks. In 2 @entity0 with @entity5 and @entity2 , the blast cell count in bone marrow decreased from 8-16% to 2-3% after 4 weeks of administration. In another @entity0 with @entity2 , blast cells in the marrow did not decrease, but @entity1 was improved without transfusion, increasing the bone marrow NCC and erythroblast count. In @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity6 , no clinical effect was obtained. Interferons can therefore be offered to @entity0 in a preleukemic state.

title: [Clinical investigation of interferons in the preleukemic state (CML and XXXX )].

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 ( @entity5 ) is the most commonly used model of @entity2 ( @entity2 ). In both @entity5 and @entity2 there is an increase in the cellular content of the synovium, this being dominated by macrophages. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of @entity6 , a topoisomerase II antagonist known to induce monocyte apoptosis, on the development of @entity5 . METHODS: @entity0 were primed and booster immunised against collagen II (CII). One group of @entity0 was treated with @entity6 two days before CII immunisation and then on four consecutive days weekly until the end of the experiment. The second group of @entity0 was injected with @entity6 on four consecutive days a week starting 40 days after CII priming. The third group of @entity0 were controls receiving @entity4 buffered saline (PBS). The @entity0 were examined for development of @entity3 , numbers of circulating leucocytes, serum CII antibody, and cytokine concentrations. RESULTS: None of the @entity0 given @entity6 before CII immunisation developed @entity3 . Serum concentrations of anti-CII antibodies were undetectable in these @entity0 , whereas they displayed significantly increased concentrations of @entity1 . In addition, the CII specific B cell responses in the draining lymph nodes were highly suppressed. Also, @entity0 treated with @entity6 at the onset of clinical @entity3 showed reduced frequency of their disease by 50%. CONCLUSION: There was a striking disease alleviating impact of topoisomerase II antagonist on the course of CII-induced @entity3 .

title: Total abrogation of collagen II-induced XXXX and the B cell response to type II collagen using suboptimal doses of a topoisomerase II antagonist.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Decorin is a small @entity1 -rich proteoglycan able to interact with several molecules of the subendothelial matrix, such as collagen and fibronectin. In this work, we investigated the ability of purified decorin to support adhesion of @entity0 platelets. We found that gel-filtered platelets were actually able to interact with immobilized decorin. Platelet adhesion to decorin was time dependent, required the presence of @entity4 ions, and was totally mediated by the protein core of the proteoglycan. Platelet stimulation with either @entity3 ( @entity3 ) or a thrombin receptor-activating peptide significantly increased interaction of these cells with the proteoglycan. Upon adhesion to immobilized decorin a number of platelet proteins were found to become @entity2 -phosphorylated. By immunoprecipitation experiments with specific antibodies, the @entity2 phosphorylation of the @entity2 kinase @entity5 and the @entity6 ( @entity6 ) isozyme was demonstrated in decorin-adherent platelets. Interaction of platelets with decorin was selectively prevented by 2 different antibodies against membrane integrin alpha(2)beta(1), but not by a number of antibodies against other membrane receptors. In addition, integrin alpha(2)beta(1), purified from platelet membranes, was able to specifically interact with immobilized decorin. Finally, purified decorin bound to Sepharose beads could precipitate integrin alpha(2)beta(1) from a platelet membrane glycoprotein preparation. Therefore, these results demonstrate that @entity0 platelets can bind to immobilized decorin through integrin alpha(2)beta(1), and that this interaction results in the @entity2 phosphorylation of intracellular proteins.

title: The small proteoglycan decorin supports adhesion and activation of XXXX platelets.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is characterized by an interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and a severe lesion of seminiferous tubules with germ cells that undergo apoptosis and sloughing. The mechanism by which immune cells migrate and extravasate in the testicular interstitium is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to detect the variations in the expression of @entity1 ( @entity1 / @entity1 ) and its receptor in the testis of @entity0 undergoing @entity2 . @entity2 was induced in Sprague-Dawley adult @entity0 by active immunization with an emulsion of testicular homogenate and complete Freund adjuvant using @entity4 as co-adjuvant. Control @entity0 injected with saline and adjuvants and normal untreated @entity0 were also studied. By ELISA we observed a significant increase of @entity1 in the testicular fluid (TF) and in the conditioned medium obtained from cultures of testicular macrophages of @entity0 with @entity2 compared with control groups. By immunohistochemistry, an increase in @entity1 expression was observed in mononuclear, endothelial, Leydig and peritubular cells. @entity1 immunoreactivity was also detected in Sertoli cell cytoplasm of @entity0 with severe @entity5 . A 2-fold increase in the number of mononuclear cells that express @entity3 was also found in @entity0 with @entity5 compared with controls. In conclusion, we demonstrated in vivo that @entity1 is highly expressed in testicular interstitial cells suggesting that this chemokine has an important role in recruiting immune cells to the testis in @entity0 undergoing @entity2 .

title: XXXX ( @entity1 / @entity1 ) in experimental @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is characterized by an interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and a severe lesion of seminiferous tubules with germ cells that undergo apoptosis and sloughing. The mechanism by which immune cells migrate and extravasate in the testicular interstitium is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to detect the variations in the expression of @entity1 ( @entity1 / @entity1 ) and its receptor in the testis of @entity0 undergoing @entity2 . @entity2 was induced in Sprague-Dawley adult @entity0 by active immunization with an emulsion of testicular homogenate and complete Freund adjuvant using @entity4 as co-adjuvant. Control @entity0 injected with saline and adjuvants and normal untreated @entity0 were also studied. By ELISA we observed a significant increase of @entity1 in the testicular fluid (TF) and in the conditioned medium obtained from cultures of testicular macrophages of @entity0 with @entity2 compared with control groups. By immunohistochemistry, an increase in @entity1 expression was observed in mononuclear, endothelial, Leydig and peritubular cells. @entity1 immunoreactivity was also detected in Sertoli cell cytoplasm of @entity0 with severe @entity5 . A 2-fold increase in the number of mononuclear cells that express @entity3 was also found in @entity0 with @entity5 compared with controls. In conclusion, we demonstrated in vivo that @entity1 is highly expressed in testicular interstitial cells suggesting that this chemokine has an important role in recruiting immune cells to the testis in @entity0 undergoing @entity2 .

title: @entity1 ( XXXX / @entity1 ) in experimental @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is characterized by an interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and a severe lesion of seminiferous tubules with germ cells that undergo apoptosis and sloughing. The mechanism by which immune cells migrate and extravasate in the testicular interstitium is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to detect the variations in the expression of @entity1 ( @entity1 / @entity1 ) and its receptor in the testis of @entity0 undergoing @entity2 . @entity2 was induced in Sprague-Dawley adult @entity0 by active immunization with an emulsion of testicular homogenate and complete Freund adjuvant using @entity4 as co-adjuvant. Control @entity0 injected with saline and adjuvants and normal untreated @entity0 were also studied. By ELISA we observed a significant increase of @entity1 in the testicular fluid (TF) and in the conditioned medium obtained from cultures of testicular macrophages of @entity0 with @entity2 compared with control groups. By immunohistochemistry, an increase in @entity1 expression was observed in mononuclear, endothelial, Leydig and peritubular cells. @entity1 immunoreactivity was also detected in Sertoli cell cytoplasm of @entity0 with severe @entity5 . A 2-fold increase in the number of mononuclear cells that express @entity3 was also found in @entity0 with @entity5 compared with controls. In conclusion, we demonstrated in vivo that @entity1 is highly expressed in testicular interstitial cells suggesting that this chemokine has an important role in recruiting immune cells to the testis in @entity0 undergoing @entity2 .

title: @entity1 ( @entity1 / XXXX ) in experimental @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is characterized by an interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and a severe lesion of seminiferous tubules with germ cells that undergo apoptosis and sloughing. The mechanism by which immune cells migrate and extravasate in the testicular interstitium is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to detect the variations in the expression of @entity1 ( @entity1 / @entity1 ) and its receptor in the testis of @entity0 undergoing @entity2 . @entity2 was induced in Sprague-Dawley adult @entity0 by active immunization with an emulsion of testicular homogenate and complete Freund adjuvant using @entity4 as co-adjuvant. Control @entity0 injected with saline and adjuvants and normal untreated @entity0 were also studied. By ELISA we observed a significant increase of @entity1 in the testicular fluid (TF) and in the conditioned medium obtained from cultures of testicular macrophages of @entity0 with @entity2 compared with control groups. By immunohistochemistry, an increase in @entity1 expression was observed in mononuclear, endothelial, Leydig and peritubular cells. @entity1 immunoreactivity was also detected in Sertoli cell cytoplasm of @entity0 with severe @entity5 . A 2-fold increase in the number of mononuclear cells that express @entity3 was also found in @entity0 with @entity5 compared with controls. In conclusion, we demonstrated in vivo that @entity1 is highly expressed in testicular interstitial cells suggesting that this chemokine has an important role in recruiting immune cells to the testis in @entity0 undergoing @entity2 .

title: @entity1 ( @entity1 / @entity1 ) in experimental XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: In this study, the response of gel-filtered @entity0 platelets to extracellular @entity1 at @entity1 concentrations [ @entity1 ]o of 1-10 mM was investigated. The distribution of @entity1 among various pools was studied using: (1) @entity7 , to estimate the cytosolic free @entity1 concentration ([ @entity1 ]i); and (2) 45 @entity4 plus @entity5 , to quantitate the sizes of the @entity5 -releasable, @entity5 -nonreleasable and surface-bound @entity1 pools. The morphological changes were revealed by scanning electron-microscopy (scanning EM), and the effect on @entity2 -stimulated aggregation was examined using an aggregometer. Platelets continuously sequestered @entity1 into both @entity5 -releasable and @entity5 -nonreleasable pools to maintain a low [ @entity1 ]i level. The rate of sequestration to the @entity5 -releasable pool was independent of [ @entity1 ]o, while that of the @entity5 -nonreleasable pool exhibited first-order kinetics. The cell morphology changed gradually from discoid to the tadpole-like type, and finally to irregular forms. This morphological change correlated with the gradual increase in [ @entity1 ]i. The @entity5 -nonreleasable pool saturated at about 3000 pmol/10(8) cells. This saturation resulted in a drastic increase in the @entity5 -releasable pool size, and the cell was lysed concomitantly. The maximum safety capacity of the @entity5 -releasable pool was estimated to be 1100 pmol/10(8) cells. The contribution of the cellular compartments to these two pool sizes is extensively discussed. The surface-bound pool size also increased continuously. When two different capacities were reached, i.e., 160 and 600 pmol/10(8) cells, the binding rate increased above the initial rate by 7- and 11-fold, respectively. Hence, the surface-binding capacity might be a critical factor which alters the membrane structure and exposes more binding sites. The cell surface appeared to have @entity6 , after the binding size had reached more than 600 pmol/10(8) cells. Bleb formation resulted in the inhibition of platelet function. Divalent cations, such as @entity3 , @entity9 and @entity8 did not cause @entity6 formation, which could mean that this formation is a @entity1 -specific phenomenon.

title: Changes in both calcium pool size and morphology of @entity0 platelets incubated in various concentrations of calcium ion. Calcium-specific XXXX formation on platelet-membrane surface.

answer: @entity6


abstract: In this study, the response of gel-filtered @entity0 platelets to extracellular @entity1 at @entity1 concentrations [ @entity1 ]o of 1-10 mM was investigated. The distribution of @entity1 among various pools was studied using: (1) @entity7 , to estimate the cytosolic free @entity1 concentration ([ @entity1 ]i); and (2) 45 @entity4 plus @entity5 , to quantitate the sizes of the @entity5 -releasable, @entity5 -nonreleasable and surface-bound @entity1 pools. The morphological changes were revealed by scanning electron-microscopy (scanning EM), and the effect on @entity2 -stimulated aggregation was examined using an aggregometer. Platelets continuously sequestered @entity1 into both @entity5 -releasable and @entity5 -nonreleasable pools to maintain a low [ @entity1 ]i level. The rate of sequestration to the @entity5 -releasable pool was independent of [ @entity1 ]o, while that of the @entity5 -nonreleasable pool exhibited first-order kinetics. The cell morphology changed gradually from discoid to the tadpole-like type, and finally to irregular forms. This morphological change correlated with the gradual increase in [ @entity1 ]i. The @entity5 -nonreleasable pool saturated at about 3000 pmol/10(8) cells. This saturation resulted in a drastic increase in the @entity5 -releasable pool size, and the cell was lysed concomitantly. The maximum safety capacity of the @entity5 -releasable pool was estimated to be 1100 pmol/10(8) cells. The contribution of the cellular compartments to these two pool sizes is extensively discussed. The surface-bound pool size also increased continuously. When two different capacities were reached, i.e., 160 and 600 pmol/10(8) cells, the binding rate increased above the initial rate by 7- and 11-fold, respectively. Hence, the surface-binding capacity might be a critical factor which alters the membrane structure and exposes more binding sites. The cell surface appeared to have @entity6 , after the binding size had reached more than 600 pmol/10(8) cells. Bleb formation resulted in the inhibition of platelet function. Divalent cations, such as @entity3 , @entity9 and @entity8 did not cause @entity6 formation, which could mean that this formation is a @entity1 -specific phenomenon.

title: Changes in both calcium pool size and morphology of XXXX platelets incubated in various concentrations of calcium ion. Calcium-specific @entity6 formation on platelet-membrane surface.

answer: @entity0


abstract: It is widely accepted that @entity2 reduction is an appropriate therapeutic goal in chronic @entity1 . Based on large @entity3 ( @entity3 ), @entity4 inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy have emerged as the most important antiproteinuric and renal protective interventions. However, there are numerous other interventions that have been shown to be antiproteinuric and, therefore, likely to be renoprotective. Unfortunately testing each of these antiproteinuric therapies in @entity3 is not feasible. The nephrologist has two choices: restrict antiproteinuric therapies to those shown to be effective in @entity3 or expand the use of antiproteinuric therapies to include those that, although unproven, are plausibly effective and prudent to use. The goal of this work is to provide the documentation needed for the nephrologist to choose between these strategies. This work describes 25 separate interventions that are either antiproteinuric or may block injurious mechanisms of @entity2 . Each intervention is assigned a level of recommendation (Level 1 is the highest; Level 3 is the lowest) according to the strength of the evidence supporting its antiproteinuric and renoprotective efficacy. Pathophysiologic mechanisms possibly involved are also discussed. The number of interventions at each level of recommendation are: Level 1, n = 7; Level 2, n = 9; Level 3, n = 9. Our experience indicates that we can achieve in most @entity0 the majority of Level 1 and many of the Level 2 and 3 recommendations. We suggest that, until better information becomes available, a broad-based, multiple-risk factor intervention to reduce @entity2 can be justified in those with progressive @entity1 . This work is intended primarily for clinical nephrologists; therefore, each antiproteinuria intervention is described in practical detail.

title: Management of glomerular XXXX : a commentary.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Highly purified preparations of @entity2 -inducible cytochromes P-450 have been isolated from liver microsomes of adult male @entity0 treated with @entity10 ( @entity10 ), @entity1 (PB), or @entity9 ( @entity9 ). The interrelationships among these preparations as well as their relationship to the major forms of @entity3 of this gene family identified in other laboratories have been evaluated by @entity4 -terminal sequence analysis, @entity7 - @entity6 gel electrophoresis, chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, and Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion. The results indicate that a @entity3 previously isolated in this laboratory and referred to as @entity5 (P.E. Graves, L.S. Kaminsky, and J. Halpert (1987) Biochemistry 26, 3887-3894) is the major @entity3 induced in @entity0 by @entity9 , and corresponds to P-450p (K.A. Hostetler, S.A. Wrighton, P. Kremers, and P.S. Guzelian (1987) Biochem. J. 245, 27-33) and to @entity8 (F.J. Gonzalez, B.J. Song, and J.P. Hardwick (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 2969-2976). A second previously isolated @entity3 termed PCNb in this laboratory appears to be identical to PB/ @entity10 -E (F.P. Guengerich, G.A. Dannan, S.T. Wright, M.V. Martin, and L.S. Kaminsky (1982) Biochemistry 21, 6019-6030). PCNb as well as a third @entity3 termed PCNc isolated from PB-treated @entity0 both correspond in @entity4 -terminal sequence to the putative protein product of the pP450PCN2/cDNA clone of Gonzalez et al. These results document at the protein level the multiplicity of @entity2 -inducible @entity0 liver cytochromes P-450.

title: Multiplicity of XXXX -inducible cytochromes P-450 in @entity0 liver microsomes.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Highly purified preparations of @entity2 -inducible cytochromes P-450 have been isolated from liver microsomes of adult male @entity0 treated with @entity10 ( @entity10 ), @entity1 (PB), or @entity9 ( @entity9 ). The interrelationships among these preparations as well as their relationship to the major forms of @entity3 of this gene family identified in other laboratories have been evaluated by @entity4 -terminal sequence analysis, @entity7 - @entity6 gel electrophoresis, chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, and Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion. The results indicate that a @entity3 previously isolated in this laboratory and referred to as @entity5 (P.E. Graves, L.S. Kaminsky, and J. Halpert (1987) Biochemistry 26, 3887-3894) is the major @entity3 induced in @entity0 by @entity9 , and corresponds to P-450p (K.A. Hostetler, S.A. Wrighton, P. Kremers, and P.S. Guzelian (1987) Biochem. J. 245, 27-33) and to @entity8 (F.J. Gonzalez, B.J. Song, and J.P. Hardwick (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 2969-2976). A second previously isolated @entity3 termed PCNb in this laboratory appears to be identical to PB/ @entity10 -E (F.P. Guengerich, G.A. Dannan, S.T. Wright, M.V. Martin, and L.S. Kaminsky (1982) Biochemistry 21, 6019-6030). PCNb as well as a third @entity3 termed PCNc isolated from PB-treated @entity0 both correspond in @entity4 -terminal sequence to the putative protein product of the pP450PCN2/cDNA clone of Gonzalez et al. These results document at the protein level the multiplicity of @entity2 -inducible @entity0 liver cytochromes P-450.

title: Multiplicity of @entity2 -inducible cytochromes P-450 in XXXX liver microsomes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 with a low cardiac index after successful CPR contributes to early @entity3 attributable to @entity2 , and an effective treatment has not been identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of @entity7 , a selective phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, as treatment for @entity4 after resuscitation. METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) was induced electrically in 32 @entity5 . After 5 minutes of @entity6 , CPR was initiated and animals were randomized to receive either saline (control group, n=16) as a bolus and infusion or @entity7 50 microg/kg as a bolus and then 0.5 microg/kg per min for 60 minutes (treatment group, n=16). After 2 minutes of CPR (total @entity6 time, 7 minutes), countershocks were given. Coronary perfusion pressures during CPR were similar for the groups (24+/-2 versus 21+/-4 mm Hg). All animals were defibrillated; 6 of 16 control animals developed refractory postcountershock pulseless electrical activity compared with 0 of 16 treated animals (P=0.018). At 30 minutes after restoration of spontaneous circulation, @entity1 volume (16+/-3 versus 26+/-7 mL, P<0.01) and LV dp/dt (793+/-197 versus 1108+/-316 mm Hg/s, P<0.02) were higher in the treatment group. Similar differences were observed 60 minutes after restoration of spontaneous circulation. Significant differences in heart rates between groups were not observed, and peripheral vascular resistance was significantly greater in the control group 30 and 60 minutes after resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7 facilitates resuscitation from prolonged @entity6 and attenuates @entity4 after resuscitation without worsening major determinants of myocardial @entity0 demand.

title: XXXX facilitates resuscitation from cardiac arrest and attenuates postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction.

answer: @entity7


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity6 has recently been shown to promote survival of neurons and glia. The purpose of this report is to investigate whether @entity6 has any role in protecting @entity4 cells (RGCs) from death under conditions in which growth factors are removed, or in which oxidative stress is present. Signal transduction pathways that activate @entity6 signaling in RGCs were studied in both stress conditions. METHODS: Effects of various interleukins on the viability of the RGC cell line was determined, and apoptotic cells were quantified. Immunoblot analysis was preformed to identify the @entity6 receptor (IL-10R) and phosphorylated or nonphosphorylated @entity3 and @entity5 proteins in RGC extracts. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the @entity1 retinal sections to identify native IL-10R. RESULTS: Apoptosis of RGCs in the absence of growth factors with or without @entity2 (1 microM) occurred in @entity0 .4% and 53.4% +/- 2.6% of cells, respectively, after 96 hours. Addition of @entity6 at a concentration of 50 ng/mL significantly reduced the apoptotic population of RGCs to 28.2% +/- 2.3% in the absence of growth factors with @entity2 and to 31% +/- 2.7% in the absence of growth factors alone. RGCs as well as native retina expressed functional IL-10R as determined by immunoblot analysis and by the ability of @entity6 to phosphorylate @entity5 . However, @entity6 failed to phosphorylate @entity3 in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: @entity6 caused a 59% and 42% reduction in the apoptotic population of serum-deprived cells with and without @entity2 treatment, respectively. These observations establish that activation of IL-10R promotes survival of RGCs and this survival-promoting activity is due to @entity6 signaling through the @entity5 pathway, which inhibits the cell death and not through the @entity3 cell survival pathway.

title: Interleukin-10 receptor signaling through XXXX regulates the apoptosis of @entity4 cells in response to stress.

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity6 has recently been shown to promote survival of neurons and glia. The purpose of this report is to investigate whether @entity6 has any role in protecting @entity4 cells (RGCs) from death under conditions in which growth factors are removed, or in which oxidative stress is present. Signal transduction pathways that activate @entity6 signaling in RGCs were studied in both stress conditions. METHODS: Effects of various interleukins on the viability of the RGC cell line was determined, and apoptotic cells were quantified. Immunoblot analysis was preformed to identify the @entity6 receptor (IL-10R) and phosphorylated or nonphosphorylated @entity3 and @entity5 proteins in RGC extracts. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the @entity1 retinal sections to identify native IL-10R. RESULTS: Apoptosis of RGCs in the absence of growth factors with or without @entity2 (1 microM) occurred in @entity0 .4% and 53.4% +/- 2.6% of cells, respectively, after 96 hours. Addition of @entity6 at a concentration of 50 ng/mL significantly reduced the apoptotic population of RGCs to 28.2% +/- 2.3% in the absence of growth factors with @entity2 and to 31% +/- 2.7% in the absence of growth factors alone. RGCs as well as native retina expressed functional IL-10R as determined by immunoblot analysis and by the ability of @entity6 to phosphorylate @entity5 . However, @entity6 failed to phosphorylate @entity3 in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: @entity6 caused a 59% and 42% reduction in the apoptotic population of serum-deprived cells with and without @entity2 treatment, respectively. These observations establish that activation of IL-10R promotes survival of RGCs and this survival-promoting activity is due to @entity6 signaling through the @entity5 pathway, which inhibits the cell death and not through the @entity3 cell survival pathway.

title: Interleukin-10 receptor signaling through @entity5 regulates the apoptosis of XXXX cells in response to stress.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: Oxidative stress is increased in the retina in @entity0 , and antioxidants inhibit activation of @entity7 and the development of @entity4 . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity0 on the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and translocation of @entity5 into mitochondria in the @entity1 retina and in the isolated retinal capillary cells. METHODS: Mitochondria and cytosol fractions were prepared from retina of @entity1 with @entity6 -induced @entity0 and from the isolated retinal endothelial cells and pericytes incubated in 5 or 20 mM @entity3 medium for up to 10 days in the presence of @entity2 dismutase (SOD) or a synthetic mimetic of SOD (MnTBAP). The release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and translocation of the proapoptotic protein @entity5 into the mitochondria were determined by the Western blot technique and cell death by @entity7 activity and ELISA assay. RESULTS: @entity0 of 8 months' duration in @entity1 increased the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and @entity5 into the mitochondria prepared from the retina, and this phenomenon was not observed at 2 months of @entity0 . Incubation of isolated retinal capillary cells with 20 mM @entity3 increased cytochrome c content in the cytosol and @entity5 in the mitochondria, and these abnormalities were accompanied by increased cell apoptosis. Inclusion of SOD or its mimetic inhibited @entity3 -induced release of cytochrome c, translocation of @entity5 , and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal mitochondria become leaky when the duration of @entity0 is such that capillary cell apoptosis can be observed; cytochrome c starts to accumulate in the cytosol and @entity5 into the mitochondria. Inhibition of @entity2 inhibits @entity3 -induced release of cytochrome c and @entity5 and inhibits apoptosis in both endothelial cells and pericytes. Identifying the mechanism by which retinal capillary cells undergo apoptosis may reveal novel therapies to inhibit the development of @entity4 in @entity0 .

title: XXXX -induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the retina.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the demographic characteristics of @entity0 with @entity2 and changes in incidence over time. METHODS: Prospective collection of neurophysiological and clinical data on all @entity0 presenting to the subregional department of clinical neurophysiology in Canterbury, UK, from 1992 to 2001 and to the electromyography clinic in St Luke's Hospital, Huddersfield, UK, from 1991 to 1993. RESULTS: 6245 new cases of neurophysiologically confirmed @entity2 were identified in Canterbury and 590 in Huddersfield. The average annual incidences (per 100,000) were 139.4 for @entity0 and 67.2 for @entity0 in East Kent, and 83.2 for @entity0 and 48.0 for @entity0 in Huddersfield. Corrected to the WHO European standard population these rates were 120.5 for @entity0 and 60.0 for @entity0 in East Kent, and 61.5 for @entity0 and 35.0 for @entity0 in Huddersfield. Between 1992 and 2001 there was an increase in the number of confirmed cases in East Kent but a decrease in their average severity. The age distributions were bimodal with a peak in the 50-54 age group and a second peak between 75 and 84 years. Over half the cases were bilateral. The disorder was consistently worse in the elderly, and more severe in @entity0 than in @entity0 in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The age distributions of unselected cases of @entity2 in both clinics differ markedly from that usually portrayed in surgical series. There was a significant increase in cases diagnosed between 1992 and 2001 in Canterbury, probably the result of increased ascertainment of milder cases. Median @entity1 is more severe in the elderly and in @entity0 at all ages.

title: Clinical surveillance of XXXX in two areas of the United Kingdom, 1991-2001.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is a weight loss procedure in which malabsorption is produced by connecting a short length of proximal jejunum to the distal ileum. Because 90% of the small intestine is bypassed, it may have impact on the dose-concentration response of oral @entity1 ( @entity2 ). The authors characterized the dose-adjusted blood concentrations of @entity2 obtained 2 hours (C2) after oral microemulsion @entity2 (ME- @entity2 ) in a liver transplant (LTx) subject with an intact @entity4 , as compared with those from seven LTx controls without @entity4 . The biliary reconstruction involved choledochocholedochostomy without external drainage in all @entity0 . ME- @entity2 was administered via a nasogastric tube within 24 hours after graft reperfusion. Oral @entity3 was given prophylactically to the study subject only for 6 days after LTx. During the first week after LTx, the dose-adjusted C2 (mean +/- SD) for the study subject and for controls was 53 +/- 10 and 106 +/- 47 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). The corresponding value during the period from day 7 to day 107 was 105 +/- 40 and 257 +/- 86 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression revealed that dosage, days after LTx, and the presence of a @entity4 were all independent predictors of C2 (R2 = 0.798, P = 0.037). Lack of bile resulting in malabsorption of ME- @entity2 was not thought to be significant contributor to her low dose-adjusted C2 because there was no external bile drainage and a portion of terminal ileum, where most @entity5 reabsorption occurred, was still available after @entity4 . The fact that @entity3 failed to increase the dose-adjusted C2 in the study subject supports that enteric clearance of @entity2 may become clinically unimportant after @entity4 . Therefore, the low dose-adjusted C2 is most likely explained by the reduced bowel length and associated absorptive surface area after @entity4 . In conclusion, @entity0 with @entity4 may require higher doses of ME- @entity2 .

title: Dose-adjusted cyclosporine c2 in a XXXX with jejunoileal bypass as compared to seven other liver transplant recipients.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A @entity6 ( @entity6 ) may be localized or diffuse. It may also be congenital or acquired. Development of diffuse BFHs has been associated with @entity2 and with the development of @entity3 . Two @entity0 with @entity2 had @entity3 develop. We present the histologic features of @entity6 seen in these 2 @entity0 using vertical and transverse sections, and the response of 1 @entity0 to @entity1 therapy. Histologic sections showed a hamartomatous proliferation of hair follicles involving the majority of their hairs. The hamartomatous follicles showed variable degrees of hair differentiation. One @entity0 , treated with oral and then topical @entity4 , showed a partial regrowth of scalp hair and some regression of the cutaneous nodules. Increased sonic hedgehog signaling pathways with increased @entity5 transcription has been shown to be present in the spectrum of follicular hamartomatous changes seen in BFHs. This may explain the response of one @entity0 to @entity1 therapy, because @entity4 decrease @entity5 transcriptional activity.

title: XXXX associated with @entity2 : a possible role for @entity4 in therapy.

answer: @entity6


abstract: A @entity6 ( @entity6 ) may be localized or diffuse. It may also be congenital or acquired. Development of diffuse BFHs has been associated with @entity2 and with the development of @entity3 . Two @entity0 with @entity2 had @entity3 develop. We present the histologic features of @entity6 seen in these 2 @entity0 using vertical and transverse sections, and the response of 1 @entity0 to @entity1 therapy. Histologic sections showed a hamartomatous proliferation of hair follicles involving the majority of their hairs. The hamartomatous follicles showed variable degrees of hair differentiation. One @entity0 , treated with oral and then topical @entity4 , showed a partial regrowth of scalp hair and some regression of the cutaneous nodules. Increased sonic hedgehog signaling pathways with increased @entity5 transcription has been shown to be present in the spectrum of follicular hamartomatous changes seen in BFHs. This may explain the response of one @entity0 to @entity1 therapy, because @entity4 decrease @entity5 transcriptional activity.

title: @entity6 associated with @entity2 : a possible role for XXXX in therapy.

answer: @entity4


abstract: A @entity6 ( @entity6 ) may be localized or diffuse. It may also be congenital or acquired. Development of diffuse BFHs has been associated with @entity2 and with the development of @entity3 . Two @entity0 with @entity2 had @entity3 develop. We present the histologic features of @entity6 seen in these 2 @entity0 using vertical and transverse sections, and the response of 1 @entity0 to @entity1 therapy. Histologic sections showed a hamartomatous proliferation of hair follicles involving the majority of their hairs. The hamartomatous follicles showed variable degrees of hair differentiation. One @entity0 , treated with oral and then topical @entity4 , showed a partial regrowth of scalp hair and some regression of the cutaneous nodules. Increased sonic hedgehog signaling pathways with increased @entity5 transcription has been shown to be present in the spectrum of follicular hamartomatous changes seen in BFHs. This may explain the response of one @entity0 to @entity1 therapy, because @entity4 decrease @entity5 transcriptional activity.

title: @entity6 associated with XXXX : a possible role for @entity4 in therapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the plenitude of reports concerning @entity5 , especially as presenting symptoms with posterior communicating artery (PCoA) @entity2 , we present a @entity0 with an unusual variation. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 66-year-old @entity0 presented with progressive right-sided @entity1 and @entity3 and was found to have a partial, @entity5 . A small right-sided PCoA @entity2 , nearly indistinguishable from an infundibulum, was identified on magnetic resonance angiography and subsequent digital subtraction angiography. The @entity5 improved before surgical repair of the @entity2 . RESULTS: Microsurgical exploration revealed a small PCoA @entity2 , which was tethered to the third nerve by @entity4 . Adhesions were lysed and the @entity2 was repaired sparing the PCoA and its branches. The @entity0 's third nerve function recovered completely postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Even a very small PCoA @entity2 may present with an improving, pupil-sparing @entity5 . Selection of @entity0 for imaging studies should take this unusual variant into consideration. We describe the anatomy and potential mechanisms of this @entity5 .

title: XXXX with preoperative improvement from a posterior communicating artery aneurysm.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity2 was assessed in C6 @entity0 cells grown in medium with an intermediate- or low-percent composition of serum. The amount, form, and subcellular location of @entity2 differed after treatment with @entity3 or @entity1 in cells grown in a low-serum, growth-factor-supplemented medium. Immunoblotting showed that @entity2 in the lysosomal fraction of the C6 cell line had a molecular weight (Mr) of 42 kD, whereas that in the microsomal fraction had Mr's of 42, 47, and 78 kD. After treatment for 1 to 16 hr with 4 mmol/L @entity3 and subcellular fractionation, the molecular weight of lysosomal @entity2 was the same in treated and untreated cells, but more enzyme was found in lysosomes of treated cells at 8 and 16 hr. In the microsomal fraction, the amounts of both the 42 and 47 kD forms were increased after 1 to 16 hr of treatment. When exposed to 20 mmol/L @entity3 , C6 cells remained viable, but compared with untreated cells, they showed 25% less lysosomal @entity2 , with increased amounts found in the microsomal fraction. The 78 kD protein detected by immunoblotting was present in both the lysosomal and microsomal fractions but was predominant in the latter. The apparent molecular weight of this protein was the same after @entity3 but differed with @entity1 , where Mr's of 39, 42, and 73 kD were found. @entity1 -treated cells had less lysosomal @entity2 and relatively more microsomal enzyme. The differing molecular weights of @entity2 from @entity3 - and @entity1 -treated cells suggest that their inhibitions occur at different processing loci in distal elements of the Golgi stacks. The differences in the pI of @entity2 and the number of its forms from @entity3 - and @entity1 -treated cells are also consistent with interference in the late stages of glycoprotein maturation. In this paper we show that the amount, molecular form, and consequent intracellular location of @entity2 in cells of the C6 line can be affected by agents that selectively disrupt stages in Golgi-related protein modification and transport.

title: Alterations of the posttranslational processing of a lysosomal enzyme in C6 XXXX cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The nose is the most common site of @entity4 on the @entity0 body. This review was compiled to enumerate the many reconstructive techniques which are available and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Five hundred twenty-one @entity0 with @entity1 were treated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1964 to 1981. Four hundred five @entity0 were treated by cryotherapy, electrocautery, chemosurgery, radiation therapy, or local excision with primary closure. Forty-six @entity0 were treated with simple nasolabial flaps. The remaining 70 @entity0 underwent more extensive resections and reconstructions. Their records were reviewed. At 5 years the local recurrence rate was 3% for @entity5 and 20% for @entity3 . The multiple reconstructive techniques which were utilized in these @entity0 are discussed. Skin-grafting procedures were used to manage 51% of the @entity0 . Prostheses were used in 9%. Multiple different reconstructive flaps were used for the remaining 40% of the @entity0 . The management of large @entity2 must be individualized with therapeutic decisions being made by a practitioner who is familiar with the many reconstructive options. This will ensure the optimal functional and aesthetic result for each @entity0 .

title: XXXX of the nose: options for reconstruction.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: To determine the incidence and risk factors for central nervous system (CNS) relapse in @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ). @entity0 AND METHODS: @entity0 records were registered prospectively in successive @entity0 with @entity3 admitted to the Norwegian Radium Hospital from 1980 to 1996. A total of 2514 @entity0 had no CNS involvement at diagnosis and were treated according to standard protocols. The incidence and risk factors for CNS progression or relapse were examined retrospectively. RESULTS: In low-grade (L)- @entity3 , the risk of CNS involvement was low (2.8%). In high-grade (H)- @entity3 , lymphoblastic and Burkitt's @entity3 @entity0 had a high risk of CNS recurrence (24.4%) at 5 years, and prophylaxis seemed to reduce this risk. For the other @entity0 with @entity3 , the proportion with CNS involvement at 5 years was 5.2%. Multivariate analysis identified five independent risk factors, each present in >5% of patients: elevated serum @entity1 dehydrogenase, serum albumin <35 g/l, <60 years of age, retroperitoneal lymph node involvement and involvement of more than one extranodal site. If four or five of these risk factors were present, the risk of CNS recurrence was in excess of 25% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of CNS involvement in this study is comparable with the results from other large series. CNS prophylaxis is not recommended in any subgroup of @entity3 . The risk of CNS involvement among @entity0 with either Burkitt's or @entity2 is considerable and these @entity0 should therefore receive intensive chemotherapy including systemic and intrathecal methotrexate. @entity0 with other types of @entity3 should receive adequate CNS prophylaxis if at least four of the five risk factors identified are present.

title: Central nervous system involvement following diagnosis of XXXX : a risk model.

answer: @entity3


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the contribution of social conditions for the main causes of @entity1 in Swedish @entity0 and youth aged 5-25 years. DESIGN: Cohort study. All @entity0 below 15 years of age that resided in Sweden 1985 were followed up during 1991-1995. @entity1 were recorded from The National Cause of Death Register. Information on parental social determinants were collected from various national registers. Connections between the social determinants and an @entity1 outcome were analysed in multivariate Cox regression models. MAIN RESULTS: In total 1474 @entity1 were recorded during approximately 8 million @entity0 years. In a regression model, with control for sex, year of birth, and residency (urban/rural), the aetiological fraction for parental SES, maternal country of birth, family situation, parental risk factors, and all these factors combined were 13%, 6%, 1.4%, 1.3%, and 19%, respectively. Similar regression models were studied separately for each of the main causes of @entity1 . The parental social determinants explained 58% of all homicides, 47% of all motor traffic injuries, and 30% of all other traffic injuries while the suicide rate was not affected by these determinants. Parental socioeconomic status was the single most important parental determinant for all major causes of injury. CONCLUSIONS: There was a wide variation of the aetiological fractions of parental social determinants for different causes of @entity1 . This variation might be used to further investigate the social aetiology of injuries.

title: Social aetiology of violent deaths in Swedish XXXX and youth.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Subplate neurons (SPn) play an important role in the formation of thalamocortical connections during early development and show glutamatergic and GABAergic spontaneous synaptic activity. We characterized these synaptic inputs by performing whole-cell recordings from SPn in somatosensory cortical slices of postnatal day 0-3 @entity0 . At -70 mV, electrical stimulation of the thalamocortical afferents elicited in 68% of the SPn a monosynaptic @entity3 -sensitive postsynaptic current (PSC). These fast PSCs were mediated by @entity1 receptors, because they were prolonged by @entity5 and blocked by @entity6 . On membrane depolarization, thalamocortical stimulation elicited in 50% of the cells an additional slow monosynaptic component mediated by @entity2 receptors. Stimulation of the cortical plate evoked in 72% of SPn a monosynaptic @entity1 receptor-mediated PSC with an additional @entity2 component at depolarized membrane potentials and in 40% of the investigated cells polysynaptic responses, depending on @entity4 (A) and @entity2 receptors. Stimulation of the subplate elicited in 67% of SPn a monosynaptic dual-component PSC mediated by @entity1 and @entity2 receptors activated at -70 mV and in 12% of SPn a monosynaptic single-component PSC mediated by @entity1 receptors with an additional @entity2 component activated at depolarized membrane potentials. A monosynaptic GABAergic response could be observed in 68% of SPn after stimulation of the subplate. In gramicidin-perforated patch recordings, bath application of @entity4 caused membrane depolarization to -40 mV and elicited action potentials. These results demonstrate that SPn receive distinct functional synaptic inputs arising from the thalamus, cortical plate, and subplate, indicating that SPn are capable of integrating and processing information from cortical and subcortical regions.

title: Functional synaptic projections onto subplate neurons in neonatal XXXX somatosensory cortex.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Rupture of the patellar tendon after total knee arthroplasty is a rare and debilitating complication. Proper surgical management of this condition remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to review the results of reconstruction of a @entity1 with an Achilles tendon allograft following total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: We reviewed our experience with the use of a fresh-frozen Achilles tendon allograft with an attached calcaneal bone graft to restore extensor function in nine @entity0 with @entity1 following total knee arthroplasty (five primary and four revision). All @entity0 were examined clinically and radiographically at an average of twenty-eight months. RESULTS: The average knee and functional scores improved from 26 and 14 points, respectively, before the surgery to 81 and 53 points after the surgery. The average extensor lag decreased from 44 degrees preoperatively to 3 degrees postoperatively, and the average range of motion of the knee increased from 88 degrees to 107 degrees. Two grafts failed in the early postoperative period. Both were repaired successfully. Radiographs showed an average proximal patellar migration of 17.8 mm, which did not appear to affect extensor function. CONCLUSIONS: This short-term follow-up study showed that once an Achilles allograft has healed, it can serve as a reliable reconstruction of a @entity1 following total knee arthroplasty. This technique may be particularly suited for @entity0 in whom the extensor mechanism was compromised by multiple prior operations. Continued follow-up is necessary to determine the long-term durability of these results.

title: Reconstruction of a XXXX tendon allograft following total knee arthroplasty.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Medial elbow ganglia have been reported in association with @entity6 . This lesion is thought to occur rarely and has not been emphasized in the literature. The purposes of the present study are to report our experience with this lesion in order to elucidate its prevalence as well as its clinical and radiographic features, to describe our operative findings, and to present the results of surgical treatment. METHODS: Four hundred and eighty-seven elbows in 472 @entity0 were treated for @entity6 between 1980 and 1999. We performed a retrospective study of the thirty-eight @entity0 who had a medial ganglion. All of the ganglia were excised, and the ulnar nerve was translocated subcutaneously. Thirty-two @entity0 were followed for a mean of thirty-seven months. RESULTS: Medial elbow ganglion was the third most common causative factor associated with @entity6 , with an overall prevalence of 8%. Resting @entity2 in the medial aspect of the elbow was reported by twenty-five of the thirty-eight @entity0 , and a @entity5 in the ring and little fingers or of medial @entity2 without prior symptoms was reported by twenty-nine @entity0 . The symptoms lasted two months or less in thirty-one @entity0 . All ganglia originated from the medial aspect of the ulnohumeral joint, and radiographs of that joint showed degenerative changes in thirty-seven @entity0 . At the time of follow-up, all measurements of sensory and motor function of the ulnar nerve had improved and no recurrence of @entity1 was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although uncommon, medial elbow ganglia have a strong association with @entity3 of the elbow and can cause a relatively acute onset of @entity6 . A @entity0 with @entity6 associated with @entity3 who complains of medial @entity2 or severe @entity4 within two months after the onset of the syndrome should be strongly suspected of having a ganglion. Most ganglia are occult, and ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging can assist in the preoperative diagnosis. Careful excision of the ganglion performed concurrently with subcutaneous anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve can produce satisfactory results.

title: XXXX associated with medial elbow Ganglia and @entity3 of the elbow.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: Medial elbow ganglia have been reported in association with @entity6 . This lesion is thought to occur rarely and has not been emphasized in the literature. The purposes of the present study are to report our experience with this lesion in order to elucidate its prevalence as well as its clinical and radiographic features, to describe our operative findings, and to present the results of surgical treatment. METHODS: Four hundred and eighty-seven elbows in 472 @entity0 were treated for @entity6 between 1980 and 1999. We performed a retrospective study of the thirty-eight @entity0 who had a medial ganglion. All of the ganglia were excised, and the ulnar nerve was translocated subcutaneously. Thirty-two @entity0 were followed for a mean of thirty-seven months. RESULTS: Medial elbow ganglion was the third most common causative factor associated with @entity6 , with an overall prevalence of 8%. Resting @entity2 in the medial aspect of the elbow was reported by twenty-five of the thirty-eight @entity0 , and a @entity5 in the ring and little fingers or of medial @entity2 without prior symptoms was reported by twenty-nine @entity0 . The symptoms lasted two months or less in thirty-one @entity0 . All ganglia originated from the medial aspect of the ulnohumeral joint, and radiographs of that joint showed degenerative changes in thirty-seven @entity0 . At the time of follow-up, all measurements of sensory and motor function of the ulnar nerve had improved and no recurrence of @entity1 was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although uncommon, medial elbow ganglia have a strong association with @entity3 of the elbow and can cause a relatively acute onset of @entity6 . A @entity0 with @entity6 associated with @entity3 who complains of medial @entity2 or severe @entity4 within two months after the onset of the syndrome should be strongly suspected of having a ganglion. Most ganglia are occult, and ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging can assist in the preoperative diagnosis. Careful excision of the ganglion performed concurrently with subcutaneous anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve can produce satisfactory results.

title: @entity6 associated with medial elbow Ganglia and XXXX of the elbow.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Glucocorticoid in high dose has known to reduce vascular sensitivity to various vasoconstrictive stimuli. It inhibits phospholipase to reduce production of @entity5 . It stabilizes the cell membrane and prevents @entity3 . All these pharmacological effects indicate possible usefulness of this drug for the treatment of @entity4 due to @entity2 . Based on these theoretical backgrounds a multi-center controlled double blind clinical study was carried out. The @entity0 who showed manifestations of delayed @entity4 due to @entity2 were selected for this study. As soon as the clinical manifestation appeared, the @entity0 was given either 3 grams of @entity1 intravenously in a 60 ml solution or the placebo. The administration was repeated 6 times with interval of 12 hours. The @entity0 were allowed to be treated according to the independent protocol of each institute except for the maximum daily use of glucocorticoid. The effect of the therapy was evaluated at 4th, 7th day and 1 month after the initiation. The study involved 52 institutes and a total of 140 @entity0 , seventy-one @entity0 who received @entity1 (group A) and 69 @entity0 who received placebo (group P) was analysed. There were no significant differences in background data between both groups. In @entity0 with grade I, II or III on admission, the favorable effects of @entity1 were demonstrated on changes in neurological findings. In group A, there were significantly more cases of improvement at 4th day for orientation about place and @entity0 . At 1 month or on discharge group A showed significant improvement almost in every aspect of neurological findings including mental, speech and motor functions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Intravenous XXXX in large doses in the treatment of delayed ischemic neurological deficits following subarachnoid hemorrhage--results of a multi-center controlled double-blind clinical study].

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) of longer duration, @entity4 ( @entity4 ) down-regulation has been reported without any change in @entity3 levels. This phenomenon might play a role in the aetio-pathogenesis of @entity2 . Therefore we studied @entity4 expression, as well as the serum @entity3 levels, in @entity0 with recently diagnosed @entity2 . METHODS: In 81 early diagnosed @entity2 @entity0 with disease duration < 1 year (52F/29M; mean (SD) age 63 (13) years) and in 39 age and sex matched controls (23F/16M; mean age 63 (15) years) blood samples were taken between 8-10 h AM. @entity4 expression ( @entity4 -number and @entity4 -affinity), serum @entity3 levels, ESR, CRP, @entity1 and swollen joints were measured. RESULTS: A significantly lower @entity4 -number was found in the female @entity0 compared with female controls: 7.0 versus 9.8fmol/million cells, respectively (difference: 2.8, 95% CI 1.1 - 4.6). Interestingly, also serum @entity3 levels were significantly lower in the female @entity0 compared with the female controls: 0.21 versus 0.41 micromol/l, respectively (difference: 0.20, 95% CI 0.12 - 0.28). However, between the male @entity0 and male controls no difference was found in @entity4 expression nor in serum @entity3 levels. Neither in female nor in male @entity0 were correlations found between @entity4 expression and parameters of disease activity nor was there a relation between @entity4 expression and serum @entity3 levels. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in @entity4 expression as well as serum @entity3 were not a general phenomenon in early diagnosed @entity2 @entity0 , being present only in females and not related to disease activity. Therefore it seems unlikely that @entity4 expression per se is causally involved in the pathogenesis of @entity2 . We cannot preclude that it may be involved in the incidence, severity and course of @entity2 , as this may be differentially regulated in males and females.

title: Down regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in early-diagnosed XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and results of prosthetic venous replacement, as inferior vena cava (IVC) and iliofemoral vein resection and replacement are sometimes necessary when they are extensively involved by a large and fixed @entity2 thrombus from @entity11 ( @entity11 ) or other @entity2 . @entity0 AND METHODS: Five @entity0 and two @entity0 (age range 41-75 years) were treated over a 10-year period (1991-2001) by aggressive venous surgery to achieve complete @entity2 resection, with prosthetic graft replacement to re-establish venous flow. The @entity2 included @entity9 (two), @entity13 (two), @entity3 (one), @entity12 (one) and inguino-pelvic @entity10 (one). Two @entity0 had a vena caval replacement, of whom one had a circular reinforced PTFE and one a Dacron @entity8 graft; five @entity0 had either an iliofemoral or an ilio-iliac circular reinforced PTFE graft. The prosthetic diameter was 18-20 mm for the IVC grafts and 8-10 mm for the iliac grafts. In all the @entity0 , graft patency was evaluated during the follow-up by colour flow duplex imaging, and in one it was determined by angio-computed tomography scan and venography. RESULTS: One @entity0 died 30 days after surgery; of the remaining six @entity0 one had no evidence of regional recurrence or @entity1 at 12 months, and five died from recurrent @entity2 8-30 months after surgery. The mean time to @entity5 was 23 months. At 3 months all six prosthesis were patent; at 6 months four were patent and at 12 months three of five prostheses were patent. CONCLUSION: Resecting and replacing the @entity2 resection and avoids @entity4 , providing durable relief from the symptoms of @entity6 . Iliofemoral prosthetic reconstruction for urological-related @entity2 represents a viable option to avoid @entity7 and lower extremity swelling, at least in the early postoperative period. The mean time to @entity5 for the present @entity0 must be considered the limit for these aggressive operations.

title: Prosthetic replacement of the inferior vena cava and the iliofemoral vein for urologically related XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Twelve examples of mixed small- and @entity0 (eight follicular, one follicular and diffuse, and three diffuse) were investigated morphometrically using plastic-embedded tissue in order to study nuclear characteristics of lymphocyte populations in this form of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and to test morphologic bases for current @entity2 classification systems. This study illustrates that there are many inaccuracies, illusions, and misconceptions in the morphologic criteria currently used to classify mixed small- and @entity0 . A principal finding was that lymphocyte nuclear profiles in @entity2 tend to be smaller in size (P less than .005) and more irregular in shape (P = .0001) than the morphologically similar counterparts in germinal centers of lymph nodes with @entity1 . Intercase comparison of mixed small- and large-cell lymphomas revealed a considerable range of mean nuclear area values, some of which were within the size range of normal, small lymphocytes. At the magnifications used for morphometric assessment, a high proportion of lymphocyte nuclear profiles had shallow invaginations, but only a limited number of profiles (4% to 14%) had deep (cleaved) indentations. Contrary to current definitions for this subtype of @entity2 , lymphocytes with "small" nuclei had the same proportion of the nuclear diameter occupied by nuclear invaginations as lymphocytes with "large" nuclei and, in fact, mean nuclear invagination depth was shallower in "small" nuclei than in "large" nuclei. Furthermore, regardless of whether it is nuclear area or shape that is evaluated, lymphocytes in @entity2 do not separate into two populations of small-cleaved and large noncleaved cells. Morphometry reveals that only four of the 12 examples of mixed small- and @entity0 had a proportion of the lymphocytes in the size range of fully transformed germinal center lymphocytes that exceeded 25%, and none of the cases approached 50% even though the population of lymphocyte nuclei appearing "transformed," and therefore "large," ranged from 28% to 57%. Such results indicate that the large, noncleaved and cleaved component, as seen in histologic sections of mixed small- and @entity0 , do not have nuclei of uniform size and many, in fact, are not actually large. The morphometric findings indicate reasons for the poor observer reproducibility in classifying this subtype of @entity2 .

title: Morphologic studies of lymphocyte nuclei in follicular and diffuse mixed small- and large-cell (lymphocytic-histiocytic) XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: A strain of @entity7 that was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a @entity0 diagnosed as having @entity6 ( @entity6 ), and that produced cutaneous lesions in experimentally infected, normal @entity1 is described. Although no unusual cutaneous manifestations were noted in the @entity0 's records, this isolate of @entity7 proved to be dermotropic when injected intravenously into CD-1 @entity1 . The LD50 at 28 days post infection ranged from 3.6-7.5 X 10(5) cells per @entity1 , and in vitro growth rate studies demonstrated that this isolate grew well at 35 degrees C and at 37 degrees C, but did not grow at 40 degrees C and higher. This isolate was rhinotropic producing large @entity3 in the nasal tissues. Other cutaneous tissues affected were the periocular tissues, ears, feet and tail, although the @entity5 were nodular in structure and less @entity2 than the nasal lesions. The brain, lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen also were culture positive for @entity7 . Histopathologically, each affected tissue examined had large densities of @entity4 cells and a chronic, granulomatous host response. Animals surviving the infection appeared to develop a commensal-type relationship with the infective @entity4 . This is the first report of an isolate of @entity7 from an @entity6 @entity0 that has caused cutaneous manifestations in an animal model. The model described in this report may be useful for elucidating pathogenic mechanisms of @entity8 , particularly cutaneous manifestations of the disease.

title: Cryptococcus neoformans: a central nervous system isolate from an @entity6 XXXX that is rhinotropic in a normal @entity1 model.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A strain of @entity7 that was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a @entity0 diagnosed as having @entity6 ( @entity6 ), and that produced cutaneous lesions in experimentally infected, normal @entity1 is described. Although no unusual cutaneous manifestations were noted in the @entity0 's records, this isolate of @entity7 proved to be dermotropic when injected intravenously into CD-1 @entity1 . The LD50 at 28 days post infection ranged from 3.6-7.5 X 10(5) cells per @entity1 , and in vitro growth rate studies demonstrated that this isolate grew well at 35 degrees C and at 37 degrees C, but did not grow at 40 degrees C and higher. This isolate was rhinotropic producing large @entity3 in the nasal tissues. Other cutaneous tissues affected were the periocular tissues, ears, feet and tail, although the @entity5 were nodular in structure and less @entity2 than the nasal lesions. The brain, lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen also were culture positive for @entity7 . Histopathologically, each affected tissue examined had large densities of @entity4 cells and a chronic, granulomatous host response. Animals surviving the infection appeared to develop a commensal-type relationship with the infective @entity4 . This is the first report of an isolate of @entity7 from an @entity6 @entity0 that has caused cutaneous manifestations in an animal model. The model described in this report may be useful for elucidating pathogenic mechanisms of @entity8 , particularly cutaneous manifestations of the disease.

title: Cryptococcus neoformans: a central nervous system isolate from an XXXX @entity0 that is rhinotropic in a normal @entity1 model.

answer: @entity6


abstract: A strain of @entity7 that was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a @entity0 diagnosed as having @entity6 ( @entity6 ), and that produced cutaneous lesions in experimentally infected, normal @entity1 is described. Although no unusual cutaneous manifestations were noted in the @entity0 's records, this isolate of @entity7 proved to be dermotropic when injected intravenously into CD-1 @entity1 . The LD50 at 28 days post infection ranged from 3.6-7.5 X 10(5) cells per @entity1 , and in vitro growth rate studies demonstrated that this isolate grew well at 35 degrees C and at 37 degrees C, but did not grow at 40 degrees C and higher. This isolate was rhinotropic producing large @entity3 in the nasal tissues. Other cutaneous tissues affected were the periocular tissues, ears, feet and tail, although the @entity5 were nodular in structure and less @entity2 than the nasal lesions. The brain, lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen also were culture positive for @entity7 . Histopathologically, each affected tissue examined had large densities of @entity4 cells and a chronic, granulomatous host response. Animals surviving the infection appeared to develop a commensal-type relationship with the infective @entity4 . This is the first report of an isolate of @entity7 from an @entity6 @entity0 that has caused cutaneous manifestations in an animal model. The model described in this report may be useful for elucidating pathogenic mechanisms of @entity8 , particularly cutaneous manifestations of the disease.

title: Cryptococcus neoformans: a central nervous system isolate from an @entity6 @entity0 that is rhinotropic in a normal XXXX model.

answer: @entity1