abstract: In this investigation, clastogenic effects of Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens Boiss. extract (TE) and anticlastogenic effects of this extract against @entity2 ( @entity3 ) induced @entity1 have been evaluated in @entity0 peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Two series of experiments were conducted. In the first, only 10(-5), 10(-4), 10(-3) and 10(-2) mul ml(-1) concentrations of TE were used for 48 h to detect potential clastogenicity. In the second, @entity3 (0.38 mug ml(-1)) plus 10(-5), 10(-4), 10(-3) and 10(-2) mul ml(-1) concentrations of TE were used for 48 h to determine anticlastogenic effects. TE did not increase sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) (except 10(-2) mul ml concentration) and @entity4 ( @entity4 ) significantly compared with negative and solvent controls. However, it decreased the frequency of @entity3 induced @entity4 . Decreasing was significant at 10(-4), 10(-3) and 10(-2) mul ml(-1) concentrations. On the other hand, TE significantly increased @entity3 -induced SCEs for all treatment groups compared with positive control.

title: Effects of Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens Boiss. extract on @entity2 -C induced XXXX and sister chromatid exchanges in @entity0 lymphocytes.

answer: @entity4


abstract: In this investigation, clastogenic effects of Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens Boiss. extract (TE) and anticlastogenic effects of this extract against @entity2 ( @entity3 ) induced @entity1 have been evaluated in @entity0 peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Two series of experiments were conducted. In the first, only 10(-5), 10(-4), 10(-3) and 10(-2) mul ml(-1) concentrations of TE were used for 48 h to detect potential clastogenicity. In the second, @entity3 (0.38 mug ml(-1)) plus 10(-5), 10(-4), 10(-3) and 10(-2) mul ml(-1) concentrations of TE were used for 48 h to determine anticlastogenic effects. TE did not increase sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) (except 10(-2) mul ml concentration) and @entity4 ( @entity4 ) significantly compared with negative and solvent controls. However, it decreased the frequency of @entity3 induced @entity4 . Decreasing was significant at 10(-4), 10(-3) and 10(-2) mul ml(-1) concentrations. On the other hand, TE significantly increased @entity3 -induced SCEs for all treatment groups compared with positive control.

title: Effects of Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens Boiss. extract on @entity2 -C induced @entity4 and sister chromatid exchanges in XXXX lymphocytes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditionally, mistletoes of Eastern Nigeria origin, Loranthus micranthus Linn. have been used as immunostimulant for the management of certain diseases with high profile immune depleting potentials. This practice has remained till date without scientific validation. AIM OF STUDY: To obtain and validate evidence for or against its continued use as immunostimulant and afford data for further studies on this specie of mistletoe. The present work is an in vivo proof of ethnopharmacological concept of the age long immunomodulatory use of our local mistletoe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aqueous- @entity6 extracts of the plant leaves from five different host trees were evaluated for immunomodulatory activity using four in vivo models in @entity0 or @entity1 , namely; total and differential leukocyte count (TLC and DLC), the cellular mediated delayed-type @entity2 (DTHR) test, the humoral mediated @entity4 ( @entity4 ) test and the @entity5 -induced myelosuppression (CIM) test at different dose levels (100, 200 and 400 or 50, 100 and 250 mg kg(-1); depending on model) against standard controls. Phytochemical and acute @entity3 tests were equally carried out on all the extracts. RESULTS: Results obtained indicate that all the mistletoes contained the same phytochemical constituents, although in varying amounts. The mistletoes exhibited statistically significantly different (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001, ANOVA) immunomodulatory (up-regulatory) activities in the overall order of that from Kola acuminata > Citrus spp > Persia americana > Parkia biglobosa > Pentaclatra macrophylla. LD(50) values were generally greater than 5000 mg/kg. CONCLUSION: The present study confirms the Eastern Nigeria mistletoe as a potent and safe alternative or complementary medicine for the management of @entity7 .

title: Comparative acute XXXX and immunomodulatory potentials of five Eastern Nigeria mistletoes.

answer: @entity3


abstract: In spite of advances of knowledge in the area of controlling hospital @entity1 SSI remains main cause of morbidity and mortality among @entity0 undergoing surgical treatment. In the current paper, results of epidemiological and microbiological analyses of SSI are summarized, regarding @entity0 , subject to surgical treatments in cardiovascular surgery and transplantation unit. In 2002-2004, 7980 surgical treatments were carried out--identified 130 SSIs. Infections were classified, according to definitions and criteria of the NNIS. Medication sensitivity of the bacteria regarded to be a SSI etiological factor was tested using the circular diffusion method, according to specifications of the NCCLS. A SSI morbidity of 3.0-3.2% was found, mortality: 9.8%. The rate of cardiovascular surgery-related SSIs--comparing favorably with CDC national data. Post-discharge recording covered 25% of cases, including @entity0 who required repeated hospitalization. Among etiological factors of all the clinical forms of the SSI, a dominant part was consisted of gram-positive positive cocci (65.4%). Each of the identified SSIs was subject to microbiological diagnosing, in order to identify etiological factors. Prevalence of G(+) bacteria was found among isolated bacterial flora, although numerous occurrences of G(-) cocci were also identified. The obtained data confirm the necessity of continued close cooperation of the Infection Control Team with the microbiological laboratory. The analysis of data pertaining to leading SSI etiological factors as well as their medication susceptibility should enable elaboration of own standards for surgical @entity1 prophylaxis and empirical therapy to be used in the ward being a subject of study.

title: [Surgical site XXXX following cardiac surgery supervision--own experience].

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Systemic inhibition of serum @entity4 ( @entity4 ) enzymatic activity abrogated acute rejection of pulmonary allografts, whereas organ-specific inhibition ameliorated @entity1 /reperfusion injury in syngeneic transplants. Here, we analyze the effect of allograft-specific inhibitor preconditioning on acute rejection in the presence of @entity2 -based immunosuppressive therapy. METHODS: Orthotopic left single lung transplantation (Tx) in @entity0 (LBNF1 to LEWIS). Control (n=5) grafts were flushed with Perfadex alone, whereas treated (n=5) transplants were perfused with Perfadex and @entity6 , a specific inhibitor of @entity4 / @entity4 enzymatic activity. All recipients were treated with 2.5 mg of @entity2 /kg per day subcutaneously after Tx. Recipients were sacrificed at day 5 after Tx, and oxygenation capacity was measured. In addition, staining for vasoactive intestinal peptide ( @entity5 ) and @entity3 ( @entity3 ) at explantation ( @entity5 ) and at day 5 ( @entity5 , @entity3 ) was performed with determination of protein levels for @entity3 and mRNA for @entity5 . RESULTS: Grafts from treated versus controls showed significantly increased oxygenation capacity (P<.008), correlating with significantly less acute rejection (P<.02). @entity3 staining and protein expression were significantly lower in perivascular and bronchial epithelial cells (P=.001) in treated versus controls. There was significantly higher staining for @entity5 at the time of Tx in alveolar macrophages in treated versus controls (P=.001), which was seen up to day 5 post-Tx in both macrophages and respiratory epithelium (P=.001) with elevated mRNA expression for @entity5 in treated animals. CONCLUSION: Perfusion with a specific inhibitor of @entity4 / @entity4 enzymatic activity was associated with sustained preservation of pulmonary @entity5 levels, correlating with an amelioration of the acute rejection cascade.

title: The effect of organ-specific XXXX / @entity4 enzymatic activity inhibitor-preconditioning on acute pulmonary allograft rejection.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Systemic inhibition of serum @entity4 ( @entity4 ) enzymatic activity abrogated acute rejection of pulmonary allografts, whereas organ-specific inhibition ameliorated @entity1 /reperfusion injury in syngeneic transplants. Here, we analyze the effect of allograft-specific inhibitor preconditioning on acute rejection in the presence of @entity2 -based immunosuppressive therapy. METHODS: Orthotopic left single lung transplantation (Tx) in @entity0 (LBNF1 to LEWIS). Control (n=5) grafts were flushed with Perfadex alone, whereas treated (n=5) transplants were perfused with Perfadex and @entity6 , a specific inhibitor of @entity4 / @entity4 enzymatic activity. All recipients were treated with 2.5 mg of @entity2 /kg per day subcutaneously after Tx. Recipients were sacrificed at day 5 after Tx, and oxygenation capacity was measured. In addition, staining for vasoactive intestinal peptide ( @entity5 ) and @entity3 ( @entity3 ) at explantation ( @entity5 ) and at day 5 ( @entity5 , @entity3 ) was performed with determination of protein levels for @entity3 and mRNA for @entity5 . RESULTS: Grafts from treated versus controls showed significantly increased oxygenation capacity (P<.008), correlating with significantly less acute rejection (P<.02). @entity3 staining and protein expression were significantly lower in perivascular and bronchial epithelial cells (P=.001) in treated versus controls. There was significantly higher staining for @entity5 at the time of Tx in alveolar macrophages in treated versus controls (P=.001), which was seen up to day 5 post-Tx in both macrophages and respiratory epithelium (P=.001) with elevated mRNA expression for @entity5 in treated animals. CONCLUSION: Perfusion with a specific inhibitor of @entity4 / @entity4 enzymatic activity was associated with sustained preservation of pulmonary @entity5 levels, correlating with an amelioration of the acute rejection cascade.

title: The effect of organ-specific @entity4 / XXXX enzymatic activity inhibitor-preconditioning on acute pulmonary allograft rejection.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 is increasingly used for the anticoagulation of @entity0 undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Several reports have suggested the utility of using point of care tests in monitoring the anticoagulation levels of @entity1 in @entity0 undergoing PCI. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new point-of-care test (POCT) HEMONOX in monitoring the anticoagulant effect of @entity1 in non citrated fresh whole blood samples from @entity0 undergoing elective PCI procedure. METHODS: Following IRB approval, blood samples were obtained from fifty-four @entity0 who received two sequential intravenous doses of @entity1 ; 0.1 mg/kg followed 5 min later by 0.4 mg/kg for a total of 0.5 mg/kg. Blood was drawn at baseline and at 5, 10, 30 and 60 min post first bolus for evaluation in the clot-based POCT HEMONOX, ACT and aPTT and the chromogenic anti-Xa activity assay. RESULTS: HEMONOX clotting time (CT) at baseline was 62.6 +/- 6.2 secs, (n = 32) in healthy donors and statistically higher in PCI @entity0 (71.6 +/- 9.1 secs, p = 0.0001). The peak HEMONOX response that was always achieved at 10 min post bolus was >100 secs in all 54 @entity0 , of these 83% yielded CT >150 secs (range: 150-466). There was no detectable anti-Xa activity level at baseline while peak HEMONOX CT corresponded to therapeutic levels (0.85 +/- 0.14 U/ml; range: 0.61-1.34). Both HEMONOX CT and anti-Xa level significantly decreased at the time of sheath removal. HEMONOX CT at peak response suggested 3 @entity0 subgroups with different levels of sensitivity to @entity1 : low, intermediate and high responders. The correlation between anti-Xa activity level and HEMONOX CT was >or=0.85 in each @entity0 subgroup when data from the 3 critical time points; baseline (absence of drug), peak response (10 min post bolus) and sheath removal (60 min post bolus) were analyzed. The correlation diminished to >or=0.83 when the analyses included data from all 5 time points [baseline, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min post bolus]. The HEMONOX test was the most sensitive POCT to measure the anticoagulant effects of @entity1 . All @entity0 completed PCI successfully. CONCLUSION: The HEMONOX test may be able to guide anticoagulation with @entity1 during PCI. The HEMONOX assay is a one step whole blood coagulation test performed on the HEMOCHRON Jr. Signature + POC system. The method was evaluated to monitor the anticoagulant level of @entity1 in blood samples from @entity0 undergoing PCI after receiving an intravenous dose of 0.5 mg/kg. The results suggest a clear distinction of HEMONOX CT between the baseline value of untreated @entity0 and @entity0 achieving therapeutic @entity1 levels.

title: The use of a HEMOCHRON JR. HEMONOX point of care test in monitoring the anticoagulant effects of XXXX during interventional coronary procedures.

answer: @entity1


abstract: There are still serious diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in case of @entity4 of the larynx, pharynx and oral cavity most often in @entity0 after radiotherapy. An appropriate choice of a site to take a specimen for histopathology is crucial with regard to establish a diagnosis and find an origin of @entity2 and local recurrence. In this regard our attention is focused on those diagnostic methods which enable to detect even small pathologic lesions. Among them is tissue autofluorescence (DAFE). Its advantages are non-invasiveness, high sensitivity and repeatability. The aim of the study was to validate DAFE as a method for early diagnosis and monitoring of treatment efficacy of @entity3 . Forty seven @entity0 were included. Each @entity0 had a fibroscopic investigation with the use of white light and light inducing the tissue fluorescence. A specimen for the histopathology was taken from each site which showed fluorescence in order to verify the diagnosis. The presence of @entity5 was always confirmed with histopathology in parallel with the assessment of the lesion area with fluorescence. DAFE is a non-invasive and useful method for the detection of early @entity1 with the potential to assess the advances of the disease and to monitor its progress.

title: [Use of tissue autofluorescence in the diagnostics and assessment of treatment efficacy of the XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Several cardiovascular and biochemical factors including @entity5 have been associated with @entity4 and @entity7 , although both epidemiological and intervention evidence is mixed with the majority of studies examining those in midlife or younger elderly and the recent @entity5 in the Very Elderly Trial showing no significant association between blood pressure lowering and incident @entity7 . It has also been suggested that risk factors may differ in the very elderly. The aim of these analyses was to examine the impact of baseline cardiovascular and biochemical factors upon incident @entity7 and @entity4 in a very elderly @entity5 group. METHODS: @entity0 of the @entity5 in the Very Elderly Trial were aged at least 80 years and @entity5 . Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and annually with diagnostic information collected for @entity7 and relationships between baseline total and high-density lipoprotein @entity6 , @entity11 , @entity8 , haemoglobin, @entity9 , @entity10 , @entity1 , previous @entity3 and later @entity7 / @entity4 were examined. RESULTS: There were 3336 @entity0 with @entity4 data. In multivariate analyses higher @entity11 was associated with a lower risk of incident @entity7 and @entity4 . Higher total and lower high-density lipoprotein @entity6 were associated with lower risk of @entity4 . Other variables were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: In very elderly @entity5 @entity0 @entity9 , @entity1 , @entity10 , prior @entity3 , @entity8 and @entity12 levels did not demonstrate a relationship with @entity4 or @entity7 . Higher @entity11 (excluding moderate @entity2 ) was associated with a lower risk of @entity7 and @entity4 . The findings for total and high-density lipoprotein @entity6 add to the varied literature in this area and together these findings may add weight to the suggestion that risk factor profiles differ in the very elderly.

title: Cardiovascular and biochemical risk factors for incident @entity7 in the XXXX in the Very Elderly Trial.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Several cardiovascular and biochemical factors including @entity5 have been associated with @entity4 and @entity7 , although both epidemiological and intervention evidence is mixed with the majority of studies examining those in midlife or younger elderly and the recent @entity5 in the Very Elderly Trial showing no significant association between blood pressure lowering and incident @entity7 . It has also been suggested that risk factors may differ in the very elderly. The aim of these analyses was to examine the impact of baseline cardiovascular and biochemical factors upon incident @entity7 and @entity4 in a very elderly @entity5 group. METHODS: @entity0 of the @entity5 in the Very Elderly Trial were aged at least 80 years and @entity5 . Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and annually with diagnostic information collected for @entity7 and relationships between baseline total and high-density lipoprotein @entity6 , @entity11 , @entity8 , haemoglobin, @entity9 , @entity10 , @entity1 , previous @entity3 and later @entity7 / @entity4 were examined. RESULTS: There were 3336 @entity0 with @entity4 data. In multivariate analyses higher @entity11 was associated with a lower risk of incident @entity7 and @entity4 . Higher total and lower high-density lipoprotein @entity6 were associated with lower risk of @entity4 . Other variables were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: In very elderly @entity5 @entity0 @entity9 , @entity1 , @entity10 , prior @entity3 , @entity8 and @entity12 levels did not demonstrate a relationship with @entity4 or @entity7 . Higher @entity11 (excluding moderate @entity2 ) was associated with a lower risk of @entity7 and @entity4 . The findings for total and high-density lipoprotein @entity6 add to the varied literature in this area and together these findings may add weight to the suggestion that risk factor profiles differ in the very elderly.

title: Cardiovascular and biochemical risk factors for incident XXXX in the @entity5 in the Very Elderly Trial.

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II @entity2 may be considered for @entity0 whose @entity1 have poor prognostic features. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of commonly reported clinical and pathological features of @entity1 . METHODS: A population-based observational study of all @entity0 with @entity1 diagnosed in the state of Western Australia from 1993 to 2003 was performed. A total of 1306 @entity0 treated by surgery alone were identified, with a median follow-up of 59 (range 0-145) months. RESULTS: Multivariable analysis revealed that the only independent prognostic factors for disease-specific survival were stage T4 (hazard ratio (HR) 1.75 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1.32 to 2.32); P < 0.001) and vascular invasion (HR 1.63 (95 per cent c.i. 1.15 to 2.30); P < 0.001). In younger @entity0 (aged 75 years or less), who are more likely to be considered for chemotherapy, these two features showed independent prognostic significance but with higher HR values (1.96 for stage @entity3 .73 for vascular invasion). Stage T4 and/or the presence of vascular invasion identified a 'poor' prognostic group, comprising 26.6 per cent of younger @entity0 and with a 5-year survival rate of 71.2 per cent. The remaining 'good' prognostic group had a survival rate of 84.3 per cent at 5 years' follow-up. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the importance of accurate pathological assessment of @entity1 stage and vascular invasion for the prognostic stratification of @entity0 with @entity1 . The results provide clarification of guidelines for the management of stage II disease in relation to recommendations for chemotherapy.

title: Population-based study of prognostic factors in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate surgically induced @entity2 (SIA) after 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy (23GTSV). METHODS: We studied 56 @entity0 (56 eyes) who underwent 23GTSV between January 2006 and December 2007 and who underwent preoperative and 1- and 3-4-months postoperative corneal topography. Fifteen of the 56 @entity0 underwent combined 23GTSV and @entity1 surgery. SIA was evaluated with Naeser's polar method using the simulated keratometric values obtained with corneal topography. Preoperative and postoperative KP and DeltaKP values were compared in the 23GTSV only group and the combined 23GTSV and @entity1 surgery group. RESULTS: There were no significant serial changes between the preoperative and postoperative Sim K @entity2 or KP values in the 23GTSV only group. In the 23GTSV only group, the DeltaKP (90) was negative (-0.10+/-0.78) at 1 month postoperatively, but it became positive (0.13+/-0.85) at 3-4 months postoperatively. The DeltaKP (135) showed serially decreasing negative values, -0.02+/-0.80 at 1 month postoperatively and -0.08+/-0.60 at 3-4 months postoperatively. In the combined @entity1 surgery group, the 1- and 3-4-month postoperative DeltaKP (135) values were -0.64+/-0.50 and -0.71+/-0.48, respectively, which represented a significant decrease compared with the 23GTSV only group (P<0.001, Mann-Whitney U-test). Although statistically insignificant, the DeltaKP (135) value was more negative in the sclerotomy-sutured group (n=6) than the sclerotomy non-sutured group (n=35) at 1 month postoperatively (-0.67+/-1.19 vs 0.09+/-0.67, P=0.110, Mann-Whitney U-test). CONCLUSION: The 23GTSV does not induce significant SIA in the early postoperative period.

title: Surgically induced XXXX after 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the effective treatment in @entity1 @entity0 . However, the controversies about the risk and benefit limit the use of this procedure. Some efficacies of ECT may be interesting to use in hospitalized @entity0 such as rapid onset, risk reduction but it may increase the length of stay (LOS) in previous study. OBJECTIVES: To study the use of ECT in hospitalized @entity1 @entity0 in the aspect of indication , diagnosis and the length of stay. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From August to September 2004, all 51 cases of @entity1 inpatient medical records were studied. The top five of diagnosis were @entity2 (49%), @entity3 (23.5%), acute @entity6 (7.8%), @entity5 (5.9%) and @entity4 (5.9%). ECT was performed in 22 cases (43.1%). RESULTS: The average length of stay was 21.5 +/- 14.5 days. The mean LOS of the ECT group 25.9 +/- 15.8 days was not quite longer compared with 17.8 +/- 12.7 days of the Non ECT group comparison between the ECT group (64%) and the non ECT group (36%) of @entity2 , the LOS of each group was 27.3 +/- 16.7 and 16.9 +/- 8.8 days which was also not significant. LOS of ECT of the bipolar group (20%) and the non ECT bipolar group (80%) was 10.5 +/- 4.9 and 23.0 +/- 18.3 days which was not statistically significant (p = 0.39). There were 3 major indications for ECT such as a severe violence case, suicidal case, refractory case with the mean LOS of 19.9 +/- 10.9, 17.5 +/- 12.8, 43.3 +/- 21.2 and 31.7 +/- 8.3 days subsequently. The @entity0 who had the refractory indication had a longer length of stay than other indications. CONCLUSION: Overall average length of stay was not longer in the ECT group. The ECT group had a longer length of stay than the non ECT group in the refractory treatment case only. ECT can be used in a @entity1 ward with the efficacy of its indication without prolonged length of stay.

title: The use of electroconvulsive therapy and the length of stay of XXXX inpatients at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society.

answer: @entity1


abstract: There are few studies on coping with @entity1 ( @entity1 ). The aim of the present study was to assess the usefulness of a Spanish version of the @entity3 Coping Inventory-42 (CPCI-42) in @entity0 with @entity1 . A random sample (N=402) of @entity0 with @entity1 was obtained from the @entity1 Association of Aragon, Spain. @entity0 were assessed with the CPCI-42, the Fibrofatigue Scale (FFS), the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), and the Hospital Anxiety and @entity2 Scale (HADS). The psychometric properties of the CPCI-42 were valid and factor analyses supported the eight-factor structure described in @entity0 with @entity3 . Illness-focused coping strategies (i.e., guarding, resting, and asking for assistance) were strongly correlated with each other, positively correlated with disability and @entity2 , and negatively correlated with quality of life, indicating construct validity. Seeking social support was weakly correlated with any other scale or outcome, confirming it belongs to a different group of coping strategies. The wellness-focused group of coping strategies was the most incoherent group. Task persistence correlated with illness-focused strategies and negative outcomes, indicating that it should be included in the illness-focused group. However, other wellness-focused strategies, including relaxation, exercise, and coping self-statements, were correlated with each other, negatively correlated with @entity2 , and positively correlated with quality of life. Future research directions and clinical implications are discussed.

title: Coping with fibromialgia: usefulness of the XXXX Coping Inventory-42.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Endogenous retroviruses represent about 8% of the @entity0 genome and belong to the superfamily of transposable and retrotransposable genetic elements. Altogether, these mobile genetic elements and their numerous inactivated "junk" sequences represent nearly one half of the @entity0 DNA. Nonetheless, a significant part of this "non-conventional" genome has retained potential activity. Epigenetic control is notably involved in silencing most of these genetic elements but certain environmental factors such as viruses are known to dysregulate their expression in susceptible cells. More particularly, embryonal cells with limited gene methylation are most susceptible to uncontrolled activation of these mobile genetic elements by, e.g., @entity3 . In particular, certain viruses transactivate promoters from endogenous retroviral family type W (HERV-W). HERV-W RNA was first isolated in circulating viral particles ( @entity1 -associated RetroViral element, MSRV) that have been associated with the evolution and prognosis of @entity1 . HERV-W elements encode a powerful immunopathogenic @entity6 ( @entity6 ) that activates a pro-inflammatory and autoimmune cascade through interaction with @entity4 on immune cells. This @entity6 protein has repeatedly been detected in @entity2 and may be involved in other diseases. Epigenetic factors controlling @entity5 protein expression then reveal critical. This review addresses the gene-environment epigenetic interface of such HERV-W elements and its potential involvement in disease.

title: The @entity0 endogenous retrovirus link between genes and environment in XXXX and in multifactorial diseases associating neuroinflammation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Endogenous retroviruses represent about 8% of the @entity0 genome and belong to the superfamily of transposable and retrotransposable genetic elements. Altogether, these mobile genetic elements and their numerous inactivated "junk" sequences represent nearly one half of the @entity0 DNA. Nonetheless, a significant part of this "non-conventional" genome has retained potential activity. Epigenetic control is notably involved in silencing most of these genetic elements but certain environmental factors such as viruses are known to dysregulate their expression in susceptible cells. More particularly, embryonal cells with limited gene methylation are most susceptible to uncontrolled activation of these mobile genetic elements by, e.g., @entity3 . In particular, certain viruses transactivate promoters from endogenous retroviral family type W (HERV-W). HERV-W RNA was first isolated in circulating viral particles ( @entity1 -associated RetroViral element, MSRV) that have been associated with the evolution and prognosis of @entity1 . HERV-W elements encode a powerful immunopathogenic @entity6 ( @entity6 ) that activates a pro-inflammatory and autoimmune cascade through interaction with @entity4 on immune cells. This @entity6 protein has repeatedly been detected in @entity2 and may be involved in other diseases. Epigenetic factors controlling @entity5 protein expression then reveal critical. This review addresses the gene-environment epigenetic interface of such HERV-W elements and its potential involvement in disease.

title: The XXXX endogenous retrovirus link between genes and environment in @entity1 and in multifactorial diseases associating neuroinflammation.

answer: @entity0


abstract: REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: To our knowledge no studies evaluating risk factors to EIPH have been undertaken with such a population of @entity2 in Brazil, which is one of the few countries in the racing community to accept the use of @entity1 (FUR) as a prerace medication for bleeders. We also compared national results with those already in the literature. OBJECTIVES: To verify the influence of variables such as distance of the race, racetrack surface, going and season of the year in the recurrence and severity of EIPH and its effect on the finishing position of flat racing Thoroughbreds in Brazil. METHODS: 2118 post race respiratory endoscopies were recorded, in a total of 1003 individual @entity2 . All @entity2 in the study were certified bleeders (deemed positive by registered veterinarians following one or more endoscopies) and were administered FUR prior to each race. Data was analysed using both ordinary logistic regression and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The results suggest that race distance, season of the year and racetrack surface affect the recurrence of EIPH. Also, despite the use of FUR, the majority (62%) of @entity2 continued to display some degree of @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: There was a tendency for @entity2 that remained positive despite the use of FUR to finish unplaced in a race. @entity2 which had a significant reduction in @entity0 and became HPIE negative after the use of FUR, tended to finish in top positions. It was not possible to determine a pattern of severity of EIPH in @entity2 with more than one endoscopy. Further studies are required to improve our understanding of this syndrome and its correlations to performance in the racing Thoroughbred, together with the role of FUR and its possible enhancing performance effects and efficacy in consistently diminishing EIPH. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: This study enabled a better understanding of the use of FUR in Brazilian Thoroughbred racehorses and showed there was a tendency towards improvement in performance after administrion of FUR in bleeders. The fact that a large number of @entity2 remained positive for EIPH despite the use of FUR should encourage the scientific community to search for better ways of reducing, or preventing, this syndrome.

title: Evaluation of race distance, track surface and season of the year on exercise-induced XXXX in flat racing thoroughbreds in Brazil.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: To present a triangular-shaped abnormal secondary ossification center of the distal phalanx causing angular @entity2 and the surgical outcome of corrective closing-wedge osteotomy for this deformity. METHODS: We treated 6 @entity0 with abnormal triangular epiphysis in the distal phalanx of the thumb, including 3 bilateral cases. The average age was 43 months and there were 2 @entity0 and 4 @entity0 . Of the 9 thumbs intraepiphyseal closing-wedge osteotomy was performed in 5 and proximal phalangeal closing-wedge osteotomy was performed in 4. We measured the deformities in degrees of angulation and the range of motion of the interphalangeal (IP) joint. The average duration of the follow-up period was 27 months after the surgery. RESULTS: @entity1 of ulnar deviation averaged 30 degrees , which was reduced to an average of 12 degrees after osteotomy at the last follow-up assessment. All osteotomies healed and there was no evidence of physeal or articular damage. Interphalangeal joint range of motion did not decrease after surgery in all cases. @entity0 and parents were satisfied with the results of the surgery, although @entity1 persisted in the interphalangeal joint when in the flexed position after proximal phalangeal osteotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal triangular epiphysis causing angled thumb is different from delta bone and can be treated with either intraepiphyseal or proximal phalangeal closing-wedge osteotomy. The intraepiphyseal procedure, however, could achieve @entity1 correction regardless of the interphalangeal joint position. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, Level IV.

title: Abnormal triangular epiphysis causing angular XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: Treatment of extension @entity1 of the distal radius with volar fixed-angle plates has become increasingly popular in the past 2 years. It has been observed clinically that placement of the distal screws as close as possible to the subchondral zone is crucial to maintain radial length after surgery. The purposes of this study were (1) to evaluate radial shortening after plating with regard to plate position and (2) to evaluate whether plate position has an influence on the strength and @entity2 of the plate-screw construct. METHODS: An extra-articular @entity1 (AO classification, A3) was created in 7 pairs of fresh-frozen @entity0 cadaver radiuses. The radiuses then were plated with a volar distal radius locking compression plate. Seven plates were applied subchondrally; 7 plates were applied 4.5 mm to 7.5 mm proximal to the subchondral zone. The specimens were loaded with 800-N loads for 2,000 cycles to evaluate radial shortening in the 2 groups. Each specimen then was loaded to failure. RESULTS: Radial shortening was significantly greater when the distal screws were placed proximal to the subchondral zone. The amount of shortening after cyclic loading correlated significantly with the distance the distal screws were placed from the subchondral zone. Rigidity of the plate systems was significantly higher in radiuses in which the distal screws were placed close to the subchondral zone. CONCLUSIONS: To maintain radial length after volar fixed-angle plating, placement of the distal screws as subchondral as possible is essential. The subchondral plate-screw-bone constructs showed significantly greater @entity2 , indicating higher resistance to postoperative loads and displacement forces.

title: Volar fixed-angle plating of distal radius extension XXXX : influence of plate position on secondary loss of reduction--a biomechanic study in a cadaveric model.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The @entity2 fails to develop in some @entity0 of the BALB/cCF strain. We report here a study on cerebral morphological asymmetry in males of this particular strain in order to test the hypothesis that the normal development of the @entity2 is responsible for the establishment of brain asymmetries. In 46 animals the dorsal area and the weight of each hemisphere were measured. In order to identify the animals with @entity1 and check for size anomalies of the anterior commissure, the hemispheres were cut into sagittal sections and stained with @entity3 . Measures of sagittal area of the anterior commissure did not support the hypothesis that this commissure is enlarged when the @entity2 is reduced or absent. In normal animals, the mean difference between left and right dorsal cortical areas showed a significant directional asymmetry, the left being consistently greater than the right. A similar pattern was found for weight. In @entity0 with @entity1 there were no significant differences, either between the dorsal areas or between the weights of the hemispheres. However, data on the absolute values of the hemispheric differences indicated the presence of a nondirectional asymmetry not only in normal animals, but also in @entity0 with @entity1 . Therefore, our data suggest that the ontogenesis of the @entity2 plays a role in directing the development of cerebral asymmetries.

title: The effects of total and partial callosal agenesis on the development of morphological brain asymmetries in the BALB/cCF XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: To evaluate the morphological changes observed in animals after prolonged @entity5 exposure, 56 male @entity0 were exposed to a high ambient level of @entity5 (0.5 ppm) 6 hr a day, 6 days a week, for 2, 3, 5, and 12 months and examined by light and electron microscopy. @entity6 and peribronchitis were observed throughout the exposure periods, and connective tissue around the bronchi thickened as a result of @entity1 . Some bronchiolar ciliated cells were in a @entity2 and others in a reparative phase. Hyperplastic nodules were not found in the bronchioles, but @entity4 of the bronchiolar epithelium was observed. @entity4 of lymphoid nodules around small vessels was prominent after 2 months of exposure. After 3 months of exposure, @entity3 were lined by type 2 cells, and after 12 months, by the bronchiolar epithelium consisting of both ciliated and nonciliated cells. Alveolar macrophages accumulated in the centriacinar alveoli. Fibrous strands were seen to be deposited in @entity3 after 3 months, and in bronchioles after 5 months. This @entity1 was due to an increment in collagen fibers. The degree of @entity1 increased with the length of @entity5 exposure.

title: Morphological study of the effects of XXXX on @entity0 lung. II. Long-term exposure.

answer: @entity5


abstract: To evaluate the morphological changes observed in animals after prolonged @entity5 exposure, 56 male @entity0 were exposed to a high ambient level of @entity5 (0.5 ppm) 6 hr a day, 6 days a week, for 2, 3, 5, and 12 months and examined by light and electron microscopy. @entity6 and peribronchitis were observed throughout the exposure periods, and connective tissue around the bronchi thickened as a result of @entity1 . Some bronchiolar ciliated cells were in a @entity2 and others in a reparative phase. Hyperplastic nodules were not found in the bronchioles, but @entity4 of the bronchiolar epithelium was observed. @entity4 of lymphoid nodules around small vessels was prominent after 2 months of exposure. After 3 months of exposure, @entity3 were lined by type 2 cells, and after 12 months, by the bronchiolar epithelium consisting of both ciliated and nonciliated cells. Alveolar macrophages accumulated in the centriacinar alveoli. Fibrous strands were seen to be deposited in @entity3 after 3 months, and in bronchioles after 5 months. This @entity1 was due to an increment in collagen fibers. The degree of @entity1 increased with the length of @entity5 exposure.

title: Morphological study of the effects of @entity5 on XXXX lung. II. Long-term exposure.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced oxidative stress has been implicated in various @entity2 . Here, we report the photoprotective effect of grape seed @entity17 (GSPs) on UV-induced oxidative stress and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-kappaB signaling pathways using normal @entity0 epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Treatment of NHEK with GSPs inhibited UVB-induced @entity3 ( @entity4 ), lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage in NHEK and scavenged @entity11 radicals and @entity1 anions in a cell-free system. GSPs also inhibited UVB-induced depletion of antioxidant defense components, such as @entity8 peroxidase, @entity9 , @entity1 dismutase, and @entity8 . As UV-induced oxidative stress mediates activation of MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways, we determined the effects of GSPs on these pathways. Treatment of NHEK with GSPs inhibited UVB-induced phosphorylation of @entity7 , @entity14 , and @entity12 proteins of the MAPK family at the various time points studied. As UV-induced @entity4 plays a major role in activation of MAPK proteins, NHEK were treated with @entity4 with or without GSPs and other known antioxidants, viz. @entity10 , @entity16 , @entity5 , and @entity6 . It was observed that @entity4 -induced phosphorylation of @entity7 , @entity14 , and @entity12 was decreased by these antioxidants. Under identical conditions, GSPs also inhibited UVB-induced activation of NF-kappaB/ @entity15 , which was mediated through inhibition of degradation and activation of @entity13 and @entity18 , respectively. Together, these results suggest that GSPs could be useful in the attenuation of UV-radiation-induced oxidative stress-mediated @entity2 in @entity0 skin.

title: Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit UV-radiation-induced oxidative stress and activation of MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling in XXXX epidermal keratinocytes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Resection of locally recurrent @entity1 (LRRC) after curative resection represents a difficult problem and a surgical challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of resecting the local recurrence of @entity1 and to analyze factors that might predict curative resection and those that affect survival. @entity0 AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed in 50 @entity0 who underwent surgical exploration with intent to cure LRRC between April 1998 and April 2005. All of the @entity0 had previously undergone resection of primary @entity3 . Of these @entity0 ' charts, operation and pathology reports were reviewed. @entity1 and treatment details, hospital of initial treatment and TNM stage were registered. The following data were collected concerning the detection of the local recurrence; date of recurrence, symptoms at the time of presentation and diagnostic work-up. Perioperative complication and date of discharge were also gathered. The recurrent @entity1 were classified as not fixed (F0), fixed at one site (F1) and fixed to two or more sites (F2) according to the preoperative and peroperative findings. Microscopic involvement of surgical margins and localization of recurrence were noted based on pathology reports. RESULTS: The median time interval between resection of @entity1 and surgery for locally recurrent disease was 24 (4-113) months. In a statistical analysis, initial surgery, complaints of @entity0 , increasing number of sites of the recurrent @entity1 fixation in the pelvis, location of the recurrent @entity1 were associated with curative surgery. Curative, negative resection margins were obtained in 24 (48%) of @entity0 ; in these @entity0 a median survival of 28 months was achieved, compared to 12 months (p=0.01) in @entity0 with either microscopic or gross @entity2 . Primary operation and @entity4 level at recurrence were also found to be important factors associated with improved survival. There was no operative mortality and, the complication rate was 24%. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that many @entity0 with LRRC can be resected with negative margins. The type of primary surgery, symptoms, location, and fixity of recurrent @entity1 are associated with the increased possibility of carrying out curative resection. Previous surgery and curative surgery are significant predictors of both disease-specific survival and overall survival.

title: Prognostic and predictive factors after surgical treatment for locally recurrent XXXX : a single institute experience.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The objective was to investigate the possible prognostic value of blood hemoglobin concentration in the outcome of radical treatment for locally advanced @entity3 . MATERIALS AND METHOD: This was a retrospective analysis of data for 85 @entity0 treated for locally advanced @entity3 between January 1991 and January 1997 with chemoradiotherapy alone or as neoadjuvant therapy. All @entity0 received chemotherapy (4 cycles of @entity4 100 mg/m2 on day 1, and continuous infusion @entity5 1 g/m2 per day on days 1-5) with concomitant radiotherapy (40 Gy at 2 Gy/session to the @entity1 and mediastinum). The response was evaluated after 4 weeks. 69 @entity0 continued to receive chemoradiotherapy only to a total dose of 60-64 Gy to the @entity1 with a 2-cm margin. Sixteen @entity0 underwent radical surgery. Hemoglobin levels were measured before combined treatment in all @entity0 . The prognostic value of hemoglobin concentration was analyzed statistically, along with other @entity0 -, @entity1 - and treatment-related factors. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time: 82 months (range 60- 99 months). Chemoradiotherapy was followed by an overall clinical response of 69.4%, with complete clinical response in 24.7% of the @entity0 . Mean survival time was 12 months, and overall likelihood of survival after 3 years was 13%. Mean time to progression: 5 months. Median survival time was 12 months in the 69 @entity0 who underwent chemoradiotherapy alone, and 26 months in @entity0 who underwent radical surgery. Univariate analysis showed a hemoglobin value of > 13 g/dl to be a prognostic factor for better survival, along with performance status according to the ECOG classification, weight loss < 10%, @entity1 stage, @entity1 length, and complete response to chemoradiotherapy. Multivariate analysis showed that only hemoglobin concentration was an independent prognostic factor: for each unit increase in hemoglobin level, the risk of @entity2 from @entity3 decreased by 5%. In the subgroup of @entity0 who did not undergo surgery, hemoglobin concentration was also an independent prognostic factor along with complete clinical response. CONCLUSIONS: As found for other @entity1 , hemoglobin level was a determining factor in the prognosis for treatment outcome in @entity0 with @entity3 . Our findings require confirmation in randomized studies and further documentation of the probable benefits of correcting hemoglobin levels.

title: Influence of hemoglobin levels on survival after radical treatment of XXXX with radiotherapy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: As many options are now available to treat @entity0 with de novo @entity3 , the Italian Society of Hematology and two affiliated societies (SIES and GITMO) commissioned project to an Expert Panel aimed at developing clinical practice guidelines for @entity3 treatment. After systematic comprehensive literature review, the Expert Panel formulated recommendations for the management of primary @entity3 (with the exception of @entity2 ) and graded them according to the supporting evidence. When evidence was lacking, consensus-based statements have been added. First-line therapy for all newly diagnosed @entity0 eligible for intensive treatment should include one cycle of induction with standard dose @entity1 and an @entity4 . After achieving complete remission, @entity0 aged less than 60 years should receive consolidation therapy including high-dose @entity1 . Myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation from an HLA-compatible sibling should be performed in first complete remission: 1) in @entity0 with intermediate-high risk cytogenetics or who achieved first complete remission after the second course of therapy; 2) in adults less than 40 years with an intermediate-risk; in those aged less than 55 years with either high-risk cytogenetics or who achieved first complete remission after the second course of therapy. Stem cell transplantation from an unrelated donor is recommended to be performed in first complete remission in adults 30 years old or younger, and in @entity0 with very high-risk disease lacking a sibling donor. Alternative donor stem cell transplantation is an option in high-risk @entity0 without a matched donor who urgently need transplantation. @entity0 aged less than 60 years, who either are not candidate for allogeneic stem cell transplantation or lack a donor, are candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation. We describe the results of a systematic literature review and an explicit approach to consensus techniques, which resulted in recommendations for the management of primary non-APL @entity3 .

title: Clinical management of primary XXXX : Practice Guidelines by the Italian Society of Hematology, the Italian Society of Experimental Hematology, and the Italian Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: There is a scarcity of empirical evidence on effective treatments of swallowing dysfunction in young @entity0 who do not suck or swallow. There is no literature testing the effects of shaping a reflex or specifically shaping a swallow reflex. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate and isolate the specific regional mechanical functions of the tongue during swallowing. This study included 45 @entity0 who did not swallow because of @entity1 and @entity2 before and after corrective surgery and had histories of unsuccessful traditional feeding therapies. Evaluation included clinical gastroenterologic, nutritional, and neurologic examination, routine laboratory tests, and radiologic swallowing studies. A ten-year study analyzed the behavioral science procedures shaping both a swallow reflex and lingual surface geometry. Treatment variables were (1) a tactile stimulus to the posterior tongue and (2) sequential tactile stimuli to varied locations on the lingual surface. There were significant differences in lingual responses for all @entity0 who were transferred from artificial feedings to independent prototypical swallowing capability and acquired oral consumption of recommended daily hydration and nutrition in 5-7 days of treatment. The initial tactile stimulus and six-level sequential stimuli resulted in six sequential lingual responses within each wavelike swallow reflex. Results of stimuli shaping varied lingual responses across 45 @entity0 with severe multiple medical and anatomical deficits in swallowing, suggest that the etiology was not relevant in this population. These behavioral science approaches are novel treatment for pediatric @entity3 .

title: Effect of tactile stimulation on lingual motor function in pediatric XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to study in vivo biological effects of natalizumab on immune cell phenotype and function in @entity1 ( @entity1 ) @entity0 . METHODS: Blood was obtained before and after serial monthly natalizumab infusions to track functional expression of VLA-4 and migratory capacity of immune cells. The impact of infusion on activation thresholds of immune cells was evaluated. RESULTS: Preinfusion VLA-4 expression differed across immune cell subsets. Natalizumab significantly, albeit partially, diminished VLA-4 expression on circulating immune cells. Cell subsets were differentially affected. Treatment significantly decreased migratory capacity of immune cells, correlating well with changes in VLA-4 expression. Effects of a single dose were not saturating and did not persist through the monthly dose interval. Infusion effect varied across @entity0 but was remarkably stable in individual @entity0 , over multiple infusions. Treatment significantly modulated proliferative responses of immune cells. INTERPRETATION: To our knowledge, we provide first proof of concept that natalizumab diminishes migratory capacity of immune cells. Our prospective study further shows that effects of therapy likely (1) differ for distinct immune cell subsets, (2) are not sustained over current dose interval, (3) have unique profiles in individual @entity0 , and (4) include modulation of activation threshold of immune cells. Monitoring these parameters could be relevant to ongoing safety and efficacy considerations.

title: Natalizumab effects on immune cell responses in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Malnutrition modifies resistance to @entity2 by impairing a number of physiological processes including hematopoesis and the immune response. In this study, we examined the production of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity5 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and also evaluated the cellularity of the blood, bone marrow, and spleen in a @entity0 model of @entity6 . Two-month-old male Swiss @entity0 were subjected to @entity6 ( @entity6 ) with a low-protein diet (4%) as compared to the control diet (20%). When the experimental group lost approximately 20% of their original body weight, the animals from both groups received 1.25 microg of LPS intravenously. The cells in the blood, bone marrow, and spleen were counted, and circulating levels of @entity1 and @entity5 were evaluated in animals stimulated with LPS. Cells from the spleen, bone marrow, and peritoneal cavity of non-inoculated animals were collected for culture to evaluate the production of @entity1 and @entity5 after stimulating these cells with 1.25 microg of LPS in vitro. Malnourished animals presented @entity4 and a severe reduction in bone marrow, spleen, and peritoneal cavity cellularity before and after stimulus with LPS. The circulating levels of @entity5 were increased in malnourished animals inoculated with LPS when compared to control animals, although the levels of @entity1 did not differ. In cells cultured with LPS, we observed high levels of @entity5 in the bone marrow cells of malnourished animals. These findings suggest that malnourished @entity0 present a deficient immune response to LPS. These alterations may be partly responsible for the @entity3 observed in these malnourished @entity0 .

title: @entity6 modifies the production of XXXX in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a @entity0 model.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Malnutrition modifies resistance to @entity2 by impairing a number of physiological processes including hematopoesis and the immune response. In this study, we examined the production of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity5 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and also evaluated the cellularity of the blood, bone marrow, and spleen in a @entity0 model of @entity6 . Two-month-old male Swiss @entity0 were subjected to @entity6 ( @entity6 ) with a low-protein diet (4%) as compared to the control diet (20%). When the experimental group lost approximately 20% of their original body weight, the animals from both groups received 1.25 microg of LPS intravenously. The cells in the blood, bone marrow, and spleen were counted, and circulating levels of @entity1 and @entity5 were evaluated in animals stimulated with LPS. Cells from the spleen, bone marrow, and peritoneal cavity of non-inoculated animals were collected for culture to evaluate the production of @entity1 and @entity5 after stimulating these cells with 1.25 microg of LPS in vitro. Malnourished animals presented @entity4 and a severe reduction in bone marrow, spleen, and peritoneal cavity cellularity before and after stimulus with LPS. The circulating levels of @entity5 were increased in malnourished animals inoculated with LPS when compared to control animals, although the levels of @entity1 did not differ. In cells cultured with LPS, we observed high levels of @entity5 in the bone marrow cells of malnourished animals. These findings suggest that malnourished @entity0 present a deficient immune response to LPS. These alterations may be partly responsible for the @entity3 observed in these malnourished @entity0 .

title: XXXX modifies the production of @entity5 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a @entity0 model.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Malnutrition modifies resistance to @entity2 by impairing a number of physiological processes including hematopoesis and the immune response. In this study, we examined the production of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity5 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and also evaluated the cellularity of the blood, bone marrow, and spleen in a @entity0 model of @entity6 . Two-month-old male Swiss @entity0 were subjected to @entity6 ( @entity6 ) with a low-protein diet (4%) as compared to the control diet (20%). When the experimental group lost approximately 20% of their original body weight, the animals from both groups received 1.25 microg of LPS intravenously. The cells in the blood, bone marrow, and spleen were counted, and circulating levels of @entity1 and @entity5 were evaluated in animals stimulated with LPS. Cells from the spleen, bone marrow, and peritoneal cavity of non-inoculated animals were collected for culture to evaluate the production of @entity1 and @entity5 after stimulating these cells with 1.25 microg of LPS in vitro. Malnourished animals presented @entity4 and a severe reduction in bone marrow, spleen, and peritoneal cavity cellularity before and after stimulus with LPS. The circulating levels of @entity5 were increased in malnourished animals inoculated with LPS when compared to control animals, although the levels of @entity1 did not differ. In cells cultured with LPS, we observed high levels of @entity5 in the bone marrow cells of malnourished animals. These findings suggest that malnourished @entity0 present a deficient immune response to LPS. These alterations may be partly responsible for the @entity3 observed in these malnourished @entity0 .

title: @entity6 modifies the production of @entity5 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a XXXX model.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The role of thermoregulatory background in the baroreceptor reflex control of the tail circulation was investigated 1) in anesthetized @entity0 with a constant flow technique and 2) in conscious @entity0 by measuring tail blood flow ( @entity2 plethysmography). In series I, during normothermia, systemic intravenous @entity4 infusion increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 61.0 +/- 3.6 mmHg and induced a reflex decrease in tail perfusion pressure ( @entity5 ) from 105.0 +/- 6.3 to 84.2 +/- 4.4 mmHg (P less than 0.005). @entity1 decreased @entity5 to 66.5 +/- 5.1 mmHg (P less than 0.001) and abolished the @entity5 response to increased MAP (P greater than 0.05). Increases in MAP via systemic infusion of whole blood caused reductions in @entity5 during normothermia but failed to reduce @entity5 further during @entity1 . Graded decreases in MAP during both normothermia and @entity1 caused tail vasoconstriction. The increase in @entity5 was greater (P less than 0.025) during @entity1 . In series II, conscious animals showed similar responses to @entity3 . Graded decreases in MAP produced graded decreases in tail vascular conductance (TVC, ml.100 ml-1.min-1.100 mmHg-1). The slope of the TVC-MAP relationship averaged 0.011 +/- 0.003 TVC U/mmHg during normothermia and was markedly steeper (P less than 0.01) during @entity1 (1.99 +/- 0.39 TVC U/mmHg). Thus the participation of the cutaneous vasculature of the @entity0 in baroreceptor reflexes depends on thermal status, probably through the level of background sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity.

title: Baroreflex control of the @entity0 tail circulation in normothermia and XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The role of thermoregulatory background in the baroreceptor reflex control of the tail circulation was investigated 1) in anesthetized @entity0 with a constant flow technique and 2) in conscious @entity0 by measuring tail blood flow ( @entity2 plethysmography). In series I, during normothermia, systemic intravenous @entity4 infusion increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 61.0 +/- 3.6 mmHg and induced a reflex decrease in tail perfusion pressure ( @entity5 ) from 105.0 +/- 6.3 to 84.2 +/- 4.4 mmHg (P less than 0.005). @entity1 decreased @entity5 to 66.5 +/- 5.1 mmHg (P less than 0.001) and abolished the @entity5 response to increased MAP (P greater than 0.05). Increases in MAP via systemic infusion of whole blood caused reductions in @entity5 during normothermia but failed to reduce @entity5 further during @entity1 . Graded decreases in MAP during both normothermia and @entity1 caused tail vasoconstriction. The increase in @entity5 was greater (P less than 0.025) during @entity1 . In series II, conscious animals showed similar responses to @entity3 . Graded decreases in MAP produced graded decreases in tail vascular conductance (TVC, ml.100 ml-1.min-1.100 mmHg-1). The slope of the TVC-MAP relationship averaged 0.011 +/- 0.003 TVC U/mmHg during normothermia and was markedly steeper (P less than 0.01) during @entity1 (1.99 +/- 0.39 TVC U/mmHg). Thus the participation of the cutaneous vasculature of the @entity0 in baroreceptor reflexes depends on thermal status, probably through the level of background sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity.

title: Baroreflex control of the XXXX tail circulation in normothermia and @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: AIM: This study examines the usability and effectiveness of virtual reality in reducing @entity3 in wound-care procedures for pediatric burn @entity0 in Taiwan. BACKGROUND: Virtual reality has continuously gained prominence in the medical arena, for instance, the telepresence for surgery, the management of @entity1 and @entity3 control of the paediatric burn. Notwithstanding an increased application of virtual reality in the medical arena in North America, there have been no studies investigating its use for paediatric burn @entity0 in Asia. METHODS: This descriptive study has two phases: Phase I: the development of a virtual reality prototype. Phase II: the implementation of the prototype to discern its usability and efficacy with paediatric burn @entity0 at a local hospital. RESULTS: The findings suggest that a significant difference is found in the @entity0 's reported @entity3 , with or without the virtual reality intervention, over the three phases: before, during and after the dressing change. However, less @entity3 was noted in the intervention group during and after the dressing change. CONCLUSION: Adding to the existing clinical value of virtual reality identifies the nature of and different @entity0 's responses to @entity3 with the use of virtual reality. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study is significant since it demonstrates a difference in the @entity0 's response to @entity3 based on the nature of presence and distraction. Moreover, given the evidence that a decrease in @entity2 was experienced after the dressing change with virtual reality intervention, timing of using the virtual reality intervention before the @entity0 develops conditioning @entity2 and anticipated @entity3 for the procedure would be of importance.

title: Application of a virtual reality prototype for XXXX relief of pediatric burn in Taiwan.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical safety of intravenous @entity5 -based contrast media used in @entity0 who underwent MRI at a single institution. Acute adverse reactions to intravenous @entity5 -based contrast media used for MRI at the Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, @entity6 , from January 1999 to November 2004 were recorded in an incidence log book. The medical records of @entity0 ' demographics were retrospectively reviewed and the nature, frequency and severity of the adverse reactions were investigated and documented. The incidence of acute adverse reactions to intravenous @entity5 -based contrast media was 0.48% (45 @entity0 with 46 adverse reactions). The severity of these adverse reactions were 96% mild, 2% moderate (one @entity0 developed @entity4 that required @entity1 supplementation and intravenous steroidal management) and 2% severe (one @entity0 developed an anaphylactoid reaction, but successfully recovered through timely resuscitation). No @entity0 were recorded as having contrast extravasation and none died as a result of any adverse reaction. Among the 45 @entity0 who developed adverse reactions, three @entity0 (6.7%) had prior adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media, three (6.7%) had prior reactions to a different @entity5 -based contrast agent, one (2%) had @entity3 and nine (20%) had a history of @entity2 . Overall, 41% of the adverse reactions were not documented in the final MRI report or the clinical medical records. @entity5 -based contrast media are safe and well tolerated by the vast majority of @entity0 . In our study, the adverse reaction rate (0.48%) and the incidence of severe anaphylactoid reaction (0.01%) concur with those reported in the literature. Although most of the symptoms are mild and transient, these adverse reactions must be accurately documented and managed.

title: Acute adverse reactions to magnetic resonance contrast media-- XXXX chelates.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The prevention of arterial @entity2 has a high priority in developed countries. An inappropriate diet is known to enhance the risk for acute @entity2 events and a regular diet with proven antithrombotic effects might be a beneficial way to prevent disease. The present study was undertaken as a part of a series of investigations to examine vegetables and fruits for antithrombotic activity. A shear-induced in vitro platelet reactivity/thrombolysis method [Global @entity2 Test, formerly Gorog @entity2 Test] was used to screen 15 different varieties of carrot for antiplatelet and thrombolytic activities. Effective varieties were further investigated using an in vivo, laser-induced @entity2 model in @entity0 . The different @entity6 varieties demonstrated a variable effect on @entity2 in vitro and in vivo. In particular, a variety designated SAKATA-0421 exerted an antithrombotic effect in vivo independent from heat treatment of the filtrate at 100 degrees C for 10 min. There was no significant correlation between antithrombotic activity and the levels of polyphenolics and any other biochemical parameter, including antioxidant activity, @entity5 and @entity4 , @entity3 and @entity1 . Different varieties of @entity6 demonstrated a range of antithrombotic and prothrombotic activities. After oral intake, the particular heat resistant variety (SAKATA-0421) showed antithrombotic effect in vivo possibly due to antiplatelet reactivity and/or spontaneous thrombolytic activity. The present study added a new variety to the list of antithrombotic fruits and vegetables.

title: The antithrombotic effects of XXXX filtrates in rats and @entity0 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: The prevention of arterial @entity2 has a high priority in developed countries. An inappropriate diet is known to enhance the risk for acute @entity2 events and a regular diet with proven antithrombotic effects might be a beneficial way to prevent disease. The present study was undertaken as a part of a series of investigations to examine vegetables and fruits for antithrombotic activity. A shear-induced in vitro platelet reactivity/thrombolysis method [Global @entity2 Test, formerly Gorog @entity2 Test] was used to screen 15 different varieties of carrot for antiplatelet and thrombolytic activities. Effective varieties were further investigated using an in vivo, laser-induced @entity2 model in @entity0 . The different @entity6 varieties demonstrated a variable effect on @entity2 in vitro and in vivo. In particular, a variety designated SAKATA-0421 exerted an antithrombotic effect in vivo independent from heat treatment of the filtrate at 100 degrees C for 10 min. There was no significant correlation between antithrombotic activity and the levels of polyphenolics and any other biochemical parameter, including antioxidant activity, @entity5 and @entity4 , @entity3 and @entity1 . Different varieties of @entity6 demonstrated a range of antithrombotic and prothrombotic activities. After oral intake, the particular heat resistant variety (SAKATA-0421) showed antithrombotic effect in vivo possibly due to antiplatelet reactivity and/or spontaneous thrombolytic activity. The present study added a new variety to the list of antithrombotic fruits and vegetables.

title: The antithrombotic effects of @entity6 filtrates in rats and XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Prospective and randomized experimental study with anterior lumbar interbody fusion in a porcine model. OBJECTIVE: To assess the early time-course of spinal fusion with @entity1 bone protein extract (COLLOSS E), recombinant @entity0 @entity3 (rhBMP-2), and autograft using quantitative methods of positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Different growth and differentiation factors are currently being used for inducing bone formation in spinal fusion. However, the mechanisms and time-course of bone formation using these graft substitutes remain less known. METHODS: Eighteen female Danish landrace @entity2 underwent a 3-level anterior lumbar interbody fusion procedure from L3-L6. A PEEK cage, packed with COLLOSS E, rhBMP-2, or autograft, was randomly placed. Each group of 6 @entity2 was observed for 2, 4, or 8 weeks, respectively. F PET/computed tomography and MRI examinations were performed, and data were correlated with histomorphometry. PET data were analyzed using a Gjedde-Patlak plot. K-values from the plot correspond to the metabolic rate. T2-values were calculated by T2 mapping. RESULTS: rhBMP-2 presented the highest bone formation on histologic sections at 25.6% at 4 weeks after surgery. Eight weeks after surgery, autograft had the highest bone formation with 37.3%, which was significantly higher than rhBMP-2 at 30.5% (P < 0.05), and higher than COLLOSS E at 27.0% (P = 0.06). COLLOSS E and rhBMP-2 had significantly higher K-values than autograft (P < 0.05) at 2 weeks after surgery. There were no differences in K-values between COLLOSS E and autograft at 4 and 8 weeks. However, rhBMP-2 was significantly higher at 4 weeks and lower at 8 weeks than these 2 (P < 0.05). Linear correlation, R = 0.8275, was observed for intertrabecular volume/total volume and T2-values. CONCLUSION: PET and MRI are valid tools for monitoring the process of interbody fusion in vivo. Osteogenic mechanisms using COLLOSS E resembles that of autograft by the process of endochondral ossification. rhBMP-2 deposits osteoid directly on the collagen network.

title: ISSLS prize winner: positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring interbody fusion with XXXX bone protein extract, recombinant @entity0 @entity3 , and autograft.

answer: @entity1


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Prospective and randomized experimental study with anterior lumbar interbody fusion in a porcine model. OBJECTIVE: To assess the early time-course of spinal fusion with @entity1 bone protein extract (COLLOSS E), recombinant @entity0 @entity3 (rhBMP-2), and autograft using quantitative methods of positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Different growth and differentiation factors are currently being used for inducing bone formation in spinal fusion. However, the mechanisms and time-course of bone formation using these graft substitutes remain less known. METHODS: Eighteen female Danish landrace @entity2 underwent a 3-level anterior lumbar interbody fusion procedure from L3-L6. A PEEK cage, packed with COLLOSS E, rhBMP-2, or autograft, was randomly placed. Each group of 6 @entity2 was observed for 2, 4, or 8 weeks, respectively. F PET/computed tomography and MRI examinations were performed, and data were correlated with histomorphometry. PET data were analyzed using a Gjedde-Patlak plot. K-values from the plot correspond to the metabolic rate. T2-values were calculated by T2 mapping. RESULTS: rhBMP-2 presented the highest bone formation on histologic sections at 25.6% at 4 weeks after surgery. Eight weeks after surgery, autograft had the highest bone formation with 37.3%, which was significantly higher than rhBMP-2 at 30.5% (P < 0.05), and higher than COLLOSS E at 27.0% (P = 0.06). COLLOSS E and rhBMP-2 had significantly higher K-values than autograft (P < 0.05) at 2 weeks after surgery. There were no differences in K-values between COLLOSS E and autograft at 4 and 8 weeks. However, rhBMP-2 was significantly higher at 4 weeks and lower at 8 weeks than these 2 (P < 0.05). Linear correlation, R = 0.8275, was observed for intertrabecular volume/total volume and T2-values. CONCLUSION: PET and MRI are valid tools for monitoring the process of interbody fusion in vivo. Osteogenic mechanisms using COLLOSS E resembles that of autograft by the process of endochondral ossification. rhBMP-2 deposits osteoid directly on the collagen network.

title: ISSLS prize winner: positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring interbody fusion with @entity1 bone protein extract, recombinant @entity0 XXXX , and autograft.

answer: @entity3


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Prospective and randomized experimental study with anterior lumbar interbody fusion in a porcine model. OBJECTIVE: To assess the early time-course of spinal fusion with @entity1 bone protein extract (COLLOSS E), recombinant @entity0 @entity3 (rhBMP-2), and autograft using quantitative methods of positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Different growth and differentiation factors are currently being used for inducing bone formation in spinal fusion. However, the mechanisms and time-course of bone formation using these graft substitutes remain less known. METHODS: Eighteen female Danish landrace @entity2 underwent a 3-level anterior lumbar interbody fusion procedure from L3-L6. A PEEK cage, packed with COLLOSS E, rhBMP-2, or autograft, was randomly placed. Each group of 6 @entity2 was observed for 2, 4, or 8 weeks, respectively. F PET/computed tomography and MRI examinations were performed, and data were correlated with histomorphometry. PET data were analyzed using a Gjedde-Patlak plot. K-values from the plot correspond to the metabolic rate. T2-values were calculated by T2 mapping. RESULTS: rhBMP-2 presented the highest bone formation on histologic sections at 25.6% at 4 weeks after surgery. Eight weeks after surgery, autograft had the highest bone formation with 37.3%, which was significantly higher than rhBMP-2 at 30.5% (P < 0.05), and higher than COLLOSS E at 27.0% (P = 0.06). COLLOSS E and rhBMP-2 had significantly higher K-values than autograft (P < 0.05) at 2 weeks after surgery. There were no differences in K-values between COLLOSS E and autograft at 4 and 8 weeks. However, rhBMP-2 was significantly higher at 4 weeks and lower at 8 weeks than these 2 (P < 0.05). Linear correlation, R = 0.8275, was observed for intertrabecular volume/total volume and T2-values. CONCLUSION: PET and MRI are valid tools for monitoring the process of interbody fusion in vivo. Osteogenic mechanisms using COLLOSS E resembles that of autograft by the process of endochondral ossification. rhBMP-2 deposits osteoid directly on the collagen network.

title: ISSLS prize winner: positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring interbody fusion with @entity1 bone protein extract, recombinant XXXX @entity3 , and autograft.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the intraperitoneal instillation of 5% @entity3 in water (D5W) during radiofrequency ablation of peripheral @entity1 for decreasing postradiofrequency @entity2 and narcotic use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study compared the hospital course of the last 20 @entity0 to undergo radiofrequency ablation of peripheral @entity1 at our institution. Ten consecutive subjects in the D5W group (seven @entity0 and three @entity0 ; age range, 37-78 years; mean, 58 years) were pretreated with intraperitoneal D5W (average, 963 +/- 436 [SD] mL) before the ablation. This group was compared with a control group of 10 @entity0 (five @entity0 and five @entity0 ; age range, 36-73 years; mean, 54 years) who did not receive intraperitoneal D5W. The size of the ablation zone, degree of liver capsule involvement, number of burns, @entity0 -reported @entity2 , @entity0 -controlled analgesia use, and length of hospital stay were recorded and compared between the groups. RESULTS: The @entity0 in the D5W group reported significantly less @entity2 in the first 24 hr after the procedure than did the controls (2.3 vs 6.3, p = 0.003) despite a significant decrease in @entity0 -controlled analgesia use (17.3 vs 125.1 mg of @entity4 , p = 0.003). The differences in @entity2 and @entity0 -controlled analgesia use were greatest in the first 16 hr and decreased over time in both groups. The total volume of ablation (61.9 vs 45.2 cm(3), p = 0.44), liver surface involvement (6.2 vs 6.0 cm, p = 0.73), and number of burns (1.8 vs 1.1, p = 0.14) were slightly higher in the D5W group than in the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with intraperitoneal D5W before radiofrequency ablation of peripheral @entity1 decreased @entity2 , narcotic use, and length of hospital stay. The effect of pretreatment with D5W is greatest in the first 16 hr after the procedure.

title: Radiofrequency ablation of peripheral @entity1 : intraperitoneal 5% @entity3 in water decreases postprocedural XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the intraperitoneal instillation of 5% @entity3 in water (D5W) during radiofrequency ablation of peripheral @entity1 for decreasing postradiofrequency @entity2 and narcotic use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study compared the hospital course of the last 20 @entity0 to undergo radiofrequency ablation of peripheral @entity1 at our institution. Ten consecutive subjects in the D5W group (seven @entity0 and three @entity0 ; age range, 37-78 years; mean, 58 years) were pretreated with intraperitoneal D5W (average, 963 +/- 436 [SD] mL) before the ablation. This group was compared with a control group of 10 @entity0 (five @entity0 and five @entity0 ; age range, 36-73 years; mean, 54 years) who did not receive intraperitoneal D5W. The size of the ablation zone, degree of liver capsule involvement, number of burns, @entity0 -reported @entity2 , @entity0 -controlled analgesia use, and length of hospital stay were recorded and compared between the groups. RESULTS: The @entity0 in the D5W group reported significantly less @entity2 in the first 24 hr after the procedure than did the controls (2.3 vs 6.3, p = 0.003) despite a significant decrease in @entity0 -controlled analgesia use (17.3 vs 125.1 mg of @entity4 , p = 0.003). The differences in @entity2 and @entity0 -controlled analgesia use were greatest in the first 16 hr and decreased over time in both groups. The total volume of ablation (61.9 vs 45.2 cm(3), p = 0.44), liver surface involvement (6.2 vs 6.0 cm, p = 0.73), and number of burns (1.8 vs 1.1, p = 0.14) were slightly higher in the D5W group than in the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with intraperitoneal D5W before radiofrequency ablation of peripheral @entity1 decreased @entity2 , narcotic use, and length of hospital stay. The effect of pretreatment with D5W is greatest in the first 16 hr after the procedure.

title: Radiofrequency ablation of peripheral XXXX : intraperitoneal 5% @entity3 in water decreases postprocedural @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the intraperitoneal instillation of 5% @entity3 in water (D5W) during radiofrequency ablation of peripheral @entity1 for decreasing postradiofrequency @entity2 and narcotic use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study compared the hospital course of the last 20 @entity0 to undergo radiofrequency ablation of peripheral @entity1 at our institution. Ten consecutive subjects in the D5W group (seven @entity0 and three @entity0 ; age range, 37-78 years; mean, 58 years) were pretreated with intraperitoneal D5W (average, 963 +/- 436 [SD] mL) before the ablation. This group was compared with a control group of 10 @entity0 (five @entity0 and five @entity0 ; age range, 36-73 years; mean, 54 years) who did not receive intraperitoneal D5W. The size of the ablation zone, degree of liver capsule involvement, number of burns, @entity0 -reported @entity2 , @entity0 -controlled analgesia use, and length of hospital stay were recorded and compared between the groups. RESULTS: The @entity0 in the D5W group reported significantly less @entity2 in the first 24 hr after the procedure than did the controls (2.3 vs 6.3, p = 0.003) despite a significant decrease in @entity0 -controlled analgesia use (17.3 vs 125.1 mg of @entity4 , p = 0.003). The differences in @entity2 and @entity0 -controlled analgesia use were greatest in the first 16 hr and decreased over time in both groups. The total volume of ablation (61.9 vs 45.2 cm(3), p = 0.44), liver surface involvement (6.2 vs 6.0 cm, p = 0.73), and number of burns (1.8 vs 1.1, p = 0.14) were slightly higher in the D5W group than in the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with intraperitoneal D5W before radiofrequency ablation of peripheral @entity1 decreased @entity2 , narcotic use, and length of hospital stay. The effect of pretreatment with D5W is greatest in the first 16 hr after the procedure.

title: Radiofrequency ablation of peripheral @entity1 : intraperitoneal 5% XXXX in water decreases postprocedural @entity2 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of two injection rates of contrast material (3 mL/sec and 5 mL/sec) in hepatic arterial dominant phase MDCT for the detection of small (< 2 cm) @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The injection rates 3 mL/sec and 5 mL/sec were used prospectively in imaging examinations of @entity0 with the suspected diagnosis of @entity1 . Each group consisted of 30 @entity0 by chance. The group that received injections at 3 mL/sec had 35 @entity1 lesions, and the 5 mL/sec group had 41 lesions. In all @entity0 the dose and concentration of contrast material were 100 mL and 350 mg/mL @entity2 (total dose of @entity2 , 35 g). In each @entity0 a mini-test-bolus technique was used with an additional 15 mL of contrast material to determine optimal scan delay after administration of contrast material. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to assess diagnostic performance with the two injection rates of contrast material. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in regard to area under the curve and sensitivity. These values for the 3 mL/sec group were 0.97 and 28/35 (80%) and for the 5 mL/sec group were 0.96 and 36/41 (88%). However, the specificity and positive predictive values at 3 mL/sec (236/250 [95%] and 28/42 [67%]) were significantly higher than those at 5 mL/sec (227/265 [86%] and 36/73 [49%]) (p < 0.05). These results suggest there were more false-positive findings of contrast-enhanced lesions in cirrhotic livers on hepatic arterial dominant phase images obtained after injection of contrast material at 5 mL/sec than on images obtained after injection at 3 mL/sec. CONCLUSION: In the detection of @entity1 in cirrhotic liver, the risk of false-positive findings of lesions on hepatic arterial dominant phase images is significantly greater with the higher injection rate (5 mL/sec) than with the medium rate (3 mL/sec).

title: Effect of injection rate of contrast material on XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to assess whether cerebral microbleeds are related to early hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic therapy for hyperacute @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cases of 279 @entity0 with suspected @entity1 who underwent MRI including T2*-weighted images were retrospectively evaluated. The inclusion criteria were as follows: imaging performed within 6 hr after symptom onset, presence of territorial infarct of anterior circulation, no history of @entity3 , thrombolytic treatment, and available follow-up MR images. Microbleeds were classified according to number as follows: absent (grade 1, 0 @entity2 ), mild (grade 2, 1-2 @entity2 ), moderate (grade 3, 3-10 @entity2 ), and severe (grade 4, > 10 @entity2 ). The prevalence and severity of early hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolysis were assessed on follow-up images. RESULTS: Among 279 @entity0 , 65 @entity0 (37 @entity0 , 28 @entity0 ; mean age, 67 years) met the inclusion criteria. Microbleeds were found in 25 @entity0 . Early hemorrhagic transformation occurred in nine of 40 @entity0 without microbleeds (grade 1) and in eight of 25 @entity0 with microbleeds: two of 12 @entity0 with grade 2, three of eight @entity0 with grade 3, and three of five @entity0 with grade 4 microbleeds. The presence of symptomatic @entity2 did not correlate with the number of microbleeds. Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of microbleeds was not associated with hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic treatment. CONCLUSION: Small and large numbers of microbleeds are not independent risk factors for early hemorrhagic transformation and symptomatic @entity2 after thrombolytic therapy for hyperacute @entity1 . Additional studies with large groups of subjects are needed to confirm our conclusion.

title: Multiple cerebral microbleeds in hyperacute XXXX : impact on prevalence and severity of early hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic treatment.

answer: @entity1


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study. OBJECTIVE: Estimate prevalence of inadequate dietary intakes in community-dwelling @entity0 and @entity0 with chronic @entity8 ( @entity8 ). SETTING: Ontario, Canada. METHODS: In-home interviewer administered multiple-pass 24-h recalls were collected at baseline (n=77) and at 6 months (n=68). Dietary intake (adjusted to remove intra-individual variation) was compared with the dietary reference intakes (DRIs), specifically the estimated average requirement, adequate intake (AI) and acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR). RESULTS: Macronutrient intakes, as percentages of daily energy, for @entity0 (16% protein, 52% @entity9 , 30% fat) and @entity0 (17% protein, 53% @entity9 , 28% fat) were within the AMDR. Despite this, inadequate intakes for @entity0 (n=63) and @entity0 (n=14) were determined for @entity5 (92 and 57%), @entity10 (89 and 71%), @entity7 (75 and 79%), @entity1 (71 and 29%), @entity4 (52 and 14%), @entity14 (22 and 14%), @entity11 (6 and 29%), @entity13 (5% @entity0 ) and @entity12 (24% @entity0 ). Mean usual intakes of fiber, @entity3 , @entity2 and @entity6 fell below the AI for @entity0 and @entity0 . In all, 53% of @entity0 consumed a micronutrient supplement in the previous 24 h at baseline and at 6 months-specifically, @entity2 (29, 19%), multivitamin (26, 25%), @entity3 (22, 12%) and @entity4 (9, 6%). CONCLUSION: Our results show numerous nutrient inadequacies, relative to the DRIs, for @entity0 and @entity0 with @entity8 . This study has important implications for clinical dietetic practice in the @entity8 population.

title: Evidence of dietary inadequacy in adults with chronic XXXX .

answer: @entity8


abstract: @entity0 undergoing @entity1 often experience @entity4 during induction of general anesthesia (GA). Therefore, we studied the incidence and possible risk factors for @entity4 during GA induction. Fifty-two consecutive @entity0 undergoing @entity1 at our institution were included. @entity3 after GA induction was defined as @entity2 refractory to vasopressor, inotrope, or fluid administration, requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation followed by urgent institution of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Demographic variables, comorbidities, specific location of thromboemboli, preoperative inotropic support, and anesthetic drugs used for GA induction were evaluated as possible risk factors. After GA induction, @entity3 occurred in 19% of @entity0 (n = 10). However, the occurrence of hemodynamic instability was not predicted by any of the evaluated risk factors. In addition, the incidence of in-hospital mortality did not differ between hemodynamically stable or unstable @entity0 (10%; 4 of 42 versus 10%; 1 of 10 @entity0 , respectively). In conclusion, @entity4 after GA induction develops frequently during @entity1 . On the basis of our experience from this study and the unpredictable nature of @entity4 , we suggest that @entity0 undergoing @entity1 should be prepared and draped before GA induction, and a cardiac surgical team should immediately be available for emergent institution of cardiopulmonary bypass.

title: Acute @entity3 after induction of general anesthesia for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 undergoing @entity1 often experience @entity4 during induction of general anesthesia (GA). Therefore, we studied the incidence and possible risk factors for @entity4 during GA induction. Fifty-two consecutive @entity0 undergoing @entity1 at our institution were included. @entity3 after GA induction was defined as @entity2 refractory to vasopressor, inotrope, or fluid administration, requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation followed by urgent institution of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Demographic variables, comorbidities, specific location of thromboemboli, preoperative inotropic support, and anesthetic drugs used for GA induction were evaluated as possible risk factors. After GA induction, @entity3 occurred in 19% of @entity0 (n = 10). However, the occurrence of hemodynamic instability was not predicted by any of the evaluated risk factors. In addition, the incidence of in-hospital mortality did not differ between hemodynamically stable or unstable @entity0 (10%; 4 of 42 versus 10%; 1 of 10 @entity0 , respectively). In conclusion, @entity4 after GA induction develops frequently during @entity1 . On the basis of our experience from this study and the unpredictable nature of @entity4 , we suggest that @entity0 undergoing @entity1 should be prepared and draped before GA induction, and a cardiac surgical team should immediately be available for emergent institution of cardiopulmonary bypass.

title: Acute XXXX after induction of general anesthesia for @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The 2003 Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for @entity2 ( @entity2 ) recommend the initiation of antibiotic therapy within 4 h of hospitalization. This quality indicator has been linked to the incentive compensation of third-party payers to hospitals. We evaluated the impact of this recommendation on the diagnosis of @entity2 and the utilization of antibiotics. METHODS: All @entity0 with a hospital admission diagnosis of @entity2 before publication of the guidelines (January to June 2003) and after publication of the guidelines (January-June 2005) were included. We collected data on clinical signs and symptoms on presentation, chest radiograph findings, blood cultures prior to therapy with antibiotics, time to antibiotic administration, @entity1 severity index (PSI) score, confusion, @entity4 , respiratory rate, BP, and age >or= 65 years (CURB-65), and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 518 @entity0 were included in the study. More @entity0 in 2005 had a hospital admission diagnosis of @entity2 without @entity3 compared to 2003 (2005, 91 @entity0 [28.5%]; 2003, 41 @entity0 [20.6%]; p = 0.04), and more patients received antibiotics within 4 h of triage (2005, 210 @entity0 [65.8%]; 2003, 107 @entity0 [53.8%]; p = 0.007). Blood cultures prior to antibiotic administration increased (2005, 220 @entity0 [69.6%]; 2003, 93 @entity0 [46.7%]; p < 0.001). However, the final diagnosis of @entity2 dropped to 58.9% in 2005 from 75.9% in 2003 (p < 0.001). The mean (+/- SD) antibiotic utilization per @entity0 increased to 1.66 +/- 0.54 in 2005 compared to 1.39 +/- 0.58 in 2003 (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in PSI or CURB-65 scores, or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Linking antibiotic administration within 4 h of hospital admission (as a quality indicator) to financial compensation may result in an inaccurate diagnosis of @entity2 , inappropriate utilization of antibiotics, and thus less than optimal care.

title: Misdiagnosis of XXXX and inappropriate utilization of antibiotics: side effects of the 4-h antibiotic administration rule.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: We determined the relative efficacy of subcutaneous (SC) @entity4 in stable World Health Organization class II and III @entity0 transitioned from IV @entity3 . METHODS: This was an 8-week, multicenter, randomized study in which @entity0 were transitioned from IV @entity3 to SC @entity4 or placebo over a period of up to 14 days and monitored carefully during and after the transition period for signs of deterioration. @entity0 with clinical deterioration were returned promptly to @entity3 . Placebo or SC @entity4 doses were titrated in response to symptoms. Time to adjudicated clinical deterioration was compared between treatment groups, and exercise capacity, symptoms of disease, and safety were assessed throughout the study. RESULTS: Twenty-two @entity0 were enrolled and completed the study. Seven of 8 @entity0 (88%) [corrected] withdrawn to placebo had clinical deterioration, while only 1 of 14 @entity0 (7%) [corrected] withdrawn to SC @entity4 had clinical deterioration (p = 0.00023 based on a treatment comparison of time to deterioration). Analyses of exercise capacity and symptoms strongly supported the efficacy of SC @entity4 in @entity3 -treated @entity0 . Adverse events consisted of painful @entity2 and anticipated prostacyclin side effects. CONCLUSIONS: SC @entity4 is effective in @entity1 and prevents clinical deterioration and maintains functional status in @entity0 transitioned from @entity3 .

title: Transition from IV @entity3 to subcutaneous @entity4 in XXXX : a controlled trial.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: We determined the relative efficacy of subcutaneous (SC) @entity4 in stable World Health Organization class II and III @entity0 transitioned from IV @entity3 . METHODS: This was an 8-week, multicenter, randomized study in which @entity0 were transitioned from IV @entity3 to SC @entity4 or placebo over a period of up to 14 days and monitored carefully during and after the transition period for signs of deterioration. @entity0 with clinical deterioration were returned promptly to @entity3 . Placebo or SC @entity4 doses were titrated in response to symptoms. Time to adjudicated clinical deterioration was compared between treatment groups, and exercise capacity, symptoms of disease, and safety were assessed throughout the study. RESULTS: Twenty-two @entity0 were enrolled and completed the study. Seven of 8 @entity0 (88%) [corrected] withdrawn to placebo had clinical deterioration, while only 1 of 14 @entity0 (7%) [corrected] withdrawn to SC @entity4 had clinical deterioration (p = 0.00023 based on a treatment comparison of time to deterioration). Analyses of exercise capacity and symptoms strongly supported the efficacy of SC @entity4 in @entity3 -treated @entity0 . Adverse events consisted of painful @entity2 and anticipated prostacyclin side effects. CONCLUSIONS: SC @entity4 is effective in @entity1 and prevents clinical deterioration and maintains functional status in @entity0 transitioned from @entity3 .

title: Transition from IV XXXX to subcutaneous @entity4 in @entity1 : a controlled trial.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: We determined the relative efficacy of subcutaneous (SC) @entity4 in stable World Health Organization class II and III @entity0 transitioned from IV @entity3 . METHODS: This was an 8-week, multicenter, randomized study in which @entity0 were transitioned from IV @entity3 to SC @entity4 or placebo over a period of up to 14 days and monitored carefully during and after the transition period for signs of deterioration. @entity0 with clinical deterioration were returned promptly to @entity3 . Placebo or SC @entity4 doses were titrated in response to symptoms. Time to adjudicated clinical deterioration was compared between treatment groups, and exercise capacity, symptoms of disease, and safety were assessed throughout the study. RESULTS: Twenty-two @entity0 were enrolled and completed the study. Seven of 8 @entity0 (88%) [corrected] withdrawn to placebo had clinical deterioration, while only 1 of 14 @entity0 (7%) [corrected] withdrawn to SC @entity4 had clinical deterioration (p = 0.00023 based on a treatment comparison of time to deterioration). Analyses of exercise capacity and symptoms strongly supported the efficacy of SC @entity4 in @entity3 -treated @entity0 . Adverse events consisted of painful @entity2 and anticipated prostacyclin side effects. CONCLUSIONS: SC @entity4 is effective in @entity1 and prevents clinical deterioration and maintains functional status in @entity0 transitioned from @entity3 .

title: Transition from IV @entity3 to subcutaneous XXXX in @entity1 : a controlled trial.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) is a commonly performed bronchoscopic procedure. Previous studies have suggested that larger biopsy forceps may improve diagnostic yield; however, the risk of @entity0 associated with larger samples may be increased. The hot forceps are large forceps that are connected to an electrocautery system to minimize @entity0 at the time of biopsy. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the hot forceps for improvement in biopsy size and the number of sampled alveoli. METHODS: TBLBs were performed in 2 @entity1 using one type of the forceps, followed by the other forceps 24 h later. Electrocautery was applied from closure of the forceps to retrieval of the sample. A blinded pathologist measured the size of each sample in its longest dimension and calculated the total alveolar content within the largest cross-section from each biopsy. RESULTS: A total of 74 biopsies were collected using each forceps type. Alveolar tissue was present in 25/74 and 26/74 of the biopsies using the hot and conventional forceps, respectively. There was no difference in the size of biopsies collected (2.10 +/- 1.10 vs. 1.83 +/- 0.94 mm; p = 0.164) or in the amount of alveoli per sample (343.2 +/- 402.4 vs. 439.5 +/- 463.5 alveoli; p = 0.433) for hot and conventional forceps, respectively. There was no artifact related to the use of electrocautery, and @entity0 was minimal using either forceps system. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the electrocautery hot forceps for TBLB did not result in improvement of the size of biopsies or the amount of collected alveolar tissue in healthy @entity1 .

title: Comparison of transbronchial lung biopsy yield between standard forceps and electrocautery hot forceps in XXXX .

answer: @entity1