abstract: The secretory responsiveness of @entity0 fetal pancreatic endocrine cells was studied by perifusion of cultured @entity6 ( @entity6 ). @entity6 were obtained from 7 fetuses at 13-15 weeks gestation and 21 fetuses at 17-22 weeks gestation. The @entity6 were challenged with @entity3 (20 mmol/L), @entity2 (10 mmol/L), glucagon (1.4 mumol/L), and @entity4 (10 mmol/L) combined with zero, low (2 mmol/L), or high (20 mmol/L) @entity3 . At 13-15 weeks, @entity3 and @entity2 enhanced @entity5 release in some experiments, whereas glucagon and @entity4 were always potent stimuli (mean response, 4-fold regardless of the @entity3 concentration). At 17-22 weeks, both @entity3 alone (20 mmol/L) and @entity2 (10 mmol/L, with 2 mmol/L @entity3 ) induced a small (1.4- to 1.5-fold) increase in @entity5 release. When @entity2 was combined with 20 mmol/L @entity3 , the response was potentiated to become a 2.3-fold increase. In contrast, glucagon was equally effective in 2 and 20 mmol/L @entity3 (2.9- and 2.6-fold responses, respectively) and produced a half-maximal response even in the absence of @entity3 . In this age range the most potent stimulus for @entity5 release was clearly @entity4 . The effect of @entity4 was also remarkably independent of the @entity3 concentration of the perifusate (5.6-, 8.1-, and 8.6-fold responses at 0, 2, and 20 mmol/L @entity3 , respectively). Glucagon release from the @entity6 of the 17- to 22-week-old fetuses was low (mean basal glucagon release, 2.9; @entity5 , 24.8 fmol/100 @entity6 /min). Glucagon release was not affected by 20 mmol/L @entity3 , but was stimulated by @entity2 and @entity4 . These findings suggest that in the fetal pancreas, in contrast to the adult organ, @entity5 release results from elevation of intracellular @entity1 concentrations (by glucagon or @entity4 ) relatively independent of the exogenous @entity3 concentration. Therefore, glucagon may have an important role in regulating @entity5 release during the early development of @entity0 fetal B-cells.

title: @entity5 and glucagon secretory responses to @entity2 , glucagon, and XXXX during perifusion of @entity0 fetal @entity6 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The secretory responsiveness of @entity0 fetal pancreatic endocrine cells was studied by perifusion of cultured @entity6 ( @entity6 ). @entity6 were obtained from 7 fetuses at 13-15 weeks gestation and 21 fetuses at 17-22 weeks gestation. The @entity6 were challenged with @entity3 (20 mmol/L), @entity2 (10 mmol/L), glucagon (1.4 mumol/L), and @entity4 (10 mmol/L) combined with zero, low (2 mmol/L), or high (20 mmol/L) @entity3 . At 13-15 weeks, @entity3 and @entity2 enhanced @entity5 release in some experiments, whereas glucagon and @entity4 were always potent stimuli (mean response, 4-fold regardless of the @entity3 concentration). At 17-22 weeks, both @entity3 alone (20 mmol/L) and @entity2 (10 mmol/L, with 2 mmol/L @entity3 ) induced a small (1.4- to 1.5-fold) increase in @entity5 release. When @entity2 was combined with 20 mmol/L @entity3 , the response was potentiated to become a 2.3-fold increase. In contrast, glucagon was equally effective in 2 and 20 mmol/L @entity3 (2.9- and 2.6-fold responses, respectively) and produced a half-maximal response even in the absence of @entity3 . In this age range the most potent stimulus for @entity5 release was clearly @entity4 . The effect of @entity4 was also remarkably independent of the @entity3 concentration of the perifusate (5.6-, 8.1-, and 8.6-fold responses at 0, 2, and 20 mmol/L @entity3 , respectively). Glucagon release from the @entity6 of the 17- to 22-week-old fetuses was low (mean basal glucagon release, 2.9; @entity5 , 24.8 fmol/100 @entity6 /min). Glucagon release was not affected by 20 mmol/L @entity3 , but was stimulated by @entity2 and @entity4 . These findings suggest that in the fetal pancreas, in contrast to the adult organ, @entity5 release results from elevation of intracellular @entity1 concentrations (by glucagon or @entity4 ) relatively independent of the exogenous @entity3 concentration. Therefore, glucagon may have an important role in regulating @entity5 release during the early development of @entity0 fetal B-cells.

title: @entity5 and glucagon secretory responses to XXXX , glucagon, and @entity4 during perifusion of @entity0 fetal @entity6 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The secretory responsiveness of @entity0 fetal pancreatic endocrine cells was studied by perifusion of cultured @entity6 ( @entity6 ). @entity6 were obtained from 7 fetuses at 13-15 weeks gestation and 21 fetuses at 17-22 weeks gestation. The @entity6 were challenged with @entity3 (20 mmol/L), @entity2 (10 mmol/L), glucagon (1.4 mumol/L), and @entity4 (10 mmol/L) combined with zero, low (2 mmol/L), or high (20 mmol/L) @entity3 . At 13-15 weeks, @entity3 and @entity2 enhanced @entity5 release in some experiments, whereas glucagon and @entity4 were always potent stimuli (mean response, 4-fold regardless of the @entity3 concentration). At 17-22 weeks, both @entity3 alone (20 mmol/L) and @entity2 (10 mmol/L, with 2 mmol/L @entity3 ) induced a small (1.4- to 1.5-fold) increase in @entity5 release. When @entity2 was combined with 20 mmol/L @entity3 , the response was potentiated to become a 2.3-fold increase. In contrast, glucagon was equally effective in 2 and 20 mmol/L @entity3 (2.9- and 2.6-fold responses, respectively) and produced a half-maximal response even in the absence of @entity3 . In this age range the most potent stimulus for @entity5 release was clearly @entity4 . The effect of @entity4 was also remarkably independent of the @entity3 concentration of the perifusate (5.6-, 8.1-, and 8.6-fold responses at 0, 2, and 20 mmol/L @entity3 , respectively). Glucagon release from the @entity6 of the 17- to 22-week-old fetuses was low (mean basal glucagon release, 2.9; @entity5 , 24.8 fmol/100 @entity6 /min). Glucagon release was not affected by 20 mmol/L @entity3 , but was stimulated by @entity2 and @entity4 . These findings suggest that in the fetal pancreas, in contrast to the adult organ, @entity5 release results from elevation of intracellular @entity1 concentrations (by glucagon or @entity4 ) relatively independent of the exogenous @entity3 concentration. Therefore, glucagon may have an important role in regulating @entity5 release during the early development of @entity0 fetal B-cells.

title: XXXX and glucagon secretory responses to @entity2 , glucagon, and @entity4 during perifusion of @entity0 fetal @entity6 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The secretory responsiveness of @entity0 fetal pancreatic endocrine cells was studied by perifusion of cultured @entity6 ( @entity6 ). @entity6 were obtained from 7 fetuses at 13-15 weeks gestation and 21 fetuses at 17-22 weeks gestation. The @entity6 were challenged with @entity3 (20 mmol/L), @entity2 (10 mmol/L), glucagon (1.4 mumol/L), and @entity4 (10 mmol/L) combined with zero, low (2 mmol/L), or high (20 mmol/L) @entity3 . At 13-15 weeks, @entity3 and @entity2 enhanced @entity5 release in some experiments, whereas glucagon and @entity4 were always potent stimuli (mean response, 4-fold regardless of the @entity3 concentration). At 17-22 weeks, both @entity3 alone (20 mmol/L) and @entity2 (10 mmol/L, with 2 mmol/L @entity3 ) induced a small (1.4- to 1.5-fold) increase in @entity5 release. When @entity2 was combined with 20 mmol/L @entity3 , the response was potentiated to become a 2.3-fold increase. In contrast, glucagon was equally effective in 2 and 20 mmol/L @entity3 (2.9- and 2.6-fold responses, respectively) and produced a half-maximal response even in the absence of @entity3 . In this age range the most potent stimulus for @entity5 release was clearly @entity4 . The effect of @entity4 was also remarkably independent of the @entity3 concentration of the perifusate (5.6-, 8.1-, and 8.6-fold responses at 0, 2, and 20 mmol/L @entity3 , respectively). Glucagon release from the @entity6 of the 17- to 22-week-old fetuses was low (mean basal glucagon release, 2.9; @entity5 , 24.8 fmol/100 @entity6 /min). Glucagon release was not affected by 20 mmol/L @entity3 , but was stimulated by @entity2 and @entity4 . These findings suggest that in the fetal pancreas, in contrast to the adult organ, @entity5 release results from elevation of intracellular @entity1 concentrations (by glucagon or @entity4 ) relatively independent of the exogenous @entity3 concentration. Therefore, glucagon may have an important role in regulating @entity5 release during the early development of @entity0 fetal B-cells.

title: @entity5 and glucagon secretory responses to @entity2 , glucagon, and @entity4 during perifusion of XXXX fetal @entity6 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: During the preclinical period of @entity0 @entity3 , both impaired pancreatic beta-cell function and increased insulin resistance are found, although normoglycemia is preserved. To better understand the changes in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity that occur in @entity3 , we performed a panel of in vivo beta-cell function tests and measured insulin sensitivity in adolescent male @entity6 both in normal health and after a small dose of @entity4 which did not induce @entity5 . Nine animals were studied before (stage 1) and 1 week after receiving a low dose of @entity4 (stage 2). There was no change in fasting plasma @entity2 or insulin. The mean @entity2 disposal rate (Kg) remained within the normal range, but dropped from 2.0 +/- 0.2% +/- SE) to 1.2 +/- 0.1%/min (P less than 0.01), the acute insulin response to @entity1 (AIR(arg)) fell from 67.7 +/- 19.4 microU/mL (485.8 +/- 139.2 pmol/L) to 32.8 +/- 7.2 microU/mL (235.3 +/- 51.7 pmol/L; P less than 0.05), and the acute insulin response to @entity2 (AIR(gluc)) fell from 881 +/- 243 microU/mL.10 min (6321 +/- 1744 pmol/L.10 min) to 334 +/- 82 microU/mL.10 min (2396 +/- 588 pmol/L.10 min; P less than 0.01). The most dramatic change, however, was in the ability of @entity5 to potentiate AIR(arg) (expressed as the slope of potentiation). This was reduced by 94% from 1.8 +/- 0.5 to 0.1 +/- 0.1 (P less than 0.01), with almost no overlap in values between stages 1 and 2. Insulin sensitivity was also lower 1 week after @entity4 treatment. When the animals were restudied 8 weeks after @entity4 treatment (stage 3) most measures of beta-cell function were not significantly different from those in stage 1. The fasting plasma @entity2 level was 85.4 +/- 4.3 mg/ @entity7 +/- 0.2 mmol/L), Kg was 1.8 +/- 0.3%/min, fasting plasma insulin was 35.9 +/- 8.5 microU/mL (257.6 +/- 61.0 pmol/L), AIR(arg) was 67.0 +/- 15.4 microU/mL (480.7 +/- 110.5 pmol/L), and AIR(gluc) was 615.3 +/- 265.3 microU/mL.10 min (4413 +/- 1901 pmol/L.10 min), and tissue insulin sensitivity was 2.7 +/- 0.4 x 10(4) min/microU.mL. These values show extensive overlap with those of stage 1, from which they are not significantly different. The slope of @entity2 potentiation, however, remained low in all animals at stage 3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Defects in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic @entity4 -treated @entity6 : a model of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: During the preclinical period of @entity0 @entity3 , both impaired pancreatic beta-cell function and increased insulin resistance are found, although normoglycemia is preserved. To better understand the changes in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity that occur in @entity3 , we performed a panel of in vivo beta-cell function tests and measured insulin sensitivity in adolescent male @entity6 both in normal health and after a small dose of @entity4 which did not induce @entity5 . Nine animals were studied before (stage 1) and 1 week after receiving a low dose of @entity4 (stage 2). There was no change in fasting plasma @entity2 or insulin. The mean @entity2 disposal rate (Kg) remained within the normal range, but dropped from 2.0 +/- 0.2% +/- SE) to 1.2 +/- 0.1%/min (P less than 0.01), the acute insulin response to @entity1 (AIR(arg)) fell from 67.7 +/- 19.4 microU/mL (485.8 +/- 139.2 pmol/L) to 32.8 +/- 7.2 microU/mL (235.3 +/- 51.7 pmol/L; P less than 0.05), and the acute insulin response to @entity2 (AIR(gluc)) fell from 881 +/- 243 microU/mL.10 min (6321 +/- 1744 pmol/L.10 min) to 334 +/- 82 microU/mL.10 min (2396 +/- 588 pmol/L.10 min; P less than 0.01). The most dramatic change, however, was in the ability of @entity5 to potentiate AIR(arg) (expressed as the slope of potentiation). This was reduced by 94% from 1.8 +/- 0.5 to 0.1 +/- 0.1 (P less than 0.01), with almost no overlap in values between stages 1 and 2. Insulin sensitivity was also lower 1 week after @entity4 treatment. When the animals were restudied 8 weeks after @entity4 treatment (stage 3) most measures of beta-cell function were not significantly different from those in stage 1. The fasting plasma @entity2 level was 85.4 +/- 4.3 mg/ @entity7 +/- 0.2 mmol/L), Kg was 1.8 +/- 0.3%/min, fasting plasma insulin was 35.9 +/- 8.5 microU/mL (257.6 +/- 61.0 pmol/L), AIR(arg) was 67.0 +/- 15.4 microU/mL (480.7 +/- 110.5 pmol/L), and AIR(gluc) was 615.3 +/- 265.3 microU/mL.10 min (4413 +/- 1901 pmol/L.10 min), and tissue insulin sensitivity was 2.7 +/- 0.4 x 10(4) min/microU.mL. These values show extensive overlap with those of stage 1, from which they are not significantly different. The slope of @entity2 potentiation, however, remained low in all animals at stage 3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Defects in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic @entity4 -treated XXXX : a model of @entity3 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: During the preclinical period of @entity0 @entity3 , both impaired pancreatic beta-cell function and increased insulin resistance are found, although normoglycemia is preserved. To better understand the changes in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity that occur in @entity3 , we performed a panel of in vivo beta-cell function tests and measured insulin sensitivity in adolescent male @entity6 both in normal health and after a small dose of @entity4 which did not induce @entity5 . Nine animals were studied before (stage 1) and 1 week after receiving a low dose of @entity4 (stage 2). There was no change in fasting plasma @entity2 or insulin. The mean @entity2 disposal rate (Kg) remained within the normal range, but dropped from 2.0 +/- 0.2% +/- SE) to 1.2 +/- 0.1%/min (P less than 0.01), the acute insulin response to @entity1 (AIR(arg)) fell from 67.7 +/- 19.4 microU/mL (485.8 +/- 139.2 pmol/L) to 32.8 +/- 7.2 microU/mL (235.3 +/- 51.7 pmol/L; P less than 0.05), and the acute insulin response to @entity2 (AIR(gluc)) fell from 881 +/- 243 microU/mL.10 min (6321 +/- 1744 pmol/L.10 min) to 334 +/- 82 microU/mL.10 min (2396 +/- 588 pmol/L.10 min; P less than 0.01). The most dramatic change, however, was in the ability of @entity5 to potentiate AIR(arg) (expressed as the slope of potentiation). This was reduced by 94% from 1.8 +/- 0.5 to 0.1 +/- 0.1 (P less than 0.01), with almost no overlap in values between stages 1 and 2. Insulin sensitivity was also lower 1 week after @entity4 treatment. When the animals were restudied 8 weeks after @entity4 treatment (stage 3) most measures of beta-cell function were not significantly different from those in stage 1. The fasting plasma @entity2 level was 85.4 +/- 4.3 mg/ @entity7 +/- 0.2 mmol/L), Kg was 1.8 +/- 0.3%/min, fasting plasma insulin was 35.9 +/- 8.5 microU/mL (257.6 +/- 61.0 pmol/L), AIR(arg) was 67.0 +/- 15.4 microU/mL (480.7 +/- 110.5 pmol/L), and AIR(gluc) was 615.3 +/- 265.3 microU/mL.10 min (4413 +/- 1901 pmol/L.10 min), and tissue insulin sensitivity was 2.7 +/- 0.4 x 10(4) min/microU.mL. These values show extensive overlap with those of stage 1, from which they are not significantly different. The slope of @entity2 potentiation, however, remained low in all animals at stage 3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Defects in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic XXXX -treated @entity6 : a model of @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The airway inflammation underlying @entity4 is regulated by a network of mutually interacting cytokines. The exact functional role of each individual cytokine in the pathogenesis of the disease remains to be fully established. Type 2 T-helper cells are currently considered to play a crucial role in this process. In vivo animal data suggest a sequential involvement of @entity5 and @entity2 in the induction of allergen-induced airway changes. The potential role of other type 2 T-helper cell-like cytokines in @entity4 is increasingly being recognized. In particular, @entity5 and -13 display a large degree of redundancy. Whereas @entity5 seems to be crucial in the primary allergen sensitization process, @entity6 might be more important during secondary exposure to aerosolized allergen. Animal models also indicate that T-cell-derived cytokine production, rather than eosinophil influx or immunoglobulin-E synthesis, is causally related to altered airway behaviour. An important aspect when evaluating the functional role of cytokines in a complex disease such as @entity4 is the interaction with other cytokines in the microenvironment. Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as @entity0 @entity1 factor-alpha can further enhance the inflammatory process, and is increasingly linked to disease severity. In addition, decreased expression of immunoregulatory cytokines, including interleukin-12, @entity7 or @entity3 could also strengthen the type 2 T-helper cell-driven inflammatory process.

title: Cytokines in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is a major cause of ill health and medical expenditure worldwide. Despite recent increases in the knowledge about the nature of the disease process and recognition of cytokine-mediated pathways of @entity1 , current management is focussed on @entity0 outcomes that relate to physiological measures of dysfunction. The new Global initiative in @entity6 (GOLD) management guidelines are evidence-based and stress both pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy. Effective drug therapy can help smoking cessation in motivated @entity0 ( @entity5 replacement, @entity3 ). Bronchodilator therapy is best given by inhaler, can use either beta-agonists or anticholinergics and is more effective if long acting. Health status and exercise performance can improve without parallel changes in forced expiratory volume in one second. Inhaled @entity2 are indicated if there is a significant bronchodilator response or the @entity0 has more severe disease with frequent exacerbations. Antioxidant therapy remains controversial but may reduce exacerbation number. Acute exacerbations require higher doses of bronchodilators and short courses of oral @entity2 . New drug treatment is a major priority for @entity4 research.

title: Modern treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Fine structural studies of @entity0 @entity4 have demonstrated their composition of one major secretory cell type, a mucin secreting cell. It was also demonstrated that @entity4 cells have a high endocytotic activity via the regular endocytotic pathway with uptake via coated pits and vesicles. These findings indicate a striking similarity between @entity4 cells and @entity0 mononuclear phagocytes. Therefore monocyte-related functions like endocytosis, lysosomal enzyme secretion and @entity2 anion production were measured in various cell lines of @entity0 @entity4 in comparison to @entity0 mononuclear phagocytes. These functions were measured under basal conditions and after exposure to zymosan or immune complexes. All @entity4 cells tested demonstrated increased endocytotic, secretory and oxidative burst activity to a similar extent as @entity0 mononuclear phagocytes after exposure to the stimuli (zymosan or immune complexes). In a further attempt murine monoclonal antibodies produced against @entity4 cells were characterized in relation to their tissue specificity, the epitope recognized in in vitro and in vivo radiolocalization and their potential to mediate biological functions (e.g. antibody dependent cellular @entity1 or complement mediated cytolysis). Mouse monoclonal IgG1 antibodies which specifically bind to the majority of well differentiated @entity3 of the @entity0 pancreas as well as to @entity0 mononuclear phagocytes have been shown to inhibit several cellular functions (lysosomal enzyme release, pinocytosis of colloidal gold 198Au, and chemiluminescence) of those cells. Incubation of 10 micrograms/ml of monoclonal IgG1 antibody with @entity4 cell lines or @entity0 monocytes either simultaneous or followed by the stimulation with zymosan (50 micrograms/ml) or immune complexes (100 micrograms/ml) resulted in the inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release and uptake of colloidal radioactive gold of both @entity0 mononuclear phagocytes and @entity4 cells responding to zymosan or immune complexes. In addition those monoclonal antibodies have been found to inhibit @entity6 -dependent chemiluminescence. Kinetic measurements of chemiluminescence showed a quick inhibition of this activity on both cell types within 1 to 3 minutes. Antibody F(ab')2 fragments behaved analogously to the whole antibodies, whereas monovalent @entity5 fragments were not able to inhibit any of the mentioned functions. When used alone the monoclonal antibodies were not cytotoxic and did not theirselves trigger release of acid hydrolases, did not alter pinocytosis and did not induce oxidative metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Similarities in function between XXXX cells and macrophages and their inhibition by murine monoclonal antibodies.

answer: @entity4


abstract: In aging, @entity1 ( @entity1 ) female @entity0 , there are no estrous cycles or cyclic increases in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, but the sexual receptivity to the male is consistently maintained. We recently reported that caging and mating with fertile males elicits an LH surge followed by ovulation in aging @entity1 @entity0 . The present study examined the relationship between the LH surge, the increase in @entity2 (P) secretion and ovulation in @entity1 females exposed to males, and assessed whether intromission was essential for the male-induced pre-ovulatory LH surge. @entity1 @entity0 were implanted with intra-atrial cannulae. Six to eight days later, these females were individually caged with a fertile male and repeatedly sampled (once every 30 or 60 min) between 1400 and 1900 h for assays of plasma LH and P. Sexual behavior of the female was recorded and correlated with the changes in plasma LH and P values. Similar experiments were also performed on cannulated @entity1 @entity0 with their vaginal orifice blocked with adhesive tape during the caging and sampling session. In both experiments, over 90% of the @entity1 females displayed a high degree of @entity3 response to mounting by the male, and over 60% of those sexually receptive @entity1 females exhibited an LH surge followed by ovulation. The male-induced preovulatory LH surge occurred in @entity1 females without actual intromission. Caging with fertile males also elicited a marked increase in plasma P concentrations in @entity1 @entity0 and in @entity1 females prevented from experiencing intromission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Male stimulation of luteinizing hormone surge, XXXX secretion and ovulation in spontaneously persistent-estrous, aging @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: In aging, @entity1 ( @entity1 ) female @entity0 , there are no estrous cycles or cyclic increases in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, but the sexual receptivity to the male is consistently maintained. We recently reported that caging and mating with fertile males elicits an LH surge followed by ovulation in aging @entity1 @entity0 . The present study examined the relationship between the LH surge, the increase in @entity2 (P) secretion and ovulation in @entity1 females exposed to males, and assessed whether intromission was essential for the male-induced pre-ovulatory LH surge. @entity1 @entity0 were implanted with intra-atrial cannulae. Six to eight days later, these females were individually caged with a fertile male and repeatedly sampled (once every 30 or 60 min) between 1400 and 1900 h for assays of plasma LH and P. Sexual behavior of the female was recorded and correlated with the changes in plasma LH and P values. Similar experiments were also performed on cannulated @entity1 @entity0 with their vaginal orifice blocked with adhesive tape during the caging and sampling session. In both experiments, over 90% of the @entity1 females displayed a high degree of @entity3 response to mounting by the male, and over 60% of those sexually receptive @entity1 females exhibited an LH surge followed by ovulation. The male-induced preovulatory LH surge occurred in @entity1 females without actual intromission. Caging with fertile males also elicited a marked increase in plasma P concentrations in @entity1 @entity0 and in @entity1 females prevented from experiencing intromission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Male stimulation of luteinizing hormone surge, @entity2 secretion and ovulation in spontaneously persistent-estrous, aging XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Fifty chest radiographs and concurrent thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans obtained in a total of 44 @entity0 with 50 separate episodes of suspected recurrent @entity3 were reviewed. @entity1 was present in 18 episodes, involving the mediastinum in 12, the lung parenchyma in five and both mediastinum and lung parenchyma in one. In four episodes, mediastinal recurrence was demonstrated on both the chest radiograph and CT scan. In a further two cases, the chest radiograph appeared normal but CT detected recurrence in the mediastinum. In 20 cases, the mediastinal appearances on chest radiography were suspicious but not diagnostic of recurrence, usually because of previous radiotherapy resulting in residual mediastinal widening. Computed tomography diagnosed recurrent disease which was subsequently proven in seven of these cases. @entity1 was suggested by CT in a further case, subsequently shown to be radiation @entity2 . Of the 12 remaining chest radiographs in which the mediastinal assessment was indeterminate, CT was true negative for recurrent disease in 10 cases and was also indeterminate in two. @entity1 in the lung parenchyma was demonstrated on the chest radiograph and CT scan on five occasions. There was one incident in which the chest radiograph was normal but CT detected recurrent parenchymal disease. The appearances of the lung parenchyma were indeterminate for recurrent disease on three chest radiographs but CT was helpful in only one case in which radiation change alone was diagnosed. In eight cases the diagnosis of recurrent disease by CT resulted in a decision to initiate treatment. Computed tomography is of value in detecting relapse in @entity0 with suspected recurrent @entity3 when the chest radiograph is inconclusive, and may enable differentiation of radiation change from recurrent disease in the mediastinum.

title: The value of thoracic computed tomography in the detection of recurrent XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 is the most commonly reported bacterial cause of @entity7 and bacteremic @entity1 and the second most frequent cause of @entity5 . OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence, characteristics and serotypes causing invasive @entity2 in @entity0 aged less than 5 years in two Autonomous Communities in Spain, the Basque country and Navarre, between 31 May 1988 and 1 June 2001. @entity0 AND METHODS: We performed a descriptive, observational and retrospective study. The study population was composed of @entity0 diagnosed with invasive @entity2 in the public and private hospitals with a pediatrics departments. Invasive @entity2 was defined as isolation of @entity8 in blood, cerebrospinal fluid or any other sterile biological fluid. Medical records were reviewed and demographic and diagnostic variables were analyzed. Age-adjusted frequency rates were established for both regions using direct standardization. Confidence intervals were obtained by Poisson distribution. SPSS for Windows 10.0 and Epidat 2.1 were used for the analysis. Data were obtained from the 1999 municipal population census. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-one @entity0 aged 0-5 years were included. A total of 40.9 % (70 @entity0 ) were aged less than 12 months and 68.4 % were aged 0-2 years; 16.4 % had received drug therapy before diagnosis. The most common forms of presentation @entity7 (45.6 %), bacteremic @entity1 (27.5 %) and @entity5 (14.6 %). The most frequent complications involved the respiratory tract, with @entity6 in 23 % of cases of @entity1 . The standardized annual incidence rate of invasive @entity2 (cases per 100,000) in @entity0 aged 0-59 months was 58.82 (95 % CI: 27.99-89.65) in Navarre and 55.35 (95 % CI: 38.81-71.88) in the Basque Country. In @entity0 aged 0-23 months, the overall incidence was 93.49 cases per 100,000 @entity0 (95 % CI: 77.32-112.04) and in @entity0 aged 0-11 months, it was 110,21 cases per 100,000 @entity0 (95 % CI: 85.91-139.24). The incidence rates for @entity5 and @entity7 in @entity0 aged 0-23 months was 15.98 (95 % CI: 9.76-24.68) and 51.14 (95 % IC: 39.38-65.30) cases per 100.000 @entity0 . Fifty-nine strains were serotyped. The most frequent serotypes/groups were 1, 4, 6B, 14, 18C, 19 and 23F. A total of 52.15 % of the serotypes were @entity3 -susceptible and 93 % were @entity9 -susceptible. The serotypes/groups with the highest rates of resistance were 6B, 14,19, 23F and 35. CONCLUSION: Our incidence rates are similar to those observed in other countries such as the United States and are higher than those reported for the rest of Europe. Vaccine coverage is similar to that described in other articles.

title: [Study of the incidence of invasive XXXX in neonates and childre aged less than 5 years in the Basque country and Navarre (Spain)].

answer: @entity2


abstract: The metabolism of @entity6 (AA) was studied in two @entity1 cell lines (NCI-H322 and NCI-H358) and two @entity3 cell lines (NCI-H69 and NCI-H128). Exogenous AA was metabolized only in the NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells. There was no detectable metabolism of AA in @entity0 or @entity0 cells, either in the presence or the absence of the @entity4 ionophore @entity9 . The major metabolite of AA isolated from both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells was @entity5 ( @entity5 ). Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase activities, expressed as immunoreactive @entity5 (pmol/min/mg protein), were 10.3 +/- 0.28 (SD) and 4.8 +/- 0.48 in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. The rate of production of @entity5 by both NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells was linear up to 10 min. Production of @entity5 in both cell lines was dependent upon substrate concentration and was maximal above 17 microM AA. Moreover, @entity5 did not undergo further metabolism by either the NCI-H358 or the NCI-H322 cells. @entity2 (0.1 mM), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, decreased @entity5 production by 77 and 60% in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. In the presence of exogenous AA the @entity4 ionophore, @entity9 (20 microM), stimulated @entity5 production in NCI-H322 cells by almost 2-fold, although it did not affect @entity5 production in the NCI-H358 cells. In contrast, @entity9 stimulated the endogenous production of @entity5 in both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells by 4- and 9-fold respectively. In addition, both the NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cell lines were susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of the anticancer agent @entity7 in both a time and concentration dependent manner. In contrast, the two cell lines lacking detectable @entity8 synthesis activity, NCI-H69 and NCI-H128 were unaffected by treatment with @entity7 . These results illustrate that there are major differences in the abilities of @entity0 @entity1 cell lines to biosynthesize and release @entity5 . It is conceivable that such differences might have exploitable diagnostic and/or therapeutic implications.

title: Metabolism of @entity6 in @entity0 XXXX cell lines.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The metabolism of @entity6 (AA) was studied in two @entity1 cell lines (NCI-H322 and NCI-H358) and two @entity3 cell lines (NCI-H69 and NCI-H128). Exogenous AA was metabolized only in the NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells. There was no detectable metabolism of AA in @entity0 or @entity0 cells, either in the presence or the absence of the @entity4 ionophore @entity9 . The major metabolite of AA isolated from both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells was @entity5 ( @entity5 ). Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase activities, expressed as immunoreactive @entity5 (pmol/min/mg protein), were 10.3 +/- 0.28 (SD) and 4.8 +/- 0.48 in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. The rate of production of @entity5 by both NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells was linear up to 10 min. Production of @entity5 in both cell lines was dependent upon substrate concentration and was maximal above 17 microM AA. Moreover, @entity5 did not undergo further metabolism by either the NCI-H358 or the NCI-H322 cells. @entity2 (0.1 mM), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, decreased @entity5 production by 77 and 60% in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. In the presence of exogenous AA the @entity4 ionophore, @entity9 (20 microM), stimulated @entity5 production in NCI-H322 cells by almost 2-fold, although it did not affect @entity5 production in the NCI-H358 cells. In contrast, @entity9 stimulated the endogenous production of @entity5 in both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells by 4- and 9-fold respectively. In addition, both the NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cell lines were susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of the anticancer agent @entity7 in both a time and concentration dependent manner. In contrast, the two cell lines lacking detectable @entity8 synthesis activity, NCI-H69 and NCI-H128 were unaffected by treatment with @entity7 . These results illustrate that there are major differences in the abilities of @entity0 @entity1 cell lines to biosynthesize and release @entity5 . It is conceivable that such differences might have exploitable diagnostic and/or therapeutic implications.

title: Metabolism of XXXX in @entity0 @entity1 cell lines.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The metabolism of @entity6 (AA) was studied in two @entity1 cell lines (NCI-H322 and NCI-H358) and two @entity3 cell lines (NCI-H69 and NCI-H128). Exogenous AA was metabolized only in the NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells. There was no detectable metabolism of AA in @entity0 or @entity0 cells, either in the presence or the absence of the @entity4 ionophore @entity9 . The major metabolite of AA isolated from both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells was @entity5 ( @entity5 ). Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase activities, expressed as immunoreactive @entity5 (pmol/min/mg protein), were 10.3 +/- 0.28 (SD) and 4.8 +/- 0.48 in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. The rate of production of @entity5 by both NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells was linear up to 10 min. Production of @entity5 in both cell lines was dependent upon substrate concentration and was maximal above 17 microM AA. Moreover, @entity5 did not undergo further metabolism by either the NCI-H358 or the NCI-H322 cells. @entity2 (0.1 mM), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, decreased @entity5 production by 77 and 60% in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. In the presence of exogenous AA the @entity4 ionophore, @entity9 (20 microM), stimulated @entity5 production in NCI-H322 cells by almost 2-fold, although it did not affect @entity5 production in the NCI-H358 cells. In contrast, @entity9 stimulated the endogenous production of @entity5 in both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells by 4- and 9-fold respectively. In addition, both the NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cell lines were susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of the anticancer agent @entity7 in both a time and concentration dependent manner. In contrast, the two cell lines lacking detectable @entity8 synthesis activity, NCI-H69 and NCI-H128 were unaffected by treatment with @entity7 . These results illustrate that there are major differences in the abilities of @entity0 @entity1 cell lines to biosynthesize and release @entity5 . It is conceivable that such differences might have exploitable diagnostic and/or therapeutic implications.

title: Metabolism of @entity6 in XXXX @entity1 cell lines.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to ascertain the prevalence and mode of expression of @entity1 in a consecutive series of @entity0 with @entity8 right @entity2 / @entity6 (ARVC/D). BACKGROUND: Autosomal-dominant inheritance is recognized in ARVC. The prevalence and mode of expression of @entity1 in consecutive, unselected families is uncertain. METHODS: First- and second-degree relatives of 67 ARVC index @entity0 underwent cardiac evaluation with history and examination, 12-lead and signal-averaged electrocardiogram (ECG), two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, metabolic exercise testing and Holter monitoring. Diagnoses were made in accordance with published criteria. RESULTS: Of 298 relatives, 29 (10%; mean age 37.4 +/- 16.4 years) had ARVC. These were from 19 of the 67 families, representing familial involvement in 28%. Of these affected relatives, 72% were asymptomatic, 17% had @entity7 (sustained VT 10%, nonsustained VT 7%) and 21% had left ventricular involvement. A further 32 relatives (11%; 37.7 +/- 12.4 years) exhibited nondiagnostic ECG, echocardiographic or @entity5 . Fifteen of these relatives were from families with only the proband affected, and inclusion of this subset of relatives would have resulted in familial ARVC in 48% of index cases. Four additional relatives (1% to 3%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for @entity4 without any features of @entity9 . CONCLUSIONS: By using current diagnostic criteria, @entity1 was present in 28% of index @entity0 . A further 11% of their relatives had minor @entity3 , which, in the context of a disease whose mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant, are likely to represent early or mild disease expression. We advocate that the current ARVC diagnostic criteria are modified to reflect the broader spectrum of disease that is observed in family members.

title: Prospective evaluation of relatives for familial @entity8 right XXXX / @entity6 reveals a need to broaden diagnostic criteria.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to ascertain the prevalence and mode of expression of @entity1 in a consecutive series of @entity0 with @entity8 right @entity2 / @entity6 (ARVC/D). BACKGROUND: Autosomal-dominant inheritance is recognized in ARVC. The prevalence and mode of expression of @entity1 in consecutive, unselected families is uncertain. METHODS: First- and second-degree relatives of 67 ARVC index @entity0 underwent cardiac evaluation with history and examination, 12-lead and signal-averaged electrocardiogram (ECG), two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, metabolic exercise testing and Holter monitoring. Diagnoses were made in accordance with published criteria. RESULTS: Of 298 relatives, 29 (10%; mean age 37.4 +/- 16.4 years) had ARVC. These were from 19 of the 67 families, representing familial involvement in 28%. Of these affected relatives, 72% were asymptomatic, 17% had @entity7 (sustained VT 10%, nonsustained VT 7%) and 21% had left ventricular involvement. A further 32 relatives (11%; 37.7 +/- 12.4 years) exhibited nondiagnostic ECG, echocardiographic or @entity5 . Fifteen of these relatives were from families with only the proband affected, and inclusion of this subset of relatives would have resulted in familial ARVC in 48% of index cases. Four additional relatives (1% to 3%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for @entity4 without any features of @entity9 . CONCLUSIONS: By using current diagnostic criteria, @entity1 was present in 28% of index @entity0 . A further 11% of their relatives had minor @entity3 , which, in the context of a disease whose mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant, are likely to represent early or mild disease expression. We advocate that the current ARVC diagnostic criteria are modified to reflect the broader spectrum of disease that is observed in family members.

title: Prospective evaluation of relatives for familial @entity8 right @entity2 / XXXX reveals a need to broaden diagnostic criteria.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to ascertain the prevalence and mode of expression of @entity1 in a consecutive series of @entity0 with @entity8 right @entity2 / @entity6 (ARVC/D). BACKGROUND: Autosomal-dominant inheritance is recognized in ARVC. The prevalence and mode of expression of @entity1 in consecutive, unselected families is uncertain. METHODS: First- and second-degree relatives of 67 ARVC index @entity0 underwent cardiac evaluation with history and examination, 12-lead and signal-averaged electrocardiogram (ECG), two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, metabolic exercise testing and Holter monitoring. Diagnoses were made in accordance with published criteria. RESULTS: Of 298 relatives, 29 (10%; mean age 37.4 +/- 16.4 years) had ARVC. These were from 19 of the 67 families, representing familial involvement in 28%. Of these affected relatives, 72% were asymptomatic, 17% had @entity7 (sustained VT 10%, nonsustained VT 7%) and 21% had left ventricular involvement. A further 32 relatives (11%; 37.7 +/- 12.4 years) exhibited nondiagnostic ECG, echocardiographic or @entity5 . Fifteen of these relatives were from families with only the proband affected, and inclusion of this subset of relatives would have resulted in familial ARVC in 48% of index cases. Four additional relatives (1% to 3%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for @entity4 without any features of @entity9 . CONCLUSIONS: By using current diagnostic criteria, @entity1 was present in 28% of index @entity0 . A further 11% of their relatives had minor @entity3 , which, in the context of a disease whose mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant, are likely to represent early or mild disease expression. We advocate that the current ARVC diagnostic criteria are modified to reflect the broader spectrum of disease that is observed in family members.

title: Prospective evaluation of relatives for familial XXXX right @entity2 / @entity6 reveals a need to broaden diagnostic criteria.

answer: @entity8


abstract: A prospective study of 1431 @entity0 admitted to a general surgery department were followed up for a median of 6.2 years after discharge (7679 @entity0 -years of follow-up). We collected information on underlying conditions, including severity of illness, and healthcare-related variables. Relative rates of @entity2 and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using @entity0 -years as the denominator. Multiple-risk factors adjusted for relative rates (RR) were obtained using Poisson regression analysis. There were 172 deaths during the follow-up period after hospital discharge (2/100 @entity0 -years). Follow-up was complete in 91% of the cohort. There were no important differences in demographic characteristics or risk factors between @entity0 followed up and those lost to follow-up. The @entity2 rate in @entity0 with any @entity4 was 5.3/100 @entity0 -years, and the relative rate was 3.07 (95% CI: 2.20-4.24). After adjusting for the main predictors of mortality, we found an effect modification by the presence of @entity1 (P = 0.01 for the product-term between @entity4 and the diagnosis of @entity1 ). Among @entity0 without any underlying @entity1 , @entity4 was related to a significantly higher long-term mortality (RR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.24-4.91). In these @entity0 , surgical wound @entity3 yielded a RR of mortality of 3.44 (95% CI: 1.63-7.27). Among @entity0 with underlying @entity1 no association between @entity4 and long-term mortality was found. No evidence of an important modification of the relative rate along the follow-up period was observed. In conclusion surgical @entity0 without @entity1 developing @entity4 have an increased risk of long-term mortality.

title: Relationship between XXXX and long-term mortality in general surgery: a prospective follow-up study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7 - @entity6 @entity1 express a constitutively active (truncated) form of the @entity0 @entity5 receptor which triggers development of @entity2 . In those hearts, we studied expression of gap junction proteins in relation to electrical impulse propagation. METHODS AND RESULTS: As compared to wildtype @entity1 , hearts of 4-6 month old @entity1 with 7-12 inserted @entity6 copies are marked by an increased heart weight/body weight- and heart weight/tibia length ratio. 3-extremity lead ECGs revealed prolongation of the Q-j interval suggesting delayed ventricular activation. Mapping of electrical activity of epi- and endocardial left ventricular free wall revealed activation delay, increased heterogeneity in conduction and regional conduction block. @entity4 did not occur spontaneously nor could be induced by ventricular pacing. Immunohistochemical analysis showed profound and heterogeneous redistribution and down-regulation of the gap junction protein @entity10 ( @entity10 ) in the left ventricular free wall. Here, @entity6 expression induced re-expression of the hypertrophic markers alpha-skeletal actin and @entity7 , and in 3 out of 10 severely affected @entity1 , re-expression of @entity9 . Concomitant with changes in expression/distribution of @entity10 , changes in expression and distribution of @entity8 and @entity11 (two other intercalated disk associated proteins) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7 - @entity6 transgenic hearts show heterogeneous re-expression of (early) sarcomeric genes while expression of @entity10 , @entity11 and @entity8 is down-regulated. We postulate that the resulting aberrant ventricular activation does not trigger development of @entity3 due to the small size of remaining healthy ventricular tissue where the transgene is not expressed.

title: Remodeling of gap junctions in @entity1 hearts hypertrophied by forced XXXX signaling.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7 - @entity6 @entity1 express a constitutively active (truncated) form of the @entity0 @entity5 receptor which triggers development of @entity2 . In those hearts, we studied expression of gap junction proteins in relation to electrical impulse propagation. METHODS AND RESULTS: As compared to wildtype @entity1 , hearts of 4-6 month old @entity1 with 7-12 inserted @entity6 copies are marked by an increased heart weight/body weight- and heart weight/tibia length ratio. 3-extremity lead ECGs revealed prolongation of the Q-j interval suggesting delayed ventricular activation. Mapping of electrical activity of epi- and endocardial left ventricular free wall revealed activation delay, increased heterogeneity in conduction and regional conduction block. @entity4 did not occur spontaneously nor could be induced by ventricular pacing. Immunohistochemical analysis showed profound and heterogeneous redistribution and down-regulation of the gap junction protein @entity10 ( @entity10 ) in the left ventricular free wall. Here, @entity6 expression induced re-expression of the hypertrophic markers alpha-skeletal actin and @entity7 , and in 3 out of 10 severely affected @entity1 , re-expression of @entity9 . Concomitant with changes in expression/distribution of @entity10 , changes in expression and distribution of @entity8 and @entity11 (two other intercalated disk associated proteins) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7 - @entity6 transgenic hearts show heterogeneous re-expression of (early) sarcomeric genes while expression of @entity10 , @entity11 and @entity8 is down-regulated. We postulate that the resulting aberrant ventricular activation does not trigger development of @entity3 due to the small size of remaining healthy ventricular tissue where the transgene is not expressed.

title: Remodeling of gap junctions in XXXX hearts hypertrophied by forced @entity5 signaling.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We reviewed 20 @entity0 receiving @entity4 for @entity2 . @entity0 were not enrolled in a formal study. All families obtained the medication abroad. Age at initiation of @entity4 ranged from 1 to 48 months; nine @entity0 had received prior treatment with various antiepileptic medications. @entity0 were begun on the lowest practical dose of 125-250 mg/day, with gradual daily increments to a target of 100 mg/kg/day, but maintained at the lowest effective dosage. Video electroencephalogram was obtained to document resolution of @entity3 and @entity2 . Of 20 @entity0 , 12 responded with cessation of @entity3 and resolution of @entity2 , at doses of 25-135 mg/kg/day (median = 58 mg/kg/day). Partial responses were observed in six @entity0 , whereas two had no response at 111 and 125 mg/kg/day. Additional new @entity1 types developed in three @entity0 after initial response to @entity4 . Increasing the @entity4 did not have any clinical benefit. @entity4 is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for @entity2 . The response is dose-independent, suggesting that starting at a low dose and gradually increasing, rather than beginning with an arbitrary 100 mg/kg/day dose is advantageous.

title: XXXX for @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: We reviewed 20 @entity0 receiving @entity4 for @entity2 . @entity0 were not enrolled in a formal study. All families obtained the medication abroad. Age at initiation of @entity4 ranged from 1 to 48 months; nine @entity0 had received prior treatment with various antiepileptic medications. @entity0 were begun on the lowest practical dose of 125-250 mg/day, with gradual daily increments to a target of 100 mg/kg/day, but maintained at the lowest effective dosage. Video electroencephalogram was obtained to document resolution of @entity3 and @entity2 . Of 20 @entity0 , 12 responded with cessation of @entity3 and resolution of @entity2 , at doses of 25-135 mg/kg/day (median = 58 mg/kg/day). Partial responses were observed in six @entity0 , whereas two had no response at 111 and 125 mg/kg/day. Additional new @entity1 types developed in three @entity0 after initial response to @entity4 . Increasing the @entity4 did not have any clinical benefit. @entity4 is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for @entity2 . The response is dose-independent, suggesting that starting at a low dose and gradually increasing, rather than beginning with an arbitrary 100 mg/kg/day dose is advantageous.

title: @entity4 for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to define physiologic limits of @entity5 in elite adolescent @entity4 . BACKGROUND: Systematic sports training may cause increased @entity2 ( @entity2 ), creating uncertainty regarding the differential diagnosis of @entity0 from @entity3 ( @entity3 ). This distinction is crucial because @entity3 is responsible for about one-third of all sudden deaths in young @entity4 . Echocardiographic data defining @entity0 are limited largely to adults, with little information specifically in adolescent @entity4 (14 to 18 years old), for whom the risk of @entity1 from @entity3 is highest. METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty elite adolescent @entity4 (75% male) aged 15.7 +/- 1.4 years participating in ball, racket, and endurance sports and 250 healthy sedentary controls of similar age, gender, and body surface area underwent echocardiography. RESULTS: Compared with controls, @entity4 had greater absolute @entity2 (9.5 +/- 1.7 mm vs. 8.4 +/- 1.4 mm; p < 0.0001). Maximal @entity2 exceeded predicted @entity6 in 38 @entity4 (5%); however, no female athlete had a @entity2 >11 mm and only three trained male @entity4 had absolute @entity2 >12 mm (0.4%). Each of the 38 @entity4 with a @entity2 exceeding predicted limits also showed enlarged left ventricular cavity dimension (54.4 +/- 2.1 mm; range 52 to 60 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Trained adolescent @entity4 demonstrated greater absolute @entity2 compared with nonathletes. Only a small proportion of @entity4 exhibited a @entity2 exceeding @entity6 , very rarely >12 mm, and then always with chamber enlargement. @entity3 should be considered strongly in any trained adolescent male athlete with @entity2 >12 mm (females >11 mm) and nondilated left ventricle.

title: Physiologic limits of @entity5 in elite junior @entity4 : relevance to differential diagnosis of @entity0 and XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to define physiologic limits of @entity5 in elite adolescent @entity4 . BACKGROUND: Systematic sports training may cause increased @entity2 ( @entity2 ), creating uncertainty regarding the differential diagnosis of @entity0 from @entity3 ( @entity3 ). This distinction is crucial because @entity3 is responsible for about one-third of all sudden deaths in young @entity4 . Echocardiographic data defining @entity0 are limited largely to adults, with little information specifically in adolescent @entity4 (14 to 18 years old), for whom the risk of @entity1 from @entity3 is highest. METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty elite adolescent @entity4 (75% male) aged 15.7 +/- 1.4 years participating in ball, racket, and endurance sports and 250 healthy sedentary controls of similar age, gender, and body surface area underwent echocardiography. RESULTS: Compared with controls, @entity4 had greater absolute @entity2 (9.5 +/- 1.7 mm vs. 8.4 +/- 1.4 mm; p < 0.0001). Maximal @entity2 exceeded predicted @entity6 in 38 @entity4 (5%); however, no female athlete had a @entity2 >11 mm and only three trained male @entity4 had absolute @entity2 >12 mm (0.4%). Each of the 38 @entity4 with a @entity2 exceeding predicted limits also showed enlarged left ventricular cavity dimension (54.4 +/- 2.1 mm; range 52 to 60 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Trained adolescent @entity4 demonstrated greater absolute @entity2 compared with nonathletes. Only a small proportion of @entity4 exhibited a @entity2 exceeding @entity6 , very rarely >12 mm, and then always with chamber enlargement. @entity3 should be considered strongly in any trained adolescent male athlete with @entity2 >12 mm (females >11 mm) and nondilated left ventricle.

title: Physiologic limits of XXXX in elite junior @entity4 : relevance to differential diagnosis of @entity0 and @entity3 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to define physiologic limits of @entity5 in elite adolescent @entity4 . BACKGROUND: Systematic sports training may cause increased @entity2 ( @entity2 ), creating uncertainty regarding the differential diagnosis of @entity0 from @entity3 ( @entity3 ). This distinction is crucial because @entity3 is responsible for about one-third of all sudden deaths in young @entity4 . Echocardiographic data defining @entity0 are limited largely to adults, with little information specifically in adolescent @entity4 (14 to 18 years old), for whom the risk of @entity1 from @entity3 is highest. METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty elite adolescent @entity4 (75% male) aged 15.7 +/- 1.4 years participating in ball, racket, and endurance sports and 250 healthy sedentary controls of similar age, gender, and body surface area underwent echocardiography. RESULTS: Compared with controls, @entity4 had greater absolute @entity2 (9.5 +/- 1.7 mm vs. 8.4 +/- 1.4 mm; p < 0.0001). Maximal @entity2 exceeded predicted @entity6 in 38 @entity4 (5%); however, no female athlete had a @entity2 >11 mm and only three trained male @entity4 had absolute @entity2 >12 mm (0.4%). Each of the 38 @entity4 with a @entity2 exceeding predicted limits also showed enlarged left ventricular cavity dimension (54.4 +/- 2.1 mm; range 52 to 60 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Trained adolescent @entity4 demonstrated greater absolute @entity2 compared with nonathletes. Only a small proportion of @entity4 exhibited a @entity2 exceeding @entity6 , very rarely >12 mm, and then always with chamber enlargement. @entity3 should be considered strongly in any trained adolescent male athlete with @entity2 >12 mm (females >11 mm) and nondilated left ventricle.

title: Physiologic limits of @entity5 in elite junior @entity4 : relevance to differential diagnosis of XXXX and @entity3 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to define physiologic limits of @entity5 in elite adolescent @entity4 . BACKGROUND: Systematic sports training may cause increased @entity2 ( @entity2 ), creating uncertainty regarding the differential diagnosis of @entity0 from @entity3 ( @entity3 ). This distinction is crucial because @entity3 is responsible for about one-third of all sudden deaths in young @entity4 . Echocardiographic data defining @entity0 are limited largely to adults, with little information specifically in adolescent @entity4 (14 to 18 years old), for whom the risk of @entity1 from @entity3 is highest. METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty elite adolescent @entity4 (75% male) aged 15.7 +/- 1.4 years participating in ball, racket, and endurance sports and 250 healthy sedentary controls of similar age, gender, and body surface area underwent echocardiography. RESULTS: Compared with controls, @entity4 had greater absolute @entity2 (9.5 +/- 1.7 mm vs. 8.4 +/- 1.4 mm; p < 0.0001). Maximal @entity2 exceeded predicted @entity6 in 38 @entity4 (5%); however, no female athlete had a @entity2 >11 mm and only three trained male @entity4 had absolute @entity2 >12 mm (0.4%). Each of the 38 @entity4 with a @entity2 exceeding predicted limits also showed enlarged left ventricular cavity dimension (54.4 +/- 2.1 mm; range 52 to 60 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Trained adolescent @entity4 demonstrated greater absolute @entity2 compared with nonathletes. Only a small proportion of @entity4 exhibited a @entity2 exceeding @entity6 , very rarely >12 mm, and then always with chamber enlargement. @entity3 should be considered strongly in any trained adolescent male athlete with @entity2 >12 mm (females >11 mm) and nondilated left ventricle.

title: Physiologic limits of @entity5 in elite junior XXXX : relevance to differential diagnosis of @entity0 and @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity8 surveillance is common in the USA and in some European countries but in Italy few hospitals use it. In order to evaluate its usefulness in clinical practice we performed a one year prospective epidemiological study that included 178 @entity0 , admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) for more than 48 h. Median ICU stay was 16 days. @entity3 and @entity1 accounted for 65% of admissions. The selected population had high severity scores and required a large number of invasive procedures for diagnosis and therapy. The most common @entity5 were: @entity2 46/1000 ventilator-days; urinary tract @entity5 17/1000 catheter-days; central @entity11 14.5/1000 catheter-days with 1.7/1000 CVC-related @entity6 ; @entity6 . The most frequent pathogens were @entity9 , @entity10 , other Gram-negative aerobes and Candida spp. Antimicrobial resistance was substantial, with 68% @entity12 -resistance in @entity9 and 76% of P. aeruginosa displaying antibiotic resistance. @entity6 or @entity7 occurred in 30 @entity0 (8/1000 ICU-days), and three @entity0 died from @entity7 of unknown origin (10% case fatality rate). There were no case fatalities for @entity2 and @entity6 . Overall, ICU-acquired @entity5 were not associated with an increased risk of @entity4 .

title: Surveillance of XXXX acquired in intensive care: usefulness in clinical practice.

answer: @entity5


abstract: We conducted a one-year prospective study on intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired @entity5 and antimicrobial resistance patterns in an 18-bed medical-surgical ICU of a tertiary-care university hospital. We divided the study into two six-month periods in order to evaluate the impact of antibiotic changes in empirical therapy on antimicrobial resistance profiles of the principal isolated micro-organisms. In the first period no changes were made to the previously applied empirical antibiotic protocol; at the end of this period we found high rates of @entity14 resistance (MR) among staphylococci, 93% for @entity8 (69 isolates) and 79% for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (48 isolates), and of multiple drug resistance for @entity9 (57 isolates), in particular 67% resistance to @entity15 / @entity17 (PIP/TZ). We therefore decided to substitute PIP/TZ with imipenem in @entity1 and with @entity16 plus @entity11 in @entity6 . We also considered the previous use of @entity2 / @entity10 (AM/CL) at admission in critically ill @entity0 inadequate; we therefore advised that no antibiotics should be given unless fever developed and eventually to replace AM/CL with @entity3 / @entity4 ( @entity12 /SMX). At the end of this intervention period, we observed a significant decrease of @entity8 MR (93 vs. 73%, P = 0.003) and of @entity9 resistance to PIP/TZ (67 vs. 29%, P < 0.001). A reduction in MR was also seen in CNS (79 vs. 64%, P = 0.09). Other resistance patterns also improved among staphylococci; in contrast @entity9 resistance to @entity13 increased in the second period (24 vs. 41%, P = 0.06). A non-premeditated change of antibiotics in empirical therapy, on the basis of detected resistance patterns, provided promising results in reducing some antimicrobial resistance rates. We believe, however, that antibiotic changes must be tailored to local microbiological situation monitoring, and that a repeated rotation is crucial to limit the emergence of new resistance profiles. Furthermore the adoption of this policy should be accompanied by other infection control practices aimed at reducing antimicrobial resistance and @entity7 rates.

title: Impact of antibiotic changes in empirical therapy on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care unit-acquired XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity7 resistance has evolved in a variety of organisms and typically results from mutations in the beta-tubulin locus at specific @entity3 sites. Despite widespread treatment of @entity0 intestinal @entity4 with @entity7 drugs, there have been no unambiguous reports of resistance. However, since beta-tubulin mutations conferring resistance are generally recessive, frequencies of resistance alleles less than 30% would be difficult to detect on the basis of @entity1 . Here we investigate sequence variation in a 1079 bp segment of the beta-tubulin locus in the @entity8 @entity8 from 72 individual @entity4 from seven countries. We did not observe any alleles with @entity3 mutations indicative of resistance, and of 40 point mutations there were only four non-synonymous mutations all of which were singletons. Estimated effective population sizes are an order of magnitude lower than those from another @entity4 species in which @entity7 resistance has developed ( @entity5 ). Both the lower diversity and reduced population sizes suggest that @entity7 resistance is likely to evolve less rapidly in Trichuris than in trichostrongyle parasites of livestock. We observed moderate levels of population subdivision (Phi(ST)=0.26) comparable with that previously observed in @entity6 , and identical alleles were frequently found in parasites from different continents, suggestive of recent admixture. A particularly interesting feature of the data is the high @entity2 diversities observed in @entity4 from the Caribbean. This genetic complexity may be a direct result of extensive admixture and complex history of @entity0 populations in this region of the world. These data should encourage (but not make complacent) those involved in large-scale @entity7 treatment of @entity0 intestinal @entity4 .

title: Sequence variation in the @entity8 beta-tubulin locus: implications for the development of XXXX resistance.

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity7 resistance has evolved in a variety of organisms and typically results from mutations in the beta-tubulin locus at specific @entity3 sites. Despite widespread treatment of @entity0 intestinal @entity4 with @entity7 drugs, there have been no unambiguous reports of resistance. However, since beta-tubulin mutations conferring resistance are generally recessive, frequencies of resistance alleles less than 30% would be difficult to detect on the basis of @entity1 . Here we investigate sequence variation in a 1079 bp segment of the beta-tubulin locus in the @entity8 @entity8 from 72 individual @entity4 from seven countries. We did not observe any alleles with @entity3 mutations indicative of resistance, and of 40 point mutations there were only four non-synonymous mutations all of which were singletons. Estimated effective population sizes are an order of magnitude lower than those from another @entity4 species in which @entity7 resistance has developed ( @entity5 ). Both the lower diversity and reduced population sizes suggest that @entity7 resistance is likely to evolve less rapidly in Trichuris than in trichostrongyle parasites of livestock. We observed moderate levels of population subdivision (Phi(ST)=0.26) comparable with that previously observed in @entity6 , and identical alleles were frequently found in parasites from different continents, suggestive of recent admixture. A particularly interesting feature of the data is the high @entity2 diversities observed in @entity4 from the Caribbean. This genetic complexity may be a direct result of extensive admixture and complex history of @entity0 populations in this region of the world. These data should encourage (but not make complacent) those involved in large-scale @entity7 treatment of @entity0 intestinal @entity4 .

title: Sequence variation in the XXXX beta-tubulin locus: implications for the development of @entity7 resistance.

answer: @entity8


abstract: Analysis of the genomic dsRNA of rotaviruses isolated from @entity1 with @entity2 has revealed eight @entity1 excreting group A viruses with unusual genome profiles. Two of these virus strains, C7-176 and C7-183, were grown and cloned by plaque purification in cell culture. Examination of their genome profiles after cloning showed that the unusual pattern had been retained. They were without RNA segment 11 but had an extra band (6a) migrating between segments 6 and 7. However, they contained the triplet of segments 7, 8 and 9, of similar size, which is characteristic of @entity3 . The number and mol. wt. of the intracellular polypeptides induced by these viruses were similar to those of the @entity1 @entity3 UK strain. Analysis of the RNA transcripts produced by the transcription in vitro of purified C7-183 virus showed that segment 6a produced a large RNA transcript of corresponding size. After isolation, this transcript was translated in a @entity0 reticulocyte lysate preparation and yielded a single polypeptide, vp11, equivalent to the product of segment 11 of rotaviruses with typical genome profiles.

title: Isolation and characterization of two XXXX with unusual genome profiles.

answer: @entity3


abstract: AIMS: We investigated the repeatability of the forearm blood flow response to intra-arterial infusion of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), assessed by @entity1 -plethysmography. METHODS: In eight healthy @entity0 (aged 18-50 years), on four separate occasions, @entity3 (2.5 or 10 pmol @entity2 ) was infused for 120 min via a 27 SWG cannula sited in the brachial artery of the nondominant arm. Each dose level was administered twice on consecutive visits. The dose order was randomized. Results are expressed as percentage change from baseline at 120 min (mean +/- s.e. mean). RESULTS: @entity3 caused significant vasoconstriction (P < 0.0001 anova) at both doses (38 +/- 3%, 2.5 pmol @entity2 and 62 +/- 3%, 10 pmol @entity2 ). There was no difference in the response to either dose on repeated challenge. Responses appeared to be less variable when expressed as percentage change in the ratio of blood flow (infused:noninfused) in both arms than as percentage change in blood flow in the infused arm alone, as indicated by repeatability coefficients (15% vs 21%, 2.5 pmol @entity2 and 11% vs 13%, 10 pmol @entity2 ; ratio vs infused arm alone). CONCLUSIONS: We have shown dose-dependent vasoconstriction in the forearm vascular bed to intra-arterial infusion of @entity3 and that this response is less variable when expressed as percentage change in the ratio of forearm blood flow than percentage change in the infused arm. These data should also provide useful information to determine the power of early clinical pharmacology studies investigating the activity of endothelin receptor antagonists.

title: Repeatability of local forearm vasoconstriction to XXXX measured by @entity1 plethysmography.

answer: @entity3


abstract: AIMS: We investigated the repeatability of the forearm blood flow response to intra-arterial infusion of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), assessed by @entity1 -plethysmography. METHODS: In eight healthy @entity0 (aged 18-50 years), on four separate occasions, @entity3 (2.5 or 10 pmol @entity2 ) was infused for 120 min via a 27 SWG cannula sited in the brachial artery of the nondominant arm. Each dose level was administered twice on consecutive visits. The dose order was randomized. Results are expressed as percentage change from baseline at 120 min (mean +/- s.e. mean). RESULTS: @entity3 caused significant vasoconstriction (P < 0.0001 anova) at both doses (38 +/- 3%, 2.5 pmol @entity2 and 62 +/- 3%, 10 pmol @entity2 ). There was no difference in the response to either dose on repeated challenge. Responses appeared to be less variable when expressed as percentage change in the ratio of blood flow (infused:noninfused) in both arms than as percentage change in blood flow in the infused arm alone, as indicated by repeatability coefficients (15% vs 21%, 2.5 pmol @entity2 and 11% vs 13%, 10 pmol @entity2 ; ratio vs infused arm alone). CONCLUSIONS: We have shown dose-dependent vasoconstriction in the forearm vascular bed to intra-arterial infusion of @entity3 and that this response is less variable when expressed as percentage change in the ratio of forearm blood flow than percentage change in the infused arm. These data should also provide useful information to determine the power of early clinical pharmacology studies investigating the activity of endothelin receptor antagonists.

title: Repeatability of local forearm vasoconstriction to @entity3 measured by XXXX plethysmography.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that the short arm of chromosome 5 (5p) exhibit frequent genetic changes in invasive @entity4 ( @entity4 ), and that these changes arise early during the @entity1 , in @entity2 . These data therefore suggest that @entity0 suppressor genes located on 5p is associated with the development of @entity4 . However, the precise location of 5p deletions is not known. RESULTS: We performed a detailed deletion mapping of 5p in 60 cases of invasive @entity4 . We found that 60% of the @entity0 exhibit a 5p loss of heterozygosity (LOH). The patterns of LOH allowed us to identify two minimal regions of deletions, one at 5p15.3 spanning a 5.5 cM genetic distance and a second site of 7 cM at 5p15.2-15.3. In addition, we also identified 5p deletions in 16% lesions of high-grade @entity5 ( @entity5 ). 5p LOH was found in 63% of @entity3 positive @entity0 , while only 33% @entity0 with other HPV-types had 5p LOH. The differences in frequency of 5p LOH between @entity0 harboring @entity3 in combination with other @entity0 harboring @entity3 DNA alone were significantly higher, suggesting a synergistic effect of high-risk types in causing genomic instability. CONCLUSION: These findings implicate the presence of @entity0 suppressor gene(s) on 5p relevant to @entity4 tumorigenesis.

title: Mapping common deleted regions on 5p15 in XXXX and their occurrence in @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that the short arm of chromosome 5 (5p) exhibit frequent genetic changes in invasive @entity4 ( @entity4 ), and that these changes arise early during the @entity1 , in @entity2 . These data therefore suggest that @entity0 suppressor genes located on 5p is associated with the development of @entity4 . However, the precise location of 5p deletions is not known. RESULTS: We performed a detailed deletion mapping of 5p in 60 cases of invasive @entity4 . We found that 60% of the @entity0 exhibit a 5p loss of heterozygosity (LOH). The patterns of LOH allowed us to identify two minimal regions of deletions, one at 5p15.3 spanning a 5.5 cM genetic distance and a second site of 7 cM at 5p15.2-15.3. In addition, we also identified 5p deletions in 16% lesions of high-grade @entity5 ( @entity5 ). 5p LOH was found in 63% of @entity3 positive @entity0 , while only 33% @entity0 with other HPV-types had 5p LOH. The differences in frequency of 5p LOH between @entity0 harboring @entity3 in combination with other @entity0 harboring @entity3 DNA alone were significantly higher, suggesting a synergistic effect of high-risk types in causing genomic instability. CONCLUSION: These findings implicate the presence of @entity0 suppressor gene(s) on 5p relevant to @entity4 tumorigenesis.

title: Mapping common deleted regions on 5p15 in @entity4 and their occurrence in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity7 are believed to play a role in the etiology of @entity1 , and high fecal excretion of secondary @entity7 was correlated with increased incidence of @entity4 . Recently, it was also reported that there is an increase in plasma of the secondary @entity8 , @entity9 in @entity0 with @entity6 . Since @entity9 is formed in the colon and absorbed into the portal systemic circulation, it was suggested that the blood concentration of this @entity8 reflects the level of exposure of colonic cells to @entity9 . The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma @entity9 level represents the fecal content of this @entity8 in several animal species with different @entity8 composition and @entity9 contribution to the @entity8 pool. Eight @entity3 , hamsters, @entity5 , and @entity2 were used in this study. Blood samples and feces were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Bile samples were obtained only on day 7. The plasma, fecal and biliary @entity7 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. @entity8 composition and @entity9 content varied greatly between the animal species studied. There was a variation in the concentration of total @entity7 in the plasma and feces obtained at different times during the experiments, however, the @entity7 profile remained constant throughout the study. The data obtained shows that although plasma @entity8 profile was not similar to fecal @entity7 profile, however, there was a significant correlation between the level of plasma and fecal @entity9 . Plasma @entity9 concentration might be a reliable biomarker for the degree of exposure of colon cells to this @entity8 , and may be useful in further studies on the role of secondary @entity7 in @entity4 .

title: Biliary, fecal and plasma @entity9 in @entity3 , hamster, @entity5 , and XXXX : comparative study and implication in @entity4 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity7 are believed to play a role in the etiology of @entity1 , and high fecal excretion of secondary @entity7 was correlated with increased incidence of @entity4 . Recently, it was also reported that there is an increase in plasma of the secondary @entity8 , @entity9 in @entity0 with @entity6 . Since @entity9 is formed in the colon and absorbed into the portal systemic circulation, it was suggested that the blood concentration of this @entity8 reflects the level of exposure of colonic cells to @entity9 . The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma @entity9 level represents the fecal content of this @entity8 in several animal species with different @entity8 composition and @entity9 contribution to the @entity8 pool. Eight @entity3 , hamsters, @entity5 , and @entity2 were used in this study. Blood samples and feces were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Bile samples were obtained only on day 7. The plasma, fecal and biliary @entity7 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. @entity8 composition and @entity9 content varied greatly between the animal species studied. There was a variation in the concentration of total @entity7 in the plasma and feces obtained at different times during the experiments, however, the @entity7 profile remained constant throughout the study. The data obtained shows that although plasma @entity8 profile was not similar to fecal @entity7 profile, however, there was a significant correlation between the level of plasma and fecal @entity9 . Plasma @entity9 concentration might be a reliable biomarker for the degree of exposure of colon cells to this @entity8 , and may be useful in further studies on the role of secondary @entity7 in @entity4 .

title: Biliary, fecal and plasma @entity9 in XXXX , hamster, @entity5 , and @entity2 : comparative study and implication in @entity4 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity7 are believed to play a role in the etiology of @entity1 , and high fecal excretion of secondary @entity7 was correlated with increased incidence of @entity4 . Recently, it was also reported that there is an increase in plasma of the secondary @entity8 , @entity9 in @entity0 with @entity6 . Since @entity9 is formed in the colon and absorbed into the portal systemic circulation, it was suggested that the blood concentration of this @entity8 reflects the level of exposure of colonic cells to @entity9 . The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma @entity9 level represents the fecal content of this @entity8 in several animal species with different @entity8 composition and @entity9 contribution to the @entity8 pool. Eight @entity3 , hamsters, @entity5 , and @entity2 were used in this study. Blood samples and feces were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Bile samples were obtained only on day 7. The plasma, fecal and biliary @entity7 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. @entity8 composition and @entity9 content varied greatly between the animal species studied. There was a variation in the concentration of total @entity7 in the plasma and feces obtained at different times during the experiments, however, the @entity7 profile remained constant throughout the study. The data obtained shows that although plasma @entity8 profile was not similar to fecal @entity7 profile, however, there was a significant correlation between the level of plasma and fecal @entity9 . Plasma @entity9 concentration might be a reliable biomarker for the degree of exposure of colon cells to this @entity8 , and may be useful in further studies on the role of secondary @entity7 in @entity4 .

title: Biliary, fecal and plasma @entity9 in @entity3 , hamster, @entity5 , and @entity2 : comparative study and implication in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity7 are believed to play a role in the etiology of @entity1 , and high fecal excretion of secondary @entity7 was correlated with increased incidence of @entity4 . Recently, it was also reported that there is an increase in plasma of the secondary @entity8 , @entity9 in @entity0 with @entity6 . Since @entity9 is formed in the colon and absorbed into the portal systemic circulation, it was suggested that the blood concentration of this @entity8 reflects the level of exposure of colonic cells to @entity9 . The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma @entity9 level represents the fecal content of this @entity8 in several animal species with different @entity8 composition and @entity9 contribution to the @entity8 pool. Eight @entity3 , hamsters, @entity5 , and @entity2 were used in this study. Blood samples and feces were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Bile samples were obtained only on day 7. The plasma, fecal and biliary @entity7 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. @entity8 composition and @entity9 content varied greatly between the animal species studied. There was a variation in the concentration of total @entity7 in the plasma and feces obtained at different times during the experiments, however, the @entity7 profile remained constant throughout the study. The data obtained shows that although plasma @entity8 profile was not similar to fecal @entity7 profile, however, there was a significant correlation between the level of plasma and fecal @entity9 . Plasma @entity9 concentration might be a reliable biomarker for the degree of exposure of colon cells to this @entity8 , and may be useful in further studies on the role of secondary @entity7 in @entity4 .

title: Biliary, fecal and plasma @entity9 in @entity3 , hamster, XXXX , and @entity2 : comparative study and implication in @entity4 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity7 are believed to play a role in the etiology of @entity1 , and high fecal excretion of secondary @entity7 was correlated with increased incidence of @entity4 . Recently, it was also reported that there is an increase in plasma of the secondary @entity8 , @entity9 in @entity0 with @entity6 . Since @entity9 is formed in the colon and absorbed into the portal systemic circulation, it was suggested that the blood concentration of this @entity8 reflects the level of exposure of colonic cells to @entity9 . The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma @entity9 level represents the fecal content of this @entity8 in several animal species with different @entity8 composition and @entity9 contribution to the @entity8 pool. Eight @entity3 , hamsters, @entity5 , and @entity2 were used in this study. Blood samples and feces were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Bile samples were obtained only on day 7. The plasma, fecal and biliary @entity7 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. @entity8 composition and @entity9 content varied greatly between the animal species studied. There was a variation in the concentration of total @entity7 in the plasma and feces obtained at different times during the experiments, however, the @entity7 profile remained constant throughout the study. The data obtained shows that although plasma @entity8 profile was not similar to fecal @entity7 profile, however, there was a significant correlation between the level of plasma and fecal @entity9 . Plasma @entity9 concentration might be a reliable biomarker for the degree of exposure of colon cells to this @entity8 , and may be useful in further studies on the role of secondary @entity7 in @entity4 .

title: Biliary, fecal and plasma XXXX in @entity3 , hamster, @entity5 , and @entity2 : comparative study and implication in @entity4 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: This study evaluated the possibility that in @entity2 , mechanisms that maintain near normal arteriolar diameters at elevated arteriolar pressures limit the ability of skeletal muscle arterioles to dilate in response to an increase in tissue metabolism. The spinotrapezius muscles of 16- to 20-week-old spontaneously @entity2 @entity1 (SHR) and @entity1 -Kyoto @entity1 (WKY) were contracted at frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 Hz. The inner diameters of first-order through third-order arterioles were measured at rest and following 3 minutes of contractions. Tissue @entity0 tension ( @entity5 ) at the venous end of capillaries was monitored during 8-Hz contractions. At rest, following contractions, and after maximum dilation with @entity4 , the inner diameters of arterioles of equivalent branch order were not significantly different in SHR and WKY. Opening of closed arterioles during muscle contraction and @entity4 application occurred in less than 5% of the observations in both groups. The resting tissue @entity5 was 25.5 +/- 1.3 mm Hg in normal @entity1 and 26.1 +/- 2.1 mm Hg in SHR. At nearly maximum vasodilation during 8-Hz stimulation, tissue @entity5 recovered to 81.9 +/- 12.7% of control in WKY but only to 41.2 +/- 13.0% of control in SHR. These observations indicate that the expression of local regulatory mechanisms related to tissue metabolism is virtually normal in the spinotrapezius muscle vasculature of SHR in the context of @entity3 . However, at near maximum performance, factors other than absolute arteriolar diameter preclude the normal preservation of tissue @entity5 in the spinotrapezius muscle of SHR.

title: Arteriolar diameter and tissue XXXX tension during muscle contraction in @entity2 @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: This study evaluated the possibility that in @entity2 , mechanisms that maintain near normal arteriolar diameters at elevated arteriolar pressures limit the ability of skeletal muscle arterioles to dilate in response to an increase in tissue metabolism. The spinotrapezius muscles of 16- to 20-week-old spontaneously @entity2 @entity1 (SHR) and @entity1 -Kyoto @entity1 (WKY) were contracted at frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 Hz. The inner diameters of first-order through third-order arterioles were measured at rest and following 3 minutes of contractions. Tissue @entity0 tension ( @entity5 ) at the venous end of capillaries was monitored during 8-Hz contractions. At rest, following contractions, and after maximum dilation with @entity4 , the inner diameters of arterioles of equivalent branch order were not significantly different in SHR and WKY. Opening of closed arterioles during muscle contraction and @entity4 application occurred in less than 5% of the observations in both groups. The resting tissue @entity5 was 25.5 +/- 1.3 mm Hg in normal @entity1 and 26.1 +/- 2.1 mm Hg in SHR. At nearly maximum vasodilation during 8-Hz stimulation, tissue @entity5 recovered to 81.9 +/- 12.7% of control in WKY but only to 41.2 +/- 13.0% of control in SHR. These observations indicate that the expression of local regulatory mechanisms related to tissue metabolism is virtually normal in the spinotrapezius muscle vasculature of SHR in the context of @entity3 . However, at near maximum performance, factors other than absolute arteriolar diameter preclude the normal preservation of tissue @entity5 in the spinotrapezius muscle of SHR.

title: Arteriolar diameter and tissue @entity0 tension during muscle contraction in XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: This study evaluated the possibility that in @entity2 , mechanisms that maintain near normal arteriolar diameters at elevated arteriolar pressures limit the ability of skeletal muscle arterioles to dilate in response to an increase in tissue metabolism. The spinotrapezius muscles of 16- to 20-week-old spontaneously @entity2 @entity1 (SHR) and @entity1 -Kyoto @entity1 (WKY) were contracted at frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 Hz. The inner diameters of first-order through third-order arterioles were measured at rest and following 3 minutes of contractions. Tissue @entity0 tension ( @entity5 ) at the venous end of capillaries was monitored during 8-Hz contractions. At rest, following contractions, and after maximum dilation with @entity4 , the inner diameters of arterioles of equivalent branch order were not significantly different in SHR and WKY. Opening of closed arterioles during muscle contraction and @entity4 application occurred in less than 5% of the observations in both groups. The resting tissue @entity5 was 25.5 +/- 1.3 mm Hg in normal @entity1 and 26.1 +/- 2.1 mm Hg in SHR. At nearly maximum vasodilation during 8-Hz stimulation, tissue @entity5 recovered to 81.9 +/- 12.7% of control in WKY but only to 41.2 +/- 13.0% of control in SHR. These observations indicate that the expression of local regulatory mechanisms related to tissue metabolism is virtually normal in the spinotrapezius muscle vasculature of SHR in the context of @entity3 . However, at near maximum performance, factors other than absolute arteriolar diameter preclude the normal preservation of tissue @entity5 in the spinotrapezius muscle of SHR.

title: Arteriolar diameter and tissue @entity0 tension during muscle contraction in @entity2 XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: In studies of experimental @entity6 , a major obstacle has been the unavailability of a suitable animal model. We found that irradiated LSH/Ss Lak hamsters developed @entity4 after injection of @entity5 in the hind paws. When nonirradiated hamsters were injected in the hind paws with @entity5 , acute transient @entity3 was present. A diffuse neutrophilic infiltrate involved the synovia and periarticular structures. The @entity1 was associated with @entity0 , @entity2 , and granulation tissue. Numerous spirochetes were seen in the synovial and subsynovial tissues. The histopathologic changes were enhanced in irradiated hamsters. The onset and duration of the induced @entity0 were dependent on the dose of radiation and the inoculum of spirochetes. Inoculation of irradiated hamsters with Formalin-killed spirochetes or medium in which @entity5 had grown for 7 days failed to induce @entity0 . This animal model should prove useful for studies of the immune response to @entity5 and the pathogenesis of @entity4 .

title: Induction of XXXX in LSH hamsters.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity0 saliva contains a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (agglutinin) which binds to specific streptococci in a @entity1 -dependent reaction leading to the formation of bacterial aggregates. We report the cloning of a gene encoding a surface antigen from @entity2 M5 and show that the expressed protein inhibits agglutinin-mediated aggregation and specifically binds the @entity6 in a @entity1 -dependent fashion. Clones isolated from the immunological screening of @entity2 M5 genomic libraries with polyclonal antibodies against whole cells were assayed for the ability to compete with @entity2 for agglutinin. One clone, pSSP-5, expressed antigens of 165 and 130 kilodaltons (kDa) possessing this activity. A 3-kilobase-pair (kbp) insert fragment from this clone was used to screen a genomic library in lambda EMBL3 which resulted in the isolation of clone SSP-5A. This clone contained an insert of 17 kb and expressed proteins of 170 to 205 kDa that reacted with the anti-S. sanguis antibodies. Subcloning of a 5.3-kbp EcoRI-BamHI fragment from SSP-5A produced pEB-5, which expressed streptococcal components that were indistinguishable from SSP-5A. The streptococcal antigen was purified by gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography and shown to potently compete with @entity2 M5 cells for agglutinin. The antigen also bound purified @entity6 in the presence of 1 mM @entity4 . This binding was inhibited by @entity3 . Both the SSP-5 antigen and a 205-kDa protein in surface protein extracts from @entity2 M5 cross-reacted with antibodies directed against antigen B from @entity5 and SpaA from S. sobrinus 6715. These results indicate that a 205-kDa surface protein that is antigenically related to SpaA and antigen B is involved in the binding of @entity6 to @entity2 M5.

title: Cloning and expression of a @entity5 sanguis surface antigen that interacts with a XXXX @entity6 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity0 saliva contains a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (agglutinin) which binds to specific streptococci in a @entity1 -dependent reaction leading to the formation of bacterial aggregates. We report the cloning of a gene encoding a surface antigen from @entity2 M5 and show that the expressed protein inhibits agglutinin-mediated aggregation and specifically binds the @entity6 in a @entity1 -dependent fashion. Clones isolated from the immunological screening of @entity2 M5 genomic libraries with polyclonal antibodies against whole cells were assayed for the ability to compete with @entity2 for agglutinin. One clone, pSSP-5, expressed antigens of 165 and 130 kilodaltons (kDa) possessing this activity. A 3-kilobase-pair (kbp) insert fragment from this clone was used to screen a genomic library in lambda EMBL3 which resulted in the isolation of clone SSP-5A. This clone contained an insert of 17 kb and expressed proteins of 170 to 205 kDa that reacted with the anti-S. sanguis antibodies. Subcloning of a 5.3-kbp EcoRI-BamHI fragment from SSP-5A produced pEB-5, which expressed streptococcal components that were indistinguishable from SSP-5A. The streptococcal antigen was purified by gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography and shown to potently compete with @entity2 M5 cells for agglutinin. The antigen also bound purified @entity6 in the presence of 1 mM @entity4 . This binding was inhibited by @entity3 . Both the SSP-5 antigen and a 205-kDa protein in surface protein extracts from @entity2 M5 cross-reacted with antibodies directed against antigen B from @entity5 and SpaA from S. sobrinus 6715. These results indicate that a 205-kDa surface protein that is antigenically related to SpaA and antigen B is involved in the binding of @entity6 to @entity2 M5.

title: Cloning and expression of a @entity5 sanguis surface antigen that interacts with a @entity0 XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity0 saliva contains a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (agglutinin) which binds to specific streptococci in a @entity1 -dependent reaction leading to the formation of bacterial aggregates. We report the cloning of a gene encoding a surface antigen from @entity2 M5 and show that the expressed protein inhibits agglutinin-mediated aggregation and specifically binds the @entity6 in a @entity1 -dependent fashion. Clones isolated from the immunological screening of @entity2 M5 genomic libraries with polyclonal antibodies against whole cells were assayed for the ability to compete with @entity2 for agglutinin. One clone, pSSP-5, expressed antigens of 165 and 130 kilodaltons (kDa) possessing this activity. A 3-kilobase-pair (kbp) insert fragment from this clone was used to screen a genomic library in lambda EMBL3 which resulted in the isolation of clone SSP-5A. This clone contained an insert of 17 kb and expressed proteins of 170 to 205 kDa that reacted with the anti-S. sanguis antibodies. Subcloning of a 5.3-kbp EcoRI-BamHI fragment from SSP-5A produced pEB-5, which expressed streptococcal components that were indistinguishable from SSP-5A. The streptococcal antigen was purified by gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography and shown to potently compete with @entity2 M5 cells for agglutinin. The antigen also bound purified @entity6 in the presence of 1 mM @entity4 . This binding was inhibited by @entity3 . Both the SSP-5 antigen and a 205-kDa protein in surface protein extracts from @entity2 M5 cross-reacted with antibodies directed against antigen B from @entity5 and SpaA from S. sobrinus 6715. These results indicate that a 205-kDa surface protein that is antigenically related to SpaA and antigen B is involved in the binding of @entity6 to @entity2 M5.

title: Cloning and expression of a XXXX sanguis surface antigen that interacts with a @entity0 @entity6 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The proliferation of normal @entity0 fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and melanocytes in vitro can be controlled by purified polypeptide growth factors and serum. We have studied the cellular expression of the heparin-binding growth factor type 2/basic fibroblast growth factor ( @entity2 / @entity2 ) gene to determine whether these cell types synthesize mRNA for this mitogen. Our results indicate that normal @entity0 fibroblasts synthesize four distinct mRNAs of 7.0, 3.7, 2.2, and 1.5 kilobases, which hybridize to a specific @entity2 / @entity2 cDNA probe. In fibroblasts, the level of all four of these transcripts increases dramatically (more than tenfold) within 4 hours of treatment of quiescent cells with fresh fetal bovine serum. Of the purified growth factors tested, transforming growth factor type-beta also increased @entity2 / @entity2 mRNA abundance, but not to the levels attained by serum treatment. Treatment of fibroblasts with @entity4 before and during serum treatment blocked the ability of serum to induce the expression of the @entity2 / @entity2 gene. The gene is expressed at low levels in @entity0 fibroblasts rapidly growing in serum-free medium and at higher levels in cells rapidly growing in serum-containing medium. In contrast to fibroblasts, mRNA coding for @entity2 / @entity2 is undetectable in proliferating normal @entity0 keratinocytes, melanocytes, or mammary epithelial cells. Because keratinocytes and melanocytes proliferate in response to purified @entity2 / @entity2 , our results suggest that @entity2 / @entity2 may mediate the proliferation of epidermal cells through paracrine mechanisms involving stromal fibroblasts. Moreover, we have shown that a @entity0 @entity3 cell line (SCC-25) expresses mRNA coding for @entity2 / @entity2 , suggesting that the gene may become activated in some @entity1 .

title: Differential expression of mRNA coding for heparin-binding growth factor type 2 in XXXX cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Electron microscopy (EM) is being used to study the ultrastructural basis for the age-dependent reorganization of afferents in the olfactory cortex (OC) of @entity0 after deafferentation of the area by removal of the ipsilateral olfactory bulb (OB). The double-lesion technique was used with a @entity1 of the OB at various @entity2 ( @entity2 ) ages between @entity2 0 and 30 and in the adult ( @entity2 100). After appropriate survival times to remove @entity1 , a second lesion was placed in the ipsilateral OC. One to 3 days later the tissue is prepared for EM with emphasis on a study of changes in the superficial and deep dendritic layer (Ia and Ib respectively) rostral to the lesion. In control litter mates with both OBs intact, but with a single OC lesion only, degenerating synaptic terminals occur onto dendritic spines and branches only in deeper Ib. However, in adults with @entity1 at @entity2 0-9, OC lesions produce degenerating terminals throughout Ia and Ib including immediately subjacent to the pia. In Ia degenerating terminals are greatly reduced in the @entity2 13 group and rare to absent in experiments with @entity1 at older ages ( @entity2 30-100). Electron-dense debris within glia occurs throughout layer I in each double-lesion group but is greatest in experiments with @entity1 at older ages. Some transsynaptic alterations are seen throughout, especially in the @entity2 30-100 group even at a distance from the OC lesion. The results support earlier light microscopic (LM) findings, suggesting @entity2 9-13 as critical ages for developmental plasticity and prove that at least in the younger ages, synapses are involved in the phenomenon. This may be explained by either reinnervation of deafferented sites or persistence of synapses that would otherwise have been eliminated by afferents from the OB. In addition, some of the LM degeneration particles probably are engulfed masses of debris and not synaptic structures, especially in cases which were operated at older ages and survived for 3 days. The various afferent pathways involved in the events as well as factors that limit the phenomenon in older ages are discussed.

title: Electron microscopy of plasticity in XXXX olfactory cortex.

answer: @entity0