abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Vocal rehabilitation of @entity0 who have undergone laryngectomy is best accomplished by a tracheoesophageal puncture. Optimal function of the prosthesis requires an adequate stoma. @entity0 with @entity1 require revision of the stoma if vocal rehabilitation is to take place. Revision and tracheoesophageal placement are usually done as two separate procedures. Creating a tracheoesophageal fistula at the time of stomal revision has not been addressed in the literature. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective analysis and follow-up of 10 @entity0 undergoing simultaneous tracheoesophageal puncture and stomal revision for @entity1 between 1991 and 1996. METHODS: Ten @entity0 were reviewed. An inferiorly based V-Y advancement flap was used so as not to interfere with the tracheoesophageal puncture. All @entity0 had received radiation prior to revision and tracheoesophageal puncture. @entity0 were followed for a minimum of 2 years (range, 2-6 y; median, 3 y). RESULTS: All @entity0 maintained an adequate stoma without stenting. Eight of ten @entity0 (80%) developed and maintained good tracheoesophageal speech. Two @entity0 had their speech fistulas removed. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Creation of a tracheoesophageal fistula at the time of stomal revision allows for vocal rehabilitation with a single visit to the operating room.

title: XXXX revision with simultaneous tracheoesophageal puncture.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: We report eight new cases of the association primary @entity5 ( @entity9 ) and study the contribution of labial salivary gland biopsy to the disease diagnosis. METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinical and biological data as well as results of labial salivary gland biopsies in eight @entity0 with @entity9 . RESULTS: The eight @entity0 were female. @entity4 corresponded to a @entity7 in three @entity0 , while in two other @entity0 two features of the @entity7 were observed. Anticentromere antibodies were detected in these five cases. The last three @entity0 had @entity4 with @entity6 in two cases. All @entity0 presented with Sj  gren's syndrome. Labial salivary gland biopsies performed in six @entity0 showed in five cases an inflammatory infiltrate and focal @entity8 typically associated with Sj  gren's syndrome. In four cases, @entity3 and @entity2 were suggestive of @entity4 , and in four other cases, the presence of a pericanalicular infiltrate of lymphocytes and @entity1 of the excretory ducts epithelial cells suggested the existence of @entity5 . In three @entity0 , all histological lesions were found in the same labial salivary gland biopsy. CONCLUSION: Coexistence of histological lesions on the same labial salivary gland suggestive of @entity5 , @entity4 and Sj  gren's syndrome has never been described previously. The diagnostic value of labial salivary gland biopsy has to be assessed in this context.

title: [ @entity5 and XXXX ( @entity9 ): apropos of 8 new cases. The contribution of accessory salivary gland biopsy].

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: We report eight new cases of the association primary @entity5 ( @entity9 ) and study the contribution of labial salivary gland biopsy to the disease diagnosis. METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinical and biological data as well as results of labial salivary gland biopsies in eight @entity0 with @entity9 . RESULTS: The eight @entity0 were female. @entity4 corresponded to a @entity7 in three @entity0 , while in two other @entity0 two features of the @entity7 were observed. Anticentromere antibodies were detected in these five cases. The last three @entity0 had @entity4 with @entity6 in two cases. All @entity0 presented with Sj  gren's syndrome. Labial salivary gland biopsies performed in six @entity0 showed in five cases an inflammatory infiltrate and focal @entity8 typically associated with Sj  gren's syndrome. In four cases, @entity3 and @entity2 were suggestive of @entity4 , and in four other cases, the presence of a pericanalicular infiltrate of lymphocytes and @entity1 of the excretory ducts epithelial cells suggested the existence of @entity5 . In three @entity0 , all histological lesions were found in the same labial salivary gland biopsy. CONCLUSION: Coexistence of histological lesions on the same labial salivary gland suggestive of @entity5 , @entity4 and Sj  gren's syndrome has never been described previously. The diagnostic value of labial salivary gland biopsy has to be assessed in this context.

title: [ @entity5 and @entity4 ( XXXX ): apropos of 8 new cases. The contribution of accessory salivary gland biopsy].

answer: @entity9


abstract: PURPOSE: We report eight new cases of the association primary @entity5 ( @entity9 ) and study the contribution of labial salivary gland biopsy to the disease diagnosis. METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinical and biological data as well as results of labial salivary gland biopsies in eight @entity0 with @entity9 . RESULTS: The eight @entity0 were female. @entity4 corresponded to a @entity7 in three @entity0 , while in two other @entity0 two features of the @entity7 were observed. Anticentromere antibodies were detected in these five cases. The last three @entity0 had @entity4 with @entity6 in two cases. All @entity0 presented with Sj  gren's syndrome. Labial salivary gland biopsies performed in six @entity0 showed in five cases an inflammatory infiltrate and focal @entity8 typically associated with Sj  gren's syndrome. In four cases, @entity3 and @entity2 were suggestive of @entity4 , and in four other cases, the presence of a pericanalicular infiltrate of lymphocytes and @entity1 of the excretory ducts epithelial cells suggested the existence of @entity5 . In three @entity0 , all histological lesions were found in the same labial salivary gland biopsy. CONCLUSION: Coexistence of histological lesions on the same labial salivary gland suggestive of @entity5 , @entity4 and Sj  gren's syndrome has never been described previously. The diagnostic value of labial salivary gland biopsy has to be assessed in this context.

title: [ XXXX and @entity4 ( @entity9 ): apropos of 8 new cases. The contribution of accessory salivary gland biopsy].

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: We assessed whether @entity0 referred with a diagnosis of @entity1 require outpatient assessment before listing for surgery or whether the general practitioner could have direct access to the waiting list. We also studied whether pre-assessment clinics made a significant difference to management even when waiting times were long. METHODS: Data about @entity0 referred with a diagnosis of @entity1 to the Oxford Eye Hospital and associated hospitals were collected. Seventy-five @entity0 were prospectively studied and 100 @entity0 records were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS: Twenty-six per cent of @entity0 had a misdiagnosis or additional problems affecting management. Optometrists provided more information than general practitioners, but their diagnostic accuracy was equal (73% optometrists, 75% general practitioners). At the pre-assessment clinic pupil dilatation changed management in only 4% of @entity0 . CONCLUSION: Listing @entity0 on the basis of @entity2 would be inappropriate in 1 in 4 @entity0 . Pre-assessment clinics rarely picked up a clinically relevant change. Thus if outpatient consultation included a decision on the exact surgical plan including implant power, then pre-assessment clinics may not be necessary.

title: Optimisation of outpatient resource utilisation in XXXX management.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: In rodent models, investigators have transplanted donor tracheas into a recipient @entity0 's abdomen or s.c. tissue to study airway rejection. We describe a modification of this model, which provides improved histology to study the airway injury related to @entity3 . METHODS: The standard technique of implanting the donor @entity2 was compared to a model in which a tracheal Y graft was created by @entity1 of the donor @entity2 to the recipient airway. Syngeneic and allogeneic tracheal grafts (Lewis and Brown @entity0 ) were harvested at 2 and 4 weeks using each model (eight groups). RESULTS: Gross patency at the tracheal @entity1 grafts was 100%. All donor tracheas, which were implanted without an @entity1 , were occluded with mucus (syngeneic) or granulation tissue (allogeneic). Syngeneic implant grafts demonstrated significantly less lumenal granulation tissue 35.3%+/-32 than the allograft implant group (95.3%+/-9.2, P=0.0005 at 4 weeks). The anastomotic allograft group demonstrated significantly less lumenal granulation tissue 48.3%+/-23.7 when compared with the implanted allograft group (P=0.003). The implanted allograft demonstrated a severe loss of epithelial integrity by 2 weeks (16.7%+/-38), which progressed to complete loss by 4 weeks (P=0.0001 and P=0.0001 vs. native). This loss was significantly more than that of the anastomotic group at 2 weeks (89.5%+/-13, P=0.004) and 4 weeks (88.3+/-29, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity0 tracheal allograft anastomosed to the recipient airway demonstrated less lumenal granulation tissue obstruction and better preservation of epithelial integrity than an implant allograft, suggesting that an open airway improves assessment of transplant-related changes associated with rejection.

title: A comparison of XXXX tracheal transplant models: implantation verses anastomotic techniques for the study of airway rejection.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Intestinal metabolism and transport are now recognized as protective barriers against orally ingested xenobiotics, including drugs. However, in vitro studies of the expression and function of intestinal proteins are hampered by the limited availability of @entity0 intestinal tissues. Because enterocytes are constantly shed in large numbers into the gut lumen, this study investigated whether these cells could be collected with a multilumen perfusion catheter and whether they are functionally active. METHODS: In healthy volunteers, a 20-cm isolated jejunal segment was generated with the perfusion catheter by inflating 2 balloons with air. Shed cells were characterized by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis for leukocyte-specific @entity3 and enterocyte-specific villin, as well as for apoptosis. Homogenates of the cells were used for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Cytochrome P450 enzyme activity was determined with the @entity2 channel blocker @entity4 as a substrate. RESULTS: On average, 4.83 mg protein and 56.23 million cells were collected from a 20-cm segment during 2 hours. A total of 84.2% of the cells were positive for enterocyte-specific villin, and only 1.6% of the collected cells were positive for @entity3 . The majority of cells (65.3%) were not in early or late apoptosis or @entity1 . In all volunteers, drug-metabolizing enzymes (such as members of the cytochrome P450 family) could be detected as both messenger ribonucleic acid and proteins. Consistent with expression data, formation of @entity4 metabolites catalyzed by @entity6 and @entity5 was shown. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of shed @entity0 enterocytes collected with a multilumen perfusion catheter were still functionally active and not apoptotic. Harvesting of spontaneously shed enterocytes provides a new tool for studies on expression and function of intestinal proteins.

title: Shed XXXX enterocytes as a tool for the study of expression and function of intestinal drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that a 50% increase in respiratory system elastance (Ers) would indicate similar degree of @entity4 (equi-damage, ED), independently of ventilation strategy. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective, randomized animal laboratory investigation at a university hospital laboratory. SUBJECTS: 35 anesthetized, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated male @entity2 . INTERVENTIONS: Each @entity2 was ventilated with a different combination of tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure, and inspired fraction of @entity1 . Ers was determined throughout the experiment; the studies were interrupted when Ers reached 150% (ED) of its baseline value, or after 5 h. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Lung wet to dry weight ratio (W/D) was assessed. Morphological damage of the lung was scored on a grading of perivascular @entity0 , @entity5 , and breaks in the alveolar septa to obtain a @entity3 score. Twenty-four @entity2 achieved an Ers of 150%: nine within 1 h (class 1), nine in 1-2 h (class 2), and six in 2-5 h (class 3). Eleven @entity2 did not reach the target 50% increase in Ers (class 4). W/D was higher in @entity2 that reached the target than in those that did not. W/D did not differ among @entity2 that reached ED. Similarly, the @entity3 score did not differ among classes 1-3 but was higher than class 4. CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of VILI a 50% increase in Ers corresponds to an equal level of @entity4 , irrespective of ventilatory setting and time of ventilation.

title: Equal increases in respiratory system elastance reflect similar XXXX in experimental ventilator-induced lung injury.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The kinetic properties of the nicotinic receptor/ionic channel complex ( @entity2 ) were compared in cell cultures obtained from @entity1 -dependent skeletal muscles of the perineal complex (P) and from muscles less dependent upon sex hormones (the thigh musculature, T). Because the development of P is delayed compared to other skeletal muscles in the @entity0 , cultures were performed taking into account the age of the donor (4- or 6-day-old @entity0 ), and the time interval the cells remained in culture (7 days and 15 days). The ionic channel conductance (gamma) and the mean channel open time (tau) were determined with the patch-clamp technique in the cell-attached configuration at room temperature. Cultures from P and T muscles were morphologically identical in size and shape, independent of the animals' age at plating or on the plating time. In all of them, the @entity2 was spread over the cell membrane. More than one @entity2 ionic channel conductance was observed in P and T cultures, and the prevalent value of gamma in either culture ranged from 30 pS to 35 pS. In P fibers from 4-day-old @entity0 cultured for 7 days (P 4/7), the distribution of channel open times fitted a double exponential, while in T 4/7 they were fitted with a single exponential. In cultures from P and T muscles obtained from older @entity0 (6 days old) and in those cells remaining in culture for a prolonged time (15 days), the channel open times also fitted a double exponential. Because P and T cultures lack trophic neuronal influences, the difference observed between the tau of @entity3 was thought to be the hormone requirement of P muscles to grow and differentiate. Likewise, the difference observed between T 4/7 and T 4/15 may indicate the need for neurotrophic influences to maintain higher tau values in older cultures. Since this requirement is not found in cultured fibers, tau would tend to assume slower values approaching those of P without hormone activation.

title: Nicotinic receptor/ionic channel complex ( @entity2 ) in XXXX -dependent skeletal muscle cultures.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The kinetic properties of the nicotinic receptor/ionic channel complex ( @entity2 ) were compared in cell cultures obtained from @entity1 -dependent skeletal muscles of the perineal complex (P) and from muscles less dependent upon sex hormones (the thigh musculature, T). Because the development of P is delayed compared to other skeletal muscles in the @entity0 , cultures were performed taking into account the age of the donor (4- or 6-day-old @entity0 ), and the time interval the cells remained in culture (7 days and 15 days). The ionic channel conductance (gamma) and the mean channel open time (tau) were determined with the patch-clamp technique in the cell-attached configuration at room temperature. Cultures from P and T muscles were morphologically identical in size and shape, independent of the animals' age at plating or on the plating time. In all of them, the @entity2 was spread over the cell membrane. More than one @entity2 ionic channel conductance was observed in P and T cultures, and the prevalent value of gamma in either culture ranged from 30 pS to 35 pS. In P fibers from 4-day-old @entity0 cultured for 7 days (P 4/7), the distribution of channel open times fitted a double exponential, while in T 4/7 they were fitted with a single exponential. In cultures from P and T muscles obtained from older @entity0 (6 days old) and in those cells remaining in culture for a prolonged time (15 days), the channel open times also fitted a double exponential. Because P and T cultures lack trophic neuronal influences, the difference observed between the tau of @entity3 was thought to be the hormone requirement of P muscles to grow and differentiate. Likewise, the difference observed between T 4/7 and T 4/15 may indicate the need for neurotrophic influences to maintain higher tau values in older cultures. Since this requirement is not found in cultured fibers, tau would tend to assume slower values approaching those of P without hormone activation.

title: Nicotinic receptor/ionic channel complex ( XXXX ) in @entity1 -dependent skeletal muscle cultures.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity6 is characterized by an @entity0 of the portal tract with lymphocytes and plasma cells, an @entity8 and a variety of circulating autoantibodies. The presence of smooth muscle antibodies and/or antinuclear antibodies define type 1. Type 2 is characterized by the presence of liver-kidney--microsomal antibodies. Environmental, genetic and infectious factors may explain the autoreactivity of T cells. Different non specific clinical features may be present. Sometimes the presentation may be an acute @entity1 ; in the remainder, the disease may not be recognized until @entity3 is advanced. @entity8 and presence of circulating autoantibodies are the key for diagnosis. The association of @entity5 in combination with @entity4 remains the established treatment. If relapse or non response occur, other immunosuppressive therapy such as @entity2 may be useful. Liver transplantation is reserved for (sub)fulminant forms and @entity7 .

title: [ XXXX . Physiopathologic, clinical, histological, and therapeutic features].

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity1 is a frequent event during the perioperative period. Recent studies revealed a drop in core temperature of over 2 degrees C in more than 50% of all @entity0 undergoing an operation. This drop in core temperature seems to be primarily due to the following factors. Anaesthesia prevents behavioural adaptations to changes in ambient temperature. Simultaneously, autonomic mechanisms of temperature control are suppressed by general as well as by neuraxial anaesthesia. The interthreshold range between core temperatures that trigger responses to warmth and to cold increases up to 20-fold. This is primarily due to a decrease in the cold response threshold. As a result, body core temperature of anaesthetized @entity0 is primarily determined by the much lower temperature of the environment. On one hand, decreases in body temperatures may exert organ protective effects under certain conditions, e.g., by increasing ischemic tolerance. On the other hand, there is accumulating evidence that accidental perioperative @entity1 may also adversely affect organ function and outcome. For example, unfavourable effects of perioperative @entity1 on the immune defence, on the function of the coagulation system, on cardiovascular performance, as well as on postoperative recovery have been reported. Consequently, measures should be taken to actively control the perioperative heat balance of @entity0 .

title: [Etiology and sequelae of perioperative XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Long-term follow-up in apical @entity5 is rare. OBJECTIVE: To study the natural history of the disease. METHODS: We followed 11 @entity0 , 5 @entity0 and 6 @entity0 , for 5-20 years. RESULTS: At presentation all 11 @entity0 had typical features of apical @entity5 , with @entity7 in 3 and @entity3 in 8, of whom 5 were typical of angina and 3 had @entity2 . R-wave voltage and T-wave negativity progressively decreased in magnitude at serial electrocardiograms in four @entity0 . Perfusion defects were detected on thallium myocardial scintigraphy in three, increased apical uptake in two, and normal in one @entity0 . Apical @entity1 with normal coronary arteries developed in a @entity0 who had sustained @entity6 . All of the 10 catheterized @entity0 had normal coronaries except for one with significant left anterior descending @entity8 and another with a minor lesion. Symptomatic sustained @entity6 was found in two @entity0 , one of whom required the implantation of an internal cardioverter defibrillator. CONCLUSIONS: Apical @entity5 may develop morphologic and electrocardiographic changes with life-threatening @entity4 necessitating close follow-up and treatment.

title: Novel insights into the natural history of apical XXXX during long-term follow-up.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the severity of @entity3 , @entity0 , and other symptoms of @entity4 in a representative general population sample of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) cases (FC) compared to @entity1 controls (PC), and to identify strong correlates of @entity3 and @entity0 . METHODS: We compared the severity of @entity3 , @entity0 , and other symptoms of @entity4 between 2 representative community samples: (1) 74 confirmed FC, and (2) 48 adults with chronic @entity1 (PC) who did not meet the 1990 ACR criteria for @entity2 . Psychological distress was measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies @entity3 (CES-D) Scale, the State-Trait @entity0 Inventory (STAI), and other measures of @entity4 from the literature. Using cutoff scores for CES-D and trait @entity0 , we compared demographic and clinical characteristics in those above and below each cutoff score. Simple linear regression was performed to identify factors strongly and independently correlated with @entity3 and trait @entity0 . RESULTS: Compared to PC, FC were more symptomatic on virtually all measures of @entity4 . Similarly, individuals who scored above cutoff scores for @entity3 and @entity0 had more physical symptoms and had poorer function than those below. @entity3 and trait @entity0 were highly correlated (r = 0.86). In a simple regression model, the best predictors for both @entity3 and trait @entity0 were the total number of symptoms and a @entity5 score. CONCLUSION: @entity3 and @entity0 are common and frequently severe even among community cases of @entity2 .

title: Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain with or without XXXX : @entity4 in a representative community adult sample.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the severity of @entity3 , @entity0 , and other symptoms of @entity4 in a representative general population sample of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) cases (FC) compared to @entity1 controls (PC), and to identify strong correlates of @entity3 and @entity0 . METHODS: We compared the severity of @entity3 , @entity0 , and other symptoms of @entity4 between 2 representative community samples: (1) 74 confirmed FC, and (2) 48 adults with chronic @entity1 (PC) who did not meet the 1990 ACR criteria for @entity2 . Psychological distress was measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies @entity3 (CES-D) Scale, the State-Trait @entity0 Inventory (STAI), and other measures of @entity4 from the literature. Using cutoff scores for CES-D and trait @entity0 , we compared demographic and clinical characteristics in those above and below each cutoff score. Simple linear regression was performed to identify factors strongly and independently correlated with @entity3 and trait @entity0 . RESULTS: Compared to PC, FC were more symptomatic on virtually all measures of @entity4 . Similarly, individuals who scored above cutoff scores for @entity3 and @entity0 had more physical symptoms and had poorer function than those below. @entity3 and trait @entity0 were highly correlated (r = 0.86). In a simple regression model, the best predictors for both @entity3 and trait @entity0 were the total number of symptoms and a @entity5 score. CONCLUSION: @entity3 and @entity0 are common and frequently severe even among community cases of @entity2 .

title: Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain with or without @entity2 : XXXX in a representative community adult sample.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: In a companion paper, we determined that intraocular pressure is part of the pathogenesis of normal-tension @entity4 by analyzing the effect of a 30% intraocular pressure reduction on the subsequent course of the disease. We report an intent-to-treat analysis of the study data to determine the effectiveness of pressure reduction. METHODS: One eligible eye of 145 subjects with normal-tension @entity4 was randomized either to no treatment (control) or to a 30% intraocular pressure reduction from baseline. To be eligible for randomization, the normal-tension @entity4 eyes had to show documented progression of field defects or a new disk @entity3 or had to have field defects that threatened fixation when first presented for the study. Survival analysis compared time to progression of all randomly assigned @entity0 during the course of follow-up from the initial baseline at randomization. In a separate analysis, data of @entity0 developing @entity2 were censored at the time that @entity2 produced 2 lines of Snellen visual acuity loss. RESULTS: Visual field progression occurred at indistinguishable rates in the pressure-lowered (22/66) and the untreated control (31/79) arms of the study (P = .21). In an analysis with data censored when @entity2 affected visual acuity, @entity1 was significantly more common in the untreated group (21/79) compared with the treated group (8/66). An overall survival analysis showed a survival of 80% in the treated arm and of 60% in the control arm at 3 years, and 80% in the treated arm and 40% in the controls at 5 years. The Kaplan-Meier curves were significantly different (P = .0018). The analyses gave different results because of a higher incidence of @entity2 in the group that underwent filtration surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The favorable effect of intraocular pressure reduction on progression of visual change in normal-tension @entity4 was only found when the impact of @entity2 on @entity1 , produced largely by surgery, was removed. @entity5 without producing @entity2 is beneficial. Because not all untreated @entity0 progressed, the natural history of normal-tension @entity4 must be considered before embarking on intraocular pressure reduction with therapy apt to exacerbate @entity2 formation unless normal-tension @entity4 threatens serious @entity1 .

title: The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension @entity4 . Collaborative Normal-Tension XXXX Study Group.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: In a companion paper, we determined that intraocular pressure is part of the pathogenesis of normal-tension @entity4 by analyzing the effect of a 30% intraocular pressure reduction on the subsequent course of the disease. We report an intent-to-treat analysis of the study data to determine the effectiveness of pressure reduction. METHODS: One eligible eye of 145 subjects with normal-tension @entity4 was randomized either to no treatment (control) or to a 30% intraocular pressure reduction from baseline. To be eligible for randomization, the normal-tension @entity4 eyes had to show documented progression of field defects or a new disk @entity3 or had to have field defects that threatened fixation when first presented for the study. Survival analysis compared time to progression of all randomly assigned @entity0 during the course of follow-up from the initial baseline at randomization. In a separate analysis, data of @entity0 developing @entity2 were censored at the time that @entity2 produced 2 lines of Snellen visual acuity loss. RESULTS: Visual field progression occurred at indistinguishable rates in the pressure-lowered (22/66) and the untreated control (31/79) arms of the study (P = .21). In an analysis with data censored when @entity2 affected visual acuity, @entity1 was significantly more common in the untreated group (21/79) compared with the treated group (8/66). An overall survival analysis showed a survival of 80% in the treated arm and of 60% in the control arm at 3 years, and 80% in the treated arm and 40% in the controls at 5 years. The Kaplan-Meier curves were significantly different (P = .0018). The analyses gave different results because of a higher incidence of @entity2 in the group that underwent filtration surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The favorable effect of intraocular pressure reduction on progression of visual change in normal-tension @entity4 was only found when the impact of @entity2 on @entity1 , produced largely by surgery, was removed. @entity5 without producing @entity2 is beneficial. Because not all untreated @entity0 progressed, the natural history of normal-tension @entity4 must be considered before embarking on intraocular pressure reduction with therapy apt to exacerbate @entity2 formation unless normal-tension @entity4 threatens serious @entity1 .

title: The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension XXXX . Collaborative Normal-Tension @entity4 Study Group.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Continuous spinal anesthesia (CSA) has been considered to be better in temporal and dose flexibility, as well as hemodynamic stability than single dose spinal anesthesia. However, the failure of spinal anesthesia is not a rare experience for anesthesiologists. Here we present our experience in solving the problem and discuss the possible causes for the failure. METHODS: 236 cases were studied retrospectively from January to December in 1996. All were over 65 years old, ASA III, scheduled for transurethral procedures or orthopedic operation. CSA was performed with 0.2% @entity0 . Failed CSA was confirmed by positive pin-prick test at T10 dermatome(umbilicus) 30 minutes after 20 mg @entity0 was injected. For failed cases, 5 mL 1% @entity1 was injected intrathecally for rescue. The failure rate, sensory and motor blockade, success rate by changing to @entity1 and its dosage were recorded. RESULTS: Eleven of 236 cases (4.7%) were considered spinal failure since the initial 20 mg @entity0 could not provide adequate T10 anesthesia in 30 minutes. Addition of 5 mL 1% @entity1 produced a profound sensory and motor blockade in 9 cases, while further @entity1 injection was required in two cases. The success rate by rescuing @entity1 was 100% with an average @entity1 consumption by 52.5 +/- 4.5 mg. DISCUSSION: Factors contributed to failure spinal anesthesia including failure of technique, errors of judgment, maldistribution and failure of local anesthetic itself. However, we thought that change of pH value of local anesthetic in CSF may play a great part in these failed CSAs. Despite the reasons for failure, we demonstrate that failure of continuous spinal anesthesia by 0.2% @entity0 can be readily resolved by 1% @entity1 .

title: Clinical study of failure in continuous spinal anesthesia with XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: A model of @entity2 for fractionated and continuous exposure is developed. The model is discussed from two points of view. First a "surface" statistical model is introduced by making assumptions about the hazard function for the time of @entity0 latency. Later it is shown that the model can be interpreted in a mechanistic sense as a discrete and a mixed discrete/continuous counterpart of a model of @entity2 recently proposed by Yakovlev and Polig [A. Yakovlev, E. Polig, Math. Biosci. 132 (1996) 1]. Two counteracting effects are combined: a protective multiplicative effect of the exposure on the hazard function along with an additive effect of @entity0 responsible for an additional hazard. The model is used to revisit the analysis by Yakovlev et al. [A. Yakovlev, W. M  ller. L. Pavlova, E. Polig, Math. Biosci. 142 (1997) 107] of @entity3 in irradiated @entity1 under acute and fractionated exposure.

title: Modeling XXXX under a time-changing exposure.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Radioimmunoguided surgery ( @entity3 ) can be a valid option in the management of @entity1 as well as @entity2 in other anatomic sites. METHODS: We evaluated the usefulness of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in the staging of primitive @entity4 . Intraoperatively, this technique can define the lymph nodes involvement and thus, the radicality of the resection. In the first stage of our study, we looked for the epitope @entity6 in 45 @entity0 with primary @entity4 . The epitope was found by immunochemistry in only 6 cases. The only one operable @entity0 was injected with monoclonal antibody B 72.3, that was 125I-labelled. RESULTS: At the operation, the monoclonal antibody showed no selectivity for neoplastic cells. Neoplastic tissue and healthy tissue showed a similar detection of the monoclonal antibody both intraoperatively and at the histochemical study. Because of the problems related with this method--e.g. technical difficulties, excessive wasting of time and lack of imaging--we modified our strategy. In this second stage of our study we used fragments of murine anti-CEA monoclonal antibody F023C5. The protocol was performed in 11 @entity0 with @entity5 . In one @entity0 operated on for an excavated @entity2 (not well-defined at the immunoscintigraphy) intraoperative detection was negative while the ex vivo counts were significant: the neoplastic tissue showed a radioactivity twice higher than healthy tissue. Furthermore, the @entity3 found a small intraparenchimal lymph node that was seen neither by CT nor by immunoscintigraphy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data are still preliminary, but with improvement of the technique and the use of more specific monoclonal antibodies the @entity3 could become a helpful method, able to improve the radicality of surgery for @entity1 .

title: [Preliminary experience with radioimmuno-guided surgery of primary XXXX of the lung].

answer: @entity2


abstract: A 29-year-old right-handed male with a 12-year education presented with a 2-month history of generalized @entity6 activity. Neuroradiological imaging demonstrated a large lesion in the left frontal lobe involving the insulooperculum and in the temporal tip. Neurological and neuropsychological examination revealed no abnormality. Two-staged total resection of a left frontal large @entity7 involving the insulooperculum was achieved, with preservation of the speech and motor functions. The prefrontal area was resected en bloc under general anesthesia. To avoid vascular damage including the lenticulostriate arteries, the sylvian and the interhemispheric fissures were thoroughly opened. The @entity1 was apparently located in the anatomical Broca's area. Eighteen days later, the @entity3 was totally resected with no language deficit after identifying the motor-speech cortex, which was displaced from the usual location, by direct cortical stimulation under local anesthesia. The medially extended insular @entity1 was then resected stepwise with frequent neurological monitoring with the @entity0 awake. Surgery for @entity5 in the dominant hemisphere carries a high risk of speech and @entity4 . This staged operation enables maximum @entity1 resection of dominant-side large frontal @entity2 involving the insuloopercular region, with preservation of both motor and speech functions.

title: Two-staged resection of a left frontal XXXX involving the operculum and insula using intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring--case report.

answer: @entity7


abstract: We report a case of @entity6 with @entity4 and @entity3 . A @entity0 , born on July 26, 1987, developed unusual sensation on the extremities, backache and @entity2 on June 23, 1996. On July 2, following a complaint of @entity9 he developed a @entity5 and was admitted to our hospital. Neurological examination revealed intact consciousness, severe external @entity11 , bifacial palsy and generalized areflexia. On the next day, flaccid @entity8 and @entity7 developed and progressed without disturbance of consciousness. After tracheal intubation he was under mechanical ventilation. A lumbar puncture examination showed clear CSF with increased protein 166 mg/dl. no cells and normal @entity10 . Serum antibodies against gangliosides (GM1, asialo-GM1, GD1b and GQ1b) were not detected. A posterior tibial nerve conduction velocity was mildly delayed with disappearance of F- wave. On the other hand, very slow background activity was shown by EEG, extensive focal hypoperfusion of cerebral blood flow by SPECT and supratentorial multiple high intensity lesions by T2 weighted MRI of the brain. There were no abnormal signals in the brainstem and cerebellum on MRI. His condition dramatically improved after plasmapheresis. The abnormal findings of SPECT and MRI promptly disappeared within 3 weeks, although abnormal signs on EEG persisted. He was successfully weaned off the respirator and recovered strength of the limbs. He was discharged on August 28, 1996, with supported walk and bifacial palsy, then he completely recovered by 7 months. The condition of case was compatible with 'encephalo-myelo-radiculo- @entity1 ', a disease entity that had previously been reported in a few @entity0 in whom with Guillain-Barr   or @entity12 and cerebral symptoms co-existed.

title: [A case of @entity6 with @entity4 and @entity3 --possible evidence of encephalo-myelo-radiculo- XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: We report a case of @entity6 with @entity4 and @entity3 . A @entity0 , born on July 26, 1987, developed unusual sensation on the extremities, backache and @entity2 on June 23, 1996. On July 2, following a complaint of @entity9 he developed a @entity5 and was admitted to our hospital. Neurological examination revealed intact consciousness, severe external @entity11 , bifacial palsy and generalized areflexia. On the next day, flaccid @entity8 and @entity7 developed and progressed without disturbance of consciousness. After tracheal intubation he was under mechanical ventilation. A lumbar puncture examination showed clear CSF with increased protein 166 mg/dl. no cells and normal @entity10 . Serum antibodies against gangliosides (GM1, asialo-GM1, GD1b and GQ1b) were not detected. A posterior tibial nerve conduction velocity was mildly delayed with disappearance of F- wave. On the other hand, very slow background activity was shown by EEG, extensive focal hypoperfusion of cerebral blood flow by SPECT and supratentorial multiple high intensity lesions by T2 weighted MRI of the brain. There were no abnormal signals in the brainstem and cerebellum on MRI. His condition dramatically improved after plasmapheresis. The abnormal findings of SPECT and MRI promptly disappeared within 3 weeks, although abnormal signs on EEG persisted. He was successfully weaned off the respirator and recovered strength of the limbs. He was discharged on August 28, 1996, with supported walk and bifacial palsy, then he completely recovered by 7 months. The condition of case was compatible with 'encephalo-myelo-radiculo- @entity1 ', a disease entity that had previously been reported in a few @entity0 in whom with Guillain-Barr   or @entity12 and cerebral symptoms co-existed.

title: [A case of XXXX with @entity4 and @entity3 --possible evidence of encephalo-myelo-radiculo- @entity1 ].

answer: @entity6


abstract: We report a case of @entity6 with @entity4 and @entity3 . A @entity0 , born on July 26, 1987, developed unusual sensation on the extremities, backache and @entity2 on June 23, 1996. On July 2, following a complaint of @entity9 he developed a @entity5 and was admitted to our hospital. Neurological examination revealed intact consciousness, severe external @entity11 , bifacial palsy and generalized areflexia. On the next day, flaccid @entity8 and @entity7 developed and progressed without disturbance of consciousness. After tracheal intubation he was under mechanical ventilation. A lumbar puncture examination showed clear CSF with increased protein 166 mg/dl. no cells and normal @entity10 . Serum antibodies against gangliosides (GM1, asialo-GM1, GD1b and GQ1b) were not detected. A posterior tibial nerve conduction velocity was mildly delayed with disappearance of F- wave. On the other hand, very slow background activity was shown by EEG, extensive focal hypoperfusion of cerebral blood flow by SPECT and supratentorial multiple high intensity lesions by T2 weighted MRI of the brain. There were no abnormal signals in the brainstem and cerebellum on MRI. His condition dramatically improved after plasmapheresis. The abnormal findings of SPECT and MRI promptly disappeared within 3 weeks, although abnormal signs on EEG persisted. He was successfully weaned off the respirator and recovered strength of the limbs. He was discharged on August 28, 1996, with supported walk and bifacial palsy, then he completely recovered by 7 months. The condition of case was compatible with 'encephalo-myelo-radiculo- @entity1 ', a disease entity that had previously been reported in a few @entity0 in whom with Guillain-Barr   or @entity12 and cerebral symptoms co-existed.

title: [A case of @entity6 with XXXX and @entity3 --possible evidence of encephalo-myelo-radiculo- @entity1 ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: We report a case of @entity6 with @entity4 and @entity3 . A @entity0 , born on July 26, 1987, developed unusual sensation on the extremities, backache and @entity2 on June 23, 1996. On July 2, following a complaint of @entity9 he developed a @entity5 and was admitted to our hospital. Neurological examination revealed intact consciousness, severe external @entity11 , bifacial palsy and generalized areflexia. On the next day, flaccid @entity8 and @entity7 developed and progressed without disturbance of consciousness. After tracheal intubation he was under mechanical ventilation. A lumbar puncture examination showed clear CSF with increased protein 166 mg/dl. no cells and normal @entity10 . Serum antibodies against gangliosides (GM1, asialo-GM1, GD1b and GQ1b) were not detected. A posterior tibial nerve conduction velocity was mildly delayed with disappearance of F- wave. On the other hand, very slow background activity was shown by EEG, extensive focal hypoperfusion of cerebral blood flow by SPECT and supratentorial multiple high intensity lesions by T2 weighted MRI of the brain. There were no abnormal signals in the brainstem and cerebellum on MRI. His condition dramatically improved after plasmapheresis. The abnormal findings of SPECT and MRI promptly disappeared within 3 weeks, although abnormal signs on EEG persisted. He was successfully weaned off the respirator and recovered strength of the limbs. He was discharged on August 28, 1996, with supported walk and bifacial palsy, then he completely recovered by 7 months. The condition of case was compatible with 'encephalo-myelo-radiculo- @entity1 ', a disease entity that had previously been reported in a few @entity0 in whom with Guillain-Barr   or @entity12 and cerebral symptoms co-existed.

title: [A case of @entity6 with @entity4 and XXXX --possible evidence of encephalo-myelo-radiculo- @entity1 ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Hypertonic saline solutions may have beneficial hemodynamic effects in the resuscitation of @entity1 . The effects on cardiac function and potential interaction with lung function are controversial and served as the basis for this study. METHODS: Domestic @entity4 were resuscitated from @entity1 with equivalent @entity3 loads of lactated Ringer's solution (LR) or 7.5% @entity2 plus 10% dextran ( @entity5 ). Hemodynamic data were obtained at baseline, shock, and after resuscitation. Right ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular change in pressure with respect to time (dP/dt) were used to index contractility. Regional myocardial blood flow was determined with microspheres. Lung water was determined gravimetrically. RESULTS: There were no differences in the ability to restore hemodynamic parameters with equivalent @entity3 loads of LR and @entity5 resuscitation. Right ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular change in pressure with respect to time were only transiently affected by shock and resuscitation. Regional myocardial blood flow was increased above baseline values after @entity5 . The total resuscitation volumes were 1958 +/- 750 mL and 140 +/- 31 mL with LR and @entity5 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although LR and @entity5 were equally effective in the early resuscitation of @entity1 , this occurred at the expense of significantly greater volume requirements for resuscitation with LR. This may contribute to @entity0 in this setting. Enhanced regional myocardial blood flow after @entity5 resuscitation may be beneficial against ongoing myocardial stress.

title: Effect of hypertonic saline solution and dextran on ventricular blood flow and heart-lung interaction after XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laparoscopy in the evaluation of intra-abdominal @entity2 has become a debated issue. Proponents have claimed that it increases resectability rates, whereas opponents suggest that many @entity0 require laparotomy regardless of the laparoscopic findings. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes in @entity0 undergoing staging laparoscopy versus those who were managed by initial exploratory laparotomy. METHODS: The medical records of all @entity0 during an 18-month period who underwent surgical evaluation for upper @entity4 were reviewed. Forty-eight @entity0 underwent staging laparoscopy (SL) initially; 80 @entity0 underwent initial exploratory laparotomy (EL). Data obtained included type of @entity2 , laparoscopic findings, laparoscopic determination of resectability, laparoscopic procedures, open determination of resectability, open procedures, and length of stay (LOS). Statistical analysis was done by using Fisher exact test or the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The @entity2 of 75% of @entity0 were deemed resectable by SL. Of these, 77.8% were resected. This compares to 56.3% resectability rate in the EL group (P = .025). SL findings in @entity0 with unresectable @entity2 were @entity3 (75%), liver @entity1 (33.3%), and direct invasion (16.7%). In the 8 false-negative @entity5 , 75% were unresectable as a result of vascular invasion and 25% for other reasons. Findings in the EL group whose @entity2 were unresectable were @entity3 (34.3%), direct invasion (22.6%), liver @entity1 (42.9%), and vascular invasion only (17.1%). Therefore 82.9% of @entity0 in the EL group could have been determined to have unresectable @entity2 by SL. In the EL group 22.5% of the laparotomies were nontherapeutic, whereas 4.2% of @entity0 in the SL group underwent nontherapeutic laparotomy. Average LOS for unresectable @entity0 in the SL group was 0.5 days, with 75% discharged the same day of operation. This compares to 10.9 days in the EL group (P < .00001) and 7.6 days in the nontherapeutic EL group (P < .00001). CONCLUSIONS: SL increases the resectability rate, decreases the nontherapeutic laparotomy rate, and decreases LOS in @entity0 with unresectable disease. SL is poor at detecting unresectability as a result of vascular invasion only, but this accounts for less than one-fifth of @entity0 . Laparoscopic sonography and palliation may further decrease the need for EL.

title: Staging laparoscopy in the management of intra-abdominal XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To demonstrate the possibility of transarterial, superselective embolization after traumatic @entity1 and @entity3 in @entity0 usually treated by surgery. METHODS: In a series of 16 @entity0 aged 21 to 86 years (mean 37 years) external @entity2 led to @entity1 and consecutive @entity3 . After diagnostic angiography (5 F) the exact site of @entity3 was detected and treated by superselective embolization via a coaxial catheter system (2.7 F) either by coils (n = 5) or liquid agents (ethibloc, n = 11). RESULTS: In all @entity0 @entity3 was stopped interventionally. Additional surgical treatment was not necessary in any case. In one older @entity0 with preinterventionally known reduced kidney function, the excretion function decreased to @entity4 levels of about 3.6 mg/dl after therapy and led to compensated @entity5 . Other complications were not observed. CONCLUSION: Interventional embolization is a well-tolerated and effective treatment modality after @entity3 . After exclusion of other injuries obligate for surgery, percutaneous transarterial therapy may help to avoid an operation. This reduces the risk of @entity6 and treatment especially in multimorbid @entity0 .

title: [The percutaneous transarterial embolization therapy of traumatic XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: Axial rotation of the trunk is commonly associated with @entity3 and @entity1 . However, the behaviour of trunk muscles in @entity2 is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to measure spectral parameters from the EMG of erector spinae at T10 and L3 levels, latissimus dorsi, external and internal oblique, rectus abdominis and pectoralis major muscles bilaterally in a standardized repeatable @entity2 at 60% MVC to fatigue. Twelve young and healthy subjects were recruited after screening for @entity0 . Surface electrodes were applied to the named seven trunk muscles bilaterally. Subjects were seated in the device called Axial Rotation Tester and stabilized such that they could rotate only their thoracolumbar spine. Other motions were prevented. Subjects held 60% of their MVC for a period of 2 min. Samples (2.1 s) were obtained at every 10 s interval at a sampling frequency of 1 KHz. Samples were subjected to FFT analysis. The total power and the median frequencies were analyzed. The median frequency for different muscles were different (p < 0.001). The slopes of decline of the median frequencies of the agonists were different for different muscles (p < 0.001). This differential fatiguing rate could conceivably create a force imbalance potentiating @entity3 .

title: Spectral parameters of trunk muscles during fatiguing XXXX in neutral posture.

answer: @entity2


abstract: In the seminiferous epithelium, morphologically diverse junctions mediate inter-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell adhesive contact and likely transmit signals between contacting cells. Defining the molecular composition of testicular cell-cell junctions is an important step in determining their function. Proteins belonging to the cadherin superfamily are important mediators of cell-cell adhesion, as well as cell signaling. Here, we determined the spatial and temporal protein expression of four classic cadherins in @entity0 testis: @entity1 , cadherin-6, @entity2 , and a cadherin defined by an antiserum generated against a conserved classic cadherin peptide (L4). Through Western blot analysis, all antibodies recognized unique proteins. Similarly, each cadherin displayed unique, cell-type specific immunostaining patterns. Whereas @entity1 , @entity2 , and L4-positive cadherin were expressed from Postnatal Day 7 through adulthood, cadherin-6 protein was not present at Postnatal Day 7 and first appeared at Day 21. Immunostaining of testis cryosections on Postnatal Days 7, 21, 31, 43, and those of adults indicated that @entity2 localized to peritubular cell junctions. @entity1 immunostaining localized to basal inter-Sertoli junctions, Sertoli-spermatocyte junctions, and at about stages I-VII in Sertoli-elongate spermatid junctions. Cadherin-6 immunostaining was restricted to Sertoli-round spermatid and in Sertoli-elongate spermatid junctions at approximately stages XII-I. Finally, L4-positive immunostaining also detected Sertoli-round spermatid junctions in addition to Sertoli-elongate spermatid junctions at approximately stages XII-I. These data show that the various testicular cell-cell junctions are molecularly unique and dynamic complexes.

title: Dynamic testicular adhesion junctions are immunologically unique. II. Localization of classic cadherins in XXXX testis.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) is a rare @entity4 , which is found in some @entity0 with @entity2 . The pathogenesis of @entity6 and the relationship of these diseases have remained unclear. The absence of secreted IgM was recently reported to accelerate the development of @entity2 in lupus-prone lymphoproliferative (Ipr) @entity1 . The reduction of secreted IgM production may relate with the progression of @entity2 in @entity0 . We present a case of @entity6 associated with @entity5 ( @entity5 ), and examined the function and the IgM heavy chain gene of @entity0 's lymphocytes. The number and the surface IgM expression of the @entity0 's B cells were normal. In vitro stimulation of peripheral mononuclear cells by recombinant IL-2 and a B cell activator, @entity3 Cowan strain I, could not overcome the reduction of IgM production, although the secreted form of IgM mRNA was detected. Sequence analysis of the IgM heavy chain gene and the IgM mRNA revealed no mutation or deletion. These findings suggested that @entity6 in this case was involved in the abnormality during B cell maturation. Further analysis is required to reveal the pathogenesis of @entity6 associated with @entity5 .

title: Functional defect of B lymphocytes in a @entity0 with selective IgM deficiency associated with XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) is a rare @entity4 , which is found in some @entity0 with @entity2 . The pathogenesis of @entity6 and the relationship of these diseases have remained unclear. The absence of secreted IgM was recently reported to accelerate the development of @entity2 in lupus-prone lymphoproliferative (Ipr) @entity1 . The reduction of secreted IgM production may relate with the progression of @entity2 in @entity0 . We present a case of @entity6 associated with @entity5 ( @entity5 ), and examined the function and the IgM heavy chain gene of @entity0 's lymphocytes. The number and the surface IgM expression of the @entity0 's B cells were normal. In vitro stimulation of peripheral mononuclear cells by recombinant IL-2 and a B cell activator, @entity3 Cowan strain I, could not overcome the reduction of IgM production, although the secreted form of IgM mRNA was detected. Sequence analysis of the IgM heavy chain gene and the IgM mRNA revealed no mutation or deletion. These findings suggested that @entity6 in this case was involved in the abnormality during B cell maturation. Further analysis is required to reveal the pathogenesis of @entity6 associated with @entity5 .

title: Functional defect of B lymphocytes in a XXXX with selective IgM deficiency associated with @entity5 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The past decade has seen great progress in understanding the key genes involved in GABAergic transmission. The genes for GAD, multiple subunits of the ionotropic @entity2 receptors, metabotropic @entity2 receptors, and @entity2 uptake proteins have been cloned. Analysis of the cloned genes has yielded a plethora of fundamental insights into the role of the corresponding proteins in mediating GABAergic signals (reviewed in Tobin et al. and Erlander and Tobin). Tools based on these new studies, ranging from monoclonal antibodies to gene probes, have also allowed detailed mapping of expression patterns in the central nervous system (CNS). These new studies reveal that some components of GABAergic transmission have a very wide distribution, being expressed by GABAergic neurons throughout the CNS. Others have a much more restricted pattern of expression. The highly specific expression of GABAergic genes poses a set of fundamental challenges to developmental neurobiology. What genetic mechanisms underlie these patterns of expression? How are complex structures such as receptors assembled? How do the components of a GABAergic synapse come to be localized in proximity to each other so as to make functional transmission possible? Cell lines that express GABAergic phenotypes play an important part in answering these and related questions. With appropriate cell lines it should be possible to manipulate genes related to the GABAergic phenotype in ways that shed light on these questions. Recently, work from several laboratories, including our own, has shown that two pluripotent cell lines from the @entity0 , the @entity3 @entity1 line and embryonic stem (ES) cells, are capable of differentiating into neuron-like cells with GABAergic phenotypes. Since these cell lines are highly suitable for genetic manipulation, they should be extremely useful for studying the relationship between @entity2 -related genes and the phenotypes they encode.

title: Neural cells derived by in vitro differentiation of XXXX and embryonic stem cells.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The cause of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is unknown. It may follow @entity5 and be associated with an abnormal gut flora and with food intolerance. Our study was designed to assess whether these factors were associated with @entity2 . METHODS: We carried out a crossover controlled trial of a standard diet and an exclusion diet matched for macronutrients in six female @entity4 @entity0 and six female controls. During the final 72 h on each diet, faecal excretion of fat, @entity3 , starch, and non-starch polysaccharide NSP was measured, and total excretion of @entity6 and @entity1 collected over 24 h in a purpose-built 1.4 m3 whole-body calorimeter. Breath @entity6 and @entity1 excretion were then measured for 3 h after 20 g oral @entity7 . FINDINGS: The maximum rate of gas excretion was significantly greater in @entity0 than in controls (2.4 mL/min IQR 1.7-2.6 vs 0.6, 0.4-1.1). Although total gas production in @entity0 was not greater than in controls (median 527 mL/24 h IQR 387-660 vs 412, 234-507), @entity6 production was higher (332, 318-478 vs 162, 126-217, p=0.009). In @entity0 , the exclusion diet reduced symptoms and produced a fall in maximum gas excretion (0.5 mL/min IQR 0.3-0.7). After @entity7 , breath @entity6 was greater on the standard than on the exclusion diet. INTERPRETATION: @entity2 , particularly of @entity6 , is greater in @entity0 with @entity4 than in controls, and both symptoms and gas production are reduced by an exclusion diet. This reduction may be associated with alterations in the activity of @entity6 -consuming bacteria. Fermentation may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of @entity4 .

title: Abnormal XXXX in @entity4 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The cause of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is unknown. It may follow @entity5 and be associated with an abnormal gut flora and with food intolerance. Our study was designed to assess whether these factors were associated with @entity2 . METHODS: We carried out a crossover controlled trial of a standard diet and an exclusion diet matched for macronutrients in six female @entity4 @entity0 and six female controls. During the final 72 h on each diet, faecal excretion of fat, @entity3 , starch, and non-starch polysaccharide NSP was measured, and total excretion of @entity6 and @entity1 collected over 24 h in a purpose-built 1.4 m3 whole-body calorimeter. Breath @entity6 and @entity1 excretion were then measured for 3 h after 20 g oral @entity7 . FINDINGS: The maximum rate of gas excretion was significantly greater in @entity0 than in controls (2.4 mL/min IQR 1.7-2.6 vs 0.6, 0.4-1.1). Although total gas production in @entity0 was not greater than in controls (median 527 mL/24 h IQR 387-660 vs 412, 234-507), @entity6 production was higher (332, 318-478 vs 162, 126-217, p=0.009). In @entity0 , the exclusion diet reduced symptoms and produced a fall in maximum gas excretion (0.5 mL/min IQR 0.3-0.7). After @entity7 , breath @entity6 was greater on the standard than on the exclusion diet. INTERPRETATION: @entity2 , particularly of @entity6 , is greater in @entity0 with @entity4 than in controls, and both symptoms and gas production are reduced by an exclusion diet. This reduction may be associated with alterations in the activity of @entity6 -consuming bacteria. Fermentation may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of @entity4 .

title: Abnormal @entity2 in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Scar contraction following the healing of deep partial-thickness or full-thickness @entity2 is a leading cause of functional and cosmetic morbidity. The therapeutic use of interferon for the treatment of @entity1 associated with @entity7 , including @entity8 , has been suggested because of its antifibrotic properties. Treatment of fibroblasts with interferon has been shown to reduce the rate and extent of contraction using the in vitro fibroblast-populated collagen lattice model. In order to establish the effect of interferon-alpha2b on full-thickness wound contraction in vivo, osmotic pumps loaded with interferon or sterile saline were implanted intraperitoneally in @entity3 . Seven days following implantation, six full-thickness punch biopsy wounds were created and were monitored by daily assessment of the wound. There was a significant reduction in the rate of wound contraction in the interferon-treated animals after day 3 (p < 0.01). Western blot analysis was used to quantitate selected cytoskeletal proteins in the normal skin and tissue biopsied from the wound at days 7, 14, and 21 postinjury. The amount of @entity4 in the contracted wound @entity2 as compared with the amount present in normal skin (p < 0.0001); however, the relative amounts of the myofibroblast-associated cytoskeletal proteins alpha-smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle myosin were less than those found in normal, uninjured skin. By using @entity4 to adjust the levels of cytoskeletal proteins for the increase in cellularity in the wounds, both alpha-smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle myosin significantly increased after closure of the wounds on day 14, as compared with the @entity0 (day 7), before further reductions occurred with remodeling on day 21. Measurement of apoptotic cells using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity6 - @entity5 nick end labeling assay revealed an increase in apoptosis in the interferon-alpha2b-treated animals at 21 days following wounding (p < 0.001), which did not colocalize with alpha-smooth muscle actin staining. Taken together, these findings suggest that interferon-alpha2b inhibits wound contraction in vivo, not through an appreciable alteration in myofibroblast number or cytoskeletal protein expression, but possibly through a reduction in fibroblast cellularity by the induction of apoptosis.

title: Effect of interferon-alpha2b on XXXX wound closure and the expression of cytoskeletal proteins in vivo.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Anticoagulants are effective in the prevention of @entity1 in @entity2 ( @entity3 ). We aimed to find out the prevalence of @entity3 in the UK and to estimate the proportion of @entity0 with @entity3 who might benefit from anticoagulation. METHODS: We screened with electrocardiography a random sample of 4843 @entity0 from the community aged 65 years and older for @entity3 . @entity0 with @entity3 had further investigations to identify risk factors for @entity1 and contraindications to anticoagulants. We used three sets of criteria to assess risk and eligibility for anticoagulation. FINDINGS: 228 (4.7%) @entity0 had @entity3 . According to analyses derived from risk stratifications based on the @entity1 Prevention in @entity2 (SPAF) study 61% of these @entity0 would have benefited from anticoagulation, 49% according to pooled analysis of trial results, and 41% according to the inclusion criteria for the SPAF 3 study. Anticoagulants were used by 1114 (23%) of all @entity0 and were least used among elderly @entity0 , who may be the most likely to benefit. Echocardiography would be useful to assess the need for anticoagulation only in @entity0 younger than 75 years with no contraindications to treatment and no clinical risk factors for @entity1 . INTERPRETATION: Anticoagulants seem to be underused and misdirected in treatment of @entity3 , according to various criteria. Efforts to promote and support wider and more appropriate use of anticoagulants would seem to be justified, and should decrease the incidence of @entity1 amongst elderly @entity0 .

title: Prevalence of XXXX and eligibility for anticoagulants in the community.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Although distraction osteogenesis is widely accepted as a technique to augment the craniofacial skeleton, timing to start distraction after an osteotomy or to remove distractors is basically based on studies on long bones. Because @entity1 is well known to be the gold standard for quantitative measurement of bone formation, we conducted this pilot study to evaluate its feasibility as a tool for assessing new bone formation by distraction osteogenesis. Five @entity0 with midface @entity2 and four with @entity3 were studied. Each @entity0 had five bone scans: before surgery, 3 and 30 days after stopping distraction, and 3 days before and 3 months after distractor removal. Radiotracer uptake values at distraction sites were measured at 1 and 3 hours. Each uptake value was compared with preoperative study as uptake ratio. A typical pattern of radiotracer uptake ratio was observed in all cases with successful distraction. Uptake rose to the maximum during the consolidation period and remained at or above the preoperative level until the study end point. In one @entity0 who had mandibular distraction and nonunion of the right ramus, there was no uptake peak during early consolidation as seen in the successfully distracted body and in the other cases. Bone scintigraphy was found to be a useful investigation in craniofacial distraction. It showed the dynamic of new bone formation by demonstrating the osteoblastic activity, which is important objective information for determining distraction rate and consolidation duration in each case. It may also be a tool that can predict the outcome of distraction osteogenesis.

title: Quantitative study of new bone formation in distraction osteogenesis of craniofacial bones by XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Recently, @entity6 ( @entity6 ) was shown to support survival of progenitor cells in bone marrow. The release of progenitor cells occurs in physiological and pathological conditions and was shown to contribute to neovascularization in @entity1 and @entity3 tissues. In the present study we sought to investigate prospectively the effect of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) on mobilization of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells. In 22 @entity0 with @entity5 and 10 controls, defined subpopulations of circulating bone marrow-derived progenitor cells (BMCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry ( @entity7 (+)/ @entity12 (+)/ @entity11 (+) cells indicating endothelial progenitor cells, @entity7 (+)/ @entity12 (+)/c-kit(+) cells indicating hematopoietic stem cells, and @entity7 (+)/ @entity12 (+)/ @entity4 (+) cells indicating progenitor cells with the homing receptor @entity4 ). Cytokine serum levels ( @entity13 , @entity10 , @entity2 , @entity9 , and @entity8 ) were assessed using ELISA. Levels of @entity6 and thyroid hormone as well as serum electrolytes, renal and liver parameters, and blood count were analyzed. Our data show for the first time a significant increase of circulating BMCs and an upregulation of @entity10 and @entity2 serum levels in @entity0 with @entity5 . The number of circulating BMCs returned to control levels measured 16.7 +/- 2.3 mo after surgery. There was a positive correlation of @entity6 levels with the number of @entity7 (+)/ @entity12 (+)/ @entity11 (+), @entity7 (+)/ @entity12 (+)/c-kit(+), and @entity7 (+)/ @entity12 (+)/ @entity4 (+) cells. However, there was no correlation between cytokine serum concentrations ( @entity10 , @entity2 ) and circulating BMCs. Serum levels of @entity8 , @entity9 , and @entity13 known to mobilize BMCs were even decreased or remained unchanged, suggesting a direct effect of @entity6 on stem cell mobilization. Our data suggest a new function of @entity6 mobilizing BMCs into peripheral blood.

title: XXXX is associated with increased circulating bone marrow-derived progenitor cells.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity0 germ-cell @entity1 (GCTs) are a heterogeneous group of @entity1 . Based on epidemiology, anatomical site of presentation, histology, chromosomal constitution, and pattern of genomic imprinting, GCTs are classified into five entities. Within the testis, three types of GCTs can be diagnosed: type I ( @entity2 and yolk-sac @entity1 of neonates and @entity0 ); type II (seminomas and nonseminomas); type III ( @entity9 ). Here the focus is on the type II GCTs, the most frequent type in the adult testis (so-called TGCTs). They can also be diagnosed in dysgenetic gonads (an incomplete or defective formation of the gonad, caused by a disturbed process of migration of the germ cells and/or their correct organization in their fetal gonadal ridge), the anterior mediastinum, and pineal/suprasellar region. In the testis, they originate from the malignant counterpart of primordial germ cells/gonocytes, referred to as @entity8 ( @entity8 )/intratubular germ-cell neoplasia unclassified (ITGCNU). @entity8 /ITGCNU and seminomatous cells are characterized by expression of @entity10 and @entity7 , while in addition @entity3 expresses @entity11 , all identified as transcription factors related to pluripotency in @entity6 ( @entity6 ) cells. With the exception of @entity2 , most histological elements of TGCTs are sensitive for ( @entity5 -based) chemotherapy; @entity8 /ITGCNU and @entity12 cells are also sensitive to DNA damage induced by irradiation. Similar observations have been made for @entity6 cells and their derivates. Moreover, the genetic constitution of TGCTs (low incidence of mutations and frequent @entity13 ) can also be linked to characteristics of @entity6 cells, likely related to their specific inability to repair DNA damage and their high sensitivity to apoptotic cell death. The unusual presence of wild-type @entity4 in TGCTs is explained by specific expression of a cluster of micro-RNAs (miRNAs), that is, hsa-miR 371-373, also expressed in @entity6 cells, which prevents @entity4 -driven cellular senescence upon oncogenic stress. Many characteristics of @entity0 TGCTs reflect the nonmalignant counterparts from which they originate. Demonstration of these characteristics, in combination with the knowledge of the abnormal niche of these cells, normally occupied by spermatogonia, allows an informative method for (early) diagnosis. The conclusion is that TGCTs are @entity1 found in adults.

title: Chromosomes and expression in @entity0 testicular germ-cell XXXX : insight into their cell of origin and pathogenesis.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 germ-cell @entity1 (GCTs) are a heterogeneous group of @entity1 . Based on epidemiology, anatomical site of presentation, histology, chromosomal constitution, and pattern of genomic imprinting, GCTs are classified into five entities. Within the testis, three types of GCTs can be diagnosed: type I ( @entity2 and yolk-sac @entity1 of neonates and @entity0 ); type II (seminomas and nonseminomas); type III ( @entity9 ). Here the focus is on the type II GCTs, the most frequent type in the adult testis (so-called TGCTs). They can also be diagnosed in dysgenetic gonads (an incomplete or defective formation of the gonad, caused by a disturbed process of migration of the germ cells and/or their correct organization in their fetal gonadal ridge), the anterior mediastinum, and pineal/suprasellar region. In the testis, they originate from the malignant counterpart of primordial germ cells/gonocytes, referred to as @entity8 ( @entity8 )/intratubular germ-cell neoplasia unclassified (ITGCNU). @entity8 /ITGCNU and seminomatous cells are characterized by expression of @entity10 and @entity7 , while in addition @entity3 expresses @entity11 , all identified as transcription factors related to pluripotency in @entity6 ( @entity6 ) cells. With the exception of @entity2 , most histological elements of TGCTs are sensitive for ( @entity5 -based) chemotherapy; @entity8 /ITGCNU and @entity12 cells are also sensitive to DNA damage induced by irradiation. Similar observations have been made for @entity6 cells and their derivates. Moreover, the genetic constitution of TGCTs (low incidence of mutations and frequent @entity13 ) can also be linked to characteristics of @entity6 cells, likely related to their specific inability to repair DNA damage and their high sensitivity to apoptotic cell death. The unusual presence of wild-type @entity4 in TGCTs is explained by specific expression of a cluster of micro-RNAs (miRNAs), that is, hsa-miR 371-373, also expressed in @entity6 cells, which prevents @entity4 -driven cellular senescence upon oncogenic stress. Many characteristics of @entity0 TGCTs reflect the nonmalignant counterparts from which they originate. Demonstration of these characteristics, in combination with the knowledge of the abnormal niche of these cells, normally occupied by spermatogonia, allows an informative method for (early) diagnosis. The conclusion is that TGCTs are @entity1 found in adults.

title: Chromosomes and expression in XXXX testicular germ-cell @entity1 : insight into their cell of origin and pathogenesis.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The current quality of @entity3 treatments is not satisfactory in regard to efficacy and safety. Antigen-specific immunotherapy is a future therapy that could achieve maximal efficacy with minimal adverse effects. T cells are essential components in antigen-specific immunity. However, we do not have a sufficient strategy for manipulating antigen-specific T cells. We propose that T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer is a hopeful approach for antigen-specific immunotherapy. We confirmed the efficacy of TCR gene therapy in animal models of @entity3 and @entity2 . In lupus-prone NZB/W F1 @entity0 , nucleosome-specific TCR and @entity7 Ig transduced cells suppressed autoantibody production and @entity4 development. In the therapeutic experiment of @entity5 ( @entity5 ), @entity2 -related TCRs were isolated from single T cells accumulating in the @entity2 site. @entity2 -related TCR and TNFRIg transduced cells or TCR and @entity6 transduced cells suppressed @entity2 progression and @entity1 . Therefore, engineered antigen-specific cells manipulated to express appropriate functional genes could be applied to specific immunotherapy.

title: T cell receptor gene therapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is a pleiotropic cytokine whose function is only now being unraveled. Abundant evidence indicates that activated @entity3 T cells are the primary, if not the only, source of @entity4 . While it is clear that @entity4 is actively transcribed by na  ve activated T cells, recent studies have shown that @entity4 potentially promotes a developmental shift of na  ve T cells toward the Th2 phenotype. BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 develop an @entity1 similar to @entity2 ( @entity2 ), affecting males earlier than females on account of the presence of the @entity5 ( @entity5 ) locus. Previous results indicate the elevation of @entity4 expression by BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 at an age when the early characteristics of autoimmune processes first become evident. We set out to determine whether @entity4 was necessary for disease progression in BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 . @entity0 were treated for 24 weeks with soluble IL-21R-Fc in order to therapeutically neutralize the @entity4 present. The results overall suggest a biphasic effect of @entity4 , negatively influencing survival early on and positively influencing survival at later stages. We propose that @entity4 exerts a pleiotropic effect in which it promotes the protective effects of CD8+ suppressor cells in the early disease phase and then promotes the humoral components of @entity2 in the later disease stages. This experiment provides preliminary evidence for a role of @entity4 in modulating the severity of @entity2 in BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 .

title: Treatment of BXSB- XXXX @entity0 with IL-21R-Fc fusion protein minimally attenuates @entity2 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is a pleiotropic cytokine whose function is only now being unraveled. Abundant evidence indicates that activated @entity3 T cells are the primary, if not the only, source of @entity4 . While it is clear that @entity4 is actively transcribed by na  ve activated T cells, recent studies have shown that @entity4 potentially promotes a developmental shift of na  ve T cells toward the Th2 phenotype. BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 develop an @entity1 similar to @entity2 ( @entity2 ), affecting males earlier than females on account of the presence of the @entity5 ( @entity5 ) locus. Previous results indicate the elevation of @entity4 expression by BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 at an age when the early characteristics of autoimmune processes first become evident. We set out to determine whether @entity4 was necessary for disease progression in BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 . @entity0 were treated for 24 weeks with soluble IL-21R-Fc in order to therapeutically neutralize the @entity4 present. The results overall suggest a biphasic effect of @entity4 , negatively influencing survival early on and positively influencing survival at later stages. We propose that @entity4 exerts a pleiotropic effect in which it promotes the protective effects of CD8+ suppressor cells in the early disease phase and then promotes the humoral components of @entity2 in the later disease stages. This experiment provides preliminary evidence for a role of @entity4 in modulating the severity of @entity2 in BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 .

title: Treatment of BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 with IL-21R-Fc fusion protein minimally attenuates XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is a pleiotropic cytokine whose function is only now being unraveled. Abundant evidence indicates that activated @entity3 T cells are the primary, if not the only, source of @entity4 . While it is clear that @entity4 is actively transcribed by na  ve activated T cells, recent studies have shown that @entity4 potentially promotes a developmental shift of na  ve T cells toward the Th2 phenotype. BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 develop an @entity1 similar to @entity2 ( @entity2 ), affecting males earlier than females on account of the presence of the @entity5 ( @entity5 ) locus. Previous results indicate the elevation of @entity4 expression by BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 at an age when the early characteristics of autoimmune processes first become evident. We set out to determine whether @entity4 was necessary for disease progression in BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 . @entity0 were treated for 24 weeks with soluble IL-21R-Fc in order to therapeutically neutralize the @entity4 present. The results overall suggest a biphasic effect of @entity4 , negatively influencing survival early on and positively influencing survival at later stages. We propose that @entity4 exerts a pleiotropic effect in which it promotes the protective effects of CD8+ suppressor cells in the early disease phase and then promotes the humoral components of @entity2 in the later disease stages. This experiment provides preliminary evidence for a role of @entity4 in modulating the severity of @entity2 in BXSB- @entity5 @entity0 .

title: Treatment of BXSB- @entity5 XXXX with IL-21R-Fc fusion protein minimally attenuates @entity2 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: CONTEXT: Previous studies of sex differences in the use of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) predate recent expansions in Medicare coverage and did not provide @entity0 follow-up over multiple years. OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in ICD use for primary and secondary prevention of @entity5 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity0 : Analysis of a 5% national sample of research-identifiable files obtained from the US Centers for Medicare _ Medicaid Services for the period 1991 through 2005. @entity0 were those aged 65 years or older with Medicare fee-for-service coverage and diagnosed with @entity2 and either @entity3 or @entity1 but no prior @entity7 or @entity6 (ie, the primary prevention cohort [n = 65,917 @entity0 and 70,504 @entity0 ]), or with @entity7 or @entity6 (ie, the secondary prevention cohort [n = 52,252 @entity0 and 47,411 @entity0 ]), from 1999 through 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Receipt of ICD therapy and all-cause mortality at 1 year. RESULTS: In the 2005 primary prevention cohort, 32.3 per 1000 @entity0 and 8.6 per 1000 @entity0 received ICD therapy within 1 year of cohort entry. In multivariate analyses, @entity0 were more likely than @entity0 to receive ICD therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 3.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.86-3.47). Among @entity0 and @entity0 alive at 180 days after cohort entry, the hazard of mortality in the subsequent year was not significantly lower among those who received ICD therapy (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.82-1.23). In the 2005 secondary prevention cohort, 102.2 per 1000 @entity0 and 38.4 per 1000 @entity0 received ICD therapy. Controlling for demographic variables and comorbid conditions, @entity0 were more likely than @entity0 to receive ICD therapy (HR, 2.44; 95% CI, 2.30-2.59). Among @entity0 and @entity0 alive at 30 days after cohort entry, the hazard of mortality in the subsequent year was significantly lower among those who received ICD therapy (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.60-0.71). CONCLUSION: In the Medicare population, @entity0 are significantly less likely than @entity0 to receive ICD therapy for primary or secondary prevention of @entity5 .

title: Sex differences in the use of @entity4 for primary and secondary prevention of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: CONTEXT: Previous studies of sex differences in the use of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) predate recent expansions in Medicare coverage and did not provide @entity0 follow-up over multiple years. OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in ICD use for primary and secondary prevention of @entity5 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity0 : Analysis of a 5% national sample of research-identifiable files obtained from the US Centers for Medicare _ Medicaid Services for the period 1991 through 2005. @entity0 were those aged 65 years or older with Medicare fee-for-service coverage and diagnosed with @entity2 and either @entity3 or @entity1 but no prior @entity7 or @entity6 (ie, the primary prevention cohort [n = 65,917 @entity0 and 70,504 @entity0 ]), or with @entity7 or @entity6 (ie, the secondary prevention cohort [n = 52,252 @entity0 and 47,411 @entity0 ]), from 1999 through 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Receipt of ICD therapy and all-cause mortality at 1 year. RESULTS: In the 2005 primary prevention cohort, 32.3 per 1000 @entity0 and 8.6 per 1000 @entity0 received ICD therapy within 1 year of cohort entry. In multivariate analyses, @entity0 were more likely than @entity0 to receive ICD therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 3.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.86-3.47). Among @entity0 and @entity0 alive at 180 days after cohort entry, the hazard of mortality in the subsequent year was not significantly lower among those who received ICD therapy (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.82-1.23). In the 2005 secondary prevention cohort, 102.2 per 1000 @entity0 and 38.4 per 1000 @entity0 received ICD therapy. Controlling for demographic variables and comorbid conditions, @entity0 were more likely than @entity0 to receive ICD therapy (HR, 2.44; 95% CI, 2.30-2.59). Among @entity0 and @entity0 alive at 30 days after cohort entry, the hazard of mortality in the subsequent year was significantly lower among those who received ICD therapy (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.60-0.71). CONCLUSION: In the Medicare population, @entity0 are significantly less likely than @entity0 to receive ICD therapy for primary or secondary prevention of @entity5 .

title: Sex differences in the use of XXXX for primary and secondary prevention of @entity5 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity1 is a common overuse syndrome of the extensor tendons of the forearm. It is sometimes called tennis elbow, although it can occur with many activities. The condition affects @entity0 and @entity0 equally and is more common in @entity0 40 years or older. Despite the prevalence of @entity1 and the numerous treatment strategies available, relatively few high-quality clinical trials support many of these treatment options; watchful waiting is a reasonable option. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injections, ultrasonography, and iontophoresis with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs appear to provide short-term benefits. Use of an inelastic, nonarticular, proximal forearm @entity2 (tennis elbow brace) may improve function during daily activities. Progressive resistance exercises may confer modest intermediate-term results. Evidence is mixed on oral nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, mobilization, and acupuncture. @entity0 with refractory symptoms may benefit from surgical intervention. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy, laser treatment, and electromagnetic field therapy do not appear to be effective.

title: Treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mosquito @entity3 is well established, but mosquito immunotherapy requires validation using clinical and immunologic variables. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of specific immunotherapy with @entity5 (mosquito) extract. METHODS: We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of immunotherapy for 1 year in 40 @entity0 with @entity2 , @entity4 , or both. @entity0 were evaluated by means of intradermal testing, symptom and drug scores, and @entity1 provocation testing before and after 1 year of immunotherapy. Mosquito specific IgE and IgG subclass antibody responses were evaluated at the basal level and after 1 year. RESULTS: @entity0 receiving allergen immunotherapy for 1 year showed a significant improvement compared with baseline and @entity0 receiving placebo regarding skin reactions, symptom scores ( @entity4 and @entity2 ), and forced expiratory volume in 1 second. Provocation concentration of @entity1 that caused a decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second of 20% by inhalation was elevated in the group receiving immunotherapy. In the active group serologic analysis showed a slight reduction in IgE levels (P = .02) but a significant elevation in IgG4 levels (P = .001), with a significant decrease in the IgE/IgG4 ratio (P = .001). All these changes in the placebo group were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Allergen immunotherapy with mosquito extract was well tolerated, with improvement in symptoms and airway reactivity. Good clinical outcome was associated with increased IgG4 antibody levels.

title: Immunotherapy with mosquito ( XXXX ) extract: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective study was to compare the outcomes of @entity5 treated by the @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in multiply injured and isolated @entity2 cases. METHODS: This study comprised 26 @entity0 (16 @entity0 , 10 @entity0 ), who had 27 @entity5 . @entity0 were divided into two groups; @entity4 (group I) or isolated @entity5 (group II). The average Injury Severity Score of group I was 26.7. Operations were performed according to biological fixation principles in a submuscular manner. No bone grafting was performed to enhance the healing. The cases were evaluated based on the criteria of Schatzker-Lambert and the modified Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) scoring system. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 25.8 months. Union was achieved in all cases. Two @entity0 in group I required d  bridement procedures due to @entity3 . One of them healed completely but the other did not. The average range of knee motion of groups I and II at the last control were 112.8 degrees and 121.8 degrees , respectively. The mean modified HSS scores were 73.9 and 79.9, respectively. There was no significant difference in the HSS scores or the range of knee motion. The time to full weight bearing was longer in group I owing to the concomitant injuries. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that @entity1 is a useful method for comminuted supracondylar fractures with @entity4 @entity0 as the results showed no significant differences when compared with those of @entity0 with isolated @entity5 .

title: Successful results of minimally invasive surgery for comminuted supracondylar XXXX with @entity1 : comparative study of multiply injured and isolated @entity5 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective study was to compare the outcomes of @entity5 treated by the @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in multiply injured and isolated @entity2 cases. METHODS: This study comprised 26 @entity0 (16 @entity0 , 10 @entity0 ), who had 27 @entity5 . @entity0 were divided into two groups; @entity4 (group I) or isolated @entity5 (group II). The average Injury Severity Score of group I was 26.7. Operations were performed according to biological fixation principles in a submuscular manner. No bone grafting was performed to enhance the healing. The cases were evaluated based on the criteria of Schatzker-Lambert and the modified Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) scoring system. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 25.8 months. Union was achieved in all cases. Two @entity0 in group I required d  bridement procedures due to @entity3 . One of them healed completely but the other did not. The average range of knee motion of groups I and II at the last control were 112.8 degrees and 121.8 degrees , respectively. The mean modified HSS scores were 73.9 and 79.9, respectively. There was no significant difference in the HSS scores or the range of knee motion. The time to full weight bearing was longer in group I owing to the concomitant injuries. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that @entity1 is a useful method for comminuted supracondylar fractures with @entity4 @entity0 as the results showed no significant differences when compared with those of @entity0 with isolated @entity5 .

title: Successful results of minimally invasive surgery for comminuted supracondylar @entity5 with @entity1 : comparative study of multiply injured and isolated XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective study was to compare the outcomes of @entity5 treated by the @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in multiply injured and isolated @entity2 cases. METHODS: This study comprised 26 @entity0 (16 @entity0 , 10 @entity0 ), who had 27 @entity5 . @entity0 were divided into two groups; @entity4 (group I) or isolated @entity5 (group II). The average Injury Severity Score of group I was 26.7. Operations were performed according to biological fixation principles in a submuscular manner. No bone grafting was performed to enhance the healing. The cases were evaluated based on the criteria of Schatzker-Lambert and the modified Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) scoring system. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 25.8 months. Union was achieved in all cases. Two @entity0 in group I required d  bridement procedures due to @entity3 . One of them healed completely but the other did not. The average range of knee motion of groups I and II at the last control were 112.8 degrees and 121.8 degrees , respectively. The mean modified HSS scores were 73.9 and 79.9, respectively. There was no significant difference in the HSS scores or the range of knee motion. The time to full weight bearing was longer in group I owing to the concomitant injuries. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that @entity1 is a useful method for comminuted supracondylar fractures with @entity4 @entity0 as the results showed no significant differences when compared with those of @entity0 with isolated @entity5 .

title: Successful results of minimally invasive surgery for comminuted supracondylar @entity5 with XXXX : comparative study of multiply injured and isolated @entity5 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To prospectively determine the diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for discrimination of malignant neck nodes due to @entity4 (SCC), and undifferentiated @entity2 ( @entity2 ), with histologic findings and imaging criteria as reference standards. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethics committee approval and informed consent were obtained. @entity0 with malignant lymphadenopathy underwent 1.5-T diffusion-weighted MR imaging. A region of interest was drawn around the malignant node on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps; ADC values were compared (Kruskal-Wallis test). Receiver operating characteristic analysis was employed to investigate whether ADC values could aid in discrimination among @entity1 . RESULTS: Forty-three @entity0 (34 @entity0 , nine @entity0 ; mean age, 54 years) with 43 nodes underwent imaging. Mean ADC values for @entity3 (n = 8), @entity2 (n = 17), and SCC (n = 18) were (0.664 +/- 0.071 [standard deviation]) x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec, (0.802 +/- 0.128) x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec, and (1.057 +/- 0.169) x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec, respectively, with significant differences between SCC and @entity3 or @entity2 (P < .001) and between @entity2 and @entity3 (P = .04). To optimize sensitivity and specificity with equal weighting, ADC threshold values for distinguishing between SCC and @entity2 , between SCC and @entity3 , and between @entity2 and @entity3 were 0.894 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec, 0.824 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec, and 0.694 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec, respectively. To produce a 100% specificity while sensitivity is maximized, the following ADC threshold values were obtained for prediction of differentiation between @entity1 : (a) SCC versus @entity3 , greater than 0.824 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec (sensitivity, 94%), and @entity3 versus SCC, less than 0.767 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec (sensitivity 88%); (b) @entity2 versus SCC, less than 0.764 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec (sensitivity, 47%), and SCC versus @entity2 , greater than 1.093 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec (sensitivity, 39%); (c) @entity2 versus @entity3 , greater than 0.788 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec (sensitivity, 53%), and @entity2 , no suitable threshold value. CONCLUSION: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging shows significant differences among malignant nodes of SCC, @entity3 , and @entity2 . ADC threshold values can help distinguish SCC from @entity3 . SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/2451061804/DC1.

title: XXXX : diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted MR imaging.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The concentrations of endogenous hormones differ between @entity1 with twin and singleton births, with a possible influence on the risk of @entity2 . We used the nationwide Swedish Family- @entity2 Database, including 30,409 @entity1 with a twin birth, to examine the subsequent risks of @entity5 . Relative risks (RRs) were calculated in a log-linear Poisson regression model of @entity1 -years as offset. @entity2 data were retrieved from the Swedish @entity2 Registry; a total of 1010, 210, and 174 @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity5 respectively, after a twin birth. A significant decrease in the risk of @entity0 was noted among @entity1 with a twin birth compared with @entity1 with a singleton birth (RR 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74-0.98). The protective effects were observed throughout the intervals after last pregnancy and they were strongest shortly after the last pregnancy in @entity1 who delivered a twin birth before 30 years of age. Twin birth did not change the risk of @entity4 (1.08, 95% CI 0.79-1.47) but the RR was increased for @entity1 with the number of pregnancies > or =4 (1.39, 95% CI 1.11-1.76). The RR for @entity3 was 0.95 (95% CI 0.79-1.15). Our study showed that twin births significantly reduced the subsequent risk of @entity0 . However, the associations of twin births with @entity3 were not substantial.

title: Risks of XXXX after twin births.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the application of a translated version of an established self-administered questionnaire for @entity1 on Chinese @entity0 in Hong Kong. DESIGN: Evaluation of an instrument tool. SETTING: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong; Holistic Medical Centre, Aberdeen, Hong Kong. @entity0 : @entity0 with @entity1 , translators. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The adaptation was based on forward-backward translation from English to Chinese (Hong Kong) and vice versa. Meetings with translators, investigators, and @entity0 were organised to generate an acceptable version of the questionnaire. A pilot study was carried out on 20 @entity0 and subsequently minor adjustments were added. Fifty @entity0 were recruited to validate the reliability and internal consistency of the questionnaire. RESULTS: The ordinality of response agreed with the original instrument. Test-retest reproducibility showed no significant difference between tests. The Pearson correlation coefficient ranged from 0.83 to 0.93. Internal consistency was good, at 0.85. CONCLUSION: Through the validation of the Hong Kong Chinese version of the questionnaire, we are able to produce an assessment tool for the local @entity0 . Furthermore, we are able to create a platform for: (i) a cross-national and cross-cultural epidemiological comparison as well as a means of (ii) evaluating different types of treatments.

title: Evaluation of a Hong Kong Chinese version of a self-administered questionnaire for assessing symptom severity and functional status of XXXX : cross-cultural adaptation and reliability.

answer: @entity1