abstract: @entity6 has properties of a @entity0 suppressor gene. Although its mechanism of action is unknown, nm23 has been implicated in @entity4 ( @entity4 ) signal transduction. In an earlier study we decreased nm23 mRNA levels 2- to 8-fold by antisense phosphorothiolated oligonucleotides in two HT29 @entity2 sublines at different stages in @entity1 progression with different responses to @entity4 : the HD3 subline, which shows @entity4 -induced @entity3 and differentiation; and the more tumorigenic U9 subline, whose growth and invasion are stimulated by @entity4 . Only @entity4 -mediated responses in HD3 cells were inhibited by nm23 antisense oligos, suggesting that nm23 functions in only one @entity4 signaling pathway. In the current report we have extended this study to cell motility. HD3 motility was increased by nm23 phosphorothiolated antisense oligos which decrease nm23 mRNA levels, while HD3 cell motility was conversely decreased by @entity4 which increases nm23 mRNA levels. HD3 motility was not increased by basic FGF, @entity4 or @entity5 , while the 13-fold higher basal motility of U9 cells was stimulated 3-fold by basic FGF, 4-fold by @entity4 and 5-fold by @entity5 , but not by scatter factor. Differences in motility and response to motility factors could not be ascribed to differences in either basal levels of proteases or modulation of their levels by @entity4 . Both HD3 and U9 cells displayed equal levels of urokinase activity and mRNA, equal expression of the metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP-1, and no detectable collagenases by zymography. No differential response to @entity4 was seen in any of these assays. Thus limited cell motility and lack of response to motility factors in HD3 @entity2 cells could be correlated with expression of nm23 active in signal transduction.

title: XXXX cells with inactive nm23 show increased motility and response to motility factors.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3 (NO) attenuates the contractile response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in cultured cardiac myocytes in vitro and in myocardium in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that NO synthesized in the heart inhibits the positive inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in @entity0 with @entity4 . METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity0 with various degrees of @entity4 and free from @entity2 were instrumented with an infusion catheter in the left main coronary artery and a high-fidelity micromanometer-tipped catheter in the LV. Measurements included LV pressure, aortic pressure, heart rate, and LV peak +dP/dt. In eight subjects, @entity1 was infused via the left main coronary artery (25 or 50 micrograms/min) before and concurrent with intracoronary infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor @entity6 ( @entity6 , 20 mumol/min for 10 minutes). In six other subjects, @entity1 was infused (6, 10, or 15 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) via a peripheral vein. Intracoronary (n = 8) @entity1 infusions increased LV peak +dP/dt by an average of 33 +/- 3%. The intracoronary infusion of @entity6 had no effect on baseline LV peak +dP/dt, LV systolic or end-diastolic pressures, aortic pressure, or heart rate. The intracoronary infusion of @entity6 , concurrent with a second infusion of @entity1 , potentiated the +dP/dt response to @entity1 by 30 +/- 10% (P < .04 versus @entity1 alone). The intracoronary infusion of @entity6 likewise potentiated the +dP/dt response to the peripheral infusion of @entity1 by 37 +/- 18%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 produced in the heart attenuates the positive inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in @entity0 with @entity4 . NO may contribute to beta-adrenergic @entity5 in @entity0 with @entity4 .

title: XXXX inhibits the positive inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in @entity0 with @entity4 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3 (NO) attenuates the contractile response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in cultured cardiac myocytes in vitro and in myocardium in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that NO synthesized in the heart inhibits the positive inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in @entity0 with @entity4 . METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity0 with various degrees of @entity4 and free from @entity2 were instrumented with an infusion catheter in the left main coronary artery and a high-fidelity micromanometer-tipped catheter in the LV. Measurements included LV pressure, aortic pressure, heart rate, and LV peak +dP/dt. In eight subjects, @entity1 was infused via the left main coronary artery (25 or 50 micrograms/min) before and concurrent with intracoronary infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor @entity6 ( @entity6 , 20 mumol/min for 10 minutes). In six other subjects, @entity1 was infused (6, 10, or 15 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) via a peripheral vein. Intracoronary (n = 8) @entity1 infusions increased LV peak +dP/dt by an average of 33 +/- 3%. The intracoronary infusion of @entity6 had no effect on baseline LV peak +dP/dt, LV systolic or end-diastolic pressures, aortic pressure, or heart rate. The intracoronary infusion of @entity6 , concurrent with a second infusion of @entity1 , potentiated the +dP/dt response to @entity1 by 30 +/- 10% (P < .04 versus @entity1 alone). The intracoronary infusion of @entity6 likewise potentiated the +dP/dt response to the peripheral infusion of @entity1 by 37 +/- 18%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 produced in the heart attenuates the positive inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in @entity0 with @entity4 . NO may contribute to beta-adrenergic @entity5 in @entity0 with @entity4 .

title: @entity3 inhibits the positive inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3 (NO) attenuates the contractile response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in cultured cardiac myocytes in vitro and in myocardium in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that NO synthesized in the heart inhibits the positive inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in @entity0 with @entity4 . METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity0 with various degrees of @entity4 and free from @entity2 were instrumented with an infusion catheter in the left main coronary artery and a high-fidelity micromanometer-tipped catheter in the LV. Measurements included LV pressure, aortic pressure, heart rate, and LV peak +dP/dt. In eight subjects, @entity1 was infused via the left main coronary artery (25 or 50 micrograms/min) before and concurrent with intracoronary infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor @entity6 ( @entity6 , 20 mumol/min for 10 minutes). In six other subjects, @entity1 was infused (6, 10, or 15 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) via a peripheral vein. Intracoronary (n = 8) @entity1 infusions increased LV peak +dP/dt by an average of 33 +/- 3%. The intracoronary infusion of @entity6 had no effect on baseline LV peak +dP/dt, LV systolic or end-diastolic pressures, aortic pressure, or heart rate. The intracoronary infusion of @entity6 , concurrent with a second infusion of @entity1 , potentiated the +dP/dt response to @entity1 by 30 +/- 10% (P < .04 versus @entity1 alone). The intracoronary infusion of @entity6 likewise potentiated the +dP/dt response to the peripheral infusion of @entity1 by 37 +/- 18%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 produced in the heart attenuates the positive inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in @entity0 with @entity4 . NO may contribute to beta-adrenergic @entity5 in @entity0 with @entity4 .

title: @entity3 inhibits the positive inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in XXXX with @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the existing data on the use of @entity1 ( @entity2 ) in kidney transplantation, particularly with respect to therapeutic drug monitoring. DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted of applicable articles related to therapeutic drug monitoring of @entity1 in renal transplantation. Previous consensus guidelines were examined. Discussions on issues related to this topic convened in Toronto, ON, on June 15-16, 1994. DATA SYNTHESIS: The literature was analyzed to examine @entity0 factors and drug interactions affecting @entity2 concentrations, the effect of @entity2 concentrations on @entity0 outcome, current methods of analysis, pharmacodynamic monitoring, and new immunosuppressants. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2 has improved the success of kidney transplantation, reducing the incidence and severity of acute rejection and improving short-term @entity0 and graft survival. The rate of graft loss after the first year (primarily due to chronic rejection) has remained largely unchanged. Sandimmune Neoral offers promise due to its better bioavailability and limited dependence on bile flow for absorption. Long-term studies are underway to determine its effectiveness and safety. Indications for therapeutic drug monitoring for @entity2 are provided.

title: Optimizing the use of XXXX in renal transplantation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were, first, to explore differences in brain activity between normal @entity0 and idiopathic @entity2 ( @entity2 ) @entity0 during asymptomatic periods; and, second, to determine whether administering repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to specific cortical regions would reverse any observed differences in brain activity and alleviate @entity0 symptoms. METHODS: Fifteen idiopathic @entity2 @entity0 (nine drug-naive @entity0 ) and 14 gender- and age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure the @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in spontaneous brain activity during asymptomatic periods. Seven @entity0 received high-frequency (5 Hz) rTMS directed toward the leg area of the primary motor cortex. Scores on the International @entity2 Study Group (IRLSSG) Rating Scale and @entity1 values were measured before and after treatment. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, @entity2 @entity0 showed lower @entity1 in the sensorimotor and visual processing regions, and higher @entity1 , parahippocampal and hippocampal gyri, left posterior parietal areas, and brainstem. These results were largely conserved when only drug-naive @entity0 were considered. After rTMS treatment, @entity1 in several sensorimotor and visual regions were significantly elevated and IRLSSG Rating Scale scores decreased, indicating improved @entity2 symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: High-frequency rTMS delivered to the leg area of the primary motor cortex may raise functional activity in the sensorimotor and occipital regions, leading to improve symptoms in @entity2 @entity0 . These results provide novel insight into @entity2 pathophysiology and suggest a potential mechanism for rTMS therapy in idiopathic @entity2 @entity0 .

title: Mapping intrinsic functional brain changes and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation neuromodulation in idiopathic XXXX : a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the treatment of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) with 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy ( @entity6 ) and medium-term postoperative @entity8 (MT-PFO). METHODS: The study was a retrospective interventional case series of consecutive @entity0 with @entity3 treated with 25-gauge @entity6 and postoperative MT- @entity7 for a period of 2-3  weeks. A second, staged procedure was performed in all @entity0 for PFO removal. RESULTS: Twenty-three eyes of 22 @entity0 were studied, with a mean follow-up of 33.04        19.74  months. Successful reattachment was achieved in 91.3  % of eyes (21/23) after MT-PFO. @entity4 occurred in five eyes, which was caused by proliferative @entity5 . Additional complications included @entity2 progression (n   =   10), foreign body response (30.4  %, 7/23), and transient intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation (8/23, 34.8  %). Transient IOP elevation was associated with worse visual outcome (p   =   0.01). CONCLUSIONS: MT-PFO was found to be an effective and safe technique for operative management of @entity3 . In the majority of @entity0 , retinas remained attached without further surgical intervention. @entity2 progression, @entity1 , and associated increased intraocular pressure are potential complications of MT-PFO.

title: 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with medium-term postoperative XXXX for the repair of @entity3 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the treatment of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) with 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy ( @entity6 ) and medium-term postoperative @entity8 (MT-PFO). METHODS: The study was a retrospective interventional case series of consecutive @entity0 with @entity3 treated with 25-gauge @entity6 and postoperative MT- @entity7 for a period of 2-3  weeks. A second, staged procedure was performed in all @entity0 for PFO removal. RESULTS: Twenty-three eyes of 22 @entity0 were studied, with a mean follow-up of 33.04        19.74  months. Successful reattachment was achieved in 91.3  % of eyes (21/23) after MT-PFO. @entity4 occurred in five eyes, which was caused by proliferative @entity5 . Additional complications included @entity2 progression (n   =   10), foreign body response (30.4  %, 7/23), and transient intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation (8/23, 34.8  %). Transient IOP elevation was associated with worse visual outcome (p   =   0.01). CONCLUSIONS: MT-PFO was found to be an effective and safe technique for operative management of @entity3 . In the majority of @entity0 , retinas remained attached without further surgical intervention. @entity2 progression, @entity1 , and associated increased intraocular pressure are potential complications of MT-PFO.

title: 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with medium-term postoperative @entity8 for the repair of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity2 - @entity3 antagonists (SDAs) offer the possibility of improved treatment of @entity1 compared with conventional neuroleptics and have superior safety profiles. Clinical trial data have so far been published for only three SDAs to date, namely, @entity6 , @entity11 , and @entity4 . Of these, extensive data are available only for @entity6 , showing that at doses of 4 to 16 mg/day, it is superior to @entity9 at 10 to 20 mg/day. Furthermore, @entity6 , 6 and 16 mg/day, significantly improved negative/symptoms, whereas 20 mg/day of @entity9 was ineffective. @entity6 also appears to cause fewer @entity7 ( @entity7 ) than @entity9 , 10 or 20 mg/day. Similar advantages of @entity6 over @entity10 have also been found. A clinical trial of @entity11 showed that, at 20 mg/day, it was equivalent to @entity9 , 16 mg/day, and caused fewer @entity7 . @entity4 , a chemical derivative of @entity5 , has also been shown to be superior to @entity9 (10 to 20 mg/day) at doses of 7.5 to 17.5 mg/day. In addition, at doses of 12.5 to 17.5 mg/day, @entity4 was found to have a significantly superior effect on negative symptoms over @entity9 , 10 to 20 mg/day. Doses of up to 17.5 mg/day of @entity4 also caused fewer @entity7 than @entity9 , 10 to 20 mg/day. There was no evidence of any @entity8 in @entity0 treated with @entity4 in this small study (N = 335). The low @entity7 liability of these SDAs, combined with their efficacy, suggests that SDAs should become the mainstay of treatment for @entity1 .

title: Clinical efficacy of @entity2 - XXXX antagonists relative to classic neuroleptics.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity2 - @entity3 antagonists (SDAs) offer the possibility of improved treatment of @entity1 compared with conventional neuroleptics and have superior safety profiles. Clinical trial data have so far been published for only three SDAs to date, namely, @entity6 , @entity11 , and @entity4 . Of these, extensive data are available only for @entity6 , showing that at doses of 4 to 16 mg/day, it is superior to @entity9 at 10 to 20 mg/day. Furthermore, @entity6 , 6 and 16 mg/day, significantly improved negative/symptoms, whereas 20 mg/day of @entity9 was ineffective. @entity6 also appears to cause fewer @entity7 ( @entity7 ) than @entity9 , 10 or 20 mg/day. Similar advantages of @entity6 over @entity10 have also been found. A clinical trial of @entity11 showed that, at 20 mg/day, it was equivalent to @entity9 , 16 mg/day, and caused fewer @entity7 . @entity4 , a chemical derivative of @entity5 , has also been shown to be superior to @entity9 (10 to 20 mg/day) at doses of 7.5 to 17.5 mg/day. In addition, at doses of 12.5 to 17.5 mg/day, @entity4 was found to have a significantly superior effect on negative symptoms over @entity9 , 10 to 20 mg/day. Doses of up to 17.5 mg/day of @entity4 also caused fewer @entity7 than @entity9 , 10 to 20 mg/day. There was no evidence of any @entity8 in @entity0 treated with @entity4 in this small study (N = 335). The low @entity7 liability of these SDAs, combined with their efficacy, suggests that SDAs should become the mainstay of treatment for @entity1 .

title: Clinical efficacy of XXXX - @entity3 antagonists relative to classic neuroleptics.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) develops along a multistep genetic pathway including loss of @entity1 suppressor genes and alteration of oncogenes. We characterized seven @entity2 cell lines by classical and molecular cytogenetic analysis and fresh @entity1 and adjacent oral mucosa corresponding to three of the cell lines by molecular cytogenetics. We observed homogeneously staining regions (hsrs) in four of the seven cell lines, at 11q13 in three and at 11q23 and in an unidentified marker chromosome in the fourth. Amplification of band 11q13 occurs in 30-60% of head and neck @entity2 . To determine whether @entity3 and @entity4 , both located in band 11q13, are amplified in the tissues and cell lines and to confirm the chromosomal location(s) of the amplification, we used dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes for these genes and the chromosome 11 centromere. We report chromosomal localization of @entity3 / @entity4 amplification in @entity2 . Coamplification of @entity3 and @entity4 was detected in the hsrs in cultured @entity1 cells from the four hsr-containing @entity1 and in directly harvested @entity1 cells, which were available from only two of these @entity1 . Amplification was not present in @entity1 lacking hsrs or adjacent oral mucosa corresponding to any of the seven @entity1 . The observation of amplification in fresh @entity1 cells suggests that the amplification was present in the @entity0 , may play a key role in the development and/or progression of @entity2 , and is not due to karyotypic evolution in vitro. The absence of amplification in the adjacent mucosa suggests that 11q13 amplification is a relatively late event in @entity2 tumorigenesis.

title: Visualization of @entity3 and @entity4 amplification in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) develops along a multistep genetic pathway including loss of @entity1 suppressor genes and alteration of oncogenes. We characterized seven @entity2 cell lines by classical and molecular cytogenetic analysis and fresh @entity1 and adjacent oral mucosa corresponding to three of the cell lines by molecular cytogenetics. We observed homogeneously staining regions (hsrs) in four of the seven cell lines, at 11q13 in three and at 11q23 and in an unidentified marker chromosome in the fourth. Amplification of band 11q13 occurs in 30-60% of head and neck @entity2 . To determine whether @entity3 and @entity4 , both located in band 11q13, are amplified in the tissues and cell lines and to confirm the chromosomal location(s) of the amplification, we used dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes for these genes and the chromosome 11 centromere. We report chromosomal localization of @entity3 / @entity4 amplification in @entity2 . Coamplification of @entity3 and @entity4 was detected in the hsrs in cultured @entity1 cells from the four hsr-containing @entity1 and in directly harvested @entity1 cells, which were available from only two of these @entity1 . Amplification was not present in @entity1 lacking hsrs or adjacent oral mucosa corresponding to any of the seven @entity1 . The observation of amplification in fresh @entity1 cells suggests that the amplification was present in the @entity0 , may play a key role in the development and/or progression of @entity2 , and is not due to karyotypic evolution in vitro. The absence of amplification in the adjacent mucosa suggests that 11q13 amplification is a relatively late event in @entity2 tumorigenesis.

title: Visualization of XXXX and @entity4 amplification in @entity2 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) develops along a multistep genetic pathway including loss of @entity1 suppressor genes and alteration of oncogenes. We characterized seven @entity2 cell lines by classical and molecular cytogenetic analysis and fresh @entity1 and adjacent oral mucosa corresponding to three of the cell lines by molecular cytogenetics. We observed homogeneously staining regions (hsrs) in four of the seven cell lines, at 11q13 in three and at 11q23 and in an unidentified marker chromosome in the fourth. Amplification of band 11q13 occurs in 30-60% of head and neck @entity2 . To determine whether @entity3 and @entity4 , both located in band 11q13, are amplified in the tissues and cell lines and to confirm the chromosomal location(s) of the amplification, we used dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes for these genes and the chromosome 11 centromere. We report chromosomal localization of @entity3 / @entity4 amplification in @entity2 . Coamplification of @entity3 and @entity4 was detected in the hsrs in cultured @entity1 cells from the four hsr-containing @entity1 and in directly harvested @entity1 cells, which were available from only two of these @entity1 . Amplification was not present in @entity1 lacking hsrs or adjacent oral mucosa corresponding to any of the seven @entity1 . The observation of amplification in fresh @entity1 cells suggests that the amplification was present in the @entity0 , may play a key role in the development and/or progression of @entity2 , and is not due to karyotypic evolution in vitro. The absence of amplification in the adjacent mucosa suggests that 11q13 amplification is a relatively late event in @entity2 tumorigenesis.

title: Visualization of @entity3 and XXXX amplification in @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: The yield of early repeat endoscopy in @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is not well established. AIMS: To determine how often early repeat endoscopy detected missed @entity5 or @entity4 ( @entity4 ) in a population-based cohort of @entity0 with @entity3 . Secondary aims were to identify risk factors for missed @entity5 / @entity4 and compare detection of prevalent versus incident HGD/ @entity4 . METHODS: A population-based cohort of @entity3 subjects in Olmsted County, MN, was studied. @entity0 with @entity3 or @entity2 ( @entity2 ) who underwent repeat endoscopy within 24  months were included. Those with a worse histologic diagnosis on repeat endoscopy were considered to have missed @entity5 / @entity4 . Baseline characteristics among @entity0 with and without missed @entity5 / @entity4 were compared. The absolute numbers of asymptomatic prevalent or missed, and incident HGD/ @entity4 in the entire cohort were ascertained. RESULTS: Of 488 @entity3 cases, 210 were included for the primary aim of this study. Repeat endoscopy revealed four HGD/ @entity4 (1.9  %) and 16 @entity2 (8.8  %) for a combined miss rate of 9.5  %. Long-segment @entity3 (LSBE) and lack of PPI use were predictors of missed @entity5 / @entity4 (P  =  0.008), but adherence to biopsy protocol was not. Increased prevalent HGD/ @entity4 (n  =  30) rather than incident HGD/ @entity4 (n  =  22) was identified during a median 4.8  years of follow-up in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5 / @entity4 is commonly missed at initial @entity3 diagnosis, particularly in @entity0 with LSBE and no PPI use. Efforts should be made to enhance the sensitivity of detecting @entity5 / @entity1 around the time of initial @entity3 diagnosis.

title: Yield of Repeat Endoscopy in @entity3 with No @entity5 and XXXX : A Population-Based Study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The yield of early repeat endoscopy in @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is not well established. AIMS: To determine how often early repeat endoscopy detected missed @entity5 or @entity4 ( @entity4 ) in a population-based cohort of @entity0 with @entity3 . Secondary aims were to identify risk factors for missed @entity5 / @entity4 and compare detection of prevalent versus incident HGD/ @entity4 . METHODS: A population-based cohort of @entity3 subjects in Olmsted County, MN, was studied. @entity0 with @entity3 or @entity2 ( @entity2 ) who underwent repeat endoscopy within 24  months were included. Those with a worse histologic diagnosis on repeat endoscopy were considered to have missed @entity5 / @entity4 . Baseline characteristics among @entity0 with and without missed @entity5 / @entity4 were compared. The absolute numbers of asymptomatic prevalent or missed, and incident HGD/ @entity4 in the entire cohort were ascertained. RESULTS: Of 488 @entity3 cases, 210 were included for the primary aim of this study. Repeat endoscopy revealed four HGD/ @entity4 (1.9  %) and 16 @entity2 (8.8  %) for a combined miss rate of 9.5  %. Long-segment @entity3 (LSBE) and lack of PPI use were predictors of missed @entity5 / @entity4 (P  =  0.008), but adherence to biopsy protocol was not. Increased prevalent HGD/ @entity4 (n  =  30) rather than incident HGD/ @entity4 (n  =  22) was identified during a median 4.8  years of follow-up in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5 / @entity4 is commonly missed at initial @entity3 diagnosis, particularly in @entity0 with LSBE and no PPI use. Efforts should be made to enhance the sensitivity of detecting @entity5 / @entity1 around the time of initial @entity3 diagnosis.

title: Yield of Repeat Endoscopy in XXXX with No @entity5 and @entity2 : A Population-Based Study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The yield of early repeat endoscopy in @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is not well established. AIMS: To determine how often early repeat endoscopy detected missed @entity5 or @entity4 ( @entity4 ) in a population-based cohort of @entity0 with @entity3 . Secondary aims were to identify risk factors for missed @entity5 / @entity4 and compare detection of prevalent versus incident HGD/ @entity4 . METHODS: A population-based cohort of @entity3 subjects in Olmsted County, MN, was studied. @entity0 with @entity3 or @entity2 ( @entity2 ) who underwent repeat endoscopy within 24  months were included. Those with a worse histologic diagnosis on repeat endoscopy were considered to have missed @entity5 / @entity4 . Baseline characteristics among @entity0 with and without missed @entity5 / @entity4 were compared. The absolute numbers of asymptomatic prevalent or missed, and incident HGD/ @entity4 in the entire cohort were ascertained. RESULTS: Of 488 @entity3 cases, 210 were included for the primary aim of this study. Repeat endoscopy revealed four HGD/ @entity4 (1.9  %) and 16 @entity2 (8.8  %) for a combined miss rate of 9.5  %. Long-segment @entity3 (LSBE) and lack of PPI use were predictors of missed @entity5 / @entity4 (P  =  0.008), but adherence to biopsy protocol was not. Increased prevalent HGD/ @entity4 (n  =  30) rather than incident HGD/ @entity4 (n  =  22) was identified during a median 4.8  years of follow-up in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5 / @entity4 is commonly missed at initial @entity3 diagnosis, particularly in @entity0 with LSBE and no PPI use. Efforts should be made to enhance the sensitivity of detecting @entity5 / @entity1 around the time of initial @entity3 diagnosis.

title: Yield of Repeat Endoscopy in @entity3 with No XXXX and @entity2 : A Population-Based Study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: AIM: Intramyocellular @entity5 have been implicated in the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. In the myocardium, excess lipid storage may also contribute to the appearance of @entity4 , while @entity5 may have certain cardio-protective functions. However, little is known on intracellular @entity3 accumulation in the @entity0 heart. We aimed to determine @entity3 accumulation in the @entity0 myocardium in relation to @entity1 status. METHODS: Six @entity1 and six non- @entity1 aged @entity0 subjects undergoing by-pass surgery participated in the study. Subjects were matched for age and body mass index. Intracellular @entity3 levels were measured in heart biopsy samples. Additional samples were taken from pectoralis major muscle that served as control. Whole body glycaemic control was assessed as the percent glycated haemoglobin. RESULTS: Intracellular @entity5 were significantly higher in the myocardium compared to pectoralis major (P<0.05). Although not statistically significant, @entity1 subjects tended to accumulate smaller amounts of @entity5 compared to non- @entity1 subjects in the myocardium. A linear negative correlation was observed between myocardial @entity5 and glycaemic control (r=0.632, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that poor glycaemic control and @entity1 may be associated with a defective accumulation of myocardial @entity5 , possibly blunting intracellular processes and contributing to the development of @entity2 .

title: Intracellular XXXX in relation to glycaemic control in the myocardium: A pilot study in @entity0 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: AIM: Intramyocellular @entity5 have been implicated in the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. In the myocardium, excess lipid storage may also contribute to the appearance of @entity4 , while @entity5 may have certain cardio-protective functions. However, little is known on intracellular @entity3 accumulation in the @entity0 heart. We aimed to determine @entity3 accumulation in the @entity0 myocardium in relation to @entity1 status. METHODS: Six @entity1 and six non- @entity1 aged @entity0 subjects undergoing by-pass surgery participated in the study. Subjects were matched for age and body mass index. Intracellular @entity3 levels were measured in heart biopsy samples. Additional samples were taken from pectoralis major muscle that served as control. Whole body glycaemic control was assessed as the percent glycated haemoglobin. RESULTS: Intracellular @entity5 were significantly higher in the myocardium compared to pectoralis major (P<0.05). Although not statistically significant, @entity1 subjects tended to accumulate smaller amounts of @entity5 compared to non- @entity1 subjects in the myocardium. A linear negative correlation was observed between myocardial @entity5 and glycaemic control (r=0.632, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that poor glycaemic control and @entity1 may be associated with a defective accumulation of myocardial @entity5 , possibly blunting intracellular processes and contributing to the development of @entity2 .

title: Intracellular @entity5 in relation to glycaemic control in the myocardium: A pilot study in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Phosphonates are a large class of @entity5 compounds with a characteristic @entity0 - @entity2 bond. The genes responsible for @entity9 utilization in Gram-negative bacteria are arranged in an operon of 14 genes. The @entity0 - @entity2 lyase complex, encoded by the genes phnGHIJKLM, catalyzes the cleavage of the stable @entity0 - @entity2 bond of @entity10 to the corresponding @entity7 and inorganic @entity4 . Recently, complexes of this enzyme containing five subunits (PhnG- @entity8 -I-J-K), four subunits (PhnG- @entity8 -I-J), and two subunits (PhnG-I) were purified after expression in @entity1 ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U. S. A. 2011 , 108 , 11393 ). Here we demonstrated using mass spectrometry, ultracentrifugation, and chemical cross-linking experiments that these complexes are formed from a PhnG2I2 core that is further elaborated by the addition of two copies each of PhnH and PhnJ to generate PhnG2H2I2J2. This complex adds an additional subunit of PhnK to form PhnG2H2I2J2K. Chemical cross-linking of the five-component complex demonstrated that PhnJ physically interacts with both PhnG and PhnI. We were unable to demonstrate the interaction of PhnH or PhnK with any other subunits by chemical cross-linking. @entity3 - @entity6 exchange was utilized to probe for alterations in the dynamic properties of individual subunits within the various complexes. Significant regions of PhnG become less accessible to @entity3 / @entity6 exchange from solvent within the PhnG2I2 complex compared with PhnG alone. Specific regions of PhnI exhibited significant differences in the @entity8 /D exchange rates in PhnG2I2 and PhnG2H2I2J2K.

title: Subunit Interactions within the @entity0 - @entity2 Lyase Complex from XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Phosphonates are a large class of @entity5 compounds with a characteristic @entity0 - @entity2 bond. The genes responsible for @entity9 utilization in Gram-negative bacteria are arranged in an operon of 14 genes. The @entity0 - @entity2 lyase complex, encoded by the genes phnGHIJKLM, catalyzes the cleavage of the stable @entity0 - @entity2 bond of @entity10 to the corresponding @entity7 and inorganic @entity4 . Recently, complexes of this enzyme containing five subunits (PhnG- @entity8 -I-J-K), four subunits (PhnG- @entity8 -I-J), and two subunits (PhnG-I) were purified after expression in @entity1 ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U. S. A. 2011 , 108 , 11393 ). Here we demonstrated using mass spectrometry, ultracentrifugation, and chemical cross-linking experiments that these complexes are formed from a PhnG2I2 core that is further elaborated by the addition of two copies each of PhnH and PhnJ to generate PhnG2H2I2J2. This complex adds an additional subunit of PhnK to form PhnG2H2I2J2K. Chemical cross-linking of the five-component complex demonstrated that PhnJ physically interacts with both PhnG and PhnI. We were unable to demonstrate the interaction of PhnH or PhnK with any other subunits by chemical cross-linking. @entity3 - @entity6 exchange was utilized to probe for alterations in the dynamic properties of individual subunits within the various complexes. Significant regions of PhnG become less accessible to @entity3 / @entity6 exchange from solvent within the PhnG2I2 complex compared with PhnG alone. Specific regions of PhnI exhibited significant differences in the @entity8 /D exchange rates in PhnG2I2 and PhnG2H2I2J2K.

title: Subunit Interactions within the @entity0 - XXXX Lyase Complex from @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Phosphonates are a large class of @entity5 compounds with a characteristic @entity0 - @entity2 bond. The genes responsible for @entity9 utilization in Gram-negative bacteria are arranged in an operon of 14 genes. The @entity0 - @entity2 lyase complex, encoded by the genes phnGHIJKLM, catalyzes the cleavage of the stable @entity0 - @entity2 bond of @entity10 to the corresponding @entity7 and inorganic @entity4 . Recently, complexes of this enzyme containing five subunits (PhnG- @entity8 -I-J-K), four subunits (PhnG- @entity8 -I-J), and two subunits (PhnG-I) were purified after expression in @entity1 ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U. S. A. 2011 , 108 , 11393 ). Here we demonstrated using mass spectrometry, ultracentrifugation, and chemical cross-linking experiments that these complexes are formed from a PhnG2I2 core that is further elaborated by the addition of two copies each of PhnH and PhnJ to generate PhnG2H2I2J2. This complex adds an additional subunit of PhnK to form PhnG2H2I2J2K. Chemical cross-linking of the five-component complex demonstrated that PhnJ physically interacts with both PhnG and PhnI. We were unable to demonstrate the interaction of PhnH or PhnK with any other subunits by chemical cross-linking. @entity3 - @entity6 exchange was utilized to probe for alterations in the dynamic properties of individual subunits within the various complexes. Significant regions of PhnG become less accessible to @entity3 / @entity6 exchange from solvent within the PhnG2I2 complex compared with PhnG alone. Specific regions of PhnI exhibited significant differences in the @entity8 /D exchange rates in PhnG2I2 and PhnG2H2I2J2K.

title: Subunit Interactions within the XXXX - @entity2 Lyase Complex from @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE: To review and assess the current evidence from the literature on the potential association between @entity4 with the development of symptomatic @entity3 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The potential relationship between @entity4 - and @entity7 remains controversial, with contradictory evidence available in the literature. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of infected extruded nucleus tissue from first-time disc herniations, implicating the role of disc microbial infection as a pathway for @entity7 . In contrast, other studies reported very low prevalence of @entity8 in samples from @entity0 with sciatica, quoting contamination as the predominant source. To summarize the available evidence to date, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. METHODS: A comprehensive search from 6 electronic databases was performed for studies investigating the potential relationship between @entity4 as a cause for @entity3 and @entity6 or @entity5 . Random-effects meta-analysis of proportions and odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals was used to pool the available evidence. RESULTS: Nine relevant studies involving 602 @entity0 with @entity3 or @entity2 were identified. From 6 studies supporting the role of infection in the pathophysiology of @entity7 , the pooled infection prevalence was 45.2% (34.5%-56.0%). Overall pooled prevalence in all studies was 36.2% (24.7%-47.7%). Proportion of disc @entity4 was higher in @entity0 with symptomatic @entity1 than in @entity0 without (37.4% vs. 5.9%; odds ratio, 6.1; 95% confidence intervals, 1.426-25.901). The majority of @entity4 were due to @entity9 in 59.6% (43.2%-76.1%). CONCLUSION: From the limited evidence available, the possibility that @entity4 may be linked with @entity7 should not be ruled out. There is a need to investigate this further through larger, adequately powered multi-institutional studies with contaminant arm to control for specimen contamination. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.

title: Can Bacterial Infection by Low Virulent Organisms Be a Plausible Cause for Symptomatic XXXX ? A Systematic Review.

answer: @entity7


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The purpose of this report was to describe the successful recognition and management of @entity10 secondary to severe, acute @entity12 in an adult @entity3 with a 2 day history of @entity5 , @entity8 , and @entity9 . Radiographs were suggestive of a @entity11 , and surgery was recommended. Resection and @entity4 of the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum was performed. The @entity3 recovered uneventfully, but approximately 36 hr postoperatively, he was found to have significant weakness and @entity6 that were accompanied by @entity2 . The only significant abnormality on a serum biochemical profile was a phosphorous level of 0.26mmol/L. Within 6 hr of initiating phosphorous supplementation, the @entity0 fully recovered and had no residual signs of @entity10 . Signs of @entity1 secondary to @entity12 are commonly recognized in @entity0 @entity0 . Reports of @entity0 with severe @entity7 , some of which necessitate ventilation due to weakening of muscles of respiration, are common throughout the literature. Less commonly, @entity6 are noted. This is the first known report of neuromuscular signs recognized and rapidly corrected in a @entity3 . Although it is likely to be uncommon, @entity12 should be recognized as a differential diagnosis in @entity0 with @entity6 and/or @entity7 .

title: Neuromuscular Signs Associated with Acute XXXX in a @entity3 .

answer: @entity12


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The purpose of this report was to describe the successful recognition and management of @entity10 secondary to severe, acute @entity12 in an adult @entity3 with a 2 day history of @entity5 , @entity8 , and @entity9 . Radiographs were suggestive of a @entity11 , and surgery was recommended. Resection and @entity4 of the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum was performed. The @entity3 recovered uneventfully, but approximately 36 hr postoperatively, he was found to have significant weakness and @entity6 that were accompanied by @entity2 . The only significant abnormality on a serum biochemical profile was a phosphorous level of 0.26mmol/L. Within 6 hr of initiating phosphorous supplementation, the @entity0 fully recovered and had no residual signs of @entity10 . Signs of @entity1 secondary to @entity12 are commonly recognized in @entity0 @entity0 . Reports of @entity0 with severe @entity7 , some of which necessitate ventilation due to weakening of muscles of respiration, are common throughout the literature. Less commonly, @entity6 are noted. This is the first known report of neuromuscular signs recognized and rapidly corrected in a @entity3 . Although it is likely to be uncommon, @entity12 should be recognized as a differential diagnosis in @entity0 with @entity6 and/or @entity7 .

title: Neuromuscular Signs Associated with Acute @entity12 in a XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity0 y   T cells are potent effectors against @entity2 cell lines in vitro and in @entity0 / @entity3 xenograft models of @entity5 , however, this effect has not been investigated in an immunocompetent @entity3 model. In this report, we established GL261 @entity2 in @entity8 /6 @entity3 and measured circulating y   T cell count, phenotype, Vy/V   repertoire, @entity1 histopathology, @entity7 ligands expression, and T cell invasion at day 10-12 post-injection and at end stage. Circulating y   T cells transiently increased and upregulated @entity9 expression at post- @entity1 day 10-12 followed by a dramatic decline in y   T cell count at end stage. T cell receptor repertoire showed no changes in Vy1, Vy4, Vy7 or V  1 subsets from controls at post- @entity1 day 10-12 or at end stage except for an end-stage increase in the V  4 population. Approximately 12% of y   T cells produced IFN-y. @entity6 and @entity4 producing y   T cells were not detected. @entity1 progression was the same in @entity10  -/- C57BL/6 @entity3 as that observed in WT @entity3 , suggesting that y   T cells exerted neither a regulatory nor a sustainable cytotoxic effect on the @entity1 . WT @entity3 that received an intracranial injection of y   T cells 15m following @entity1 placement showed evidence of @entity1 growth inhibition but this was insufficient to confer a survival advantage over untreated controls. Taken together, our findings suggest that an early nonspecific proliferation of y   T cells followed by their depletion occurs in @entity3 implanted with @entity2 . The mechanism by which y   T cell expansion occurs remains a subject for further investigation of the mechanisms responsible for this immune response in the setting of high-grade @entity2 .

title: Dynamics of Circulating y   T Cell Activity in an Immunocompetent @entity3 Model of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity0 y   T cells are potent effectors against @entity2 cell lines in vitro and in @entity0 / @entity3 xenograft models of @entity5 , however, this effect has not been investigated in an immunocompetent @entity3 model. In this report, we established GL261 @entity2 in @entity8 /6 @entity3 and measured circulating y   T cell count, phenotype, Vy/V   repertoire, @entity1 histopathology, @entity7 ligands expression, and T cell invasion at day 10-12 post-injection and at end stage. Circulating y   T cells transiently increased and upregulated @entity9 expression at post- @entity1 day 10-12 followed by a dramatic decline in y   T cell count at end stage. T cell receptor repertoire showed no changes in Vy1, Vy4, Vy7 or V  1 subsets from controls at post- @entity1 day 10-12 or at end stage except for an end-stage increase in the V  4 population. Approximately 12% of y   T cells produced IFN-y. @entity6 and @entity4 producing y   T cells were not detected. @entity1 progression was the same in @entity10  -/- C57BL/6 @entity3 as that observed in WT @entity3 , suggesting that y   T cells exerted neither a regulatory nor a sustainable cytotoxic effect on the @entity1 . WT @entity3 that received an intracranial injection of y   T cells 15m following @entity1 placement showed evidence of @entity1 growth inhibition but this was insufficient to confer a survival advantage over untreated controls. Taken together, our findings suggest that an early nonspecific proliferation of y   T cells followed by their depletion occurs in @entity3 implanted with @entity2 . The mechanism by which y   T cell expansion occurs remains a subject for further investigation of the mechanisms responsible for this immune response in the setting of high-grade @entity2 .

title: Dynamics of Circulating y   T Cell Activity in an Immunocompetent XXXX Model of @entity2 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several adult stem cell populations exhibit myogenic regenerative potential, thus representing attractive candidates for therapeutic approaches of @entity4 such as @entity2 ( @entity2 ). We have recently shown that systemic delivery of MuStem cells, skeletal muscle-resident stem cells isolated in healthy @entity0 , generates the remodelling of muscle tissue and gives rise to striking clinical benefits in @entity3 ( @entity3 ) @entity0 . This global effect, which is observed in the clinically relevant @entity2 animal model, leads us to question here the molecular pathways that are impacted by MuStem cell transplantation. To address this issue, we compare the global gene expression profile between healthy, @entity3 and MuStem cell treated @entity3 @entity0 muscle, four months after allogenic MuStem cell transplantation. RESULTS: In the dystrophic context of the @entity3 @entity0 , disease-related deregulation is observed in the case of 282 genes related to various processes such as inflammatory response, regeneration, @entity1 ion binding, extracellular matrix organization, metabolism and apoptosis regulation. Importantly, we reveal the impact of MuStem cell transplantation on several molecular and cellular pathways based on a selection of 31 genes displaying signals specifically modulated by the treatment. Concomitant with a diffuse @entity5 expression, a histological remodelling and a stabilization of @entity3 @entity0 clinical status, we show that cell delivery is associated with an up-regulation of genes reflecting a sustained enhancement of muscle regeneration. We also identify a decreased mRNA expression of a set of genes having metabolic functions associated with lipid homeostasis and energy. Interestingly, ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation is highly enhanced in @entity3 @entity0 muscle after systemic delivery of MuStem cells. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results provide the first high-throughput characterization of @entity3 @entity0 muscle and throw new light on the complex molecular/cellular effects associated with muscle repair and the clinical efficacy of MuStem cell-based therapy.

title: Differential Gene Expression Profiling of Dystrophic XXXX Muscle after MuStem Cell Transplantation.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity1 -induced @entity4 is described as dull, aching ongoing @entity4 . Ongoing @entity7 was characterized after intratibial injection of @entity0 cells in @entity2 . @entity1 produced time-dependent bone @entity3 but no spontaneous flinching. Conditioned place preference (CPP) and enhanced @entity5 (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell was observed after peripheral nerve block (PNB) selectively in @entity1 -bearing @entity2 revealing nociceptive-driven ongoing @entity4 . Oral @entity8 reversed @entity1 -induced @entity3 but did not block PNB-induced CPP or NAc DA release. @entity1 -induced @entity3 , and PNB-induced CPP and NAc DA release, was blocked by prior subcutaneous implantation of a @entity6 pellet. In sham @entity2 , @entity6 produced a modest but sustained increase in NAc DA release. In contrast, @entity6 produced a transient 5-fold higher NAc DA release in @entity1 bearing @entity2 compared with sham @entity6 @entity2 . The possibility that this increased NAc DA release reflected the reward of @entity4 relief was tested by irreversible blockade of rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC)  -opioid receptors (MORs). The rACC MOR blockade prevented the @entity6 -induced transient increased NAc DA release in @entity1 bearing @entity2 but did not affect @entity6 -induced effects in sham-operated animals. Consistent with clinical experience, ongoing @entity1 was controlled by @entity6 but not by a dose of @entity8 that reversed evoked @entity3 . Additionally, the intrinsic reward of @entity6 can be dissociated from the reward of relief of @entity1 by blockade of rACC MOR. This approach allows mechanistic and therapeutic assessment of ongoing @entity1 with likely translation relevance.

title: Behavioral and neurochemical analysis of ongoing XXXX in @entity2 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity1 -induced @entity4 is described as dull, aching ongoing @entity4 . Ongoing @entity7 was characterized after intratibial injection of @entity0 cells in @entity2 . @entity1 produced time-dependent bone @entity3 but no spontaneous flinching. Conditioned place preference (CPP) and enhanced @entity5 (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell was observed after peripheral nerve block (PNB) selectively in @entity1 -bearing @entity2 revealing nociceptive-driven ongoing @entity4 . Oral @entity8 reversed @entity1 -induced @entity3 but did not block PNB-induced CPP or NAc DA release. @entity1 -induced @entity3 , and PNB-induced CPP and NAc DA release, was blocked by prior subcutaneous implantation of a @entity6 pellet. In sham @entity2 , @entity6 produced a modest but sustained increase in NAc DA release. In contrast, @entity6 produced a transient 5-fold higher NAc DA release in @entity1 bearing @entity2 compared with sham @entity6 @entity2 . The possibility that this increased NAc DA release reflected the reward of @entity4 relief was tested by irreversible blockade of rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC)  -opioid receptors (MORs). The rACC MOR blockade prevented the @entity6 -induced transient increased NAc DA release in @entity1 bearing @entity2 but did not affect @entity6 -induced effects in sham-operated animals. Consistent with clinical experience, ongoing @entity1 was controlled by @entity6 but not by a dose of @entity8 that reversed evoked @entity3 . Additionally, the intrinsic reward of @entity6 can be dissociated from the reward of relief of @entity1 by blockade of rACC MOR. This approach allows mechanistic and therapeutic assessment of ongoing @entity1 with likely translation relevance.

title: Behavioral and neurochemical analysis of ongoing @entity7 in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Brain glycogen is depleted when used as an emergency energy substrate. In mammals, brain glycogen levels rebound to higher than normal levels after a hypoglycemic episode and a few hours after refeeding or administration of @entity0 . This phenomenon is called glycogen supercompensation. However, this mechanism has not been investigated in lower vertebrates. The aim of this study was therefore to determine whether brain glycogen supercompensation occurs in the @entity1 brain. For this purpose, short-term brain @entity0 and glycogen contents were determined in @entity1 after being subjected to the following experimental conditions: i) a 5-day or 10-day fasting period and refeeding; ii) a single injection of insulin (4mgkg(-1)) and refeeding; and iii) sustained swimming and injection of @entity0 (500mgkg(-1)). Food deprivation during the fasting periods and insulin administration both induced a decrease in @entity0 and glycogen levels in the brain. However, only refeeding after 10days of fasting significantly increased the brain glycogen content above control levels, in a clear short-term supercompensation response. Unlike in mammals, prolonged exercise did not alter brain @entity0 or glycogen levels. Furthermore, brain glycogen supercompensation was not observed after @entity0 administration in fish undergoing sustained swimming. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing direct experimental evidence for the existence of a short-term glycogen supercompensation response in a teleost brain, although the response was only detectable after prolonged fasting.

title: Brain glycogen supercompensation after different conditions of induced hypoglycemia and sustained swimming in XXXX ( @entity1 ).

answer: @entity1


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Brain glycogen is depleted when used as an emergency energy substrate. In mammals, brain glycogen levels rebound to higher than normal levels after a hypoglycemic episode and a few hours after refeeding or administration of @entity0 . This phenomenon is called glycogen supercompensation. However, this mechanism has not been investigated in lower vertebrates. The aim of this study was therefore to determine whether brain glycogen supercompensation occurs in the @entity1 brain. For this purpose, short-term brain @entity0 and glycogen contents were determined in @entity1 after being subjected to the following experimental conditions: i) a 5-day or 10-day fasting period and refeeding; ii) a single injection of insulin (4mgkg(-1)) and refeeding; and iii) sustained swimming and injection of @entity0 (500mgkg(-1)). Food deprivation during the fasting periods and insulin administration both induced a decrease in @entity0 and glycogen levels in the brain. However, only refeeding after 10days of fasting significantly increased the brain glycogen content above control levels, in a clear short-term supercompensation response. Unlike in mammals, prolonged exercise did not alter brain @entity0 or glycogen levels. Furthermore, brain glycogen supercompensation was not observed after @entity0 administration in fish undergoing sustained swimming. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing direct experimental evidence for the existence of a short-term glycogen supercompensation response in a teleost brain, although the response was only detectable after prolonged fasting.

title: Brain glycogen supercompensation after different conditions of induced hypoglycemia and sustained swimming in @entity1 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity1


abstract: Basal cell-specific anti-cytokeratin antibody (34 beta E12) decorates the basal cells of benign prostatic epithelium by standard immunohistochemical techniques, whereas @entity3 lacks immunoreactivity with this antibody. We reviewed our experience with this antibody to determine its utility in the diagnosis of @entity3 as well as its pattern of usage at a tertiary medical center. In all, 7,242 prostate specimens from 5,262 @entity0 were seen at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1/89 and 4/93. Immunostaining for basal cell-specific cytokeratin (34 beta E12) was originally used for diagnostic purposes in 289 questionable area from 228 cases; 45% of these cases were seen in consultation. The distribution of cases using 34 beta E12 was 52% needle biopsies, 32% transurethral prostatic resections (TURPs). 13% radical prostatectomies, and 3% open enucleations. These procedures constituted 2.8% of all needle biopsies, 7.2% of all TURPs, 1.7% of all radical prostatectomies, and 3.5% of all enucleations seen during this time period. For this study the @entity5 and @entity6 stain was reviewed without knowledge of the original diagnosis, a diagnosis was favored, the 34 beta E12 stain was examined, and a final diagnosis was determined. The 34 beta E12 stain established (14%), confirmed (58%), or changed (2%) our favored diagnoses, while 18% remained or became equivocal. The 34 beta E12 stain was of no use in 8% of the cases, yet we felt we were still able to render a final diagnosis even without the help of the stain. The differential diagnoses in the questionable foci using 34 beta E12 were @entity1 versus focus of atypical glands (44%), @entity7 (39%), @entity8 ( @entity8 ) (8%), @entity4 (5%), and @entity2 (4%). However, 34 beta E12 was used in only 15-20% of all cases of @entity7 and @entity4 and in < 2% of @entity8 and @entity2 cases seen during this time. Reasons for equivocal results were loss of suspicious glands on cut downs used for staining (49%), too few glands to rely on negative staining (23%), technical problems (15%), limited number of positive staining glands in a small focus (7%), and cautery artifact (6%). Although equivocal cases tended to have fewer negative stained glands than cases diagnosed with @entity1 , there was no minimum number of negative stained glands required to establish a diagnosis of @entity1 . From these data we conclude that 34 beta E12 staining is a useful tool in confirming, establishing, or changing the diagnosis in questionable foci seen in the everyday practice of surgical pathology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: The utility of basal cell-specific anti-cytokeratin antibody (34 beta E12) in the diagnosis of XXXX . A review of 228 cases.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the benefit of anti- @entity1 in the treatment of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), a severe complication of @entity7 (CRVO). @entity0 AND METHODS: This is a retrospective case series of consecutive @entity0 with @entity3 secondary to CRVO treated with anti- @entity1 . Ophthalmic parameters were recorded for each visit: measurement of best visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), iris examination, gonioscopy and fundus examination, and as necessary, @entity2 angiography and optical coherence tomography. Minimum follow-up was 6 months. RESULTS: Nineteen @entity0 (19 eyes) received intravitreal injections of anti- @entity1 in association with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). In @entity0 who had uncomplicated @entity4 without elevated IOP (n=6), after a mean of 3 injections, VA was stable in 4 @entity0 and improved by two lines in 2 @entity0 . In @entity0 with early @entity5 ( @entity5 ) (n=13), IOP reduction was observed in all eyes within 1 week after injection but increased secondarily after an average of 45 days, although the rubeosis had @entity6 , which suggested that the change in IOP was independent of @entity3 . After a mean of 6 injections in combination with filtering or cyclodestructive surgery, IOP finally stabilized, but VA decreased in all @entity0 . Three @entity0 (50%) with stage III @entity3 progressed to stage IV @entity3 in spite of anti- @entity1 treatment. CONCLUSION: In all eyes, anti- @entity1 treatment stopped neovascularization and helped to control IOP. However, vision was preserved only in the eyes with uncomplicated rubeosis at the time of diagnosis. Since only 32% of eyes were diagnosed at this stage, the authors suggest the prevention of @entity3 by careful screening and follow-up of @entity0 at risk, and the performance of PRP in CRVO with extensive retinal non-perfusion prior to the onset of rubeosis.

title: [Anti- XXXX therapy in the treatment of @entity3 secondary to central @entity7 ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the benefit of anti- @entity1 in the treatment of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), a severe complication of @entity7 (CRVO). @entity0 AND METHODS: This is a retrospective case series of consecutive @entity0 with @entity3 secondary to CRVO treated with anti- @entity1 . Ophthalmic parameters were recorded for each visit: measurement of best visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), iris examination, gonioscopy and fundus examination, and as necessary, @entity2 angiography and optical coherence tomography. Minimum follow-up was 6 months. RESULTS: Nineteen @entity0 (19 eyes) received intravitreal injections of anti- @entity1 in association with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). In @entity0 who had uncomplicated @entity4 without elevated IOP (n=6), after a mean of 3 injections, VA was stable in 4 @entity0 and improved by two lines in 2 @entity0 . In @entity0 with early @entity5 ( @entity5 ) (n=13), IOP reduction was observed in all eyes within 1 week after injection but increased secondarily after an average of 45 days, although the rubeosis had @entity6 , which suggested that the change in IOP was independent of @entity3 . After a mean of 6 injections in combination with filtering or cyclodestructive surgery, IOP finally stabilized, but VA decreased in all @entity0 . Three @entity0 (50%) with stage III @entity3 progressed to stage IV @entity3 in spite of anti- @entity1 treatment. CONCLUSION: In all eyes, anti- @entity1 treatment stopped neovascularization and helped to control IOP. However, vision was preserved only in the eyes with uncomplicated rubeosis at the time of diagnosis. Since only 32% of eyes were diagnosed at this stage, the authors suggest the prevention of @entity3 by careful screening and follow-up of @entity0 at risk, and the performance of PRP in CRVO with extensive retinal non-perfusion prior to the onset of rubeosis.

title: [Anti- @entity1 therapy in the treatment of XXXX secondary to central @entity7 ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the benefit of anti- @entity1 in the treatment of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), a severe complication of @entity7 (CRVO). @entity0 AND METHODS: This is a retrospective case series of consecutive @entity0 with @entity3 secondary to CRVO treated with anti- @entity1 . Ophthalmic parameters were recorded for each visit: measurement of best visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), iris examination, gonioscopy and fundus examination, and as necessary, @entity2 angiography and optical coherence tomography. Minimum follow-up was 6 months. RESULTS: Nineteen @entity0 (19 eyes) received intravitreal injections of anti- @entity1 in association with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). In @entity0 who had uncomplicated @entity4 without elevated IOP (n=6), after a mean of 3 injections, VA was stable in 4 @entity0 and improved by two lines in 2 @entity0 . In @entity0 with early @entity5 ( @entity5 ) (n=13), IOP reduction was observed in all eyes within 1 week after injection but increased secondarily after an average of 45 days, although the rubeosis had @entity6 , which suggested that the change in IOP was independent of @entity3 . After a mean of 6 injections in combination with filtering or cyclodestructive surgery, IOP finally stabilized, but VA decreased in all @entity0 . Three @entity0 (50%) with stage III @entity3 progressed to stage IV @entity3 in spite of anti- @entity1 treatment. CONCLUSION: In all eyes, anti- @entity1 treatment stopped neovascularization and helped to control IOP. However, vision was preserved only in the eyes with uncomplicated rubeosis at the time of diagnosis. Since only 32% of eyes were diagnosed at this stage, the authors suggest the prevention of @entity3 by careful screening and follow-up of @entity0 at risk, and the performance of PRP in CRVO with extensive retinal non-perfusion prior to the onset of rubeosis.

title: [Anti- @entity1 therapy in the treatment of @entity3 secondary to central XXXX ].

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity2 is the most common @entity1 in the world, the most frequently diagnosed in the United States, and the second most lethal @entity1 in U.S. @entity0 . Earlier diagnosis implies better prognosis. However, prognosis may be dependent upon the stage of the @entity1 at the time of diagnosis and implementation of appropriate therapy. Clinical staging, even with the development of serum @entity3 and other studies, has not proven to be highly accurate, particularly to identify and quantitate local disease and extension. Imaging has, in the past, also had limited success. With the development of computed tomography (CT), endorectal ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there was great expectations for improvement. However, CT and ultrasound have not been as accurate as hoped. MRI, because of its multiorientation and multiparameter abilities, has been the most definitive imaging tool for staging of local extension, yet still has limitations. The prostate capsule, the neurovascular bundles, the seminal vesicle, and other regions prone to initial attack by @entity1 extension can be seen exquisitely clearly by the newer approaches to MRI. @entity1 extension, however, cannot be consistently identified when it is microscopic. MRI is an accurate identifier of macroscopic, even subtle macroscopic disease, but there are still limitations in its ability to diagnose all pathology.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging of XXXX : update.

answer: @entity2


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The spatial and temporal control of stem cell differentiation into odontoblast-like cells remains one of the major challenges in regenerative endodontic procedures. The current study aims to synthesize and compare the effect of @entity0 ( @entity3 ) release from 2 variants of @entity3 -loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSnp) on the odontogenic differentiation of @entity2 ( @entity2 ). METHODS: Two variants of @entity3 -loaded CSnp were synthesized by encapsulation ( @entity3 -CSnpI) and adsorption ( @entity3 -CSnpII) methods. The physicochemical characterization of @entity3 -CSnpI and @entity3 -CSnpII was assessed by transmission electron microscopy, Zetasizer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, whereas the @entity3 release kinetics was assessed by spectrophotometry. A previously characterized @entity2 cell line was cultured onto CSnp, @entity3 -CSnpI, or @entity3 -CSnpII. The biomineralization potential was determined by @entity1 staining. Alkaline phosphatase, @entity4 gene expressions were analyzed by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: @entity3 -CSnpI resulted in slower release of @entity3 compared with @entity3 -CSnpII, but both demonstrated sustained release of @entity3 for 4 weeks. Biomineralization of @entity2 was significantly higher (P < .05) in presence of @entity3 -CSnpII compared with that in @entity3 -CSnpI at 3 weeks. Alkaline phosphatase gene expression was significantly higher in the presence of @entity3 -CSnpII compared with @entity3 -CSnpI, with peak expression seen at 2 weeks (P  < .05). The expression of odontogenic specific marker dentin matrix protein-1 was significantly higher in presence of @entity3 -CSnpII compared with @entity3 -CSnpI at 3 weeks (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these data suggest that sustained release of @entity3 results in enhanced odontogenic differentiation of @entity2 . These findings highlight the potential of temporal-controlled delivery of bioactive molecules to direct the spatial- and temporal-controlled odontogenic differentiation of dental stem cells.

title: Temporal-controlled XXXX Releasing Chitosan Nanoparticle System Enhances Odontogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Apical Papilla.

answer: @entity0


abstract: We studied the cellular distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme ( @entity6 ) in the heart related to the cell types involved in left ventricular repair and remodeling before and after @entity3 by immunohistochemical techniques using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. In noninfarcted myocardium of both @entity0 and @entity1 , @entity6 expression was confined to endothelial cells and subendocardial cell layers of the aortic valve. @entity6 was prominent in endothelia of small arteries and arterioles, whereas only half the coronary capillaries were immunoreactive and venous vessels were almost completely devoid of the enzyme. In a @entity1 model of @entity3 , @entity6 distribution was determined 1, 3, and 7 days and 2, 3, and 6 weeks after @entity5 . Three and 7 days after @entity4 , endothelial cells of sprouting capillaries and macrophages in the marginal zone of necrosis revealed @entity6 expression. In both @entity0 and @entity1 with the onset of @entity2 , intense staining of the enzyme was found in the marginal zone of the repair tissue. In situ hybridization for collagen type I in the @entity1 revealed that zones with high collagen content had almost no @entity6 immunoreactivity. Vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes revealed no @entity6 expression throughout the study. We conclude that endothelial cells are the principal source for the expression of @entity6 after @entity3 . The observed induction of @entity6 with the onset of @entity2 suggests a role of this enzyme that is related to tissue repair and remodeling.

title: Cellular distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme after XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: We investigated a T-cell activation deficiency in a 3-month-old @entity0 with @entity3 , serious @entity1 , and a family history (in a brother) of @entity7 . In spite of detection of normal number of peripheral lymphocytes, T cells did not proliferate after activation by anti-CD3 and anti- @entity9 antibodies, although proliferation induced by antigens was detectable. We sought to determine the origin of this defect as it potentially represented a valuable tool to analyze T-cell physiology. T-cell activation by anti-CD3 antibody or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) led to reduced @entity5 ( @entity5 ) production and abnormal nuclear factor-activated T cell (NF-AT; a complex regulating the @entity5 gene transcription) binding activity to a specific oligonucleotide. T-cell proliferation was restored by @entity5 . Early events of T-cell activation, such as anti-CD3 antibody-induced cellular protein @entity4 phosphorylation, @entity10 and @entity8 kinase activities, and phosphoinositide turnover, were found to be normal. In contrast, anti-CD3 antibody-induced @entity2 flux was grossly abnormal. Release from endoplasmic reticulum stores was detectable as tested in the presence of anti-CD3 antibody or @entity6 after cell membrane depolarization in a K+ rich medium, whereas extracellular entry of @entity2 was defective. The latter abnormality was not secondary to defective K+ channel function, which was found to be normal. A similar defect was found in other hematopoietic cell lineages and in fibroblasts as evaluated by both cytometry and digital video imaging experiments at a single-cell level. This primary @entity11 appears, thus, to be due to defective @entity2 entry through the plasma membrane. The same abnormality did not alter B-cell proliferation, platelet function, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) function. Elucidation of the mechanism underlying this defect would help to understand the physiology of @entity2 mobilization in T cells.

title: A primary XXXX associated with defective transmembrane calcium influx.

answer: @entity11


abstract: In order to investigate the expression of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in astrocytes of viral infections of the @entity0 brain the avidin- @entity6 peroxidase complex method and a polyclonal antiserum were used. Autopsy material was obtained from 5 cases of herpes simplex @entity3 , two of progressive multifocal @entity2 (PML) and two of subacute @entity7 ( @entity7 ). All the 5 herpes simplex @entity3 cases presented groups of immunoreactive astrocytes around @entity1 , inflammatory lesions. The PML cases exhibited a large number of immunoreactive astrocytes in and around lesions of the white matter. The cases of @entity7 disclosed numerous, markedly stained fibrillary immunoreactive astrocytes; they were most abundant in degenerated regions of the white matter. The processes and peripheral cytoplasm of giant astrocytes in the PML cases contained immunoreactive material but the perinuclear region was devoid of such material. In the herpes simplex and the @entity7 cases immunoreactivity was present throughout the cytoplasm and processes of reactive fibrillary astrocytes. Many nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and pons of control cases exhibited endothelin-like immunoreactivity but this occurred in only exceptional astrocytes of control cases. Endothelin-like immunoreactivity was not present in the oligodendrocytes and vascular endothelial cells of controls and cases of @entity4 . The expression of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in astrocytes in @entity0 @entity5 reflects probably an increased intracellular content of endothelin. If this peptide is released from such astrocytes, it may act as a mitogen and by inducing constriction of arterioles it may influence the microcirculation.

title: Reactive astrocytes in viral infections of the XXXX brain express endothelin-like immunoreactivity.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Acute central administration of galanin has been reported to increase fat consumption. These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that repeated injections of galanin would elicit @entity5 and @entity2 and that this response would depend on the available diet. Male @entity0 were fed high (56% energy) or low (10% energy) fat diets. Galanin (300 pmol) or saline vehicle was injected into the third ventricle twice daily for 7 days and three times daily for another 6 days. On both the high- @entity3 and high-fat diets, twice daily @entity6 increased daytime food intake, but there was a compensatory decrease in nighttime intake. The addition of a third, nighttime injection of galanin was ineffective in producing an increase in total 24-h intake. There was no significant increase in body weight during galanin treatment in @entity0 eating either diet although animals eating the high-fat diet gained more weight as reflected by a significant increase in epididymal fat pad weight. Galanin treatment had no effects on serum insulin, @entity1 or @entity4 concentrations, measured at the end of the experiment. However, animals fed the high-fat diet had significantly higher insulin concentrations at the time of sacrifice. Although repeated central infusions of galanin reliably stimulated daytime intake of both diets, they failed to increase total daily energy intake or body weight.

title: Chronic cerebroventricular galanin does not induce sustained XXXX or obesity.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The @entity1 @entity5 -encoding gene (alpha B-cry) is highly expressed in the lens and expressed to lesser extents in other tissues. Here, we investigated alpha B-cry expression in @entity1 -lung-derived MLg cells. Two sizes of MLg alpha B-cry transcripts comigrated with alpha B-cry transcripts contained in total and poly(A)+RNA from @entity1 lung, with preference for the larger species in the MLg cells. Expression of both alpha B-cry promoter/cat reporter gene constructs and alpha B-cry enhancer (nt -427/-259)/herpes simplex virus (HSV) @entity2 kinase promoter (ptk)/ @entity0 growth hormone reporter gene (hGH) constructs was studied in transfected MLg cells and the results compared with those obtained from alpha TN4-1 lens and C2C12 muscle cells. The alpha B-cry enhancer increased activity of the endogenous and tk promoters approx. 2-fold in the MLg cells, in contrast to its 3-7-fold effect in alpha TN4-1 cells and 17-20-fold effect in C2C12 myotubes. Site-specific mutagenesis of the previously identified enhancer control elements, alpha B-E-1 (nt -407 to -397), alpha BE-2 (-360 to -327) and @entity4 (-300 to -288), decreased enhancer strength in transfected MLg cells. @entity3 footprinting showed that MLg nuclear proteins occupy only alpha BE-1 and alpha BE-2. Previous data have shown that lens cells use alpha BE-1, alpha BE-2 and alpha BE-3, while muscle cells use, in addition, the @entity4 ( @entity4 ). Thus, the present experiments correlate tissue-specific enhancer strength and the number of control elements utilized.

title: Differential use of the regulatory elements of the XXXX enhancer in cultured @entity1 lung (MLg), lens (alpha TN4-1) and muscle (C2C12) cells.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The @entity1 @entity5 -encoding gene (alpha B-cry) is highly expressed in the lens and expressed to lesser extents in other tissues. Here, we investigated alpha B-cry expression in @entity1 -lung-derived MLg cells. Two sizes of MLg alpha B-cry transcripts comigrated with alpha B-cry transcripts contained in total and poly(A)+RNA from @entity1 lung, with preference for the larger species in the MLg cells. Expression of both alpha B-cry promoter/cat reporter gene constructs and alpha B-cry enhancer (nt -427/-259)/herpes simplex virus (HSV) @entity2 kinase promoter (ptk)/ @entity0 growth hormone reporter gene (hGH) constructs was studied in transfected MLg cells and the results compared with those obtained from alpha TN4-1 lens and C2C12 muscle cells. The alpha B-cry enhancer increased activity of the endogenous and tk promoters approx. 2-fold in the MLg cells, in contrast to its 3-7-fold effect in alpha TN4-1 cells and 17-20-fold effect in C2C12 myotubes. Site-specific mutagenesis of the previously identified enhancer control elements, alpha B-E-1 (nt -407 to -397), alpha BE-2 (-360 to -327) and @entity4 (-300 to -288), decreased enhancer strength in transfected MLg cells. @entity3 footprinting showed that MLg nuclear proteins occupy only alpha BE-1 and alpha BE-2. Previous data have shown that lens cells use alpha BE-1, alpha BE-2 and alpha BE-3, while muscle cells use, in addition, the @entity4 ( @entity4 ). Thus, the present experiments correlate tissue-specific enhancer strength and the number of control elements utilized.

title: Differential use of the regulatory elements of the @entity5 enhancer in cultured XXXX lung (MLg), lens (alpha TN4-1) and muscle (C2C12) cells.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: African Americans (AAs) have been shown to exhibit a higher incidence of @entity1 and experience lower survival compared with whites. There is disagreement regarding the age at which to initiate screening in AAs. OBJECTIVES: To calculate the age-specific incidence in AAs compared with whites while controlling for differences in @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and to calculate the joinpoint at which the incidence begins to increase in each race. DESIGN: Retrospective database review. SETTING: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. @entity0 : All @entity0 with @entity3 or rectum from 2000 through 2011 in the SEER 18 database. INTERVENTIONS: We calculated the joinpoint of the upward trend of the age-adjusted incidence rate to determine the age at which the slope of the incidence curve began to increase in each race, while controlling for differences in @entity2 by using a composite socioeconomic index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Age-adjusted incidence of @entity3 . RESULTS: The age-specific incidence of @entity1 (cases per 100,000 population) was 0.3 versus 0.4 in whites compared with AAs at 20 years of age. At 50 years of age, the incidence was 44.2 compared with 62.6 in whites compared with AAs. The model indicated a joinpoint at 47 years of age for whites (95% confidence interval, 45-49) and 43 for AAs (95% confidence interval, 42-45) (P  < .001.) When @entity2 was considered in stratification, joinpoints for whites were 48, 47, and 46 at high, middle, and low @entity2 , respectively. Conversely, joinpoints of 43, 44, and 42 in the corresponding @entity2 for AAs were noted (P   <= .001). LIMITATIONS: There was no intervention, and we cannot conclude that changing screening policy would affect this disparity. CONCLUSION: There is a disparity in the age-specific incidence of @entity1 in AAs compared with whites beginning at 45 years of age. These differences persist across socioeconomic strata.

title: African Americans should be screened at an earlier age for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Using immunocytochemistry combined with confocal and electron microscopy, the secretory pathways related to substance @entity3 ), calcitonin gene-related peptide ( @entity2 ), galanin (GAL), and neuropeptide Y ( @entity4 ) were investigated in neurons in @entity0 lumbar (L) 4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) before and after peripheral axotomy. All four peptides were processed through the regulated secretory pathway in many small neurons in normal DRGs, and @entity2 through this pathway also in some large neurons. In many small neurons, two neuropeptides could be sorted into the same or separate large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs). The LDCVs had a significantly larger diameter in small as compared to large DRG neurons. Fourteen days after sciatic nerve cut, the levels of SP- and @entity2 -like immunoreactivities (-LIs) and the number of LDCVs containing these peptides were markedly reduced, but SP- and @entity2 -LIs were still seen in the regulated pathway. GAL- @entity1 was markedly increased in many small neurons and some large neurons and @entity4 - @entity1 mainly in large neurons. Both peptides were particularly abundant in the Golgi region. In small neurons, the number of LDCVs containing GAL- or @entity4 - @entity1 was increased, but did not appear to reach the numbers containing SP- or @entity2 - @entity1 in normal DRG neurons. After axotomy, @entity2 - @entity1 and GAL- @entity1 were often in separate LDCVs. One type of @entity4 -positive large neurons showed budding off of LDCVs after axotomy, but also some "scattered" labeling in the cytoplasm. In the second type, @entity4 - @entity1 was mainly found in multivesicular bodies. In several myelinated nerve fibers a "diffuse" distribution of @entity4 was seen together with some LDCVs containing @entity4 - @entity1 . In contrast, in unmyelinated nerve fibers, @entity4 -, GAL-, SP-, and @entity2 -LIs were always observed in LDCVs. Thus, both in normal and axotomized DRG neurons, peptides are processed through the regulated pathway. However, in some large neurons, @entity4 is, in addition, secreted through the constitutive pathway, perhaps as a consequence of limited sorting mechanisms for @entity4 , i.e., the plasticity of the secretory mechanisms does not match the rate of peptide synthesis after axotomy.

title: Secretory pathways of neuropeptides in XXXX lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons and effects of peripheral axotomy.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Accurate and timely diagnosis of @entity1 is associated with @entity3 . Clinical manifestations, imaging techniques, biomarkers and surgical techniques are used as diagnostic approaches. This paper reviews current evidence on clinical manifestation in order to help practitioners and perhaps improve @entity0 's health. METHODS: A review of the literature on clinical diagnosis of @entity2 that appeared in the English language biomedical journals was performed using PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The search strategy included the combination of key words ' @entity1 ' and 'diagnosis' or 'clinical diagnosis' in the titles or abstracts of articles. The search included all papers published during the year 2000 to 2014. Then, the findings were classified in order to summarize the evidence. RESULTS: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, in all 51 papers were found relevant and included in this review. In general we found three categories of diagnostic approaches for clinical manifestation including: i) diagnosis via symptoms obtained from history taking, ii) diagnosis via signs obtained from physical examination and iii) diagnosis via risk factors obtained from history taking. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of @entity1 is a matter of concern. Since the disease is associated with diverse clinical symptoms and signs, deeper and more comprehensive consideration according to @entity0 's history and clinical findings is recommended for early and more accurate detection in order to prioritize @entity0 for further investigation and contribute to its early management.

title: Clinical diagnosis of XXXX : a scoping review.

answer: @entity2


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The treatment of refractory and super refractory @entity1 is a "terra incognita" from the point of view of evidence-based medicine. As randomized or controlled studies that are sufficiently powered are not feasible in relation to the many therapies and treatment approaches available, we carried out an online multinational audit (registry) in which neurologists or intensivists caring for @entity0 with @entity1 may prospectively enter @entity0 who required general anesthesia to control the @entity1 ( @entity1 ). To date, 488 cases from 44 different countries have been collected. Most of the @entity0 had no history of @entity3 and had a cryptogenic etiology. First-line treatment was delayed and not in line with current guidelines. The most widely used anesthetic of first choice was @entity5 (59%), followed by @entity6 and barbiturates. @entity7 was used in most severe cases. Other therapies were administered in 35% of the cases, mainly @entity2 and immunotherapy. @entity4 control was achieved in 74% of the @entity0 . Twenty-two percent of @entity0 died during treatment, and four percent had treatment actively withdrawn because of an anticipated poor outcome. The neurological outcome was good in 36% and poor in 39.3% of cases, while 25% died during hospitalization. Factors that positively influenced outcome were younger age, history of @entity3 , and low number of different anesthetics tried. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled " @entity1 ".

title: Preliminary results of the global audit of treatment of refractory XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to assess the efficacy of double- and triple-screening paradigms for Down syndrome and to develop a more logical, statistical approach to risk prediction that will decrease the cost of screening and allow the incorporation of new parameters appropriately weighted for their contribution. STUDY DESIGN: Data from 24,504 @entity0 who had biochemical screening for Down syndrome by single ( @entity1 ), double ( @entity1 , beta- @entity0 chorionic gonadotropin), or triple screening ( @entity1 , beta- @entity0 chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated @entity3 ) who had complete outcome information were analyzed by (1) existing gaussian-based methods, (2) the Glasgow ratio method, and (3) a new statistical approach (i.e., directly adjusted data sets for discriminant @entity2 [DADs]) RESULTS: By use of individual risk-based thresholds for "at risk" status, both double and triple screening performed far better than single screening, but the percentages of @entity0 at risk varied widely. When the percentages at risk were held constant, the sensitivity of double and triple screenings was similar, suggesting that there are no benefits of using @entity3 as a third marker. For 25,000 @entity0 the use of only @entity1 and beta- @entity0 chorionic gonadotropin would save about  500,000, with no decrease in sensitivity. With the DADs approach a statistically sound model giving more stable estimates was developed that permits each factor to be analyzed for its own explained proportion of variance and allows each parameter to have different weighting. For this data set the same sensitivity was seen with, conservatively, a 1% reduction in the percentage of @entity0 at risk, which would reduce by 250 the number of amniocenteses, at a further savings of about  400,000. CONCLUSIONS: By use of existing methods, double screening is equally as effective as triple screening, so that the expense of @entity3 is unnecessary. The DADs approach, by allowing for variable weighting of parameters, lowers the at risk percentage and will permit a much more flexible approach as new parameters become available. Changing to DADs and eliminating @entity3 should achieve higher specificity for the same sensitivity and save, conservatively, about  900,000 in this series. Extrapolated nationally, if confirmed, the annual savings could approach  72,000,000.

title: MOMs (multiples of the median) and DADs (discriminant XXXX ): improved specificity and cost-effectiveness of biochemical screening for aneuploidy with DADs.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Lipoprotein(a) [( @entity3 )], a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle, contains in addition to LDL a specific protein component, apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)]. Conventionally, @entity3 ) has been measured by immunological methods that distinguish between @entity3 ) and LDL by dealing with apo(a) as an antigen. We describe a new method to determine @entity3 ) on the basis of its @entity1 content. Very-low-density lipoproteins were removed from serum by preparative ultracentrifugation at a density of 1.006 kg/L. The infranate was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to separate @entity3 ) and LDL. @entity3 ) @entity1 was then determined by direct enzymatic staining for @entity1 . On electrophoresis of the > 1.006 kg/L (bottom) fraction, @entity3 ) migrates to the pre-beta position, regardless of the genetic apo(a) isoform. The interassay CVs of @entity3 ) @entity1 determinations ranged from 6.9% to 11.5%, and the results correlated well with the @entity3 ) concentrations measured by immunonephelometry (r = 0.937). There was an inverse relation between the molecular mass of the genetically determined apo(a) isoforms and @entity3 ) @entity1 concentrations. @entity0 with angiographically proven @entity2 ( @entity2 ) had significantly more @entity3 ) @entity1 than healthy controls did. The ratio of @entity3 ) @entity1 to immunologically determined @entity3 ) tended to be lower in @entity2 @entity0 , suggesting that @entity3 ) particles contained less @entity1 than apo(a). In addition, the new method allows determination of LDL @entity1 without contamination by @entity3 ).

title: Direct determination of lipoprotein(a) XXXX by ultracentrifugation and agarose gel electrophoresis with enzymatic staining for @entity1 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Lipoprotein(a) [( @entity3 )], a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle, contains in addition to LDL a specific protein component, apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)]. Conventionally, @entity3 ) has been measured by immunological methods that distinguish between @entity3 ) and LDL by dealing with apo(a) as an antigen. We describe a new method to determine @entity3 ) on the basis of its @entity1 content. Very-low-density lipoproteins were removed from serum by preparative ultracentrifugation at a density of 1.006 kg/L. The infranate was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to separate @entity3 ) and LDL. @entity3 ) @entity1 was then determined by direct enzymatic staining for @entity1 . On electrophoresis of the > 1.006 kg/L (bottom) fraction, @entity3 ) migrates to the pre-beta position, regardless of the genetic apo(a) isoform. The interassay CVs of @entity3 ) @entity1 determinations ranged from 6.9% to 11.5%, and the results correlated well with the @entity3 ) concentrations measured by immunonephelometry (r = 0.937). There was an inverse relation between the molecular mass of the genetically determined apo(a) isoforms and @entity3 ) @entity1 concentrations. @entity0 with angiographically proven @entity2 ( @entity2 ) had significantly more @entity3 ) @entity1 than healthy controls did. The ratio of @entity3 ) @entity1 to immunologically determined @entity3 ) tended to be lower in @entity2 @entity0 , suggesting that @entity3 ) particles contained less @entity1 than apo(a). In addition, the new method allows determination of LDL @entity1 without contamination by @entity3 ).

title: Direct determination of lipoprotein(a) @entity1 by ultracentrifugation and agarose gel electrophoresis with enzymatic staining for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The outcome of epidural @entity6 therapy is described in 146 consecutive @entity1 @entity0 who were treated by a community hospital-based @entity3 service. The routine procedure used a standard epidural catheter that was tunneled subcutaneously. One hundred and twenty-one @entity0 improved and stayed on lifelong or chronic epidural opioids. Mean treatment time was 92 days (median, 47; range, 2-2040); 49% of the time was spent as outpatients. Twenty-five @entity0 failed to respond to the treatment. The oral daily @entity6 -equivalent dose prior to inclusion was 164 mg. The mean daily epidural start dose of @entity6 was 18 mg (range, 6-120), and the mean daily dose at termination was 69 mg (range, 2-540). The dose escalations, described as the ratio of the maximum dose to the minimum maintenance start dose, were moderate, with a mean of 4.1 (median, 2.5), which corresponded to a percent increase of 5.1 (median, 2.7) per @entity0 per day. Lack of effect due to the character of the original symptoms or progression of @entity3 was the main reason for withdrawal from epidural opioid therapy (N = 27), followed by catheter-related problems (N = 9) and @entity5 (N = 5). Also due to @entity5 , epidural @entity6 therapy was changed to @entity7 or @entity4 in 19 @entity0 . Adjuvant systemic opioids were given to ten @entity0 and epidural local anesthetics were administered to 17 of the subjects. @entity2 , certain visceral @entity3 types, incident @entity3 on movement, and @entity3 from cutaneous ulcerations were characteristics of poor responders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Outcomes of epidural XXXX treatment in @entity1 : nine years of clinical experience.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The outcome of epidural @entity6 therapy is described in 146 consecutive @entity1 @entity0 who were treated by a community hospital-based @entity3 service. The routine procedure used a standard epidural catheter that was tunneled subcutaneously. One hundred and twenty-one @entity0 improved and stayed on lifelong or chronic epidural opioids. Mean treatment time was 92 days (median, 47; range, 2-2040); 49% of the time was spent as outpatients. Twenty-five @entity0 failed to respond to the treatment. The oral daily @entity6 -equivalent dose prior to inclusion was 164 mg. The mean daily epidural start dose of @entity6 was 18 mg (range, 6-120), and the mean daily dose at termination was 69 mg (range, 2-540). The dose escalations, described as the ratio of the maximum dose to the minimum maintenance start dose, were moderate, with a mean of 4.1 (median, 2.5), which corresponded to a percent increase of 5.1 (median, 2.7) per @entity0 per day. Lack of effect due to the character of the original symptoms or progression of @entity3 was the main reason for withdrawal from epidural opioid therapy (N = 27), followed by catheter-related problems (N = 9) and @entity5 (N = 5). Also due to @entity5 , epidural @entity6 therapy was changed to @entity7 or @entity4 in 19 @entity0 . Adjuvant systemic opioids were given to ten @entity0 and epidural local anesthetics were administered to 17 of the subjects. @entity2 , certain visceral @entity3 types, incident @entity3 on movement, and @entity3 from cutaneous ulcerations were characteristics of poor responders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Outcomes of epidural @entity6 treatment in XXXX : nine years of clinical experience.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose was to evaluate the features of circumscribed @entity6 using spectral-domain enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI- @entity7 ). DESIGN: Retrospective observational case series. @entity0 : Ten @entity0 with newly diagnosed circumscribed @entity6 . METHODS: Spectral-domain EDI- @entity7 was performed with a Heidelberg Spectralis HRA + @entity7 (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tumor thickness and EDI- @entity7 features. RESULTS: The mean @entity2 diameter for all eyes was 5.4 mm and mean @entity2 thickness was 1187  m by EDI- @entity7 compared to 2400  m by ultrasonography. EDI- @entity7 imaged all @entity2 as smooth with a gently sloping anterior contour, gradual choroidal expansion, expansion of medium and large size choroidal vessels without compression of choriocapillaris, and intact Bruch's membrane (n = 10, 100%). The height of the medium and large @entity2 compared to normal medium and large vessels was comparatively increased by a mean of 265% (medium vessels) and 576% (large vessels). Outer @entity4 included subretinal fluid (n = 7, 70%), lipofuscin deposition (n = 1, 10%), irregularity and thinning of retinal pigment epithelium and @entity5 or irregularity of the ellipsoid layer (n = 4, 40%), absent external limiting membrane (n = 2, 20%), and disruption of the outer nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer (n = 3, 30%). The inner @entity4 included irregularity of inner nuclear layer and structural loss or @entity1 of @entity3 (n = 3, 30%). The ganglion cell layer and nerve fiber layer were intact (n = 10, 100%). CONCLUSION: EDI- @entity7 of circumscribed @entity6 depicts a smooth, gently sloping choroidal mass with expansion of medium and large size choroidal vessels without compression of the choriocapillaris. @entity4 were noted.

title: Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of circumscribed XXXX in 10 consecutive cases.

answer: @entity6


abstract: We evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic value of PSA density (PSAD) in a prospective study of 100 @entity0 consulting for various @entity3 . PSAD was calculated by the ratio of serum PSA over the ultrasonographic volume of the prostate gland, and was expressed in ng/ml/ml. The mean PSAD of 31 @entity0 with @entity2 was significantly higher than that of the 69 @entity0 without @entity2 (p = 0.0003). The @entity0 were classified into two groups according to the serum PSA value. Forty nine @entity0 had a serum PSA < or = 10 ng/ml, 31 of whom had a PSAD < or = 0.15 ng/ml/ml and 29 of these 31 @entity0 (94%) did not have @entity2 ; 18 @entity0 had a PSAD > 0.15 ng/ml/ml and six of them (33%) had @entity2 (p = 0.04). Fifty one @entity0 had a serum PSA > 10 ng/ml and 23 of them (45%) has @entity2 ; 14 of these 51 @entity0 had a PSAD < or = 0.30 ng/ml/ml and two of them (14%    had @entity2 ; 37 @entity0 had a PSAD > 0.30 ng/ml/ml, 21 of whom (57%) had @entity2 (p = 0.016). Twenty one of these 31 @entity0 with @entity2 were candidates for radical prostatectomy. Four @entity0 were N+ and 17 underwent radical prostatectomy. Capsular invasion was significantly correlated with PSAD. None of the four @entity0 with PSAD < or = 0.30 ng/ml/ml showed capsular invasion, while 11 of the 13 @entity0 (85%) with PSAD > 0.30 ng/ml/ml had capsular invasion. In conclusion, in @entity0 with PSA < or = 10 ng/ml, calculation of the PSAD avoids approximately two-thirds of prostatic biopsies, with a very low risk of missing a clinically significant @entity1 . On the other hand, PSAD is of more limited value in @entity0 with PSA > 10 ng/ml. In @entity1 considered to be operable clinically, the cut-off value of 0.30 ng/ml/ml for PSAD is predictive of capsular or lymph node invasion with a diagnostic accuracy of 94%.

title: [The value of PSA density for the diagnosis of XXXX and for the indication of radical prostatectomy].

answer: @entity2