abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that @entity7 serum @entity6 is higher in nonobese black adults than in white adults and that high @entity7 @entity6 predicts @entity3 2 @entity1 equally well in both groups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: At the baseline examination (1987-1989) of the @entity5 Risk in Communities Study, @entity7 @entity6 and BMI were measured in 13,416 black and white @entity0 and @entity0 without @entity1 . @entity0 were examined at years 3, 6, and 9 for incident @entity1 based on @entity7 @entity4 and American @entity1 Association criteria. RESULTS: Fasting @entity6 was 19.7 pmol/l higher among nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m(2)) black @entity0 compared with white @entity0 (race and @entity2 interaction term, P < 0.01). There were no differences among @entity0 . Among nonobese @entity0 , the relative risk for developing @entity1 was similar between racial groups: 1.4 (95% CI 1.2-1.5) and 1.3 (1.2-1.4) per 60 pmol/l increase in @entity6 (P < 0.01) for black and white @entity0 , respectively (interaction term, P = 0.6). Findings were similar among @entity0 . Adjusting for established risk factors did not attenuate this association. CONCLUSIONS: Nonobese black @entity0 have higher @entity7 @entity6 levels than nonobese white @entity0 , and @entity7 @entity6 is an equally strong predictor of @entity1 in both groups. These results suggest one mechanism to explain the excess incidence of @entity1 @entity0 but do not explain the excess among black @entity0 . Future research should evaluate additional factors: genetic, environmental, or the combination of both, which might explain higher @entity7 @entity6 among black @entity0 when compared with white @entity0 .

title: Serum @entity6 , XXXX , and the incidence of @entity3 2 @entity1 in black and white adults: the @entity5 risk in communities study: 1987-1998.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that @entity7 serum @entity6 is higher in nonobese black adults than in white adults and that high @entity7 @entity6 predicts @entity3 2 @entity1 equally well in both groups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: At the baseline examination (1987-1989) of the @entity5 Risk in Communities Study, @entity7 @entity6 and BMI were measured in 13,416 black and white @entity0 and @entity0 without @entity1 . @entity0 were examined at years 3, 6, and 9 for incident @entity1 based on @entity7 @entity4 and American @entity1 Association criteria. RESULTS: Fasting @entity6 was 19.7 pmol/l higher among nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m(2)) black @entity0 compared with white @entity0 (race and @entity2 interaction term, P < 0.01). There were no differences among @entity0 . Among nonobese @entity0 , the relative risk for developing @entity1 was similar between racial groups: 1.4 (95% CI 1.2-1.5) and 1.3 (1.2-1.4) per 60 pmol/l increase in @entity6 (P < 0.01) for black and white @entity0 , respectively (interaction term, P = 0.6). Findings were similar among @entity0 . Adjusting for established risk factors did not attenuate this association. CONCLUSIONS: Nonobese black @entity0 have higher @entity7 @entity6 levels than nonobese white @entity0 , and @entity7 @entity6 is an equally strong predictor of @entity1 in both groups. These results suggest one mechanism to explain the excess incidence of @entity1 @entity0 but do not explain the excess among black @entity0 . Future research should evaluate additional factors: genetic, environmental, or the combination of both, which might explain higher @entity7 @entity6 among black @entity0 when compared with white @entity0 .

title: Serum @entity6 , @entity2 , and the incidence of @entity3 2 XXXX in black and white adults: the @entity5 risk in communities study: 1987-1998.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that @entity7 serum @entity6 is higher in nonobese black adults than in white adults and that high @entity7 @entity6 predicts @entity3 2 @entity1 equally well in both groups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: At the baseline examination (1987-1989) of the @entity5 Risk in Communities Study, @entity7 @entity6 and BMI were measured in 13,416 black and white @entity0 and @entity0 without @entity1 . @entity0 were examined at years 3, 6, and 9 for incident @entity1 based on @entity7 @entity4 and American @entity1 Association criteria. RESULTS: Fasting @entity6 was 19.7 pmol/l higher among nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m(2)) black @entity0 compared with white @entity0 (race and @entity2 interaction term, P < 0.01). There were no differences among @entity0 . Among nonobese @entity0 , the relative risk for developing @entity1 was similar between racial groups: 1.4 (95% CI 1.2-1.5) and 1.3 (1.2-1.4) per 60 pmol/l increase in @entity6 (P < 0.01) for black and white @entity0 , respectively (interaction term, P = 0.6). Findings were similar among @entity0 . Adjusting for established risk factors did not attenuate this association. CONCLUSIONS: Nonobese black @entity0 have higher @entity7 @entity6 levels than nonobese white @entity0 , and @entity7 @entity6 is an equally strong predictor of @entity1 in both groups. These results suggest one mechanism to explain the excess incidence of @entity1 @entity0 but do not explain the excess among black @entity0 . Future research should evaluate additional factors: genetic, environmental, or the combination of both, which might explain higher @entity7 @entity6 among black @entity0 when compared with white @entity0 .

title: Serum @entity6 , @entity2 , and the incidence of @entity3 2 @entity1 in black and white adults: the XXXX risk in communities study: 1987-1998.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that @entity7 serum @entity6 is higher in nonobese black adults than in white adults and that high @entity7 @entity6 predicts @entity3 2 @entity1 equally well in both groups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: At the baseline examination (1987-1989) of the @entity5 Risk in Communities Study, @entity7 @entity6 and BMI were measured in 13,416 black and white @entity0 and @entity0 without @entity1 . @entity0 were examined at years 3, 6, and 9 for incident @entity1 based on @entity7 @entity4 and American @entity1 Association criteria. RESULTS: Fasting @entity6 was 19.7 pmol/l higher among nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m(2)) black @entity0 compared with white @entity0 (race and @entity2 interaction term, P < 0.01). There were no differences among @entity0 . Among nonobese @entity0 , the relative risk for developing @entity1 was similar between racial groups: 1.4 (95% CI 1.2-1.5) and 1.3 (1.2-1.4) per 60 pmol/l increase in @entity6 (P < 0.01) for black and white @entity0 , respectively (interaction term, P = 0.6). Findings were similar among @entity0 . Adjusting for established risk factors did not attenuate this association. CONCLUSIONS: Nonobese black @entity0 have higher @entity7 @entity6 levels than nonobese white @entity0 , and @entity7 @entity6 is an equally strong predictor of @entity1 in both groups. These results suggest one mechanism to explain the excess incidence of @entity1 @entity0 but do not explain the excess among black @entity0 . Future research should evaluate additional factors: genetic, environmental, or the combination of both, which might explain higher @entity7 @entity6 among black @entity0 when compared with white @entity0 .

title: Serum XXXX , @entity2 , and the incidence of @entity3 2 @entity1 in black and white adults: the @entity5 risk in communities study: 1987-1998.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Damage to the kidney generally elicits tissue repair mechanisms, but these processes themselves conversely may result in the progression of @entity5 . In a majority of @entity0 @entity5 progresses to a common histological end point, marked by the presence of a vast amount of scar tissue, that is, @entity4 and @entity3 . These lesions are the result of an excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Studies on RNA expression in experimental @entity1 have shown that renal mRNA levels for ECM components and cytokines can function as prognostic tools. This suggests that mRNA levels potentially predict outcome and reaction to therapy in @entity0 with @entity1 . Timely detection of molecular alterations could allow early therapeutic intervention that slows down or even prevents the development of @entity6 and @entity2 . This review first provides a short introduction on mechanisms of initiation and progression of @entity1 . Molecular techniques are available to identify renal RNA sequences potentially involved in disease progression. We discuss several molecular techniques that are being used in kidney research for quantitation and detection of mRNA. This is followed by a brief overview of investigation in experimental @entity1 , which reveal that alterations in tissue ECM mRNA levels precede histological damage and can function as predictors of clinical outcome. In particular, studies in @entity0 kidney biopsies that evaluate the prognostic value of mRNA levels with respect to renal function are examined, paying special attention to the pitfalls that potentially are encountered when interpreting the results of such studies. Then, we elaborate on ways of optimal exploitation of mRNA quantification as a prognostic tool. The potential and limitations of microarray technology in the search for genes specifically involved in progression of @entity1 are reviewed, including RNA expression profiling and large-scale DNA mutation screening. Finally, the future utilities of microarray in nephrology and renal pathology are discussed.

title: RNA expression profiling as prognostic tool in renal XXXX : toward nephrogenomics.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study surveyed opinions and self-reported practices of physicians involved in the care of elderly individuals regarding geriatric @entity1 management and included a national random sample (n = 1060) of health care professionals in the United States. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional self-conducted survey using a questionnaire developed to assess the opinions related to blood pressure (BP) and aging, BP selection, BP target, lifestyle modifications, and first-line drug choice. We also tested the impact of the @entity0 's age on the respondents' answers. A national random sample (n = 1060) of health care professionals in the United States was selected. RESULTS: We received 412 (39%) questionnaires. Thirty-five percent considered that the increase in BP with age is a normal process of aging, and 25% considered treating @entity1 in an 85-year-old @entity0 to have more risks than benefits. Sixty-nine percent considered systolic blood pressure to be the most important pressure. Respondents were more likely to start antihypertensive therapy at a lower BP and target a lower BP in 65-year-old @entity0 compared with 85-year-old @entity0 (p <.001). Respondents were more likely to recommend lifestyle modifications in 65-year-old @entity0 compared with 85-year-old @entity0 (p <.001). Only 13-17% recommend higher @entity2 consumption. Diuretics (p =.032) and beta-blockers (p =.005), but not other antihypertensives, are less likely to be used as first-line drugs by respondents in the very old. CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals' understanding of BP changes with aging, BP selection and BP target levels, lifestyle modification counseling (especially concerning @entity2 consumption), and drug selection deviates in some aspects from the national recommendations especially in the very old. Improving these opinions could have a significant impact on the control rates of geriatric @entity1 .

title: Age-related bias in the management of @entity1 : a national survey of physicians' opinions on XXXX in elderly adults.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study surveyed opinions and self-reported practices of physicians involved in the care of elderly individuals regarding geriatric @entity1 management and included a national random sample (n = 1060) of health care professionals in the United States. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional self-conducted survey using a questionnaire developed to assess the opinions related to blood pressure (BP) and aging, BP selection, BP target, lifestyle modifications, and first-line drug choice. We also tested the impact of the @entity0 's age on the respondents' answers. A national random sample (n = 1060) of health care professionals in the United States was selected. RESULTS: We received 412 (39%) questionnaires. Thirty-five percent considered that the increase in BP with age is a normal process of aging, and 25% considered treating @entity1 in an 85-year-old @entity0 to have more risks than benefits. Sixty-nine percent considered systolic blood pressure to be the most important pressure. Respondents were more likely to start antihypertensive therapy at a lower BP and target a lower BP in 65-year-old @entity0 compared with 85-year-old @entity0 (p <.001). Respondents were more likely to recommend lifestyle modifications in 65-year-old @entity0 compared with 85-year-old @entity0 (p <.001). Only 13-17% recommend higher @entity2 consumption. Diuretics (p =.032) and beta-blockers (p =.005), but not other antihypertensives, are less likely to be used as first-line drugs by respondents in the very old. CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals' understanding of BP changes with aging, BP selection and BP target levels, lifestyle modification counseling (especially concerning @entity2 consumption), and drug selection deviates in some aspects from the national recommendations especially in the very old. Improving these opinions could have a significant impact on the control rates of geriatric @entity1 .

title: Age-related bias in the management of XXXX : a national survey of physicians' opinions on @entity1 in elderly adults.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy is an essential part in the diagnosis of @entity2 . Although this procedure is well tolerated by most @entity0 , sometimes it can result in some uneasiness. In this randomised double-blind placebo controlled study, we evaluated the effectiveness of intrarectal @entity4 during TRUS guided biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 consecutive eligible @entity0 who had elevated total @entity3 (tPSA) and/or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) were included into this study. @entity0 were randomised into two groups. Group I received 20 cc of 2% intrarectal @entity4 20 minutes before transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy and Group II received same amount of serum physiologic. @entity1 was assessed using a 10 point modified visual analog scale. RESULTS: Mean @entity0 age was 65.5+/-2.5 and 64.5+/-11.5 years, mean tPSA was 12.3+/-3.6 and 11.3+/-1.7 ng/ml, mean biopsy duration was 6.8+/-2.5 and 6.6+/-2.2 minutes, mean @entity1 score during transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy was 4.8+/-2.2 and 4.4+/-2.1 in Groups I and II, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed with respect to age, tPSA, mean biopsy duration and @entity1 score between these groups. There was only one @entity0 who could not tolerate the procedure at all, and he was paradoxically in the @entity4 group. CONCLUSION: The use of intrarectal @entity4 is not superior to placebo during transrectal prostate biopsy for @entity1 control.

title: Lack of effect of intrarectal XXXX for @entity1 control during transrectal prostate biopsy: a randomized prospective study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy is an essential part in the diagnosis of @entity2 . Although this procedure is well tolerated by most @entity0 , sometimes it can result in some uneasiness. In this randomised double-blind placebo controlled study, we evaluated the effectiveness of intrarectal @entity4 during TRUS guided biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 consecutive eligible @entity0 who had elevated total @entity3 (tPSA) and/or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) were included into this study. @entity0 were randomised into two groups. Group I received 20 cc of 2% intrarectal @entity4 20 minutes before transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy and Group II received same amount of serum physiologic. @entity1 was assessed using a 10 point modified visual analog scale. RESULTS: Mean @entity0 age was 65.5+/-2.5 and 64.5+/-11.5 years, mean tPSA was 12.3+/-3.6 and 11.3+/-1.7 ng/ml, mean biopsy duration was 6.8+/-2.5 and 6.6+/-2.2 minutes, mean @entity1 score during transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy was 4.8+/-2.2 and 4.4+/-2.1 in Groups I and II, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed with respect to age, tPSA, mean biopsy duration and @entity1 score between these groups. There was only one @entity0 who could not tolerate the procedure at all, and he was paradoxically in the @entity4 group. CONCLUSION: The use of intrarectal @entity4 is not superior to placebo during transrectal prostate biopsy for @entity1 control.

title: Lack of effect of intrarectal @entity4 for XXXX control during transrectal prostate biopsy: a randomized prospective study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the utility of measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter in @entity0 with shunted @entity2 , suspected of having @entity1 . METHODS: 23 @entity0 with shunted @entity2 were examined, six had well controlled ICP, 17 however manifested symptoms suggestive of @entity1 . A clinical history was taken from all @entity0 and their parents or carers. The shunt valve was examined clinically, and signs of @entity1 were sought. Ultrasound examination was performed in both eyes to measure the optic nerve sheath diameters 3 mm behind the globe. These measurements were compared with control data obtained from 102 @entity0 who attended the radiology department for unrelated renal ultrasound examination. RESULTS: Control data suggested that the upper limit of normal for optic nerve sheath diameter is 4.5 mm (measured 3 mm behind the globe) in @entity0 over 1 year of age, and 4.0 mm in @entity0 less than 1 year of age. Those @entity0 with functioning ventriculoperitoneal shunts had a mean optic nerve sheath diameter of 2.9 (SD 0.5) mm; those with @entity1 had a mean optic nerve sheath diameter of 5.6 (0.6) mm (p<0.0001). These results confirm that optic nerve sheath diameters in excess of the control data are strongly suggestive of @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the optic nerve sheath diameter is a simple non-invasive procedure, which is a potentially useful tool in the assessment and monitoring of @entity0 with @entity2 suspected of having @entity1 .

title: Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound: a means of detecting acute @entity1 in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the utility of measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter in @entity0 with shunted @entity2 , suspected of having @entity1 . METHODS: 23 @entity0 with shunted @entity2 were examined, six had well controlled ICP, 17 however manifested symptoms suggestive of @entity1 . A clinical history was taken from all @entity0 and their parents or carers. The shunt valve was examined clinically, and signs of @entity1 were sought. Ultrasound examination was performed in both eyes to measure the optic nerve sheath diameters 3 mm behind the globe. These measurements were compared with control data obtained from 102 @entity0 who attended the radiology department for unrelated renal ultrasound examination. RESULTS: Control data suggested that the upper limit of normal for optic nerve sheath diameter is 4.5 mm (measured 3 mm behind the globe) in @entity0 over 1 year of age, and 4.0 mm in @entity0 less than 1 year of age. Those @entity0 with functioning ventriculoperitoneal shunts had a mean optic nerve sheath diameter of 2.9 (SD 0.5) mm; those with @entity1 had a mean optic nerve sheath diameter of 5.6 (0.6) mm (p<0.0001). These results confirm that optic nerve sheath diameters in excess of the control data are strongly suggestive of @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the optic nerve sheath diameter is a simple non-invasive procedure, which is a potentially useful tool in the assessment and monitoring of @entity0 with @entity2 suspected of having @entity1 .

title: Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound: a means of detecting acute XXXX in @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: AIM: To review the clinical features, management, and outcomes of surgical treatment of @entity2 ( @entity3 ). METHODS: A retrospective review of all eyelid SCCs treated between 1992 and 2001. RESULTS: 51 cases were identified in 50 @entity0 . @entity0 ages ranged from 26 to 93 years, with a mean age of 65 years. 33 @entity0 were male and 17 were female. The lesion was found on the lower lid in 31 cases, upper lid in five cases, lateral canthus in six cases, and medial canthus in nine cases. Perineural invasion was found in four @entity0 , and orbital invasion in three @entity0 . Recurrence occurred in one @entity0 . Treatment was by complete excision with histological confirmation of clear margins. Exenteration was required in three @entity0 . No @entity0 developed lymph node or distant metastases. One @entity0 , who declined treatment, died as a result of the @entity1 . Mean follow up was 31.1 months. CONCLUSIONS: Eyelid @entity3 is a relatively uncommon, but potentially fatal disease. However, if detected early and treated adequately, the prognosis is generally excellent. Treatment by complete excision with histological confirmation of @entity1 clearance is recommended. Perineural spread is an adverse prognostic sign, which may require postoperative radiotherapy. Orbital invasion is a rare complication but, if recognised early, can be treated effectively with exenteration. Because presentation varies and histological examination is required for accurate diagnosis, any suspicious lesion occurring on the eyelids should be excised or biopsied. All @entity0 with eyelid @entity3 should be advised of the risk of recurrent or new @entity1 and encouraged to attend lifelong follow up. Prevention remains of prime importance in minimising the morbidity and mortality of these lesions.

title: XXXX of the eyelids.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The risk of chemotherapy-induced @entity2 in male and female @entity1 ( @entity1 ) survivors is unclear, but may correlate with @entity4 dose. Here, we examine a large series of @entity1 @entity0 for the effect of chemotherapy on those attempting to have @entity0 . Our @entity1 database was screened for nonseminomatous @entity1 @entity0 who had (1). received POMB/ACE chemotherapy ( @entity4 , @entity7 , @entity5 , @entity6 alternating with @entity10 , @entity3 and @entity8 ) and (2). stage I male @entity1 @entity0 who were untreated between 1977 and 1996. Fertility was assessed by questionnaire and medical records. A total of 64 of 153 treated and 35 of 115 untreated @entity0 attempted to have @entity0 . In all, 28% (18 out of 64) receiving POMB/ACE were unsuccessful. Radiotherapy (six), @entity9 (one) or prior @entity2 (three) were implicated in 10 cases, so chemotherapy-induced @entity2 may have occurred in only 11% (eight out of 64). Strikingly, 26% (nine out of 35) of untreated stage I @entity0 also failed to have @entity0 (three had radiotherapy, three prior @entity2 ). Moreover, in treated @entity0 , no association was seen between @entity4 dose and @entity2 . In contrast, radiotherapy significantly increased @entity11 (P=0.001). Of 28 treated @entity0 who attempted to have @entity0 , 25% (seven out of 28) were unsuccessful. One previously had @entity2 and one subsequently had successful IVF so chemotherapy-induced @entity2 potentially occurred in only 18% (five out of 28) and was not related to @entity4 dose. In conclusion, the risk of chemotherapy-induced @entity2 is low in both male and female @entity1 @entity0 and does not clearly correlate with the cumulative @entity4 dose.

title: Infertility rates following POMB/ACE chemotherapy for male and female germ cell XXXX - a retrospective long-term follow-up study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3 blood group antigen binding adhesin (BabA) mediates bacterial adherence to @entity0 blood group antigens on gastric epithelium. Although strains harbouring babA2 were recently found to be associated with peptic ulcer and @entity2 , the role of babA2 in cellular turnover, severity of @entity5 , and premalignant changes is poorly understood. AIM: We correlated @entity3 babA2, vacuolating toxin (vacA), and cytotoxin associated gene A (cagA) genotypes with the severity of @entity2 and epithelial cell turnover in a group of Chinese @entity0 from an area with a high incidence of @entity2 . @entity0 AND METHODS: @entity3 isolates were obtained from 104 Chinese @entity0 who participated in a @entity2 prevention programme. Genotype variants of babA2, vacA, and cagA were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Antrum and corpus histopathology was examined according to the updated Sydney classification. Apoptosis was scored by terminal @entity6 deoxynucleotidyl nick end labeling (TUNEL) and proliferation by Ki-67 immunostaining. RESULTS: Of the 104 @entity0 , 102 (98.1%) harboured cagA(+) strains and all had vacA s1 genotype. The babA2(+) strains were found in 83 (79.8%) @entity0 and were associated with higher lymphocytic infiltration (p=0.028), presence of @entity1 (odds ratio (OR) 7.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3-24.3), and intestinal metaplasia (OR 7.4, 95% CI 2.2-25.3) in the antrum. Increased epithelial proliferation was also noted in individuals infected with babA2(+) strains (p=0.025). Strains harbouring cagA(+)/vacA s1 genotypes lacked this association in the absence of babA2. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of babA2(+) @entity3 strains alone or in combination with cagA(+) and vacA s1 was associated with the presence of preneoplastic @entity4 .

title: Relationship between XXXX babA2 status with gastric epithelial cell turnover and @entity4 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3 blood group antigen binding adhesin (BabA) mediates bacterial adherence to @entity0 blood group antigens on gastric epithelium. Although strains harbouring babA2 were recently found to be associated with peptic ulcer and @entity2 , the role of babA2 in cellular turnover, severity of @entity5 , and premalignant changes is poorly understood. AIM: We correlated @entity3 babA2, vacuolating toxin (vacA), and cytotoxin associated gene A (cagA) genotypes with the severity of @entity2 and epithelial cell turnover in a group of Chinese @entity0 from an area with a high incidence of @entity2 . @entity0 AND METHODS: @entity3 isolates were obtained from 104 Chinese @entity0 who participated in a @entity2 prevention programme. Genotype variants of babA2, vacA, and cagA were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Antrum and corpus histopathology was examined according to the updated Sydney classification. Apoptosis was scored by terminal @entity6 deoxynucleotidyl nick end labeling (TUNEL) and proliferation by Ki-67 immunostaining. RESULTS: Of the 104 @entity0 , 102 (98.1%) harboured cagA(+) strains and all had vacA s1 genotype. The babA2(+) strains were found in 83 (79.8%) @entity0 and were associated with higher lymphocytic infiltration (p=0.028), presence of @entity1 (odds ratio (OR) 7.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3-24.3), and intestinal metaplasia (OR 7.4, 95% CI 2.2-25.3) in the antrum. Increased epithelial proliferation was also noted in individuals infected with babA2(+) strains (p=0.025). Strains harbouring cagA(+)/vacA s1 genotypes lacked this association in the absence of babA2. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of babA2(+) @entity3 strains alone or in combination with cagA(+) and vacA s1 was associated with the presence of preneoplastic @entity4 .

title: Relationship between @entity3 babA2 status with gastric epithelial cell turnover and XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity4 promotes angiogenesis, an important mediator of growth and @entity2 in @entity1 @entity0 . Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody to @entity4 , is under investigation as an anti-angiogenic agent. This phase I/II trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of bevacizumab in @entity1 with previously treated metastatic @entity0 . Seventy-five @entity1 were treated with escalating doses of bevacizumab ranging from 3 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg administered intravenously every other week. @entity3 response was assessed before the sixth (70 days) and 12th (154 days) doses. Safety was evaluated during every cycle. Eighteen @entity1 were treated at 3 mg/kg, 41 at 10 mg/kg, and 16 at 20 mg/kg. Four @entity1 discontinued study treatment because of an adverse event. @entity5 was reported as an adverse event in 17 @entity1 (22%). The overall response rate was 9.3% (confirmed response rate, 6.7%). The median duration of confirmed response was 5.5 months (range, 2.3 to 13.7 months). At the final @entity3 assessment on day 154, 12 of 75 @entity1 (16%) had stable disease or an ongoing response. The optimal dose of bevacizumab in this trial was 10 mg/kg every other week and @entity6 was acceptable. These data support the initiation of trials in metastatic @entity0 combining bevacizumab with chemotherapy.

title: A phase I/II dose-escalation trial of bevacizumab in previously treated metastatic XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Few data exist concerning the natural history of lumbar spine @entity5 and associated risk factors. We therefore undertook this study to examine the radiographic progression of lumbar spine @entity5 over the course of 9 years in a population-based inception cohort of @entity0 from the Chingford Study. METHODS: Seven hundred ninety-six paired lumbar spine radiographs were read by a single reader for @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and @entity2 ( @entity2 ) using the Lane atlas at each lumbar disc space ( @entity7 ). @entity5 was defined using thresholds of @entity6 and @entity2 grade 1+ in one or more vertebrae ( @entity7 ) within a subject. Progression was defined as an increase in grade in an affected year-1 vertebra. Potential risk factors were assessed using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), and other potential confounders in logistic regression models using the STATA statistical package. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD age at baseline was 53.8 +/- 6.0 years, and mean +/- SD BMI was 25.4 +/- 4.1 kg/m(2). Progression rates for @entity6 and @entity2 were 4% per annum and 3% per annum, respectively. Progression of @entity2 was predicted by age, back @entity1 , and radiographic hip and @entity4 ( @entity3 ). Progression of @entity6 was predicted by age and radiographic hip @entity3 , with borderline significance for BMI >30 kg/m(2). No significant effects were seen for smoking, physical activity, hormone replacement therapy use, multiparity, or hand @entity3 . CONCLUSION: This is the first population-based longitudinal study to assess progression of the individual radiographic features of @entity6 and @entity2 in lumbar spine @entity5 . We demonstrated progression rates of 3-4% per annum, with important risk factors for progression, including age, back @entity1 , and radiographic @entity3 at the hip and knee.

title: Risk factors for progression of lumbar spine XXXX : the Chingford Study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: CONTEXT: The macrofollicular variant of @entity5 of the thyroid is a rare entity described by J. Albores-Saavedra and colleagues in 1991. It is characterized histologically by a predominance of macrofollicles and clinically by a low incidence of @entity0 . This entity may represent a source of diagnostic error, since it can be easily misinterpreted as a macrofollicular @entity3 or @entity8 . DESIGN: In this study, we describe 3 cases of @entity5 of the thyroid with a macrofollicular growth pattern and review the literature. RESULTS: The fine-needle aspiration biopsies in 2 cases showed large cells with optically clear nuclei and nuclear grooves, suggestive of @entity5 of the thyroid. In one case, the cytology showed no signs of @entity1 . In all cases, the @entity1 showed a combination of the conventional follicular variant of @entity5 of the thyroid and macrofollicles (diameter, >250 microm) occupying more than 50% of the cross-sectional area. Cytologic features were large, cuboidal cells with optically clear, ground-glass nuclei with smooth outlines, a fine chromatin pattern, nuclear grooves, and pseudoinclusions. The colloid was dense and more eosinophilic than in adjacent normal follicles. In 2 cases, there was capsular or blood vessel infiltration, and one @entity1 had metastasized to a cervical lymph node. One @entity1 recurred 1 year later as an @entity2 . Immunohistochemical staining showed a positivity of the @entity1 cells for cytokeratins 7, 17, and 19, @entity7 , and galectin-3 and a negativity for @entity6 and @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: Although it has been suggested that this @entity1 is a highly differentiated variant with a favorable prognosis, our study shows that its biologic behavior is not conclusive because metastases and recurrences with dedifferentiation may occur.

title: Macrofollicular variant of XXXX of the thyroid: a histologic, cytologic, and immunohistochemical study of 3 cases and review of the literature.

answer: @entity5


abstract: We report a solitary @entity1 in the nasal cavity of a 48-year-old @entity0 who presented with a history of bilateral nasal obstruction and long-standing @entity2 inhalation. Physical examination revealed a large mass involving the right nasal cavity and extending into the posterior aspect of the left nasal cavity. The computed tomography scan showed opacification of airways. During surgery, the mass was found to involve the entire nasal cavity, with extension to the right maxillary sinus, posterior nasal airways, and left nasal cavity. The mass was completely excised. Pathologic examination revealed a polypoid mass 3.7 x 3.0 x 1.2 cm. This @entity1 was composed of spindle cells that were cytologically bland in a background of ropey and nodular collagen, giving a "patternless" pattern. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells stained for @entity4 and @entity3 but not for @entity8 protein, keratin, @entity5 , HMB-45, and @entity7 . This immunohistochemical pattern confirmed the diagnosis of solitary @entity1 . Although @entity6 are usually found in the pleura, they can occur in various other locations, such as the orbit, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, mediastinum, breast, vagina, meninges, and soft tissues. This case is of interest because the @entity1 occurred in a @entity0 with prolonged @entity2 inhalation. Such an association has not been previously described. The exact causal relationship between @entity2 inhalation and the @entity1 is not known.

title: @entity6 of nasal cavity in @entity0 with long-standing history of XXXX inhalation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: We report a solitary @entity1 in the nasal cavity of a 48-year-old @entity0 who presented with a history of bilateral nasal obstruction and long-standing @entity2 inhalation. Physical examination revealed a large mass involving the right nasal cavity and extending into the posterior aspect of the left nasal cavity. The computed tomography scan showed opacification of airways. During surgery, the mass was found to involve the entire nasal cavity, with extension to the right maxillary sinus, posterior nasal airways, and left nasal cavity. The mass was completely excised. Pathologic examination revealed a polypoid mass 3.7 x 3.0 x 1.2 cm. This @entity1 was composed of spindle cells that were cytologically bland in a background of ropey and nodular collagen, giving a "patternless" pattern. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells stained for @entity4 and @entity3 but not for @entity8 protein, keratin, @entity5 , HMB-45, and @entity7 . This immunohistochemical pattern confirmed the diagnosis of solitary @entity1 . Although @entity6 are usually found in the pleura, they can occur in various other locations, such as the orbit, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, mediastinum, breast, vagina, meninges, and soft tissues. This case is of interest because the @entity1 occurred in a @entity0 with prolonged @entity2 inhalation. Such an association has not been previously described. The exact causal relationship between @entity2 inhalation and the @entity1 is not known.

title: XXXX of nasal cavity in @entity0 with long-standing history of @entity2 inhalation.

answer: @entity6


abstract: We report a solitary @entity1 in the nasal cavity of a 48-year-old @entity0 who presented with a history of bilateral nasal obstruction and long-standing @entity2 inhalation. Physical examination revealed a large mass involving the right nasal cavity and extending into the posterior aspect of the left nasal cavity. The computed tomography scan showed opacification of airways. During surgery, the mass was found to involve the entire nasal cavity, with extension to the right maxillary sinus, posterior nasal airways, and left nasal cavity. The mass was completely excised. Pathologic examination revealed a polypoid mass 3.7 x 3.0 x 1.2 cm. This @entity1 was composed of spindle cells that were cytologically bland in a background of ropey and nodular collagen, giving a "patternless" pattern. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells stained for @entity4 and @entity3 but not for @entity8 protein, keratin, @entity5 , HMB-45, and @entity7 . This immunohistochemical pattern confirmed the diagnosis of solitary @entity1 . Although @entity6 are usually found in the pleura, they can occur in various other locations, such as the orbit, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, mediastinum, breast, vagina, meninges, and soft tissues. This case is of interest because the @entity1 occurred in a @entity0 with prolonged @entity2 inhalation. Such an association has not been previously described. The exact causal relationship between @entity2 inhalation and the @entity1 is not known.

title: @entity6 of nasal cavity in XXXX with long-standing history of @entity2 inhalation.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The ubiquitin-proteasome system is essential for intracellular protein degradation, but there are few studies of this system in the extracellular milieu. Recently, we reported that a 70-kDa sperm receptor, HrVC70, on the vitelline coat is ubiquitinated and then degraded by the sperm proteasome during fertilization of the ascidian, @entity3 . Here, we investigated the mechanism of extracellular ubiquitination. The HrVC70-ubiquitinating enzyme activity was found to be released from the activated sperm during the fertilization process. This enzyme was purified from an activated sperm exudate, by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and ubiquitin-agarose columns, and by @entity0 density gradient centrifugation. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 700 kDa. The purified enzyme requires @entity2 and MgATP for activity, and is active in seawater. The purified enzyme preparation, but not the crude enzyme preparation, showed narrow substrate specificity to HrVC70. Moreover, @entity1 and ubiquitin are released from the activated sperm to the surrounding seawater during fertilization. These results indicate that ascidian sperm release a novel extracellular ubiquitinating enzyme system together with @entity1 and ubiquitin during penetration of the vitelline coat of the egg, which catalyzes the ubiquitination of the HrVC70, an essential component of ascidian fertilization.

title: Extracellular ubiquitin system implicated in fertilization of the ascidian, XXXX : isolation and characterization.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The clinical mucocutaneous manifestations of @entity8 are recognized easily when they occur in the classic pattern of acral or periorificial lesions evolving in recurrent crops, with an annular and migratory distribution, in a @entity0 with @entity2 who has had recent weight loss and @entity4 . Not infrequently, noncharacteristic clinical and histopathologic features are observed and, in these cases, the diagnosis of @entity5 may be delayed. AIM: To review the clinical and histopathologic features of cutaneous manifestations of @entity8 . METHODS: The clinicopathologic features of 13 @entity0 (eight @entity0 ) with widespread or localized @entity3 as a manifestation of @entity6 with marked glucagon secretion ( @entity8 ) were reviewed. RESULTS: The definitive diagnosis of the @entity3 was established at the time of diagnosis of the @entity5 (three @entity0 ) or afterwards (10 @entity0 ). In nine @entity0 , the mucocutaneous manifestations preceded the diagnosis of the @entity5 by 1 month to 3 years (mean, 12 months). In only eight biopsy specimens were the histopathologic features considered to be suggestive or characteristic of @entity9 . Diffuse @entity7 , that occasionally arose abruptly from normal epidermis, was observed in 12 biopsy specimens. By the time @entity9 was diagnosed, the @entity6 had @entity1 to the liver, regional lymph nodes, or bone in 12 @entity0 . CONCLUSION: Increased awareness of the polymorphic mucocutaneous and nonspecific histopathologic features of @entity8 is needed to avoid unnecessary delay in the diagnosis of this syndrome.

title: XXXX : clinicopathologic study of 13 cases.

answer: @entity9


abstract: Laccase is a major virulence factor required for infection caused by the @entity0 pathogenic @entity2 @entity6 . However, cellular processes involved in the regulation and expression of laccase remain largely unknown in @entity6 . Here we report the identification of a @entity9 channel gene @entity5 which is essential for laccase activity in @entity6 . @entity5 shares homology to CLC-type voltage-gated @entity9 channels from other organisms; for example, 63% homology to @entity11 , a @entity9 channel gene from @entity2 . A clc-a mutant, Mlac3, generated by insertional mutagenesis as well as a targeted Deltaclc-a mutant produced undetectable laccase in a liquid assay and produced no melanin on @entity8 agar containing @entity4 . Mlac3 was complemented with wild-type @entity5 which restored laccase activity and melanin biosynthesis. The clc-a mutants also showed reduced synthesis of another important virulence factor, capsule, and showed reduced growth at @entity10 . In addition, the clc-a mutation resulted in attenuated virulence in a @entity1 @entity7 model that was restored by complementation with wild-type @entity5 , indicating that the @entity9 channel plays an important role in the virulence of the organism. Further analysis revealed that the basis for absent laccase expression in the clc-a mutant was a laccase transcriptional defect that could be restored by adding exogenous @entity3 . In conclusion, our findings show that @entity5 plays a role in the expression of two important virulence factors, capsule and laccase expression, which are required for virulence of the fungal pathogen.

title: A CLC-type XXXX channel gene is required for laccase activity and virulence in @entity6 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: Laccase is a major virulence factor required for infection caused by the @entity0 pathogenic @entity2 @entity6 . However, cellular processes involved in the regulation and expression of laccase remain largely unknown in @entity6 . Here we report the identification of a @entity9 channel gene @entity5 which is essential for laccase activity in @entity6 . @entity5 shares homology to CLC-type voltage-gated @entity9 channels from other organisms; for example, 63% homology to @entity11 , a @entity9 channel gene from @entity2 . A clc-a mutant, Mlac3, generated by insertional mutagenesis as well as a targeted Deltaclc-a mutant produced undetectable laccase in a liquid assay and produced no melanin on @entity8 agar containing @entity4 . Mlac3 was complemented with wild-type @entity5 which restored laccase activity and melanin biosynthesis. The clc-a mutants also showed reduced synthesis of another important virulence factor, capsule, and showed reduced growth at @entity10 . In addition, the clc-a mutation resulted in attenuated virulence in a @entity1 @entity7 model that was restored by complementation with wild-type @entity5 , indicating that the @entity9 channel plays an important role in the virulence of the organism. Further analysis revealed that the basis for absent laccase expression in the clc-a mutant was a laccase transcriptional defect that could be restored by adding exogenous @entity3 . In conclusion, our findings show that @entity5 plays a role in the expression of two important virulence factors, capsule and laccase expression, which are required for virulence of the fungal pathogen.

title: A CLC-type @entity9 channel gene is required for laccase activity and virulence in XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the safety and efficacy of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for the treatment of @entity1 as assessed in a Phase II/III prospective multicentric clinical trial. @entity0 AND METHODS: @entity0 (N = 402) presenting with localized (stage T(1-2)N(0-x)M(0)) @entity1 between 1995 and 1999 at six European sites who were not candidates for radical prostatectomy were treated with HIFU under general or spinal anesthesia. Their mean age was 69.3 +/- 7.1 (SD) years, the mean prostate volume 28.0 +/- 13.8 cc, and the mean serum @entity2 (PSA) concentration 10.9 +/- 8.7 ng/mL. Nearly all (92.2%) of the @entity0 had one to four positive biopsy samples at baseline. The Gleason scores were 2 to 4 for 13.2% of the @entity0 , 5 to 7 for 77.5%, and 8 to 10 for 9.3%. During the follow-up, random sextant biopsies and serum PSA measurements were performed. Any positive sample in biopsies performed after the last treatment session resulted in a "HIFU failure" classification. RESULTS: The @entity0 received a mean of 1.4 HIFU sessions. The mean follow-up duration was 407 days (quartile 1 135 days, median 321 days, quartile 3 598 days). The negative biopsy rate observed in the T1-2 primary-care population was 87.2%. These results were also stratified according to the usual disease-related risk classification, and as much as a 92.1% negative biopsy rate was observed in low-risk @entity0 . Nadir PSA results correlated with prostate size and the clinical procedure. CONCLUSION: These short-term results obtained on a large cohort confirm that HIFU is an option to be considered for the primary treatment of @entity1 .

title: High-intensity focused ultrasound and XXXX : efficacy results from the European multicentric study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The influence of early @entity0 upon the postnatal development of @entity1 primary sensory neuron subtypes was investigated. Lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were immunostained for @entity2 ( @entity2 ), neurofilament (NF200), and isolectin B4 (IB4) binding. Proportions of each subpopulation were measured at postnatal day (P) 0, P3, P7, and @entity3 in normal pups and in those that had received a unilateral hindpaw carrageenan injection at P1. The effects were compared with those following a similar injury in adults. Both the IB4 (positive [+ve]) and NF200+ve cell populations increased postnatally (IB4+ve: 23 +/- 1.6% to 32.6 +/- 1.3%; NF200+ve: 33.8 +/- 1.2% to 43.3 +/- 1.9%), whereas the population of @entity2 +ve cells stayed the same. @entity0 , the rise in IB4+ve binding occurred earlier but was the same as that in controls by @entity3 . The @entity2 +ve population increased at 2 and 6 days after carrageenan in neonates, because of an increase in both small @entity2 /IB4 and larger @entity2 /NF200 double-labeled cells, but was normal by 3 weeks. Carrageenan in adults caused an increase in @entity2 /IB4 cells only. The effects of @entity0 differ in neonatal and adult DRG. Neonatal @entity0 causes @entity2 upregulation in both small and large cells and accelerates the postnatal increase in IB4 binding. These effects might influence subsequent central development.

title: Influence of XXXX on the postnatal maturation of primary sensory neuron phenotype in @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The influence of early @entity0 upon the postnatal development of @entity1 primary sensory neuron subtypes was investigated. Lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were immunostained for @entity2 ( @entity2 ), neurofilament (NF200), and isolectin B4 (IB4) binding. Proportions of each subpopulation were measured at postnatal day (P) 0, P3, P7, and @entity3 in normal pups and in those that had received a unilateral hindpaw carrageenan injection at P1. The effects were compared with those following a similar injury in adults. Both the IB4 (positive [+ve]) and NF200+ve cell populations increased postnatally (IB4+ve: 23 +/- 1.6% to 32.6 +/- 1.3%; NF200+ve: 33.8 +/- 1.2% to 43.3 +/- 1.9%), whereas the population of @entity2 +ve cells stayed the same. @entity0 , the rise in IB4+ve binding occurred earlier but was the same as that in controls by @entity3 . The @entity2 +ve population increased at 2 and 6 days after carrageenan in neonates, because of an increase in both small @entity2 /IB4 and larger @entity2 /NF200 double-labeled cells, but was normal by 3 weeks. Carrageenan in adults caused an increase in @entity2 /IB4 cells only. The effects of @entity0 differ in neonatal and adult DRG. Neonatal @entity0 causes @entity2 upregulation in both small and large cells and accelerates the postnatal increase in IB4 binding. These effects might influence subsequent central development.

title: Influence of @entity0 on the postnatal maturation of primary sensory neuron phenotype in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Bioenterics Intragastric Balloon (BIB) has been a safe and effective method used in treatment of moderate @entity1 . @entity3 is a rare complication, and its possible sequelae are dangerous. METHODS: A 52-year-old @entity0 (BMI 37 kg/m(2)), with @entity4 , moderate @entity2 and @entity7 , 1 year ago underwent laparoscopic fundoplication. She now underwent positioning of a BIB filled with 500 cc of saline. After 8 days, 6 kg weight loss occurred and her clinical condition was satisfactory. On day 11, severe @entity6 and @entity5 occurred, which spontaneously regressed in the following 6-8 hours. Ultrasound confirmed the correct position of the BIB, and showed widespread abdominal meteorism. On day 18, acute abdomen with @entity8 occurred. On admission, CT scan documented hydropneumoperitonitis. At operation, a large perforation of the lesser curvature was found, with undigested food in the abdomen. She underwent peritoneal lavage, removal of the BIB, and suture of the gastric laceration. RESULTS: She was discharged in good condition after 11 days. CONCLUSION: According to our experience, fundoplication represents an absolute contraindication to positioning of a BIB.

title: XXXX in an @entity1 @entity0 with an intragastric balloon, following previous fundoplication.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Bioenterics Intragastric Balloon (BIB) has been a safe and effective method used in treatment of moderate @entity1 . @entity3 is a rare complication, and its possible sequelae are dangerous. METHODS: A 52-year-old @entity0 (BMI 37 kg/m(2)), with @entity4 , moderate @entity2 and @entity7 , 1 year ago underwent laparoscopic fundoplication. She now underwent positioning of a BIB filled with 500 cc of saline. After 8 days, 6 kg weight loss occurred and her clinical condition was satisfactory. On day 11, severe @entity6 and @entity5 occurred, which spontaneously regressed in the following 6-8 hours. Ultrasound confirmed the correct position of the BIB, and showed widespread abdominal meteorism. On day 18, acute abdomen with @entity8 occurred. On admission, CT scan documented hydropneumoperitonitis. At operation, a large perforation of the lesser curvature was found, with undigested food in the abdomen. She underwent peritoneal lavage, removal of the BIB, and suture of the gastric laceration. RESULTS: She was discharged in good condition after 11 days. CONCLUSION: According to our experience, fundoplication represents an absolute contraindication to positioning of a BIB.

title: @entity3 in an XXXX @entity0 with an intragastric balloon, following previous fundoplication.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Bioenterics Intragastric Balloon (BIB) has been a safe and effective method used in treatment of moderate @entity1 . @entity3 is a rare complication, and its possible sequelae are dangerous. METHODS: A 52-year-old @entity0 (BMI 37 kg/m(2)), with @entity4 , moderate @entity2 and @entity7 , 1 year ago underwent laparoscopic fundoplication. She now underwent positioning of a BIB filled with 500 cc of saline. After 8 days, 6 kg weight loss occurred and her clinical condition was satisfactory. On day 11, severe @entity6 and @entity5 occurred, which spontaneously regressed in the following 6-8 hours. Ultrasound confirmed the correct position of the BIB, and showed widespread abdominal meteorism. On day 18, acute abdomen with @entity8 occurred. On admission, CT scan documented hydropneumoperitonitis. At operation, a large perforation of the lesser curvature was found, with undigested food in the abdomen. She underwent peritoneal lavage, removal of the BIB, and suture of the gastric laceration. RESULTS: She was discharged in good condition after 11 days. CONCLUSION: According to our experience, fundoplication represents an absolute contraindication to positioning of a BIB.

title: @entity3 in an @entity1 XXXX with an intragastric balloon, following previous fundoplication.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The preferred treatment for @entity4 consists of antiepileptic drugs. Among them, @entity3 has shown promise in relieving some forms of @entity1 . This retrospective review examined 194 consecutive cases of @entity4 , many of whom had paroxysmal @entity2 resistant to previous surgical interventions or treatment with multiple medications. Of the 92 who had received a trial of @entity3 , 43 reported reduction in @entity2 . This benefit was complete in 16, nearly complete in 9, moderate in 12, and partial in 6. Onset of @entity2 relief occurred generally within 1 to 3 weeks, depending on the rate and end point of dose titration. The effective range of stable daily dosing varied from 100 to 2400 mg divided 3 times a day, with a mean of 930 mg. @entity2 relief was sustained in two thirds during a mean follow-up time of 8 months. The fact that @entity3 was well-tolerated and without serious side effects is an important advantage when prescribing for elderly @entity0 . The present study suggests that @entity3 can be effective as first or second line treatment of @entity4 , even in cases resistant to traditional treatment modalities.

title: Defining the role for @entity3 in the treatment of XXXX : a retrospective study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The preferred treatment for @entity4 consists of antiepileptic drugs. Among them, @entity3 has shown promise in relieving some forms of @entity1 . This retrospective review examined 194 consecutive cases of @entity4 , many of whom had paroxysmal @entity2 resistant to previous surgical interventions or treatment with multiple medications. Of the 92 who had received a trial of @entity3 , 43 reported reduction in @entity2 . This benefit was complete in 16, nearly complete in 9, moderate in 12, and partial in 6. Onset of @entity2 relief occurred generally within 1 to 3 weeks, depending on the rate and end point of dose titration. The effective range of stable daily dosing varied from 100 to 2400 mg divided 3 times a day, with a mean of 930 mg. @entity2 relief was sustained in two thirds during a mean follow-up time of 8 months. The fact that @entity3 was well-tolerated and without serious side effects is an important advantage when prescribing for elderly @entity0 . The present study suggests that @entity3 can be effective as first or second line treatment of @entity4 , even in cases resistant to traditional treatment modalities.

title: Defining the role for XXXX in the treatment of @entity4 : a retrospective study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The objective of this international, multicenter, open-label trial was to assess the efficacy and safety of up to 12 months of therapy with transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) @entity9 in @entity0 (n = 532) with chronic @entity1 . The trial was completed by 301 (57%) of the @entity0 . The main outcome measures were @entity1 control assessment, global treatment satisfaction, @entity0 preference for TTS @entity9 , and quality of life. The mean dose of transdermal @entity9 ( @entity10 ) increased from 48 to 90 microg/h during a period of 12 months. During treatment, on average 67% of @entity0 within the efficacy analysis group (n = 524) reported very good, good, or moderate @entity1 control. Global satisfaction (very good or good) was also stable at 42%. The majority (86%) of @entity0 reported a preference for @entity10 over their previous treatment (P < .001, binomial test). Short Form 36 quality-of-life scores improved from baseline for @entity1 . The most frequent treatment-related adverse events were @entity2 (31%), @entity4 (19%), and @entity7 (18%). With regard to opioid-specific adverse events ( @entity5 [< 1%], @entity6 [< 1%], @entity3 [1%], and @entity8 [3%]), these were extremely rare and, with the exception of @entity8 , none was considered definitively related to the treatment. Long-term treatment with @entity10 provided a stable degree of @entity1 control in the majority of @entity0 with moderate to severe chronic @entity1 . It was preferred by the majority of @entity0 compared with their previous opioid medication. Overall, long-term treatment with @entity10 was generally well tolerated, particularly in view of the low incidence of potentially serious side effects such as @entity3 and @entity5 . However, at present, it is important that @entity0 receiving @entity10 should still be subject to careful assessment and monitoring.

title: Evaluation of long-term efficacy and safety of transdermal @entity9 in the treatment of chronic XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The objective of this international, multicenter, open-label trial was to assess the efficacy and safety of up to 12 months of therapy with transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) @entity9 in @entity0 (n = 532) with chronic @entity1 . The trial was completed by 301 (57%) of the @entity0 . The main outcome measures were @entity1 control assessment, global treatment satisfaction, @entity0 preference for TTS @entity9 , and quality of life. The mean dose of transdermal @entity9 ( @entity10 ) increased from 48 to 90 microg/h during a period of 12 months. During treatment, on average 67% of @entity0 within the efficacy analysis group (n = 524) reported very good, good, or moderate @entity1 control. Global satisfaction (very good or good) was also stable at 42%. The majority (86%) of @entity0 reported a preference for @entity10 over their previous treatment (P < .001, binomial test). Short Form 36 quality-of-life scores improved from baseline for @entity1 . The most frequent treatment-related adverse events were @entity2 (31%), @entity4 (19%), and @entity7 (18%). With regard to opioid-specific adverse events ( @entity5 [< 1%], @entity6 [< 1%], @entity3 [1%], and @entity8 [3%]), these were extremely rare and, with the exception of @entity8 , none was considered definitively related to the treatment. Long-term treatment with @entity10 provided a stable degree of @entity1 control in the majority of @entity0 with moderate to severe chronic @entity1 . It was preferred by the majority of @entity0 compared with their previous opioid medication. Overall, long-term treatment with @entity10 was generally well tolerated, particularly in view of the low incidence of potentially serious side effects such as @entity3 and @entity5 . However, at present, it is important that @entity0 receiving @entity10 should still be subject to careful assessment and monitoring.

title: Evaluation of long-term efficacy and safety of transdermal XXXX in the treatment of chronic @entity1 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Since the introduction of antenatal diagnostic screening, @entity8 ( @entity8 ) has been diagnosed in 1 of 4300 live births. We analyze our own experience and demonstrate a management regime based on these results and existing studies. METHODS: Retrospective data analysis was carried out in 110 @entity0 , prenatally diagnosed with MCDK. A total of 93 @entity0 with confirmed diagnosis of unilateral MCDK were born alive and followed up in our institutions. RESULTS: A total of 110 unilateral @entity7 were prenatally diagnosed; 93 were confirmed postnatally. These @entity0 were retrospectively allocated to two treatment groups: 51 were operated upon; 42 were treated conservatively. A micturition cystourethrogram was performed 88 times, yielding 20 pathological findings. @entity6 was identified 11 times (12.5%). Eleven @entity0 (12%) had associated non-urological abnormalities. @entity5 predominated. After 1995, nephrectomy was performed only when clinically indicated. Thirty-seven @entity0 were treated conservatively for between 4 months and 6 years (mean 33 months); 28 @entity1 exhibited size reduction. Complete involution was noted in 16 of 28 @entity0 between 7 and 29 months (mean 16.2 months). CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that neonatal nephrectomy of unilateral MCDK is rarely required. It also shows that the discussed @entity2 is not an isolated @entity4 . In a high proportion, associated @entity3 were present and therapeutically relevant, and determined the overall prognosis.

title: Follow-up of unilateral XXXX after prenatal diagnosis.

answer: @entity8


abstract: Despite the availability of effective treatments for @entity8 , there are @entity0 who are unable to tolerate, or choose not to accept, current therapies (oral medication, radioactive @entity7 , or surgery). In this study, we have examined the use of @entity5 as an option for @entity0 who suffer from @entity8 and who fit into one of the preceding @entity0 groups. Selective arteriography, followed by @entity4 of thyroid arteries, was performed using Seldinger's technique in 22 @entity0 with @entity8 . Six of the @entity0 received both @entity6 and surgery at 2-3 wk after @entity4 . No serious complications were noted in any @entity0 . In those who were treated with only interventional @entity4 , 14 of 22 (63.6%) became euthyroid and remained in this state for the duration of the study. The remaining 2 @entity0 required a maintenance dose of antithyroid drug therapy ( @entity9 , 5-10 mg/d; or @entity10 , 50-100 mg/d). @entity0 were followed for a median time of 27 months (range, 6-50). At the end of the follow-up period, all 22 @entity0 were euthyroid, the size of thyroid gland had decreased by one third to one half its original volume, but 2 @entity0 continued to require antithyroid drugs. Histologic analysis of thyroid tissue from 6 @entity0 who had @entity4 followed by surgery showed that @entity4 blocked both the superior and inferior thyroid arteries plus most of their branches. Evidence of chemical @entity1 , @entity2 , and @entity3 were observed in embolized thyroid tissue. The average diameter of capillary network within the body of the thyroid adjacent to superior and inferior artery was 0.12-0.25 mm, with the smallest ones ranging from 0.04-0.11 mm. The diameter of the capillaries in the isthmus ranged from 0.13-0.15 mm. The average diameters of the superior and inferior arteries were 2-5.5 and 3-3.75 mm, respectively, measured using radiographs from angiography. Based on the measured diameters of arteries, the appropriate size of embolizing granules can be selected, and complete @entity4 of the majority of the thyroid glands was achieved with a high frequency of therapeutic success. Histological examination of the thyroid tissue and clinical follow-up after @entity4 indicate that this procedure is an effective, minimally invasive, and safe method for the treatment of @entity8 @entity0 who cannot, or choose not to, accept current therapies.

title: XXXX : a novel approach to thyroid ablative therapy for @entity8 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Despite the availability of effective treatments for @entity8 , there are @entity0 who are unable to tolerate, or choose not to accept, current therapies (oral medication, radioactive @entity7 , or surgery). In this study, we have examined the use of @entity5 as an option for @entity0 who suffer from @entity8 and who fit into one of the preceding @entity0 groups. Selective arteriography, followed by @entity4 of thyroid arteries, was performed using Seldinger's technique in 22 @entity0 with @entity8 . Six of the @entity0 received both @entity6 and surgery at 2-3 wk after @entity4 . No serious complications were noted in any @entity0 . In those who were treated with only interventional @entity4 , 14 of 22 (63.6%) became euthyroid and remained in this state for the duration of the study. The remaining 2 @entity0 required a maintenance dose of antithyroid drug therapy ( @entity9 , 5-10 mg/d; or @entity10 , 50-100 mg/d). @entity0 were followed for a median time of 27 months (range, 6-50). At the end of the follow-up period, all 22 @entity0 were euthyroid, the size of thyroid gland had decreased by one third to one half its original volume, but 2 @entity0 continued to require antithyroid drugs. Histologic analysis of thyroid tissue from 6 @entity0 who had @entity4 followed by surgery showed that @entity4 blocked both the superior and inferior thyroid arteries plus most of their branches. Evidence of chemical @entity1 , @entity2 , and @entity3 were observed in embolized thyroid tissue. The average diameter of capillary network within the body of the thyroid adjacent to superior and inferior artery was 0.12-0.25 mm, with the smallest ones ranging from 0.04-0.11 mm. The diameter of the capillaries in the isthmus ranged from 0.13-0.15 mm. The average diameters of the superior and inferior arteries were 2-5.5 and 3-3.75 mm, respectively, measured using radiographs from angiography. Based on the measured diameters of arteries, the appropriate size of embolizing granules can be selected, and complete @entity4 of the majority of the thyroid glands was achieved with a high frequency of therapeutic success. Histological examination of the thyroid tissue and clinical follow-up after @entity4 indicate that this procedure is an effective, minimally invasive, and safe method for the treatment of @entity8 @entity0 who cannot, or choose not to, accept current therapies.

title: @entity6 : a novel approach to thyroid ablative therapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) has been investigated widely in @entity0 with @entity3 , but no study has focused particularly on the situation of @entity0 with persistent @entity5 . AIMS: To survey the impairments of @entity0 with @entity5 ( @entity4 -10: F45.4) and to predict @entity1 and @entity2 on the basis of coping styles. METHODS: A consecutively recruited sample of 100 @entity0 (65% female) was examined in a cross-sectional study. Questionnaires were administered to assess @entity1 intensity (visual analogue scale), @entity1 ( @entity1 Disability Index), quality of life (Short-Form Health Survey-36), and ways of coping with @entity1 (Coping Strategies Questionnaire). To predict @entity1 and @entity2 , a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out. RESULTS: @entity2 of @entity0 with somatoform @entity1 is strongly and significantly reduced compared with the general population. Among the coping measures, Increasing @entity1 Behaviors and Catastrophizing have a negative influence on @entity0 ' @entity1 and the physical components of @entity2 . The mental component of @entity2 was predicted solely by Catastrophizing. No positive effect of active coping styles on health-related outcome variables could be observed. CONCLUSION: @entity0 with persistent @entity5 feel severely impaired. A clear pattern emerges for negative effects of the coping styles Increasing @entity1 Behaviors and Catastrophizing, while the identification of beneficial coping failed.

title: Determinants of health-related quality of life in @entity0 with persistent XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) has been investigated widely in @entity0 with @entity3 , but no study has focused particularly on the situation of @entity0 with persistent @entity5 . AIMS: To survey the impairments of @entity0 with @entity5 ( @entity4 -10: F45.4) and to predict @entity1 and @entity2 on the basis of coping styles. METHODS: A consecutively recruited sample of 100 @entity0 (65% female) was examined in a cross-sectional study. Questionnaires were administered to assess @entity1 intensity (visual analogue scale), @entity1 ( @entity1 Disability Index), quality of life (Short-Form Health Survey-36), and ways of coping with @entity1 (Coping Strategies Questionnaire). To predict @entity1 and @entity2 , a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out. RESULTS: @entity2 of @entity0 with somatoform @entity1 is strongly and significantly reduced compared with the general population. Among the coping measures, Increasing @entity1 Behaviors and Catastrophizing have a negative influence on @entity0 ' @entity1 and the physical components of @entity2 . The mental component of @entity2 was predicted solely by Catastrophizing. No positive effect of active coping styles on health-related outcome variables could be observed. CONCLUSION: @entity0 with persistent @entity5 feel severely impaired. A clear pattern emerges for negative effects of the coping styles Increasing @entity1 Behaviors and Catastrophizing, while the identification of beneficial coping failed.

title: Determinants of health-related quality of life in XXXX with persistent @entity5 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Treatment with steam and/or dilute @entity1 are commonly used techniques to disinfect manufacturing vessels and tools in the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this procedure is sanitisation and inactivation of microbiological and viral contaminants. Here we describe the inactivation of the @entity0 parvovirus @entity3 (MVM) under these conditions. Parvoviruses are known to be resistant to physico-chemical treatment and one representative of this family, the @entity2 , is a potential contaminant of blood plasma. We show inactivation kinetics for MVM treated with wet-heat (70, 80, 90 degrees C) and with 0.01-1 M @entity1 solutions (pH >/=11.9). Robust inactivation was only achieved at 90 degrees C for at least 10 min and in @entity1 solutions of pH >/=12.8 (0.1 M @entity1 ). It was observed, that aggregation of viruses might protect viral particles from inactivation by @entity1 . Therefore, appropriate sample preparation of spiking material is important for accurate simulation of the naturally occurring situation. The observed stability at pH 11.8 exceeds the previously reported upper limit of pH 9. Inactivation was due to disintegration of the viral capsid as assessed by accessibility of viral DNA for endonucleases.

title: Stability of XXXX against temperature and sodium hydroxide.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity3 (ECP) was used in beef heifers receiving a controlled internal drug release (CIDR; insertion = Day 0) device for fixed-time AI (FTAI) in four experiments. In Experiment 1, heifers (n = 24) received 1mg ECP or 1mg ECP plus 50mg commercial @entity1 (CP) preparation i.m. on Day 0. Eight or 9 days later, CIDR were removed, @entity2 was administered and heifers were allocated to receive 0.5mg ECP i.m. concurrently (ECP0) or 24h later (ECP24). There was no effect of treatment (P = 0.6) on mean (+/-S.E.M.) day of follicular wave emergence (3.9+/-0.4 days). Interval from CIDR removal to ovulation was affected (P<0.05) only by duration of CIDR treatment (88.3+/-3.8h versus 76.4+/-4.1h; 8 days versus 9 days, respectively). In Experiment 2, 58 heifers received 100mg @entity1 and either 5mg @entity0 -17beta or 1mg ECP i.m. (E-17beta and ECP groups, respectively) on Day 0. Seven (E-17beta group) or 9 days (ECP group) later, CIDR were removed, @entity2 was administered and heifers received ECP (as in Experiment 1) or 1mg EB 24h after CIDR removal, with FTAI 58-60h after CIDR removal. Follicular wave emergence was later (P<0.02) and more variable (P<0.002) in heifers given ECP than in those given E-17beta (4.1+/-0.4 days versus 3.3+/-0.1 days), but pregnancy rate was unaffected (overall, 69%; P = 0.2). In Experiment 3, 30 heifers received a CIDR device and 5mg E-17beta, with or without 100mg @entity1 (P) i.m. on Day 0. On Day 7, CIDR were removed and heifers received ECP as described in Experiment 1 or no @entity0 (Control). Intervals from CIDR removal to ovulation were shorter (P<0.05) in ECP0 (81.6+/-5.0h) and ECP24 (86.4+/-3.5h) groups than in the Control group (98.4+/-5.6h). In Experiment 4, heifers (n = 300) received a CIDR device, E-17beta, P, and @entity2 (as in Experiment 3) and after CIDR removal were allocated to three groups (as in Experiment 2), with FTAI 54-56h (ECP0) or 56-58h (ECP24 and EB24) after CIDR removal. Pregnancy rate did not differ among groups (overall, 63.6%, P = 0.96). In summary, although 1mg ECP (with or without @entity1 ) was less efficacious than 5mg E-17beta plus 100mg @entity1 for synchronizing follicular wave emergence, 0.5mg ECP (at CIDR removal or 24h later) induced a synchronous ovulation with an acceptable pregnancy rate to fixed-time AI.

title: Effects of XXXX (ECP) on ovarian follicular dynamics, synchrony of ovulation, and fertility in CIDR-based, fixed-time AI programs in beef heifers.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Monolayers of @entity1 ( @entity2 ) and @entity2 / @entity4 ( @entity4 ) (7:3, w/w) in the absence or in the presence of 2, 5, 10, or 20 weight percent of porcine surfactant protein @entity3 were spread at the air-liquid interface of a surface balance, compressed up to surface pressures in the liquid-expanded/liquid-condensed (LE-LC) plateau of the isotherm, transferred onto mica supports, and analyzed by scanning force microscopy. In the absence of protein, the films showed micrometer-sized condensed domains with morphology and size that were analogous to those observed in situ at the air-liquid interface by epifluorescence microscopy. Scanning force microscopy permits examination of the coexisting phases at a higher resolution than previously achieved with fluorescent microscopy. Both LE and LC regions of @entity2 films were heterogeneous in nature. LC microdomains contained numerous expanded-like islands whereas regions apparently liquid-expanded were covered by a condensed-like framework of interconnected nanodomains. Presence of increasing amounts of pulmonary surfactant protein @entity3 affected the distribution of the LE and LC regions of @entity2 and @entity2 / @entity4 films both at the microscopic and the nanoscopic level. The condensed microdomains became more numerous but their size decreased, resulting in an overall reduction of the amount of total LC phase in both @entity2 and @entity2 / @entity4 films. At the nanoscopic level, @entity3 also caused a marked reduction of the size of the condensed-like nanodomains in the LE phase and an increase in the length of the LE/LC interface. @entity3 promotes a fine nanoscopic framework of lipid and lipid-protein nanodomains that is associated with a substantial mechanical resistance to film deformation and @entity0 as observed during film transference and manipulation. The effect of @entity3 on the nanoscopic structure of the lipid films was greater in @entity2 / @entity4 than in pure @entity2 films, indicating additional contributions of electrostatic lipid-protein interactions. The alterations of the nanoscopic structures of phospholipid films by @entity3 provide the structural framework for the protein simultaneously sustaining structural stability as well as dynamical flexibility in surfactant films at the extreme conditions imposed by the respiratory mechanics. @entity3 also formed segregated two-dimensional clusters that were associated with the boundaries between LC microdomains and the LE regions of @entity2 and @entity2 / @entity4 films. The presence of these clusters at protein-to-lipid proportions above 2% by weight suggests that the concentration of @entity3 in the surfactant lipid-protein complexes may be close to the solubility limit of the protein in the lipid films.

title: Effect of pulmonary surfactant protein XXXX on the micro- and nanostructure of phospholipid films.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent surveys in emergency medicine departments show inadequacies in many aspects of acute @entity2 management. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the adherence to management algorithm for acute @entity2 in the emergency department which focused on evidence-based treatment steps rather than documentation and @entity0 classification. METHODS: A retrospective audit of consecutive adult @entity0 with acute exacerbations of @entity2 in the emergency medicine department of a university hospital managed in the context of a clinical algorithm. RESULTS: We collated information from 344 episodes of acute @entity2 (94% of total) over a 4-month period. The first-line treatment was nebulised bronchodilators in 97%, combination of @entity4 and @entity5 in 93% and the combination in recommended dosages in 87%. Systemic @entity1 treatment was administered to 82% of @entity0 . A further course of systemic @entity1 was prescribed at discharge for 94% of @entity0 . Overall, 93% of @entity0 received some form of systemic @entity1 treatment. The admission rate was 35.2%, and was significantly higher in @entity0 and the elderly. Of those who were admitted, 46.2% received > or = 3 nebulised treatments and 69% received intravenous @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: In the management of acute @entity2 , we found excellent compliance with specific treatment steps based upon clinical evidence. However, adherence to second-line treatment was less satisfactory. Nevertheless, whenever second-line treatment was complied with, reasonable outcomes were achieved. It may be more appropriate to emphasise evidence-based treatment rather than extensive documentation.

title: Emergency department XXXX : compliance with an evidence-based management algorithm.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Our objectives were to evaluate the safety of intravenous 1.0-M @entity2 injections in @entity0 with an indication for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE MRA) of supra-aortal, pelvic, or peripheral arteries by examining and assessing adverse events, laboratory values, vital signs and ECG findings for clinical significance. In 435 @entity0 , recruited in three multicenter trials for safety evaluations of the new contrast agent 1.0-M @entity2 , CE MRA was performed with 1.0- to 1.5-T scanners using three-dimensional gradient-echo sequences and phased-array coils. The study population comprised 312 @entity0 and 123 @entity0 with a mean age of 60.9 years. Two hundred seven @entity0 had an indication for imaging of body arteries and 228 had an indication for imaging of peripheral arteries. Blood laboratory values and urinalysis results of 124 @entity0 as well as heart rate, blood pressure, and 12-lead-electrocardiogram readings of 93 @entity0 obtained during a follow-up period of up to 72 h after the injection of contrast media were available for safety analysis. Contrast media application was performed as intravenous bolus injection of 1.0-M @entity2 in fixed doses according to the @entity0 ' body weight (b.w.) and indication for CE MRA and was followed by a 20- to 40-ml saline flush. Mean dose actually applied was 0.1 0.27 mmol/kg b.w. Flow rate ranged between 0.2 and 2.0 ml/s. Safety evaluations found a good tolerability with only 4.6% of at least "possibly related" adverse reactions and no clinically relevant changes in blood and urine samples including no transmetallation effect on serum zinc values. Analysis of renal tolerance showed no influence on renal function irrespective of preexisting @entity1 . The ECG analysis (rhythm analysis, pace-setting disturbances, conduction disturbances, and time interval measurements, including uncorrected and corrected QT) showed no clinically relevant effect of the injection of 1.0-M @entity2 on the cardiac conduction system. Intravenous injection of 1.0-M @entity2 at a dose of up to 0.1 0.27 mmol/kg b.w. in the indication CE MRA is safe and causes no clinically relevant changes in safety parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, blood and urine laboratory values, and cardiac conduction system.

title: Safety of contrast-enhanced MR angiography employing XXXX 1.0 M as contrast material.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) is used increasingly for the diagnosis of mediastinal, biliopancreatic, and @entity5 . However, little is known about EUS-FNA in hepatic lesions and the best method for tissue analysis. We assessed EUS-FNA combined with histological and cytological evaluation in selected @entity0 . @entity0 AND METHODS: 41 @entity0 (66 +/- 7 years) were prospectively studied, 33 of whom had clinical findings suggestive of @entity6 . Selection for EUS-FNA was based on an increased risk of @entity7 from percutaneous biopsy ( @entity9 , @entity2 , @entity8 , @entity4 intake; n = 15), presence of small @entity3 < 2 cm (n = 12), or @entity6 found incidentally (n = 14). Transgastric EUS-FNA of lesions located in accessible liver segments was performed using the Hitachi FG-34UX longitudinal echo endoscope and a 22-G aspiration needle. Specimens were submitted separately for standard cytological and histological evaluation. In the case of @entity1 , findings at surgery with histological examination, endoscopy, or computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy of the primary @entity1 served as reference results (n = 33), while in benign disorders, a combination of imaging studies (Magnetic Resonance Tomography <MRT>, scintigraphy) and the clinical follow-up, as summarized in the physician's report, was used as reference. RESULTS: EUS-FNA provided appropriate biopsy specimens in 40/41 @entity0 . It was not possible to aspirate sufficient material in one @entity0 . On average, 1.4 needle passes were necessary to obtain sufficient amounts of tissue. With regard to @entity1 , the combination of histological and cytological examination had a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 100%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 78%, and positive predictive value ( @entity10 ) of 100%. Tissue diagnoses were in agreement in 27/41 @entity0 (65%). In the remaining @entity0 , only the cytological examination identified six lesions correctly, while the histological assessment was correct in another seven @entity0 . Malignant lesions were correctly identified by cytology in 24/33 (73%) @entity0 , while histology alone was diagnostic for @entity1 in 27/33 (82%) @entity0 . When both modalities were combined, 31 out of 33- @entity1 (94%) were correctly diagnosed. Minor complications occurred in two @entity0 and consisted of self-limiting local @entity7 . CONCLUSIONS: EUS-FNA of @entity3 is a powerful, reliable, and safe procedure for the diagnosis of @entity6 . Optimal diagnostic results are achieved by combining cytological with histological assessment. Hence, EUS-FNA is an alternative to percutaneous biopsy, particularly in @entity0 at risk of @entity7 or with small lesions of the liver.

title: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of XXXX : histological and cytological assessment.

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is an @entity1 caused by mutations in the @entity4 gene. Classical splicing mutations (type I) delete entire exons during pre-mRNA splicing. In this report, we describe nine examples of nonclassical splicing mutations in 12 @entity3 @entity0 and compare cDNA changes to estimates of splice junction strengths based on maximum entropy modeling. These mutations fall into three categories: pseudoexon insertions (type II), single @entity2 changes within the exon (type III), and intronic changes that disrupt the conserved 3' splice sequence and lead to partial exon deletion (type IV). Four @entity0 with a previously reported type II (pseudoexon) mutation all shared a common founder haplotype. Three @entity0 with apparent missense or silent mutations actually had type III aberrant splicing and partial deletion of an exon. Five @entity0 had type IV mutations that could have been misinterpreted as classical splicing mutations. Instead, their mutations disrupt a splice site and use another AG splice site located nearby within the exon; they lead to partial deletions at the beginning of exons. These nonclassical splicing mutations create frameshifts that result in premature termination codons. Without screening cDNA or using accurate models of splice site strength, the consequences of these genomic mutations cannot be reliably predicted. This may lead to further misinterpretation of genotype-phenotype correlations and may subsequently impact upon gene-based therapeutic approaches.

title: Nonclassical splicing mutations in the coding and noncoding regions of the XXXX Gene: maximum entropy estimates of splice junction strengths.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Differences in the onset of puberty were assessed in male @entity3 from a @entity5 ( @entity5 , control) line and two lines that had been genetically selected for reduced (low stress, @entity4 ) or exaggerated (high stress, HS) plasma @entity2 response to brief mechanical restraint. At 42 d of age, cloacal gland area (CAREA) and volume (CVOL), proportion of individuals that produced cloacal gland foam (PICF), and intensity of cloacal gland foam production (CFP) were examined in 60 representatives from each of these quail lines. CFP was quantified by subjective scaling of the amount of foam ejected upon manual expression (squeezing) of the foam gland, using a scale of 1 (no foam expressed) to 5 (maximum amount of foam expression). Mean CAREA and CVOL were similar in quail of the @entity5 and HS lines, but these measures were greater (P < 0.01) in the @entity4 quail. In addition, more (P < 0.05) @entity4 than HS birds expressed foam at 42 d, whereas @entity5 quail exhibited an intermediate PICF response that was not different from either selected line. CFP results mimicked those found for PICF (i.e., @entity4 quail produced a greater (P < 0.05) amount of foam than HS birds, whereas @entity5 quail showed intermediate production that was not different from @entity4 or HS levels). In prepubertal and pubertal @entity3 , cloacal gland @entity1 is @entity0 -dependent and highly positively correlated with testes size as well as sexual activity. Cloacal gland foam production is also considered a reliable indicator of testicular size and activity. Thus, we conclude that selection for reduced adrenocortical responsiveness in Coturnix is associated with acceleration in the onset of puberty in males. The potential interaction between adrenocortical and testicular activity as it relates to male reproductive performance is discussed.

title: Selection of XXXX for reduced adrenocortical responsiveness accelerates puberty in males.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Thymectomy is an effective, but radical therapy for @entity2 . Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) may allow a minimally invasive alternative to the standard sternotomy approach. AIMS: To audit prospectively the outcome of VATS thymectomy for @entity2 in a unit specializing in advanced VATS techniques. METHODS: Twenty-six @entity0 underwent VATS thymectomy between 1997 and 2001. Most underwent preoperative plasma exchange therapy. Seventeen @entity0 and nine @entity0 with a median age of 36 years (range 17-71 years) had a right-sided VATS approach to remove all anterior mediastinal fat and thymic tissue. RESULTS: There was no perioperative mortality and all procedures were concluded successfully, with one @entity0 requiring sternotomy. Twenty-five @entity0 were extubated in theatre and one @entity0 required 17 h of assisted ventilation. The other significant complication was a diathermy @entity1 , which recovered. Median postoperative stay was 4 days (range 2-6 days), with median postoperative chest drainage for 2 days (range 1-3 days). Three @entity0 had progression of disease postoperatively. The remainder were asymptomatic (7), improved (14) or stable (2). CONCLUSION: In a dedicated unit with neurological and intensive care support, VATS thymectomy is a safe, effective method of obtaining remission or improvement in @entity2 ( @entity2 ). While achieving the same surgical goal, this approach offers advantages of improved cosmesis, shorter recovery time and minimal chest wall disruption over the gold standard of sternotomy. Better @entity0 acceptance of this minimally invasive technique may result in wider application of the benefits of thymectomy in @entity2 .

title: Video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Low-trauma @entity3 of elderly @entity0 are a major public health burden worldwide, and as the number and mean age of older adults in the population continue to increase, the number of @entity3 is also likely to increase. Epidemiologically, however, an additional concern is that, for unknown reasons, the age-standardized incidence (average individual risk) of @entity3 has also risen in many populations during the recent decades. Possible reasons for this rise include a birth cohort effect, deterioration in the average bone strength by time, and increased average risk of (serious) falls. Literature provides evidence that the rise is not due to a birth cohort effect, whereas no study shows whether @entity1 has increased during this relatively short period of time. This @entity2 hypothesis could, however, be tested if researchers would now repeat the population measurements of bone mass and density that were made in the late 1980s and the 1990s. If such studies proved that @entity0 's and @entity0 's age-standardized mean values of bone mass and density have declined over time, the @entity2 hypothesis would receive scientific support. The third explanation is based on the hypothesis that the number and/or severity of falls has risen in elderly populations during the recent decades. Although no study has directly tested this hypothesis, a great deal of indirect epidemiologic evidence supports this contention. For example, the age-standardized incidence of fall-induced severe @entity4 , @entity5 and contusions, and joint distortions and dislocations has increased among elderly @entity0 similarly to the low-trauma @entity3 . The fall hypothesis could also be tested in the coming years because the 1990s saw many research teams reporting age- and sex-specific incidences of falling for elderly populations, and the same could be done now to provide data comparing the current incidence rates of falls with the earlier ones.

title: Why is the age-standardized incidence of low-trauma XXXX rising in many elderly populations?

answer: @entity3


abstract: We determined the comparative efficacy of @entity6 , @entity4 , @entity7 , and @entity3 for the management of corticosteroid-induced @entity2 using meta-regression models. A systematic search for trials was conducted using MEDLINE, bibliographic references, abstracts from national meetings, and contact with pharmaceutical companies and content experts. We included all randomized controlled trials, lasting at least 6 months, of adult @entity0 on oral corticosteroids that evaluated treatment comparisons between @entity6 , @entity4 , @entity3 , or @entity7 either with no therapy/ @entity5 or with each other and that reported extractable results. The outcome measure of interest was change in lumbar spine @entity1 ( @entity1 ). We identified 45 eligible trials, which provided 49 eligible treatment comparisons (some trials had three arms or more). Our results indicated that @entity3 were the most effective class (effect size 1.03; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.17); results were similar even when newer generations of @entity8 -containing @entity3 were excluded from analysis. We found the efficacy of @entity3 was enhanced further when used in combination with @entity6 (effect size, 1.31; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.50). @entity6 and @entity4 were more effective than no therapy/ @entity5 (effect size, 0.46; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.62; and effect size, 0.51; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.67, respectively) and were of similar efficacy, but both were significantly less effective than @entity3 . @entity7 appeared effective, but there were too few studies (n = 5) to draw robust conclusions regarding its efficacy compared with the other three therapies. In summary, @entity3 are the most effective of evaluated agents for managing corticosteroid-induced @entity2 . The efficacy of @entity3 is enhanced further with concomitant use of @entity6 .

title: The comparative efficacy of drug therapies used for the management of corticosteroid-induced XXXX : a meta-regression.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) has recognized physiological actions in the nervous system and other tissues, but there is no documented evidence of GAL influencing normal or pathological bone metabolism. GAL expression, however, is upregulated in central and peripheral nerves following axotomy and is known to influence neural regeneration. Thus, severance of skeletal-associated nerves during @entity1 could similarly increase local GAL concentrations and thereby influence @entity1 healing. The initial aim of this study was therefore to identify the presence of GAL in normal bone and/or @entity1 by assessing the concentration and cellular localization of GAL in intact and/or @entity1 @entity0 rib, using radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Groups of @entity0 (13 weeks old) had their left sixth ribs surgically @entity1 or underwent sham surgery and then calluses and nonfractured rib samples were analyzed at 1 and 2 weeks postsurgery (n = 5-6 per group). Low (basal) concentrations of GAL were detected in control ribs, whereas at 1 and 2 weeks postfracture, callus samples contained markedly increased levels of peptide ( approximately 32- and 18-fold increase, respectively, relative to controls; P < 0.01), revealing a strong upregulation during bone healing. Plasma GAL concentrations were also increased at 2 weeks postfracture (P < 0.005). In normal (nonfractured) rib, minimal levels of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) were present in cortical bone, periosteum, endosteum, and surrounding skeletal muscle. In costal cartilage plates, intense GAL- @entity3 was present in all chondrocytes of the @entity2 zone and in a population of chondrocytes in the reserve zone. GAL- @entity3 was not present, however, in chondrocytes in the proliferative zone of costal cartilage or skeletal muscle fibers. In @entity1 , levels of GAL- @entity3 were moderate to intense in osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts, in some chondrocytes, and in cartilaginous, osseous, and periosteal matrices. Subsequent studies revealed the presence of @entity4 -like immunoreactivity ( @entity4 - @entity3 ) in most cell types shown to contain GAL- @entity3 , although the distribution of @entity4 - @entity3 was more extensive in reserve zone chondrocytes than that of GAL- @entity3 ; and @entity4 - @entity3 also appeared in late proliferative zone chondrocytes of costal cartilage. In summary, GAL concentrations were significantly increased in @entity1 and plasma of @entity0 that underwent rib @entity1 . In addition, GAL- and @entity4 - @entity3 was also detected in specific cells and structures within costal cartilage, bone, and @entity1 . These results strongly implicate GAL in aspects of cartilage growth plate physiology and @entity1 repair, possibly acting in an autocrine/paracrine fashion via @entity4 .

title: Expression of galanin and XXXX in normal bone and during @entity1 repair in the @entity0 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) has recognized physiological actions in the nervous system and other tissues, but there is no documented evidence of GAL influencing normal or pathological bone metabolism. GAL expression, however, is upregulated in central and peripheral nerves following axotomy and is known to influence neural regeneration. Thus, severance of skeletal-associated nerves during @entity1 could similarly increase local GAL concentrations and thereby influence @entity1 healing. The initial aim of this study was therefore to identify the presence of GAL in normal bone and/or @entity1 by assessing the concentration and cellular localization of GAL in intact and/or @entity1 @entity0 rib, using radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Groups of @entity0 (13 weeks old) had their left sixth ribs surgically @entity1 or underwent sham surgery and then calluses and nonfractured rib samples were analyzed at 1 and 2 weeks postsurgery (n = 5-6 per group). Low (basal) concentrations of GAL were detected in control ribs, whereas at 1 and 2 weeks postfracture, callus samples contained markedly increased levels of peptide ( approximately 32- and 18-fold increase, respectively, relative to controls; P < 0.01), revealing a strong upregulation during bone healing. Plasma GAL concentrations were also increased at 2 weeks postfracture (P < 0.005). In normal (nonfractured) rib, minimal levels of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) were present in cortical bone, periosteum, endosteum, and surrounding skeletal muscle. In costal cartilage plates, intense GAL- @entity3 was present in all chondrocytes of the @entity2 zone and in a population of chondrocytes in the reserve zone. GAL- @entity3 was not present, however, in chondrocytes in the proliferative zone of costal cartilage or skeletal muscle fibers. In @entity1 , levels of GAL- @entity3 were moderate to intense in osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts, in some chondrocytes, and in cartilaginous, osseous, and periosteal matrices. Subsequent studies revealed the presence of @entity4 -like immunoreactivity ( @entity4 - @entity3 ) in most cell types shown to contain GAL- @entity3 , although the distribution of @entity4 - @entity3 was more extensive in reserve zone chondrocytes than that of GAL- @entity3 ; and @entity4 - @entity3 also appeared in late proliferative zone chondrocytes of costal cartilage. In summary, GAL concentrations were significantly increased in @entity1 and plasma of @entity0 that underwent rib @entity1 . In addition, GAL- and @entity4 - @entity3 was also detected in specific cells and structures within costal cartilage, bone, and @entity1 . These results strongly implicate GAL in aspects of cartilage growth plate physiology and @entity1 repair, possibly acting in an autocrine/paracrine fashion via @entity4 .

title: Expression of galanin and @entity4 in normal bone and during XXXX repair in the @entity0 .

answer: @entity1