abstract: BACKGROUND: The Psychiatric Inpatient @entity0 Experience Questionnaire (PIPEQ) was developed for post-discharge measurements of experiences, but the low response rates associated with post-discharge surveys restrict their usefulness. A new questionnaire was developed based on the PIPEQ for on-site measurements of @entity0 experiences: the PIPEQ-OS. The aim of this study was to psychometrically test the PIPEQ-OS using data from a nationally representative survey conducted in Norway in 2014. METHODS: Data were collected using a nationally representative @entity0 -experience survey; 25  % of the institutions in each of the 4 health regions in Norway were randomly selected, yielding a total of 26 institutions. The PIPEQ-OS questionnaire was completed by @entity0 on-site on an agreed day in week 37 of 2014. Item missing and ceiling effects were assessed, and factor analysis was used to assess the structure of the items included in the PIPEQ-OS. The scales were tested for internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability and construct validity. RESULTS: The initial sample comprised 857 @entity0 . Of these, 60 were excluded for ethical reasons and 57 were excluded because they were absent on the day of the survey. Of the remaining 740 @entity0 , 552 (74.6  % of the included population) returned the questionnaire. Low levels of missing or "not applicable" responses were found for 18 of the 21 items (<20  %), and 20 of 21 items were below the ceiling-effect criterion. Psychometric testing identified three scales: structure and facilities (six items), @entity0 -centred interaction (six items) and outcomes (five items). All scales met the criterion of 0.7 for Cronbach's alpha (range: 0.79-0.91) and test-retest reliability (range: 0.83-0.84). The construct validity of the scales was supported by 14 of 15 significant associations with variables known to be related to @entity1 inpatient experiences. CONCLUSIONS: The PIPEQ-OS comprises three scales with satisfactory internal consistency reliability and construct validity. This instrument can be used for on-site assessments of @entity1 inpatient @entity0 experiences, but further research is needed to evaluate its usefulness as basis for external quality indicators.

title: PIPEQ-OS - an instrument for on-site measurements of the experiences of inpatients at XXXX institutions.

answer: @entity1


abstract: UNASSIGNED: It has become common to say @entity6 illnesses are @entity4 . This reflects a conception of the mental as being biologically based, though it is also thought that thinking of @entity6 this way will reduce the stigma attached to @entity6 . If @entity6 illnesses are @entity4 , however, it is not clear why psychiatry should not collapse into neurology, and some argue for this course. Others try to maintain a distinction by saying that neurology deals with @entity10 while psychiatry deals with specific @entity12 . It is not clear that neurologists would accept this division, nor that they should. I argue that if we take seriously the notion that @entity6 illnesses are mental illnesses we can draw a more defensible boundary between psychiatry and neurology. As mental illnesses, @entity6 illnesses must have symptoms that affect our mental capacities and that the sufferer is capable of being aware of, even if they are not always self-consciously aware of them. @entity2 , such as @entity3 or @entity1 , may be diagnosed even if they are silent, just as the @entity0 may not be aware of having @entity5 or may suffer a silent @entity8 . It does not make sense to speak of @entity11 if the @entity0 has never had a @entity11 attack, however, or of @entity7 in the absence of @entity9 . This does not mean @entity6 illnesses are not biologically based. Mental illnesses are illnesses of @entity0 , whereas other illnesses are illnesses of biological individuals.

title: Mental Illness And XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The authors reviewed the charts of 22 @entity0 with @entity3 . Various surgical procedures were performed on 30 eyes of 18 @entity0 (mean number of procedures = 3.3 per eye). Follow-up averaged six years. Visual acuity varied widely, with six eyes having an acuity of 20/400 or better, and 11 eyes with no light perception. Concomitant or secondary @entity2 required a greater number of surgical procedures (4.1 vs 3.4) per eye and was associated with a poorer visual outcome. No eyes with @entity2 had @entity1 better than 20/400. In bilaterally operated @entity0 , visual results in one eye were independent of the outcome of the fellow eye. The range of @entity1 in bilaterally operated @entity0 was similar to the vision in those operated unilaterally. Visual outcome in @entity0 with @entity3 remains guarded. With modern surgical techniques and aggressive attempts at visual rehabilitation, many @entity0 may benefit from surgery. Some @entity0 may have moderately good @entity1 for months or years before vision is lost. In the interim they may learn tasks they may not have otherwise acquired.

title: Visual outcome after surgery for XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The goal of this study was to examine the role of horizontal connections in @entity0 striate neurons. Anaesthetized @entity0 were prepared in the usual fashion for single-cell recordings in area 17 of the visual cortex. We compared responses evoked by moving and stationary stimuli prior to, during and after recovery from lateral microinjection of either @entity3 (n = 61), @entity2 ( @entity2 , n = 18) or @entity1 (n = 8) 2 mm from the recording site. This procedure allows evaluation of the contribution of neighbouring neurons in visual responses. Results showed that striate neurons are dependent on the adjacent cells' excitability. Modification of responses to stationary targets suggests that lateral interactions play a role in the generation of discharges to fixed stimuli. Lateral inactivation preferentially influenced non-directional over direction-selective units. This influence usually resulted in the non-directional neuron becoming directional by attenuation of the visually driven response in one direction. Simple and complex cells tended to be influenced differently by lateral inactivation. Simple cells became less responsive, whereas complex cells became more responsive. This dichotomy among cellular types suggests that simple cells receive mainly excitatory horizontal influences, while complex cells are contacted mostly by lateral inhibitory inputs.

title: Influences of horizontal connections on visual responses in XXXX striate cortex.

answer: @entity0


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Our previous work demonstrated that @entity1 ( @entity1 ), a traditional Chinese calculation method, could help @entity0 improve their math abilities (e.g. basic arithmetical ability) and executive function (e.g. working memory). This study further examined the effects of long-term @entity1 training on math ability in visual-spatial domain and the task switching component of executive function. More importantly, this study investigated whether @entity1 training modulated the relationship between math abilities and task switching. The @entity0 were seventy 7-year-old @entity0 who were randomly assigned into @entity1 and control groups at primary school entry. @entity0 in @entity1 group received 2-hour @entity1 training every week since primary school entry. On the contrary, @entity0 in the control group had never received any @entity1 training. Math and task switching abilities were measured one year and three years respectively after @entity1 training began. The results showed that @entity1 @entity0 performed better than their peers on math abilities in arithmetical and visual-spatial domains. In addition, @entity1 group responded faster than control group in the switching task, while no group difference was found in switch cost. Most interestingly, group difference was present in the relationships between math abilities and switch cost. These results implied the effect of @entity1 training on math abilities as well as its relationship with executive function.

title: Abacus Training Affects Math and Task Switching Abilities and Modulates Their Relationships in Chinese XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the outer nuclear layer (ONL) deformation detected by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is correlated with visual acuity before and after surgery in @entity0 with @entity2 (ERM). Methods: Forty-four eyes of 44 @entity0 who underwent vitreous surgery for treatment of ERM were included. All @entity0 underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluations including measurement of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and SD-OCT before and after surgery. The @entity1 ( @entity1 ), foveal ONL thickness, juxtafoveal ONL plus outer plexiform layer (OPL) thickness, photoreceptor outer segment thickness, and size of the disrupted interdigitation zone (IZ) line were measured. We defined the "photoreceptor deformation index" (PDI) as the ratio of foveal ONL thickness to the juxtafoveal ONL plus OPL thickness. Results: Multiple regression analysis showed that the only significant predictor of preoperative mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BCVA was preoperative @entity1 (P < 0.0001). Preoperative PDI (P < 0.0001) and disrupted IZ diameter (P = 0.0242) were positively correlated with logMAR at 3 months after surgery. PDI (P < 0.0001) and disrupted IZ diameter (P = 0.0351) were also positively correlated with logMAR BCVA at 6 months after surgery. The only significant predictor of logMAR at 12 months after surgery was preoperative PDI (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Preoperative PDI was most significantly correlated with postoperative BCVA. These results suggest that PDI is a novel parameter predicting visual outcome after surgery in eyes with ERM.

title: Foveal Photoreceptor Deformation as a Significant Predictor of Postoperative Visual Outcome in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of computed tomographic (CT) scans in differentiating mild from severe forms of @entity1 is well established. Nonetheless, in @entity0 with a severe form of the disease, some will have a relatively uneventful course while others will have severe complications. This prospective, multicenter study was done to evaluate the prognostic value of early CT scan in a homogenous group of @entity0 with a first attack of severe @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: Dynamic CT scans were performed within 48 hours after admission. A standardized form was completed for each CT scan, recording the following data: abnormal enhancement of the pancreas itself, characteristics of extrapancreatic collections, and visualization of the portal and splenic veins. Statistical analysis was based on the log rank test and Cox's model and used death and abscess occurrence as the two end points. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-eight @entity0 from 46 centers were included in the study. The median Ranson and Imrie scores were 3 and 4, respectively. Forty-seven @entity0 died and 72 had an abscess. The CT scan findings indicating an increase in mortality rate were nonenhancement of the neck of the pancreas (p = 0.04) and extrapancreatic collections within the left (p = 0.001) and right (p = 0.02) pararenal posterior spaces. The risk of abscess increased when there was nonvisualization of the splenic vein (p = 0.0001), in the presence of extrapancreatic collections in the right pararenal posterior space (p = 0.03) and when the extrapancreatic collections were heterogenous (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the location of extrapancreatic collections and nonvisualization of the splenic and portal veins on CT scans were not previously recognized prognostic factors of complicated outcome in @entity0 with severe @entity1 .

title: Prognostic value of early computed tomographic scans in severe XXXX . French Association for Surgical Research.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Test ventilating prior to administration of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in order to avoid a cannot intubate-cannot ventilate situation is a classic anesthesia teaching. The primary aim of our study was to show that facemask ventilation ( @entity2 ) after @entity1 was not inferior to @entity2 prior to @entity1 with respect to exhaled gas volumes before and after their administration. METHODS: This study was approved by the University of Washington @entity0 Subjects Division (Seattle, Washington, USA). Written informed consent was obtained from all @entity0 . Measurements of tidal volume (Vte) as well as other respiratory parameters during @entity2 were made for 60 s after induction of anesthesia and again after @entity1 . Difficult, impossible, inadequate, and dead-space only mask ventilation was graded using published definitions. Difficult intubation was defined as >2 attempts at intubation. The primary outcome was non-inferiority in Vte during both study periods defined as a mean difference of <50 mL. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess for interaction between operator experience, @entity0 risk factors for difficult mask ventilation, exhaled volumes, and use of airway adjuncts. RESULTS: Two-hundred and ten @entity0 were studied. Overall, @entity2 improved after NMBD. The mean (SD) Vte in mL/breath increased from 399 (169) to 428 (166) (mean dif. 30 mL, p   =   0.001) and the minute ventilation in L/min from 5.6 (2.5) to 6.3 (2.5) (mean dif. 0.6, p   <   0.001). No @entity0 who was difficult to ventilate after induction became impossible after @entity1 . DISCUSSION: In @entity0 at risk for or judged to be a difficult @entity2 by clinical grading scales, tidal volumes improved after administration of NMBDs. None of these @entity0 exhibited a decline in ventilation or became impossible to ventilate after NMBDs. Several limitations are noted, including the use of hand-delivered breaths and inability to account for time-related changes in ventilation conditions independent of NMBDs. CONCLUSION: We conclude that @entity2 is no worse after @entity1 than before and is likely to improve airway conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02237443 . Registered August 28, 2014.

title: Ventilation by mask before and after the administration of XXXX : a pragmatic non-inferiority trial.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Considerable progress has been made in illuminating the pathological events for @entity4 ( @entity4 )-related progressive @entity2 . The molecular events that lead to @entity4 -related progressive @entity2 need to be defined. Some important genes have been identified from a recent study in @entity0 . We aim to construct and compare the similarities and differences of molecular pathways between @entity4 -related progressive @entity2 and normal lungs of @entity0 and @entity1 . METHODS: We used the analytical approach of association of key genes in @entity4 -related progressive @entity2 . We first identified the probes for genes of @entity4 -related progressive @entity2 and analyzed the pathways in @entity0 lung using data generated by microarray. We then analyzed the gene pathways in @entity1 lung for similar sets of probes. Gene expression data from livers were used to compare with that in lung in both @entity0 and @entity1 . RESULTS: Our analysis indicated that, in @entity0 , the expression levels of genes for macrophage activation are more strongly associated with each other than that in @entity1 . In both @entity0 and @entity1 , the associations of these genes are much greater in the lung than that in the liver. The association in gene expression between @entity0 and @entity1 are similar for IFN-regulated genes and profibrotic/ @entity3 -regulated genes. CONCLUSION: Our analysis reveals the differences and similarities of the network of key genes between @entity0 and @entity1 during the molecular processes that eventually lead to @entity2 in the lung.

title: Molecular network of important genes for @entity4 -related progressive XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Considerable progress has been made in illuminating the pathological events for @entity4 ( @entity4 )-related progressive @entity2 . The molecular events that lead to @entity4 -related progressive @entity2 need to be defined. Some important genes have been identified from a recent study in @entity0 . We aim to construct and compare the similarities and differences of molecular pathways between @entity4 -related progressive @entity2 and normal lungs of @entity0 and @entity1 . METHODS: We used the analytical approach of association of key genes in @entity4 -related progressive @entity2 . We first identified the probes for genes of @entity4 -related progressive @entity2 and analyzed the pathways in @entity0 lung using data generated by microarray. We then analyzed the gene pathways in @entity1 lung for similar sets of probes. Gene expression data from livers were used to compare with that in lung in both @entity0 and @entity1 . RESULTS: Our analysis indicated that, in @entity0 , the expression levels of genes for macrophage activation are more strongly associated with each other than that in @entity1 . In both @entity0 and @entity1 , the associations of these genes are much greater in the lung than that in the liver. The association in gene expression between @entity0 and @entity1 are similar for IFN-regulated genes and profibrotic/ @entity3 -regulated genes. CONCLUSION: Our analysis reveals the differences and similarities of the network of key genes between @entity0 and @entity1 during the molecular processes that eventually lead to @entity2 in the lung.

title: Molecular network of important genes for XXXX -related progressive @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity16 ( @entity16 ) is an uncommon, benign, non-neoplastic, lymphoproliferative disease of uncertain etiology. Here, we report 6 cases of @entity2 in China. All @entity0 exhibited @entity15 ( @entity10 ) with involvement of the mediastinum, neck, bilateral axillary, and bilateral inguinal regions. Clinical manifestations included @entity4 , @entity11 , @entity1 , and swollen lymph nodes. Laboratory examinations of all 6 @entity0 found @entity8 or @entity3 . Two of the @entity0 were diagnosed with @entity6 , and 4 @entity0 were diagnosed with plasma cell type @entity16 . The case 1 and case 4 @entity0 had mesangial proliferative @entity7 , case 3 had type I membranoproliferative @entity7 , case 2 and case 5 had @entity13 , and case 6 had @entity2 . Three @entity0 were treated with @entity5 plus @entity9 , 1 @entity0 received @entity14 therapy ( @entity9 , @entity12 and @entity5 ), and 2 @entity0 received @entity14 therapy supplemented by small doses of radiation therapy delivered to local lymph nodes. In all cases, the clinical manifestations of @entity10 , including @entity4 , @entity11 , @entity1 , swollen lymph nodes, and @entity8 , were alleviated or abolished by treatment. One @entity0 responded to treatment with @entity10 , and another 4 @entity0 survived. However, 1 @entity0 died due to @entity3 . In conclusion, common diagnosis and treatment techniques are suitable for @entity2 . However, treatment efficacy might be difficult to predict, and some cases may have poor prognosis with this treatment strategy. Therefore, additional studies investigating @entity2 and treatment outcomes in larger @entity0 populations are needed.

title: Report of six XXXX -associated @entity16 cases.

answer: @entity2


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity16 ( @entity16 ) is an uncommon, benign, non-neoplastic, lymphoproliferative disease of uncertain etiology. Here, we report 6 cases of @entity2 in China. All @entity0 exhibited @entity15 ( @entity10 ) with involvement of the mediastinum, neck, bilateral axillary, and bilateral inguinal regions. Clinical manifestations included @entity4 , @entity11 , @entity1 , and swollen lymph nodes. Laboratory examinations of all 6 @entity0 found @entity8 or @entity3 . Two of the @entity0 were diagnosed with @entity6 , and 4 @entity0 were diagnosed with plasma cell type @entity16 . The case 1 and case 4 @entity0 had mesangial proliferative @entity7 , case 3 had type I membranoproliferative @entity7 , case 2 and case 5 had @entity13 , and case 6 had @entity2 . Three @entity0 were treated with @entity5 plus @entity9 , 1 @entity0 received @entity14 therapy ( @entity9 , @entity12 and @entity5 ), and 2 @entity0 received @entity14 therapy supplemented by small doses of radiation therapy delivered to local lymph nodes. In all cases, the clinical manifestations of @entity10 , including @entity4 , @entity11 , @entity1 , swollen lymph nodes, and @entity8 , were alleviated or abolished by treatment. One @entity0 responded to treatment with @entity10 , and another 4 @entity0 survived. However, 1 @entity0 died due to @entity3 . In conclusion, common diagnosis and treatment techniques are suitable for @entity2 . However, treatment efficacy might be difficult to predict, and some cases may have poor prognosis with this treatment strategy. Therefore, additional studies investigating @entity2 and treatment outcomes in larger @entity0 populations are needed.

title: Report of six @entity2 -associated XXXX cases.

answer: @entity16


abstract: This paper contains the details of a new technique for measuring the mechanical phase constants of transverse waves in @entity0 tibia, in vivo. The measurements are made in the frequency range from 100 to 1000 Hz. The importance of these measurements is that healthy tibia has quite small phase delays along the bone at these frequencies. On the other hand, a @entity1 has a large phase delay at the @entity1 site. This paper establishes a set of typical phase delays for a range of tibia so that subsequent measurements on @entity1 @entity0 can be interpreted. It contains a description of the method of measuring the phase delay and a detailed analysis of errors. In particular, it includes an account of the phase delay through the soft tissues as well as the bone and how the former can be eliminated. It is not an exhaustive account of this topic but contains sufficient results to show that the measurements can be made relatively easily. Finally, there is a theoretical model which can be used to predict the phase shift. However, in order to use the model various other measurements are necessary and a direct measurement of phase is easier than using a model.

title: In vivo measurements of the phase constants of transverse mechanical waves in a XXXX tibia from 100 to 1000 Hz.

answer: @entity0


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Objective   The aim of the study is to evaluate the association of @entity2 metabolism and respiratory gene polymorphisms in neonates exposed to antenatal @entity1 (ACS) with respiratory outcomes, small for gestational age (SGA), and response to repeat ACS. Study Design   This candidate gene study is a secondary analysis of @entity0 enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of single versus weekly courses of ACS. Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 13 @entity2 metabolism and respiratory function genes were evaluated. DNA was extracted from placenta or fetal cord serum and analyzed with TaqMan genotyping. Each SNP was evaluated for association via logistic regression with @entity3 ( @entity3 ), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)/ventilator use ( @entity8 ), and SGA. Results   @entity5 , @entity4 , and @entity7 minor alleles were associated with an increased risk of SGA. @entity6 and @entity9 minor alleles were associated with an increased likelihood of @entity3 . Carriage of minor alleles in SerpinA6 was associated with an increased risk of @entity8 . @entity4 and @entity7 minor alleles were associated with a decreased likelihood of @entity8 . Conclusion   @entity2 metabolism and respiratory gene SNPs are associated with respiratory outcomes and SGA in @entity0 exposed to ACS. Risks for respiratory outcomes are affected by minor allele carriage as well as by treatment with multiple ACS.

title: Neonatal Genetic Variation in XXXX Metabolism and Key Respiratory Function Genes and Perinatal Outcomes in Single and Multiple Courses of Corticosteroids.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transanal local excision has recently received attention as an alternative to radical surgery for early @entity2 . Recurrence usually occurs within 5 years after surgery, but recurrences later than this have also been reported. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors of recurrence in @entity0 who have early @entity2 10 years after transanal local excision. DESIGN: @entity0 with early @entity2 who underwent transanal local excision from October 1994 to December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. We reviewed the demographics and clinicopathologic features of primary lesions and analyzed the incidence and risk factors of recurrence. SETTINGS: This investigation was conducted at a tertiary university hospital. @entity0 : A total of 295 @entity0 who underwent transanal local excision for pTis (n = 155) or @entity4 (n = 140) early @entity2 were included in the analysis. INTERVENTION: Transanal local excision was performed for each @entity0 to excise primary @entity3 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary end point of this study was the incidence of recurrence, especially late recurrence. The secondary end point was risk factors for recurrence. RESULTS: The 10-year cumulative local recurrence rate was 6.7% in pTis and 18.0% in @entity4 @entity0 . The rate of late local recurrence was 2.8% in pTis and 3.7% in @entity4 @entity0 . There was no evidence of late systemic recurrence 5 years after transanal local excision. In @entity4 @entity0 , a higher risk of recurrence was associated with an invasion depth of sm3, the presence of @entity1 , and a positive resection margin. LIMITATION: The main limitation of this study is its retrospective nature. CONCLUSIONS: Late recurrence can occur in @entity0 with early @entity2 who have undergone transanal local excision. Transanal local excision can be performed in selective @entity0 with biologically favorable @entity2 , and 10-year postoperative surveillance should be considered for these @entity0 .

title: Features of Late Recurrence Following Transanal Local Excision for Early XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: In normothermic 53 mongrel @entity2 complete cerebral circulatory arrest for 8 to 10 min was produced with @entity3 balloon catheter and followed by blood recirculation of the brain for 2 hrs. Local cerebral blood flow in 11 different regions were measured before and after @entity1 using radioactive labelled microspheres (15 +/- 3 micrometers). Before @entity1 , regional blood flow rates within the brain varied between 26.1 +/- 5.8 and 61.3 +/- 7.9 ml/100 g/min (mean +/- SD). Reactive @entity4 was present in the brain 8 to 15 min after the beginning of the recirculation. Local cerebral blood flow rates increased two to ten times above the control flow, more increased in brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus and basal ganglia. Regional cerebral blood flow returned to or slightly below normal 30 min after @entity1 , and subsequently decreased 60 to 120 min after @entity1 . At 120 min after @entity1 local cerebral blood flow rates decreased 40 to 60% of the control flow in cerebral cortices and basal ganglia, 70 to 90% of control flow in subcortical @entity0 and brain stem. With these result: 1) There is considerable redistribution and inhomogeneity of of flow rates within the brain after @entity5 for 8 to 10 min. 2) It is indicated that low flow rates of the brain 60 to 120 min after @entity1 can not maintain the nutritive blood flow in some cerebral regions, especially in cerebral cortices and basal ganglia. Farther more it may be resulted in secondary brain tissue damage. 3) It is suggested that post-ischemic recirculation may be a factor in the genesis of "selective vulnerability." 4) The inhomogeneity of regional cerebral blood flow rates can be associated with the animal species of the @entity2 .

title: [Changes of regional cerebral blood flow after XXXX (author's transl)].

answer: @entity5


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity9 ( @entity9 ) is a rare @entity3 caused by the bacteria @entity10 . In its classic form, it manifests with @entity6 including @entity5 , @entity8 , and @entity7 . However, various other systems can be affected, including the central nervous system (CNS). Even more rarely, the CNS is primarily affected without @entity6 and with a negative small bowel biopsy. The incidence of primary CNS @entity9 is unknown. We report the case of a young female with the primary CNS form of @entity9 . In this report, we highlight the main clinical features and diagnostic procedures that lead to the diagnosis and comment on the treatment and clinical response. We stress the importance of neuroimaging and brain biopsy. A unique feature of this case is that the @entity0 has been followed up for 12 years. At the time of diagnosis, no neurological manifestations were detected, although @entity1 in the right temporal lobe and hypothalamic infiltration were present on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The first neurological manifestations developed 2 years later despite recommended antibiotic treatment, with @entity2 developing more than 10 years later. According to the MRI findings and clinical course, the disease was active for several years when @entity4 on MRI appeared despite antibiotic therapy. In the discussion, we compare the present case with similar cases previously reported and we elaborate on the similarities and discrepancies in clinical features, diagnostic procedures, results, and treatment options.

title: Primary XXXX : case report with long-term clinical and MRI follow-up.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to profile over a 24 h period the prolactin responses of exercise-trained @entity0 on a day involving rest with no exercise in comparison to a day involving exercise training sessions. METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental design study using repeated measures determination of 24 h prolactin responses in exercise-trained @entity0 (n = 16; age = 27.3   3.3 years (mean    standard deviation)). Blood samples were taken hourly over a 24 h period on a day involving two intensive exercise training sessions ( @entity2 ), and on a separate @entity1 ( @entity1 ) with no exercise activity. The order of the @entity2 and @entity1 was randomized. Physical activity and diet were controlled and replicated for the @entity2 and @entity1 . Blood specimens were handled, prepared and analyzed utilizing appropriate standard clinical practices. The data were analyzed with the Friedman analysis of variance and Nemenyi post hoc statistical procedure for repeated measures. RESULTS: On the @entity1 , prolactin displayed a typical circadian rhythm with daytime values of the hormone being less than the nocturnal rise once sleep had begun (p < 0.05; 16:00-20:00 h > all other times). On the @entity2 , prolactin responses were noticeably different from those of the @entity1 . The morning and afternoon exercise sessions included significant increases in prolactin immediately at the end of the exercise sessions, being greater than corresponding @entity1 time points (p < 0.01; 01:00 h and 10:00 h); also for the second hour (2 h) following the morning exercise session. On the @entity2 there was a displayed circadian nocturnal response in the hormone with 16:00-24:00 h being elevated above the all nonexercise effected values for that specific day (p < 0.01). Finally, the @entity2 nocturnal elevation for prolactin for 16:00-24:00 h was significantly greater than the same respective hours on the @entity1 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Findings clearly demonstrated that nocturnal prolactin responses are augmented in exercise-trained @entity0 on days when they perform exercise. The mechanisms inducing this adaptive response are unclear but warrant further investigation.

title: Exercise augments the nocturnal prolactin rise in exercise-trained XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The objective of this work was to analyse the course of maternal disease and fetal outcome in pregnant @entity0 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) counselled and followed according to a protocol intended to optimize maternal and fetal outcome. The prospective study included all pregnancies between 1987 and 1993 in @entity4 @entity0 known at least 6 months before pregnancy at the Lupus Clinic of our hospital. In 25 @entity0 there were 35 pregnancies. Thirty-four (97%) started at sustained remission of disease; 11 (31%) were in women with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL); 14 (40%) in @entity0 with a history of biopsy-proven @entity7 ; one (3% in a @entity0 with a serum @entity3 above 125 mumol/l. In 29 pregnancies (82%) maternal disease remained inactive during gestation. In three pregnancies (9%) active disease was treated with @entity2 . There were no serious post-partum flares of disease. Pregnancy resulted in 25 (71%) live births, 8 (23%) first trimester abortions, and one @entity8 . One pregnancy was terminated because of @entity5 . Nine of 25 (36%) live births were delivered by caesarean section. For 6 of 9 (67%) caesarean sections the indication was fetal distress and @entity6 . In the majority of @entity0 with @entity4 who conceive at remission, the disease does not flare in pregnancy. With optimal obstetric care, close follow-up and treatment with low-dose @entity1 if aPL are present, a high success rate (71%) can be achieved.

title: Pregnancy in XXXX : a prospective study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: We described five @entity0 in whom pulmonary @entity2 was histologically confirmed during life. Pulmonary symptoms dominated the clinical presentation in three @entity0 , and one @entity0 had a 5-year history of pulmonary @entity2 controlled by @entity5 . Radiologic features were nonspecific. Most @entity0 had bilateral reticulonodular or fluffy infiltrates. Recurrent @entity6 in one @entity0 was manifest by bilateral pulmonary nodules. Pathologically, @entity6 by @entity2 followed the normal lymphatic pathways of the lung along bronchovascular rays, in interlobular septa, and within the pleura. Unusual features included marked @entity1 and @entity4 out of proportion to the degree of infiltration, and in one case, the marked predilection fo the infiltrate to occlude small airways (" @entity2 "). Three @entity0 had microscopic nondestructive nodules adjacent to lymphatics. A pulmonary recurrent in one @entity0 was composed of large monomorphous nodules with central @entity3 and prominent vascular infiltration by malignant cells. The pulmonary infiltrate of @entity2 was often heterogeneous, and included variable numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells intermingled with alveolar macrophages and metaplastic alveolar lining cells. The cytologic features of the infiltrate varied from benign to pleomorphic and obviously malignant. Histologic features which may obscure the correct diagnosis, as they did initially in three of our cases, include: malignant histiocytic bronchiolitis, marked @entity1 and @entity4 ; the heterogeneous cellular infiltrate; and in one case, benign cytologic features. The most valuable initial clue to the correct diagnosis was the tendency of the infiltrates to follow lymphatics of the lung.

title: XXXX of @entity2 : a clinicopathologic spectrum.

answer: @entity6


abstract: We described five @entity0 in whom pulmonary @entity2 was histologically confirmed during life. Pulmonary symptoms dominated the clinical presentation in three @entity0 , and one @entity0 had a 5-year history of pulmonary @entity2 controlled by @entity5 . Radiologic features were nonspecific. Most @entity0 had bilateral reticulonodular or fluffy infiltrates. Recurrent @entity6 in one @entity0 was manifest by bilateral pulmonary nodules. Pathologically, @entity6 by @entity2 followed the normal lymphatic pathways of the lung along bronchovascular rays, in interlobular septa, and within the pleura. Unusual features included marked @entity1 and @entity4 out of proportion to the degree of infiltration, and in one case, the marked predilection fo the infiltrate to occlude small airways (" @entity2 "). Three @entity0 had microscopic nondestructive nodules adjacent to lymphatics. A pulmonary recurrent in one @entity0 was composed of large monomorphous nodules with central @entity3 and prominent vascular infiltration by malignant cells. The pulmonary infiltrate of @entity2 was often heterogeneous, and included variable numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells intermingled with alveolar macrophages and metaplastic alveolar lining cells. The cytologic features of the infiltrate varied from benign to pleomorphic and obviously malignant. Histologic features which may obscure the correct diagnosis, as they did initially in three of our cases, include: malignant histiocytic bronchiolitis, marked @entity1 and @entity4 ; the heterogeneous cellular infiltrate; and in one case, benign cytologic features. The most valuable initial clue to the correct diagnosis was the tendency of the infiltrates to follow lymphatics of the lung.

title: @entity6 of XXXX : a clinicopathologic spectrum.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ophthalmological symptoms, particularly @entity6 and transient visual obscuration as well as pulsatile head and ear noises are hallmarks of @entity8 also known as @entity9 cerebri. DIAGNOSTICS AND COURSE: Pronounced asymmetrical and unilateral @entity6 are common occurrences in @entity0 with @entity8 . Distension of the optic nerve sheath indicates @entity3 , which need to be confirmed by lumbar puncture. The presence of @entity6 indicates @entity3 but its absence does not exceed it. Previous and long-standing @entity6 obviously induces changes of the optic disc which prevent the further development of major disc swelling. The development of @entity2 can mimic a regression of @entity6 . In cases of marked @entity6 @entity2 may be caused by nonarteritic, @entity5 or @entity4 . @entity2 is present in the vast majority of cases of pronounced chronic @entity6 and is an indication of long-standing @entity3 . Most @entity0 with @entity9 cerebri and @entity6 show only mild @entity2 , such as an enlarged blind spot and/or relatively mild @entity1 , which regress after reduction of the intracranial pressure. Some @entity0 , however, experience a relatively rapid progression of substantial @entity2 and @entity7 requiring immediate and effective medicinal treatment. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmological symptoms are frequently key criteria for @entity8 . More attention should be paid to these signs and the diagnostic approach should be multidisciplinary.

title: [Ophthalmological symptoms of XXXX : Importance for diagnosis and clinical course].

answer: @entity8


abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate by a computed tomography (CT) the Hounsfield unit (H.U.) of the thyroid in @entity1 and euthyroid @entity2 and destructive @entity2 . The mean thyroid CT number in 95 controls was 122 +/- 18 H.U. (+/- SD) and did not change significantly with advancing age. The mean thyroid CT number (+/- SD) of 85 +/- 22 H.U. in 60 @entity0 with @entity2 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than either in normal controls or 116 +/- 22 H.U. in 11 @entity0 with euthyroid @entity2 (P < 0.001). Comparison of thyroid hormones and TSH receptor Ab values of untreated @entity0 with a normal and an abnormally low thyroid CT number showed that serum total and free T3 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the latter group than in the former group. With respect to the effect of @entity4 ( @entity3 ) on the thyroid CT number, in the untreated 10 @entity0 with a low thyroid CT number, the initial mean CT number was 65 +/- 11 H.U. and increased significantly (P < 0.05) to 76 +/- 14 H.U. after treatment with @entity3 . In contrast, in 6 @entity0 with a normal thyroid CT number prior to therapy, the initial mean thyroid CT number was 102 +/- 11 H.U. and fell significantly (P < 0.05) to 84 +/- 16 H.U. after treatment with @entity3 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Clinical studies on thyroid CT number in @entity2 and destructive XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate by a computed tomography (CT) the Hounsfield unit (H.U.) of the thyroid in @entity1 and euthyroid @entity2 and destructive @entity2 . The mean thyroid CT number in 95 controls was 122 +/- 18 H.U. (+/- SD) and did not change significantly with advancing age. The mean thyroid CT number (+/- SD) of 85 +/- 22 H.U. in 60 @entity0 with @entity2 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than either in normal controls or 116 +/- 22 H.U. in 11 @entity0 with euthyroid @entity2 (P < 0.001). Comparison of thyroid hormones and TSH receptor Ab values of untreated @entity0 with a normal and an abnormally low thyroid CT number showed that serum total and free T3 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the latter group than in the former group. With respect to the effect of @entity4 ( @entity3 ) on the thyroid CT number, in the untreated 10 @entity0 with a low thyroid CT number, the initial mean CT number was 65 +/- 11 H.U. and increased significantly (P < 0.05) to 76 +/- 14 H.U. after treatment with @entity3 . In contrast, in 6 @entity0 with a normal thyroid CT number prior to therapy, the initial mean thyroid CT number was 102 +/- 11 H.U. and fell significantly (P < 0.05) to 84 +/- 16 H.U. after treatment with @entity3 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Clinical studies on thyroid CT number in XXXX and destructive @entity2 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: We review the 35 cases with @entity3 associated with pregnancy including our own 3 cases in the Japanese literature from 1958 to 1993. In a total of 35 cases, the overall maternal mortality rate was 11% and the fetal loss 22%. Recently, after 1981, the maternal mortality rate and the fetal loss were significantly reduced to one @entity0 (6%). Although antepartum diagnosis of @entity3 was made in only 32% of the @entity0 , maternal mortality was reduced to zero and fetal loss to 18%. An initial diagnosis of @entity4 of pregnancy was made in 17 @entity0 (49%) and of @entity3 in 10 @entity0 (29%). A diagnosis of @entity3 was made before delivery in 11 @entity0 (31%), after delivery in 22 @entity0 (63%), at autopsy in one @entity0 (3%), and unknown in one @entity0 (3%). The symptoms mostly suggestive of @entity3 were paroxysmal @entity2 in 27 (77%) of the 35 @entity0 . The clinical symptoms generally appeared in the third trimester in 23 @entity0 (66%). @entity3 is a rare disease, but a high index of clinical suspicion must be kept in mind and @entity3 must be listed in the differential diagnosis of @entity2 associated with pregnancy. Recently, abdominal ultrasound study and MR imaging can be used to localize the @entity1 during the antepartum period. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, alpha-blockade is essential and beta-blockade may be required. In the first and second trimesters, @entity1 resection has a good fetal outcome; in later pregnancy, delivery by elective caesarean section followed by @entity1 resection is recommended.

title: XXXX in pregnancy: a review of the Japanese literature.

answer: @entity3


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We aimed to describe the clinico-radiological findings of @entity0 with disorders of diencephalic-mesencephalic junction (DMJ) formation and midbrain anteroposterior patterning. METHODS: We reviewed the DMJ anatomy of 445 @entity0 with @entity2 . Associated supra/infratentorial abnormalities and clinical findings were noted. Craniocaudal and anteroposterior diameters of midbrain, pons, medulla, vermis, and transverse cerebellar diameter were compared with age-matched controls. Post hoc tests were corrected according to Bonferroni (p B). RESULTS: Two patterns of @entity7 were identified in 12 @entity0 (7 females, mean age 41  months). Type A was characterized by hypothalamic-mesencephalic fusion on axial plane, with possible midbrain ventral cleft (7 @entity0 ). Anteroposterior (p B   =   .006) and craniocaudal (p B   =   .027) diameters of the pons, craniocaudal diameter of the vermis (p B   =   .015), and transverse cerebellar diameter (p B   =   .011) were smaller than the controls. Corticospinal tract, basal ganglia, and commissural anomalies were also associated. Clinical findings included @entity8 , @entity6 , @entity5 , and severe @entity4 . Type B was characterized by incomplete thalamic-mesencephalic cleavage on sagittal plane, with parenchymal bands connecting the interthalamic adhesion with the midbrain (five @entity0 ). Anteroposterior diameters of midbrain (p B   =   .002), pons (p B   =   .0004), and medulla (p B   =   .002) as well as the vermian anteroposterior (p B   =   .040) and craniocaudal diameters (p B   =   .014) were smaller than the controls. These @entity0 were @entity1 , most presenting mild @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: The spectrum of DMJ patterning defects is wide and may be associated with several @entity2 . Infratentorial brain structures should be carefully evaluated to better define the type of associated @entity3 .

title: Expanding the spectrum of XXXX of the diencephalic-mesencephalic junction.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Detection of lifestyle risk factors by GPs is the first step required for intervention. Despite significant investment in preventive health care in general practice, little is known about whether GP detection of lifestyle risk factors have improved over time. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether sensitivity and specificity of GP detection of smoking, risky @entity2 consumption and overweight and @entity1 has increased in @entity0 presenting to see their GP, by comparing results from four Australian studies conducted between 1982 and 2011. METHODS: Demographic characteristics of @entity0 and GP samples and the prevalence, sensitivity and specificity of detection of each risk factor were extracted from published studies. Differences between GP and @entity0 sample characteristics were examined. To identify trends over time in prevalence of risk factors, sensitivity and specificity of detection across studies and the Cochran-Armitage test for trend were calculated for each risk factor for the overall sample and by male and female subgroups. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant changes in the sensitivity of GP detection of smoking or overweight or @entity1 over time. Specificity of detection of smoking increased from 64.7% to 98% (P < 0.0001) and decreased for overweight or @entity1 from 92% to 89% (P = 0.01). There was a small decrease in the sensitivity of detection of @entity2 consumption (P = 0.02) and an increase in specificity (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant investment to increase GP detection and intervention for lifestyle risk factors, accurate detection of smoking, risky @entity2 consumption and overweight and @entity1 occurs for less than two-thirds of all @entity0 .

title: Is identification of smoking, risky XXXX consumption and overweight and @entity1 by General Practitioner's improving? A comparison over time.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Detection of lifestyle risk factors by GPs is the first step required for intervention. Despite significant investment in preventive health care in general practice, little is known about whether GP detection of lifestyle risk factors have improved over time. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether sensitivity and specificity of GP detection of smoking, risky @entity2 consumption and overweight and @entity1 has increased in @entity0 presenting to see their GP, by comparing results from four Australian studies conducted between 1982 and 2011. METHODS: Demographic characteristics of @entity0 and GP samples and the prevalence, sensitivity and specificity of detection of each risk factor were extracted from published studies. Differences between GP and @entity0 sample characteristics were examined. To identify trends over time in prevalence of risk factors, sensitivity and specificity of detection across studies and the Cochran-Armitage test for trend were calculated for each risk factor for the overall sample and by male and female subgroups. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant changes in the sensitivity of GP detection of smoking or overweight or @entity1 over time. Specificity of detection of smoking increased from 64.7% to 98% (P < 0.0001) and decreased for overweight or @entity1 from 92% to 89% (P = 0.01). There was a small decrease in the sensitivity of detection of @entity2 consumption (P = 0.02) and an increase in specificity (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant investment to increase GP detection and intervention for lifestyle risk factors, accurate detection of smoking, risky @entity2 consumption and overweight and @entity1 occurs for less than two-thirds of all @entity0 .

title: Is identification of smoking, risky @entity2 consumption and overweight and XXXX by General Practitioner's improving? A comparison over time.

answer: @entity1


abstract: A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay is described for @entity0 in neonatal plasma. Samples (100 microliters) were extracted with @entity1 (1.0 ml) containing 50 ng of @entity4 . The mobile phase of @entity3 -0.01 M @entity2 buffer (pH 7.0) (45:55, v/v) was pumped at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min through an Ultrasphere ODS column (5.0 microns particles). Detection was by UV absorbance at 240 nm. Calibration plots were linear (r2 > 0.999) from 10-1000 ng/ml. Within-day and between-day precision (C.V.%, coefficient of variation) between 15-900 ng/ml was 1.21-20.6%. Inaccuracy was 7.7%, or less. The minimum quantifiable concentration (C.V. approximately 20%) was 15 ng/ml. Recovery (20-1000 ng/ml) exceeded 75%. Concomitant neonatal medication did not interfere.

title: Determination of XXXX in plasma of premature neonates using high-performance liquid chromatography.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Twenty four @entity0 with @entity1 due to @entity2 were operated on by the anterior approach. They all received anterior cervical discectomy and/or osteophytes resection with the operating microscope, without fusion. There were no deaths and no one deteriorated after surgery. The results in the 21 @entity0 with a year or more of post-operative follow-up are described. Seven had a congenital narrow canal associated with discopathy, with a history of up to 9 years. In 6, the @entity1 improved, in 2, dramatically. One @entity0 had no change. The other 14 @entity0 had a normal cervical canal. Eight had an excellent result, and only one did not improve. The @entity0 with a narrow canal were a little worse than those with a normal canal, but both groups are not quite comparable. More experience is needed, but the evidence suggest that the anterior approach give good results in @entity2 with discopathy associated with narrow canal, without mortality or @entity3 .

title: [Surgery by anterior approach in XXXX with a narrow canal].

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: Arterial spin-labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI, a noninvasive method of assessing cerebral blood flow, is becoming a diagnostic tool of @entity2 . This study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic validity of ASL in @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in a periictal state. METHOD: Twenty cases with @entity1 were studied. @entity0 were imaged at a 3T MRI including ASL and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and were also examined using electroencephalography (EEG). The abnormal findings of ASL were compared with those obtained from DWI and EEG. RESULT: Focal hyperperfusion was found in the cortical territory of 13 cases (65%). In 10 of those 13 cases, the ASL hyperperfusion region corresponded to DWI high intensity and EEG abnormality. Two cases showed hyperperfusion corresponding to EEG abnormalities in ASL despite the absence of high intensity in DWI. The remaining single case showed hyperperfusion in ASL despite the absence of high intensity in DWI and EEG abnormalities. Hyperperfusion in the subcortical territory was observed in the ipsilateral thalamus in three cases and in the contralateral cerebellum in one case. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ASL is a useful tool to diagnose @entity1 and localization of the @entity2 focus.

title: Usefulness of arterial spin-labeling images in periictal state diagnosis of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: A 27-yr-old @entity0 was referred for evaluation of @entity6 and @entity11 . She had undergone left adrenalectomy at 12 and right adrenalectomy at 17 for @entity3 due to @entity13 . At this time a @entity4 was found by brain computerized tomography, but plasma levels of @entity7 ( @entity7 ), @entity12 (PRL) and @entity10 (ACTH) were normal. When she was 23, symptoms and signs of @entity6 and subsequently @entity14 - @entity8 had developed. Plasma @entity7 and PRL were increased and she was followed up by the administration of @entity9 (2.5 mg-12.5 mg/day, p.o.). However the plasma @entity7 level had been increasing gradually. On admission, plasma @entity7 and PRL were high (19.5 micrograms/L, 61.0 micrograms/L, respectively) and increased in response to @entity15 ( @entity5 , 500 micrograms i.v.). An intrasella mass, which had been detected when she was 17, had become enlarged and was removed by Hardy's operation. Microscopically, the resected @entity1 was an @entity2 . Immunohistochemical studies showed @entity7 , PRL and ACTH positive cells localized in the @entity1 . Immunoultrastructural analysis of the @entity1 confirmed that @entity7 , PRL and ACTH were present in secretory granules and Golgi apparatus in the @entity1 cells. The @entity0 was a rare case of @entity6 with @entity11 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy of @entity3 due to @entity13 , all of which manifestations may be caused by a @entity7 , PRL and ACTH secreting @entity4 .

title: XXXX with @entity11 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy in a @entity0 with @entity3 due to @entity13 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: A 27-yr-old @entity0 was referred for evaluation of @entity6 and @entity11 . She had undergone left adrenalectomy at 12 and right adrenalectomy at 17 for @entity3 due to @entity13 . At this time a @entity4 was found by brain computerized tomography, but plasma levels of @entity7 ( @entity7 ), @entity12 (PRL) and @entity10 (ACTH) were normal. When she was 23, symptoms and signs of @entity6 and subsequently @entity14 - @entity8 had developed. Plasma @entity7 and PRL were increased and she was followed up by the administration of @entity9 (2.5 mg-12.5 mg/day, p.o.). However the plasma @entity7 level had been increasing gradually. On admission, plasma @entity7 and PRL were high (19.5 micrograms/L, 61.0 micrograms/L, respectively) and increased in response to @entity15 ( @entity5 , 500 micrograms i.v.). An intrasella mass, which had been detected when she was 17, had become enlarged and was removed by Hardy's operation. Microscopically, the resected @entity1 was an @entity2 . Immunohistochemical studies showed @entity7 , PRL and ACTH positive cells localized in the @entity1 . Immunoultrastructural analysis of the @entity1 confirmed that @entity7 , PRL and ACTH were present in secretory granules and Golgi apparatus in the @entity1 cells. The @entity0 was a rare case of @entity6 with @entity11 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy of @entity3 due to @entity13 , all of which manifestations may be caused by a @entity7 , PRL and ACTH secreting @entity4 .

title: @entity6 with @entity11 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy in a @entity0 with XXXX due to @entity13 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: A 27-yr-old @entity0 was referred for evaluation of @entity6 and @entity11 . She had undergone left adrenalectomy at 12 and right adrenalectomy at 17 for @entity3 due to @entity13 . At this time a @entity4 was found by brain computerized tomography, but plasma levels of @entity7 ( @entity7 ), @entity12 (PRL) and @entity10 (ACTH) were normal. When she was 23, symptoms and signs of @entity6 and subsequently @entity14 - @entity8 had developed. Plasma @entity7 and PRL were increased and she was followed up by the administration of @entity9 (2.5 mg-12.5 mg/day, p.o.). However the plasma @entity7 level had been increasing gradually. On admission, plasma @entity7 and PRL were high (19.5 micrograms/L, 61.0 micrograms/L, respectively) and increased in response to @entity15 ( @entity5 , 500 micrograms i.v.). An intrasella mass, which had been detected when she was 17, had become enlarged and was removed by Hardy's operation. Microscopically, the resected @entity1 was an @entity2 . Immunohistochemical studies showed @entity7 , PRL and ACTH positive cells localized in the @entity1 . Immunoultrastructural analysis of the @entity1 confirmed that @entity7 , PRL and ACTH were present in secretory granules and Golgi apparatus in the @entity1 cells. The @entity0 was a rare case of @entity6 with @entity11 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy of @entity3 due to @entity13 , all of which manifestations may be caused by a @entity7 , PRL and ACTH secreting @entity4 .

title: @entity6 with @entity11 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy in a @entity0 with @entity3 due to XXXX .

answer: @entity13


abstract: A 27-yr-old @entity0 was referred for evaluation of @entity6 and @entity11 . She had undergone left adrenalectomy at 12 and right adrenalectomy at 17 for @entity3 due to @entity13 . At this time a @entity4 was found by brain computerized tomography, but plasma levels of @entity7 ( @entity7 ), @entity12 (PRL) and @entity10 (ACTH) were normal. When she was 23, symptoms and signs of @entity6 and subsequently @entity14 - @entity8 had developed. Plasma @entity7 and PRL were increased and she was followed up by the administration of @entity9 (2.5 mg-12.5 mg/day, p.o.). However the plasma @entity7 level had been increasing gradually. On admission, plasma @entity7 and PRL were high (19.5 micrograms/L, 61.0 micrograms/L, respectively) and increased in response to @entity15 ( @entity5 , 500 micrograms i.v.). An intrasella mass, which had been detected when she was 17, had become enlarged and was removed by Hardy's operation. Microscopically, the resected @entity1 was an @entity2 . Immunohistochemical studies showed @entity7 , PRL and ACTH positive cells localized in the @entity1 . Immunoultrastructural analysis of the @entity1 confirmed that @entity7 , PRL and ACTH were present in secretory granules and Golgi apparatus in the @entity1 cells. The @entity0 was a rare case of @entity6 with @entity11 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy of @entity3 due to @entity13 , all of which manifestations may be caused by a @entity7 , PRL and ACTH secreting @entity4 .

title: @entity6 with XXXX developed after bilateral adrenalectomy in a @entity0 with @entity3 due to @entity13 .

answer: @entity11


abstract: A 27-yr-old @entity0 was referred for evaluation of @entity6 and @entity11 . She had undergone left adrenalectomy at 12 and right adrenalectomy at 17 for @entity3 due to @entity13 . At this time a @entity4 was found by brain computerized tomography, but plasma levels of @entity7 ( @entity7 ), @entity12 (PRL) and @entity10 (ACTH) were normal. When she was 23, symptoms and signs of @entity6 and subsequently @entity14 - @entity8 had developed. Plasma @entity7 and PRL were increased and she was followed up by the administration of @entity9 (2.5 mg-12.5 mg/day, p.o.). However the plasma @entity7 level had been increasing gradually. On admission, plasma @entity7 and PRL were high (19.5 micrograms/L, 61.0 micrograms/L, respectively) and increased in response to @entity15 ( @entity5 , 500 micrograms i.v.). An intrasella mass, which had been detected when she was 17, had become enlarged and was removed by Hardy's operation. Microscopically, the resected @entity1 was an @entity2 . Immunohistochemical studies showed @entity7 , PRL and ACTH positive cells localized in the @entity1 . Immunoultrastructural analysis of the @entity1 confirmed that @entity7 , PRL and ACTH were present in secretory granules and Golgi apparatus in the @entity1 cells. The @entity0 was a rare case of @entity6 with @entity11 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy of @entity3 due to @entity13 , all of which manifestations may be caused by a @entity7 , PRL and ACTH secreting @entity4 .

title: @entity6 with @entity11 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy in a XXXX with @entity3 due to @entity13 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The cytologic localization and cellular levels of @entity3 receptors in the @entity0 ovary during follicular growth, regression and @entity1 were examined by the avidin/ @entity2 immunoperoxidase techniques with a monoclonal antibody to @entity4 . In primordial follicles, only the oocyte showed a weak immunostaining for @entity4 , whereas the stromal cells surrounding primordial follicles were moderately immunostained. The earliest stage of follicular growth at which immunostaining for @entity4 in granulosa cells and theca interna cells became apparent was the preantral stage. With the increase in the size of the follicles, the immunostaining of the oocyte and follicular elements intensified, whereas the staining intensity of the stromal cells surrounding growing follicles was reduced compared to those surrounding primordial follicles. The immunostaining in granulosa and theca interna cells persisted in the corpus luteum, and further intensified during the midluteal phase. In the regressing corpus luteum, the immunostaining was present only in the peripheral lutein cells adjacent to the central scar tissue. The corpus albicans was negative for the immunostaining, but the surrounding stromal cells exhibited predominant staining. In atretic follicles, the theca interna cells exhibited intense staining for @entity4 without appreciable staining in the scattered granulosa cells, whereas the surrounding stromal cells were moderately immunostained. This is the first study to demonstrate notable changes in @entity4 expression in the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells, lutein cells and surrounding stromal cells during follicular growth, regression and @entity1 . The results obtained indicate @entity3 participation in oocyte maturation, follicular growth and stromal cell function. The increased expression of @entity3 receptors in theca interna cells of atretic follicles and in stromal cells surrounding the corpora albicans raises the intriguing possibility of @entity3 involvement in the transformation of theca interna cells into stromal cells. This implies that @entity3 may participate in remodelling ovarian local tissues following follicular @entity1 and luteolysis in the @entity0 ovary.

title: XXXX expression in follicular and stromal compartments of the @entity0 ovary over the course of follicular growth, regression and @entity1 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The cytologic localization and cellular levels of @entity3 receptors in the @entity0 ovary during follicular growth, regression and @entity1 were examined by the avidin/ @entity2 immunoperoxidase techniques with a monoclonal antibody to @entity4 . In primordial follicles, only the oocyte showed a weak immunostaining for @entity4 , whereas the stromal cells surrounding primordial follicles were moderately immunostained. The earliest stage of follicular growth at which immunostaining for @entity4 in granulosa cells and theca interna cells became apparent was the preantral stage. With the increase in the size of the follicles, the immunostaining of the oocyte and follicular elements intensified, whereas the staining intensity of the stromal cells surrounding growing follicles was reduced compared to those surrounding primordial follicles. The immunostaining in granulosa and theca interna cells persisted in the corpus luteum, and further intensified during the midluteal phase. In the regressing corpus luteum, the immunostaining was present only in the peripheral lutein cells adjacent to the central scar tissue. The corpus albicans was negative for the immunostaining, but the surrounding stromal cells exhibited predominant staining. In atretic follicles, the theca interna cells exhibited intense staining for @entity4 without appreciable staining in the scattered granulosa cells, whereas the surrounding stromal cells were moderately immunostained. This is the first study to demonstrate notable changes in @entity4 expression in the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells, lutein cells and surrounding stromal cells during follicular growth, regression and @entity1 . The results obtained indicate @entity3 participation in oocyte maturation, follicular growth and stromal cell function. The increased expression of @entity3 receptors in theca interna cells of atretic follicles and in stromal cells surrounding the corpora albicans raises the intriguing possibility of @entity3 involvement in the transformation of theca interna cells into stromal cells. This implies that @entity3 may participate in remodelling ovarian local tissues following follicular @entity1 and luteolysis in the @entity0 ovary.

title: @entity4 expression in follicular and stromal compartments of the @entity0 ovary over the course of follicular growth, regression and XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The cytologic localization and cellular levels of @entity3 receptors in the @entity0 ovary during follicular growth, regression and @entity1 were examined by the avidin/ @entity2 immunoperoxidase techniques with a monoclonal antibody to @entity4 . In primordial follicles, only the oocyte showed a weak immunostaining for @entity4 , whereas the stromal cells surrounding primordial follicles were moderately immunostained. The earliest stage of follicular growth at which immunostaining for @entity4 in granulosa cells and theca interna cells became apparent was the preantral stage. With the increase in the size of the follicles, the immunostaining of the oocyte and follicular elements intensified, whereas the staining intensity of the stromal cells surrounding growing follicles was reduced compared to those surrounding primordial follicles. The immunostaining in granulosa and theca interna cells persisted in the corpus luteum, and further intensified during the midluteal phase. In the regressing corpus luteum, the immunostaining was present only in the peripheral lutein cells adjacent to the central scar tissue. The corpus albicans was negative for the immunostaining, but the surrounding stromal cells exhibited predominant staining. In atretic follicles, the theca interna cells exhibited intense staining for @entity4 without appreciable staining in the scattered granulosa cells, whereas the surrounding stromal cells were moderately immunostained. This is the first study to demonstrate notable changes in @entity4 expression in the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells, lutein cells and surrounding stromal cells during follicular growth, regression and @entity1 . The results obtained indicate @entity3 participation in oocyte maturation, follicular growth and stromal cell function. The increased expression of @entity3 receptors in theca interna cells of atretic follicles and in stromal cells surrounding the corpora albicans raises the intriguing possibility of @entity3 involvement in the transformation of theca interna cells into stromal cells. This implies that @entity3 may participate in remodelling ovarian local tissues following follicular @entity1 and luteolysis in the @entity0 ovary.

title: @entity4 expression in follicular and stromal compartments of the XXXX ovary over the course of follicular growth, regression and @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The drama with the language is that "putting in words" creates an uncrossable chasm between the felt and the expressed. There are moments where the impossibility to communicate cuts the links between doctor and @entity1 . And this often happens in a consultation after the @entity0 has been announced. The unspeakable then, stands between the two protagonists, as the spectral appearance of @entity2 . For the @entity1 , the medical revelation then becomes an anathema. The doctor who says the word, becomes the one who overturns a destiny for ever. One knows from greek mythology that confronted to the tragic of his destiny, @entity1 hears the ineluctability of the oracle but cannot accepts it. It is the role of the psyche to divert the prophecy so as to have space for hope, for a project of live. To tell, not to tell, how to tell: there is no rule. The misunderstanding is inexorable: it sighs the discordance between the medical reality of the @entity0 , the subject desire and the implication of the doctor who is wedged between the one and the other.

title: [ XXXX : the unspeakable].

answer: @entity0


abstract: In cell culture, a perfusion bioreactor provides effective transportation of nutrients, @entity1 , and waste removal to and from the core of the scaffold. In addition, it provides mechanical stimuli for enhancing osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we used an axial distribution of cell numbers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, and @entity3 content across 4 cross-sections of 10mm thick scaffold, made of Thai silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin (G)/ @entity4 (HA), as a tool to evaluate the suitable perfusion flow rate. These evaluations cover all cellular developmental phases starting from seeding, to proliferation, and later osteogenic differentiation. @entity0 pre-osteoblastic @entity0 cell lines were used as a cell model during seeding and proliferation. The bioreactor seeded scaffold provided more uniform cell distribution across the scaffold compared to centrifugal and @entity5 seeding, while the overall number of adhered cells from bioreactor seeding was slightly lower than @entity5 seeding. The dynamic culture using 1ml/min perfusion flow rate (initial shear stress of 0.1dyn/cm(2)) enabled statistically higher MC3T3-E1 proliferation, ALP activity, and @entity3 deposition than those observed in the static-culturing condition. However, the perfusion flow rate of 1ml/min seemed not to be enough for enhancing ALP expression across all sections of the scaffold. @entity2 bone marrow derived stromal cells (rMSC) were used in the detachment test and osteogenic differentiation. It was found that perfusion flow rate of 5ml/min caused statistically higher cell detachment than that of 1 and 3ml/min. The perfusion flow rate of 3ml/min gave the highest rMSC osteogenic differentiation on a SF/G/HA scaffold than other flow rates, as observed from the significantly highest number of ALP enzyme activity and the @entity3 content without any significant cell growth. In addition, all of these parameters were evenly distributed across all scaffold sections.

title: An axial distribution of seeding, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of @entity0 cells and XXXX bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells across a 3D Thai silk fibroin/gelatin/ @entity4 scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor.

answer: @entity2


abstract: In cell culture, a perfusion bioreactor provides effective transportation of nutrients, @entity1 , and waste removal to and from the core of the scaffold. In addition, it provides mechanical stimuli for enhancing osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we used an axial distribution of cell numbers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, and @entity3 content across 4 cross-sections of 10mm thick scaffold, made of Thai silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin (G)/ @entity4 (HA), as a tool to evaluate the suitable perfusion flow rate. These evaluations cover all cellular developmental phases starting from seeding, to proliferation, and later osteogenic differentiation. @entity0 pre-osteoblastic @entity0 cell lines were used as a cell model during seeding and proliferation. The bioreactor seeded scaffold provided more uniform cell distribution across the scaffold compared to centrifugal and @entity5 seeding, while the overall number of adhered cells from bioreactor seeding was slightly lower than @entity5 seeding. The dynamic culture using 1ml/min perfusion flow rate (initial shear stress of 0.1dyn/cm(2)) enabled statistically higher MC3T3-E1 proliferation, ALP activity, and @entity3 deposition than those observed in the static-culturing condition. However, the perfusion flow rate of 1ml/min seemed not to be enough for enhancing ALP expression across all sections of the scaffold. @entity2 bone marrow derived stromal cells (rMSC) were used in the detachment test and osteogenic differentiation. It was found that perfusion flow rate of 5ml/min caused statistically higher cell detachment than that of 1 and 3ml/min. The perfusion flow rate of 3ml/min gave the highest rMSC osteogenic differentiation on a SF/G/HA scaffold than other flow rates, as observed from the significantly highest number of ALP enzyme activity and the @entity3 content without any significant cell growth. In addition, all of these parameters were evenly distributed across all scaffold sections.

title: An axial distribution of seeding, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of @entity0 cells and @entity2 bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells across a 3D Thai silk fibroin/gelatin/ XXXX scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor.

answer: @entity4


abstract: In cell culture, a perfusion bioreactor provides effective transportation of nutrients, @entity1 , and waste removal to and from the core of the scaffold. In addition, it provides mechanical stimuli for enhancing osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we used an axial distribution of cell numbers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, and @entity3 content across 4 cross-sections of 10mm thick scaffold, made of Thai silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin (G)/ @entity4 (HA), as a tool to evaluate the suitable perfusion flow rate. These evaluations cover all cellular developmental phases starting from seeding, to proliferation, and later osteogenic differentiation. @entity0 pre-osteoblastic @entity0 cell lines were used as a cell model during seeding and proliferation. The bioreactor seeded scaffold provided more uniform cell distribution across the scaffold compared to centrifugal and @entity5 seeding, while the overall number of adhered cells from bioreactor seeding was slightly lower than @entity5 seeding. The dynamic culture using 1ml/min perfusion flow rate (initial shear stress of 0.1dyn/cm(2)) enabled statistically higher MC3T3-E1 proliferation, ALP activity, and @entity3 deposition than those observed in the static-culturing condition. However, the perfusion flow rate of 1ml/min seemed not to be enough for enhancing ALP expression across all sections of the scaffold. @entity2 bone marrow derived stromal cells (rMSC) were used in the detachment test and osteogenic differentiation. It was found that perfusion flow rate of 5ml/min caused statistically higher cell detachment than that of 1 and 3ml/min. The perfusion flow rate of 3ml/min gave the highest rMSC osteogenic differentiation on a SF/G/HA scaffold than other flow rates, as observed from the significantly highest number of ALP enzyme activity and the @entity3 content without any significant cell growth. In addition, all of these parameters were evenly distributed across all scaffold sections.

title: An axial distribution of seeding, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of XXXX cells and @entity2 bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells across a 3D Thai silk fibroin/gelatin/ @entity4 scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor.

answer: @entity0


abstract: UNASSIGNED: An avirulent, live transconjugant Shigella hybrid (LTSH  @entity7 ) strain was constructed in our earlier study by introducing a plasmid vector, pPR1347, into a Shiga-toxingene deleted Shigella dysenteriae1. Three successive oral administrations of LTSH  @entity7 to female adult @entity0 produced comprehensive passive heterologous protection in their offspring against challenge with wild type shigellae. Production of NO and different cytokines such asIL-12p70, @entity2 and @entity6 in peritoneal @entity0 macrophages indicated that LTSH  @entity7 induced innate and adaptive immunity in @entity0 . Furthermore, production of IFN-y, @entity4 and @entity3 in LTSH-primed splenic CD4+ T-cell suggested that LTSH  @entity7 may induce @entity1 and Th17 cellmediated immune responses. Exponential increase of the serum IgG and IgA titer against whole shigellae were observed in immunized adult @entity0 during and after the immunization with the highest peak on day 35. Antigen specific sIgA was also determined from intestinal lavage of immunized @entity0 . The stomach extracts of neonates from immunizedmice, mainly containing mother's milk, contained significant levels of anti-LTSH  @entity7 immunoglobulin. These studies suggest that the LTSH  @entity7 could be a new live oral vaccinecandidate against @entity5 in the near future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Immunization of @entity0 with a live transconjugant Shigella hybrid strain induced XXXX and Th17 cell mediated immune responses and confirmed passive protection against heterologous Shigellae.

answer: @entity1


abstract: UNASSIGNED: An avirulent, live transconjugant Shigella hybrid (LTSH  @entity7 ) strain was constructed in our earlier study by introducing a plasmid vector, pPR1347, into a Shiga-toxingene deleted Shigella dysenteriae1. Three successive oral administrations of LTSH  @entity7 to female adult @entity0 produced comprehensive passive heterologous protection in their offspring against challenge with wild type shigellae. Production of NO and different cytokines such asIL-12p70, @entity2 and @entity6 in peritoneal @entity0 macrophages indicated that LTSH  @entity7 induced innate and adaptive immunity in @entity0 . Furthermore, production of IFN-y, @entity4 and @entity3 in LTSH-primed splenic CD4+ T-cell suggested that LTSH  @entity7 may induce @entity1 and Th17 cellmediated immune responses. Exponential increase of the serum IgG and IgA titer against whole shigellae were observed in immunized adult @entity0 during and after the immunization with the highest peak on day 35. Antigen specific sIgA was also determined from intestinal lavage of immunized @entity0 . The stomach extracts of neonates from immunizedmice, mainly containing mother's milk, contained significant levels of anti-LTSH  @entity7 immunoglobulin. These studies suggest that the LTSH  @entity7 could be a new live oral vaccinecandidate against @entity5 in the near future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Immunization of XXXX with a live transconjugant Shigella hybrid strain induced @entity1 and Th17 cell mediated immune responses and confirmed passive protection against heterologous Shigellae.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Although lymphatic washout of hyaluronan during lung hydration has been postulated to deplete lung interstitial hyaluronan content and thereby contribute to the decreased interstitial exclusion of albumin observed under these conditions, this hypothesis has not been directly tested. In anesthetized, ventilated mongrel @entity0 , a prenodal lung lymphatic was cannulated for measurement of lymph flow and hyaluronan concentration. Following baseline measurements, @entity1 was increased in four steps of 5 cm @entity2 in Group 1 or set to one pressure ranging between 6 and 32 cm @entity2 in Group 2. In Group 3, saline (15% body weight) was infused over 30 min and then @entity1 increased as in Group 2. Invariably, as lymph flow increased in Groups 1 through 3, lymph hyaluronan concentration and hyaluronan flux increased significantly (p < 0.05). In a separate control group, there were no changes in lymph flow, hyaluronan concentration, or hyaluronan flux. In Group 3, lung hyaluronan content at 5 h (0.76 +/- 0.08 mg/g dry weight) was not significantly less than that during baseline (0.88 +/- 0.05 mg/g dry weight), although total @entity3 content actually increased by 38% over the same time course. In contrast, in the control group, both lung hyaluronan and @entity3 content remained stable over the experimental period. From these data, approximately 2 to 3% of lung hyaluronan is predicted to leave the interstitium via lymphatic flux per day under baseline conditions. The daily turnover of interstitial hyaluronan by this route increased to 15 to 18% of total content when @entity1 was elevated and to 54% following saline infusion. Thus, lung hyaluronan can be rapidly mobilized with increased lymph flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hyaluronan efflux from XXXX lung with increased hydrostatic pressure and saline loading.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The responses of isolated quiescent segments of @entity0 mesenteric lymphatics to 10-s trains of pulses (50 V for 0.3 ms at 2 Hz) administered transmurally have been studied using various drugs. Each train of pulses consistently produced a brief contraction that was completely blocked by @entity1 , alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, @entity8 , and @entity4 . @entity3 potentiated the contractions. @entity7 caused an increase in the basal tone, some spontaneous contractions, and an inhibition of contraction. The contraction was sometimes followed by a relaxation that could be of short duration or long lasting. Both types of relaxation were abolished by @entity1 . @entity2 reduced both types of relaxation, causing more suppression of the short type. Bretylium completely blocked the short type of relaxation and slightly reduced the long-lasting type. @entity6 and @entity5 had no effect on any of the responses. These findings suggest that the contraction resulting from transmural stimulation is due to the action of excitatory postganglionic sympathetic nerves. It is concluded that both types of relaxation occur mainly in response to beta-adrenergic inhibitory stimulation. The possibility of nonadrenergic inhibitory innervation in @entity0 mesenteric lymphatics is also discussed.

title: Relaxation of XXXX mesenteric lymphatics in response to transmural stimulation.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Movement/arousal has been described as a characteristic of @entity1 ( @entity1 ), but opinions differ as to whether or not @entity1 in @entity0 increases the frequency of movement/arousal. The problem that we decided to address was the lack of a comprehensive definition and characterization of movement/arousals in @entity0 . We therefore quantified and classified movement/arousals during nocturnal polysomnography in 15 @entity0 5.2 +/- 2.7 SD yr of age being evaluated for @entity1 . Movement/arousals were defined by modifying the standard criteria for scoring arousals in adults. Median respiratory disturbance index was 4.4/h, with a range of 1 to 28/h. Videotape review was required to adequately distinguish technician-induced from spontaneous movement/arousals. Although movement/arousal durations varied from 1 s to prolonged awakenings, a high frequency of brief, 1- to 3-s movement/arousals occurred in all classification categories: respiratory, 44%; technician-induced, 33%; spontaneous, 36%. When comparing a 16-channel PSG montage with that of a seven-channel cardiorespiratory montage, we found that 84% of all movement/arousals could be detected using the abbreviated montage. In conclusion, we propose a simple classification system that distinguishes three types of movement/arousals: respiratory, technician-induced, and spontaneous. Our results further suggest that a simple montage using cardiorespiratory channels and videotaping would be suitable for home study and sensitive for identifying movement/arousals.

title: Movement/arousals. Description, classification, and relationship to sleep apnea in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Although clinical trials are being used to evaluate economic outcomes of new agents, there are methodological problems. Decisions based on these analyses may lead to inefficient use of medical resources. Randomized clinical trials provide important information on the efficacy of new pharmaceutical agents for @entity1 @entity0 . Policy makers are likely to require both economic and clinical data in order to approve pharmaceuticals for widespread use. Clinical trials provide an opportunity to evaluate economic outcomes for new agents. However, the interpretation of economic analyses of clinical trials raises issues related to perspective of the investigators, study design, collection of data on resource utilization, and generalizability of data to other settings. In this paper, we review these issues and illustrate problems associated with analyses of economic data from a recent phase III trial of hematopoietic growth factors. Clinical results were similar in both Paris and New York in this phase III trial. However, economic results differed markedly between the hospital in Paris and the hospital in New York. While significant savings in terms of fewer days in the hospital and fewer laboratory tests and radiographs for the @entity2 ( @entity2 ) @entity0 were noted at the New York hospital, resource savings were not identified at the hospital in France. Caution must be used when reimbursement policies are based on economic analyses of clinical trials. Policy decisions must be based on studies that are carefully conducted, analyzed, and interpreted from both a clinical and an economic perspective.

title: Economic analyses of clinical trials in XXXX : are they helpful to policy makers?

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Within the context of a prospective randomized trial ( @entity3 PRIME), we assessed whether early imaging of @entity2 @entity0 , primary with CT perfusion, can estimate the size of the irreversibly injured @entity1 core and the volume of critically hypoperfused tissue. We also evaluated the accuracy of @entity1 core and hypoperfusion volumes for predicting @entity4 volume in @entity0 with the target mismatch profile. METHODS: Baseline @entity1 core and hypoperfusion volumes were assessed prior to randomized treatment with IV tPA-alone vs. IV tPA   +   endovascular therapy (Solitaire stent-retriever) using RAPID automated post-processing software. Reperfusion was assessed with angiographic TICI scores at the end of the procedure (endovascular group) and Tmax >6s volumes at 27-hours (both groups). @entity4 volume was assessed at 27-hours on non-contrast CT or MRI. RESULTS: 151 @entity0 with baseline imaging with CT perfusion (79%) or multimodal MRI (21%) were included. The median baseline @entity1 core volume was 6 ml (IQR 0-16). @entity1 core volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity4 volumes in @entity0 who achieved reperfusion (r = 0.58, P <0.0001). In @entity0 who did not reperfuse (<10% reperfusion), baseline Tmax>6s lesion volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity4 volume (r=0.78; P=0.005). In Target mismatch @entity0 , the union of baseline core and early follow-up Tmax>6s volume (i.e. predicted @entity4 volume) correlated with the 27-hour @entity4 volume (r=0.73; P<0.0001); the median absolute difference between the observed and predicted volume was 13 ml. INTERPRETATION: @entity1 core and hypoperfusion volumes, obtained primarily from CT perfusion scans, predict 27-hour @entity4 volume in acute @entity2 @entity0 who were treated with reperfusion therapies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: @entity1 core and hypoperfusion volumes predict XXXX size in @entity3 PRIME.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Within the context of a prospective randomized trial ( @entity3 PRIME), we assessed whether early imaging of @entity2 @entity0 , primary with CT perfusion, can estimate the size of the irreversibly injured @entity1 core and the volume of critically hypoperfused tissue. We also evaluated the accuracy of @entity1 core and hypoperfusion volumes for predicting @entity4 volume in @entity0 with the target mismatch profile. METHODS: Baseline @entity1 core and hypoperfusion volumes were assessed prior to randomized treatment with IV tPA-alone vs. IV tPA   +   endovascular therapy (Solitaire stent-retriever) using RAPID automated post-processing software. Reperfusion was assessed with angiographic TICI scores at the end of the procedure (endovascular group) and Tmax >6s volumes at 27-hours (both groups). @entity4 volume was assessed at 27-hours on non-contrast CT or MRI. RESULTS: 151 @entity0 with baseline imaging with CT perfusion (79%) or multimodal MRI (21%) were included. The median baseline @entity1 core volume was 6 ml (IQR 0-16). @entity1 core volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity4 volumes in @entity0 who achieved reperfusion (r = 0.58, P <0.0001). In @entity0 who did not reperfuse (<10% reperfusion), baseline Tmax>6s lesion volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity4 volume (r=0.78; P=0.005). In Target mismatch @entity0 , the union of baseline core and early follow-up Tmax>6s volume (i.e. predicted @entity4 volume) correlated with the 27-hour @entity4 volume (r=0.73; P<0.0001); the median absolute difference between the observed and predicted volume was 13 ml. INTERPRETATION: @entity1 core and hypoperfusion volumes, obtained primarily from CT perfusion scans, predict 27-hour @entity4 volume in acute @entity2 @entity0 who were treated with reperfusion therapies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: @entity1 core and hypoperfusion volumes predict @entity4 size in XXXX PRIME.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Within the context of a prospective randomized trial ( @entity3 PRIME), we assessed whether early imaging of @entity2 @entity0 , primary with CT perfusion, can estimate the size of the irreversibly injured @entity1 core and the volume of critically hypoperfused tissue. We also evaluated the accuracy of @entity1 core and hypoperfusion volumes for predicting @entity4 volume in @entity0 with the target mismatch profile. METHODS: Baseline @entity1 core and hypoperfusion volumes were assessed prior to randomized treatment with IV tPA-alone vs. IV tPA   +   endovascular therapy (Solitaire stent-retriever) using RAPID automated post-processing software. Reperfusion was assessed with angiographic TICI scores at the end of the procedure (endovascular group) and Tmax >6s volumes at 27-hours (both groups). @entity4 volume was assessed at 27-hours on non-contrast CT or MRI. RESULTS: 151 @entity0 with baseline imaging with CT perfusion (79%) or multimodal MRI (21%) were included. The median baseline @entity1 core volume was 6 ml (IQR 0-16). @entity1 core volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity4 volumes in @entity0 who achieved reperfusion (r = 0.58, P <0.0001). In @entity0 who did not reperfuse (<10% reperfusion), baseline Tmax>6s lesion volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity4 volume (r=0.78; P=0.005). In Target mismatch @entity0 , the union of baseline core and early follow-up Tmax>6s volume (i.e. predicted @entity4 volume) correlated with the 27-hour @entity4 volume (r=0.73; P<0.0001); the median absolute difference between the observed and predicted volume was 13 ml. INTERPRETATION: @entity1 core and hypoperfusion volumes, obtained primarily from CT perfusion scans, predict 27-hour @entity4 volume in acute @entity2 @entity0 who were treated with reperfusion therapies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: XXXX core and hypoperfusion volumes predict @entity4 size in @entity3 PRIME.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Orchialgia following inguinal @entity5 repair is rare complication and still challenging since there has been no established surgical treatment because of complexity of nerve innervation to the testicular area. Herein we report a case of @entity3 following Lichtenstein repair, which was successfully treated by mesh removal, orchiectomy and triple neurectomy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 65-year-old @entity0 was referred to our department because of chronic @entity8 following Lichtenstein @entity5 repair. He walked with a limp and was unable to walk a long distance. Physical examination revealed the presence of meshoma in the groin area and @entity7 in the anterior skin of the right scrotum. His right testis was completely atrophic and located not in the scrotum but in the subcutaneous regions of right groin. He was diagnosed as both neuropathic and nociceptive orchialgia and underwent meshoma removal, triple-neurectomy, and orchiectomy to address these issues. Pathological examination revealed that meshoma was integrated with the structures of the spermatic cord, leading to @entity9 and @entity2 around the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve. The resected right testis was completely-scarred without @entity1 changes. Orchialgia disappeared immediately after operation and he was able to walk without a limp. DISCUSSIONS: It is important to distinguish between nociceptive and @entity6 . Neuroanatomic understanding is essential to guide treatment options. Orchiectomy is an option but should be reserved for refractory cases with evidence of nociceptive @entity4 accompanied by anatomical changes. CONCLUSIONS: Triple neurectomy should be considered in @entity0 with @entity6 .

title: Successful treatment for @entity0 with chronic orchialgia following inguinal XXXX repair by means of meshoma removal, orchiectomy and triple-neurectomy.

answer: @entity5


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Orchialgia following inguinal @entity5 repair is rare complication and still challenging since there has been no established surgical treatment because of complexity of nerve innervation to the testicular area. Herein we report a case of @entity3 following Lichtenstein repair, which was successfully treated by mesh removal, orchiectomy and triple neurectomy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 65-year-old @entity0 was referred to our department because of chronic @entity8 following Lichtenstein @entity5 repair. He walked with a limp and was unable to walk a long distance. Physical examination revealed the presence of meshoma in the groin area and @entity7 in the anterior skin of the right scrotum. His right testis was completely atrophic and located not in the scrotum but in the subcutaneous regions of right groin. He was diagnosed as both neuropathic and nociceptive orchialgia and underwent meshoma removal, triple-neurectomy, and orchiectomy to address these issues. Pathological examination revealed that meshoma was integrated with the structures of the spermatic cord, leading to @entity9 and @entity2 around the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve. The resected right testis was completely-scarred without @entity1 changes. Orchialgia disappeared immediately after operation and he was able to walk without a limp. DISCUSSIONS: It is important to distinguish between nociceptive and @entity6 . Neuroanatomic understanding is essential to guide treatment options. Orchiectomy is an option but should be reserved for refractory cases with evidence of nociceptive @entity4 accompanied by anatomical changes. CONCLUSIONS: Triple neurectomy should be considered in @entity0 with @entity6 .

title: Successful treatment for XXXX with chronic orchialgia following inguinal @entity5 repair by means of meshoma removal, orchiectomy and triple-neurectomy.

answer: @entity0


abstract: UNASSIGNED: High-throughput test methods including molecular, cellular, and alternative species-based assays that examine critical events of normal brain development are being developed for detection of developmental neurotoxicants. As new assays are developed, a "training set" of chemicals is used to evaluate the relevance of individual assays for specific endpoints. Different training sets are necessary for each assay that would comprise a developmental @entity2 test battery. In contrast, evaluation of the predictive ability of a comprehensive test battery requires a set of chemicals that have been shown to alter brain development after in vivo exposure ("test set"). Because only a small number of substances have been well documented to alter @entity0 neurodevelopment, we have proposed an expanded test set that includes chemicals demonstrated to adversely affect neurodevelopment in animals. To compile a list of potential developmental neurotoxicants, a literature review of compounds that have been examined for effects on the developing nervous system was conducted. The search was limited to @entity0 studies published in the peer-reviewed literature and regulatory studies submitted to the U.S. EPA. The definition of developmental @entity2 encompassed changes in behavior, brain morphology, and neurochemistry after gestational or lactational exposure. Reports that indicated developmental @entity2 was observed only at doses that resulted in significant maternal @entity1 or were lethal to the fetus or offspring were not considered. As a basic indication of reproducibility, we only included a chemical if data on its developmental @entity2 were available from more than one laboratory (defined as studies originating from laboratories with a different senior investigator). Evidence from @entity0 studies was included when available. Approximately 100 developmental @entity2 test set chemicals were identified, with 22% having evidence in @entity0 .

title: Expanding the test set: Chemicals with potential to disrupt XXXX brain development.

answer: @entity0


abstract: CONTEXT: Evaluating religious/spiritual influences in the growing Chinese-American population may inform the development of culturally relevant palliative care interventions. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the psychometric properties and acceptability of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale-Chinese (DSES-C) in Chinese Americans with @entity1 . METHODS: The translated 16-item DSES-C was administered as part of a symptom intervention for Chinese-American @entity1 @entity0 . @entity0 were recruited from four New York community oncology practices. RESULTS: Of 321 @entity0 , 78.7% were born in Mainland China, 79.1% spoke Cantonese, and 70.2% endorsed a religious affiliation (Ancestor worship, 31.7%; Chinese God worship, 29.8%; Buddhism, 17.1%; Christianity, 14.0%). In total, 82.6% completed the DSES-C (mean age  =  57.7 years; 60.8% @entity0 ) and 17.4% declined (mean age  =  59.3 years; 52.0% @entity0 ). Reasons for declining included low religiosity or perceived relevance of the scale items and difficulties separating spirituality from religiosity terms. Individuals having a religious affiliation were more likely to complete the DSES-C, whereas those not  engaging in individual spiritual/religious practices or frequent group spiritual/religious practices tended to decline (all  P  <  0.05). The DSES-C (mean total score  =  43.6, SD  =  19.3) demonstrated high reliability (alpha  =  0.94). Exploratory factor analysis suggested a one-factor solution, with significant loadings (>0.40) across items except Item 14 ("Accept others"). Construct validity was suggested by a positive association between DSES-C scores and having a religious affiliation  (P  <  0.05). CONCLUSION: In Chinese Americans with @entity1 , the DSES-C demonstrated acceptable psychometrics. Some @entity0 experienced linguistic or cultural barriers preventing completion. Future investigations should provide additional validation in different Asian subgroups and those with varied medical conditions.

title: Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With XXXX .

answer: @entity1