abstract: Hormonal control of amphibian development involves @entity0 ( @entity0 ), which promote metamorphosis, and @entity1 (PRL), which antagonizes the effects of @entity0 and promotes larval growth. Although the liver is not considered to be a regulator of developmental processes such as metamorphosis, it secretes a PRL-synergizing factor (synlactin) in response to PRL. We explored the possibility that the liver may participate in the antimetamorphic actions of PRL in Rana catesbeiana. Bullfrog tadpoles, in which release of endogenous PRL was suppressed by injections of @entity2 to induce metamorphic changes including tail regression, received hormone-containing implants in various sites. PRL implants in the spleen to deliver hormone directly to the liver via the hepatic portal drainage not only prevented tail regression but actually caused a substantial increase in the height of the tail fin. PRL implanted in other sites or GH implanted in the spleen was much less effective. The liver of animals with @entity3 secreted more synlactin in vitro than that of tadpoles with subcutaneous PRL implants. Young grass frogs were injected with ovine (o) GH or oPRL to determine effects on hepatic synlactin secretion. Although the GH stimulated body growth it did not induce the liver to secrete synlactin. By contrast, PRL treatment did stimulate hepatic secretion of synlactin without stimulating body growth. These results indicate that the liver of pre- and postmetamorphic animals can be stimulated by PRL to secrete synlactin. Furthermore, the antimetamorphic actions of PRL in tadpoles appears to be mediated, at least in part, by an action on the liver. Synlactin may mediate this hepatic effect.

title: Evidence for hepatic involvement in the regulation of amphibian development by XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: 1 This paper describes a preliminary pharmacological study of the isolated helical strip of @entity1 bronchial artery under isotonic conditions in Krebs-Henseleit solution. 2 The tissue contracted to @entity0 and @entity2 ( @entity2 ), actions which were selectively antagonized by @entity15 and @entity10 respectively. @entity0 was not inhibited by @entity17 and @entity2 was not affected by @entity4 . 3 Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), @entity9 (PGF2 alpha) and @entity5 were spasmogenic, whereas @entity12 caused relaxation. No potential antagonists of these agents were tested. 4 @entity13 , at all concentrations, caused contractions of the bronchial artery which were completely, irreversibly blocked by @entity11 . 5 The spasmogenic action of @entity6 was selectively blocked by @entity16 . Vessel strips which were partially contracted to @entity0 , relaxed to @entity7 and @entity8 . The action of @entity7 was inhibited similarly by either @entity3 or @entity14 . The evidence therefore suggests the presence of functional alpha, beta 1 and beta 2-adrenoceptors.

title: Preliminary pharmacological characterization of the XXXX isolated bronchial artery strip: a new preparation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The frequency and causes of @entity3 occurring after aortic surgery were evaluated retrospectively to determine the incidence of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in relation to other causes and to place in perspective the role of laparotomy for the diagnosis of @entity1 . Two hundred fifty-three @entity0 in whom aortic prostheses have been inserted were observed for a mean of 46 months. Seventy-four @entity4 episodes occurred in 21% of @entity0 between 1 and 108 months after surgery (mean 29 months). Only one @entity1 appeared that was associated with @entity3 , for an incidence of 1.4% of @entity4 episodes and 0.4% of grafts inserted. No diagnostic workup for @entity3 was performed for 20 of the 74 episodes and no AEFs were noted in this group during a mean follow-up of 28 months. Diagnostic evaluation was done for the remaining 54 episodes. No cause for @entity4 was identified in 16 @entity0 and no @entity1 developed in this group during a mean follow-up of 26 months. A potential @entity4 site was identified in 38 @entity0 , of whom 30 had @entity2 and no subsequent evidence of @entity1 during a mean follow-up of 28 months. Laparotomy for a suspected @entity1 was recommended for the remaining eight episodes in eight @entity0 and was performed in six @entity0 . An @entity1 was seen in one @entity0 with abnormality found on preoperative CT scanning; an @entity2 was identified in three @entity0 ; and no pathologic condition was found in the remaining two (negative laparotomy rate, 33%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity3 after aortic surgery. The role of laparotomy to rule out XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The frequency and causes of @entity3 occurring after aortic surgery were evaluated retrospectively to determine the incidence of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in relation to other causes and to place in perspective the role of laparotomy for the diagnosis of @entity1 . Two hundred fifty-three @entity0 in whom aortic prostheses have been inserted were observed for a mean of 46 months. Seventy-four @entity4 episodes occurred in 21% of @entity0 between 1 and 108 months after surgery (mean 29 months). Only one @entity1 appeared that was associated with @entity3 , for an incidence of 1.4% of @entity4 episodes and 0.4% of grafts inserted. No diagnostic workup for @entity3 was performed for 20 of the 74 episodes and no AEFs were noted in this group during a mean follow-up of 28 months. Diagnostic evaluation was done for the remaining 54 episodes. No cause for @entity4 was identified in 16 @entity0 and no @entity1 developed in this group during a mean follow-up of 26 months. A potential @entity4 site was identified in 38 @entity0 , of whom 30 had @entity2 and no subsequent evidence of @entity1 during a mean follow-up of 28 months. Laparotomy for a suspected @entity1 was recommended for the remaining eight episodes in eight @entity0 and was performed in six @entity0 . An @entity1 was seen in one @entity0 with abnormality found on preoperative CT scanning; an @entity2 was identified in three @entity0 ; and no pathologic condition was found in the remaining two (negative laparotomy rate, 33%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX after aortic surgery. The role of laparotomy to rule out @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: To optimize detection of @entity3 , we instituted a cleansing regimen of dietary restriction, hydration, @entity4 , castor oil, and a cleansing enema. We then conducted a review of serially performed barium enemas to determine the percentage of @entity0 with clean colons in a mixed population of 500 inpatients and outpatients in whom this regimen had been used. The same regimen also was used before single- and double-contrast barium enemas were performed in 139 @entity0 with 234 @entity2 , and radiologic-endoscopic correlation was used to determine the percentage of polypoid @entity1 detected. The review indicated that a clean colon had been achieved in 97% of the 500 cases. In an additional 1.4% of @entity0 , fecal residue was limited to small amounts in the cecum or ascending colon. In only two cases (0.4%) did fecal material prevent an examination that was suitable for detection of large polypoid or circumferential lesions. The single- and double-contrast barium enemas detected 80% and 91%, respectively, of polypoid lesions of all sizes. Single-contrast examinations detected 94% of @entity2 10 mm or larger and 72% of @entity2 5-9 mm. Double-contrast studies detected 96% of @entity2 10 mm or larger and 88% of those 5-9 mm. The results of this study indicate that with this regimen, fecal residue does not significantly interfere with the detection of @entity3 via barium enema examination.

title: Colonic cleansing for radiographic detection of @entity1 : efficacy of the XXXX -castor oil-cleansing enema regimen.

answer: @entity4


abstract: To optimize detection of @entity3 , we instituted a cleansing regimen of dietary restriction, hydration, @entity4 , castor oil, and a cleansing enema. We then conducted a review of serially performed barium enemas to determine the percentage of @entity0 with clean colons in a mixed population of 500 inpatients and outpatients in whom this regimen had been used. The same regimen also was used before single- and double-contrast barium enemas were performed in 139 @entity0 with 234 @entity2 , and radiologic-endoscopic correlation was used to determine the percentage of polypoid @entity1 detected. The review indicated that a clean colon had been achieved in 97% of the 500 cases. In an additional 1.4% of @entity0 , fecal residue was limited to small amounts in the cecum or ascending colon. In only two cases (0.4%) did fecal material prevent an examination that was suitable for detection of large polypoid or circumferential lesions. The single- and double-contrast barium enemas detected 80% and 91%, respectively, of polypoid lesions of all sizes. Single-contrast examinations detected 94% of @entity2 10 mm or larger and 72% of @entity2 5-9 mm. Double-contrast studies detected 96% of @entity2 10 mm or larger and 88% of those 5-9 mm. The results of this study indicate that with this regimen, fecal residue does not significantly interfere with the detection of @entity3 via barium enema examination.

title: Colonic cleansing for radiographic detection of XXXX : efficacy of the @entity4 -castor oil-cleansing enema regimen.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Experiments were conducted in tightly sealed pilot scale warehouses to assess the efficacy of common aerosolized insecticides on all life stages of @entity2 (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) when exposed in dishes containing 0 to 2 g of @entity1 flour either under pallets or out in the open. Petri dishes containing 0, 0.1, 1, or 2 g of flour were prepared with 25 eggs, 3rd instars, pupae, or adults and then immediately treated with aerosolized solvent, @entity0 , or esfenvalerate. Twenty-four h after insecticide exposure, the dishes were brought to the laboratory and placed in a growth chamber and held for a 3 day moribund (knockdown) assessment and a 21 day mortality assessment. Mortality in untreated controls was generally less than 10%, with the exception of the 21 day counts of adults and eggs. Solvent-treated replications followed similar trends, except that additional mortality was observed in exposed larvae and pupae. In the insecticide-treated dishes, mortality of @entity2 provisioned with flour generally showed a linear decrease with increasing flour deposits. Regardless of life stage, mortality did not exceed 60% when individuals were exposed in petri dishes containing 2 g of flour. Exposure location also made a significant difference in observed mortality. While mortality never exceeded 75% in dishes positioned under pallets, there was never less than 80% mortality in dishes exposed in the open. Although there was a perceptible increase in mortality with esfenvalerate compared to @entity0 , these differences were considerably less than the variation observed among flour deposits. The study suggests that sanitation and preparation prior to aerosol insecticide treatments were more important than choice of a particular insecticide.

title: The presence of flour affects the efficacy of aerosolized insecticides used to treat the XXXX , @entity2 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Experiments were conducted in tightly sealed pilot scale warehouses to assess the efficacy of common aerosolized insecticides on all life stages of @entity2 (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) when exposed in dishes containing 0 to 2 g of @entity1 flour either under pallets or out in the open. Petri dishes containing 0, 0.1, 1, or 2 g of flour were prepared with 25 eggs, 3rd instars, pupae, or adults and then immediately treated with aerosolized solvent, @entity0 , or esfenvalerate. Twenty-four h after insecticide exposure, the dishes were brought to the laboratory and placed in a growth chamber and held for a 3 day moribund (knockdown) assessment and a 21 day mortality assessment. Mortality in untreated controls was generally less than 10%, with the exception of the 21 day counts of adults and eggs. Solvent-treated replications followed similar trends, except that additional mortality was observed in exposed larvae and pupae. In the insecticide-treated dishes, mortality of @entity2 provisioned with flour generally showed a linear decrease with increasing flour deposits. Regardless of life stage, mortality did not exceed 60% when individuals were exposed in petri dishes containing 2 g of flour. Exposure location also made a significant difference in observed mortality. While mortality never exceeded 75% in dishes positioned under pallets, there was never less than 80% mortality in dishes exposed in the open. Although there was a perceptible increase in mortality with esfenvalerate compared to @entity0 , these differences were considerably less than the variation observed among flour deposits. The study suggests that sanitation and preparation prior to aerosol insecticide treatments were more important than choice of a particular insecticide.

title: The presence of flour affects the efficacy of aerosolized insecticides used to treat the @entity2 , XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The aim of this study was to use the video-microscopic approach to analyze simultaneously, at very low magnification, red cell velocity (VRBC) and density of perfused capillaries ( @entity3 ) in an entire capillary network of a frog sartorius muscle before and after 3 s, 1 min and 30 min @entity1 . In 11 muscles studied, the 3 s occlusion caused a significant increase in the overall peak hyperemic VRBC and @entity3 (from 0.14 +/- 0.08 to 0.28 +/- 0.16 S.D. mm/s, and from 104 +/- 41 to 126 +/- 42 S.D. cap/mm2). All muscles participated in this overall response. On average, 71% of capillaries per network showed @entity2 . The 1 min occlusion also caused significant increases in overall VRBC and @entity3 (from 0.14 +/- 0.08 to 0.34 +/- 0.17 S.D. mm/s, and from 94 +/- 44 to 123 +/- 44 S.D. cal/mm2). In contrast to the 3 s response, only 9 out of 11 muscles participated in this response, with an average capillary participation of 80%. The 30 min occlusion caused a significant increase in overall VRBC (from 0.13 +/- 0.07 to 0.24 +/- 0.17 S.D. mm/s) but no change in @entity3 . Only 6 out of 11 muscles participated in this response, with an average capillary participation of 56%. In terms of these microvascular data, the present study demonstrate for the first time ever (1) an appreciable spatial heterogeneity of responses within the capillary network in a single muscle following all three types of occlusions, and (2) a progressively larger muscle-to-muscle heterogeneity of responses with longer duration of occlusion. Since the spatial heterogeneity (i.e. increase, no change or even decrease in flow) was associated with groups of similarly behaving capillaries supplied by a common arteriole, the existence of a flow-suppressing arteriolar mechanism (in addition to metabolic and myogenic vasodilating mechanisms) is postulated to explain the dramatic heterogeneity of response to @entity0 in this muscle.

title: Heterogeneity of microvascular response to XXXX in skeletal muscle.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Real-time ultrasonography was found to be useful in the diagnosis of @entity5 , @entity4 , and @entity0 in the @entity2 and cat. One @entity2 with hydronephorsis, one with @entity4 , and a cat with a @entity3 were scanned with a real-time ultrasonic scanner. @entity1 due to fluid accumulation was determined by ultrasonographic imaging in the case of @entity5 . The location and mobility of the @entity4 were observed during ultrasonography. An uneven contour and parenchymal masses in the neoplastic kidney were detected by ultrasonographic imaging of the cat. The findings were confirmed either by radiography or by postmortem examination. Previously, @entity5 could be diagnosed only by radiography, especially by excretory urography. Ultrasonography offers a noninvasive method for diagnosis of @entity5 . Localization of a urinary calculus at either the proximal end of the ureter or within the renal pelvis may be difficult by radiography. The ability of real-time ultrasonography to detect motion of the calculi within the pelvis offers an improved diagnostic capability to the veterinarian. The inability of radiography to determine the cause of renal enlargement is contrasted with the ability of ultrasonography to detect changes in tissue density that might be compatible with renal neoplasms

title: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of XXXX in small animals.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The @entity2 includes a complex pattern of abnormal self-directed behavior and a stress response. Subhuman self-mutilation is a secondary consequence of the @entity2 . The evidence indicates that the @entity2 in subhumans is a valid model for the induced and the @entity3 in @entity0 . Objective criteria for the @entity3 have been derived from independent sources of evidence, in neurally intact subjects; those criteria are then found to match the subhuman syndrome of deafferentation. Support for the validity of the inference of subhuman @entity3 derives from the parallels with the various facts of the @entity0 @entity3 . The credibility of this argument is significantly strengthened by reports of morphological and excitatory physiological abnormalities, in central somatosensory structures, in response to deafferentation. There is no independent subhuman evidence in support of alternate interpretations of the deafferentation syndrome, and those interpretations seem to be inadequate in several aspects. Doubts concerning the validity of this animal model have been allayed by reports of @entity3 in @entity0 with @entity5 , and also those with @entity4 . Moreover, the occurrence of this syndrome in hypoalgesic areas as a consequence of anterolateral cordotomy in monkeys, can best be interpreted as a reflection of @entity3 . This syndrome is released by @entity1 in the peripheral or central nervous system; lesions which involve small caliber peripheral afferents or the spinothalamic tract. Variability in the release of this syndrome has been associated with several different factors. So far, the chronic syndrome is intractable. Evidence relates the abnormalities of this syndrome to pathophysiological foci in central relays of the somatosensory system, and suggests that the chronic abnormalities of this syndrome can be sustained at brain levels.

title: Dysesthesias and self-mutilation in XXXX and subhumans: a review of clinical and experimental studies.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Cytotoxic activated macrophages (CM) inhibited the growth of neoplastic L1210 cells in vitro but L1210 cell death was minimal to nonexistent. L1210 cells injured by CM were separated from macrophages and studied in an isolated system. CM-injured L1210 cells had an absolute requirement for @entity1 or another glycolyzable @entity10 ( @entity7 or @entity4 ) for at least 40 h after removal from macrophages. If the culture medium lacked sufficient concentration of one of these @entity6 , CM-injured L1210 cells died within 4 h. Uninjured L1210 cells cultured alone or with peptone-stimulated macrophages had no such requirement and maintained complete viability in hexoseless medium. The @entity10 requirement of CM-injured L1210 cells could not be fulfilled by other naturally occurring @entity9 , @entity1 or @entity7 derivatives, or substrates that can be oxidized by mitochondria. The concentration requirements for @entity1 , @entity7 , and @entity4 by CM-injured L1210 cells correlated with the concentrations required to support maximal glycolysis of these @entity6 by other @entity0 @entity2 cells. A concentration of @entity3 which completely inhibited L1210 cell glycolysis also complete prevented the ability of @entity1 or @entity7 to maintain viability of CM-injured L1210 cells. Interaction with CM led to inhibition of L1210 cell mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This was supported by the findings that: (a) CM-injured L1210 cells had no Pasteur effect; their rate of aerobic glycolysis was the same as the rate of anaerobic glycolysis of uninjured L1210 cells, (b) Endogenous respiration of CM-injured L1210 cells was 15% of normal. Maximal inhibition of uninjured L1210 cell respiration by a specific mitochondrial poison ( @entity8 ) was nearly the same (13% of normal). It followed that CM-injured L1210 cells required @entity10 for chemical energy production via the glycolytic pathway. CM-induced @entity5 occurred in five other neoplastic cell lines tested.

title: Injury of neoplastic cells by XXXX macrophages leads to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity1 selected for neo-adjuvant therapy in this trial suffered from @entity0 stages T3/4, N0/+, M0. Selected @entity1 were stratified and assigned to either pre- and post-operative chemotherapy ( @entity2 , @entity4 , @entity6 , @entity5 , @entity3 , @entity7 ) or radiotherapy by randomization. This interim report deals with side-effects and response rates of pre-operative therapy only. For this subgroup from 41 centres, 67 @entity1 have so far been accepted for protocol treatment. 36 received peri-operative chemotherapy and 31 perioperative radiotherapy. We have completed reports of 66 pre-operative chemotherapeutic cycles pointing out only low side-effects in spite of a combination consisting of 5 different cytotoxic agents plus hormonal therapy. It is remarkable that 79% had no hair loss and 74% no gastrointestinal side-effects; in the chemotherapy-group 24 @entity1 so far have been operated. Response rates were as follows: 1 (4%) complete remission, 9 (38%) partial remission, 7 (29%) minor response, 2 (8%) no response and 2 (8%) progression. In 2 @entity1 response could not be determined. In the perioperative radiotherapy-group 10 @entity1 have been operated with similar response rates. It is interesting to note, that both therapies influenced receptor values in different ways: Chemotherapy decreased receptor values, whereas radiotherapy insignificantly increased them. The purpose of this study is to establish a rational base for post-operative cytotoxic treatment of @entity1 as only @entity1 who objectively respond to preoperative treatment are likely to benefit from postoperative drug administration. The study is open for enrollment until a total of 200 @entity1 is reached.

title: Prospective randomized clinical trial: protoadjuvant chemotherapy vs. protoadjuvant radiotherapy in XXXX stages T3/4, N+/-, M0.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Continuous transcutaneous @entity1 (TcPo2) monitoring was used to study low-birth-weight @entity0 (15 control, 15 experimental) during their stay in the intensive care nursery (ICN). Twenty hours of continuous recordings were made of heart rate, respiratory rate, and TcPo2 in the first five days after birth. Personnel caring for the control @entity0 were blind to the TcPo2 measurements. Those caring for the experimental group were instructed in the operation of the TcPo2 monitor and used the device to modify the timing and extent of procedures to minimize "undersirable time" (TcPo2 less than 40 or greater than 100 torr). Control group @entity0 had an average of 40 min/20 hr in "undesirable time." When personnel used TcPo2 monitoring to modify care this "undesirable time" was reduced to 6 min/20 hr. This difference was statistically significant (P less than .001). @entity0 in the control group were handled more frequently, and experienced more @entity2 . Of the hypoxemic time suffered by the control @entity0 75% was associated with handling. Only 5% of the @entity2 or hyperoxemia was detected by blood Pao2 analysis or conventional monitors. Intermittent arterial blood gas sampling is an inadequate method for monitoring arterial oxygenation in low-birth-weight @entity0 since @entity2 and hyperoxemia are often missed. Continuous TcPo2 monitoring improves care by diminishing "undesirable time."

title: Excessive handling as a cause of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The aim of these studies was to investigate different regimens of thrombolytic therapy and oral anticoagulation, and to evaluate the effects of streptokinase (SK), heparin and @entity5 in the treatment of @entity4 ( @entity4 ). Low-dose SK, although controlled according to the @entity7 levels, did not provide improved thrombolysis compared to conventional high-dose SK, and more postthrombotic changes were registered after an average of 3 years. Furthermore, serious hemorrhagic side-effects occurred, which makes this regimen inexpedient. Various regimens of local venous infusion of SK were tried, and with a dose of 4,000 IU/h for 72 h in combination with heparin a thrombolytic effect was achieved, albeit not greater than usually observed with conventional SK. Systemic @entity10 and @entity2 were not avoided. A hitherto not described side-effect with @entity6 was reported. Venographic severity of @entity1 @entity3 displayed a statistically significant correlation to long-term hemodynamic changes, as assessed with foot volumetry, after an average of 5 years. This correlation was stronger for the size of the @entity3 after initial treatment than for the size at diagnosis. Thus it seems important to treat @entity1 @entity3 with heparin in order to limit the extent of the @entity3 , thereby reducing long-term sequelae. During heparin treatment, an average reduction of the thrombi of 17% was observed. This reduction was significantly correlated to a short duration of symptoms but not to parameters of heparin therapy or fibrinolytic components. However, @entity0 with substantial thrombolysis had high plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin ( @entity8 ) levels, and those with high @entity9 ) inhibitor levels and remarkably also those with high @entity9 antigen levels had no lysis. The concentration of @entity9 antigen showed a significant increase during heparin infusion, whereas that of @entity8 and @entity9 inhibitor was not influenced. By applying more intensive initial oral anticoagulation, stable therapeutic prothrombin time (PT)-levels were achieved one day earlier and the duration of heparin infusion could be equally reduced compared to the conventional regimen (4.4-5 days vs 5.4-6 days). The activity of coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X had dropped to the same level with both regimens the day heparin was discontinued, observed. The effectiveness of oral anticoagulation after @entity4 was studied in 596 @entity0 treated for a total of 4450 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Studies on the medical treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The hair cells of the cochlea (neuroepithelium) represent the primary target in most drug-induced @entity1 adverse effects on hearing (e.g. @entity2 antibiotics). To what extent an exogenically-induced morphologic damage to hair cells is reversible is not known. In aging structurally altered hair cells can persist for years likewisely not any longer participating in sensory transduction as the hair cells degenerate, secondary changes occur in the @entity3 cells and the neuronal pathways. Following heavy metal poisoning an adverse effect is observed on both central and peripheral innervation of the cochlea and only minor primary changes occur in the receptor cells. The link between function and morphology in the cochlea is very obvious regarding the high and middle frequencies with a distinct tonotopic localisation whereas for low frequencies (below 1 khz) such a specific morphologic correlation is lacking. @entity1 effects primarily affecting the source for the production of endolymph, i.e. the stria vascularis, become manifest at all frequencies and at a rather early stage. Independent of type of substance penetrating into the inner ear, the substance has a considerably slower elimination rate as compared with all other compartments in the body. The @entity0 of the drugs seems to be more related to its tissue binding capacity and saturation of receptor sites than related to the concentration of the drug in endo-or perilymph.

title: Principles in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: To clarify the source of @entity0 urine EGF, we studied EGF renal clearance in 20 healthy, young adult subjects. Immunoreactive EGF was measured hourly in @entity3 plasma, heparin plasma, serum and urine of 12 males and 8 females during a 3 h study period. Plasma and urine @entity2 and @entity2 clearance were measured and calculated hourly. Mean (and SEM) @entity2 clearance was similar in males and females (118 +/- 12 vs 105 +/- 6 ml/min). EGF was not detectable in plasma, whereas relatively high levels were measured in serum (2.5 +/- 0.25 vs 1.5 +/- 0.18 ng/ml in males and females respectively p less than 0.05). Urine EGF excretion averaged 1641 +/- 233 ng/h in males and 1507 +/- 191 ng/h in females (p greater than 0.05). A significant correlation was observed between urine @entity2 and urine EGF concentrations in both male (r = 0.98, p less than 0.01) and female (r = 0.94, p less than 0.01) subjects. EGF immunoreactivity in urine and serum eluted from G-75 sephadex columns similarly to recombinant 6000 Mr hEGF. Urine excretion of EGF approximated 1.5 micrograms/h or 25 ng/mg @entity1 . The high concentrations of EGF found in urine in the face of non-detectable levels of EGF in plasma favor the hypothesis that EGF in urine is derived from kidney synthesis and secretion. The significant positive correlation between urine @entity2 and urine EGF suggests a functional correlation between glomerular filtration and the process of tubular EGF excretion.

title: The source of urinary epidermal growth factor in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Diffuse @entity3 include more than 100 varieties. Even for a chest specialist differential diagnosis is difficult; accurate diagnosis without transbronchial lung biopsy or open lung biopsy was particularly hard. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) is a new diagnostic procedure which is relatively safe and repeatable. It takes about 30 minutes more, during the usual bronchoscopic examination, to obtain fluid and cells from the lower respiratory tract. These specimens aid differential diagnosis and an understanding of pathogenesis in the early stage of diffuse @entity3 . Two cases are reported. One was @entity2 , as proved by mediastinoscopic lymph node biopsy; the other one was @entity1 by clinical impression. Both @entity0 received bronchoscopic examination with bronchoalveolar lavage. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed an increase in total cell count, lymphocyte count and lymphocyte percentage. In @entity2 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was helper T-lymphocytes while, in @entity1 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was suppressor T-lymphocytes. We concluded that, if the @entity0 of diffuse @entity3 had increased lymphocyte count and percentage in bronchoalveolar Lavage fluid, examination of the lymphocyte subpopulation would help differential diagnosis.

title: [T-cell subpopulation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in @entity0 of XXXX and @entity1 cases report].

answer: @entity2


abstract: Diffuse @entity3 include more than 100 varieties. Even for a chest specialist differential diagnosis is difficult; accurate diagnosis without transbronchial lung biopsy or open lung biopsy was particularly hard. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) is a new diagnostic procedure which is relatively safe and repeatable. It takes about 30 minutes more, during the usual bronchoscopic examination, to obtain fluid and cells from the lower respiratory tract. These specimens aid differential diagnosis and an understanding of pathogenesis in the early stage of diffuse @entity3 . Two cases are reported. One was @entity2 , as proved by mediastinoscopic lymph node biopsy; the other one was @entity1 by clinical impression. Both @entity0 received bronchoscopic examination with bronchoalveolar lavage. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed an increase in total cell count, lymphocyte count and lymphocyte percentage. In @entity2 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was helper T-lymphocytes while, in @entity1 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was suppressor T-lymphocytes. We concluded that, if the @entity0 of diffuse @entity3 had increased lymphocyte count and percentage in bronchoalveolar Lavage fluid, examination of the lymphocyte subpopulation would help differential diagnosis.

title: [T-cell subpopulation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in @entity0 of @entity2 and XXXX cases report].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Diffuse @entity3 include more than 100 varieties. Even for a chest specialist differential diagnosis is difficult; accurate diagnosis without transbronchial lung biopsy or open lung biopsy was particularly hard. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) is a new diagnostic procedure which is relatively safe and repeatable. It takes about 30 minutes more, during the usual bronchoscopic examination, to obtain fluid and cells from the lower respiratory tract. These specimens aid differential diagnosis and an understanding of pathogenesis in the early stage of diffuse @entity3 . Two cases are reported. One was @entity2 , as proved by mediastinoscopic lymph node biopsy; the other one was @entity1 by clinical impression. Both @entity0 received bronchoscopic examination with bronchoalveolar lavage. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed an increase in total cell count, lymphocyte count and lymphocyte percentage. In @entity2 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was helper T-lymphocytes while, in @entity1 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was suppressor T-lymphocytes. We concluded that, if the @entity0 of diffuse @entity3 had increased lymphocyte count and percentage in bronchoalveolar Lavage fluid, examination of the lymphocyte subpopulation would help differential diagnosis.

title: [T-cell subpopulation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in XXXX of @entity2 and @entity1 cases report].

answer: @entity0


abstract: Elevation of extracellular @entity2 concentration ([K+]o) in cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junction from 2 to 20 mM slowly increased the variability of the amplitudes of miniature end-plate currents (AMEPC-s), (coefficient of variation of AMEPC-s increased by 73%). Mean AMEPC-s, however, decreased but not markedly (by 14%). Comparable MEPC changes were observed when [K+] was raised in the presence of @entity3 (50 microM), arguing that MEPC changes were not primarily due to a lower and less uniform vesicular filling. Channel kinetics were not altered by high [K+]o, since the time constant of decay of miniature end-plate currents (TMEPC-s) did not change. @entity1 clearance from the synaptic cleft, however, appeared to be faster in high [K+]o since with cholinesterase blocked throughout, TMEPC-s were shortened. The changes of spontaneous quantal discharge induced by high [K+]o can be almost entirely explained by altered spatial distribution of vesicular release if, as recent reports suggest, at high [K+]o, exocytosis appears randomly not only at but also in between the active zones. However, relatively greater frequency of large MEPCs suggests that in high [K+]o some, and possibly all, quanta are filled above normal levels. High [ @entity0 ]o appears to counteract, although not always completely, all changes in spontaneous quantal secretion induced by high [K+]o. It is possible that high [ @entity0 ]o reverses the changes in the spatial distribution of vesicular release induced by high [K+]o. However, high [ @entity0 ]o also leads to other pre- and postsynaptic changes.

title: Changes in miniature end-plate currents due to high XXXX and calcium at the frog neuromuscular junction.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Since 1973 the portacaval shunt has been used as a treatment for homozygous @entity2 . Favorable results have been reported, but the mechanism or reduction of @entity0 is not clear. The objective of this research was to evaluate mechanisms of lipid alterations after portacaval shunting in Yucatan miniature @entity3 . The animals were fed a high-fat diet, similar in composition to the average American diet, with or without added @entity0 . Controls were fed the atherogenic diet (+ @entity0 ) for 8 months. @entity3 were fed atherogenic or American diets for 8 months, then surgery (shunt or sham) was performed. They were continued on the diets for another 8 months. The vascular system was examined for the distribution and severity of @entity1 . Blood lipids and numerous biochemical indices were measured. Progression of @entity1 was slowed by portacaval shunting. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations were positively and high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were negatively correlated with severity of @entity1 . Serum insulin concentrations were positively correlated with @entity1 . @entity0 synthesis was increased by the shunting and decreased by @entity0 feeding. The @entity0 -fed @entity3 is not an adequate model for @entity2 , but the results are consistent with inhibition of the @entity1 process and the involvement of lipoproteins and insulin in the mechanisms.

title: Portacaval shunt as treatment for hypercholesterolemia. Metabolic and morphological effects in a XXXX model.

answer: @entity3


abstract: In a search for a simple noninvasive test for early detection of @entity0 , radioimmunoassay was used to determine carcinoembryonic ( @entity3 ) levels in the serum and breast fluid of 26 @entity1 presenting with spontaneous breast discharge, and in the serum and milk of 34 postpartum lactating @entity1 . In 54 milk samples from 34 healthy nursing mothers, the mean @entity3 level was 62.6 +/- 49.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) (range 5 to 252 ng/ml). The highest levels were found during the first days after delivery. Serum @entity3 levels measured in 18 of the 34 mothers were negative in 12 cases and normal (10 +/- 5.3 ng/ml) in six. No correlation was found between @entity3 levels in milk and those in serum. In the @entity1 with spontaneous breast fluid discharge, @entity3 levels in the breast fluid measured less than 300 ng/ml in 10 cases, 300 to 1,000 ng/ml in 9 cases and greater than 1,000 ng/ml in 7 cases. None of the 19 @entity1 with @entity3 values below 1,000 ng/ml had a @entity2 . Four of the seven @entity1 with the highest @entity3 levels were found to have @entity0 . Serum @entity3 levels were within the normal range in both the malignant and nonmalignant cases. We conclude that @entity3 levels are markedly elevated in breast fluid discharges in nonlactating @entity1 , and that the highest levels may be associated with @entity2 .

title: Carcinoembryonic-like substance in breast fluid discharge in benign and malignant breast disease and in milk of lactating XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: In areas where sporadic cases of measles continue to occur in spite of vaccination programs, the availability of a simple screening test for determination of seropositivity to @entity2 is desirable. A sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) screening test (ST) for the detection of IgG antibody to @entity2 , based on a solid phase RIA, is described. The assays were performed on @entity3 microtiter plates for which the RIAST requires only 5 microliters of serum per subject. Antigen consisted of a sonicated extract of @entity2 -infected Vero cells. Rabbit antihuman IgG specific for the Fc-segment of human IgG, labeled with 125I, was used to detect human IgG bound to viral antigen. The basic RIA method was characterized by carrying out full titrations of sera of 53 healthy adults, 10 @entity0 , and 13 @entity0 with measles-associated illness. These sera were also tested by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) technique; most of the measles sera were also tested by @entity1 ( @entity1 ). RIAST results (expressed as binding ratios) obtained for 52 healthy adults are compared with their RIA serum titers. Of the 200 sera of @entity0 of various ages tested by the RIAST, 63 borderline sera were also tested by HI. The RIAST, which does not require serum treatment other than inactivation, proved to be more sensitive as an indicator of seropositivity than HI. Implications of the results and practical applications of the screening test are discussed.

title: A population screening test for antibody to XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Bioadhesion, and more specifically mucoadhesion, is becoming an important strategy for drug delivery. As a result, it is important to understand the various mechanisms that govern attachment of polymeric substances to the glycoproteins on epithelial surfaces, along with the associated structure-activity relationships of the polymer. This article reviews fundamentals of mucoadhesion, with special emphasis on structural features of the polymer as they contribute to the process of mucoadhesion. There are four possible general interactions between mucoadhesive polymers and glycoproteins: (1) covalent attachment; (2) electrostatic interaction, which requires matching of charge groups between the polymer and mucus; (3) @entity2 bonding; and (4) hydrophobic interactions. Aside from covalent attachment, which is not presently a prominent mechanism for mucoadhesion, the remaining mechanisms require maximum contact between the polymer and @entity1 for optimum adhesion. With polyelectrolyte polymers, the charged groups are important in controlling the degree of hydration of both the polymer and the mucous network. The expanded nature of the swollen polymer and mucus enhances the interdiffusion process and permits both a mechanical entanglement and an increase in surface contact for @entity2 bonding and/or electrostatic interaction between the polymer and the mucous network. A number of techniques are available to study mucoadhesion. Some of these are better suited to study the kinetics of the mucoadhesion process whereas others are more useful for equilibrium studies. To date, the @entity0 in basic studies of mucoadhesion is the lack of suitable information on the organization and physicochemical properties of the @entity1 layer.

title: Binding of acrylic polymers to XXXX /epithelial surfaces: structure-property relationships.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The data emerging from our study are the following: the presence of an identifiable cause is important: complications like @entity6 or signs of marked @entity1 represent an adverse risk factor for IE. The presence of @entity2 among relatives, evidence of pre- or perinatal @entity1 , @entity4 , and early onset, long periods of uncontrolled @entity3 before starting an adequate therapy and frequency of @entity3 appear to be indicative of an adverse prognosis, since differences between the two groups of responsive or unresponsive @entity0 are statistically significant. On the contrary, the occurrence of febrile @entity3 in the past history does not seem to have an adverse prognosis. @entity5 and IS bear the worst prognosis. ME, CPS, GTCS, @entity8 , @entity7 and PM have a progressively better outcome in responsiveness to AEDs. Concerning therapy in @entity0 with IE, studies indicate the results of high dose monotherapy appear to be equal or better than with polypharmacy. Because of the gravity of the situation, trials with unconventional drugs have been performed, but it is too early to draw definite conclusions about the long-term usefulness of most of them. In conclusion, our data indicate that the appearance of an IE can be predicted utilizing the above mentioned criteria, considered either alone or in combination. The issue of IE remains undoubtedly an important one among the group of @entity3 . Further studies considering a greater number of @entity0 and new therpeutic strategies are to be recommended.

title: Intractable XXXX : etiology, risk factors and treatment.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Short-term balances and metabolic studies suggest that current estimates of adult indispensable @entity0 ( @entity3 ) requirements are too low. In addition, the observed biological value of protein is less than that predicted from its @entity0 score. We propose that these discrepancies reflect the fact that @entity3 requirements are complex, and can only be defined under specific artificial conditions. This is because consumption of protein usually results in oxidative losses of @entity3 and @entity2 , which are important to the organism and variable according to dietary composition. It is likely that the age-related fall in the current values for @entity3 requirement primarily reflects different dietary designs in the original balance studies, which induced different rates of oxidative losses. A new model for @entity0 utilization is proposed which takes account of such losses, and factors that influence them are reviewed. We propose that dietary IAAs serve an important transient function prior to their oxidation, exerting a regulatory influence on maintenance and growth which we call the anabolic drive. The model also allows for diurnal cycling of body protein, in which oxidative losses of @entity1 occurring during the postabsorptive phase must be balanced by net protein deposition during feeding if overall balance is to be attained. Diurnal cycling is likely to be nutritionally sensitive, influenced by the anabolic drive and could affect the relationship between total protein and @entity3 requirements. We argue that oxidative losses should be included in the requirement; this will account for apparent discrepancies in the observed efficiency of protein utilization. We propose that @entity3 requirements (R) can only be unambiguously defined in terms of Rmin, a value obtainable under artificial conditions when oxidative losses, Lr, are minimal (Lr min); current estimates of adult requirements may be close to this level. An operative requirement of practical value, Rop, will only be defineable when the value to the organism of the oxidative losses induced by usual diets, (Lr op), can be evaluated.

title: The nutritional role of indispensable XXXX and the metabolic basis for their requirements.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Location of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) demonstrated by two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) was correlated with electrocardiographic patterns of @entity2 and with the sites of obstructive lesions in the individual coronary arteries. The left ventricular wall was displayed by phased-array 2DE in 47 @entity0 with healed @entity2 , 29 of whom underwent coronary arteriography. Segmental analysis of @entity5 was performed on 14 segments, 10 of which were obtained by the parasternal short-axis recordings at the mitral (basal) and papillary muscle (mid) levels (each level containing the anterior septum, anterior wall, lateral wall, posterior wall, and posterior septum). The remaining 4 segments (septum, anterior wall, lateral wall, posterior wall) were obtained by the apical 2-chamber and 4-chamber recordings. @entity5 were defined as akinesis, thinning, increased echo density, or absent systolic thickening of the left ventricular wall. All 22 @entity0 with anterior @entity4 (Q in V1-V4) had @entity5 in the mid anterior septum which was specific for the lesion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The presence or absence of the r wave in V1 could not predict the involvement of this segment. @entity5 in the apical anterior wall and septum were observed in 21 of 22 @entity0 . The presence of Q waves in V5, V6 suggested the additional involvement of the apical posterior wall. Additional Q waves in I, aVL indicated the extension of @entity5 from the mild anterior septum to the basal anterior septum, anterior wall, and mid anterior wall. The basal and mid lateral walls appeared normal in most @entity0 . This pattern of @entity5 distribution was observed in 5 of 6 @entity0 with a @entity3 on the proximal LAD. All 14 @entity0 with @entity4 (Q in II, III, aVF) had @entity5 in the mid posterior wall and posterior septum. In contrast, 5 @entity0 with infero-posterior @entity4 (Q in II, III, aVF + R in V1) and 6 @entity0 with posterior @entity4 (R in V1) had @entity5 in the mid lateral as well as the mid posterior wall without an involvement of the posterior septum. Coronary arteriography revealed that all of the 10 @entity0 with @entity4 had a @entity3 in the right coronary artery, whereas 6 @entity0 with infero-posterior or posterior @entity4 invariably had a @entity3 in the left circumflex coronary artery. It was concluded that 2DE provides a reliable method for detecting @entity5 and anatomic location of @entity2 reflecting a specific @entity1 .

title: [Two-dimensional echocardiographic approach to the localization of XXXX : echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, and coronary arteriographic correlations (author's transl)].

answer: @entity2


abstract: 1. The electrical potential difference, short-circuit current, tissue conductance, and fluxes of @entity1 and @entity3 were measured in @entity0 small intestine in an in vitro chamber preparation in the presence and absence of 100 mM- @entity2 on either the mucosal or serosal surface. 2. Mucosal @entity2 generally decreased potential difference, short-circuit current, and tissue conductance while serosal @entity2 increased the electrical variables. 3. Mucosal @entity2 decreased unidirectional movement of @entity1 and @entity3 but did not change the net transport of these ions. The change in short-circuit current was therefore ascribed to changes in fluxes of ions other than @entity1 and @entity3 . 4. Serosal @entity2 increased the unidirectional fluxes of @entity1 , but not the new transport of this ion. The transport of @entity3 increased only in the serosal to mucosal direction yielding a net secretion of @entity3 equal to the change in short-circuit current. 5. The changes in potential difference and short-circuit current caused by mucosal @entity2 were dependent on the presence of @entity1 . The changes due to serosal @entity2 were dependent on both @entity1 and @entity3 . 6. Changes in undirectional transport of ions, small non-electrolytes, and water due to an osmotic gradient were attributed to changes in the dimension of the lateral intercellular spaces observed in earlier studies. 7. No evidence suggesting that the electrical changes due to the @entity2 gradients could be attributed to diffusive or convective flows of fluid, but instead the changes were ascribed to perturbations in the cellular transport mechanisms.

title: Cellular mechanisms of ion transport associated with osmotic gradients in XXXX small intestine.

answer: @entity0


abstract: 1. The anterior ( @entity1 ) and posterior (PLD) latissimus dorsi muscles of adult @entity0 were denervated by section of their motor nerves. Four weeks later the contractile and membrane properties of these muscles were studied in vitro at room temperature.2. Although the time course of the PLD muscle twitch was slightly prolonged, the qualitative difference in contractile characteristics of the slow @entity1 and the fast PLD muscles was maintained after denervation.3. The difference in the passive membrane characteristics of the @entity1 and PLD muscle fibres was not lost after denervation, although the membrane resistance (R(m)) and space constant (lambda) of the denervated muscles fell. The membrane resistance, space (lambda) and time (tau(m)) constants of the @entity1 muscle remained significantly greater than for the PLD muscle fibres. The absolute values of tau(m) in both muscles increased, implying that in the case of the @entity1 the membrane capacitance (C(m)) was increased above normal after denervation. This is discussed in terms of the ultrastructural changes in this muscle after denervation.4. The @entity1 muscle was cut into small pieces and replaced in the bed of the PLD muscle, which in turn was minced and placed into the bed of the @entity1 muscle. These muscles regenerated and became reinnervated by the PLD and @entity1 nerves respectively. They aligned themselves in the muscle bed and adopted the former shape of the muscle that they replaced. The passive cable properties of the regenerated @entity1 muscle fibres innervated by the PLD nerve resembled the control PLD fibres and the regenerated PLD fibres reinnervated by the @entity1 nerve resembled those of the control @entity1 . Regenerated @entity1 and PLD reinnervated by their own nerves had contractile and membrane properties similar to those of control muscles.5. The results show that the fundamental differences, between slow and fast muscles once established, persist even when they are deprived of their innervation. The properties of developing muscle fibres however are determined by the motor nerves even in the adult animal.

title: The influence of innervation on differentiating tonic and twitch muscle fibres of the XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Given the debate around limitations and controversies in type D personality studies, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of 'synergistically' analyzed type D personality (interaction z-scores negative affectivity NA, and social inhibition SI) on 10-year mortality and on 10-year subjective health status in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) @entity0 . METHODS: This prospective study comprised a cohort of 1190 consecutive @entity0 who underwent PCI between October 2001 and September 2002 (73% male, mean age: 62years, range [27-90]years). At baseline, type D personality (DS14), and @entity2 / @entity1 (HADS) were assessed. Primary endpoint was 10year all-cause mortality; secondary endpoint was 10-year subjective health status (SF-36). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 10.3years (IQR 9.8-10.8), 293 deaths of any cause (24.6%) were recorded. After adjustment for significant baseline characteristics, personality categories approached and dichotomously approached type D personality were associated with 10-year mortality, p<.05. Synergistically approached type D personality was not associated with all-cause mortality or subjective health status at 10years. In survivors, higher NA was associated with lower subjective health status. Type D was not associated with mortality after adjusting for continuous @entity2 and @entity1 in all approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Synergistically analyzed type D was not associated with 10-year all-cause mortality in PCI @entity0 whereas @entity3 was. However, after adjustment for @entity2 most of the findings had disappeared. @entity2 played an important role in this. Type D was not associated with 10-year subjective health status.

title: Prognostic value of type D personality for 10-year mortality and subjective health status in XXXX treated with percutaneous coronary intervention.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Despite the presence of pathology in @entity1 , the @entity2 experience in adult @entity1 @entity0 cannot be totally explained by the extent of such pathology. Unlike chronic @entity2 very little research on the role of biobehavioral factors has been conducted to help explain this paradox. The literature on the role of biobehavioral factors in the @entity1 experience is reviewed. A brief review of epidemiology and pathophysiology is presented. Following this, the biobehavioral literature was organized according to research on psychological characteristics and environmental factors. Research addressing affective, cognitive, behavioral and physiological reactions to @entity2 was also discussed. Despite the paucity of studies, the review suggested the following: (1) personality factors do not appear to play a consistent role in the modulation of @entity2 in @entity1 @entity0 ; (2) the work on environmental influences on @entity1 indicate a weak association between such factors as social network and @entity2 intensity; (3) studies on affective state indicate minimal relationships to @entity2 , and lastly, (4) studies on cognitive responses to @entity2 in @entity1 @entity0 and their influence on the @entity2 experience have not been conducted. To date, in the areas where biobehavioral factors have been investigated, the findings appear modest. However, many potential variables, e.g., self-esteem, the role of family, the role of models, past or current work environments, social learning factors and responses to @entity2 such as fear, somatization and reattribution have not been explored with @entity1 @entity0 . While the influence of biobehavioral factors in adult @entity1 appear to be relatively modest, the literature is not extensive. Increased efforts at more precisely determining the input of such factors in @entity1 are warranted, particularly given the role of such variables in other recurrent and chronic @entity2 states.

title: Biobehavioral factors in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Percutaneous absorption of chemicals is generally considered a diffusional process, with the rate-limiting barrier being the nonviable stratum corneum. Because viable skin possesses enzyme activities, including those involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, the extent to which cutaneous metabolism may influence the percutaneous fate of topically applied chemicals in the skin was examined in @entity0 skin maintained as short-term organ cultures. Skin samples from @entity1 , @entity2 , @entity3 , @entity5 , marmoset, and @entity0 were examined. The results from studies with @entity6 (BP) and @entity4 showed that, in all species, metabolic viability was a major factor involved in the in vitro skin permeation of surface-applied chemicals. Permeation was accompanied by extensive cutaneous "first pass" metabolism; both parent compounds and a full spectrum of metabolites were found in the receptor fluid from viable skin preparations. However, in previously frozen nonviable skin preparations, essentially only unchanged parent compounds were detected in the receptor fluid. Permeation of BP and @entity4 was highest in @entity1 skin, and significant species variations in the metabolite profiles were observed. Studies with @entity1 skin also demonstrated that induction of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes can result in a two- to threefold increase in the in vitro permeation of topical BP, and a significant reduction in permeation was observed when @entity7 was added to the perfusion medium. These results indicate that diffusional and metabolic processes are intimately involved in the percutaneous fate of surface-applied chemicals. The relative importance of these processes is dependent upon the physicochemical properties of the compounds and the metabolic capabilities of the skin toward the compounds in question. Furthermore, these findings suggest that meaningful in vitro studies on skin absorption should consider both diffusion and cutaneous biotransformation of the applied compound.

title: Skin penetration and metabolism of topically applied chemicals in six @entity0 species, including @entity0 : an in vitro study with @entity6 and XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Percutaneous absorption of chemicals is generally considered a diffusional process, with the rate-limiting barrier being the nonviable stratum corneum. Because viable skin possesses enzyme activities, including those involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, the extent to which cutaneous metabolism may influence the percutaneous fate of topically applied chemicals in the skin was examined in @entity0 skin maintained as short-term organ cultures. Skin samples from @entity1 , @entity2 , @entity3 , @entity5 , marmoset, and @entity0 were examined. The results from studies with @entity6 (BP) and @entity4 showed that, in all species, metabolic viability was a major factor involved in the in vitro skin permeation of surface-applied chemicals. Permeation was accompanied by extensive cutaneous "first pass" metabolism; both parent compounds and a full spectrum of metabolites were found in the receptor fluid from viable skin preparations. However, in previously frozen nonviable skin preparations, essentially only unchanged parent compounds were detected in the receptor fluid. Permeation of BP and @entity4 was highest in @entity1 skin, and significant species variations in the metabolite profiles were observed. Studies with @entity1 skin also demonstrated that induction of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes can result in a two- to threefold increase in the in vitro permeation of topical BP, and a significant reduction in permeation was observed when @entity7 was added to the perfusion medium. These results indicate that diffusional and metabolic processes are intimately involved in the percutaneous fate of surface-applied chemicals. The relative importance of these processes is dependent upon the physicochemical properties of the compounds and the metabolic capabilities of the skin toward the compounds in question. Furthermore, these findings suggest that meaningful in vitro studies on skin absorption should consider both diffusion and cutaneous biotransformation of the applied compound.

title: Skin penetration and metabolism of topically applied chemicals in six @entity0 species, including @entity0 : an in vitro study with XXXX and @entity4 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Percutaneous absorption of chemicals is generally considered a diffusional process, with the rate-limiting barrier being the nonviable stratum corneum. Because viable skin possesses enzyme activities, including those involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, the extent to which cutaneous metabolism may influence the percutaneous fate of topically applied chemicals in the skin was examined in @entity0 skin maintained as short-term organ cultures. Skin samples from @entity1 , @entity2 , @entity3 , @entity5 , marmoset, and @entity0 were examined. The results from studies with @entity6 (BP) and @entity4 showed that, in all species, metabolic viability was a major factor involved in the in vitro skin permeation of surface-applied chemicals. Permeation was accompanied by extensive cutaneous "first pass" metabolism; both parent compounds and a full spectrum of metabolites were found in the receptor fluid from viable skin preparations. However, in previously frozen nonviable skin preparations, essentially only unchanged parent compounds were detected in the receptor fluid. Permeation of BP and @entity4 was highest in @entity1 skin, and significant species variations in the metabolite profiles were observed. Studies with @entity1 skin also demonstrated that induction of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes can result in a two- to threefold increase in the in vitro permeation of topical BP, and a significant reduction in permeation was observed when @entity7 was added to the perfusion medium. These results indicate that diffusional and metabolic processes are intimately involved in the percutaneous fate of surface-applied chemicals. The relative importance of these processes is dependent upon the physicochemical properties of the compounds and the metabolic capabilities of the skin toward the compounds in question. Furthermore, these findings suggest that meaningful in vitro studies on skin absorption should consider both diffusion and cutaneous biotransformation of the applied compound.

title: Skin penetration and metabolism of topically applied chemicals in six XXXX species, including @entity0 : an in vitro study with @entity6 and @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Percutaneous absorption of chemicals is generally considered a diffusional process, with the rate-limiting barrier being the nonviable stratum corneum. Because viable skin possesses enzyme activities, including those involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, the extent to which cutaneous metabolism may influence the percutaneous fate of topically applied chemicals in the skin was examined in @entity0 skin maintained as short-term organ cultures. Skin samples from @entity1 , @entity2 , @entity3 , @entity5 , marmoset, and @entity0 were examined. The results from studies with @entity6 (BP) and @entity4 showed that, in all species, metabolic viability was a major factor involved in the in vitro skin permeation of surface-applied chemicals. Permeation was accompanied by extensive cutaneous "first pass" metabolism; both parent compounds and a full spectrum of metabolites were found in the receptor fluid from viable skin preparations. However, in previously frozen nonviable skin preparations, essentially only unchanged parent compounds were detected in the receptor fluid. Permeation of BP and @entity4 was highest in @entity1 skin, and significant species variations in the metabolite profiles were observed. Studies with @entity1 skin also demonstrated that induction of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes can result in a two- to threefold increase in the in vitro permeation of topical BP, and a significant reduction in permeation was observed when @entity7 was added to the perfusion medium. These results indicate that diffusional and metabolic processes are intimately involved in the percutaneous fate of surface-applied chemicals. The relative importance of these processes is dependent upon the physicochemical properties of the compounds and the metabolic capabilities of the skin toward the compounds in question. Furthermore, these findings suggest that meaningful in vitro studies on skin absorption should consider both diffusion and cutaneous biotransformation of the applied compound.

title: Skin penetration and metabolism of topically applied chemicals in six @entity0 species, including XXXX : an in vitro study with @entity6 and @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: In conclusion our results clearly suggest that vital functions of the brain, in spite of its well developed autoregulation are impaired during prolonged @entity7 conditions. Regional cerebral blood flow measured by the 133Xe clearance and @entity6 -antipyrine autoradiographic techniques demonstrated a progressive reduction in CBF, with the development of patchy and circumscribed @entity1 areas during @entity5 which persisted after reinfusion. The regional distribution of the underperfused regions cannot be explained solely in terms of boundary zones between the main distribution fields of major cerebral arteries. Our results suggest the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in the impairment of cerebral microcirculation during @entity5 . The patchy focal @entity2 could be the background of the functional impairment. The focal appearances suggests that, in addition to generalized (blood borne) changes, local factors play an important role in the production of @entity1 areas in the brain. Afferent neural nociceptive input to the brain seems to be elevated during shock. It may be presumed that this leads to increased tissue metabolism and the accumulation of metabolites. The low flow combined with elevated neuronal activity and cellular metabolism produces an imbalance between @entity0 delivery and @entity0 utilization. The local nature of afferent activation of the CNS can explain the regional impairment in the brain tissue. Nociceptive afferent stimulation increases, while denervation of the carotid sinus or transsection of the vagus or spinal afferent pathways decreases the sensitivity to shock. We have presented further evidence that stimulation of the C-fibres of the sciatic nerve reduced local cerebral blood flow and the tissue @entity8 in the n. VPL thalami and VM hypothalami in cardiovascularly restricted (stabilized blood pressure) animals. Concerning the subcellular events that may lead to @entity4 during @entity5 , we believe that the depletion of high energy phosphates initiates those complex changes which result in the loss of the viability of the affected cells. In this process the increase of free @entity3 in the cytosol probably plays a crucial role.

title: Cerebral circulation in hypoxia and XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: RATIONALE: @entity4 and @entity0 ( @entity0 ) severely impair adaptive vascular growth responses in ischemic muscles. This is largely attributed to dysregulated gene expression, although details of the changes are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To define the role of promoter methylation in adaptive vascular growth in @entity4 ( @entity5 (-/-)ApoB(100/100)) and @entity0 ( @entity7 / @entity5 (-/-)ApoB(100/100)) @entity1 models of hindlimb @entity2 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Unilateral hindlimb @entity2 was induced by ligating femoral artery. Perfusion was assessed using ultrasound, and capillary and arteriole parameters were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Genome-wide methylated DNA sequencing was performed with DNA isolated from ischemic muscle, tissue macrophages (M  s), and endothelial cells. Compared with the controls, @entity4 and @entity0 @entity1 showed impaired perfusion recovery, which was associated with @entity3 and arteriogenesis. Genome-wide proximal promoter DNA methylation analysis suggested differential patterns of methylation in M   genes in ischemic muscles. Classically activated M1-M   gene promoters, including Cfb, @entity11 , and @entity10 , were significantly hypomethylated, whereas alternatively activated M2-M   gene promoters, including @entity8 , @entity6 , @entity12 , @entity9 , @entity13 , and Fes, were significantly hypermethylated in M  s isolated from @entity4 and @entity0 ischemic muscles compared with controls. These results combined with mRNA expression and immunohistochemistry showed the predominance of proinflammatory M1-M  s, compared with anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic M2-M  s in @entity4 and @entity0 ischemic muscles. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant promoter hypomethylation of genes typical for proinflammatory M1-M  s and hypermethylation of anti-inflammatory, proangiogenic M2-M   genes in @entity4 and @entity0 ischemic muscles. Epigenetic alterations modify M   phenotype toward proinflammatory M1 as opposed to anti-inflammatory, proangiogenic, and tissue repair M2 phenotype, which may contribute to the impaired adaptive vascular growth under these pathological conditions.

title: Differential Promoter Methylation of Macrophage Genes Is Associated With Impaired Vascular Growth in Ischemic Muscles of Hyperlipidemic and Type 2 Diabetic XXXX : Genome-Wide Promoter Methylation Study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Five different @entity0 @entity2 were disaggregated with three combinations of enzymes. Significant @entity1 heterogeneity in response to the enzyme disaggregation was observed. A combination of collagenase (0.5 mg/ml) and trypsin (0.25%) was then used for routine disaggregation of 11 additional @entity1 . The viability of cells in suspension ranged between 63 and 98% with a mean viability of 83.2 +/- 10.7% (S.D.). The mean yield of total viable cells per g of tissue was 17.4 +/- 14.2 x 10(6). @entity1 cells were further fractionated in isopyknic and isokinetic gradients. After isokinetic sedimentation, significant heterogeneity among @entity1 was seen, but lymphocytes were consistently located in Fraction 7 +/- 2, whereas @entity1 cells were predominantly in Fraction 22 +/- 1. Malignant epithelial cells were enriched to a 85.8 +/- 9.4% (range, 69.5 to 92.5%) purity by isokinetic gradient centrifugation. Lymphocytes could be successfully separated from @entity1 cells using an isopyknic gradient. Controlled rate freezing of cells provided material for repeated experiments while short-term tissue culture prior to cell separation increased the proportion of viable cells in the suspension. Disaggregation of @entity0 @entity2 and separation of malignant cells from @entity1 lymphocytes provides the foundation for characterizing these @entity1 biochemically and for analyzing hormonal responsiveness and the immunological characteristics of these @entity1 in vitro.

title: Tissue disaggregation of @entity0 XXXX with further isopyknic and isokinetic gradient purification.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Five different @entity0 @entity2 were disaggregated with three combinations of enzymes. Significant @entity1 heterogeneity in response to the enzyme disaggregation was observed. A combination of collagenase (0.5 mg/ml) and trypsin (0.25%) was then used for routine disaggregation of 11 additional @entity1 . The viability of cells in suspension ranged between 63 and 98% with a mean viability of 83.2 +/- 10.7% (S.D.). The mean yield of total viable cells per g of tissue was 17.4 +/- 14.2 x 10(6). @entity1 cells were further fractionated in isopyknic and isokinetic gradients. After isokinetic sedimentation, significant heterogeneity among @entity1 was seen, but lymphocytes were consistently located in Fraction 7 +/- 2, whereas @entity1 cells were predominantly in Fraction 22 +/- 1. Malignant epithelial cells were enriched to a 85.8 +/- 9.4% (range, 69.5 to 92.5%) purity by isokinetic gradient centrifugation. Lymphocytes could be successfully separated from @entity1 cells using an isopyknic gradient. Controlled rate freezing of cells provided material for repeated experiments while short-term tissue culture prior to cell separation increased the proportion of viable cells in the suspension. Disaggregation of @entity0 @entity2 and separation of malignant cells from @entity1 lymphocytes provides the foundation for characterizing these @entity1 biochemically and for analyzing hormonal responsiveness and the immunological characteristics of these @entity1 in vitro.

title: Tissue disaggregation of XXXX @entity2 with further isopyknic and isokinetic gradient purification.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Fifty-five @entity0 with 72 @entity2 of the iliac vessels were evaluated retrospectively during a 12-year period (1972 to 1985). @entity4 was found in all @entity2 . Marked male predominance (5:1) and advanced age (mean 74.6 years) characterized this population group. Two thirds of them harbored multiple @entity2 and @entity2 were found primarily to involve the internal iliac artery (12 of 18 @entity0 ). Although symptomatic presentation varied with anatomic location and presence of @entity1 , most @entity0 were either asymptomatic (45%) or had such nonspecific complaints (11%) that diagnosis was often delayed or erroneous. A mass detected during abdominal, rectal, or vaginal examination was found in 39 @entity0 (70%). @entity2 size ranged from 2.5 to 18 cm (mean 5.5 cm) for the entire group. Internal @entity5 tended to be larger (7.7 cm) yet demonstrated no increased risk of @entity1 , which was encountered in 33% of @entity0 . Elective operative management was undertaken in 26 @entity0 with a mortality rate of 11%. When repair had to be performed as an emergency procedure mortality increased to 33%. @entity2 , resection, or endoaneurysmorrhaphy coupled with graft interposition when necessary did not seem to influence @entity0 survival. Eleven @entity0 treated nonoperatively demonstrated enlargement in three, @entity1 in one, and progressive @entity6 in one @entity0 . @entity5 demonstrate expansile growth with @entity3 and therefore should be managed aggressively under elective circumstances.

title: Natural history and management of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The clinical presentation, radiological investigations and surgical management of 11 @entity0 with @entity2 (greater than 2.5 cm) have been reviewed. Most @entity0 had signs and symptomd @entity4 . The most helpful plain film finding was intracranial calcification. This varied from a mere fleck to the classical curvilinear variety. Computerised tomography (CT) scans were available on all 11 @entity0 . All showed a space-occupying lesion of high density. Two types of enhancement were seen following intravenous contrast medium, (a) homogeneous and (b) rim enhancement with or without a patchy increase in density centrally. The CT appearances in some of the cases resembled those shown by other lesions such as @entity1 . Arteriography in almost all cases demonstrated the @entity3 but often under-estimated its size. On two occasions the @entity3 did not fill and the nature of the lesion demonstrated on the plain CT remained unconfirmed. Direct surgical attack rather than carotid ligation was the operation of choice. Most @entity0 responded very well to this treatment.

title: XXXX : diagnosis with special reference to computerised tomography.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Spectral analysis of continuous wave (CW) Doppler signals is used for the diagnosis of @entity2 . Previous clinical and in vitro studies have documented that the peak Doppler frequency is increased in recordings made directly over a @entity0 and that spectral broadening is observed beyond a @entity0 in the region of disturbed flow. However, certain hemodynamic and technical factors can effect the Doppler spectrum and in particular cause spectral broadening although they are not related to the severity of the @entity1 . In this in vitro study, Doppler spectra were quantified by (1) measurements of the peak, mean and mode frequencies, and (2) measurements that quantify changes in the shape of the spectra and thus can potentially detect the presence of spectral broadening. The latter measurements included the spectral broadening index (SBI), coefficient of variation (CV), coefficient of skewedness (CS), and coefficient of kurtosis (CK). Using straight tubes without a bifurcation in a steady flow model, we found that the peak frequency and the extent of spectral broadening were dependent upon the severity of the @entity0 , the relation of the recording site to the @entity0 or bulb, and the flow rate. Comparison of the severity of Doppler spectral broadening from bulb and @entity0 recordings allowed us to conclude that any observed changes in spectral broadening measurements are probably due to a significant @entity0 and not to the presence of a normal bulb. If the tube is not completely insonated by the CW Doppler beam, an error of between 4 and 35% can be read in the spectral broadening measurements. The peak frequency, mean frequency, and SBI are not altered significantly by the automatic gain control or dynamic range and noise level settings usually chosen by the spectrum analyzer. Because of the variability of individual Doppler spectra, one should be cautious about deriving quantitative data from one individual spectrum. The results of quantitative analysis of the amplitude spectrum are different from the power spectrum. In conclusion, this in vitro study identified several hemodynamic and technical factors that affect the CW Doppler spectrum; however, in the clinical setting, their influence on quantitative measurements of the extent of spectral broadening likely can be minimized by a skilled technologist who uses a standardized technique.

title: Factors affecting the continuous wave Doppler spectrum for the diagnosis of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of @entity2 (GA) compared to other @entity1 ( @entity1 ) therapies in routine clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational cohort study carried out in @entity1 @entity0 treated with GA (GA cohort) or other @entity1 therapies -switched from GA- (non-GA cohort). Study data were obtained through review of our @entity1 @entity0 database. The primary endpoint was the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores reached at the end of treatment/last check-up. RESULTS: A total of 180 @entity0 were included: GA cohort n  =  120, non-GA cohort n  =  60. @entity0 in the GA cohort showed better EDSS scores at the end of treatment/last check-up (mean      SD, 2.8      1.8 vs. 3.9      2.2; P  =  0.001) and were 1.65 times more likely to show better EDSS scores compared to the non-GA cohort (odds ratio, 0.606; 95%CI, 0.436-0.843; P  =  0.003). @entity0 in the GA cohort showed longer mean time to reach EDSS scores of 6 (209.1 [95%CI, 187.6-230.6] vs. 164.3 [95%CI, 137.0-191.6] months; P  =  0.004) and slower disability progression (hazard ratio, 0.415 [95%CI, 0.286-0.603]; P  <  0.001). The annualized relapse rate was lower in the GA cohort (mean      SD, 0.5      0.5 vs. 0.8      0.5; P  =  0.001) and @entity0 ' quality of life was improved in this study cohort compared to the non-GA cohort (mean      SD, 0.7      0.1 vs. 0.6      0.2; P  =  0.01). CONCLUSIONS: GA may slow down the progression of EDSS scores to a greater extent than other @entity1 therapies, as well as achieving a greater reduction in relapses and a greater improvement in @entity0 ' quality of life. Switching from GA to other @entity1 therapies has not proved to entail a better response to treatment.

title: Effectiveness of @entity2 compared to other XXXX therapies.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of @entity2 (GA) compared to other @entity1 ( @entity1 ) therapies in routine clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational cohort study carried out in @entity1 @entity0 treated with GA (GA cohort) or other @entity1 therapies -switched from GA- (non-GA cohort). Study data were obtained through review of our @entity1 @entity0 database. The primary endpoint was the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores reached at the end of treatment/last check-up. RESULTS: A total of 180 @entity0 were included: GA cohort n  =  120, non-GA cohort n  =  60. @entity0 in the GA cohort showed better EDSS scores at the end of treatment/last check-up (mean      SD, 2.8      1.8 vs. 3.9      2.2; P  =  0.001) and were 1.65 times more likely to show better EDSS scores compared to the non-GA cohort (odds ratio, 0.606; 95%CI, 0.436-0.843; P  =  0.003). @entity0 in the GA cohort showed longer mean time to reach EDSS scores of 6 (209.1 [95%CI, 187.6-230.6] vs. 164.3 [95%CI, 137.0-191.6] months; P  =  0.004) and slower disability progression (hazard ratio, 0.415 [95%CI, 0.286-0.603]; P  <  0.001). The annualized relapse rate was lower in the GA cohort (mean      SD, 0.5      0.5 vs. 0.8      0.5; P  =  0.001) and @entity0 ' quality of life was improved in this study cohort compared to the non-GA cohort (mean      SD, 0.7      0.1 vs. 0.6      0.2; P  =  0.01). CONCLUSIONS: GA may slow down the progression of EDSS scores to a greater extent than other @entity1 therapies, as well as achieving a greater reduction in relapses and a greater improvement in @entity0 ' quality of life. Switching from GA to other @entity1 therapies has not proved to entail a better response to treatment.

title: Effectiveness of XXXX compared to other @entity1 therapies.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Between 1983 and 1986, a multicenter randomized study was conducted to compare a sequential program of induction chemotherapy (CT) followed by radiotherapy (RT), Arm A, with an alternation of 4 cycles of CT with 3 courses of RT (20 Gy/10 fractions up to a total dose of 60 Gy), Arm B, in advanced @entity3 @entity0 . The same CT (VBM: @entity7 , @entity6 , @entity5 ) was used on both arms; one hundred and sixteen @entity0 (pts) entered the study, 55 in Arm A, 61 in Arm B. Fourty-five pts had stage III and 71 stage IV @entity1 . The two arms are fully comparable. Up to October 1987, 116 pts are evaluable for survival, while 112 are evaluable for @entity4 and 105 for response. In 21 @entity0 (10 in Arm A, 11 in B) the association CT-RT was followed by surgery. Response analysis shows 14 complete responses in Arm A and 30 in Arm B (p less than or equal to 0.03). The median disease-free survival and median overall survival are also statistically different, with an advantage for Arm B (33 vs 22 weeks, p less than or equal to 0.0007, and 59 vs 38 weeks, p less than 0.03 respectively). The actuarial overall survival of complete responders at 50 months is 43% (B) and 21% (A). @entity4 (mainly stage III-IV @entity2 ) is superior in Arm B (30% vs 4%). Our experience demonstrates the advantages of alternate over sequential CT-RT. A comparison of this cyclic association with RT alone is in progress.

title: [Sequential or alternate chemo-radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced XXXX . Results of a randomized study].

answer: @entity3


abstract: Fifty adult male subjects with moderate to heavy @entity8 from the Liberian rain forest were selected for a double-blind placebo-controlled chemotherapy study. The effects of high doses of @entity6 ( @entity7 ) - 30 mg/kg/d - over one week preceded by a one week initial treatment with normal oral doses of @entity7 or @entity7 lotion were compared with a single dose of @entity5 (150 micrograms/kg) and placebo. During the initial treatment @entity7 tablets or lotion caused distinctly more frequent and severe reactions than did invermectin. The reactions to @entity5 did not differ from those of the placebo @entity0 . High doses of @entity7 caused, in about half of the @entity0 , @entity1 , @entity4 , @entity2 or @entity3 . @entity7 markedly increased the number of corneal microfilariae and of corneal opacities compared to @entity5 . All changes resolved with a return to pretreatment findings two months after treatment. The three treatment groups showed no differences at the ten months follow-up. In all treated @entity0 skin microfilaria counts fell almost to zero by the end of the two week therapy. In the @entity5 group microfilaria counts remained significantly lower than in the @entity7 @entity0 at the two and ten months examinations. In summary, @entity5 was much better tolerated than @entity7 and had a longer lasting effect on the microfilariae in the skin. Since high doses of @entity7 were less effective and caused more frequent and severe side effects, this approach cannot be recommended for treatment of @entity8 .

title: Chemotherapy of @entity8 with high doses of XXXX or a single dose of @entity5 : microfilaria levels and side effects.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Fifty adult male subjects with moderate to heavy @entity8 from the Liberian rain forest were selected for a double-blind placebo-controlled chemotherapy study. The effects of high doses of @entity6 ( @entity7 ) - 30 mg/kg/d - over one week preceded by a one week initial treatment with normal oral doses of @entity7 or @entity7 lotion were compared with a single dose of @entity5 (150 micrograms/kg) and placebo. During the initial treatment @entity7 tablets or lotion caused distinctly more frequent and severe reactions than did invermectin. The reactions to @entity5 did not differ from those of the placebo @entity0 . High doses of @entity7 caused, in about half of the @entity0 , @entity1 , @entity4 , @entity2 or @entity3 . @entity7 markedly increased the number of corneal microfilariae and of corneal opacities compared to @entity5 . All changes resolved with a return to pretreatment findings two months after treatment. The three treatment groups showed no differences at the ten months follow-up. In all treated @entity0 skin microfilaria counts fell almost to zero by the end of the two week therapy. In the @entity5 group microfilaria counts remained significantly lower than in the @entity7 @entity0 at the two and ten months examinations. In summary, @entity5 was much better tolerated than @entity7 and had a longer lasting effect on the microfilariae in the skin. Since high doses of @entity7 were less effective and caused more frequent and severe side effects, this approach cannot be recommended for treatment of @entity8 .

title: Chemotherapy of @entity8 with high doses of @entity6 or a single dose of XXXX : microfilaria levels and side effects.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Fifty adult male subjects with moderate to heavy @entity8 from the Liberian rain forest were selected for a double-blind placebo-controlled chemotherapy study. The effects of high doses of @entity6 ( @entity7 ) - 30 mg/kg/d - over one week preceded by a one week initial treatment with normal oral doses of @entity7 or @entity7 lotion were compared with a single dose of @entity5 (150 micrograms/kg) and placebo. During the initial treatment @entity7 tablets or lotion caused distinctly more frequent and severe reactions than did invermectin. The reactions to @entity5 did not differ from those of the placebo @entity0 . High doses of @entity7 caused, in about half of the @entity0 , @entity1 , @entity4 , @entity2 or @entity3 . @entity7 markedly increased the number of corneal microfilariae and of corneal opacities compared to @entity5 . All changes resolved with a return to pretreatment findings two months after treatment. The three treatment groups showed no differences at the ten months follow-up. In all treated @entity0 skin microfilaria counts fell almost to zero by the end of the two week therapy. In the @entity5 group microfilaria counts remained significantly lower than in the @entity7 @entity0 at the two and ten months examinations. In summary, @entity5 was much better tolerated than @entity7 and had a longer lasting effect on the microfilariae in the skin. Since high doses of @entity7 were less effective and caused more frequent and severe side effects, this approach cannot be recommended for treatment of @entity8 .

title: Chemotherapy of XXXX with high doses of @entity6 or a single dose of @entity5 : microfilaria levels and side effects.

answer: @entity8


abstract: In soleus muscles of @entity0 treated for 2 to 11 days with high doses of @entity2 or @entity6 , muscle fibres showed autophagocytosis followed by segmental @entity4 and @entity1 . @entity3 , "splitting", and internal nuclei were absent. At variance with findings in progressive @entity5 , the incidence of intramembrane particles was unchanged and membrane defects in @entity1 fibres were absent. Autophagic vacuoles were formed by cup-shaped cisternae derived from tubules that often enclosed single mitochondria. Golgi complexes occurred in the centre of the fibres; dilated vesicles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum contained an electrondense substance, possibly lysosomal enzymes. Exocytosis of autophagic vacuoles and of almost undigested mitochondria was observed. The changes in the plasma membrane were as in other cells: a bulge was formed that was cleared of intramembrane particles; the membrane fused with the limiting membrane of the autophagic vacuole, the content of which was expelled through an orifice. Inside autophagic vacuoles, persisting phospholipids arranged themselves into protein-free lipid bilayers, that formed concentric membranes or single-layered vesicles. Both drugs are known to inhibit degradation of phospholipids; the findings indicate that the rate of autophagocytosis and exocytosis were enhanced as well. Fibre @entity1 was probably due to the fact that fibres eventually became unable to maintain their integrity.

title: The early changes in experimental myopathy induced by XXXX and @entity6 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: In soleus muscles of @entity0 treated for 2 to 11 days with high doses of @entity2 or @entity6 , muscle fibres showed autophagocytosis followed by segmental @entity4 and @entity1 . @entity3 , "splitting", and internal nuclei were absent. At variance with findings in progressive @entity5 , the incidence of intramembrane particles was unchanged and membrane defects in @entity1 fibres were absent. Autophagic vacuoles were formed by cup-shaped cisternae derived from tubules that often enclosed single mitochondria. Golgi complexes occurred in the centre of the fibres; dilated vesicles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum contained an electrondense substance, possibly lysosomal enzymes. Exocytosis of autophagic vacuoles and of almost undigested mitochondria was observed. The changes in the plasma membrane were as in other cells: a bulge was formed that was cleared of intramembrane particles; the membrane fused with the limiting membrane of the autophagic vacuole, the content of which was expelled through an orifice. Inside autophagic vacuoles, persisting phospholipids arranged themselves into protein-free lipid bilayers, that formed concentric membranes or single-layered vesicles. Both drugs are known to inhibit degradation of phospholipids; the findings indicate that the rate of autophagocytosis and exocytosis were enhanced as well. Fibre @entity1 was probably due to the fact that fibres eventually became unable to maintain their integrity.

title: The early changes in experimental myopathy induced by @entity2 and XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Experiments were designed to study effects of 3 days of fasting on blood plasma levels, metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and effects of @entity2 (NE) and @entity3 (E) on levels of @entity0 , nonesterified @entity4 ( @entity5 ) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in 12 steers. During fasting, levels of E, NE and protein did not change, whereas IRI, T3 and @entity0 decreased and @entity5 , @entity7 and @entity6 increased. Before and at the end of fasting, NE or E were iv infused for 120 min. NE and E were elevated after 15 min and to the end of the infusion. The increase in E, but not in NE, was significantly greater after 3 days of fasting than before fasting (P less than 0.05). MCR for E was lower after fasting (299 +/- 17 vs 204 +/- 10 ml.kg-0.75. @entity1 ; P less than 0.001), whereas MCR for NE was not significantly different (455 +/- 37 vs 400 +/- 27 ml.kg-0.75. @entity1 ). MCR was higher for NE than for E, both before and after fasting (P less than 0.05). After the infusion, E and NE decreased within minutes to pre-infusion concentrations. During E infusions, @entity5 increased significantly more, whereas @entity0 increased less in fasted than in fed animals. During NE infusions, @entity5 increased in fasted, but not in fed animals, and @entity0 increased less at the end than before fasting. IRI decreased during E infusions only in fed animals, and transiently increased after the infusion, except after NE infusion in fasted steers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of fasting on blood plasma levels, metabolism and metabolic effects of @entity3 and XXXX in steers.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Experiments were designed to study effects of 3 days of fasting on blood plasma levels, metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and effects of @entity2 (NE) and @entity3 (E) on levels of @entity0 , nonesterified @entity4 ( @entity5 ) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in 12 steers. During fasting, levels of E, NE and protein did not change, whereas IRI, T3 and @entity0 decreased and @entity5 , @entity7 and @entity6 increased. Before and at the end of fasting, NE or E were iv infused for 120 min. NE and E were elevated after 15 min and to the end of the infusion. The increase in E, but not in NE, was significantly greater after 3 days of fasting than before fasting (P less than 0.05). MCR for E was lower after fasting (299 +/- 17 vs 204 +/- 10 ml.kg-0.75. @entity1 ; P less than 0.001), whereas MCR for NE was not significantly different (455 +/- 37 vs 400 +/- 27 ml.kg-0.75. @entity1 ). MCR was higher for NE than for E, both before and after fasting (P less than 0.05). After the infusion, E and NE decreased within minutes to pre-infusion concentrations. During E infusions, @entity5 increased significantly more, whereas @entity0 increased less in fasted than in fed animals. During NE infusions, @entity5 increased in fasted, but not in fed animals, and @entity0 increased less at the end than before fasting. IRI decreased during E infusions only in fed animals, and transiently increased after the infusion, except after NE infusion in fasted steers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of fasting on blood plasma levels, metabolism and metabolic effects of XXXX and @entity2 in steers.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity4 are rare @entity1 . They are usually asymptomatic, and often become quite large before they are discovered. A case is reported of a 75-year-old @entity0 with complaints of @entity6 and @entity3 . Intravenous pyelography showed left renal nonfunctional and retrograde pyelography revealed the stenosis of the left ureter. The ultrasonogram demonstrated a @entity5 , and it was diagnosed as a @entity1 with central @entity2 by computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The @entity1 was removed with the left nonfunctioning kidney and ureter. The @entity1 was 3 x 3 x 4 cm, and the histological diagnosis was @entity4 (Antoni A + B type). There was a tight fibrous adhesion between the @entity1 and the left ureter, and the @entity1 was concluded to have originated from the adventitia of ureter. To date, 120 benign cases have been reported in Japan. They are reviewed and discussed.

title: [A case of XXXX causing ureteral obstruction: report of a case].

answer: @entity4


abstract: The endoscopic approach for @entity2 in @entity0 with surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy (SAGA) had been generally deemed impractical. However, it was radically made feasible by the introduction of double balloon endoscopy (DBE) that was originally developed for diagnosis and treatments for @entity1 . Followed by the subsequent development of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and @entity4 ( @entity4 ), interventions using several endoscopes for @entity2 in @entity0 with SAGA widely gained an acceptance as a new modality. Many studies have been made on this new technique. Yet, some problems are to be solved. For instance, the mutual unavailability among devices due to different working lengths and channels, and unestablished standardization of procedural techniques can be raised. Additionally, in an attempt to standardize endoscopic procedures, it is important to evaluate biliary cannulating methods by case with existence of papilla or not. A full comprehension of the features of respective scope types is also required. However there are not many papers written as a review. In our manuscript, we would like to evaluate and make a review of the present status of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography applying DBE, @entity3 and @entity4 for @entity2 in @entity0 with SAGA for establishment of these modalities as a new technology and further improvement of the scopes and devices.

title: Review of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography using several endoscopic methods in XXXX with surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy.

answer: @entity0