abstract: OBJECTIVE: The reported frequency of @entity7 M01-R renal crisis ( @entity9 ) in @entity8 (SSc; @entity7 ) is 15-20%. Early use of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) inhibitors has markedly improved outcome. The present analysis reexamines the prognostic factors for and outcome of @entity9 in a prospective cohort of @entity0 with early diffuse SSc. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the cohort of SSc @entity0 who participated in the High-Dose Versus Low-Dose @entity6 in Early Diffuse SSc trial. @entity0 with @entity8 were enrolled if their disease duration was <18 months. Because the trial failed to show a difference between treatment groups, the data were pooled. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-four SSc @entity0 entered the observation period a mean +/- SD of 0.8 +/- 0.3 years after onset of SSc. @entity9 occurred in 18 @entity0 a mean +/- SD of 0.9 +/- 1.1 years after entry. During a mean +/- SD 4.0 +/- 1.1 years of followup after entry, 9 of the 18 @entity0 died (mean +/- SD 0.6 +/- 0.9 years after @entity9 onset). Baseline characteristics that predicted @entity9 included a modified Rodnan skin thickness score of >or=20 (P < 0.01), enlarged cardiac silhouette on radiograph (P = 0.04), @entity3 (wrist, elbow, knee) (P = 0.008), and @entity1 use at entry (P = 0.01). Baseline characteristics that did not predict @entity9 included age, sex, race, Health Assessment Questionnaire score, fist closure, handspread, lung involvement, @entity2 , erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelet count. In 5 of 10 subjects for whom at least 2 sequential skin scores were available, skin scores increased significantly (P = 0.012) in the 6 months before onset of @entity9 . CONCLUSION: @entity9 occurred in 13% of @entity0 soon (mean 11 months) after entry into the cohort. Predictors of @entity9 identified in this study included higher than average skin score, @entity1 use at study entry, @entity3 , and @entity4 . Our data suggest, however, that low-dose @entity1 alone was not associated with the onset of @entity9 , except in the appropriate clinical setting. Although @entity5 inhibitors and dialysis are now readily available, @entity9 continues to be associated with poor survival (in this study, 50% of @entity0 with @entity9 died).

title: Predictors and outcomes of scleroderma renal crisis: the high-dose versus low-dose @entity6 in early XXXX trial.

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The reported frequency of @entity7 M01-R renal crisis ( @entity9 ) in @entity8 (SSc; @entity7 ) is 15-20%. Early use of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) inhibitors has markedly improved outcome. The present analysis reexamines the prognostic factors for and outcome of @entity9 in a prospective cohort of @entity0 with early diffuse SSc. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the cohort of SSc @entity0 who participated in the High-Dose Versus Low-Dose @entity6 in Early Diffuse SSc trial. @entity0 with @entity8 were enrolled if their disease duration was <18 months. Because the trial failed to show a difference between treatment groups, the data were pooled. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-four SSc @entity0 entered the observation period a mean +/- SD of 0.8 +/- 0.3 years after onset of SSc. @entity9 occurred in 18 @entity0 a mean +/- SD of 0.9 +/- 1.1 years after entry. During a mean +/- SD 4.0 +/- 1.1 years of followup after entry, 9 of the 18 @entity0 died (mean +/- SD 0.6 +/- 0.9 years after @entity9 onset). Baseline characteristics that predicted @entity9 included a modified Rodnan skin thickness score of >or=20 (P < 0.01), enlarged cardiac silhouette on radiograph (P = 0.04), @entity3 (wrist, elbow, knee) (P = 0.008), and @entity1 use at entry (P = 0.01). Baseline characteristics that did not predict @entity9 included age, sex, race, Health Assessment Questionnaire score, fist closure, handspread, lung involvement, @entity2 , erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelet count. In 5 of 10 subjects for whom at least 2 sequential skin scores were available, skin scores increased significantly (P = 0.012) in the 6 months before onset of @entity9 . CONCLUSION: @entity9 occurred in 13% of @entity0 soon (mean 11 months) after entry into the cohort. Predictors of @entity9 identified in this study included higher than average skin score, @entity1 use at study entry, @entity3 , and @entity4 . Our data suggest, however, that low-dose @entity1 alone was not associated with the onset of @entity9 , except in the appropriate clinical setting. Although @entity5 inhibitors and dialysis are now readily available, @entity9 continues to be associated with poor survival (in this study, 50% of @entity0 with @entity9 died).

title: Predictors and outcomes of scleroderma renal crisis: the high-dose versus low-dose XXXX in early @entity8 trial.

answer: @entity6


abstract: In a review of a large number of @entity0 with @entity1 , @entity7 was observed in five @entity0 with chronic @entity3 and in two @entity0 with @entity2 . In @entity3 @entity0 , there were three cases of @entity9 and one case each of @entity4 and @entity8 . In @entity2 @entity0 , there was one case each of @entity8 and @entity5 associated with @entity6 . Sixteen other cases of @entity7 have been reported to date in @entity1 . All @entity7 , but particularly @entity9 , have been described. There has been no single common feature as to type (whether @entity3 or @entity2 ), extent and course, or medical and surgical treatment of the @entity1 . The relative risk of @entity7 in @entity0 with @entity3 was 5.3 [95% confidence interval 1.7 to 12.3 (P less than 0.01)] and of @entity9 11.4 [95% confidence interval 2.3 to 24.9 (P less than 0.01)]. Our data on @entity0 with @entity2 were not sufficient to assess the statistical significance of @entity7 in this disease. This study suggests that there may be an increased risk of @entity7 , particularly @entity9 , in @entity3 . The causal relationship, if any, remains undetermined.

title: @entity1 and XXXX . A report of seven cases of @entity7 in @entity3 and @entity2 and review of the literature.

answer: @entity7


abstract: In a review of a large number of @entity0 with @entity1 , @entity7 was observed in five @entity0 with chronic @entity3 and in two @entity0 with @entity2 . In @entity3 @entity0 , there were three cases of @entity9 and one case each of @entity4 and @entity8 . In @entity2 @entity0 , there was one case each of @entity8 and @entity5 associated with @entity6 . Sixteen other cases of @entity7 have been reported to date in @entity1 . All @entity7 , but particularly @entity9 , have been described. There has been no single common feature as to type (whether @entity3 or @entity2 ), extent and course, or medical and surgical treatment of the @entity1 . The relative risk of @entity7 in @entity0 with @entity3 was 5.3 [95% confidence interval 1.7 to 12.3 (P less than 0.01)] and of @entity9 11.4 [95% confidence interval 2.3 to 24.9 (P less than 0.01)]. Our data on @entity0 with @entity2 were not sufficient to assess the statistical significance of @entity7 in this disease. This study suggests that there may be an increased risk of @entity7 , particularly @entity9 , in @entity3 . The causal relationship, if any, remains undetermined.

title: @entity1 and @entity7 . A report of seven cases of XXXX in @entity3 and @entity2 and review of the literature.

answer: @entity7


abstract: In a review of a large number of @entity0 with @entity1 , @entity7 was observed in five @entity0 with chronic @entity3 and in two @entity0 with @entity2 . In @entity3 @entity0 , there were three cases of @entity9 and one case each of @entity4 and @entity8 . In @entity2 @entity0 , there was one case each of @entity8 and @entity5 associated with @entity6 . Sixteen other cases of @entity7 have been reported to date in @entity1 . All @entity7 , but particularly @entity9 , have been described. There has been no single common feature as to type (whether @entity3 or @entity2 ), extent and course, or medical and surgical treatment of the @entity1 . The relative risk of @entity7 in @entity0 with @entity3 was 5.3 [95% confidence interval 1.7 to 12.3 (P less than 0.01)] and of @entity9 11.4 [95% confidence interval 2.3 to 24.9 (P less than 0.01)]. Our data on @entity0 with @entity2 were not sufficient to assess the statistical significance of @entity7 in this disease. This study suggests that there may be an increased risk of @entity7 , particularly @entity9 , in @entity3 . The causal relationship, if any, remains undetermined.

title: @entity1 and @entity7 . A report of seven cases of @entity7 in XXXX and @entity2 and review of the literature.

answer: @entity3


abstract: In a review of a large number of @entity0 with @entity1 , @entity7 was observed in five @entity0 with chronic @entity3 and in two @entity0 with @entity2 . In @entity3 @entity0 , there were three cases of @entity9 and one case each of @entity4 and @entity8 . In @entity2 @entity0 , there was one case each of @entity8 and @entity5 associated with @entity6 . Sixteen other cases of @entity7 have been reported to date in @entity1 . All @entity7 , but particularly @entity9 , have been described. There has been no single common feature as to type (whether @entity3 or @entity2 ), extent and course, or medical and surgical treatment of the @entity1 . The relative risk of @entity7 in @entity0 with @entity3 was 5.3 [95% confidence interval 1.7 to 12.3 (P less than 0.01)] and of @entity9 11.4 [95% confidence interval 2.3 to 24.9 (P less than 0.01)]. Our data on @entity0 with @entity2 were not sufficient to assess the statistical significance of @entity7 in this disease. This study suggests that there may be an increased risk of @entity7 , particularly @entity9 , in @entity3 . The causal relationship, if any, remains undetermined.

title: @entity1 and @entity7 . A report of seven cases of @entity7 in @entity3 and XXXX and review of the literature.

answer: @entity2


abstract: In a review of a large number of @entity0 with @entity1 , @entity7 was observed in five @entity0 with chronic @entity3 and in two @entity0 with @entity2 . In @entity3 @entity0 , there were three cases of @entity9 and one case each of @entity4 and @entity8 . In @entity2 @entity0 , there was one case each of @entity8 and @entity5 associated with @entity6 . Sixteen other cases of @entity7 have been reported to date in @entity1 . All @entity7 , but particularly @entity9 , have been described. There has been no single common feature as to type (whether @entity3 or @entity2 ), extent and course, or medical and surgical treatment of the @entity1 . The relative risk of @entity7 in @entity0 with @entity3 was 5.3 [95% confidence interval 1.7 to 12.3 (P less than 0.01)] and of @entity9 11.4 [95% confidence interval 2.3 to 24.9 (P less than 0.01)]. Our data on @entity0 with @entity2 were not sufficient to assess the statistical significance of @entity7 in this disease. This study suggests that there may be an increased risk of @entity7 , particularly @entity9 , in @entity3 . The causal relationship, if any, remains undetermined.

title: XXXX and @entity7 . A report of seven cases of @entity7 in @entity3 and @entity2 and review of the literature.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Both @entity9 and acute @entity1 stimulate @entity6 production by the isolated perfused @entity0 kidney. This stimulatory effect is abolished if the urine is drained back into the recirculating perfusate rather than collected. To determine whether the urinary inhibitor is a cyclooxygenase product, studies were carried out using prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Kidneys perfused with 0.5 mmol/L @entity2 and urine reinfusion were subjected to @entity9 (30% CO2, pH 6.8). With either @entity5 (20 mumol/L) or @entity8 (20 mumol/L) in the perfusate, @entity6 production increased significantly in response to @entity9 despite urine reinfusion. The increment in @entity6 production was comparable to that in studies with urine collection, indicating that a cyclooxygenase product can account completely for the urinary inhibitor. To further characterize the urinary prostaglandin inhibitor, studies were performed with both the isolated perfused kidney and renal cortical tubules. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) did not exhibit an inhibitory effect on @entity6 production with either experimental model. @entity7 at low doses inhibited @entity6 production in response to acute @entity1 by the isolated kidney, but an effect was not apparent with higher concentrations. PGF2 alpha inhibited the stimulatory effect of a low pH (7.1) on @entity6 production by isolated tubules, and had no effect on ammoniagenesis at pH 7.4. Thus a @entity4 , which is not @entity3 and may be PGF2 alpha, appears to be the previously unidentified urinary inhibitor of the ammoniagenic response to acute @entity1 found with the isolated perfused kidney.

title: Urinary inhibitor of the ammoniagenic response to acute XXXX is a prostaglandin.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop a model for measuring rotary stability of the @entity0 elbow joint and to evaluate the relative contribution of the @entity1 ( @entity1 ), @entity3 ( @entity3 ), and @entity2 ( @entity2 ). SAMPLE POPULATION: 18 forelimbs from 12 @entity0 cadavers. PROCEDURE: Forelimbs were allocated to 3 experimental groups (6 forelimbs/group). Each intact forelimb was placed in extension at an angle of 135 degrees and cycled 50 times from -16 degrees (pronation) to +28 degrees (supination) in a continuous manner at 2.0 Hz. Cycling was repeated following sectioning of the structure of interest (group 1, @entity1 ; group 2, @entity3 ; and group 3, @entity2 ). Torque at -12 degrees (pronation) and +18 degrees (supination) was measured for each intact and experimentally sectioned limb. A Student t test was performed to compare torque values obtained from intact verses experimentally sectioned limbs and for comparison with established criteria for differentiation of primary (> or = 33%), secondary (10 to 33%), and tertiary rotational stabilizers (< 10%). RESULTS: In pronation, the @entity1 was the only primary stabilizer (65%). For supination, the @entity3 was a primary stabilizer (48%), @entity1 was a secondary stabilizer (24%), and @entity2 was a tertiary stabilizer (7%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: With the elbow joint in extension at an angle of 135 degrees, the @entity1 is a primary rotational stabilizer in pronation, and the @entity3 is a primary stabilizer in supination. Disruption of the @entity1 or @entity3 may affect rotary range of motion or compromise stability of the elbow joint in @entity0 .

title: In vitro biomechanical study of rotational stabilizers of the XXXX elbow joint.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Eight @entity0 , one male and seven females, with no pre-existing @entity4 , who developed symptoms of @entity7 following cranial irradiation for @entity1 were studied 5 years or more after radiotherapy. All were @entity6 . Four of the @entity0 with no GH response during insulin tolerance tests (ITT) showed increased GH in response to synthetic @entity0 @entity8 (GRF-44). Four @entity0 had impaired @entity2 responses to ITT, and gradual but diminished @entity2 responses to ovine corticotrophin releasing factor ( @entity9 ). There was no significant difference between mean peak increments in response to ITT and those in response to @entity9 . TSH responses to @entity3 were delayed in five and absent in two @entity0 ; four of these had low free T4 index. Prolactin was raised in all seven @entity0 and increased further in response to @entity3 . Two @entity0 had impaired gonadotrophin responses to LHRH. None of the @entity0 had clinical or biochemical evidence of @entity5 . These data suggest that post-irradiation @entity7 in these @entity0 results from radiation damage to the hypothalamus leading to varying degrees of @entity4 releasing or inhibitory factors.

title: @entity4 following cranial irradiation for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Eight @entity0 , one male and seven females, with no pre-existing @entity4 , who developed symptoms of @entity7 following cranial irradiation for @entity1 were studied 5 years or more after radiotherapy. All were @entity6 . Four of the @entity0 with no GH response during insulin tolerance tests (ITT) showed increased GH in response to synthetic @entity0 @entity8 (GRF-44). Four @entity0 had impaired @entity2 responses to ITT, and gradual but diminished @entity2 responses to ovine corticotrophin releasing factor ( @entity9 ). There was no significant difference between mean peak increments in response to ITT and those in response to @entity9 . TSH responses to @entity3 were delayed in five and absent in two @entity0 ; four of these had low free T4 index. Prolactin was raised in all seven @entity0 and increased further in response to @entity3 . Two @entity0 had impaired gonadotrophin responses to LHRH. None of the @entity0 had clinical or biochemical evidence of @entity5 . These data suggest that post-irradiation @entity7 in these @entity0 results from radiation damage to the hypothalamus leading to varying degrees of @entity4 releasing or inhibitory factors.

title: XXXX following cranial irradiation for @entity1 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Allergic sensitization plays a significant role in the development of @entity4 in many @entity0 . IgE-mediated immune responses play a central role in the pathogenesis of this condition. The development of a treatment that interrupts this pathway is particularly desirable to prevent downstream events. Large-scale trials in @entity0 ranging in age from 6 to 76 years have shown that omalizumab therapy is safe and effective in the treatment of severe @entity1 . This is particularly true in @entity0 who experience poor disease control despite high doses of inhaled @entity2 or need oral @entity2 for control of their disease. These @entity0 are at risk for severe exacerbations despite recommended therapy, and anti-IgE therapy has proved to reduce these episodes. Early aggressive therapy of @entity4 is needed for maximum control in all age groups. Despite the efficacy of inhaled @entity2 there is a reluctance to use these agents, especially in younger @entity0 . Because of these concerns a long-acting treatment is especially desirable. Because of imperfect effort or technique limiting inhaled medications, introduction of an effective agent that could be administered parenterally at long intervals also is very important. @entity5 is a co-existing problem in many @entity0 with @entity1 . Immunotherapy trials have suggested that early intervention with immunotherapy and @entity5 @entity0 may actually prevent the development of @entity4 . Early treatment of patients with anti-IgE may also have benefits, particularly in those who have concomitant @entity5 in addition to @entity1 . Although omalizumab has not yet received Food and Drug Administration approval in the United States, it shows great promise in the management of @entity0 requiring high doses of inhaled or oral corticosteroids for control of their disease and to prevent exacerbations of @entity4 in such @entity0 . Reductions in high doses of inhaled or oral @entity3 may prevent long-term complications of these treatments.

title: The use of anti-IgE in the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The long-term sequelae of external pituitary irradiation alone or in combination with surgery and/or @entity5 therapy have been studied in 14 @entity0 with large @entity4 over an observation period of 6-22 years (mean 13 years). @entity11 was abolished in four of the five females with this symptom, but @entity3 persisted in five of six @entity0 . Sexual function was normal without sex hormone replacement in only one of the eight males after treatment. @entity2 were abolished or improved by treatment in all 9 @entity0 with this presentation. Serum @entity7 levels declined after treatment (P less than 0.001) and fell to within the normal range off @entity5 therapy in six of the 14 @entity0 at a mean of 9 years (range 5-17 years) after radiotherapy. All @entity0 had @entity8 of some degree at reassessment, and 13 required replacement treatment. Serial skull radiographs revealed remineralization of the fossa floor in five @entity0 and a decrease in fossa size in three. All five @entity0 who did not also have surgery had evidence of @entity1 shrinkage without @entity5 treatment (on CT scan or @entity10 cisternography). Fourth generation CT scans on completion of the study revealed a decrease in @entity1 mass in all @entity0 , with varying degrees of @entity9 in 13 and a @entity1 in the remaining one. @entity1 was demonstrated in 10 @entity0 , three of whom had normal serum @entity7 levels, while one @entity0 without visible @entity1 had persistent @entity6 . Radiotherapy, alone or in combination with surgery and @entity5 , effectively decreases @entity7 secretion and @entity1 size in @entity0 with large @entity4 at the expense of other anterior pituitary function. Circulating @entity7 levels are a poor marker of @entity1 volume.

title: The long-term effects of megavoltage radiotherapy as sole or combined therapy for large XXXX : studies with high definition computerized tomography.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of @entity9 / @entity11 ( @entity9 / @entity11 ), a new @entity10 antibiotic and a @entity12 inhibitor, respectively, were carried out in a joint study in the pediatric field by a study group consisting of investigators at 16 institutions. The results were summarized below. Pharmacokinetic studies Peak plasma concentrations of @entity9 / @entity11 were 27.7-190.0/28.3-216.4 micrograms/ml at doses of 10/10-50/50 mg/kg administered by a 30 or 60-minute drip infusion. The above findings proved that dose response was clearly observed. Over a period of 6 or 7 hours, the urinary excretion of @entity9 and @entity11 totaled 54.2-88.0% and 53.6-89.0% of the dose administered, respectively. Plasma half-lives of @entity9 and @entity11 in the beta-phase were 0.87-1.05 hours and 0.59-0.95 hour, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of @entity9 in @entity0 with @entity4 were 2.0-14.4 micrograms/ml; however, the penetration rate of the drug into the CSF was relatively poor in @entity0 with normal meninges. Clinical study Clinical efficacy was evaluated in 283 @entity0 . In 112 @entity0 the daily dosage ranged from 30/30 mg/kg to 59/59 mg/kg, and in 138 @entity0 it ranged from 60/60 mg/kg to 99/99 mg/kg. The maximum dose administered was 222/222 mg/kg. The drug was administered either 3 or 4 times per day. The clinical efficacy rate was 92.5% among 187 @entity0 with identified etiologic pathogens. The drug was effective in 3 out of 4 @entity0 with @entity4 and in 7 out of 10 @entity0 with @entity3 . The clinical efficacy rate was 96.7% in 90 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity1 , @entity8 , etc.), 96.5% in 57 @entity0 with @entity2 , 90.9% in 11 @entity0 with SSTI. The clinical efficacy rate in those with no identified etiologic pathogen was 97.0% among 101 @entity0 . Bacteriologically, the eradication rate for @entity5 was 87.9% of 33 isolates. Comprehensively, the eradication rate for Gram-positive bacteria was 94.7% of 75 isolates. The eradication rate for @entity6 was 87.5% of 8 isolates. Including these strains, the eradication rate for Gram-negative bacteria was 90.3% of 134 isolates. The @entity9 / @entity11 exhibited an eradication rate of 91.9% among a total of 211 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including anaerobes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies with XXXX / @entity11 in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group for @entity9 / @entity11 ].

answer: @entity9


abstract: Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of @entity9 / @entity11 ( @entity9 / @entity11 ), a new @entity10 antibiotic and a @entity12 inhibitor, respectively, were carried out in a joint study in the pediatric field by a study group consisting of investigators at 16 institutions. The results were summarized below. Pharmacokinetic studies Peak plasma concentrations of @entity9 / @entity11 were 27.7-190.0/28.3-216.4 micrograms/ml at doses of 10/10-50/50 mg/kg administered by a 30 or 60-minute drip infusion. The above findings proved that dose response was clearly observed. Over a period of 6 or 7 hours, the urinary excretion of @entity9 and @entity11 totaled 54.2-88.0% and 53.6-89.0% of the dose administered, respectively. Plasma half-lives of @entity9 and @entity11 in the beta-phase were 0.87-1.05 hours and 0.59-0.95 hour, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of @entity9 in @entity0 with @entity4 were 2.0-14.4 micrograms/ml; however, the penetration rate of the drug into the CSF was relatively poor in @entity0 with normal meninges. Clinical study Clinical efficacy was evaluated in 283 @entity0 . In 112 @entity0 the daily dosage ranged from 30/30 mg/kg to 59/59 mg/kg, and in 138 @entity0 it ranged from 60/60 mg/kg to 99/99 mg/kg. The maximum dose administered was 222/222 mg/kg. The drug was administered either 3 or 4 times per day. The clinical efficacy rate was 92.5% among 187 @entity0 with identified etiologic pathogens. The drug was effective in 3 out of 4 @entity0 with @entity4 and in 7 out of 10 @entity0 with @entity3 . The clinical efficacy rate was 96.7% in 90 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity1 , @entity8 , etc.), 96.5% in 57 @entity0 with @entity2 , 90.9% in 11 @entity0 with SSTI. The clinical efficacy rate in those with no identified etiologic pathogen was 97.0% among 101 @entity0 . Bacteriologically, the eradication rate for @entity5 was 87.9% of 33 isolates. Comprehensively, the eradication rate for Gram-positive bacteria was 94.7% of 75 isolates. The eradication rate for @entity6 was 87.5% of 8 isolates. Including these strains, the eradication rate for Gram-negative bacteria was 90.3% of 134 isolates. The @entity9 / @entity11 exhibited an eradication rate of 91.9% among a total of 211 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including anaerobes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies with @entity9 / @entity11 in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group for XXXX / @entity11 ].

answer: @entity9


abstract: Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of @entity9 / @entity11 ( @entity9 / @entity11 ), a new @entity10 antibiotic and a @entity12 inhibitor, respectively, were carried out in a joint study in the pediatric field by a study group consisting of investigators at 16 institutions. The results were summarized below. Pharmacokinetic studies Peak plasma concentrations of @entity9 / @entity11 were 27.7-190.0/28.3-216.4 micrograms/ml at doses of 10/10-50/50 mg/kg administered by a 30 or 60-minute drip infusion. The above findings proved that dose response was clearly observed. Over a period of 6 or 7 hours, the urinary excretion of @entity9 and @entity11 totaled 54.2-88.0% and 53.6-89.0% of the dose administered, respectively. Plasma half-lives of @entity9 and @entity11 in the beta-phase were 0.87-1.05 hours and 0.59-0.95 hour, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of @entity9 in @entity0 with @entity4 were 2.0-14.4 micrograms/ml; however, the penetration rate of the drug into the CSF was relatively poor in @entity0 with normal meninges. Clinical study Clinical efficacy was evaluated in 283 @entity0 . In 112 @entity0 the daily dosage ranged from 30/30 mg/kg to 59/59 mg/kg, and in 138 @entity0 it ranged from 60/60 mg/kg to 99/99 mg/kg. The maximum dose administered was 222/222 mg/kg. The drug was administered either 3 or 4 times per day. The clinical efficacy rate was 92.5% among 187 @entity0 with identified etiologic pathogens. The drug was effective in 3 out of 4 @entity0 with @entity4 and in 7 out of 10 @entity0 with @entity3 . The clinical efficacy rate was 96.7% in 90 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity1 , @entity8 , etc.), 96.5% in 57 @entity0 with @entity2 , 90.9% in 11 @entity0 with SSTI. The clinical efficacy rate in those with no identified etiologic pathogen was 97.0% among 101 @entity0 . Bacteriologically, the eradication rate for @entity5 was 87.9% of 33 isolates. Comprehensively, the eradication rate for Gram-positive bacteria was 94.7% of 75 isolates. The eradication rate for @entity6 was 87.5% of 8 isolates. Including these strains, the eradication rate for Gram-negative bacteria was 90.3% of 134 isolates. The @entity9 / @entity11 exhibited an eradication rate of 91.9% among a total of 211 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including anaerobes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies with @entity9 / XXXX in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group for @entity9 / @entity11 ].

answer: @entity11


abstract: Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of @entity9 / @entity11 ( @entity9 / @entity11 ), a new @entity10 antibiotic and a @entity12 inhibitor, respectively, were carried out in a joint study in the pediatric field by a study group consisting of investigators at 16 institutions. The results were summarized below. Pharmacokinetic studies Peak plasma concentrations of @entity9 / @entity11 were 27.7-190.0/28.3-216.4 micrograms/ml at doses of 10/10-50/50 mg/kg administered by a 30 or 60-minute drip infusion. The above findings proved that dose response was clearly observed. Over a period of 6 or 7 hours, the urinary excretion of @entity9 and @entity11 totaled 54.2-88.0% and 53.6-89.0% of the dose administered, respectively. Plasma half-lives of @entity9 and @entity11 in the beta-phase were 0.87-1.05 hours and 0.59-0.95 hour, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of @entity9 in @entity0 with @entity4 were 2.0-14.4 micrograms/ml; however, the penetration rate of the drug into the CSF was relatively poor in @entity0 with normal meninges. Clinical study Clinical efficacy was evaluated in 283 @entity0 . In 112 @entity0 the daily dosage ranged from 30/30 mg/kg to 59/59 mg/kg, and in 138 @entity0 it ranged from 60/60 mg/kg to 99/99 mg/kg. The maximum dose administered was 222/222 mg/kg. The drug was administered either 3 or 4 times per day. The clinical efficacy rate was 92.5% among 187 @entity0 with identified etiologic pathogens. The drug was effective in 3 out of 4 @entity0 with @entity4 and in 7 out of 10 @entity0 with @entity3 . The clinical efficacy rate was 96.7% in 90 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity1 , @entity8 , etc.), 96.5% in 57 @entity0 with @entity2 , 90.9% in 11 @entity0 with SSTI. The clinical efficacy rate in those with no identified etiologic pathogen was 97.0% among 101 @entity0 . Bacteriologically, the eradication rate for @entity5 was 87.9% of 33 isolates. Comprehensively, the eradication rate for Gram-positive bacteria was 94.7% of 75 isolates. The eradication rate for @entity6 was 87.5% of 8 isolates. Including these strains, the eradication rate for Gram-negative bacteria was 90.3% of 134 isolates. The @entity9 / @entity11 exhibited an eradication rate of 91.9% among a total of 211 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including anaerobes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies with @entity9 / @entity11 in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group for @entity9 / XXXX ].

answer: @entity11


abstract: A 56-year-old @entity0 was admitted because of @entity3 and @entity8 . Since she was 25 years old, she had been sick with @entity9 . Systemic @entity9 with caf  -au-lait spots, blood @entity2 and @entity4 on the right hypochondrium were found. Ultrasonic examination revealed a right adrenal mass. Levels of serum @entity7 were elevated. She developed ileus and died of shock from the release of adrenal catecholamines. Postmortem examination showed right @entity6 . The @entity1 measured 11.5 X 8 cm and weighed 25 gm. @entity5 associated with @entity6 is very rare, and only 24 cases have been reported in Japan. We present our case here with a review of the literature.

title: [von XXXX associated with @entity6 --an autopsy case report and review of 24 cases in the Japanese literature].

answer: @entity5


abstract: A 56-year-old @entity0 was admitted because of @entity3 and @entity8 . Since she was 25 years old, she had been sick with @entity9 . Systemic @entity9 with caf  -au-lait spots, blood @entity2 and @entity4 on the right hypochondrium were found. Ultrasonic examination revealed a right adrenal mass. Levels of serum @entity7 were elevated. She developed ileus and died of shock from the release of adrenal catecholamines. Postmortem examination showed right @entity6 . The @entity1 measured 11.5 X 8 cm and weighed 25 gm. @entity5 associated with @entity6 is very rare, and only 24 cases have been reported in Japan. We present our case here with a review of the literature.

title: [von @entity5 associated with XXXX --an autopsy case report and review of 24 cases in the Japanese literature].

answer: @entity6


abstract: When exposed to @entity10 ( @entity10 ), an inhibitor of @entity3 biosynthesis, @entity2 ovary cells become increasingly sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of elevated temperatures (D.J.M. Fuller and E.W. Gerner, @entity0 Res., 42:5046-5049, 1982). This sensitization becomes marked at times greater than 24 h after drug removal, and by 48 h, @entity3 -depleted cells that have been exposed to 43 degrees C for 90 min have clonogenic survival values more than two orders of magnitude lower than control populations. Dose response studies demonstrate that, when measured 36 h after removal of the drug, hyperthermic @entity1 is maximally potentiated by exposure to DFMO for times as short as 2 to 4 h. A drug concentration of 1 mM for 8 h also elicits maximal response. An additional 8-h drug treatment 24 h after the first fails to further reduce survival in response to heat shock, suggesting the effects of the first exposure are persistent. Intracellular @entity5 pools are depleted by the drug within 8 h, and @entity9 levels continue to decline for up to 50 h. Consistent with these observations, @entity4 decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity is found to be reduced for up to 48 h after drug removal. The concomitant depression of @entity9 is reflected in the elevation of @entity8 decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50), which is substrate limited. @entity5 and @entity9 show no sign of reaccumulation until approximately 4 days after DFMO exposure. Exposure to exogenous @entity5 reversed the sensitization to heat shock induced by DFMO. This effect is quite specific for @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and is not replicated by other @entity7 homologues ranging from @entity6 to @entity11 . @entity3 -depleted cells express thermotolerance with kinetics similar to control cells although overall survival levels are lower. These results suggest that the mechanism of induction and expression of thermotolerance is independent of the role of acid-soluble @entity3 pools in cellular responses to heat shock.

title: Sensitization of XXXX ovary cells to heat shock by @entity10 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: When exposed to @entity10 ( @entity10 ), an inhibitor of @entity3 biosynthesis, @entity2 ovary cells become increasingly sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of elevated temperatures (D.J.M. Fuller and E.W. Gerner, @entity0 Res., 42:5046-5049, 1982). This sensitization becomes marked at times greater than 24 h after drug removal, and by 48 h, @entity3 -depleted cells that have been exposed to 43 degrees C for 90 min have clonogenic survival values more than two orders of magnitude lower than control populations. Dose response studies demonstrate that, when measured 36 h after removal of the drug, hyperthermic @entity1 is maximally potentiated by exposure to DFMO for times as short as 2 to 4 h. A drug concentration of 1 mM for 8 h also elicits maximal response. An additional 8-h drug treatment 24 h after the first fails to further reduce survival in response to heat shock, suggesting the effects of the first exposure are persistent. Intracellular @entity5 pools are depleted by the drug within 8 h, and @entity9 levels continue to decline for up to 50 h. Consistent with these observations, @entity4 decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity is found to be reduced for up to 48 h after drug removal. The concomitant depression of @entity9 is reflected in the elevation of @entity8 decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50), which is substrate limited. @entity5 and @entity9 show no sign of reaccumulation until approximately 4 days after DFMO exposure. Exposure to exogenous @entity5 reversed the sensitization to heat shock induced by DFMO. This effect is quite specific for @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and is not replicated by other @entity7 homologues ranging from @entity6 to @entity11 . @entity3 -depleted cells express thermotolerance with kinetics similar to control cells although overall survival levels are lower. These results suggest that the mechanism of induction and expression of thermotolerance is independent of the role of acid-soluble @entity3 pools in cellular responses to heat shock.

title: Sensitization of @entity2 ovary cells to heat shock by XXXX .

answer: @entity10


abstract: The mechanisms of insulin insensitivity in @entity1 are poorly understood. We have therefore assessed the relationship between @entity2 disposal during a euglycaemic clamp, muscle glycogen formation, and the activities of insulin regulated enzymes within skeletal muscle in five Type 1 (insulin-dependent) @entity1 @entity0 , both on conventional injection therapy ( @entity4 11.0 +/- 1.0 (SD) %) and after 6 weeks continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion ( @entity4 7.6 +/- 1.4%, p less than 0.01). On both regimens, overnight euglycaemia before the clamp was maintained with an intravenous insulin infusion. The increase in clamp @entity2 requirements (insulin 0.1 U X kg-1 X h-1) between injection therapy and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion was significant (6.2 +/- 0.9 (SE) to 7.0 +/- 0.9 mg X kg-1 X min-1, p less than 0.05), but small compared to differences between subjects. @entity2 requirement remained lower than in control subjects (10.4 +/- 0.7 mg X kg-1 X min-1, p less than 0.05). The increase in muscle glycogen with the clamp was slightly higher on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (9.5 +/- 2.5 mg/g protein) than on injection therapy (8.5 +/- 2.4 mg/g, p less than 0.05), but less than in control subjects (17.9 +/- 2.1 mg/g, p less than 0.05). The expressed activity of glycogen synthase and @entity3 dehydrogenase increased significantly between fasting and the end of the clamps in the @entity0 (p less than 0.001 and less than 0.005), but was not significantly different between the two treatment regimens. Expressed glycogen synthase activity at the end of the clamp was lower on both treatments than in control subjects (p less than 0.05). Both enzyme activities were, however, highly correlated with @entity2 requirement between @entity0 , (r = 0.89-0.94, p less than 0.05-0.02), and glycogen synthase was similarly correlated in the control subjects (r = 0.84, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Muscle enzyme activity and insulin sensitivity in type 1 (insulin-dependent) XXXX mellitus.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Eight cases of @entity0 @entity7 were transplanted to @entity2 . After such transplants to @entity2 which are immunologically deficient, the @entity1 developed like @entity1 , but maintaining malignant cytological characteristics. The transplants of normal @entity0 tissues or of @entity1 decreased in size or remained stable. The technique allowed a change of an original diagnosis of @entity5 to a final diagnosis of @entity6 . It made it possible to diagnose a @entity8 , the diagnosis of which was doubtful before the transplant between @entity5 and @entity4 . It was possible to diagnose the malignancy of a haemangiopericytoma of muscle. Two aggressive @entity1 --a non-ossifying @entity3 and @entity1 --were rated as benign after transplantation. This technique also allowed a more precise diagnosis of the grade of one @entity6 . Finally, transplantation also made it possible to test the efficacy of chemotherapy. In a @entity0 so treated, the extreme cell proliferation after transplantation to the nude @entity2 led to a change in the drugs administered.

title: [Microsurgical transplantation of bone tumors of uncertain prognosis in athymic XXXX ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: Segments of @entity0 aortic arch were studied to determine the existence of sexual dimorphism. The influence of the endothelium in mediating gender differences in contractility (maximum tension, Tmax) and sensitivity (ED50) to @entity5 was measured. This was done in both intact and denuded @entity4 preparations which were dissected from adult male and female @entity0 . Group I comprised untreated male and female @entity0 ; Groups II and III were treated with @entity3 (10 mg/kg i.m.) or @entity1 (2.5 mg/kg i.m.), respectively, on days 1, 3 and 6 and sacrificed on day 7. Intact @entity4 preparations from untreated females were significantly less sensitive (P less than .01) and less contractile (P less than .025) than those from the males. After the intimal surface of the aortic arch rings was rubbed the rings from females exhibited a significant increase in Tmax. However, in vessels from males endothelial denudation had no effect on either Tmax or ED50. @entity3 treatment of female @entity0 significantly increased Tmax (P less than .01) and decreased the ED50 (P less than .01) when compared to rings from untreated females. @entity3 treatment did not significantly affect either parameter in vessels from females which had been rubbed. @entity3 treatment also had no significant effect in either intact or rubbed vessels from males. @entity2 treatment significantly increased the Tmax (P less than .05) of intact vessels from females and had no effect on other vessel segments. Thus, the gender difference in Tmax may relate to an attenuating effect of the endothelium on contractility in the rings from females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Endothelium-dependent gender differences in the response of the XXXX aorta.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The effect of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback on frontalis and masseter muscle activity was compared with control conditions in two groups of @entity0 with a diagnosis of @entity1 . @entity0 were selected on the basis of clinical symptoms, radiographic evaluation, and a clinical examination. @entity2 @entity0 and @entity0 with signs of a pathological condition in the temporomandibular joint were excluded. Both the experimental (EXP) and the control (CON) group went through two base-line screening sessions before treatment of the EXP group was started. Treatment consisted of eight biofeedback sessions, given twice a week for 4 weeks. Feedback was presented visually on a monitor. Treatment did not include any relaxation training. Control evaluations of both groups took place 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months after the end of treatment. The EXP group was able to reduce EMG levels in frontalis and masseter muscles significantly during training sessions. Follow-up data showed significantly reduced frontalis EMG levels in the EXP group after 3 and 6 months but not in the CON group. Both groups improved subjectively, as judged by reports on @entity1 intensity and duration, but this improvement was significantly more pronounced in the EXP group. Objective clinical indices recorded throughout the study were uncorrelated with EMG changes or subjective reports. It is concluded that biofeedback training facilitated muscular relaxation and self-regulation in the EXP group and that visual EMG feedback, consisting of a patterning of frontalis and masseter muscle activity, can be recommended as an integrated part of @entity1 treatment.

title: EMG feedback in the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Early gastrula-stage @entity0 embryo cells will differentiate in vitro to form several cell types, including neurons. We report here the morphological appearance of cultured embryo cells, the pattern of DNA synthesis, and the expression of neurotransmitter-metabolizing macromolecules. The cells initially exhibit no overt morphological differentiation, and all cells incorporate @entity1 following a 1 hr pulse-labeling period. As cells undergo morphological differentiation, fewer total cells as well as qualitatively different cell types incorporate label. By the time cells are 8 or 9 hr old, no myocytes or myotubes are labeled. In contrast, some neurons are labeled with a @entity3 pulse as late as 18 hr. We have also stained cultured cells of various developmental ages with the insect neuron-specific antibody: anti-HRP. Some positive cells can be detected as early as 5 hr, when no overt morphological differentiation is apparent. As the cells differentiate, the staining is limited to the small, round neuronal type and its processes. These findings suggest that this neuron-specific cell marker is expressed very early in cultured gastrula-stage cells and may be used to identify neuronal precursor cells. We have studied the patterns of expression of several macromolecules involved in @entity2 metabolism using these cultures. The appearance of @entity5 acetyltransferase ( @entity6 ), the biosynthetic enzyme for @entity4 production, is first detected in 5-hr-old cells. There is an initial phase of low-level expression, followed by a rapid rise in activity shortly after the differentiating neuron clusters make contact with one another. @entity6 activity reaches a plateau in 36-48-hr-old cells. Acetylcholinesterase activity can be detected several hours before @entity6 and also shows a period of low-level expression followed by a rapidly increasing phase, reaching a plateau at around 36-48 hr. 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding appears in cells about 4 hr old and rapidly approaches maximum levels by about 36 hr. The in vitro expression pattern for @entity6 and AChE is similar to that seen in vivo. AChE activity has been localized histochemically to the neurons and their processes in vitro. The normal in vitro expression pattern for @entity6 and AChE can be altered by adding various cholinergic drugs to the culture medium during cell differentiation. Medium conditioned by older cultures can also result in lower levels of @entity6 and AChE expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: In vitro neuronal differentiation of XXXX embryo cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The precise source of circulating @entity5 (CA) at birth and their role in circulatory adaptation is unclear. In order to determine the contribution of increased postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity to the CA surge at birth, we induced complete sympathectomy in near term fetal @entity1 prior to delivery by giving @entity6 . Chronically catheterized fetal @entity1 received either @entity6 (n = 5) or control infusion (n = 6). Chemical sympathectomy was verified by @entity7 infusion. @entity1 were delivered at 142 +/- 1 days of gestation and serial plasma CA, heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, blood gases, blood @entity0 , and free @entity4 , were measured before and for 4 h after delivery. Myocardial beta-adrenergic receptors and tissue CA concentration were determined following sacrifice. Baseline circulating @entity2 (NE) values were lower in sympathectomized animals (183 +/- 45 versus 373 +/- 125 pg/ml, p less than 0.05) and epinephrine values were slightly higher (118 +/- 89 versus 48 +/- 1 pg/ml, NS). There was only a 2-fold increase in NE after cord cutting in sympathectomized animals while control animals had a 4-fold increase (peak NE values 354 +/- 121 versus 1305 +/- 363 pg/ml respectively, p less than 0.001). @entity3 increased significantly in both groups and there were no significant differences between sympathectomized and control animals. Heart rate and blood pressure rose abruptly in both groups after cord cutting and there were no significant differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The effect of chemical sympathectomy on XXXX release at birth.

answer: @entity5


abstract: A factorial experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary protein (8, 16, 32% of energy from casein) and dietary fat (12, 24, 48% of energy from @entity6 oil) on the initiation of @entity5 ( @entity4 )-induced @entity0 in @entity2 . Forty weanling female @entity2 were assigned to each of nine diets fed ad libitum. After 4 wk each @entity2 received @entity4 (20 mg/kg) via gastric intubation. For an additional 22 wk after carcinogen administration all @entity2 consumed a diet containing 16% of dietary energy from protein and 24% from fat. Dietary fat, protein and ad libitum energy consumption exhibited statistically significant effects on final @entity1 prevalence, but interactive effects were not found. At necropsy, @entity2 fed @entity6 oil at 12, 24 and 48% of energy prior to @entity4 administration showed @entity1 prevalences of 58, 58 and 85% with 116, 153 and 231 total @entity1 , respectively. The data indicate a significant nonlinear effect of dietary fat. Corresponding numbers for @entity2 fed casein at 8, 16 and 32% of energy prior to @entity4 were prevalences of 79, 65 and 59%, with @entity1 counts of 194, 144 and 162. Higher dietary protein during the initiation phase was associated with a significant reduction in @entity1 prevalence, which was most striking between 8 and 16% of energy from protein. In addition, results of multiple logistic regression showed that tumorigenesis was increased with greater ad libitum energy intake. The odds of a @entity1 at necropsy were multiplied by 1.19 for each kilocalorie increase in ad libitum energy intake averaged over the post- @entity4 phase of the experiment. An additional six weanling @entity2 fed each diet for 4 wk were killed for assay of hepatic carcinogen metabolizing enzymes at the time corresponding to @entity4 administration in the initiation experiment. Both protein and fat showed independent effects on the activity of several enzymes. However, enzyme activity did not suggest a unifying mechanism whereby these nutrients influence @entity4 -induced mammary @entity3 .

title: Effects of dietary protein, fat and energy intake during an initiation phase study of XXXX -induced @entity0 in @entity2 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: A factorial experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary protein (8, 16, 32% of energy from casein) and dietary fat (12, 24, 48% of energy from @entity6 oil) on the initiation of @entity5 ( @entity4 )-induced @entity0 in @entity2 . Forty weanling female @entity2 were assigned to each of nine diets fed ad libitum. After 4 wk each @entity2 received @entity4 (20 mg/kg) via gastric intubation. For an additional 22 wk after carcinogen administration all @entity2 consumed a diet containing 16% of dietary energy from protein and 24% from fat. Dietary fat, protein and ad libitum energy consumption exhibited statistically significant effects on final @entity1 prevalence, but interactive effects were not found. At necropsy, @entity2 fed @entity6 oil at 12, 24 and 48% of energy prior to @entity4 administration showed @entity1 prevalences of 58, 58 and 85% with 116, 153 and 231 total @entity1 , respectively. The data indicate a significant nonlinear effect of dietary fat. Corresponding numbers for @entity2 fed casein at 8, 16 and 32% of energy prior to @entity4 were prevalences of 79, 65 and 59%, with @entity1 counts of 194, 144 and 162. Higher dietary protein during the initiation phase was associated with a significant reduction in @entity1 prevalence, which was most striking between 8 and 16% of energy from protein. In addition, results of multiple logistic regression showed that tumorigenesis was increased with greater ad libitum energy intake. The odds of a @entity1 at necropsy were multiplied by 1.19 for each kilocalorie increase in ad libitum energy intake averaged over the post- @entity4 phase of the experiment. An additional six weanling @entity2 fed each diet for 4 wk were killed for assay of hepatic carcinogen metabolizing enzymes at the time corresponding to @entity4 administration in the initiation experiment. Both protein and fat showed independent effects on the activity of several enzymes. However, enzyme activity did not suggest a unifying mechanism whereby these nutrients influence @entity4 -induced mammary @entity3 .

title: Effects of dietary protein, fat and energy intake during an initiation phase study of @entity5 -induced XXXX in @entity2 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: A factorial experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary protein (8, 16, 32% of energy from casein) and dietary fat (12, 24, 48% of energy from @entity6 oil) on the initiation of @entity5 ( @entity4 )-induced @entity0 in @entity2 . Forty weanling female @entity2 were assigned to each of nine diets fed ad libitum. After 4 wk each @entity2 received @entity4 (20 mg/kg) via gastric intubation. For an additional 22 wk after carcinogen administration all @entity2 consumed a diet containing 16% of dietary energy from protein and 24% from fat. Dietary fat, protein and ad libitum energy consumption exhibited statistically significant effects on final @entity1 prevalence, but interactive effects were not found. At necropsy, @entity2 fed @entity6 oil at 12, 24 and 48% of energy prior to @entity4 administration showed @entity1 prevalences of 58, 58 and 85% with 116, 153 and 231 total @entity1 , respectively. The data indicate a significant nonlinear effect of dietary fat. Corresponding numbers for @entity2 fed casein at 8, 16 and 32% of energy prior to @entity4 were prevalences of 79, 65 and 59%, with @entity1 counts of 194, 144 and 162. Higher dietary protein during the initiation phase was associated with a significant reduction in @entity1 prevalence, which was most striking between 8 and 16% of energy from protein. In addition, results of multiple logistic regression showed that tumorigenesis was increased with greater ad libitum energy intake. The odds of a @entity1 at necropsy were multiplied by 1.19 for each kilocalorie increase in ad libitum energy intake averaged over the post- @entity4 phase of the experiment. An additional six weanling @entity2 fed each diet for 4 wk were killed for assay of hepatic carcinogen metabolizing enzymes at the time corresponding to @entity4 administration in the initiation experiment. Both protein and fat showed independent effects on the activity of several enzymes. However, enzyme activity did not suggest a unifying mechanism whereby these nutrients influence @entity4 -induced mammary @entity3 .

title: Effects of dietary protein, fat and energy intake during an initiation phase study of @entity5 -induced @entity0 in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Until June 1983 a total of 280 @entity0 pancreatic transplantations had been performed world-wide. Until July 1983, 57 were functioning (22%), 11% for more than 12 months. During the past 5 years a steady increase in the number of segmental transplants has been observed. In most cases simultaneous transplantation of pancreas and kidney was performed (144 cases), in 65 cases the pancreas was transplanted metachronously after kidney grafting, and in 64 cases pancreatic transplantation was performed alone. Currently, segmental or whole pancreatic transplantation is the favoured procedure. Islet transplantation has been disappointing because of the difficulty in procuring sufficient numbers of islets from an adult pancreas followed by immunological destruction of the transplanted islets. Most pancreas grafts have been procured from cadavers, but the favoured segmental technique allows living related donors to be used. After rejection the graft does not always have to be removed and exogenous insulin administration may be resumed, either permanently or until re-transplantation can be accomplished. Life-long immunosuppression is needed after transplantation and currently pancreatic allograft survival rates for @entity3 (CSA) and @entity4 -treated @entity0 have been similar. The longest survival of a living @entity1 recipient with a functioning pancreas is 5 1/2 years. Some authors have recently claimed improvement and stabilization of @entity2 and @entity1 after pancreatic transplantation.

title: [Perspectives in the clinical application of pancreas transplantation in the XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: The efficacy of a once daily transdermally applied @entity3 system and of sustained release @entity3 capsules was assessed by ergometer stress testing in 12 @entity0 with stable @entity2 in a double-blind crossover study. In the morning the @entity0 received transdermally applied @entity3 ( @entity4 ) which delivered 5.0 mg @entity3 in 24 hours together with a placebo capsule, respectively 1 @entity3 (NTR) capsule of 2.5 mg together with a plaster placebo. In the evening the first treatment group received 2 placebo capsules, and the second group 1 NTR capsule and 1 placebo capsule. Each period lasted 14 days. The @entity0 performed a pre-medication ergometer stress test and repeated the test on the first and 14th day of each treatment period, 1 and 24 hours after medication. At the end of the second period all @entity0 continued in an open study with TDS once a day for a further three months. Minor degrees of @entity1 , and in fewer @entity0 , were observed at comparable workloads in the treatment tests compared with the pre-medication tests. The improvement after TDS on the first and last day of each period, 1 and 24 hours after medication, was significant and more marked than with NTR. The latter did not reach significance. Furthermore, increase of work capacity and elevation of angina threshold was greater with TDS than with NTR. Similar results were found at the end of the open study after 3 months' treatment with TDS. No development of tolerance was observed.

title: Effects of short- and long-term treatment with transdermally and orally administered XXXX (a double-blind crossover study).

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity2 represent at present time an important etiology of operated on pure and voluminous aortic regurgitations (n = 95, i.e. 28.1% of cases followed by our working team). The @entity3 by which they are characterized were associated in 2 out of 3 cases with parietal lesions of the ascending aorta: annulo-ectasic disease (n = 42) or important non-aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending aorta (n = 20). However, these @entity3 may also appear isolated in an aorta morphologically normal at peroperative examination (n = 33). Among the 42 @entity0 suffering from, annulo-ectasic disease (group 1) the type of surgical correction varied with the period of operation. Valvular replacement isolated (n = 3, group 1 a) or associated with aortic supracoronary surgery (n = 17, group 1b) were the procedures before 1978. Since then, 22 @entity0 (group 1c) had a total replacement of the ascending aorta were subjected to valvular interventions (19 replacements, 1 valvuloplasty). When performed, parietal biopsy of the aorta showed in 11 out of 15 cases signs of cystic medio- @entity1 . After a delay of 53 +/- 40 months, 11 out of 20 @entity0 of group 1a and 1b died, 5 of them from the evolution of lesions at the ascending aorta (3 ruptures and 2 dissections); one @entity0 was reoperated 12 years after the placing of a supracoronary tube, because of the development of a @entity4 of the sinuses of Valvalva which initially were only simply dilated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Potential course of lesions of the ascending aorta in XXXX ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: The activation of the @entity3 angiotensin system is thought to be an important factor contributing to @entity2 following kidney transplantation (TX). We studied 21 @entity2 renal transplant recipients, without evidence of acute graft rejection or transplant @entity7 , 6 to 60 months post-TX. The acute responses of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal hemodynamics (ERPF: effective renal plasma flow, 131I-Hippuran clearance) and function (GFR: glomerular filtration rate, @entity4 clearance; UNaV: urinary @entity5 excretion rate) to converting enzyme inhibition (CEI) by @entity8 were assessed. CEI induced a decrease in MAP (118 +/- 2 to 110 +/- 2 mmHg), renal resistance (RR: 0.27 +/- 0.02 to 0.21 +/- 0.01) and filtration fraction (FF: 0.31 +/- 0.02 to 0.23 +/- 0.01). ERPF (307 +/- 24 to 333 +/- 18 ml/min/1.73 m2) and GFR (88 +/- 5 to 78 +/- 5 ml/min/1.73 m2) were not significantly changed. UNaV increased by 53 +/- 24 mumol/min. Changes in MAP (r = -0.66), ERPF (r = 0.74) and FF (r = -0.88) were significantly correlated with the log of control plasma @entity3 activity (PRA). In 10 @entity0 with an increase of ERPF (range: + 30 to + 70%) and no change in GFR, the activated @entity3 system could originate from the recipient's own kidneys. In the remaining 11 @entity0 , CEI was associated with no increase in ERPF (change: + 2 to - 27%) and a fall in GFR, a response suggesting a possible @entity6 . These results indicate that RAS participates in the regulation of systemic and @entity1 , with a possible predominant effect on efferent glomerular arteriole.

title: [Effect of inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme on XXXX following kidney transplantation].

answer: @entity2


abstract: A Southwest Oncology Group pilot study was designed to evaluate a brief, 4.5-month induction course of chemotherapy with three presumably non-cross resistant regimens in poor-prognosis metastatic @entity0 . Sixty-three @entity1 were treated with @entity4 , @entity5 , plus @entity8 on day 1, methotrexate followed 30 minutes later by @entity7 ( @entity7 ) on day 22, and @entity6 plus 3 days of @entity9 on day 43. All three sequential regimens were repeated once and therapy was then discontinued in responding @entity1 . The same chemotherapy was reinstituted at the time of relapse. The overall response rate to the induction chemotherapy was 35% and included only one complete response (2%). Median response duration was 9 months. Respondents were off all therapy for a median of 5 months (range, 1-12+ months) and were followed without evidence of progressive disease. Response to retreatment was 30% with no complete responses seen. Overall median survival from the data of diagnosis of @entity2 was 24 months, with a median survival of 14 months from the date of initiation of therapy. @entity3 for this induction regimen was moderate with two treatment-related deaths secondary to myelosuppression. While the results of this pilot study fail to support the use of non-cross resistant regimens in @entity0 , short-term therapy appears to have no adverse effect on survival and resulted in significant periods during which no therapy was given, resulting in a reduction in overall @entity3 .

title: Short-term chemotherapy of poor-prognosis metastatic XXXX with three non-cross resistant chemotherapy regimens. A Southwest Oncology Group Study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Pulmonary surfactant stabilizes lung alveoli, preventing @entity2 and @entity5 in premature @entity0 . In addition to lipids, surfactant contains apoproteins that are thought to be critical for normal surfactant function. We have examined the ontogeny and regulation of the major surfactant-associated protein of molecular mass 28-36 kDa (SP 28-36) in @entity0 fetal lung. SP 28-36 was not detected in tissue from second trimester abortuses by either immunoblot analysis or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (less than 0.02 microgram per mg of DNA). Levels of mRNA for SP 28-36, assayed by cDNA hybridization, were low or undetectable in all preculture specimens. The concentration of saturated @entity4 in lung tissue was 30% of the adult value with no apparent increase between 15 and 24 weeks gestation. SP 28-36 content increased during explant culture in the absence of serum and hormones, exceeding adult levels (3.2 +/- 1.0 micrograms per mg of DNA) after 5 days. In cultures treated with @entity3 (2 nM) and @entity1 (10 nM), hormones that regulate @entity4 synthesis, the increase in SP 28-36 was accelerated (treated/control ratio was 7.1 and 3.4 at 3 and 5 days, respectively). Levels of mRNA for SP 28-36 also increased during culture and were stimulated by hormones (treated/control = 8.6 and 1.9 at 3 and 5 days, respectively). SP 28-36 and its mRNA increased similarly in the presence of @entity1 alone, whereas @entity3 alone had no apparent effect. The molecular weight and charge pattern was similar for SP 28-36 of adult and cultured fetal tissue. These findings indicate that expression of the SP 28-36 gene is low during the second trimester, increases during explant culture, and is accelerated by glucocorticoid treatment.

title: Regulation of pulmonary surfactant apoprotein SP 28-36 gene in fetal XXXX lung.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The clinical presentation, cytologic pattern and stromal changes in the cystectomy specimen were studied in a group of 26 @entity0 with @entity3 who underwent cystectomy. Only cases in which the nuclear area of the @entity4 in situ cells was over 80 sq micron (large-cell type) were included in this study. The results indicate that the cells from large-cell @entity3 exfoliate easily, resulting in a cytologic pattern of predominantly single, highly abnormal @entity2 cells. Due to the increased exfoliation of the affected epithelium, the @entity6 is focally denuded; therefore, while cytology may be strongly positive for @entity2 in these cases, the histologic diagnosis can be falsely negative when only denuded stroma is biopsied. The @entity1 causes complaints of " @entity7 ." The neoplastic urothelium may involve contiguously related epithelial surfaces. When the lesion extends into the prostatic ducts, the @entity0 can have "pseudoprostatitis" complaints. Urethral extension may give @entity5 . In one female @entity0 , involvement of the vagina and vulva was found. @entity4 in situ may develop in @entity0 with papillary low-grade @entity3 during follow-up, with a concomitant shift in the cytologic and clinical patterns; this deserves the consideration and attention of the cytologist and the clinician due to its serious clinical implications.

title: XXXX . Clinical presentation, cytologic pattern and stromal changes.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The prognostic and therapeutic decisions in cases of @entity3 depend upon the morphologic documentation of @entity1 , which may rapidly and accurately be done by fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of clinically suspicious lesions. The @entity2 cells derived from @entity3 demonstrate a wide range of appearances, however, and other @entity2 may be mimicked. Furthermore, additional @entity2 of other types are more frequent in @entity3 @entity0 : the possibility of a new @entity2 must be considered if the morphology of the @entity2 cells is uncharacteristic. Therefore, a study was undertaken to analyze the morphologic changes seen in FNA biopsy specimens from metastatic @entity3 and to determine which features could be the most useful in establishing a definitive diagnosis. A total of 174 consecutive cases, comprising 151 malignant aspirates and 23 inconclusive aspirates, were reviewed. The most significant features for identification of @entity3 over other @entity2 types were the cell shape and nuclear position, the presence of numerous isolated neoplastic cells and occasional binucleated or multinucleated cells. Intracellular melanin in neoplastic cells was diagnostic when present, but it was absent in 60% of the cases. Macronucleoli and/or intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations were characteristic but variable features. Morphology was also found to vary by site and cell type. Lung aspirates were less cellular and more likely to contain melanin. Aspirates of subcutaneous nodules were more often composed of spindle-shaped cells or of other variant cell types. Lymph node aspirates more often yielded epithelioid cells with macronucleoli and/or intranuclear invaginations. Spindle-cell melanomas usually demonstrated inconspicuous nuclei and rarely showed enlarged nucleoli. Epithelioid-cell @entity2 contained multinucleated cells and areas of cell wrapping more frequently than did spindle-cell @entity2 . The findings in this study emphasize that a full awareness of the spectrum of morphologic presentations of @entity3 as well as of the clinical history are needed for greater precision in its diagnosis and for avoidance of the pitfall of misdiagnosing nonmelanomas with similar appearances.

title: Fine needle aspiration biopsy of XXXX . A morphologic analysis of 174 cases.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A histomorphometric study was done on healing defects in the ribs of Beagles. A transverse @entity0 was made in the left 9th and 10th ribs. Beagles were given either @entity2 vehicle (n = 6) or @entity4 (PG) E2 orally (n = 5) for the 30-day period after surgical manipulation to time of necropsy. Double fluorescent labels to measure bone matrix mineralization were given with each of 2 fluorochrome markers--calcein before @entity1 were surgically manipulated and @entity5 before they were euthanatized. The objectives were to determine the effects of @entity0 on regional remodeling in the periosteum, the effects of @entity3 on the regional remodeling changes in the periosteum induced by the @entity0 , and the systemic effect of @entity3 on remodeling changes of the contralateral matching sites. The @entity0 in the nontreated @entity1 ( @entity2 only) stimulated remodeling activity in the periosteum with increased resorption (P less than 0.01). However, after surgical manipulation (necropsy) was done, the extent of mineralization on the bone surface was decreased and was decreased more on the nonfractured ribs (right side) than on the fractured (healing) ribs (left side) (P less than 0.05). In the treated @entity1 , the administration of @entity3 increased the extent of mineralization on the bone surface on the healing ribs. However, as in the nontreated @entity1 , the administration of @entity3 did not alter the decreasing pattern of mineralization when comparing the bone surfaces at necropsy with the bone surfaces before surgical manipulation was done.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of XXXX on rib @entity0 healing in beagles: histomorphometric study on periosteum adjacent to the @entity0 site.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A histomorphometric study was done on healing defects in the ribs of Beagles. A transverse @entity0 was made in the left 9th and 10th ribs. Beagles were given either @entity2 vehicle (n = 6) or @entity4 (PG) E2 orally (n = 5) for the 30-day period after surgical manipulation to time of necropsy. Double fluorescent labels to measure bone matrix mineralization were given with each of 2 fluorochrome markers--calcein before @entity1 were surgically manipulated and @entity5 before they were euthanatized. The objectives were to determine the effects of @entity0 on regional remodeling in the periosteum, the effects of @entity3 on the regional remodeling changes in the periosteum induced by the @entity0 , and the systemic effect of @entity3 on remodeling changes of the contralateral matching sites. The @entity0 in the nontreated @entity1 ( @entity2 only) stimulated remodeling activity in the periosteum with increased resorption (P less than 0.01). However, after surgical manipulation (necropsy) was done, the extent of mineralization on the bone surface was decreased and was decreased more on the nonfractured ribs (right side) than on the fractured (healing) ribs (left side) (P less than 0.05). In the treated @entity1 , the administration of @entity3 increased the extent of mineralization on the bone surface on the healing ribs. However, as in the nontreated @entity1 , the administration of @entity3 did not alter the decreasing pattern of mineralization when comparing the bone surfaces at necropsy with the bone surfaces before surgical manipulation was done.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of @entity3 on rib XXXX healing in beagles: histomorphometric study on periosteum adjacent to the @entity0 site.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A histomorphometric study was done on healing defects in the ribs of Beagles. A transverse @entity0 was made in the left 9th and 10th ribs. Beagles were given either @entity2 vehicle (n = 6) or @entity4 (PG) E2 orally (n = 5) for the 30-day period after surgical manipulation to time of necropsy. Double fluorescent labels to measure bone matrix mineralization were given with each of 2 fluorochrome markers--calcein before @entity1 were surgically manipulated and @entity5 before they were euthanatized. The objectives were to determine the effects of @entity0 on regional remodeling in the periosteum, the effects of @entity3 on the regional remodeling changes in the periosteum induced by the @entity0 , and the systemic effect of @entity3 on remodeling changes of the contralateral matching sites. The @entity0 in the nontreated @entity1 ( @entity2 only) stimulated remodeling activity in the periosteum with increased resorption (P less than 0.01). However, after surgical manipulation (necropsy) was done, the extent of mineralization on the bone surface was decreased and was decreased more on the nonfractured ribs (right side) than on the fractured (healing) ribs (left side) (P less than 0.05). In the treated @entity1 , the administration of @entity3 increased the extent of mineralization on the bone surface on the healing ribs. However, as in the nontreated @entity1 , the administration of @entity3 did not alter the decreasing pattern of mineralization when comparing the bone surfaces at necropsy with the bone surfaces before surgical manipulation was done.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of @entity3 on rib @entity0 healing in beagles: histomorphometric study on periosteum adjacent to the XXXX site.

answer: @entity0


abstract: In the present investigation, a number of histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of periodontal tissues as well as the phase-contrast microscopy of dental plaque were studied after experimentally-induced @entity1 in relation to susceptibility to @entity3 . The study included a younger (mean age 34.1 years) and an older age group (mean age 48 years) with a reduced but healthy periodontium. Both age groups had the same amount of loss of attachment which may suggest that they had different degrees of susceptibility to @entity3 . At the start of the experiment, each @entity0 was instructed to abstain from oral hygiene in one quadrant of the mouth for a period of 18 days. At the end of the 18-day period, supra-gingival plaque and gingival tissue samples were taken. As determined by phase-contrast microscopy, the plaque samples of both age groups contained relatively high proportions of spirochetes. This may indicate that the @entity0 are at risk for recurrence of periodontal breakdown. The general histopathologic picture of the gingival tissue samples of both age groups was similar to the so-called 'early lesion'. However, IgA-producing plasma cells were found in most tissue samples of both age groups. The first part of this study showed that the younger, in comparison to the older, @entity0 developed @entity1 in terms of @entity2 on probing more rapidly. These clinical results cannot be explained by the host-parasite parameters investigated in the present study.

title: Experimental gingivitis in relation to susceptibility to XXXX . II. Phase-contrast microbiological features and some host-response observations.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Reversible osmotic blood-brain barrier (BBB) modification was used in 38 @entity0 with @entity7 to enhance the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. The @entity0 ranged in age from 14 to 70 years (mean, 43), and all had prior surgery and radiation; 5 had also received systemic chemotherapy. Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scores ranged from 60 to 100% (mean, 79) on admission to the treatment program. Barrier modification was achieved by intracarotid or intravertebral artery infusion of @entity13 , and a chemotherapy regimen of @entity12 , @entity8 , and @entity14 was given in conjunction with barrier modification. The 38 @entity7 @entity0 were compared to two control groups of @entity0 with @entity7 ; these encompassed 14 @entity0 treated with surgery and radiation and 8 treated with surgery, radiation, and systemic chemotherapy. Survival analysis using the Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Model (corrected for age, sex, presence or absence of @entity3 , and functional status) showed that @entity0 receiving chemotherapy with BBB modification had a statistically significant (P = 0.0006) longer expected survival (17.5 months) than the control groups (12.8 and 11.4 months, respectively). Presently 16 @entity0 of the barrier-enhanced treatment group are alive at 5 to 42 months from diagnosis (median, 20) with KPS scores ranging from 40 to 90% (median, 65). The @entity2 seen included @entity5 in 3 @entity0 (1 with decreased motor movement in the hand, 1 with marked @entity11 , and 1 with @entity9 ), transient exacerbation of preexisting @entity4 lasting 2 to 3 days, and a 15% incidence of @entity6 during or within 24 hours of the BBB modification. In 2 of the 38 @entity0 , @entity10 regression concurrent with the development of new @entity1 nodule(s) in portions of the brain distant from the region of osmotic BBB opening was seen. These studies indicate that chemotherapeutic drug delivery to @entity1 (as well as surrounding brain) can be augmented by osmotic BBB modification and that such therapy can result in a prolongation of survival.

title: Therapeutic efficacy of multiagent chemotherapy with drug delivery enhancement by blood-brain barrier modification in XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: In most previous studies of cryopreserved isolated pancreatic islets, a slow cooling rate has been employed. We recently observed that faster cooling (5 degrees C/min) resulted in better functional islet preservation than cooling at 0.5 degrees C/min. We found that a culture period after the collagenase isolation of the islets, but prior to freezing, is crucial for the preservation of the islet B cell function. In the present investigation the function of isolated @entity0 pancreatic islets cooled in Hanks' solution supplemented with 2 M @entity3 was compared with that of nonfrozen, cultured islets prepared from the same donors. The islets were cultured in RPMI 1640 + 10% calf serum for 3 days before freezing, and for 3 days after rapid thawing at 37 degrees C. Islets were cooled at rates of 5, 15, or 25 degrees C/min to 70 degrees C and then plunged into liquid @entity2 . All three groups of cryopreserved islets responded with insulin secretion when challenged with high @entity1 concentrations in batch-type incubations. In further experiments it was found that @entity1 -stimulated (pro)insulin biosynthesis in islets frozen at 25 degrees C/min was the same as that in the controls. Similar observations were made with respect to @entity1 -stimulated insulin release in perifusion experiments. However, a 30% reduction in insulin content was observed in the rapidly frozen islets. There was no difference in the replicatory capacity of the islets cells in vitro, as determined by an autoradiographic technique, between control islets and islets cooled at 5 degrees C or 25 degrees C/min. Intrasplenic implantation of 600-800 cryopreserved syngeneic islets into @entity5 -diabetic @entity0 led to complete or partial normalization of the @entity4 in seven of nine @entity0 . When splenectomy was performed in five animals the serum @entity1 concentrations increased promptly. We conclude that relatively rapid cooling rates may be useful for cryopreservation of isolated pancreatic islets.

title: Cryopreservation of XXXX pancreatic islets. Effects of fast cooling on islet B cell function and on the outcome of islet transplantation.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Eleven preterm @entity0 (gestational ages 27-35 weeks) with echogenic paraventricular white matter identified shortly after birth were studied with serial echoencephalograms to fully delineate the sonographic findings characterizing the pathologic stages of @entity2 . Echoencephalograms were compared with autopsy findings and CT scans. Cerebral function was assessed by electroencephalograms and later by neurodevelopmental evaluations. Echogenic areas were observed in the paraventricular white matter in the acute stage. Microscopically, the echogenic white matter consisted of vascular congestion and @entity3 , but not always with foci of @entity1 . Anechoic areas, which characterized the chronic stage, corresponded to cavitary lesions, and these generally appeared within 2 weeks of birth. However, six @entity0 had anechoic lesions by day 4, suggesting that the onset of white-matter damage was antenatal. CT showed mildly decreased attenuation when paraventricular echogenic areas alone or in association with small anechoic areas were observed. Markedly decreased attenuation on CT scans corresponded to large anechoic areas. Resolution of the sonographic and CT findings did not indicate normalization of the white matter since all surviving @entity0 were neurologically abnormal at 1 year. Electroencephalograms with central (rolandic) positive sharp waves were associated with echogenic white matter alone or with evolving anechoic areas. All @entity0 with positive sharp waves on electroencephalograms had large anechoic areas in later studies. Early and serial echoencephalograms are necessary to evaluate @entity2 in preterm @entity0 . When echogenic white matter is identified, electroencephalography can suggest the presence of @entity2 .

title: XXXX (periventricular leukomalacia): sonographic, pathologic, and electroencephalographic features.

answer: @entity2


abstract: To determine if passively reported cases of @entity1 are representative of the affected population, an active surveillance system was set up that identified all @entity0 in Pierce County, Washington, who had been diagnosed by a physician as having @entity1 in the period March 1 through August 31, 1984. In this county, this was part of an ongoing epidemiologic study of @entity1 that had previously included some stimulation of reporting. The active surveillance system covered all primary sources of medical care, including all private physicians who were most likely to see @entity0 with @entity1 . Secondary sources, those that did not provide direct medical care but might be aware of new cases, were also surveyed. The results of active surveillance showed that passive reporting was about 65% complete in Pierce County. No change occurred in the number of @entity1 cases reported, but @entity2 cases increased by 50%, and non-A, @entity2 cases increased by 138%. Most of the increase was a result of enhanced reporting from private physicians. The two risk groups most affected by underreporting were homosexual @entity0 with @entity2 and blood transfusion recipients with non-A, @entity2 . During active surveillance, the proportion of @entity0 with @entity2 who reported homosexual activity was 52% compared with 20% from passive surveillance. Transfusion recipients represented 24% of the non-A, @entity2 reported from active surveillance compared with 9% reported from passive surveillance. Although Pierce County may not be representative of all counties in the United States, @entity0 responsible for public health prevention programs should recognize that data acquired through passive surveillance may not accurately reflect the magnitude of the risk for specific populations or the amount of disease that can be prevented.

title: The effect of underreporting on the apparent incidence and epidemiology of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: In a lung model simulating spontaneously @entity1 @entity2 anaesthesia, the rebreathing characteristics of the coaxial Mapleson A (Lack circuit) and D (Bain circuit) systems were tested. Using decreasing fresh gas flows (VF), the end-tidal @entity0 fraction (FACO2) was monitored and the point of rebreathing (R.P.) detected. The effects of changes in minute volume (VE), dead-space to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) and @entity0 elimination (VCO2) were studied. The effect of increased tidal volumes (VT) on FACO2 was investigated for some different fresh gas flows (VF). The VF/VE ratio for R.P. in the Bain circuit was approximately 2 and in the Lack circuit 0.88. In both circuits an increase in VE and a decrease in the VD/VT ratio resulted in higher demands on VF if rebreathing was to be avoided. The latter effect was much more pronounced in the Lack circuit. In neither system did any changes in VCO2 affect the rebreathing characteristics. The conclusion was drawn that the Lack system is a much better choice concerning the fresh gas flows for anaesthesia with spontaneous @entity1 than the Bain system. It was also concluded that the fresh gas flows recommended by Humphrey for the Lack system (i.e. 51 ml X min-1 X kg b.w.-1) and by the manufacturers for the Bain system (i.e. 100 ml X min-1 X kg b.w.-1) are inadequate and should be increased if a considerable degree of rebreathing is to be avoided.

title: Fresh gas flow in coaxial Mapleson A and D circuits during spontaneous XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Progressive growth of the P815 @entity5 in an immunocompetent host evokes the generation of an antitumor immune response that can be measured in terms of the production of cytolytic Ly-1+2+ T cells in the draining lymph node and spleen. This immunity, designated concomitant immunity, is present on day 6 of @entity1 growth, peaks on day 9, and decays progressively thereafter. It fails to develop in @entity2 made T cell deficient by thymectomy and lethal whole-body gamma-radiation, and reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells (TXB @entity2 ). Employment of a @entity2 survival assay, capable of enumerating metastatic @entity2 cells in cell suspensions, showed that the P815 @entity1 metastasizes to the draining lymph node and spleen at the same rate in normal and TXB @entity2 for the first 6 days of growth of an intradermal P815 @entity1 . By day 6 of @entity1 growth there were approximately 10(3) @entity2 cells in the draining lymph node in both types of @entity2 . However, during the generation of concomitant immunity between days 6 and 9, the number of metastatic @entity2 cells in the draining lymph nodes and spleens of normal @entity1 -bearing @entity2 declined by nearly 90%. After day 12, however, the number of @entity1 cells in the nodes and spleens increased concordantly with the decay of concomitant immunity. These findings, together with the demonstration that @entity4 @entity2 failed to restrain the number of metastatic @entity2 cells in the draining lymph node and spleen, suggest that concomitant immunity is an important defense mechanism against the development of @entity3 . Additional evidence consistent with this interpretation was provided by studies which showed that adoptive immunization with spleen cells from concomitant immune donors significantly prolonged the median survival time of @entity1 -bearing @entity2 by destroying a substantial proportion of @entity2 @entity1 cells already seeded in the draining lymph node. Adoptive immunization also delayed the appearance of @entity0 cells in the spleen.

title: The antimetastatic function of concomitant antitumor immunity. II. Evidence that the generation of Ly-1+2+ effector T cells temporarily causes the destruction of already disseminated XXXX cells.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 were given s.c. implants of high ( @entity1 ) or low (LT) doses of @entity2 and 10 days later hypophysectomy or sham-operation was performed. The @entity0 were killed after 50 days. Unilateral efferent duct ligation was performed 16 h before death to measure seminiferous tubule fluid production and the increment in testicular inhibin values (inhibin production). Inhibin levels in testis cytosols were measured by a pituitary cell culture bioassay. The LT implants maintained serum @entity2 at control values and decreased testicular weight whereas @entity1 implants raised serum @entity2 3-fold and maintained testicular weight at 75-85% of pretreatment levels. In intact @entity0 , LT implants caused no change in testicular inhibin content but decreased inhibin production; no significant changes occurred with @entity1 implants. After hypophysectomy both values were significantly suppressed and could not be maintained by @entity1 or LT implants. However, the @entity1 implants partly restored inhibin production despite their inability to influence testicular inhibin content. In contrast, tubule fluid production depended mainly on intratesticular @entity2 levels and occurred normally in intact or hypophysectomized @entity0 with @entity1 but not LT implants. These results indicate that inhibin and seminiferous tubule fluid production, both functions of the Sertoli cell, are under different hormonal control. The maintenance of inhibin production by the testis requires the support of pituitary hormones, presumably FSH, while seminiferous tubule fluid production requires @entity2 , presumably through LH stimulation of Leydig cells. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibin is produced in response to trophic stimulation by FSH.

title: Effects of XXXX on testicular inhibin and fluid production in intact and hypophysectomized adult @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity0 were given s.c. implants of high ( @entity1 ) or low (LT) doses of @entity2 and 10 days later hypophysectomy or sham-operation was performed. The @entity0 were killed after 50 days. Unilateral efferent duct ligation was performed 16 h before death to measure seminiferous tubule fluid production and the increment in testicular inhibin values (inhibin production). Inhibin levels in testis cytosols were measured by a pituitary cell culture bioassay. The LT implants maintained serum @entity2 at control values and decreased testicular weight whereas @entity1 implants raised serum @entity2 3-fold and maintained testicular weight at 75-85% of pretreatment levels. In intact @entity0 , LT implants caused no change in testicular inhibin content but decreased inhibin production; no significant changes occurred with @entity1 implants. After hypophysectomy both values were significantly suppressed and could not be maintained by @entity1 or LT implants. However, the @entity1 implants partly restored inhibin production despite their inability to influence testicular inhibin content. In contrast, tubule fluid production depended mainly on intratesticular @entity2 levels and occurred normally in intact or hypophysectomized @entity0 with @entity1 but not LT implants. These results indicate that inhibin and seminiferous tubule fluid production, both functions of the Sertoli cell, are under different hormonal control. The maintenance of inhibin production by the testis requires the support of pituitary hormones, presumably FSH, while seminiferous tubule fluid production requires @entity2 , presumably through LH stimulation of Leydig cells. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibin is produced in response to trophic stimulation by FSH.

title: Effects of @entity2 on testicular inhibin and fluid production in intact and hypophysectomized adult XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: We have employed the recently developed competitive ligand binding assay (CLBA) to study thyroid hormone binding inhibitor (THBI) in ether extracts of sera of 25 @entity0 admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit with a variety of @entity1 ( @entity1 ). THBI was detected in 60% (15/25) of @entity0 using one sample/ @entity0 and in 88% (15/17) using multiple (two to six) samples from different days. Mortality rate and mean serum concentrations of total T4, total T3, and albumin were similar in THBI-positive and THBI-negative @entity0 . There was a tendency for a higher frequency of low serum total T4 in THBI-positive (10/15) than in THBI-negative (3/10) @entity0 but the difference was not statistically significant (P less than 0.1 by Chi square). However, the mean dialyzable fraction of T4 (DFT4 0.11 +/- 0.02%, n = 9 v 0.054 +/- 0.004%, n = 10) and DFT3 (0.54 +/- 0.05% v 0.40 +/- 0.032%) were both significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in THBI-positive @entity0 than THBI-negative @entity0 . There was a significant correlation between THBI and DFT4 (r = 0.55, P less than 0.02) or DFT3 (r = 0.54, P less than 0.02). Prior extraction of serum with ether reduced DFT4 in @entity1 @entity0 with high baseline DFT4 but not in normal subjects or @entity1 @entity0 with mildly abnormal baseline DFT4. Addition to a normal serum (0.1 mL) of evaporated ether extract of a pooled @entity1 serum (0.10- to 3.0-mL equivalent) increased DFT4 progressively from 0.025% to 0.14%. Similar extract of a pooled serum of normal subjects had little or no effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Serum thyroid hormone binding inhibitor in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Between May, 1981, and December, 1984, thirteen combined heart-lung transplants were performed in 12 @entity0 for the treatment of @entity6 . The age range of the recipients was 22 to 42 years. Two @entity0 had undergone previous open cardiac operations; in addition, one had had closure of a persistent ductus arteriosus, one an open lung biopsy, one a pulmonary artery banding, and one @entity0 received a second heart-lung transplant after 3 years. Four recipients died before hospital discharge, one at operation and three at 4, 10, and 33 days after operation. Early symptomatic results and cardiopulmonary function were excellent in all of the survivors. Two @entity0 died 14 and 15 months after transplantation of accelerated graft @entity5 and @entity3 , respectively, and six remain alive 7 to 44 months after transplantation. Four of these surviving @entity0 and the two @entity0 who died late subsequently had major @entity1 . Symptoms included progressive @entity2 , cough (often productive), and fever with physical signs of diffuse crepitations and expiratory rhonchi. Serial pulmonary function tests showed progressive obstructive physiology in all six @entity0 with superimposed restrictive defects in four. Histologic examination of tissue from open lung biopsy or autopsy displayed @entity4 in five of these @entity0 , one of whom required retransplantation. It is possible that these late changes are the result of rejection, since similar changes in one other @entity0 have now been reversed with augmented immunosuppression. Further understanding of the causes and manifestations of late @entity1 should improve the late functional results of this operation for @entity6 .

title: Combined heart-lung transplantation for end-stage XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: A three-dimensional view of ligand-receptor recognition at the atomic level is crucial to understand the molecular mechanism of receptor activation. This review describes the structure-function relationships of two receptors important for pharmaceutical science. @entity0 ( @entity0 ) is the principal growth factor regulating the maturation, proliferation, and differentiation of the precursor cells of neutrophilic granulocytes. We have determined the crystal structure of @entity0 complexed to the BN-BC domains, the principal ligand binding region of the @entity5 . In a novel oligomerization scheme, the two receptor domains complex in a 2:2 ratio to the ligand, with a noncrystallographic pseudo-two-fold axis through primarily the interdomain region and secondarily the BC domain. This first structural view of a @entity6 -type receptor-ligand complex presents a new molecular basis for @entity4 recognition. The metabotropic @entity2 receptors (mGluRs) are key receptors in the modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Three different crystal structures of the extracellular ligand-binding region (LBR) of @entity3 have been determined, in a complex with @entity2 and in two unliganded forms. They all showed @entity1 -linked homo-dimers, of which the "active" and "resting" conformations are modulated through the novel dimeric interface by a packed alpha-helical structure. The bilobed protomer architectures flexibly change their domain arrangements between an "open" or "closed" conformation. @entity2 binding stabilizes both the "active" dimer and "closed" protomer in dynamic equilibrium. Four domain movements within the dimer affect the separation of the transmembrane and intracellular regions and thereby activate the receptor.

title: [Ligand recognition mechanism of @entity5 and metabotropic XXXX receptor].

answer: @entity2


abstract: A three-dimensional view of ligand-receptor recognition at the atomic level is crucial to understand the molecular mechanism of receptor activation. This review describes the structure-function relationships of two receptors important for pharmaceutical science. @entity0 ( @entity0 ) is the principal growth factor regulating the maturation, proliferation, and differentiation of the precursor cells of neutrophilic granulocytes. We have determined the crystal structure of @entity0 complexed to the BN-BC domains, the principal ligand binding region of the @entity5 . In a novel oligomerization scheme, the two receptor domains complex in a 2:2 ratio to the ligand, with a noncrystallographic pseudo-two-fold axis through primarily the interdomain region and secondarily the BC domain. This first structural view of a @entity6 -type receptor-ligand complex presents a new molecular basis for @entity4 recognition. The metabotropic @entity2 receptors (mGluRs) are key receptors in the modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Three different crystal structures of the extracellular ligand-binding region (LBR) of @entity3 have been determined, in a complex with @entity2 and in two unliganded forms. They all showed @entity1 -linked homo-dimers, of which the "active" and "resting" conformations are modulated through the novel dimeric interface by a packed alpha-helical structure. The bilobed protomer architectures flexibly change their domain arrangements between an "open" or "closed" conformation. @entity2 binding stabilizes both the "active" dimer and "closed" protomer in dynamic equilibrium. Four domain movements within the dimer affect the separation of the transmembrane and intracellular regions and thereby activate the receptor.

title: [Ligand recognition mechanism of XXXX and metabotropic @entity2 receptor].

answer: @entity5