abstract: BACKGROUND: To determine the activity and safety of the combination of @entity5 and pegylated liposomal @entity4 (Caelyx) in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 . @entity1 AND METHODS: This was a multicenter phase II study. Thirty-five newly diagnosed @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 were included in the study. Histological or cytological diagnosis was necessary for inclusion. Median age was 54 years (range 26-73 years). Fifteen @entity1 were premenopausal and 20 postmenopausal. @entity5 was administered at a dose of 175 mg/m(2) and pegylated liposomal @entity4 35 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks for six cycles. RESULTS: Twenty-five @entity1 (71%) responded. Six (17%) had a complete response, 19 (54%) had a partial response, four remained stable, two progressed and four were not evaluated for response due to discontinuation of chemotherapy. Three @entity1 had a pathologically complete response. A total of 173 cycles were administered. The primary @entity2 observed was @entity2 . Grade 3 @entity2 was noted in four @entity1 (11%). @entity9 ( @entity9 ) grade 3 was experienced by three (9%). Two @entity1 presented with @entity9 and @entity2 . Hematological @entity2 included grade 3 @entity7 in four @entity1 (3%). Other grade 3 @entity2 were uncommon and included only alopecia in 29 @entity1 (83%). Grade 3 or 4 @entity8 was not observed in any @entity1 . Dose reduction was necessary in seven @entity1 ; in six due to @entity2 and in one due to @entity6 . Four @entity1 discontinued treatment due to @entity2 . There were no treatment-related @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: The combination of pegylated liposomal @entity4 and @entity5 was active in locally advanced @entity0 . The primary @entity2 was cutaneous @entity2 and it was manageable.

title: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a combination of pegylated liposomal @entity4 (Caelyx) and XXXX in locally advanced @entity0 : a phase II study by the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity3 Bran Fiber (WBF) trial was a double-blind, high-fiber versus low-fiber phase III intervention trial in which @entity0 were randomly assigned to receive a cereal fiber supplement of either 2.0 g/day or 13.5 g/day to assess whether a high-fiber supplement could decrease risk of recurrent @entity2 . Although no effect of the supplement on polyp recurrence was observed, @entity0 consumed a baseline average of 17.5 grams of fiber per day, which may have been sufficient to protect against @entity1 . Therefore, we examined whether baseline fiber intake affected @entity2 or modified the effect of treatment group in the WBF trial @entity0 . METHODS: Quartiles of baseline fiber intake were calculated on the basis of the distribution in the study population. Odds ratios (ORs) for @entity1 were calculated using the lowest quartile of fiber intake as the reference. The effect of fiber from specific food sources on @entity1 was also assessed. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Adjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals) for @entity1 were 0.79 (0.56 to 1.12), 0.76 (0.54 to 1.08), and 0.83 (0.57 to 1.19) for the second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively. Fiber from the three primary food sources (fruits; breads, cereals and crackers; and vegetables) had no appreciable effect on @entity1 . Baseline fiber intake also had little effect on @entity1 when the population was stratified by treatment group. In addition, there was no interaction between treatment group and quartile of baseline fiber intake. CONCLUSIONS: No association was found between amount of fiber consumed at baseline and @entity1 in the WBF trial @entity0 . The baseline fiber intake, whether considered as a whole or from specific sources, did not modify the effect of treatment group.

title: Baseline dietary fiber intake and XXXX in the @entity3 bran fiber randomized trial.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity3 Bran Fiber (WBF) trial was a double-blind, high-fiber versus low-fiber phase III intervention trial in which @entity0 were randomly assigned to receive a cereal fiber supplement of either 2.0 g/day or 13.5 g/day to assess whether a high-fiber supplement could decrease risk of recurrent @entity2 . Although no effect of the supplement on polyp recurrence was observed, @entity0 consumed a baseline average of 17.5 grams of fiber per day, which may have been sufficient to protect against @entity1 . Therefore, we examined whether baseline fiber intake affected @entity2 or modified the effect of treatment group in the WBF trial @entity0 . METHODS: Quartiles of baseline fiber intake were calculated on the basis of the distribution in the study population. Odds ratios (ORs) for @entity1 were calculated using the lowest quartile of fiber intake as the reference. The effect of fiber from specific food sources on @entity1 was also assessed. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Adjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals) for @entity1 were 0.79 (0.56 to 1.12), 0.76 (0.54 to 1.08), and 0.83 (0.57 to 1.19) for the second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively. Fiber from the three primary food sources (fruits; breads, cereals and crackers; and vegetables) had no appreciable effect on @entity1 . Baseline fiber intake also had little effect on @entity1 when the population was stratified by treatment group. In addition, there was no interaction between treatment group and quartile of baseline fiber intake. CONCLUSIONS: No association was found between amount of fiber consumed at baseline and @entity1 in the WBF trial @entity0 . The baseline fiber intake, whether considered as a whole or from specific sources, did not modify the effect of treatment group.

title: Baseline dietary fiber intake and @entity2 in the XXXX bran fiber randomized trial.

answer: @entity3


abstract: We have previously reported the formation of @entity3 /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) clusters approximately 110 nm in diameter in hippocampal neurons in culture and in the intact adult brain, under conditions that simulate ischemic stress and increase [ @entity2 ](i) [Dosemeci et al. (2000) J. Neurosci. 20, 3076-3084; Tao-Cheng et al. (2001) Neuroscience 106, 69-78]. These observations suggest that @entity1 -like conditions that prevail during the dissection of brain tissue for the preparation of hippocampal slices could lead to the formation of CaMKII clusters. We now show by pre-embedding immuno-electron microscopy that, indeed, CaMKII clusters are present in the @entity5 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices from adult @entity0 fixed immediately after dissection, and that the number of CaMKII clusters increases with the delay time between decapitation and fixation. Moreover, CaMKII clusters are typically localized near the endoplasmic reticulum. When acute slices are allowed to recover in oxygenated medium for 2 h, CaMKII clusters mostly disappear, indicating that clustering is reversible. Also, the postsynaptic density, another site for CaMKII accumulation under excitatory conditions, becomes thinner upon recovery. Treatment of recovered slices with high @entity4 for 90 s causes the re-appearance of CaMKII clusters in nearly all @entity5 pyramidal cells examined. On the other hand, when dissociated hippocampal neurons in primary culture are exposed to the same depolarizing conditions, only approximately 25% of neurons exhibit CaMKII clusters, indicating a difference in the susceptibility of the neurons in culture and in acute slices to excitatory stimuli. Altogether these observations indicate that the effect of CaMKII clustering should be considered when interpreting experimental results obtained with hippocampal slices.

title: XXXX /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II clusters in adult @entity0 hippocampal slices.

answer: @entity3


abstract: We have previously reported the formation of @entity3 /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) clusters approximately 110 nm in diameter in hippocampal neurons in culture and in the intact adult brain, under conditions that simulate ischemic stress and increase [ @entity2 ](i) [Dosemeci et al. (2000) J. Neurosci. 20, 3076-3084; Tao-Cheng et al. (2001) Neuroscience 106, 69-78]. These observations suggest that @entity1 -like conditions that prevail during the dissection of brain tissue for the preparation of hippocampal slices could lead to the formation of CaMKII clusters. We now show by pre-embedding immuno-electron microscopy that, indeed, CaMKII clusters are present in the @entity5 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices from adult @entity0 fixed immediately after dissection, and that the number of CaMKII clusters increases with the delay time between decapitation and fixation. Moreover, CaMKII clusters are typically localized near the endoplasmic reticulum. When acute slices are allowed to recover in oxygenated medium for 2 h, CaMKII clusters mostly disappear, indicating that clustering is reversible. Also, the postsynaptic density, another site for CaMKII accumulation under excitatory conditions, becomes thinner upon recovery. Treatment of recovered slices with high @entity4 for 90 s causes the re-appearance of CaMKII clusters in nearly all @entity5 pyramidal cells examined. On the other hand, when dissociated hippocampal neurons in primary culture are exposed to the same depolarizing conditions, only approximately 25% of neurons exhibit CaMKII clusters, indicating a difference in the susceptibility of the neurons in culture and in acute slices to excitatory stimuli. Altogether these observations indicate that the effect of CaMKII clustering should be considered when interpreting experimental results obtained with hippocampal slices.

title: @entity3 /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II clusters in adult XXXX hippocampal slices.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if low dose @entity6 provides an adequate reduction in @entity2 with minimal side effects. METHODS: Prospective cohort of 115 @entity0 given @entity6 by paramedics in Wales and the English borders. OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Mean total dose of @entity6 administered, change in @entity2 score, time to adequate @entity2 relief (score below four), and change in respiratory rate and systolic blood pressure; (2) proportion of @entity0 continuing to suffer moderate to severe @entity2 on arrival at hospital; (3) incidence of adverse events. RESULTS: Full data were obtained for all @entity0 . The mean total dose of @entity6 administered was 6.09 mg (range 2.5 to 12.5 mg). This was significantly higher in @entity1 than ischaemic @entity4 @entity0 (7.03 versus 5.13 mg). The mean reduction in @entity2 score was -3.97 (95% CI -4.38 to -3.57, p<0.001). The mean time to adequate @entity2 relief (where this was achieved) was 15.7 minutes (95% CI 13.4 to 17.9 minutes). On arrival at hospital 60% of @entity0 (n=69, 95% CI 50.9 to 68.5%) still met ambulance criteria for @entity5 (70.7% of @entity1 @entity0 and 49.1% with ischaemic @entity4 ). Systolic blood pressure fell by a mean of -3.67 (95% CI -6.76 to -0.58, p=0.02) and respiratory rate increased by a mean of 1.63 (95% CI 1.08 to 2.17, p<0.001). Two @entity0 complained of @entity3 (1.74%, 95% CI 0.5 to 6.0%). No other adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Low dose @entity6 results in few adverse events, but offers poor @entity2 control for a high proportion of @entity0 .

title: Hitting them where it hurts? Low dose XXXX therapy.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Six-year survival of @entity2 was assessed in a series of 1155 consecutive @entity0 (751 @entity0 , 404 @entity0 ). Among the @entity0 , 33% were alcoholics and 18% were HBsAg positive; corresponding figures for the @entity0 were 15% and 6% respectively. Features of decompensation at first presentation were observed in 63% of the @entity0 . Six-year survival was 54% in compensated and 21% in decompensated @entity0 . No significant differences in survival were found between alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Leading causes of @entity5 were @entity7 (49%), @entity3 (22%), and @entity6 (13%). The prognostic role of 21 variables was evaluated separately in compensated and decompensated @entity0 by the Cox's regression model. The following variables were found to be significant predictors of @entity5 risk in compensated @entity0 : male sex, HBsAg positivity, age, prothrombin time prolongation, and esophageal varices. In decompensated disease the significant indicators of @entity5 risk were: @entity3 , @entity1 , @entity6 , SGOT, esophageal varices, gamma globulins, prothrombin time prolongation, continued abuse of @entity4 , HBsAg positivity, @entity8 , and cholinesterase. A simple prognostic index based upon the relative risk coefficient of the significant variables is suggested.

title: Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Presentation of a multicentric retrospective french study concerning 4,655 cases of @entity3 operated between 1980 and 1996. The mean age was 67.4 years old with a male predominance of 63.1%. @entity2 was the predominant presenting symptom (60%) followed by alteration of the general condition (44%) and @entity4 (20%). 35.5% of @entity1 were of distal, 18.8% of middle and 18.6% of proximal localisation. As @entity1 stages, 40% were of stage I,-II and 60% of stages III,-IV. Subtotal gastrectomy was realised in 44%, total radical gastrectomy in 42.1% and other surgical procedures in 14% of cases (proximal gastric resection or atypical resection). D1 lymphadenectomy was associated in 58.4% and D2 in 41.6%. Morbidity was of 23% and mortality of 11.9% which passed from 19% during the first (1980,-85) to 8% in the last interval of time (1990,-96). The 5 years survival was 41% in case of gastric resection. In univariate analysis the 5 years relative survival was better in female @entity0 (44% at 5 years), in @entity0 younger than 50 years old (46%), when @entity2 was the only clinical symptom (52.7%), in middle and distal third localisation (47%), in case of subtotal distal resection (47%) and in less advanced stages (79% at 5 years for @entity1 ). In multivariate analysis the 5 years survival was essentially correlated to the stage of the @entity1 and no real prognosis improvement was shown during the period of the study.

title: XXXX : the French survey.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Type 2 @entity2 is associated with accelerated @entity7 . Because cell-derived microparticles support coagulation and @entity3 , they may be involved in atherogenesis. We characterized circulating microparticles both in @entity0 with uncomplicated, well-regulated type 2 @entity2 and in healthy subjects, as well as their relationship with coagulation and metabolic control. METHODS AND RESULTS: Microparticles were isolated from plasma, stained with @entity8 , cell-specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) and a MoAb directed against tissue factor (TF), and analyzed by flow cytometry. Microparticle numbers and origin were comparable in the two groups, but the median number of TF-positive microparticles was twice as high in @entity0 than in controls (P=0.018). @entity0 had higher percentages of TF-positive microparticles from T-helper cells (P=0.045), granulocytes (P=0.004), and platelets (P=0.002). Subpopulations of TF-positive microparticles from platelets and T-helper cells exposed granulocytic markers. Correlations were found between the numbers of various TF-positive microparticle subpopulations and body mass index, fasting plasma @entity6 and insulin, or @entity1 necrosis factor-alpha and serum HDL @entity4 . Microparticles from @entity0 generated less thrombin in vitro (P=0.007). Microparticle numbers did not correlate with in vivo coagulation markers prothrombin fragment F(1+2) and thrombin-antithrombin complexes. CONCLUSIONS: TF, possibly of granulocytic origin, is exposed on microparticle subpopulations in asymptomatic @entity0 with well-regulated type 2 @entity2 . TF-positive microparticles are associated with components of the @entity5 but not with coagulation. Thus, TF on microparticles may be involved in processes other than coagulation, including transcellular signaling or angiogenesis.

title: Elevated numbers of tissue-factor exposing microparticles correlate with components of the @entity5 in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Type 2 @entity2 is associated with accelerated @entity7 . Because cell-derived microparticles support coagulation and @entity3 , they may be involved in atherogenesis. We characterized circulating microparticles both in @entity0 with uncomplicated, well-regulated type 2 @entity2 and in healthy subjects, as well as their relationship with coagulation and metabolic control. METHODS AND RESULTS: Microparticles were isolated from plasma, stained with @entity8 , cell-specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) and a MoAb directed against tissue factor (TF), and analyzed by flow cytometry. Microparticle numbers and origin were comparable in the two groups, but the median number of TF-positive microparticles was twice as high in @entity0 than in controls (P=0.018). @entity0 had higher percentages of TF-positive microparticles from T-helper cells (P=0.045), granulocytes (P=0.004), and platelets (P=0.002). Subpopulations of TF-positive microparticles from platelets and T-helper cells exposed granulocytic markers. Correlations were found between the numbers of various TF-positive microparticle subpopulations and body mass index, fasting plasma @entity6 and insulin, or @entity1 necrosis factor-alpha and serum HDL @entity4 . Microparticles from @entity0 generated less thrombin in vitro (P=0.007). Microparticle numbers did not correlate with in vivo coagulation markers prothrombin fragment F(1+2) and thrombin-antithrombin complexes. CONCLUSIONS: TF, possibly of granulocytic origin, is exposed on microparticle subpopulations in asymptomatic @entity0 with well-regulated type 2 @entity2 . TF-positive microparticles are associated with components of the @entity5 but not with coagulation. Thus, TF on microparticles may be involved in processes other than coagulation, including transcellular signaling or angiogenesis.

title: Elevated numbers of tissue-factor exposing microparticles correlate with components of the XXXX in @entity2 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Cationic antimicrobial peptides play important roles in innate immunity. Compared with extensive studies on peptide-bacteria interactions, little is known about peptide- @entity0 cell interactions. Using @entity0 @entity3 HeLa and fibroblastic TM12 cells, we investigated the cellular uptake of fluorescent analogues of the two representative antimicrobial peptides magainin 2 and buforin 2 in comparison with the representative Arg-rich cell-penetrating Tat-(47-57) peptide (YGRKKRRQRRR). The dose, time, temperature, and energy dependence of translocation suggested that the three peptides cross cell membranes through different mechanisms. The magainin peptide was internalized within a time scale of tens of minutes. The cooperative concentration dependence of uptake suggested that the peptide forms a pore as an intermediate similar to the observations in model membranes. Furthermore, the translocation was coupled with @entity2 , which was larger for @entity1 HeLa cells. In contrast, the buforin peptide translocated within 10 min by a temperature-independent, less concentration-dependent passive mechanism without showing any significant @entity2 at the highest concentration investigated (100 microm). The uptake of the Tat peptide was proportional to the peptide concentration, and the concentration dependence was lost upon ATP depletion. The peptide exhibited a moderate @entity2 at higher concentrations. The time course did not show saturation even after 120 min. The buforin peptide, covalently attached to the 28-kDa green fluorescent protein, also entered cells, suggesting a potency of the peptide as a vector for macromolecular delivery into cells. However, the mechanism appeared to be different from that of the parent peptide.

title: Translocation of analogues of the antimicrobial peptides magainin and buforin across XXXX cell membranes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Both @entity7 and the @entity0 promoter @entity2 ( @entity3 ) inhibit expression of the differentiated phenotype by @entity1 costal chondrocytes in culture, as judged by morphological changes and decreased sulfation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). However, the inhibition of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes in @entity3 -treated cells is restored by parathyroid hormone ( @entity10 ), while the inhibition by @entity7 is not [Takigawa et al. (1982) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 42, 145-153; Takigawa et al. (1983) Cell Differ. 13, 283-291]. In the present study, we examined the difference between @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and @entity5 -treated chondrocytes to determine the mechanism of the restoration of the differentiated phenotype in de-differentiated cells treated with @entity3 . @entity10 increased the activity of @entity9 decarboxylase [ODC; EC 4.1.1.17], a rate limiting enzyme of @entity6 biosynthesis, and proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes pretreated with @entity3 as well as in normal chondrocytes. The maximal stimulations of ODC activity and GAG synthesis were observed 4 h and 24-36 h, respectively, after addition of @entity10 . The dose-response curve for ODC induction by @entity10 was parallel to that of @entity10 -stimulated proteoglycan synthesis both in @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and in normal chondrocytes. @entity10 also increased the intracellular @entity4 level after 2 min in @entity3 -treated cells as in normal cells. Addition of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) induced ODC and restored proteoglycan synthesis in @entity3 -treated cells. The dose-response curve for induction of ODC by @entity8 was parallel to that of @entity8 -stimulated proteoglycan synthesis in both @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and normal chondrocytes. On the other hand, the increases by @entity10 in the intracellular @entity4 level, ODC activity, and proteoglycan synthesis were inhibited in chondrocytes pretreated with a combination of @entity3 and @entity5 as well as in those pretreated with @entity5 alone. @entity3 stimulated the syntheses of DNA and RNA in chondrocytes but did not increase the @entity4 level or ODC activity. @entity10 and @entity8 inhibited the syntheses of DNA and RNA both in @entity3 -treated cells and in normal cells. These results suggest that ODC induction mediated by elevation of @entity4 plays an important role in re-differentiation of de-differentiated cells pretreated with these agents.

title: Comparison of inhibition by a @entity0 promoter ( XXXX ) of expression of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes in @entity1 costal chondrocytes in culture with inhibition by @entity5 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Both @entity7 and the @entity0 promoter @entity2 ( @entity3 ) inhibit expression of the differentiated phenotype by @entity1 costal chondrocytes in culture, as judged by morphological changes and decreased sulfation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). However, the inhibition of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes in @entity3 -treated cells is restored by parathyroid hormone ( @entity10 ), while the inhibition by @entity7 is not [Takigawa et al. (1982) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 42, 145-153; Takigawa et al. (1983) Cell Differ. 13, 283-291]. In the present study, we examined the difference between @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and @entity5 -treated chondrocytes to determine the mechanism of the restoration of the differentiated phenotype in de-differentiated cells treated with @entity3 . @entity10 increased the activity of @entity9 decarboxylase [ODC; EC 4.1.1.17], a rate limiting enzyme of @entity6 biosynthesis, and proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes pretreated with @entity3 as well as in normal chondrocytes. The maximal stimulations of ODC activity and GAG synthesis were observed 4 h and 24-36 h, respectively, after addition of @entity10 . The dose-response curve for ODC induction by @entity10 was parallel to that of @entity10 -stimulated proteoglycan synthesis both in @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and in normal chondrocytes. @entity10 also increased the intracellular @entity4 level after 2 min in @entity3 -treated cells as in normal cells. Addition of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) induced ODC and restored proteoglycan synthesis in @entity3 -treated cells. The dose-response curve for induction of ODC by @entity8 was parallel to that of @entity8 -stimulated proteoglycan synthesis in both @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and normal chondrocytes. On the other hand, the increases by @entity10 in the intracellular @entity4 level, ODC activity, and proteoglycan synthesis were inhibited in chondrocytes pretreated with a combination of @entity3 and @entity5 as well as in those pretreated with @entity5 alone. @entity3 stimulated the syntheses of DNA and RNA in chondrocytes but did not increase the @entity4 level or ODC activity. @entity10 and @entity8 inhibited the syntheses of DNA and RNA both in @entity3 -treated cells and in normal cells. These results suggest that ODC induction mediated by elevation of @entity4 plays an important role in re-differentiation of de-differentiated cells pretreated with these agents.

title: Comparison of inhibition by a @entity0 promoter ( @entity2 ) of expression of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes in @entity1 costal chondrocytes in culture with inhibition by XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Both @entity7 and the @entity0 promoter @entity2 ( @entity3 ) inhibit expression of the differentiated phenotype by @entity1 costal chondrocytes in culture, as judged by morphological changes and decreased sulfation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). However, the inhibition of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes in @entity3 -treated cells is restored by parathyroid hormone ( @entity10 ), while the inhibition by @entity7 is not [Takigawa et al. (1982) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 42, 145-153; Takigawa et al. (1983) Cell Differ. 13, 283-291]. In the present study, we examined the difference between @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and @entity5 -treated chondrocytes to determine the mechanism of the restoration of the differentiated phenotype in de-differentiated cells treated with @entity3 . @entity10 increased the activity of @entity9 decarboxylase [ODC; EC 4.1.1.17], a rate limiting enzyme of @entity6 biosynthesis, and proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes pretreated with @entity3 as well as in normal chondrocytes. The maximal stimulations of ODC activity and GAG synthesis were observed 4 h and 24-36 h, respectively, after addition of @entity10 . The dose-response curve for ODC induction by @entity10 was parallel to that of @entity10 -stimulated proteoglycan synthesis both in @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and in normal chondrocytes. @entity10 also increased the intracellular @entity4 level after 2 min in @entity3 -treated cells as in normal cells. Addition of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) induced ODC and restored proteoglycan synthesis in @entity3 -treated cells. The dose-response curve for induction of ODC by @entity8 was parallel to that of @entity8 -stimulated proteoglycan synthesis in both @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and normal chondrocytes. On the other hand, the increases by @entity10 in the intracellular @entity4 level, ODC activity, and proteoglycan synthesis were inhibited in chondrocytes pretreated with a combination of @entity3 and @entity5 as well as in those pretreated with @entity5 alone. @entity3 stimulated the syntheses of DNA and RNA in chondrocytes but did not increase the @entity4 level or ODC activity. @entity10 and @entity8 inhibited the syntheses of DNA and RNA both in @entity3 -treated cells and in normal cells. These results suggest that ODC induction mediated by elevation of @entity4 plays an important role in re-differentiation of de-differentiated cells pretreated with these agents.

title: Comparison of inhibition by a @entity0 promoter ( @entity2 ) of expression of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes in XXXX costal chondrocytes in culture with inhibition by @entity5 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Both @entity7 and the @entity0 promoter @entity2 ( @entity3 ) inhibit expression of the differentiated phenotype by @entity1 costal chondrocytes in culture, as judged by morphological changes and decreased sulfation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). However, the inhibition of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes in @entity3 -treated cells is restored by parathyroid hormone ( @entity10 ), while the inhibition by @entity7 is not [Takigawa et al. (1982) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 42, 145-153; Takigawa et al. (1983) Cell Differ. 13, 283-291]. In the present study, we examined the difference between @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and @entity5 -treated chondrocytes to determine the mechanism of the restoration of the differentiated phenotype in de-differentiated cells treated with @entity3 . @entity10 increased the activity of @entity9 decarboxylase [ODC; EC 4.1.1.17], a rate limiting enzyme of @entity6 biosynthesis, and proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes pretreated with @entity3 as well as in normal chondrocytes. The maximal stimulations of ODC activity and GAG synthesis were observed 4 h and 24-36 h, respectively, after addition of @entity10 . The dose-response curve for ODC induction by @entity10 was parallel to that of @entity10 -stimulated proteoglycan synthesis both in @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and in normal chondrocytes. @entity10 also increased the intracellular @entity4 level after 2 min in @entity3 -treated cells as in normal cells. Addition of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) induced ODC and restored proteoglycan synthesis in @entity3 -treated cells. The dose-response curve for induction of ODC by @entity8 was parallel to that of @entity8 -stimulated proteoglycan synthesis in both @entity3 -treated chondrocytes and normal chondrocytes. On the other hand, the increases by @entity10 in the intracellular @entity4 level, ODC activity, and proteoglycan synthesis were inhibited in chondrocytes pretreated with a combination of @entity3 and @entity5 as well as in those pretreated with @entity5 alone. @entity3 stimulated the syntheses of DNA and RNA in chondrocytes but did not increase the @entity4 level or ODC activity. @entity10 and @entity8 inhibited the syntheses of DNA and RNA both in @entity3 -treated cells and in normal cells. These results suggest that ODC induction mediated by elevation of @entity4 plays an important role in re-differentiation of de-differentiated cells pretreated with these agents.

title: Comparison of inhibition by a XXXX promoter ( @entity2 ) of expression of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes in @entity1 costal chondrocytes in culture with inhibition by @entity5 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity0 monocytic @entity1 cells of the U937 cell line contain substantial quantities of two neutrophil neutral proteinases, elastase and @entity6 , raising the question of whether their presence reflects an expression of transformation or whether normal monocytes undergo a developmental stage in which they produce certain neutrophil proteinases. To address this issue, we examined U937 cells for production of collagenase, since @entity0 alveolar macrophages release fibroblast-like collagenase, an enzyme that is distinct from neutrophil collagenase. Using an immunoassay that utilized antibody to skin fibroblast collagenase, we found that U937 cells secreted barely detectable quantities of enzyme, 10-12 ng/10(6) cells per 24 h, under basal conditions. Upon incubation with 10 nM @entity3 ( @entity4 ), however, collagenase release increased 200-fold, comparable to the amount secreted by @entity7 -stimulated @entity0 fibroblasts. @entity2 and immunoprecipitation confirmed the enhanced synthesis of U937 cell collagenase upon @entity4 exposure. This enzyme activity further resembled fibroblast collagenase and differed from neutrophil collagenase by exhibiting preferential cleavage of monomeric type III collagen relative to type I. As previously observed with @entity0 alveolar macrophages, U937 cells also released a protein identical to the @entity5 produced by @entity0 skin fibroblasts, a molecule not associated with neutrophils. Release of this inhibitor increased 10-fold with @entity4 exposure. In contrast to collagenase and collagense inhibitor, @entity4 -treated U937 cells contained only 10-15% as much elastase and @entity6 activities as control cells. Thus, @entity4 -induced differentiation modified the presence of these enzymes in the direction of their content in normal monocytes. Since the neutral proteinase profile of undifferentiated U937 cells resembles that of neutrophils and changes markedly after cellular differentiation to one that is characteristic of monocytes, these data suggest that neutrophilic proteinases may be produced by normal monocytes during the early stages of their differentiation.

title: XXXX -differentiated U937 cells express a macrophage-like profile of neutral proteinases. High levels of secreted collagenase and @entity5 accompany low levels of intracellular elastase and @entity6 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity0 monocytic @entity1 cells of the U937 cell line contain substantial quantities of two neutrophil neutral proteinases, elastase and @entity6 , raising the question of whether their presence reflects an expression of transformation or whether normal monocytes undergo a developmental stage in which they produce certain neutrophil proteinases. To address this issue, we examined U937 cells for production of collagenase, since @entity0 alveolar macrophages release fibroblast-like collagenase, an enzyme that is distinct from neutrophil collagenase. Using an immunoassay that utilized antibody to skin fibroblast collagenase, we found that U937 cells secreted barely detectable quantities of enzyme, 10-12 ng/10(6) cells per 24 h, under basal conditions. Upon incubation with 10 nM @entity3 ( @entity4 ), however, collagenase release increased 200-fold, comparable to the amount secreted by @entity7 -stimulated @entity0 fibroblasts. @entity2 and immunoprecipitation confirmed the enhanced synthesis of U937 cell collagenase upon @entity4 exposure. This enzyme activity further resembled fibroblast collagenase and differed from neutrophil collagenase by exhibiting preferential cleavage of monomeric type III collagen relative to type I. As previously observed with @entity0 alveolar macrophages, U937 cells also released a protein identical to the @entity5 produced by @entity0 skin fibroblasts, a molecule not associated with neutrophils. Release of this inhibitor increased 10-fold with @entity4 exposure. In contrast to collagenase and collagense inhibitor, @entity4 -treated U937 cells contained only 10-15% as much elastase and @entity6 activities as control cells. Thus, @entity4 -induced differentiation modified the presence of these enzymes in the direction of their content in normal monocytes. Since the neutral proteinase profile of undifferentiated U937 cells resembles that of neutrophils and changes markedly after cellular differentiation to one that is characteristic of monocytes, these data suggest that neutrophilic proteinases may be produced by normal monocytes during the early stages of their differentiation.

title: @entity3 -differentiated U937 cells express a macrophage-like profile of neutral proteinases. High levels of secreted collagenase and XXXX accompany low levels of intracellular elastase and @entity6 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity0 monocytic @entity1 cells of the U937 cell line contain substantial quantities of two neutrophil neutral proteinases, elastase and @entity6 , raising the question of whether their presence reflects an expression of transformation or whether normal monocytes undergo a developmental stage in which they produce certain neutrophil proteinases. To address this issue, we examined U937 cells for production of collagenase, since @entity0 alveolar macrophages release fibroblast-like collagenase, an enzyme that is distinct from neutrophil collagenase. Using an immunoassay that utilized antibody to skin fibroblast collagenase, we found that U937 cells secreted barely detectable quantities of enzyme, 10-12 ng/10(6) cells per 24 h, under basal conditions. Upon incubation with 10 nM @entity3 ( @entity4 ), however, collagenase release increased 200-fold, comparable to the amount secreted by @entity7 -stimulated @entity0 fibroblasts. @entity2 and immunoprecipitation confirmed the enhanced synthesis of U937 cell collagenase upon @entity4 exposure. This enzyme activity further resembled fibroblast collagenase and differed from neutrophil collagenase by exhibiting preferential cleavage of monomeric type III collagen relative to type I. As previously observed with @entity0 alveolar macrophages, U937 cells also released a protein identical to the @entity5 produced by @entity0 skin fibroblasts, a molecule not associated with neutrophils. Release of this inhibitor increased 10-fold with @entity4 exposure. In contrast to collagenase and collagense inhibitor, @entity4 -treated U937 cells contained only 10-15% as much elastase and @entity6 activities as control cells. Thus, @entity4 -induced differentiation modified the presence of these enzymes in the direction of their content in normal monocytes. Since the neutral proteinase profile of undifferentiated U937 cells resembles that of neutrophils and changes markedly after cellular differentiation to one that is characteristic of monocytes, these data suggest that neutrophilic proteinases may be produced by normal monocytes during the early stages of their differentiation.

title: @entity3 -differentiated U937 cells express a macrophage-like profile of neutral proteinases. High levels of secreted collagenase and @entity5 accompany low levels of intracellular elastase and XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: In healthy subjects self-regulation of the organism establishes the order of rhythmical functions. This self-regulation is altered in @entity0 suffering from @entity3 resulting from disturbances of functional aspects only. Thus the @entity1 , which may serve as the representative of the order of rhythmical functions, is modified. OBJECTIVE: In the case of @entity3 the anthroposophic medicine offers the medicament Cardiodoron(r). Does it stimulate self-regulation in order to normalise the @entity1 ? MATERIAL AND METHODS: This claim is analysed by a systematic review of the literature. Only those publications were considered where the @entity1 was analysed in studies with @entity0 or healthy subjects. RESULTS: The methods of the studies with @entity0 and healthy subjects vary strongly. Nevertheless, a normalisation of the @entity1 could be found in studies with @entity0 suffering from @entity3 as well as in studies with healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: The studies show that the use of the medicament results in a normalisation of the @entity2 . By stimulating the self-regulation the medicament leads to an improvement of the order of rhythmical functions in the @entity0 organism.

title: [The effects of Cardiodoron on XXXX --a literature review].

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity3 ( @entity3 ) appears to increase with heart weight, body surface area, and the presence of vacuolated fat cells within the @entity2 . The increased thickness of the @entity2 is an infrequently observed but readily recognized entity by echocardiography. Several reports have suggested that some @entity1 , particularly those of atrial origin, may be a consequence of this fatty deposition. However, to date, no study has correlated the presence of @entity2 with @entity3 in the elderly. This is of particular importance as this rhythm is so prevalent in this population. Accordingly, a retrospective analysis was conducted in a group of 40 @entity0 , age 65 and older, to measure @entity3 using transthoracic echocardiography. Furthermore, measurements of right and left atrial size, body surface area, left ventricular wall thickness, and left ventricular ejection fraction were recorded. Group I consisted of 20 @entity0 with known @entity2 (eight males and 12 females; mean age 78+/-8 years) and group II consisted of 20 @entity0 in normal sinus rhythm (three males and 17 females; mean age 74+/-6 years). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of body surface area (1.83 vs. 1.79 m2; p<0.78); left ventricular wall thickness (1.16 vs. 1.12 cm; p<0.58); and left ventricular ejection fraction (48% vs. 55%; p<0.17). Group I had somewhat larger right atrial (4.2 vs. 3.4 cm; p<0.001) and left atrial (4.7 vs. 4.1 cm; p<0.02) dimensions than group II. Furthermore, @entity3 was found to be the most significant variable that differentiated @entity0 with @entity2 from @entity0 with normal sinus rhythm (1.39 vs. 0.85 cm; p<0.0001). Even after adjusting for all the covariables, @entity3 remained statistically significant (p<0.0001). The findings of this pilot study show a strong correlation between @entity3 and @entity2 . Although the stimulus for the increased thickness of the @entity2 remains elusive, @entity3 may identify a structural cause for @entity2 in elderly @entity0 that is easily identified by transthoracic echocardiography.

title: Is the presence of interatrial septal hypertrophy a marker for XXXX in the elderly?

answer: @entity2


abstract: Detection of mobile @entity1 of the thoracic aorta has become increasingly common thanks to routine exploration using transesophageal echography (TEE) after any embolic event. Although the indication for treatment remains controversial, there is a growing interest in understanding this potential source of arterial emboli and in defining proper diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of different diagnostic and therapeutic modalities used in our department over the last 6 years. Between 1995 and 2000, mobile @entity1 of the thoracic aorta was diagnosed in 9 @entity0 (5 @entity0 , 4 @entity0 ) with a mean age of 49.2 years (range, 28 to 68 years). In all @entity0 , aortic @entity1 was suspected after a peripheral (n = 4) or cerebral (n = 5) vascular event. Treatment using intravenous heparin was attempted in all @entity0 and allowed complete dissolution of @entity1 in four. In the remaining five @entity0 , repeat TEE demonstrated persistent @entity1 and operative treatment was undertaken. In three @entity0 with @entity1 in the aortic arch, thrombectomy was performed with cardiopulmonary bypass, and deep hypothermic @entity3 . In two @entity0 presenting @entity1 in the descending thoracic aorta, thrombectomy was performed with an atriofemoral shunt. Thrombectomy was associated with repair of a wall defect in two @entity0 and resection of @entity4 in one @entity0 . Postoperative recovery was uneventful but recurrence was noted in one patient because anticoagulation therapy was stopped too soon. On the basis of our experience and previous reports, we have defined the following therapeutic strategy. All @entity0 are first treated with heparin. In case of failure, thrombectomy may be undertaken in young @entity0 . Because of the highly invasive nature of the procedure, careful work-up including TEE should be performed to rule out any other cause of @entity2 and to determine that the lesion presents a high potential for @entity2 . Follow-up must include long-term coumadin therapy and routine surveillance using TEE or magnetic resonance imaging, since long-term outcome is unclear.

title: Mobile XXXX of the thoracic aorta: diagnosis and treatment in 9 cases.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Although bioprosthetic heart valves offer the benefits of a natural opening and closing, better hemodynamics, and avoidance of life-long anticoagulant therapy, they nevertheless tend to fail in 10-15 years from tears and @entity2 . Several authors, including the present ones, have identified the rigid stent as a factor contributing to these failures. The ultimate solution is an artificial heart valve that has mechanical properties that allow it to move in conformity with the aortic root during the cardiac cycle, has superior hemodynamics, is nonthrombogenic, will last more than 20 years, and mitigates the need for anticoagulants. We have identified a polymer, @entity4 ( @entity3 ) hydrogel, that has mechanical properties similar to soft tissue. The purpose of this research is to match the tensile properties of @entity3 to the porcine aortic root and to fabricate a stent prototype for a bioprosthetic heart valve with the use of the @entity3 hydrogel. Specimens of 15% w/w @entity3 were prepared by processing through 1-6 cycles of freezing (-20 degrees C) at 0.2 degrees C/min freeze rate and thawing (+20 degrees C) at different thawing rates (0.2 degrees C/min and 1 degrees C/min), for different holding times (1 and 6 h) at -20 degrees C. Subsequently tensile tests and stress-relaxation tests were conducted on the specimens. The different holding times at -20 degrees C demonstrated no difference in the result. The slower thawing rate improved the tensile properties but did not produce significant changes on the stress-relaxation properties. The nonlinear stress-strain curve for the @entity3 after the fourth freeze-thaw cycle matched the porcine aortic root within the physiological pressure range. The stress-relaxation curve for @entity3 also approximated the shape of the aortic root. The complex geometry of an artificial @entity1 was successfully injection molded. These results, in combination with other preliminary findings for biocompatibility and @entity0 , suggest that @entity3 hydrogel is a promising biomaterial for implants, catheters, and artificial skin.

title: Optimizing the tensile properties of @entity4 hydrogel for the construction of a bioprosthetic XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Although bioprosthetic heart valves offer the benefits of a natural opening and closing, better hemodynamics, and avoidance of life-long anticoagulant therapy, they nevertheless tend to fail in 10-15 years from tears and @entity2 . Several authors, including the present ones, have identified the rigid stent as a factor contributing to these failures. The ultimate solution is an artificial heart valve that has mechanical properties that allow it to move in conformity with the aortic root during the cardiac cycle, has superior hemodynamics, is nonthrombogenic, will last more than 20 years, and mitigates the need for anticoagulants. We have identified a polymer, @entity4 ( @entity3 ) hydrogel, that has mechanical properties similar to soft tissue. The purpose of this research is to match the tensile properties of @entity3 to the porcine aortic root and to fabricate a stent prototype for a bioprosthetic heart valve with the use of the @entity3 hydrogel. Specimens of 15% w/w @entity3 were prepared by processing through 1-6 cycles of freezing (-20 degrees C) at 0.2 degrees C/min freeze rate and thawing (+20 degrees C) at different thawing rates (0.2 degrees C/min and 1 degrees C/min), for different holding times (1 and 6 h) at -20 degrees C. Subsequently tensile tests and stress-relaxation tests were conducted on the specimens. The different holding times at -20 degrees C demonstrated no difference in the result. The slower thawing rate improved the tensile properties but did not produce significant changes on the stress-relaxation properties. The nonlinear stress-strain curve for the @entity3 after the fourth freeze-thaw cycle matched the porcine aortic root within the physiological pressure range. The stress-relaxation curve for @entity3 also approximated the shape of the aortic root. The complex geometry of an artificial @entity1 was successfully injection molded. These results, in combination with other preliminary findings for biocompatibility and @entity0 , suggest that @entity3 hydrogel is a promising biomaterial for implants, catheters, and artificial skin.

title: Optimizing the tensile properties of XXXX hydrogel for the construction of a bioprosthetic @entity1 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Seven different recombinant viruses from the virulent Mahoney and the attenuated Sabin parental strains of type 1 @entity2 were constructed in vitro by using infectious cDNA clones. Monkey neurovirulence tests (lesion score, spread value, and incidence of @entity0 ) using these recombinant viruses revealed that the loci influencing attenuation were spread over several areas of the viral genome, including the 5' noncoding region. In vitro phenotypic marker tests corresponding to temperature sensitivity of growth (rct marker), plaque size, and dependency of growth on @entity1 concentration (d marker) were performed to identify the genomic loci of these determinants and to investigate their correlation with attenuation. Determinants of temperature sensitivity mapped to many areas of the viral genome and expressed strong but not perfect correlation with attenuation. Recombinant viruses with Sabin-derived capsid proteins showed a small-plaque phenotype, and their growth was strongly dependent on @entity1 concentration, suggesting that these determinants map to the genomic region encoding the viral capsid proteins. Plaque size and the d marker, however, were found to be poor indicators of attenuation. Moreover, virion surface characteristics such as immunogenicity and antigenicity had little or no correlation with neurovirulence. Nevertheless, viruses carrying Sabin-derived capsid proteins had an apparent tendency to exhibit less neurovirulence in tests on monkeys compared with recombinants carrying Mahoney-derived capsid proteins. Our results suggest that the extent of viral multiplication in the central nervous system of the test animals might be one of the most important factors determining neurovirulence. Moreover, we conclude that the expression of the attenuated phenotype of the Sabin 1 strain of @entity2 is the result of several different biological characteristics. Finally, none of the in vitro phenotypic markers alone can serve as a good indicator of neurovirulence or attenuation.

title: Genetic analysis of the attenuation phenotype of XXXX type 1.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate treatment of @entity0 @entity4 cell lines and xenografts with combinations of Erbitux (IMC-C225) anti-epidermal growth factor receptor ( @entity3 ) antibody, gemcitabine, and radiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa-2 @entity0 @entity5 cells were treated in vitro for 24 h with IMC-C225 (5 microg/mL), then exposed to epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10 mM) for 5 min. Immunoblots were screened for @entity3 expression and the ability of IMC-C225 to block EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of @entity3 . Cells were treated with IMC-C225 (5 microg/mL) on Day 0, the IC(50) dose of gemcitabine on Day 1 for 24 h, followed by 3 Gy 60Co irradiation on Day 2, or the combination of each agent. For cell proliferation, cells were counted on Day 4, and for apoptosis, cells were stained with annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide, then analyzed by FACS. Cells were treated with the same single or multiple treatments and analyzed in a clonogenic cell survival assay. The effect of IMC-C225, gemcitabine, and radiation on the growth of BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa-2 @entity1 xenografts was determined. Athymic @entity2 bearing established s.c. @entity1 xenografts of 6-8 mm diameter received 6 weeks of treatment with IMC-C225 (1 mg every 3 days x 6) alone or in combination with gemcitabine (120 mg/kg i.v. every 6 days x 6), and 6 weekly fractions of 3 Gy radiation on the days after gemcitabine administration. @entity1 growth was measured with Vernier calipers. RESULTS: BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa-2 cell lines expressed low levels of @entity3 . IMC-C225 inhibited EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor on both cell lines. Treatment of cells with a combination of IMC-C225 + gemcitabine + radiation produced the highest induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in vitro. Combination treatment with IMC-C225, gemcitabine, and radiation produced 100% complete regression of @entity1 for more than 250 days, and the greatest growth inhibition of BxPC-3 @entity1 compared to any single or dual treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The IMC-C225 therapy in combination with gemcitabine chemotherapy and radiation therapy demonstrated statistically significantly greater efficacy over the single and double combination therapies. This form of multimodality treatment shows potential clinical application in the treatment of @entity4 in @entity0 .

title: Treatment of XXXX xenografts with Erbitux (IMC-C225) anti- @entity3 antibody, gemcitabine, and radiation.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate treatment of @entity0 @entity4 cell lines and xenografts with combinations of Erbitux (IMC-C225) anti-epidermal growth factor receptor ( @entity3 ) antibody, gemcitabine, and radiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa-2 @entity0 @entity5 cells were treated in vitro for 24 h with IMC-C225 (5 microg/mL), then exposed to epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10 mM) for 5 min. Immunoblots were screened for @entity3 expression and the ability of IMC-C225 to block EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of @entity3 . Cells were treated with IMC-C225 (5 microg/mL) on Day 0, the IC(50) dose of gemcitabine on Day 1 for 24 h, followed by 3 Gy 60Co irradiation on Day 2, or the combination of each agent. For cell proliferation, cells were counted on Day 4, and for apoptosis, cells were stained with annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide, then analyzed by FACS. Cells were treated with the same single or multiple treatments and analyzed in a clonogenic cell survival assay. The effect of IMC-C225, gemcitabine, and radiation on the growth of BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa-2 @entity1 xenografts was determined. Athymic @entity2 bearing established s.c. @entity1 xenografts of 6-8 mm diameter received 6 weeks of treatment with IMC-C225 (1 mg every 3 days x 6) alone or in combination with gemcitabine (120 mg/kg i.v. every 6 days x 6), and 6 weekly fractions of 3 Gy radiation on the days after gemcitabine administration. @entity1 growth was measured with Vernier calipers. RESULTS: BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa-2 cell lines expressed low levels of @entity3 . IMC-C225 inhibited EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor on both cell lines. Treatment of cells with a combination of IMC-C225 + gemcitabine + radiation produced the highest induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in vitro. Combination treatment with IMC-C225, gemcitabine, and radiation produced 100% complete regression of @entity1 for more than 250 days, and the greatest growth inhibition of BxPC-3 @entity1 compared to any single or dual treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The IMC-C225 therapy in combination with gemcitabine chemotherapy and radiation therapy demonstrated statistically significantly greater efficacy over the single and double combination therapies. This form of multimodality treatment shows potential clinical application in the treatment of @entity4 in @entity0 .

title: Treatment of @entity4 xenografts with Erbitux (IMC-C225) anti- XXXX antibody, gemcitabine, and radiation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Lipoprotein subclass levels may improve the prediction of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in individuals beyond the risk assessment provided by conventional enzymatically determined lipid levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-determined lipoprotein subclasses and coronary calcification in postmenopausal @entity0 , and to determine whether the associations were independent of conventional lipid measures. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) was measured by electron beam computed tomography, and lipoprotein subclasses were determined by NMR spectroscopy (Liposcience, Inc., Raleigh, NC), in 286 healthy @entity0 (mean age = 61.7), at 8 years postmenopause. @entity3 was analyzed as categories 0, 1 to 99, and > or =100. The mean @entity3 was 53 (range, 0 to 1,175), and 54% of the @entity0 had 0 scores. Large high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was inversely associated with @entity3 category, but small HDL was not. All very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) subclasses-small, medium, and large-were positively associated with @entity3 (p <0.01). Small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was positively associated with @entity3 (p <0.01), but medium and large LDL were not. Smaller LDL particle size (p <0.01) and higher levels of LDL particles (p <0.001) were associated with higher @entity3 category. In separate ordinal logistic regression models, small LDL, LDL particles, and large VLDL were each positively associated (p <0.05) with higher @entity3 after adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), current smoking, and conventional measures of LDL @entity2 , HDL @entity2 , and @entity4 . These results suggest that the measurement of lipoprotein subclasses may improve the prediction of @entity1 in postmenopausal @entity0 beyond that provided by the conventional lipid panel and @entity1 risk factors.

title: Lipoprotein subclasses and coronary artery calcium in postmenopausal XXXX from the healthy @entity0 study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Lipoprotein subclass levels may improve the prediction of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in individuals beyond the risk assessment provided by conventional enzymatically determined lipid levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-determined lipoprotein subclasses and coronary calcification in postmenopausal @entity0 , and to determine whether the associations were independent of conventional lipid measures. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) was measured by electron beam computed tomography, and lipoprotein subclasses were determined by NMR spectroscopy (Liposcience, Inc., Raleigh, NC), in 286 healthy @entity0 (mean age = 61.7), at 8 years postmenopause. @entity3 was analyzed as categories 0, 1 to 99, and > or =100. The mean @entity3 was 53 (range, 0 to 1,175), and 54% of the @entity0 had 0 scores. Large high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was inversely associated with @entity3 category, but small HDL was not. All very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) subclasses-small, medium, and large-were positively associated with @entity3 (p <0.01). Small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was positively associated with @entity3 (p <0.01), but medium and large LDL were not. Smaller LDL particle size (p <0.01) and higher levels of LDL particles (p <0.001) were associated with higher @entity3 category. In separate ordinal logistic regression models, small LDL, LDL particles, and large VLDL were each positively associated (p <0.05) with higher @entity3 after adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), current smoking, and conventional measures of LDL @entity2 , HDL @entity2 , and @entity4 . These results suggest that the measurement of lipoprotein subclasses may improve the prediction of @entity1 in postmenopausal @entity0 beyond that provided by the conventional lipid panel and @entity1 risk factors.

title: Lipoprotein subclasses and coronary artery calcium in postmenopausal @entity0 from the healthy XXXX study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: In anesthesized @entity0 , the effects of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) to the saphenous nerve on the microcirculation of the gracilis muscle were assessed through the measurement of two different hemodynamic parameters: (a). the @entity1 ( @entity1 ) using a laser Doppler flowmeter; and (b). the changes in diameter of the muscle arterioles observed directly using an intravital microscope system. Ipsilateral @entity4 (5 V, 20 Hz, for 30 s) produced increases in @entity1 and mean arterial pressure (47+/-10% and 18+/-5%) over the baseline, while no significant changes in @entity1 were observed in the contralateral muscle. Neither selective nor simultaneous alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade altered the increases in @entity1 induced by @entity2 . The arteriolar diameter was found to increase by 38.9+/-5% following @entity2 . This response in diameter was abolished after the topical application of a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist ( @entity3 (8-37)). Contralateral @entity4 produced a decrease in arteriolar diameter by 26+/-14%. Thus, ipsilateral nerve @entity4 produced vasodilative responses in the muscle accompanied by increases in @entity1 independently of the sympathetic activity. Furthermore, @entity3 was found directly involved in the reflex neural regulation of the muscle microcirculation, which suggests the participation of an axon reflex mechanism.

title: Vasodilatation of muscle microvessels induced by somatic afferent stimulation is mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide release in the XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Understanding trends in the dissemination of findings from clinical research can help in estimating their population-level benefits. We evaluated trends in the use of adjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy, @entity3 , and the combination of both treatments for @entity0 in the United States from 1975 through 1999. METHODS: Data on treatment of 217 508 @entity1 diagnosed from 1975 through 1999 with stages I, II, and IIIA @entity0 were obtained from eight registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Models of dissemination were developed from these data after adjustment based on information from a series of population-based Patterns of Care (POC) studies that randomly selected case @entity1 from the SEER registries. The POC studies included 7116 @entity1 diagnosed from 1987 through 1991 and in 1995 who were eliminated from the SEER data used in this analysis. RESULTS: The modeled disseminations were generally compatible with the POC-observed proportions of each treatment. The use of multi-agent chemotherapy was higher among premenopausal @entity1 , and the use of @entity3 was higher among postmenopausal @entity1 . The use of multi-agent chemotherapy for postmenopausal @entity1 diagnosed with @entity2 reached a peak in 1983 and then decreased through 1986, indicating its substitution with @entity3 . After 1986, the combined use of multi-agent chemotherapy and @entity3 increased for almost all stages and ages. After the early 1990s, @entity3 use in postmenopausal @entity1 with stage II+ or @entity0 declined. CONCLUSIONS: The observed dissemination patterns suggest that the results of clinical trials are disseminated fairly rapidly to community-based physicians and their @entity1 .

title: Trends in use of adjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy and @entity3 for XXXX in the United States: 1975-1999.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Understanding trends in the dissemination of findings from clinical research can help in estimating their population-level benefits. We evaluated trends in the use of adjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy, @entity3 , and the combination of both treatments for @entity0 in the United States from 1975 through 1999. METHODS: Data on treatment of 217 508 @entity1 diagnosed from 1975 through 1999 with stages I, II, and IIIA @entity0 were obtained from eight registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Models of dissemination were developed from these data after adjustment based on information from a series of population-based Patterns of Care (POC) studies that randomly selected case @entity1 from the SEER registries. The POC studies included 7116 @entity1 diagnosed from 1987 through 1991 and in 1995 who were eliminated from the SEER data used in this analysis. RESULTS: The modeled disseminations were generally compatible with the POC-observed proportions of each treatment. The use of multi-agent chemotherapy was higher among premenopausal @entity1 , and the use of @entity3 was higher among postmenopausal @entity1 . The use of multi-agent chemotherapy for postmenopausal @entity1 diagnosed with @entity2 reached a peak in 1983 and then decreased through 1986, indicating its substitution with @entity3 . After 1986, the combined use of multi-agent chemotherapy and @entity3 increased for almost all stages and ages. After the early 1990s, @entity3 use in postmenopausal @entity1 with stage II+ or @entity0 declined. CONCLUSIONS: The observed dissemination patterns suggest that the results of clinical trials are disseminated fairly rapidly to community-based physicians and their @entity1 .

title: Trends in use of adjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy and XXXX for @entity0 in the United States: 1975-1999.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors are cytoplasmic proteins that can be activated by Janus kinases (JAK) and that modulate gene expression in response to cytokine receptor stimulation. STAT proteins dimerize, translocate into the nucleus, and activate specific target genes. In the present study, we show for the first time that @entity9 (IL), in the presence of its soluble receptor (sIL-6R), induces activation of @entity12 , @entity11 , and @entity2 / @entity8 proteins in @entity0 articular chondrocytes. Western blotting and mobility shift assays demonstrated that this effect is accompanied by the DNA binding of the STAT proteins. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was also activated in response to @entity5 /sIL-6R association, as reflected by phosphorylation of @entity6 and @entity7 proteins. In these conditions, the expression of cartilage-specific matrix genes, type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link proteins was found to be markedly down-regulated. This negative effect was abolished by addition of @entity4 , an inhibitor of the STAT activation, whereas blockade of the MAP kinases with @entity3 was without significant effect. Thus, activation of the STAT signaling pathways, but not ERK-dependent pathways, is essential for down-regulation of the major cartilage-specific matrix genes by @entity5 . In addition, a parallel reduction of @entity10 expression, a key factor of chondrocyte phenotype, was found in these experimental conditions. These @entity5 effects might contribute to the phenotype loss of chondrocytes in @entity1 and the alteration of articular cartilage associated with this pathology.

title: JAK/STAT but not XXXX / @entity7 pathway mediates interleukin (IL)-6/soluble IL-6R down-regulation of Type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link protein transcription in articular chondrocytes. Association with a down-regulation of @entity10 expression.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors are cytoplasmic proteins that can be activated by Janus kinases (JAK) and that modulate gene expression in response to cytokine receptor stimulation. STAT proteins dimerize, translocate into the nucleus, and activate specific target genes. In the present study, we show for the first time that @entity9 (IL), in the presence of its soluble receptor (sIL-6R), induces activation of @entity12 , @entity11 , and @entity2 / @entity8 proteins in @entity0 articular chondrocytes. Western blotting and mobility shift assays demonstrated that this effect is accompanied by the DNA binding of the STAT proteins. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was also activated in response to @entity5 /sIL-6R association, as reflected by phosphorylation of @entity6 and @entity7 proteins. In these conditions, the expression of cartilage-specific matrix genes, type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link proteins was found to be markedly down-regulated. This negative effect was abolished by addition of @entity4 , an inhibitor of the STAT activation, whereas blockade of the MAP kinases with @entity3 was without significant effect. Thus, activation of the STAT signaling pathways, but not ERK-dependent pathways, is essential for down-regulation of the major cartilage-specific matrix genes by @entity5 . In addition, a parallel reduction of @entity10 expression, a key factor of chondrocyte phenotype, was found in these experimental conditions. These @entity5 effects might contribute to the phenotype loss of chondrocytes in @entity1 and the alteration of articular cartilage associated with this pathology.

title: JAK/STAT but not @entity6 / XXXX pathway mediates interleukin (IL)-6/soluble IL-6R down-regulation of Type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link protein transcription in articular chondrocytes. Association with a down-regulation of @entity10 expression.

answer: @entity7


abstract: Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors are cytoplasmic proteins that can be activated by Janus kinases (JAK) and that modulate gene expression in response to cytokine receptor stimulation. STAT proteins dimerize, translocate into the nucleus, and activate specific target genes. In the present study, we show for the first time that @entity9 (IL), in the presence of its soluble receptor (sIL-6R), induces activation of @entity12 , @entity11 , and @entity2 / @entity8 proteins in @entity0 articular chondrocytes. Western blotting and mobility shift assays demonstrated that this effect is accompanied by the DNA binding of the STAT proteins. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was also activated in response to @entity5 /sIL-6R association, as reflected by phosphorylation of @entity6 and @entity7 proteins. In these conditions, the expression of cartilage-specific matrix genes, type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link proteins was found to be markedly down-regulated. This negative effect was abolished by addition of @entity4 , an inhibitor of the STAT activation, whereas blockade of the MAP kinases with @entity3 was without significant effect. Thus, activation of the STAT signaling pathways, but not ERK-dependent pathways, is essential for down-regulation of the major cartilage-specific matrix genes by @entity5 . In addition, a parallel reduction of @entity10 expression, a key factor of chondrocyte phenotype, was found in these experimental conditions. These @entity5 effects might contribute to the phenotype loss of chondrocytes in @entity1 and the alteration of articular cartilage associated with this pathology.

title: JAK/STAT but not @entity6 / @entity7 pathway mediates interleukin (IL)-6/soluble IL-6R down-regulation of Type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link protein transcription in articular chondrocytes. Association with a down-regulation of XXXX expression.

answer: @entity10


abstract: Psoriasis is characterized by a dermal and epidermal infiltrate comprised predominantly of @entity4 (+) and @entity5 (+) T cells, respectively. These cells behave in an antigen-dependent manner, which suggests that @entity7 may be a T-cell-mediated @entity6 . Psoriasis shares certain immunological features with recognized autoimmune conditions such as @entity1 and @entity2 , in both of which a pathogenic role is postulated for natural killer (NK) cells and @entity13 ( @entity13 ) cells. However, there are few studies assessing the role of NK and @entity13 cells in @entity7 . We sought to determine whether NK and @entity13 cells are present in @entity7 . Skin biopsies were taken from the active edge of a @entity7 plaque and from uninvolved skin at least 5 cm away from involved skin of ten @entity0 with chronic @entity7 . Skin from four normal subjects was used as controls. Using an immunoperoxidase technique, cryostat sections were stained using antibodies to T-cell markers @entity9 , CD3, @entity4 and @entity5 ; cutaneous leucocyte associated antigen; NK cell markers @entity10 , @entity8 , @entity11 , @entity12 and @entity14 ; and the @entity13 cell marker @entity15 . There were significantly more cells expressing T cell markers, NK cell markers @entity10 , @entity11 , @entity12 and @entity14 and @entity13 cell marker @entity15 in involved skin than in uninvolved or normal skin ( P<0.01). There was no difference in the number of cells expressing @entity8 . Cells expressing NK markers were found most commonly in the papillary dermis immediately subjacent to the dermoepidermal junction. Cells expressing @entity11 were found in significantly higher numbers in the epidermis and reticular dermis of involved skin. This study demonstrates that cells expressing NK markers and @entity13 cell markers are present in plaques of @entity7 . The exact roles of NK and @entity13 cells in @entity7 are unclear, although they may modulate @entity3 and act as a source of Th(1) cytokines important in the psoriatic process.

title: Natural killer and natural killer-T cells in XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity0 receiving heparin are at risk of developing @entity2 ( @entity2 ). Whereas in @entity2 only reversible mild @entity2 occurs within the first days of heparin treatment, @entity2 may lead to potentially life-threatening @entity3 events. Pediatric @entity0 suffering from @entity2 have been reported in a study on newborns and in a few reports on @entity0 and adolescents. However, @entity1 can be as severe in @entity0 as they are in adults. In the case of @entity2 , the withdrawal of heparin is required and alternative anticoagulation should be started. In contrast to numerous investigations in adult @entity0 , including prospective studies, experience with alternative anticoagulants in pediatric @entity0 is limited. The available data were analyzed according to @entity2 , alternative anticoagulation, and clinical outcome. In conclusion, @entity2 represents a potentially dangerous complication of heparin therapy in pediatric @entity0 also. Alternative anticoagulation applied in pediatric @entity0 mainly included danaparoid @entity4 and recombinant hirudin. In most @entity0 treated with these anticoagulants, effective anticoagulation and clinical improvement were observed. Because of limited experience, more data are required for optimal management of @entity2 in young @entity0 .

title: Anticoagulation with recombinant hirudin and danaparoid XXXX in pediatric @entity0 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity0 receiving heparin are at risk of developing @entity2 ( @entity2 ). Whereas in @entity2 only reversible mild @entity2 occurs within the first days of heparin treatment, @entity2 may lead to potentially life-threatening @entity3 events. Pediatric @entity0 suffering from @entity2 have been reported in a study on newborns and in a few reports on @entity0 and adolescents. However, @entity1 can be as severe in @entity0 as they are in adults. In the case of @entity2 , the withdrawal of heparin is required and alternative anticoagulation should be started. In contrast to numerous investigations in adult @entity0 , including prospective studies, experience with alternative anticoagulants in pediatric @entity0 is limited. The available data were analyzed according to @entity2 , alternative anticoagulation, and clinical outcome. In conclusion, @entity2 represents a potentially dangerous complication of heparin therapy in pediatric @entity0 also. Alternative anticoagulation applied in pediatric @entity0 mainly included danaparoid @entity4 and recombinant hirudin. In most @entity0 treated with these anticoagulants, effective anticoagulation and clinical improvement were observed. Because of limited experience, more data are required for optimal management of @entity2 in young @entity0 .

title: Anticoagulation with recombinant hirudin and danaparoid @entity4 in pediatric XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Success of @entity0 in combating dental caries led to study of @entity0 on @entity1 , but studies are less reported in literature and results are varied in nature. To address this issue, the study was conducted to assess severity of @entity1 among (n = 283) 36-45 years old adults residing in area of different concentration of @entity0 in drinking water. The villages selected were having @entity0 concentration in their drinking water are Shamnur (0.5 PPMF), Kundawada (1.1 ppmF) and Halebathi (3.17 ppm). Ion Selective Electrode Method (OrionUSA) estimated @entity0 in drinking water. Community Periodontal Index (WHO, 1997) and Plaque Index (Silness and Loe, 1967) was used to assess periodontal status. There was consistent decrease in mean plaque score from 1.45+ _0.024 at 0.51 ppm, 1.21+ _0.009 at 1.1 ppm, and 1.12+ _0.08 at 3.17 ppm @entity0 area. This difference was significant statistically (P < 0.001). As the @entity0 concentration in drinking water increased there was decrease in severity of prevalence of @entity2 . This difference in observation was significant statistically (P < 0.05). There were no effects of @entity0 on calculus, since little variability was found in three different @entity0 areas. Thus it was concluded from the study results that the increase in @entity0 concentration decreased the plaque accumulation. decreased the shallow and deep pockets. Hence lower prevalence and severity of @entity1 .

title: Prevalence of XXXX in endemically flourosed areas of Davangere Taluk, India.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity1 / @entity4 ( @entity1 2 g/ @entity4 200 mg) has been administered in comparison to @entity5 (2 g) for antimicrobial prophylaxis in 476 evaluable @entity0 undergoing abdominal surgery at high risk of septic complications. Both antibiotics were administered as a single infusion. 205 evaluable @entity0 (110 in @entity1 / @entity4 group and 95 in @entity5 group) underwent upper gastrointestinal surgery (including gastroduodenal and biliary surgery). The wound infection rate was 4.5% for @entity1 / @entity4 and 7.4% for @entity5 , with no significant differences. @entity6 were observed in 3 @entity0 in the @entity1 / @entity4 group and in 1 @entity0 in the @entity5 group. 271 evaluable @entity0 (135 in @entity1 / @entity4 group and 136 in @entity5 group) underwent lower gastrointestinal surgery (including colorectal surgery). The wound infection rate was 11% for @entity1 / @entity4 and 13% for @entity5 , with no significant differences. A purulent discharge was present in 3 @entity0 in both groups. @entity6 were observed in 3 @entity0 in the @entity1 / @entity4 group and in 4 @entity0 in the @entity5 group. No serious adverse events and no cases of @entity3 were observed. In conclusion, in our experience @entity1 / @entity4 proved to be as effective as @entity5 in protecting @entity0 from surgical @entity2 in abdominal surgery. Its use in surgical prophylaxis may help decrease the cost of treatment and reduce the risk of resistance to antibiotics and superinfections.

title: @entity1 / @entity4 versus XXXX for antimicrobial prophylaxis in abdominal surgery: a randomized trial.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity1 / @entity4 ( @entity1 2 g/ @entity4 200 mg) has been administered in comparison to @entity5 (2 g) for antimicrobial prophylaxis in 476 evaluable @entity0 undergoing abdominal surgery at high risk of septic complications. Both antibiotics were administered as a single infusion. 205 evaluable @entity0 (110 in @entity1 / @entity4 group and 95 in @entity5 group) underwent upper gastrointestinal surgery (including gastroduodenal and biliary surgery). The wound infection rate was 4.5% for @entity1 / @entity4 and 7.4% for @entity5 , with no significant differences. @entity6 were observed in 3 @entity0 in the @entity1 / @entity4 group and in 1 @entity0 in the @entity5 group. 271 evaluable @entity0 (135 in @entity1 / @entity4 group and 136 in @entity5 group) underwent lower gastrointestinal surgery (including colorectal surgery). The wound infection rate was 11% for @entity1 / @entity4 and 13% for @entity5 , with no significant differences. A purulent discharge was present in 3 @entity0 in both groups. @entity6 were observed in 3 @entity0 in the @entity1 / @entity4 group and in 4 @entity0 in the @entity5 group. No serious adverse events and no cases of @entity3 were observed. In conclusion, in our experience @entity1 / @entity4 proved to be as effective as @entity5 in protecting @entity0 from surgical @entity2 in abdominal surgery. Its use in surgical prophylaxis may help decrease the cost of treatment and reduce the risk of resistance to antibiotics and superinfections.

title: @entity1 / XXXX versus @entity5 for antimicrobial prophylaxis in abdominal surgery: a randomized trial.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity1 / @entity4 ( @entity1 2 g/ @entity4 200 mg) has been administered in comparison to @entity5 (2 g) for antimicrobial prophylaxis in 476 evaluable @entity0 undergoing abdominal surgery at high risk of septic complications. Both antibiotics were administered as a single infusion. 205 evaluable @entity0 (110 in @entity1 / @entity4 group and 95 in @entity5 group) underwent upper gastrointestinal surgery (including gastroduodenal and biliary surgery). The wound infection rate was 4.5% for @entity1 / @entity4 and 7.4% for @entity5 , with no significant differences. @entity6 were observed in 3 @entity0 in the @entity1 / @entity4 group and in 1 @entity0 in the @entity5 group. 271 evaluable @entity0 (135 in @entity1 / @entity4 group and 136 in @entity5 group) underwent lower gastrointestinal surgery (including colorectal surgery). The wound infection rate was 11% for @entity1 / @entity4 and 13% for @entity5 , with no significant differences. A purulent discharge was present in 3 @entity0 in both groups. @entity6 were observed in 3 @entity0 in the @entity1 / @entity4 group and in 4 @entity0 in the @entity5 group. No serious adverse events and no cases of @entity3 were observed. In conclusion, in our experience @entity1 / @entity4 proved to be as effective as @entity5 in protecting @entity0 from surgical @entity2 in abdominal surgery. Its use in surgical prophylaxis may help decrease the cost of treatment and reduce the risk of resistance to antibiotics and superinfections.

title: XXXX / @entity4 versus @entity5 for antimicrobial prophylaxis in abdominal surgery: a randomized trial.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Despite discontinuation of its use in the 1950s, the consequences of Thorotrast usage continue to be recognized. In a review of plain film and CT findings of 20 cases of Thorotrast exposure, 15 of 17 @entity0 demonstrated Thorotrast accumulation in the liver and spleen on plain films. Typically, this appeared as regions of trabeculated increased density within the liver. The spleen was of normal or decreased size and often demonstrated a finely punctate pattern of opacification. Only two @entity1 could be suggested on plain film alone: one hepatic and one splenic. Five @entity0 with @entity2 underwent CT examinations: three with @entity4 , one with @entity5 , and one with @entity3 . No specific criteria could be established to distinguish among these lesions, as each @entity1 appeared as relatively low-density mass(es). Two cases of @entity5 appeared as low-density filling defect(s) in the otherwise opaque spleen, one case primary and the other metastatic from the liver. CT was superior to plain radiography in detecting and characterizing Thorotrast distribution and any superimposed @entity1 . In addition to periodic liver function tests, screening CT of @entity0 exposed to Thorotrast might detect @entity2 at an operable stage.

title: Thorotrast-induced XXXX : CT identification.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) is a synthetic aromatic @entity6 compound which has a number of important biochemical effects, including inhibition of a family of esteroproteases (trypsin, urokinase, @entity5 ) previously linked to the complex process of @entity1 invasion. Previous work has suggested that exogenous natural protease inhibitors can block invasion of @entity1 cells across basement membranes (BM) in vitro. The authors studied the effect of BABIM on the @entity0 cell line HT-1080 with the use of a quantitative in vitro amnion invasion assay system. They have verified the ability of these cells to grow in @entity2 and metastasize via the lymphatics or blood vessels on the basis of the route of administration of the inoculum. Cells which were able to actively cross the entire BM were trapped on filters and counted by both brightfield microscopy and by beta scintillation counting of cells whose DNA was labeled with tritiated @entity4 . In agreement with either counting technique, BABIM, at a concentration of 10(-4) M, significantly inhibited invasion (P less than 0.005) over the 7-day course of the experiments. Under these conditions, the inhibitor was nontoxic and did not alter the attachment of the cells to the amniotic membrane. Furthermore, a highly significant inhibition of invasion (P less than 0.001) was also demonstrated across a variation in molar concentration of BABIM of more than 2 orders of magnitude. Most remarkably, cells were initially inhibited in their ability to invade in the presence of between 10(-9) and 10(-3) M BABIM. Measurement of Type IV specific collagenase in media from these cells shows a significant inhibition of activity in the presence of BABIM. These results suggest two, not necessarily exclusive, alternative interpretations: first, that inhibition of the proteolytic steps along the pathway of activation of basement membrane degrading enzymes results in inhibition of invasion; second, that @entity3 directed esteroproteases may work in concert with cellular collagenolytic metalloproteinases in the process of invasion by @entity0 @entity1 cells through native matrix barriers.

title: In vitro inhibition of @entity0 sarcoma cells' invasive ability by XXXX --a novel esteroprotease inhibitor.

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) is a synthetic aromatic @entity6 compound which has a number of important biochemical effects, including inhibition of a family of esteroproteases (trypsin, urokinase, @entity5 ) previously linked to the complex process of @entity1 invasion. Previous work has suggested that exogenous natural protease inhibitors can block invasion of @entity1 cells across basement membranes (BM) in vitro. The authors studied the effect of BABIM on the @entity0 cell line HT-1080 with the use of a quantitative in vitro amnion invasion assay system. They have verified the ability of these cells to grow in @entity2 and metastasize via the lymphatics or blood vessels on the basis of the route of administration of the inoculum. Cells which were able to actively cross the entire BM were trapped on filters and counted by both brightfield microscopy and by beta scintillation counting of cells whose DNA was labeled with tritiated @entity4 . In agreement with either counting technique, BABIM, at a concentration of 10(-4) M, significantly inhibited invasion (P less than 0.005) over the 7-day course of the experiments. Under these conditions, the inhibitor was nontoxic and did not alter the attachment of the cells to the amniotic membrane. Furthermore, a highly significant inhibition of invasion (P less than 0.001) was also demonstrated across a variation in molar concentration of BABIM of more than 2 orders of magnitude. Most remarkably, cells were initially inhibited in their ability to invade in the presence of between 10(-9) and 10(-3) M BABIM. Measurement of Type IV specific collagenase in media from these cells shows a significant inhibition of activity in the presence of BABIM. These results suggest two, not necessarily exclusive, alternative interpretations: first, that inhibition of the proteolytic steps along the pathway of activation of basement membrane degrading enzymes results in inhibition of invasion; second, that @entity3 directed esteroproteases may work in concert with cellular collagenolytic metalloproteinases in the process of invasion by @entity0 @entity1 cells through native matrix barriers.

title: In vitro inhibition of XXXX sarcoma cells' invasive ability by @entity7 --a novel esteroprotease inhibitor.

answer: @entity0


abstract: In vitro cell culture techniques were used to identify and characterize the individual cell types present in @entity0 @entity4 of bone. Three major cell types were identified based on morphologic characteristics, patterns of specific cell surface antigens, presence of receptors for hormones, and cell products. One population consisted of mononuclear cells that expressed monocyte-macrophage markers. These cells lacked receptors for skeletal hormones and did not persist in culture. Distinct from these cells was a population of mononuclear cells that proliferated in culture and most likely represented the neoplastic element of the @entity1 . These cells phenotypically resembled connective tissue stromal cells, i. e., they did not express macrophage surface antigens and they produced collagens (Types I and III). They also possessed receptors for @entity3 . The final population of @entity1 cells consisted of multinucleated giant cells. These cells lacked monocyte-macrophage surface antigens and possessed receptors for @entity2 , a phenotypic marker for osteoclasts. These studies illustrate that in vitro cell culture techniques can be employed to identify and characterize the cell populations of @entity1 of skeletal tissues, and demonstrate the usefulness of these cell culture models for investigating the biology of @entity5 .

title: Characterization of cells from @entity0 XXXX of bone.

answer: @entity4


abstract: In vitro cell culture techniques were used to identify and characterize the individual cell types present in @entity0 @entity4 of bone. Three major cell types were identified based on morphologic characteristics, patterns of specific cell surface antigens, presence of receptors for hormones, and cell products. One population consisted of mononuclear cells that expressed monocyte-macrophage markers. These cells lacked receptors for skeletal hormones and did not persist in culture. Distinct from these cells was a population of mononuclear cells that proliferated in culture and most likely represented the neoplastic element of the @entity1 . These cells phenotypically resembled connective tissue stromal cells, i. e., they did not express macrophage surface antigens and they produced collagens (Types I and III). They also possessed receptors for @entity3 . The final population of @entity1 cells consisted of multinucleated giant cells. These cells lacked monocyte-macrophage surface antigens and possessed receptors for @entity2 , a phenotypic marker for osteoclasts. These studies illustrate that in vitro cell culture techniques can be employed to identify and characterize the cell populations of @entity1 of skeletal tissues, and demonstrate the usefulness of these cell culture models for investigating the biology of @entity5 .

title: Characterization of cells from XXXX @entity4 of bone.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Pro-hemostatic therapy aims at an improvement of hemostasis, which may be achieved by amelioration of primary hemostasis, stimulation of fibrin formation or inhibition of fibrinolysis. These treatment strategies may be applied to specifically correct a defect in one of the pathways of coagulation, but have in some situations also been shown to be effective in reducing @entity6 in @entity0 without a primary @entity13 . Besides the transfusion of platelets in case of @entity7 or severe @entity10 , a pharmacological improvement of primary hemostasis may be achieved by the administration of desmopressin. The administration of DDAVP results in a marked increase in the plasma concentration of @entity12 ) and (also by yet unexplained additional mechanisms) a remarkable potentiation of primary hemostasis as a consequence. DDAVP is used for the prevention and treatment of @entity6 in @entity0 with @entity11 or mild @entity5 , and further in @entity0 with an impaired function of primary hemostasis, such as in @entity0 with @entity14 , liver @entity1 or in @entity0 with @entity2 -associated @entity6 . Based on the current insight that activation of coagulation in vivo predominantly proceeds by the tissue factor/factor VII(a) pathway, recombinant factor VIIa has been developed as a prohemostatic agent and has recently become available for clinical use. Indeed, in uncontrolled clinical studies this compound has been shown to exert a potent procoagulant activity and appeared to be highly effective in the prevention and treatment of @entity6 , although most experience so far has been obtained in @entity0 with severe and @entity3 . At present, a more general use of this agent for @entity6 @entity0 without an apparent @entity13 is the subject of a number of ongoing clinical trials. Agents that exert anti-fibrinolytic activity are aprotinin and the group of @entity4 analogues. The pro-hemostatic effect of these agents proceeds not only by the inhibition of fibrinolysis (thereby shifting the procoagulant/anticoagulant balance towards a more procoagulant state), but also due to a protective effect on platelets, as has been demonstrated at least for aprotinin. The mechanism of this platelet-protective effect has, besides a potential prevention of @entity9 -mediated loss of platelet receptors not been elucidated. Whether the pro-hemostatic effect of the anti-fibrinolytic agents will eventually result in a higher incidence of @entity8 is still a matter of debate (see further), however, this has so far not been shown in straightforward clinical trials.

title: Management of XXXX disorders by prohemostatic therapy.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Aged intact and young hippocampal-lesioned @entity0 show similar deficits on the spatial water maze. However, this does not necessitate that the source of these deficits in the aged animals is due to @entity2 . These water maze deficits may arise from other aging factors such as changes in thermoregulation, muscle fatigue, swim ability, and response to stress. Consequently, it is imperative to examine the performance of aged @entity0 on a comparable nonhippocampal version of this task. Past attempts to develop a hippocampus-independent version of the water maze were confounded because these tasks were easier (i.e., the @entity0 spent much less time swimming in the water) than the spatial versions of the task. The current study examined performance on a hippocampus-independent task comparable in difficulty to the spatial water one. Middle-aged (16-m) and old (25-m) male F344 @entity0 were given sham or dorsal hippocampus lesions and tested on both a spatial and a nonspatial water maze. The middle-aged @entity0 with @entity1 were impaired on the spatial task but not on the nonspatial task. Conversely, aged animals showed a similar impairment on both types of water maze tasks. Additionally, @entity1 exacerbated the age-related impairment on both tasks. These findings indicate that caution must be used when interpreting the results of water maze tasks for aged animals.

title: The effects of aging and dorsal XXXX : performance on spatial and nonspatial comparable versions of the water maze.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We have established hippocampal cell lines from normal and trisomy 16 fetal @entity1 , a model of @entity0 trisomy 21. Both cell lines, named @entity3 (derived from a normal animal) and HTk (trisomic) possess neuronal markers by immunohistochemistry (enolase, @entity2 , @entity4 , and choline acetyltransferase) and lack glial markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100). Also, we evaluated intracellular Ca(2+) levels ([Ca(2+)](i)) in response to neurotransmitter agonists, in cells loaded with the fluorescent Ca(2+) indicators Indo-1 and Fluo-3. Both cell lines responded to glutamatergic stimuli induced by glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, I-amino-2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-4-isoxazole propanoic acid or kainate. Glutamate responses were only partially prevented by addition of 5 mM EGTA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, trans-(1S,3R)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (ACPD), increased [Ca(2+)](i) in both cell types. These results confirm the presence of glutamatergic metabotropic receptors. In glutamate-induced responses, HTk cells exhibited slower time-dependent decay kinetics than @entity3 cells. Cholinergic agonists (nicotine and muscarine) induced a rapid, transient increase in [Ca(2+)](i) in both cell types. Furthermore, some cells were sensitive to histamine and norepinephrine. All responses to the aforementioned agonists were prevented by addition of specific antagonists. We also studied incorporation and release of [(3)H]choline in the cells, and observed no differences in uptake parameters. However, release induced by K(+) and nicotine depolarization was greatly reduced in HTk cells. The results show that @entity3 and HTk cells retain neuronal characteristics and respond to specific neurotransmitter stimuli. The HTk differences could be related to neuronal pathophysiology in Down syndrome.

title: Cell lines derived from hippocampal neurons of the normal and trisomy 16 XXXX fetus (a model for Down syndrome) exhibit neuronal markers, cholinergic function, and functional neurotransmitter receptors.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Recent follow-up studies of @entity0 with @entity4 treated with breast-conserving primary radiotherapy identified a triad of pathologic features significantly associated with local treatment failure. These unfavorable characteristics of the @entity1 were: poor or undifferentiated nuclear grade; @entity6 within the @entity1 mass; and @entity6 in breast tissue outside the perimeter of the @entity3 . The current study was undertaken to assess the impact of these same factors on the prognosis of 573 consecutively treated @entity0 , with @entity4 5 cm or less in diameter, and who underwent mastectomy. Histologic sections of all @entity1 were reviewed, and the lesions were classified according to the distribution of @entity6 present: only within the @entity1 (IN, 247 cases, 43%), only outside the @entity1 (OUT, 25 cases, 4%), within the outside (IN-OUT, 158 cases, 28%), or not seen (IFDC, 143 cases, 25%). The median follow-up period for the entire series was 56 months. Ninety-five (17%) @entity0 were @entity2 (median time to @entity5 , 36 months). Variables that proved to be statistically significant for overall survival were nodal status (P less than 0.001), nuclear grade (P less than 0.03), and histologic grade (P less than 0.007). Nodal status (P less than 0.001), histologic grade (P less than 0.001), and @entity1 size (P = 0.01) were significant predictors of disease-free survival. The pattern of @entity6 , when present, was not predictive of the risk for recurrence or survival in @entity0 treated by mastectomy. These findings provide a rationale for additional surgical treatment for @entity0 whose @entity1 have features more likely to be associated with local failure following primary radiotherapy. To permit more detailed pathologic examination of the @entity3 , the initial excision should be carried out separately from the treatment when limited resection and radiation are to be considered as a treatment option.

title: Are prognostic factors for local control of breast cancer treated by primary radiotherapy significant for XXXX treated by mastectomy?

answer: @entity0