abstract: OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the extent of comorbid @entity2 ( @entity2 ) in a group of adults with @entity1 . An additional objective was to compare performance on auditory tasks to results from standardized tests of reading in an attempt to generate a clinically useful profile of developmental dyslexics with comorbid @entity2 . DESIGN: A group of eleven @entity0 with @entity1 and 14 age- and intelligence-matched controls participated in the study. Behavioral audiograms, 226-Hz tympanograms, and word recognition scores were obtained binaurally from all subjects. Both groups were administered the frequency-pattern test (FPT) and duration-pattern test ( @entity4 ) monaurally (30 items per ear) in both the left and right ear. Gap detection results were obtained in both groups (binaural presentation) using narrowband noise centered at 1 kHz in an adaptive two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) paradigm. The FPT, @entity4 , and gap detection results were analyzed for interaural (where applicable), intergroup, and intragroup differences. Correlations between performance on the auditory tasks and the standardized tests of reading were examined. Additive logistic regression models were fit to the data to determine which auditory tests proved to be the best predictors of group membership. RESULTS: The @entity0 with @entity1 as a group performed significantly poorer than controls on both the FPT and @entity4 . Furthermore, the group differences were significant in both monaural conditions. On the FPT and @entity4 , five of the eleven @entity0 with @entity3 performed below the widely used clinical criterion for @entity2 of 70% correct in either ear. All five of these @entity0 performed below criterion on the FPT, whereas four of the five additionally performed below 70% on the @entity4 . The data also were analyzed by fitting a series of stepwise logistic regression models, which indicated that gap detection did not significantly predict group membership, whereas the FPT and @entity4 were significant predictors. The addition of the FPT score after the @entity4 did not result in a significant change in the residual deviance. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of the @entity0 with @entity1 showed clinically significant diminished performance on the FPT and @entity4 indicative of @entity2 . These results indicate that the percentage of @entity0 with @entity1 and comorbid @entity2 may be substantial enough to warrant serious clinical considerations.

title: XXXX in @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the extent of comorbid @entity2 ( @entity2 ) in a group of adults with @entity1 . An additional objective was to compare performance on auditory tasks to results from standardized tests of reading in an attempt to generate a clinically useful profile of developmental dyslexics with comorbid @entity2 . DESIGN: A group of eleven @entity0 with @entity1 and 14 age- and intelligence-matched controls participated in the study. Behavioral audiograms, 226-Hz tympanograms, and word recognition scores were obtained binaurally from all subjects. Both groups were administered the frequency-pattern test (FPT) and duration-pattern test ( @entity4 ) monaurally (30 items per ear) in both the left and right ear. Gap detection results were obtained in both groups (binaural presentation) using narrowband noise centered at 1 kHz in an adaptive two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) paradigm. The FPT, @entity4 , and gap detection results were analyzed for interaural (where applicable), intergroup, and intragroup differences. Correlations between performance on the auditory tasks and the standardized tests of reading were examined. Additive logistic regression models were fit to the data to determine which auditory tests proved to be the best predictors of group membership. RESULTS: The @entity0 with @entity1 as a group performed significantly poorer than controls on both the FPT and @entity4 . Furthermore, the group differences were significant in both monaural conditions. On the FPT and @entity4 , five of the eleven @entity0 with @entity3 performed below the widely used clinical criterion for @entity2 of 70% correct in either ear. All five of these @entity0 performed below criterion on the FPT, whereas four of the five additionally performed below 70% on the @entity4 . The data also were analyzed by fitting a series of stepwise logistic regression models, which indicated that gap detection did not significantly predict group membership, whereas the FPT and @entity4 were significant predictors. The addition of the FPT score after the @entity4 did not result in a significant change in the residual deviance. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of the @entity0 with @entity1 showed clinically significant diminished performance on the FPT and @entity4 indicative of @entity2 . These results indicate that the percentage of @entity0 with @entity1 and comorbid @entity2 may be substantial enough to warrant serious clinical considerations.

title: @entity2 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The value of surgical resection for @entity0 with @entity5 has been debated on account of persistent symptoms and the morbidity of the operative procedure, both immediate and delayed. This paper explores the consequence of pancreatoduodenectomy in 175 @entity0 with @entity5 who were operated on between 1976 and 1997. All @entity0 were carefully selected after varying periods of conservative management. The operation was a classical Kausch-Whipple resection in 98 @entity0 and a pylorus-preserving procedure in 67. There were four postoperative @entity3 (days 7, 10, 35, and 70), and only two reoperations were performed. The median number of postoperative events was one, with delayed @entity4 being the most common (31 @entity0 ). The median length of in-hospital stay was 20 days (range: 8-215 days), but no @entity0 was discharged until medical and social disabilities were resolved. There were seven late @entity3 , most of them linked to cigarette smoking and @entity2 consumption; 75% of @entity0 had a good clinical outcome, but 18 @entity0 required further pancreatic surgery at a mean of 12 months, either a pancreatojejunostomy or a completion pancreatectomy. @entity1 occurred in 40% of @entity0 by 5 years, and most, at some stage of their postoperative period, required pancreatic enzyme supplementation. It is suggested that resection of the pancreas provides a reasonable life-style in 75% of @entity0 , but the outcome depends in large part on the predisposing disease.

title: Pancreatoduodenectomy in the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity3 receptor (NMDAR) activation requires concurrent membrane depolarization, and glutamatergic synapses lacking @entity2 receptors (AMPARs) are often considered "silent" in the absence of another source of membrane depolarization. During the second postnatal week, @entity3 currents can be enhanced in @entity0 auditory cortex through activation of the alpha7 nicotinic @entity5 receptor (alpha7nAChR). Electrophysiological results support a mainly presynaptic role for alpha7nAChR at these synapses. However, immunocytochemical evidence that alpha7nAChR is prevalent at postsynaptic sites of glutamatergic synapses in hippocampus and neocortex, along with emerging electrophysiological evidence for postsynaptic nicotinic currents in neocortex and hippocampus, has prompted speculation that alpha7nAChR allows for activation of NMDAR postsynaptically at synapses lacking AMPAR. Here we used dual immunolabeling and electron microscopy to examine the distribution of alpha7nAChR relative to AMPAR ( @entity6 , @entity1 , and @entity7 subunits combined) at excitatory synapses in somatosensory cortex of adult and 1-week-old @entity0 . alpha7nAChR occurred discretely over most of the thick postsynaptic densities in all cortical layers of both age groups. AMPAR immunoreactivity was also detectable at most synapses; its distribution was independent of that of alpha7nAChR. In both age groups, approximately one-quarter of asymmetrical synapses were alpha7nAChR positive and AMPAR negative. The variability of postsynaptic alpha7nAChR labeling density was greater at @entity4 ( @entity4 ) 7 than in adulthood, and @entity4 7 neuropil contained a subset of small @entity2 receptor-negative synapses with a high density of alpha7nAChR immunoreactivity. These observations support the idea that @entity5 receptors can aid in activating glutamatergic synapses and work together with @entity2 receptors to mediate postsynaptic excitation throughout life.

title: Alpha7 nicotinic XXXX receptors occur at postsynaptic densities of @entity2 receptor-positive and -negative excitatory synapses in @entity0 sensory cortex.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity3 receptor (NMDAR) activation requires concurrent membrane depolarization, and glutamatergic synapses lacking @entity2 receptors (AMPARs) are often considered "silent" in the absence of another source of membrane depolarization. During the second postnatal week, @entity3 currents can be enhanced in @entity0 auditory cortex through activation of the alpha7 nicotinic @entity5 receptor (alpha7nAChR). Electrophysiological results support a mainly presynaptic role for alpha7nAChR at these synapses. However, immunocytochemical evidence that alpha7nAChR is prevalent at postsynaptic sites of glutamatergic synapses in hippocampus and neocortex, along with emerging electrophysiological evidence for postsynaptic nicotinic currents in neocortex and hippocampus, has prompted speculation that alpha7nAChR allows for activation of NMDAR postsynaptically at synapses lacking AMPAR. Here we used dual immunolabeling and electron microscopy to examine the distribution of alpha7nAChR relative to AMPAR ( @entity6 , @entity1 , and @entity7 subunits combined) at excitatory synapses in somatosensory cortex of adult and 1-week-old @entity0 . alpha7nAChR occurred discretely over most of the thick postsynaptic densities in all cortical layers of both age groups. AMPAR immunoreactivity was also detectable at most synapses; its distribution was independent of that of alpha7nAChR. In both age groups, approximately one-quarter of asymmetrical synapses were alpha7nAChR positive and AMPAR negative. The variability of postsynaptic alpha7nAChR labeling density was greater at @entity4 ( @entity4 ) 7 than in adulthood, and @entity4 7 neuropil contained a subset of small @entity2 receptor-negative synapses with a high density of alpha7nAChR immunoreactivity. These observations support the idea that @entity5 receptors can aid in activating glutamatergic synapses and work together with @entity2 receptors to mediate postsynaptic excitation throughout life.

title: Alpha7 nicotinic @entity5 receptors occur at postsynaptic densities of XXXX receptor-positive and -negative excitatory synapses in @entity0 sensory cortex.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity3 receptor (NMDAR) activation requires concurrent membrane depolarization, and glutamatergic synapses lacking @entity2 receptors (AMPARs) are often considered "silent" in the absence of another source of membrane depolarization. During the second postnatal week, @entity3 currents can be enhanced in @entity0 auditory cortex through activation of the alpha7 nicotinic @entity5 receptor (alpha7nAChR). Electrophysiological results support a mainly presynaptic role for alpha7nAChR at these synapses. However, immunocytochemical evidence that alpha7nAChR is prevalent at postsynaptic sites of glutamatergic synapses in hippocampus and neocortex, along with emerging electrophysiological evidence for postsynaptic nicotinic currents in neocortex and hippocampus, has prompted speculation that alpha7nAChR allows for activation of NMDAR postsynaptically at synapses lacking AMPAR. Here we used dual immunolabeling and electron microscopy to examine the distribution of alpha7nAChR relative to AMPAR ( @entity6 , @entity1 , and @entity7 subunits combined) at excitatory synapses in somatosensory cortex of adult and 1-week-old @entity0 . alpha7nAChR occurred discretely over most of the thick postsynaptic densities in all cortical layers of both age groups. AMPAR immunoreactivity was also detectable at most synapses; its distribution was independent of that of alpha7nAChR. In both age groups, approximately one-quarter of asymmetrical synapses were alpha7nAChR positive and AMPAR negative. The variability of postsynaptic alpha7nAChR labeling density was greater at @entity4 ( @entity4 ) 7 than in adulthood, and @entity4 7 neuropil contained a subset of small @entity2 receptor-negative synapses with a high density of alpha7nAChR immunoreactivity. These observations support the idea that @entity5 receptors can aid in activating glutamatergic synapses and work together with @entity2 receptors to mediate postsynaptic excitation throughout life.

title: Alpha7 nicotinic @entity5 receptors occur at postsynaptic densities of @entity2 receptor-positive and -negative excitatory synapses in XXXX sensory cortex.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Somatotropic effects are described in the skin. Indeed, @entity4 is in part clinically recognized by cutaneous coarsening. The actual changes in tensile properties associated with the cutaneous manifestations are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: To study the relationships between the skin tensile properties and the severity of @entity4 as assessed by serum levels of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and @entity2 ( @entity2 ). @entity0 AND METHOD: Assessments were made in 13 @entity0 with @entity4 treated by @entity3 agonists combined or not with surgery. A total of 39 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Skin tensile properties were measured on the forearm and nape of the neck using a computerized suction device. RESULTS: Significant differences were yielded between the skin tensile properties in @entity0 and normal subjects. The highest @entity2 values in the @entity0 ' medical records were positively correlated with both skin distensibility and biologic elasticity. The most recent @entity2 serum levels were negatively correlated with the visco-elastic ratio. No correlations were yielded between any of the biomechanical parameters and @entity5 levels, disease duration and treatment dosages, respectively. CONCLUSION: The skin in @entity4 appears to be functionally more redundant and elastic than normal skin. The biomechanical changes appear quite different from those observed in other diseases with collagen deposition such as @entity1 and @entity6 .

title: Skin tensile properties in @entity0 treated for XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Somatotropic effects are described in the skin. Indeed, @entity4 is in part clinically recognized by cutaneous coarsening. The actual changes in tensile properties associated with the cutaneous manifestations are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: To study the relationships between the skin tensile properties and the severity of @entity4 as assessed by serum levels of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and @entity2 ( @entity2 ). @entity0 AND METHOD: Assessments were made in 13 @entity0 with @entity4 treated by @entity3 agonists combined or not with surgery. A total of 39 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Skin tensile properties were measured on the forearm and nape of the neck using a computerized suction device. RESULTS: Significant differences were yielded between the skin tensile properties in @entity0 and normal subjects. The highest @entity2 values in the @entity0 ' medical records were positively correlated with both skin distensibility and biologic elasticity. The most recent @entity2 serum levels were negatively correlated with the visco-elastic ratio. No correlations were yielded between any of the biomechanical parameters and @entity5 levels, disease duration and treatment dosages, respectively. CONCLUSION: The skin in @entity4 appears to be functionally more redundant and elastic than normal skin. The biomechanical changes appear quite different from those observed in other diseases with collagen deposition such as @entity1 and @entity6 .

title: Skin tensile properties in XXXX treated for @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: The lack of data regarding health habits of medical students in Greece prompted a cross-sectional study to assess @entity4 use, @entity3 consumption and serum lipoprotein levels among students in the University of Crete School of Medicine. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire on smoking and @entity3 consumption was distributed to third-year medical students for twelve consecutive years (1989-2000). A total of 849 students (462 males, 387 females) participated in the survey. Biochemical measurements were taken and multi-variant analysis of the data was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking among males and females was 33.2% (N = 150) and 28.4% (N = 108), respectively (mean cigarette consumption 13/day). As many as 349 males (77.2%) and 220 females (58.0%) reported consuming @entity3 on a regular basis. The prevalence of low HDL- @entity2 (< 0.9 mmol/l) was 14.5% in males and 5.1% in females, and of high LDL- @entity2 levels (> 4.1 mmol/l) in 11.1% of male and 5.5% of female @entity0 . Smoking was related to higher @entity5 (p = 0.032), and lower HDL- @entity2 (p = 0.037) serum levels. Total @entity2 , LDL- @entity2 , and the TC/HDL- @entity2 ratio were strongly related with the level of smoking (p = 0.006, p = 0.008, and p = 0.006 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results document a high prevalence of smoking among physicians-to-be in Greece. @entity4 use was strongly associated with a lipid profile predisposing to increased risk for @entity1 . Health promotion programmes should therefore be instituted not only during the first years of medical studies, but rather at a much earlier stage in life.

title: Cigarette smoking, XXXX consumption, and serum lipid profile among medical students in Greece.

answer: @entity3


abstract: This study was performed to evaluate the healing process of vascularized cartilage tubes after reconstruction of circumferential @entity3 in @entity1 . Vascularized cartilage was obtained by applying ear cartilage to a vascularized fascia flap in the lateral thoracic area in 10 animals. Five animals (control group) were used to evaluate the viability of the vascularized cartilage after 2 weeks. Circumferential @entity3 were reconstructed in 5 animals by means of tubes of vascularized cartilage with preservation of the established blood supply around the grafts. The experimental animals were followed until signs of @entity2 became apparent. After follow-up and euthanasia, cartilage viability and regeneration of respiratory epithelium were evaluated. A viable plate of cartilage that was intensely attached to the vascularized fascia flap was found in the control animals. The animals from the experimental group showed @entity2 after a mean follow-up period of 22.6 days because of cartilage @entity0 with loss of airway support. Cartilage graft revascularization and remucosalization were limited to 18.1% of the initial surface area of the cartilage tube. Mucosal coverage was seen at the anastomoses, whereas the middle part of the cartilage tube underwent @entity0 . We conclude that tubes of autologous cartilage show problematic healing when placed inside the airway. Migration of vascularized connective tissue, migration of respiratory epithelium, and preservation of the viability of the cartilaginous graft were limited to a short segment at the anastomotic sites.

title: Tubes of vascularized cartilage used for replacement of XXXX cervical trachea.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Angiogenic factors, including @entity3 ( @entity3 ), are expressed during follicular development. Our objective was to investigate the role of @entity3 in the early follicular phase to test whether early cyclic follicle development and selection are angiogenesis-dependent processes. After documentation of two normal ovulatory cycles, female @entity2 (n = 6) received five iv injections of anti- @entity3 receptor 2 (anti- @entity3 -R2) antibody at 3-d intervals starting on cycle d 2-4. To evaluate nonspecific effects of the treatment antibody, all monkeys also received iv injections of nonspecific humanized mouse IgG, using an identical regimen. Daily measurements of FSH, LH, @entity0 , and @entity1 were obtained, throughout the entire period, to monitor cyclicity. Administration of anti- @entity3 -R2 antibody resulted in a significant decline in mean inhibin B levels [control, 181.0 +/- 29.6 (mean +/- SE); treatment d 2, 44.5 +/- 13.1 pg/ml; P < 0.05]. No decrease was observed after IgG treatment. Anti- @entity3 -R2 antibody treatment also delayed the first significant increase in @entity0 and lengthened the follicular phase from 10-12 d in the preceding two control cycles to 20-42 d in treatment cycles. FSH and LH concentrations increased significantly, within 24 h after anti- @entity3 -R2 antibody treatment, to levels 2-2.5 times over controls. Our results demonstrate that anti- @entity3 -R2 antibody therapy in the early follicular phase interferes with the normal development of the cohort of recruited antral follicles. The data clearly indicate that the recruitment-selection process of follicles in the early follicular phase in the nonhuman primate is controlled by @entity3 , through the @entity3 -R2.

title: Administration of antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 antibody in the early follicular phase delays follicular selection and development in the XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: An unusual presentation of secondary malignant @entity3 of the femur in a @entity0 with diaphyseal medullary stenosis is described. The @entity0 , a 42-year-old @entity0 , presented with a painful lump in the right knee. A radiograph of the right femur showed @entity6 . Characteristic features of @entity8 in the metaphysis and medullary stenosis in the diaphysis were observed in radiographs of the long tubular bones. A radiograph of the pelvis showed bilateral acetabular bone scleroses. After chemotherapy, surgical resection was done. On light microscopic examination, the @entity1 had features characteristic of malignant @entity3 . Specimens from the diaphyseal medullary stenosis from the femur and tibia showed typical features of @entity5 . Radiographs of other members of the @entity0 's family showed similar features of linear striation, cortical bone thickening, and @entity7 , including wavy, open growth plate of the iliac crest. The @entity0 's aunt had died of a @entity2 in the shoulder region. It is important to recognize this extremely rare clinicopathologic type of diaphyseal medullary stenosis that frequently is associated with secondary high-grade @entity4 .

title: Malignant XXXX associated with diaphyseal medullary stenosis.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: Torsion of the @entity2 is a urologic emergency that requires early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment for testicular survival. However, the early differential diagnosis of acute @entity4 from @entity3 or @entity6 is often difficult. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate and compare the value of Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in the differentiation of acute @entity4 and inflammatory @entity5 . METHODS: Twenty @entity0 (age range, 5 to 38 years) with possible acute @entity4 from July 2000 to July 2001 were enrolled in this study. Ultrasonography was performed in all @entity0 in the emergency room. Within 3 hours of ultrasonography, radionuclide imaging was also performed after intravenous injection of 5 to 15 mCi Tc-99m pertechnetate in the forearms. All of the @entity0 with clinically suspected acute @entity4 underwent surgery. The surgical findings and pathologic reports of these @entity0 were reviewed and definite diagnoses were established. None of the other @entity0 had surgery and were followed clinically for at least 1 month after ultrasonography and radionuclide imaging. RESULTS: Four @entity0 with @entity4 , 13 @entity0 with inflammatory @entity5 , and three healthy @entity0 had a final surgical and pathologic diagnosis or clinical follow-up, and all were accurately diagnosed by Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging. In contrast, ultrasonography was less accurate in the diagnosis and differentiation of acute @entity4 from @entity1 . Only 1 of 4 @entity0 with @entity4 , 5 of 13 @entity0 with inflammatory @entity5 , and 2 of 3 healthy @entity0 were diagnosed by ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging is a more useful and accurate imaging method than ultrasonography in the detection and differentiation of acute @entity4 from inflammatory @entity5 in @entity0 with @entity7 .

title: Comparison of radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in the differentiation of acute XXXX and inflammatory @entity5 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: Torsion of the @entity2 is a urologic emergency that requires early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment for testicular survival. However, the early differential diagnosis of acute @entity4 from @entity3 or @entity6 is often difficult. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate and compare the value of Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in the differentiation of acute @entity4 and inflammatory @entity5 . METHODS: Twenty @entity0 (age range, 5 to 38 years) with possible acute @entity4 from July 2000 to July 2001 were enrolled in this study. Ultrasonography was performed in all @entity0 in the emergency room. Within 3 hours of ultrasonography, radionuclide imaging was also performed after intravenous injection of 5 to 15 mCi Tc-99m pertechnetate in the forearms. All of the @entity0 with clinically suspected acute @entity4 underwent surgery. The surgical findings and pathologic reports of these @entity0 were reviewed and definite diagnoses were established. None of the other @entity0 had surgery and were followed clinically for at least 1 month after ultrasonography and radionuclide imaging. RESULTS: Four @entity0 with @entity4 , 13 @entity0 with inflammatory @entity5 , and three healthy @entity0 had a final surgical and pathologic diagnosis or clinical follow-up, and all were accurately diagnosed by Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging. In contrast, ultrasonography was less accurate in the diagnosis and differentiation of acute @entity4 from @entity1 . Only 1 of 4 @entity0 with @entity4 , 5 of 13 @entity0 with inflammatory @entity5 , and 2 of 3 healthy @entity0 were diagnosed by ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging is a more useful and accurate imaging method than ultrasonography in the detection and differentiation of acute @entity4 from inflammatory @entity5 in @entity0 with @entity7 .

title: Comparison of radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in the differentiation of acute @entity4 and inflammatory XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity4 @entity3 has become in a very short time, a major new tool to explore muscle metabolism for clinical diagnostic purposes, while offering a unique non-invasive way to conduct advanced basic research in muscle physiopathology. The comparative analysis of normal and diseased muscle remains a major requirement to further define metabolic events surrounding muscle contraction and the metabolic anomalies underlying pathologies. Also, standardized rest-exercise-recovery protocols for exploration of muscle metabolism by @entity4 @entity3 in healthy volunteers as well as in @entity0 with intolerance to exercise need to be developed. Our protocol is based on a short term intense exercise which is very informative and well accepted by volunteers and @entity0 . Invariant metabolic parameters have been defined to characterize the normal metabolic response to the protocol. Deviations from normality can be directly interpreted in terms of specific pathologies in some favorable cases. In most cases, @entity4 @entity3 provides valuable information which has to be processed in conjunction with traditional invasive biochemical, electrophysiological and histoenzymological tests. For malignant and exercise @entity2 , @entity4 @entity3 constitutes a diagnostic tool with 100p.cent sensitivity, as compared to contracture tests on muscle biopsies. @entity4 @entity3 has proved particularly useful in the therapeutic follow-up of palliative therapies (coenzyme Q treatment of mitochondriopathies) and in family investigations. It is now an accepted diagnostic tool in the array of tests which are used to characterize @entity1 in clinical routine. As a research tool, it will keep bringing new information on the physiopathology of @entity1 in animal models and in @entity0 and should play a role in the metabolic characterization of gene therapy.

title: [Non invasive investigation of XXXX using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy: potential in clinical applications].

answer: @entity1


abstract: The @entity1 @entity7 gene encodes a homolog of the delta isoform of @entity0 phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Cells deleted for @entity7 ( @entity7 ) are viable, but display several phenotypes, including osmotic, temperature, and @entity4 sensitivity. We have used a two-hybrid screen to identify @entity7 -interacting proteins. One of the interacting proteins found was @entity8 , a recently identified, essential, nuclear protein. The @entity8 gene was originally cloned by complementation of an osmostress-sensitive mutant. The @entity7 - @entity8 interaction was confirmed biochemically by affinity chromatography. @entity8 interacts genetically with both @entity7 and @entity5 (which encodes an osmosensing mitogen-activated protein kinase). Overexpression of @entity8 suppresses the temperature sensitivity of cells bearing the @entity7 -4 allele, and the double mutant strain @entity7 Delta @entity8 -1 displays enhanced temperature and @entity4 sensitivity. The @entity7 hog1Delta strain displays increased osmosensitivity, and has a synthetic defect in @entity2 synthesis and the expression of @entity6 (which encodes the enzyme @entity3 dehydrogenase that is involved in @entity2 biosynthesis), suggesting that @entity7 and @entity5 function in independent pathways. The @entity5 Delta @entity8 -1 double mutant displays enhanced osmosensitivity relative to that of either single mutant. The triple mutant @entity7 hog1Delta @entity8 -1 is inviable, while the @entity7 hog1Delta @entity8 -2 strain grows extremely slowly and is more osmosensitive than the @entity7 hog1Delta or @entity5 Delta @entity8 -2 strain. These results are consistent with a model in which @entity7 and @entity5 function in parallel pathways affecting osmoregulation, and signals from both these pathways converge, at least partly, on @entity8 .

title: Phospholipase C interacts with @entity8 and is required for expression of XXXX and osmoresistance in @entity1 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: The @entity1 @entity7 gene encodes a homolog of the delta isoform of @entity0 phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Cells deleted for @entity7 ( @entity7 ) are viable, but display several phenotypes, including osmotic, temperature, and @entity4 sensitivity. We have used a two-hybrid screen to identify @entity7 -interacting proteins. One of the interacting proteins found was @entity8 , a recently identified, essential, nuclear protein. The @entity8 gene was originally cloned by complementation of an osmostress-sensitive mutant. The @entity7 - @entity8 interaction was confirmed biochemically by affinity chromatography. @entity8 interacts genetically with both @entity7 and @entity5 (which encodes an osmosensing mitogen-activated protein kinase). Overexpression of @entity8 suppresses the temperature sensitivity of cells bearing the @entity7 -4 allele, and the double mutant strain @entity7 Delta @entity8 -1 displays enhanced temperature and @entity4 sensitivity. The @entity7 hog1Delta strain displays increased osmosensitivity, and has a synthetic defect in @entity2 synthesis and the expression of @entity6 (which encodes the enzyme @entity3 dehydrogenase that is involved in @entity2 biosynthesis), suggesting that @entity7 and @entity5 function in independent pathways. The @entity5 Delta @entity8 -1 double mutant displays enhanced osmosensitivity relative to that of either single mutant. The triple mutant @entity7 hog1Delta @entity8 -1 is inviable, while the @entity7 hog1Delta @entity8 -2 strain grows extremely slowly and is more osmosensitive than the @entity7 hog1Delta or @entity5 Delta @entity8 -2 strain. These results are consistent with a model in which @entity7 and @entity5 function in parallel pathways affecting osmoregulation, and signals from both these pathways converge, at least partly, on @entity8 .

title: Phospholipase C interacts with @entity8 and is required for expression of @entity6 and osmoresistance in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The @entity1 @entity7 gene encodes a homolog of the delta isoform of @entity0 phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Cells deleted for @entity7 ( @entity7 ) are viable, but display several phenotypes, including osmotic, temperature, and @entity4 sensitivity. We have used a two-hybrid screen to identify @entity7 -interacting proteins. One of the interacting proteins found was @entity8 , a recently identified, essential, nuclear protein. The @entity8 gene was originally cloned by complementation of an osmostress-sensitive mutant. The @entity7 - @entity8 interaction was confirmed biochemically by affinity chromatography. @entity8 interacts genetically with both @entity7 and @entity5 (which encodes an osmosensing mitogen-activated protein kinase). Overexpression of @entity8 suppresses the temperature sensitivity of cells bearing the @entity7 -4 allele, and the double mutant strain @entity7 Delta @entity8 -1 displays enhanced temperature and @entity4 sensitivity. The @entity7 hog1Delta strain displays increased osmosensitivity, and has a synthetic defect in @entity2 synthesis and the expression of @entity6 (which encodes the enzyme @entity3 dehydrogenase that is involved in @entity2 biosynthesis), suggesting that @entity7 and @entity5 function in independent pathways. The @entity5 Delta @entity8 -1 double mutant displays enhanced osmosensitivity relative to that of either single mutant. The triple mutant @entity7 hog1Delta @entity8 -1 is inviable, while the @entity7 hog1Delta @entity8 -2 strain grows extremely slowly and is more osmosensitive than the @entity7 hog1Delta or @entity5 Delta @entity8 -2 strain. These results are consistent with a model in which @entity7 and @entity5 function in parallel pathways affecting osmoregulation, and signals from both these pathways converge, at least partly, on @entity8 .

title: Phospholipase C interacts with XXXX and is required for expression of @entity6 and osmoresistance in @entity1 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND: In a randomized trial concerning radiotherapy for age-related @entity4 , @entity2 angiograms were taken of controls and @entity0 . In this study the frequency of side effects in eyes receiving radiotherapy with the Nijmegen technique is compared with the findings in the eyes of controls. METHODS: @entity0 receiving treatment were irradiated by two isocentric photon beams in four fractions of 6 Gy that were directed to the macular area at 30 degrees and -30 degrees with regard to the @entity5 . The most recent @entity2 angiograms of the randomized eyes (32 treated and 31 control eyes) were scored by two independent researchers, using a scoring form with nine features of @entity3 : nonperfusion, macular @entity1 , microaneurysms, @entity9 , @entity7 -wool spots, perifoveal @entity10 , @entity3 , and radiation-associated @entity8 . The results were graded as: no @entity3 (grade 0), mild @entity3 (grade 1), moderate @entity3 (grade 2), and severe @entity3 (grade 3). RESULTS: In the treated group 6 @entity0 (18.8%) were grade 1, 10 @entity0 (31.2%) were grade 2 and 7 @entity0 (21.9%) were grade 3. In the control group 9 @entity0 (29.0%) were grade 1, 11 @entity0 (35.5%)were grade 2 and 2 @entity0 (6.5%) were grade 3. There were no @entity0 with @entity6 . CONCLUSION: With the Nijmegen technique a relatively high dose of radiation can be applied to a small retinal area. In only a minority of cases does some evidence of @entity3 occur.

title: Side effects after radiotherapy of age-related XXXX with the Nijmegen technique.

answer: @entity4


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity7 ( @entity8 ) is the first choice antiepileptic drug in the treatment of partial @entity4 . Many clinical studies show high efficacy and good tolerance of @entity8 in the majority of @entity0 . However, poor water solubility and erratic absorption as well as autoinduction of its metabolism, cause wide and unpredictable fluctuations in @entity8 serum concentration. In order to avoid these problems controlled-release formulations of @entity8 (Tegretol CR 400) were developed. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the therapy of partial @entity4 in adults with controlled-release @entity8 (Tegretol CR 400). @entity0 AND METHODS: Over a three-year period we conducted an open pragmatic study of controlled-release @entity8 in the therapy of 141 adult @entity0 with established diagnosis of localized related @entity3 . @entity0 with progressive @entity2 were excluded. All @entity0 had unacceptable @entity4 frequency and were divided into four groups: 1) 34 with newly-diagnosed @entity3 ; 2) 42 with chronic @entity3 and no previous antiepileptic medication; 3) 27 with chronic @entity3 previously treated with conventional preparations of @entity7 ( @entity8 ); and 4) 38 with chronic @entity3 previously treated with other antiepileptic medications. @entity0 were switched to controlled-release @entity8 and the dosage was slowly adjusted. Baseline evaluation included the analysis of efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the controlled-release @entity8 therapy. Three categories of efficiency were defined: 1) successful ( @entity0 without @entity4 ); 2) partially successful ( @entity0 with improvement of at least 50% in frequency and severity of @entity4 ); and 3) unsuccessful therapy (same or worse than before controlled-release @entity8 ). Tolerance and practicity were evaluated through the analysis of side effects and frequency of daily doses, respectively. These variables were compared to the corresponding ones after a period of at least three months of full dosage controlled-release @entity8 therapy. RESULTS: In all four groups the therapy was successful in 76%, 52%, 30% and 29%, partially successful in 18%, 43%, 30% and 32%, and unsuccessful in 6%, S%, 40% and 39%, respectfully. Side effects occurred less frequently in all 4 groups during the therapy with controlled-release @entity8 . We found reduced frequency of drug administration (once or twice daily) in 97.9% of our @entity0 . DISCUSSION: Due to its slow and irregular absorption, short half life, wide and unpredictable fluctuation in plasma levels @entity8 has decreased ability to control @entity4 , with the appearance of the intermittent side-effects such as @entity5 , @entity9 , @entity1 and @entity6 . Controlled-release formulation of @entity8 sustains stable absorption and reduces fluctuations in @entity7 serum concentration. Steady serum levels permit to the majority of @entity0 to tolerate a higher total daily dose by reducing peak-dependent side-effects and improve compliance as a result of less frequent daily doses (1 or 2). CONCLUSION: In @entity0 with partial @entity4 controlled-release vs. conventional @entity7 had better efficiency, based on an excellent tolerance, favorable daily dosage and superior compliance.

title: [A practical study of the efficacy of a delayed-action preparation of @entity7 ( @entity7 CR 400) in the treatment of @entity0 with XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity7 ( @entity8 ) is the first choice antiepileptic drug in the treatment of partial @entity4 . Many clinical studies show high efficacy and good tolerance of @entity8 in the majority of @entity0 . However, poor water solubility and erratic absorption as well as autoinduction of its metabolism, cause wide and unpredictable fluctuations in @entity8 serum concentration. In order to avoid these problems controlled-release formulations of @entity8 (Tegretol CR 400) were developed. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the therapy of partial @entity4 in adults with controlled-release @entity8 (Tegretol CR 400). @entity0 AND METHODS: Over a three-year period we conducted an open pragmatic study of controlled-release @entity8 in the therapy of 141 adult @entity0 with established diagnosis of localized related @entity3 . @entity0 with progressive @entity2 were excluded. All @entity0 had unacceptable @entity4 frequency and were divided into four groups: 1) 34 with newly-diagnosed @entity3 ; 2) 42 with chronic @entity3 and no previous antiepileptic medication; 3) 27 with chronic @entity3 previously treated with conventional preparations of @entity7 ( @entity8 ); and 4) 38 with chronic @entity3 previously treated with other antiepileptic medications. @entity0 were switched to controlled-release @entity8 and the dosage was slowly adjusted. Baseline evaluation included the analysis of efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the controlled-release @entity8 therapy. Three categories of efficiency were defined: 1) successful ( @entity0 without @entity4 ); 2) partially successful ( @entity0 with improvement of at least 50% in frequency and severity of @entity4 ); and 3) unsuccessful therapy (same or worse than before controlled-release @entity8 ). Tolerance and practicity were evaluated through the analysis of side effects and frequency of daily doses, respectively. These variables were compared to the corresponding ones after a period of at least three months of full dosage controlled-release @entity8 therapy. RESULTS: In all four groups the therapy was successful in 76%, 52%, 30% and 29%, partially successful in 18%, 43%, 30% and 32%, and unsuccessful in 6%, S%, 40% and 39%, respectfully. Side effects occurred less frequently in all 4 groups during the therapy with controlled-release @entity8 . We found reduced frequency of drug administration (once or twice daily) in 97.9% of our @entity0 . DISCUSSION: Due to its slow and irregular absorption, short half life, wide and unpredictable fluctuation in plasma levels @entity8 has decreased ability to control @entity4 , with the appearance of the intermittent side-effects such as @entity5 , @entity9 , @entity1 and @entity6 . Controlled-release formulation of @entity8 sustains stable absorption and reduces fluctuations in @entity7 serum concentration. Steady serum levels permit to the majority of @entity0 to tolerate a higher total daily dose by reducing peak-dependent side-effects and improve compliance as a result of less frequent daily doses (1 or 2). CONCLUSION: In @entity0 with partial @entity4 controlled-release vs. conventional @entity7 had better efficiency, based on an excellent tolerance, favorable daily dosage and superior compliance.

title: [A practical study of the efficacy of a delayed-action preparation of XXXX ( @entity7 CR 400) in the treatment of @entity0 with @entity3 ].

answer: @entity7


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity7 ( @entity8 ) is the first choice antiepileptic drug in the treatment of partial @entity4 . Many clinical studies show high efficacy and good tolerance of @entity8 in the majority of @entity0 . However, poor water solubility and erratic absorption as well as autoinduction of its metabolism, cause wide and unpredictable fluctuations in @entity8 serum concentration. In order to avoid these problems controlled-release formulations of @entity8 (Tegretol CR 400) were developed. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the therapy of partial @entity4 in adults with controlled-release @entity8 (Tegretol CR 400). @entity0 AND METHODS: Over a three-year period we conducted an open pragmatic study of controlled-release @entity8 in the therapy of 141 adult @entity0 with established diagnosis of localized related @entity3 . @entity0 with progressive @entity2 were excluded. All @entity0 had unacceptable @entity4 frequency and were divided into four groups: 1) 34 with newly-diagnosed @entity3 ; 2) 42 with chronic @entity3 and no previous antiepileptic medication; 3) 27 with chronic @entity3 previously treated with conventional preparations of @entity7 ( @entity8 ); and 4) 38 with chronic @entity3 previously treated with other antiepileptic medications. @entity0 were switched to controlled-release @entity8 and the dosage was slowly adjusted. Baseline evaluation included the analysis of efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the controlled-release @entity8 therapy. Three categories of efficiency were defined: 1) successful ( @entity0 without @entity4 ); 2) partially successful ( @entity0 with improvement of at least 50% in frequency and severity of @entity4 ); and 3) unsuccessful therapy (same or worse than before controlled-release @entity8 ). Tolerance and practicity were evaluated through the analysis of side effects and frequency of daily doses, respectively. These variables were compared to the corresponding ones after a period of at least three months of full dosage controlled-release @entity8 therapy. RESULTS: In all four groups the therapy was successful in 76%, 52%, 30% and 29%, partially successful in 18%, 43%, 30% and 32%, and unsuccessful in 6%, S%, 40% and 39%, respectfully. Side effects occurred less frequently in all 4 groups during the therapy with controlled-release @entity8 . We found reduced frequency of drug administration (once or twice daily) in 97.9% of our @entity0 . DISCUSSION: Due to its slow and irregular absorption, short half life, wide and unpredictable fluctuation in plasma levels @entity8 has decreased ability to control @entity4 , with the appearance of the intermittent side-effects such as @entity5 , @entity9 , @entity1 and @entity6 . Controlled-release formulation of @entity8 sustains stable absorption and reduces fluctuations in @entity7 serum concentration. Steady serum levels permit to the majority of @entity0 to tolerate a higher total daily dose by reducing peak-dependent side-effects and improve compliance as a result of less frequent daily doses (1 or 2). CONCLUSION: In @entity0 with partial @entity4 controlled-release vs. conventional @entity7 had better efficiency, based on an excellent tolerance, favorable daily dosage and superior compliance.

title: [A practical study of the efficacy of a delayed-action preparation of @entity7 ( XXXX CR 400) in the treatment of @entity0 with @entity3 ].

answer: @entity7


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity7 ( @entity8 ) is the first choice antiepileptic drug in the treatment of partial @entity4 . Many clinical studies show high efficacy and good tolerance of @entity8 in the majority of @entity0 . However, poor water solubility and erratic absorption as well as autoinduction of its metabolism, cause wide and unpredictable fluctuations in @entity8 serum concentration. In order to avoid these problems controlled-release formulations of @entity8 (Tegretol CR 400) were developed. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the therapy of partial @entity4 in adults with controlled-release @entity8 (Tegretol CR 400). @entity0 AND METHODS: Over a three-year period we conducted an open pragmatic study of controlled-release @entity8 in the therapy of 141 adult @entity0 with established diagnosis of localized related @entity3 . @entity0 with progressive @entity2 were excluded. All @entity0 had unacceptable @entity4 frequency and were divided into four groups: 1) 34 with newly-diagnosed @entity3 ; 2) 42 with chronic @entity3 and no previous antiepileptic medication; 3) 27 with chronic @entity3 previously treated with conventional preparations of @entity7 ( @entity8 ); and 4) 38 with chronic @entity3 previously treated with other antiepileptic medications. @entity0 were switched to controlled-release @entity8 and the dosage was slowly adjusted. Baseline evaluation included the analysis of efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the controlled-release @entity8 therapy. Three categories of efficiency were defined: 1) successful ( @entity0 without @entity4 ); 2) partially successful ( @entity0 with improvement of at least 50% in frequency and severity of @entity4 ); and 3) unsuccessful therapy (same or worse than before controlled-release @entity8 ). Tolerance and practicity were evaluated through the analysis of side effects and frequency of daily doses, respectively. These variables were compared to the corresponding ones after a period of at least three months of full dosage controlled-release @entity8 therapy. RESULTS: In all four groups the therapy was successful in 76%, 52%, 30% and 29%, partially successful in 18%, 43%, 30% and 32%, and unsuccessful in 6%, S%, 40% and 39%, respectfully. Side effects occurred less frequently in all 4 groups during the therapy with controlled-release @entity8 . We found reduced frequency of drug administration (once or twice daily) in 97.9% of our @entity0 . DISCUSSION: Due to its slow and irregular absorption, short half life, wide and unpredictable fluctuation in plasma levels @entity8 has decreased ability to control @entity4 , with the appearance of the intermittent side-effects such as @entity5 , @entity9 , @entity1 and @entity6 . Controlled-release formulation of @entity8 sustains stable absorption and reduces fluctuations in @entity7 serum concentration. Steady serum levels permit to the majority of @entity0 to tolerate a higher total daily dose by reducing peak-dependent side-effects and improve compliance as a result of less frequent daily doses (1 or 2). CONCLUSION: In @entity0 with partial @entity4 controlled-release vs. conventional @entity7 had better efficiency, based on an excellent tolerance, favorable daily dosage and superior compliance.

title: [A practical study of the efficacy of a delayed-action preparation of @entity7 ( @entity7 CR 400) in the treatment of XXXX with @entity3 ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the amount of @entity2 , in various particle size ranges, delivered from a @entity3 -propelled metered-dose inhaler (Airomir) in 3 models of pediatric intubation (ages 8 months, 4 years, and 16 years) using 4 types of aerosol reservoir: 3 spacers ( @entity1 , AeroChamber HC MV, metal NebuChamber without 1-way valve) and 1 holding chamber (metal NebuChamber with 1-way valve). METHODS: Five reservoirs of each type were tested with @entity2 delivered via metered-dose inhaler that delivers 100 microg of @entity2 per actuation. Each reservoir was connected to an endotracheal tube (ETT) that corresponded to the given @entity0 age (8 months = 4 French; 4 years = 5 French; 16 years = 7.5 French) and to a valved system that allowed connection of the ETT to a cascade impactor. Simulated tidal volumes representative of @entity0 of the given ages were passed through the reservoir. Both the cascade impactor and the ETT were enclosed within a 100% humidity, 37 degrees C environment. RESULTS: For the total amount of @entity2 inhaled onto the impactor, and both the 1.1-4.7 microm and 1.1-3.3 microm inhaled fine-particle fractions, the NebuChamber-with-valve showed significantly greater drug delivery than the NebuChamber-without-valve, the AeroChamber HC MV, or the @entity1 (p < 0.001). Among the reservoirs without valves the NebuChamber showed significantly greater delivery than the AeroChamber HC MV or @entity1 (p < 0.001) for total drug deposition and for both the 1.1-4.7 microm and 1.1-3.3 microm fine-particle fractions. These results were consistent over all age groups. The AeroChamber HC MV had significantly greater delivery (total deposition) than the @entity1 (p < 0.001), except in the 4-year-old model. There were no significant differences between the AeroChamber HC MV and the @entity1 for either the 1.1-4.7 microm or the 1.1-3.3 microm fine-particle fraction. CONCLUSION: An aerosol reservoir with 1-way valve positioned between the spacer and the ETT improved the amount of inhaled @entity2 300-900%, compared to the other reservoirs.

title: XXXX aerosol delivered via metered-dose inhaler to intubated pediatric models of 3 ages, with 4 spacer designs.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To measure @entity3 discordance among migrant and non-migrant @entity0 and their rural partners, and to estimate the relative risk of @entity1 from inside versus outside primary relationships. DESIGN: A cross-sectional behavioural and @entity3 seroprevalence survey among 168 couples in which the male partner either a migrant, or not. METHODS: A detailed questionnaire was administered and blood was collected for laboratory analysis. A mathematical model was developed to estimate the relative risk of @entity1 from inside versus from outside regular relationships. RESULTS: A total of 70% (117 of 168) of couples were negatively concordant for @entity2 , 9% (16 of 168) were positively concordant and 21% (35 of 168) were discordant. Migrant couples were more likely than non-migrant couples to have one or both partners infected [35 versus 19%; P = 0.026; odds ratio (OR) = 2.28] and to be @entity3 discordant (27 versus 15%; P = 0.066; OR = 2.06). In 71.4% of discordant couples, the male was the infected partner; this did not differ by migration status. In the mathematical model, migrant @entity0 were 26 times more likely to be infected from outside their regular relationships than from inside [relative risk (RR) = 26.3; P = 0.000]; non-migrant @entity0 were 10 times more likely to be infected from outside their regular relationships than inside (RR = 10.5; P = 0.00003). CONCLUSIONS: Migration continues to play an important role in the spread of @entity3 in South Africa. The direction of spread of the epidemic is not only from returning migrant @entity0 to their rural partners, but also from @entity0 to their migrant partners. Prevention efforts will need to target both migrant @entity0 and @entity0 who remain at home.

title: Who infects whom? XXXX concordance and discordance among migrant and non-migrant couples in South Africa.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Secondary infection of the inflamed pancreas is the principal cause of @entity2 after severe acute @entity4 (AP). Although @entity0 are not always managed early in the course of AP in clinical practice, prophylactic antibiotics that were used in experimental studies in @entity1 were always initiated early after induction of @entity4 . The effectiveness of antibiotics initiated later is unknown. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of @entity5 and @entity6 initiated early versus later in the course of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in @entity1 . METHODS: 100 @entity1 were studied. @entity3 was induced in @entity1 by intraductal injection of 3% @entity7 . @entity1 were divided randomly into five groups: group I @entity1 received normal saline as a placebo, group II and IV @entity1 received three times daily @entity6 60 mg/kg i.p. at 2 and 24 h, respectively and group III and V @entity1 received twice daily @entity5 50 mg/kg i.p. at 2 and 24 h, respectively, after induction. At 96 h, all @entity1 were killed for quantitative bacteriologic study. A point-scoring system of histological features was used to evaluate the severity of @entity4 . RESULTS: @entity6 and @entity5 initiated 2 h after induction of @entity4 significantly reduced the prevalence of @entity4 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.04, respectively) as compared to controls. Neither of the antibiotics initiated later during the course of AP caused a significant decrease in @entity4 in @entity1 (p > 0.05). Although the @entity1 treated early infected less frequently than the @entity1 treated later, the comparison reached statistical significance only in the @entity6 group (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: Early antibiotic treatment reduces @entity4 more efficiently than late antibiotic treatment in @entity3 in @entity1 .

title: Is late antibiotic prophylaxis effective in the prevention of secondary XXXX ?

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the standard treatment for symptomatic @entity7 . The perforation of @entity3 , bile and stone spillage, @entity1 to bile duct are the most common complications of LC. This study was carried out to assess the outcome of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) during LC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1991 and 2001, intraoperative @entity3 occurred in 48 @entity0 during LC among 336 @entity0 who were operated on for acute @entity6 in 14, and for chronic @entity6 in 322. RESULTS: Perforation was observed in 48 @entity0 (14%). Perforation occurred during traction and grasping in 36 @entity0 (75%), dissection of @entity3 in 8 @entity0 (16%), and @entity3 in 4 @entity0 (8%). @entity4 occurred in 40 @entity0 (83%) while bile and stone spillage was present in 8 @entity0 (16%). During the follow-up period, a @entity0 was diagnosed with a @entity2 on the 15th postoperative day and percutaneous drainage was performed. CONCLUSIONS: During LC careful attention must be taken in order to prevent perforation, and the procedure must be performed by experienced surgeons with adequate instrumentations. If perforation occurs, extensive prompt retrieval of the bile and stone spillage must be done along with abundant irrigation. In case of inadequate @entity5 and irrigation, the @entity0 must be closely followed.

title: The outcome of XXXX during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Identifying the cause of @entity3 can be difficult because of the extensive differential diagnosis. A thorough history and a complete physical examination are essential. Six clinical factors are helpful in narrowing the possible causes: disease chronology, @entity1 , distribution, extra-articular manifestations, disease course, and @entity0 demographics. @entity0 with an @entity8 are more likely to have palpable @entity7 and morning stiffness; if the condition is severe, they may have @entity4 , @entity5 , and @entity10 . @entity11 , crystal-induced @entity8 , and serum sickness reactions are common causes of acute, self-limited @entity8 . Because chronic arthritides may present abruptly, they need to be considered in @entity0 who present with acute @entity3 . Joint palpation can help to distinguish inflammatory @entity7 from the bony @entity9 and crepitus that typically occur with @entity6 . Extra-articular manifestations of @entity2 may be helpful in arriving at a more specific diagnosis. Many classic rheumatologic laboratory tests are nonspecific. A complete blood count, urinalysis, and a metabolic panel may provide more useful diagnostic clues. Plain-film radiographs may demonstrate classic findings of specific @entity2 ; however, radiographs can be normal or only show nonspecific changes early in the disease process.

title: Diagnostic approach to XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Using data from @entity0 who developed elevations in serum @entity2 concentrations while receiving continuous-infusion @entity4 , we sought to determine the correlations between the magnitude of serum @entity2 concentration rise and each of the following variables: serum @entity3 level, cumulative @entity4 dose, and duration of @entity4 administration. An additional objective was to identify clinical markers for @entity3 @entity1 . DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Medical-surgical intensive care unit and burn unit at a university hospital. @entity0 : Eight @entity0 who developed elevations in serum @entity2 concentrations while receiving continuous-infusion @entity4 (range 2-28 mg/hr). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The mean cumulative dose of @entity4 was 4305 mg (range 1200-10,920 mg), and the mean @entity3 level determined at the time of peak serum @entity2 concentration was 1103 microg/ml (range 186-3450 microg/ml). Serum @entity2 concentrations increased in all eight @entity0 during @entity4 infusion and decreased in seven within 3 days after stopping infusion. A weak-to-moderate correlation existed between the magnitude of the rise in serum @entity2 concentration and @entity3 level (r=0.53). A weak-to-moderate correlation also was identified between cumulative @entity4 dose and magnitude of serum @entity2 concentration rise (r=0.43), and a strong-to-moderate correlation was found between duration of @entity4 infusion and magnitude of serum @entity2 concentration rise (r=0.60). @entity3 levels were strongly correlated with both serum osmolality and osmol gap. CONCLUSION: The patients' increased serum @entity2 concentrations are likely to have resulted from exposure to @entity3 as a result of @entity4 infusion. Serum osmolality and osmol gap may be useful markers for @entity3 @entity1 .

title: XXXX -associated renal toxicity from @entity4 infusion.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Using data from @entity0 who developed elevations in serum @entity2 concentrations while receiving continuous-infusion @entity4 , we sought to determine the correlations between the magnitude of serum @entity2 concentration rise and each of the following variables: serum @entity3 level, cumulative @entity4 dose, and duration of @entity4 administration. An additional objective was to identify clinical markers for @entity3 @entity1 . DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Medical-surgical intensive care unit and burn unit at a university hospital. @entity0 : Eight @entity0 who developed elevations in serum @entity2 concentrations while receiving continuous-infusion @entity4 (range 2-28 mg/hr). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The mean cumulative dose of @entity4 was 4305 mg (range 1200-10,920 mg), and the mean @entity3 level determined at the time of peak serum @entity2 concentration was 1103 microg/ml (range 186-3450 microg/ml). Serum @entity2 concentrations increased in all eight @entity0 during @entity4 infusion and decreased in seven within 3 days after stopping infusion. A weak-to-moderate correlation existed between the magnitude of the rise in serum @entity2 concentration and @entity3 level (r=0.53). A weak-to-moderate correlation also was identified between cumulative @entity4 dose and magnitude of serum @entity2 concentration rise (r=0.43), and a strong-to-moderate correlation was found between duration of @entity4 infusion and magnitude of serum @entity2 concentration rise (r=0.60). @entity3 levels were strongly correlated with both serum osmolality and osmol gap. CONCLUSION: The patients' increased serum @entity2 concentrations are likely to have resulted from exposure to @entity3 as a result of @entity4 infusion. Serum osmolality and osmol gap may be useful markers for @entity3 @entity1 .

title: @entity3 -associated renal toxicity from XXXX infusion.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: The comparatively high acquisition costs of the newer antipsychotic medications have caused the mental health community to look closely at their potential benefits. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to perform a naturalistic analysis of changes in mental health service utilization, economic costs, and clinical outcomes after the initiation of @entity2 therapy for @entity1 in an indigent @entity0 population from a large county-operated mental health care system. METHODS: This was a prospective, uncontrolled investigation using a mirror-image cohort design. All captured costs from @entity0 who began @entity2 therapy between November 1, 1996, and April 30, 1998, were analyzed in an intent-to-treat fashion to compare resource utilization in the 12 months immediately before and after the intervention. Clinical function was assessed at baseline and 6 months using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). In a subgroup analysis, the baseline characteristics of @entity0 who completed 12 months of @entity2 treatment were compared with those of @entity0 who (1) changed medication or (2) changed pay or source or were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-nine @entity0 were started on @entity2 treatment during the 18-month study entry phase. @entity0 were primarily male (63.5%) and had a mean age of 35.9 years. Most (66.3%) had a formal diagnosis of thought disorder. Fifty-six @entity0 received @entity2 for 12 consecutive months, and 22 were switched to other psychotropic medications. Of the remaining 111 @entity0 , 70 changed payors (ie, qualified for Medicaid), and 41 were lost to follow-up. In the subgroup analysis, @entity0 who completed 12 months of treatment (ie, responders) had significantly lower mean PANSS total scores at baseline compared with those who changed payors or were lost to follow-up (P = 0.047), and were significantly more likely to have a formal diagnosis of thought disorder (P = 0.039). Responders demonstrated a significant reduction in PANSS total and negative subscale scores at 6-month follow-up (both measures, P < 0.001). In the intent-to-treat analysis of resource utilization in all @entity0 with complete data sets (n = 78), hospitalization costs and crisis costs decreased significantly during the 12-month follow-up period (P = 0.003 and P = 0.009, respectively), and both outpatient and medication costs increased significantly (P = 0.035 and P < 0.001, respectively). Overall, the change in total annual resource utilization during the 12 months after initiation of @entity2 was not statistically significant (mean decrease per @entity0 ,  1,991; 95% CI, - 5,258 to  1,122). CONCLUSIONS: Initiation of @entity2 therapy was associated with favorable clinical outcomes in this population, particularly in @entity0 with a formal diagnosis of thought disorder. Overall, there was a cost shift away from hospital and crisis costs toward medication and outpatient services costs. The decline in total resource utilization was not statistically significant, although it may be of practical importance.

title: Clinical and economic outcomes associated with XXXX for the treatment of @entity1 in a county mental health population.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The comparatively high acquisition costs of the newer antipsychotic medications have caused the mental health community to look closely at their potential benefits. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to perform a naturalistic analysis of changes in mental health service utilization, economic costs, and clinical outcomes after the initiation of @entity2 therapy for @entity1 in an indigent @entity0 population from a large county-operated mental health care system. METHODS: This was a prospective, uncontrolled investigation using a mirror-image cohort design. All captured costs from @entity0 who began @entity2 therapy between November 1, 1996, and April 30, 1998, were analyzed in an intent-to-treat fashion to compare resource utilization in the 12 months immediately before and after the intervention. Clinical function was assessed at baseline and 6 months using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). In a subgroup analysis, the baseline characteristics of @entity0 who completed 12 months of @entity2 treatment were compared with those of @entity0 who (1) changed medication or (2) changed pay or source or were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-nine @entity0 were started on @entity2 treatment during the 18-month study entry phase. @entity0 were primarily male (63.5%) and had a mean age of 35.9 years. Most (66.3%) had a formal diagnosis of thought disorder. Fifty-six @entity0 received @entity2 for 12 consecutive months, and 22 were switched to other psychotropic medications. Of the remaining 111 @entity0 , 70 changed payors (ie, qualified for Medicaid), and 41 were lost to follow-up. In the subgroup analysis, @entity0 who completed 12 months of treatment (ie, responders) had significantly lower mean PANSS total scores at baseline compared with those who changed payors or were lost to follow-up (P = 0.047), and were significantly more likely to have a formal diagnosis of thought disorder (P = 0.039). Responders demonstrated a significant reduction in PANSS total and negative subscale scores at 6-month follow-up (both measures, P < 0.001). In the intent-to-treat analysis of resource utilization in all @entity0 with complete data sets (n = 78), hospitalization costs and crisis costs decreased significantly during the 12-month follow-up period (P = 0.003 and P = 0.009, respectively), and both outpatient and medication costs increased significantly (P = 0.035 and P < 0.001, respectively). Overall, the change in total annual resource utilization during the 12 months after initiation of @entity2 was not statistically significant (mean decrease per @entity0 ,  1,991; 95% CI, - 5,258 to  1,122). CONCLUSIONS: Initiation of @entity2 therapy was associated with favorable clinical outcomes in this population, particularly in @entity0 with a formal diagnosis of thought disorder. Overall, there was a cost shift away from hospital and crisis costs toward medication and outpatient services costs. The decline in total resource utilization was not statistically significant, although it may be of practical importance.

title: Clinical and economic outcomes associated with @entity2 for the treatment of XXXX in a county mental health population.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted a 3-year, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to determine whether the positive effects of hormone/ @entity1 replacement therapy (H/ERT) on postcranial bone density are accompanied by similar positive effects on oral bone mass. METHODS: A total of 135 postmenopausal @entity0 (aged 41-70 years) with no evidence of moderate or severe @entity2 were randomized to receive daily oral conjugated @entity1 ( @entity8 ; 0.625 mg) alone or in combination with @entity7 (Prempro; 0.625 and 2.5 mg, respectively) or placebo. All subjects received @entity5 (1000 mg/d) and @entity3 (400 [corrected] IU/d) supplements. The primary efficacy end points were the changes in @entity4 height and alveolar bone density. @entity4 height was measured on bite-wing radiographs, and changes in alveolar bone mass were assessed by means of digital-subtraction radiography. Postcranial bone density was measured in the lumbar spine and left proximal femur by means of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: @entity6 / @entity1 replacement therapy significantly increased alveolar bone mass compared with placebo (+1.84% vs +0.95% [P =.04]), and tended to improve @entity4 height (+4.83% vs +3.46% [P =.34]). Bone mineral density of the proximal femur significantly increased in the H/ERT compared with the placebo group (total proximal femur, +3.59% vs +0.22% [P =.001]; neck, +2.05% vs -0.34% [P =.02]; trochanter, +3.49% vs +0.08% [P<.001]), but not the lumbar spine (+1.01% vs +0.17% [P =.39]). Changes in alveolar bone mass correlated with bone density changes in the total femur (r = 0.28 [P =.02]) and femoral trochanter (r = 0.25 [P =.04]) in the H/ERT but not in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Postcranial and oral bone mass were increased in postmenopausal @entity0 receiving H/ERT. Improvement in oral bone health constitutes an additional benefit of H/ERT.

title: Alveolar and postcranial bone density in postmenopausal @entity0 receiving hormone/ XXXX replacement therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted a 3-year, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to determine whether the positive effects of hormone/ @entity1 replacement therapy (H/ERT) on postcranial bone density are accompanied by similar positive effects on oral bone mass. METHODS: A total of 135 postmenopausal @entity0 (aged 41-70 years) with no evidence of moderate or severe @entity2 were randomized to receive daily oral conjugated @entity1 ( @entity8 ; 0.625 mg) alone or in combination with @entity7 (Prempro; 0.625 and 2.5 mg, respectively) or placebo. All subjects received @entity5 (1000 mg/d) and @entity3 (400 [corrected] IU/d) supplements. The primary efficacy end points were the changes in @entity4 height and alveolar bone density. @entity4 height was measured on bite-wing radiographs, and changes in alveolar bone mass were assessed by means of digital-subtraction radiography. Postcranial bone density was measured in the lumbar spine and left proximal femur by means of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: @entity6 / @entity1 replacement therapy significantly increased alveolar bone mass compared with placebo (+1.84% vs +0.95% [P =.04]), and tended to improve @entity4 height (+4.83% vs +3.46% [P =.34]). Bone mineral density of the proximal femur significantly increased in the H/ERT compared with the placebo group (total proximal femur, +3.59% vs +0.22% [P =.001]; neck, +2.05% vs -0.34% [P =.02]; trochanter, +3.49% vs +0.08% [P<.001]), but not the lumbar spine (+1.01% vs +0.17% [P =.39]). Changes in alveolar bone mass correlated with bone density changes in the total femur (r = 0.28 [P =.02]) and femoral trochanter (r = 0.25 [P =.04]) in the H/ERT but not in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Postcranial and oral bone mass were increased in postmenopausal @entity0 receiving H/ERT. Improvement in oral bone health constitutes an additional benefit of H/ERT.

title: Alveolar and postcranial bone density in postmenopausal XXXX receiving hormone/ @entity1 replacement therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9 is a collection of pus between the lungs and the chest wall. Approximately 50% of cases complicate @entity2 . There are a variety of treatment options ranging from intravenous antibiotics alone to open thoracotomy and debridement, depending in part on the stage of the @entity8 and the severity. The condition changes with time, becoming loculated and more difficult to drain. There is much debate about the most appropriate therapy particularly with the advent of new treatments such as fibrinolytic enzymes (e.g. streptokinase, urokinase) and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). OBJECTIVES: To determine which is more effective for the management of @entity8 : surgical (e.g. thoracoscopy, thoracotomy) or non-surgical techniques (e.g. thoracocentesis, chest tube drainage) and to establish whether there is an optimum time for intervention. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and DARE database were searched in addition to the Cochrane Acute @entity7 Group's own register of trials. A specialised topic search with no language restrictions was used to search MEDLINE and EMBASE using Silverplatter. Bibliographies and the reference lists of identified studies and review articles were handsearched. Personal communication with authors and experts in the field is ongoing. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of surgical techniques versus non-surgical approaches for treatment of pus in the @entity6 in @entity0 and adults but not neonates. Studies of @entity8 associated with @entity5 or @entity1 were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial quality was assessed using Jadad criteria as recommended by the ARI group (Jadad 1996). The primary outcomes were @entity4 or resolution of the @entity8 . Secondary outcomes addressed length of time chest tubes were required, @entity3 , hospital stay and any complications. MAIN RESULTS: Only one small randomised study was identified which met the inclusion criteria. It was conducted in a university thoracic surgery department. There were some methodological quality considerations which cast some doubt on validity ( @entity0 selection, unclear allocation concealment and outcome assessor blinding) and it scored 'B' overall (Jadad score 3). The main results of the study were that when compared with chest tube drainage combined with streptokinase, the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) group had a significantly higher primary treatment success and spent less time in hospital. Each group suffered one mortality. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: It would appear that for large, loculated @entity9 VATS is superior to chest tube drainage with streptokinase in terms of duration of chest tubes and hospital stay. However there are questions about validity and the study is also too small to draw conclusions. There are risks of complications (associated with all treatments) which may not apparent with small numbers. VATS is performed under general anaesthetic and one lung ventilation. Fibrinolytics are also associated with side effects. Further larger multicentre studies need to be conducted.

title: Surgical versus non-surgical management of XXXX .

answer: @entity9


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 is a frequently reported condition in active adults. A wide variety of conservative treatment strategies have been described. As yet, no optimal strategy has been identified. Application of orthotic devices e.g. knee braces, knee straps, forms of taping of the knee, active training devices, knee sleeves and in-shoe orthotics to support the foot have been advocated to treat this condition. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of foot and knee orthotics for treatment of @entity1 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register (December 2001), the Cochrane Controlled Trials register (Issue 2, 2000), MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2000; EMBASE (January 1988 to March 2000); CINAHL (January 1982 to March 2000) and PEDro (up to March 2000). Relevant orthotic companies were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing the effectiveness of knee or foot orthotics for treatment of @entity1 were selected. Trials describing the use of orthotic devices in conjunction with operative treatment were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three reviewers independently assessed methodological quality of the identified trials by use of a modified version of the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group assessment tool, consisting 11 items. Two reviewers extracted data without blinding. Trialists were contacted to obtain missing data. MAIN RESULTS: Five trials involving 362 @entity0 were included in this review. Five other trials await possible inclusion if further information can be obtained and one awaits further assessment. Due to clinical heterogeneity, we refrained from statistical pooling and conducted analysis by grading the strength of scientific evidence. The level of obtained research-based evidence was graded as limited as all trials were of low methodological quality. This limited research-based evidence showed the Protonics orthosis at six week follow-up was significantly more effective for decrease in @entity1 ( @entity2 ( @entity2 ) between groups 3.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8 to 3.6), functional improvement on the Kujala score ( @entity2 45.6; 95% CI 43.4 to 47.7) and change in patellofemoral congruence angle ( @entity2 17.2; 95% CI 14.1 to 20.3) when compared to no treatment. A comprehensive programme including tape application was significantly superior to a monitored exercise programme without tape application for decrease in worst @entity1 ( @entity2 1.6; 95% CI 0.4 to 2.8) and @entity1 ( @entity2 1.2; 95% CI 0.2 to 2.1), and clinical change and functional improvement questionnaire scores ( @entity2 10, 95% CI 2.07 to 17.93) at four weeks follow-up. The trials reported statistically significant differences in @entity0 satisfaction after applied therapy ( @entity2 3.3; 95% CI 0.5 to 6.1) in favour of the McConnell regimen compared with the Coumans bandage at six weeks follow-up. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The evidence from randomised controlled trials is currently too limited to draw definitive conclusions about the use of knee and foot orthotics for the treatment of @entity1 . Future high quality trials in this field are warranted.

title: Orthotic devices for treating XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Studies regarding extinction and spontaneous recovery of the discriminative stimulus effects of drugs are limited. Eight @entity0 were initially trained to discriminate @entity2 (0.4 mg/kg) vs. @entity1 (800 mg/kg). For four @entity0 , itraperitaneal (IP) administrations of @entity2 fifteen minutes prior to fifteen-minute training sessions served as a discriminative stimulus (SD) for predicting food-reinforced lever pressing (VI-1 min). On other sessions @entity1 functioned in predicting nonreinforcement (SA). The stimulus roles of the drugs were counterbalanced for the remaining four @entity0 . SA and SD sessions alternated quasi-randomly with two daily sessions at 1000 and 1400 hours. Discriminative control was not disrupted following ten extinction sessions under a non-drug/saline condition, but was disrupted following extinction sessions under the original training drugs. Instances of spontaneous recovery (SR) occurred throughout extinction under the drug condtions. There was no evidence for SR two weeks following extinction, but partial recovery four weeks following the final extinction phase. Contextual status (context renewal) had neither a restorative or disruptive impact on extinguished or discriminated responding, respectively. These results support and extend the limited number of other studies by demonstrating extinction and spontaneous recovery of responding discriminated by two distinct drugs. Some theoretical interpretations regarding history effects and training in the context of drug discrimination are entertained.

title: XXXX vs. @entity1 discrimination: extinction and spontaneous recovery of responding.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Studies regarding extinction and spontaneous recovery of the discriminative stimulus effects of drugs are limited. Eight @entity0 were initially trained to discriminate @entity2 (0.4 mg/kg) vs. @entity1 (800 mg/kg). For four @entity0 , itraperitaneal (IP) administrations of @entity2 fifteen minutes prior to fifteen-minute training sessions served as a discriminative stimulus (SD) for predicting food-reinforced lever pressing (VI-1 min). On other sessions @entity1 functioned in predicting nonreinforcement (SA). The stimulus roles of the drugs were counterbalanced for the remaining four @entity0 . SA and SD sessions alternated quasi-randomly with two daily sessions at 1000 and 1400 hours. Discriminative control was not disrupted following ten extinction sessions under a non-drug/saline condition, but was disrupted following extinction sessions under the original training drugs. Instances of spontaneous recovery (SR) occurred throughout extinction under the drug condtions. There was no evidence for SR two weeks following extinction, but partial recovery four weeks following the final extinction phase. Contextual status (context renewal) had neither a restorative or disruptive impact on extinguished or discriminated responding, respectively. These results support and extend the limited number of other studies by demonstrating extinction and spontaneous recovery of responding discriminated by two distinct drugs. Some theoretical interpretations regarding history effects and training in the context of drug discrimination are entertained.

title: @entity2 vs. XXXX discrimination: extinction and spontaneous recovery of responding.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare linear array endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and helical computed tomography (CT) scan in the preoperative local staging evaluation of @entity0 with @entity2 . METHODS: @entity0 evaluated with EUS and CT for suspected @entity2 from 1996 to 2000 were analyzed. Surgical/pathology staging results were the reference standard. RESULTS: Forty-eight @entity0 (28 @entity0 and 20 @entity0 ; mean age, 62 +/- 4.9 years; range, 18-90 years) were identified. @entity2 was histologically confirmed in 44 @entity0 . Parameters evaluated included @entity2 size, lymph node @entity1 , and major vascular invasion. EUS was significantly more sensitive (100%), specific (75%), and accurate (98%) than helical CT (68%, 50%, and 67%, respectively) for evaluation of the periampullary mass (P <.05). In addition, EUS detected regional lymph node @entity1 in more @entity0 than helical CT. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of EUS were 61%, 100%, and 84%, in comparison to 33%, 92%, and 68%, respectively, with CT. Major vascular involvement was noted in 9 of 44 @entity0 . EUS correctly identified vascular involvement in 100% compared with 45% with CT (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: Linear array EUS was consistently superior to helical CT in the preoperative local staging of @entity2 .

title: Comparison of linear array endoscopic ultrasound and helical computed tomography for the staging of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The muscular-hydrostat model of tongue function proposes a constant interaction of extrinsic (external bony attachment, insertion into base of tongue) and intrinsic (origin and insertion within the tongue) tongue muscles in all tongue movements (Kier WM and Smith KK. Zool J Linn Soc 83: 207-324, 1985). Yet, research that examines the respiratory-related effects of tongue function in mammals continues to focus almost exclusively on the respiratory control and function of the extrinsic tongue protrusor muscle, the genioglossus muscle. The respiratory control and function of the intrinsic tongue muscles are unknown. Our purpose was to determine whether intrinsic tongue muscles have a respiration-related activity pattern and whether intrinsic tongue muscles are coactivated with extrinsic tongue muscles in response to respiratory-related sensory stimuli. Esophageal pressure and electromyographic (EMG) activity of an extrinsic tongue muscle (hyoglossus), an intrinsic tongue muscle (superior longitudinal), and an external intercostal muscle were studied in anesthetized, tracheotomized, spontaneously breathing @entity0 . Mean inspiratory EMG activity was compared at five levels of inspired @entity1 . Intrinsic tongue muscles were often quiescent during eupnea but active during @entity2 , whereas extrinsic tongue muscles were active in both eupnea and @entity2 . During @entity2 , the activities of the airway muscles were largely coincident, although the onset of extrinsic muscle activity generally preceded the onset of intrinsic muscle activation. Our findings provide evidence, in an in vivo rodent preparation, of respiratory modulation of motoneurons supplying intrinsic tongue muscles. Distinctions noted between intrinsic and extrinsic activities could be due to differences in motoneuron properties or the central, respiration-related control of each motoneuron population.

title: Coordination of intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles during spontaneous breathing in the XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore whether gender differences exist in health-related quality of life for older adult @entity0 and @entity0 with @entity2 . DESIGN: A secondary data analysis was conducted on an existing dataset of @entity2 @entity0 . The original study used an exploratory, correlational longitudinal design. SUBJECTS: 138 subjects (69 @entity0 and 69 @entity0 ) with @entity2 completed both data points of the study. RESULTS: @entity0 and @entity0 were similar on the number and types of @entity2 -related symptoms they experienced. Twenty-seven percent of the subjects could be classified as depressed. The @entity0 had better physical functioning than the @entity0 did with gender making a greater contribution to physical functioning than age or marital status. Twenty-three percent of the subjects were rehospitalized 4 to 6 weeks after the initial hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the health related quality of life for older @entity0 and @entity0 with @entity2 is significantly impacted by @entity2 . Older @entity0 and @entity0 have similar @entity2 , @entity1 , and rehospitalization following a hospital admission for @entity2 . Both older @entity0 and older @entity0 with @entity2 have impairments in their physical functioning with older @entity0 more physically impaired than older @entity0 .

title: Gender differences in the health related quality of life of older adults with XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze 2 sizes of expanded @entity2 ( @entity2 ) upper arm grafts for dialysis: 8 millimeters, tapered to 6 mm at the arterial side, and 6 millimeters. All upper arm PTFE grafts (Gore-Tex(R)) were performed between January 1981 and April 1997. @entity0 characteristics, complication rate, and patency rates were compared for both kind of grafts. Five hundred and seven PTFE grafts were analyzed (183 6-mm grafts and 324 6- to 8-mm grafts). Early failure was found in 5 grafts (2.7%) in 6-mm grafts, and in 5 grafts (1.5%) in 8-mm grafts (not significant). @entity3 was found in 1 @entity0 (0.5%) of the 6-mm group, and in 11 (3.4%) of the 8-mm grafts (p=0.085). The rate of late complications requiring surgical repair was 0.56 episode per graft-year in the 6-mm grafts group, and 0.33 in the 8-mm grafts (p<0.001). Primary patency rates of 6-mm grafts were 72%, 33%, and 19% at 1, 3, and 5 years; and secondary patency rates were 86%, 68%, 56%, and 44% at 1, 3, 5, and 6 years, respectively. In the 8-mm grafts group, primary patency rates were 77%, 52%, and 39% at 1, 3, and 5 years; and secondary patency rates were 92%, 84%, 73%, and 66% at 1, 3, 5, and 6 years, respectively. Comparison of patency rates of 6-mm and 8-mm grafts were statistically significant (p<0.001) for both primary and secondary curves. However, secondary survival curves were similar for both kind of grafts in a subpopulation of @entity1 @entity0 . The authors conclude that the 8-mm graft, tapered to 6 mm at the arterial side, is a dialysis graft with fewer complications and a better patency rate than grafts of 6 mm placed in the same anatomical position, at least in a population of nondiabetic @entity0 . @entity3 was observed in some cases of @entity1 and older @entity0 with a large-bore graft. Thus, this kind of prosthesis should be avoided in this population. On the other hand, this is not a prospective, randomized study made with any intention for comparison. Therefore, the aforementioned conclusions must be cautiously considered.

title: Upper arm XXXX grafts for dialysis access. Analysis of two different graft sizes: 6 mm and 6-8 mm.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find the incidence of @entity2 according to the ILAR and EULAR criteria within defined areas in the Nordic countries, and to study the validity of the ILAR and EULAR criteria from this perspective. METHOD: A longitudinal, prospective, population based study with @entity0 enrolled according to the ILAR and EULAR criteria. Twenty doctors in Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland collected data from the incidence cases within their catchment areas over a period of 1.5 years, beginning July 1, 1997. Clinical and serological data from the first year of the disease were collected. RESULTS: In the whole group of 315 @entity0 , the incidence rate was 15 per 100,000 @entity0 /year (95% CI 13-17) according to the ILAR criteria, varying from 7 (1-13) in Iceland, 19 (7-31) and 23 (10-36) from 2 different regions in Norway, and 9 (5-12) and 16 (9-23) from 2 different areas in Denmark, to 15 (12-18) in Sweden and 21/100,000/year (15-26) in the Helsinki region in Finland. An early peak in distribution for age of onset was found in @entity0 but not in @entity0 . The number of antinuclear antibody (ANA) positive @entity0 in the whole group, made up of @entity0 who had undergone at least one analyzed ANA test, was 123/315 (39%). @entity0 were ANA positive in 83/197 (42%) and @entity0 in 40/118 (34%). @entity3 developed in 27/315 (8.6%) @entity0 during the first 6 months of the disease. CONCLUSION: Incidence rates of @entity2 for areas within the Nordic countries were in accord with previous data. The ILAR criteria present slightly higher incidence rates, with a @entity1 duration for inclusion, compared to the EULAR criteria. @entity0 in one subgroup in either of the criteria sets do not necessarily belong to the expected subgroup in the other set of criteria; e.g., for juvenile @entity4 (EULAR) and @entity5 related @entity2 (ILAR). Our epidemiological findings are a reminder to be aware of possible new subgroups in @entity0 with @entity2 .

title: Incidence of XXXX in the Nordic countries. A population based study with special reference to the validity of the ILAR and EULAR criteria.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To grade prostatic @entity2 according to the Gleason's Grading System and see whether the frequency of incidental @entity2 is significant. METHOD: Retrospective study of all consecutive cases of @entity3 diagnosed at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) between January 1st, 1996 and December 31st, 1999. SETTING: The histopathology section of AKUH, Karachi. OBSERVATION: @entity3 comprised 14.2% of all prostate specimens. There were 3 types of specimens i.e. transurethral resection, suprapubic prostatectomies and core biopsies. The mean age was 72.1 years; 68.1% @entity0 were 65 years or older. The majority of the @entity1 were moderately differentiated (Gleason's scores 5,6 or 7). Grading was not possible in most core biopsies. The frequency of incidental @entity2 was 31.4%. CONCLUSION: Majority of @entity1 were moderate to poorly differentiated, indicating that @entity3 is an aggressive disease. The frequency of incidental @entity2 was also high emphasizing need for more aggressive prostatic evaluation in the vulnerable age group.

title: XXXX with emphasis on Gleason's Grading: an institution based experience.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle involvement has been well documented in @entity0 with @entity5 nodosa (PAN), and symptoms referable to skeletal muscle are not uncommon. However, @entity9 as a mode of presentation of PAN is uncommon. This unusual presentation of PAN has been reported only once previously in the English literature. OBJECTIVE: This study describes a @entity0 who had diffuse weakness, @entity6 , and markedly elevated serum @entity7 phosphokinase, mimicking @entity9 . The literature dealing with the clinical aspects of muscle involvement in PAN is reviewed. RESULTS: A 24-year-old @entity0 was admitted to the hospital with a 1-month history of @entity2 , @entity6 , and @entity4 . @entity8 was shown on subsequent muscle biopsy, consistent with PAN. Literature review indicated that muscle involvement is common in PAN, as has been shown by the frequency of muscular symptoms and by histologic evidence obtained from both clinical and autopsy studies. Nineteen percent of @entity0 with PAN had documented @entity1 , and autopsy series have shown skeletal muscle involvement in 30% to 48% of cases. However, @entity9 as a mode of presentation of PAN is rare. We found only 1 other @entity0 with PAN who had elevated @entity7 phosphokinase and diffuse @entity1 suggestive of @entity9 . CONCLUSIONS: PAN should be suspected in cases of focal or diffuse @entity1 , especially in the context of a @entity3 . Biopsy of symptomatic muscles or EMG-directed biopsies can be helpful in establishing a diagnosis of PAN to allow the physician to provide early treatment.

title: Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as XXXX .

answer: @entity9


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity5 , such as that resulting from @entity3 or web, routinely has been corrected by laparotomy and duodenoduodenostomy. Until recently, no one has reported on the use of minimally invasive techniques to correct this @entity1 . Over the last 6 months we have approached 4 @entity0 , 3 with @entity3 and one with a web, laparoscopically. Three were newborns, and one was 8 months old. METHODS: All procedures were performed with 3-mm instruments and scopes. RESULTS: Operating time in all cases was less then 90 minutes. Visualization was excellent, and there were no intraoperative complications. Feedings were started on postoperative day 5 in @entity4 neonates and day 3 in the @entity0 . All 4 were on full feedings after 3 days. Follow-up upper gastrointestinal tests show no evidence of @entity2 . CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy provides an excellent way to evaluate and treat @entity5 .

title: Laparoscopic duodenoduodenostomy for XXXX in @entity0 and @entity0 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity5 , such as that resulting from @entity3 or web, routinely has been corrected by laparotomy and duodenoduodenostomy. Until recently, no one has reported on the use of minimally invasive techniques to correct this @entity1 . Over the last 6 months we have approached 4 @entity0 , 3 with @entity3 and one with a web, laparoscopically. Three were newborns, and one was 8 months old. METHODS: All procedures were performed with 3-mm instruments and scopes. RESULTS: Operating time in all cases was less then 90 minutes. Visualization was excellent, and there were no intraoperative complications. Feedings were started on postoperative day 5 in @entity4 neonates and day 3 in the @entity0 . All 4 were on full feedings after 3 days. Follow-up upper gastrointestinal tests show no evidence of @entity2 . CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy provides an excellent way to evaluate and treat @entity5 .

title: Laparoscopic duodenoduodenostomy for @entity5 in XXXX and @entity0 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity5 , such as that resulting from @entity3 or web, routinely has been corrected by laparotomy and duodenoduodenostomy. Until recently, no one has reported on the use of minimally invasive techniques to correct this @entity1 . Over the last 6 months we have approached 4 @entity0 , 3 with @entity3 and one with a web, laparoscopically. Three were newborns, and one was 8 months old. METHODS: All procedures were performed with 3-mm instruments and scopes. RESULTS: Operating time in all cases was less then 90 minutes. Visualization was excellent, and there were no intraoperative complications. Feedings were started on postoperative day 5 in @entity4 neonates and day 3 in the @entity0 . All 4 were on full feedings after 3 days. Follow-up upper gastrointestinal tests show no evidence of @entity2 . CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy provides an excellent way to evaluate and treat @entity5 .

title: Laparoscopic duodenoduodenostomy for @entity5 in @entity0 and XXXX .

answer: @entity0