abstract: Gordonia axillaris (Roxb.) Dietrich (Theaceae) is a native to Taiwan and the leaves have been used as an astringent folk medicine. @entity8 (CB), a macrocyclic hydrolyzable @entity5 , was isolated from G. axillaris and showed cytotoxic effects in @entity0 @entity2 cells. Among the target cells (SKHep-1, Ha-22T, DU-145, @entity7 , and HeLa), the @entity4 cell line, HeLa, was more sensitive to CB than were Chang normal liver cells and primary-cultured normal gingival and cervical fibroblasts. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effects of CB showed dose-dependency at 3.2-100.0 microg/ml in HeLa for 1,24,48, and 72 h and with an IC(50) value of 46.3 microg/ml for 48 h. However, the IC(50) value of CB in primary-cultured normal cervical fibroblasts was 108.0 microg/ml. Therefore, the selectivity shown by CB was ascribed to the difference in growth speed between normal and @entity1 cells. HeLa cells and primary-cultured normal cervical fibroblasts were treated with 50.0 and 100.0 microg/ml CB for 48 h, respectively, and exhibited chromatin condensation, indicating the occurrence of apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated the presence of apoptotic cells with low DNA content, a decrease of cell population at the G(1) phase, and a concomitant increase of cell population at the G(2)/M phase. CB also caused DNA fragmentation and inhibited @entity6 degradation in HeLa cells. However, CB did not significantly inhibit @entity3 expression in HeLa cells at 50.0 microg/ml, only at 100.0 microg/ml for 48 h. These results suggest that CB induced apoptosis, without direct inhibition of @entity3 expression in HeLa cells.

title: XXXX induced apoptosis in HeLa cell line.

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Inolter in achieving glycemic control and changes in lipid profile of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics. MATERIAL AND METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="STUDY DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">A randomized, placebo-controlled double blind. Sixty newly diagnosed @entity0 of type-2 @entity1 were randomized. Of these, 30 were put on Inolter monotherapy and 30 @entity0 on placebo. Efficacy of Inolter was determined by observing glycemic control by estimating glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and @entity4 ( @entity4 ), alteration of lipid profile by serum @entity2 , LDL, VLDL, HDL and @entity5 . STATISTICAL METHODS: Student's unpaired 't' test. RESULTS: @entity0 compliance was satisfactory and no adverse effects were observed. Better hypoglycemic effect was observed with Inolter both respect to @entity4 (mean 65.4 +/- 63.72 mg/dl) compared to placebo (mean 26.45 +/- 38.3 mg/dl) (p < 0.001). The mean change, with Inolter, in serum @entity2 (21.33 +/- 26.05 mg/dl), serum @entity3 (30.36 +/- 32.62 mg/dl), VLDL (8.85 +/- 3.25 mg/dl), LDL (10.00 +/- 4.48 mg/dl) and HDL (-2.33 +/- 5.66 mg/dl) was also significantly different (p < 0.001) from those given placebo, where it was 15.7 +/- 20.14 mg/dl, 8.70 +/- 13.24, 0.10 +/- 4.10 mg/dl, -0.70 +/- 4.58 mg/dl and 0.65 +/- 0.00 mg/dl, respectively. CONCLUSION: Inolter appears to be an useful adjunctive therapy to exercise and diet control in newly diagnosed @entity1 .

title: A randomized placebo controlled trial of Inolter (herbal product) in the treatment of type 2 XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diminished postprandial portal @entity3 has been demonstrated by echo-Doppler flowmetry in @entity0 with @entity5 , but its diagnostic role is unclear. This prospective study was therefore undertaken in @entity0 with varying severity of @entity2 and degree of @entity5 . METHODS: Portal flowmetry was performed in 66 @entity0 with @entity1 and 20 healthy volunteers during fasting and 30 min after ingestion of a standardized meal. Hemodynamic parameters were related to the degree of esophageal varices, @entity4 , portal hypertensive gastropathy and @entity0 -Pugh score. RESULTS: The postprandial portal blood velocity increment was low in @entity0 with esophageal varices of any degree (22-24%), compared to @entity0 without varices (49%, p<0.01) and healthy controls (65%, p<0.001), but was not different in @entity0 with or without @entity4 (22% vs. 20%). In contrast, the congestion index (CI; ratio of portal vein cross-sectional area and portal blood velocity) pre-/postprandial decreased in the @entity4 group only (CI pre/ CI post 1.30+/-0.23 (no @entity4 ) vs. 0.86+/-0.29 ( @entity4 ); p<0.01). Portal hypertensive gastropathy was not related to any of the portal flow parameters. The portal blood velocity increment was comparable in controls (65%) and @entity0 with @entity0 -Pugh class A @entity1 (56%), but lower in @entity0 with class B (32%) and class C @entity1 (15%, p<0.05 vs. class A). Also, there was no postprandial decrease in congestion index in @entity0 with the most severe @entity1 (p<0.01 class C vs. class A and B). CONCLUSIONS: The postprandial rise in portal flow is inversely related to the severity of @entity2 and @entity5 , and may be a valuable parameter with respect to the risk of @entity4 .

title: The postprandial portal flow is related to the severity of XXXX and @entity5 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diminished postprandial portal @entity3 has been demonstrated by echo-Doppler flowmetry in @entity0 with @entity5 , but its diagnostic role is unclear. This prospective study was therefore undertaken in @entity0 with varying severity of @entity2 and degree of @entity5 . METHODS: Portal flowmetry was performed in 66 @entity0 with @entity1 and 20 healthy volunteers during fasting and 30 min after ingestion of a standardized meal. Hemodynamic parameters were related to the degree of esophageal varices, @entity4 , portal hypertensive gastropathy and @entity0 -Pugh score. RESULTS: The postprandial portal blood velocity increment was low in @entity0 with esophageal varices of any degree (22-24%), compared to @entity0 without varices (49%, p<0.01) and healthy controls (65%, p<0.001), but was not different in @entity0 with or without @entity4 (22% vs. 20%). In contrast, the congestion index (CI; ratio of portal vein cross-sectional area and portal blood velocity) pre-/postprandial decreased in the @entity4 group only (CI pre/ CI post 1.30+/-0.23 (no @entity4 ) vs. 0.86+/-0.29 ( @entity4 ); p<0.01). Portal hypertensive gastropathy was not related to any of the portal flow parameters. The portal blood velocity increment was comparable in controls (65%) and @entity0 with @entity0 -Pugh class A @entity1 (56%), but lower in @entity0 with class B (32%) and class C @entity1 (15%, p<0.05 vs. class A). Also, there was no postprandial decrease in congestion index in @entity0 with the most severe @entity1 (p<0.01 class C vs. class A and B). CONCLUSIONS: The postprandial rise in portal flow is inversely related to the severity of @entity2 and @entity5 , and may be a valuable parameter with respect to the risk of @entity4 .

title: The postprandial portal flow is related to the severity of @entity2 and XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Based on conserved expression patterns, three members of the GATA family of transcriptional regulatory proteins, @entity6 , are thought to be involved in the regulation of cardiogenesis and gut development. Functions for these factors are known in the heart, but relatively little is understood regarding their possible roles in the regulation of gut-specific gene expression. In this study, we analyze the expression and function of @entity6 using three separate but complementary vertebrate systems, and the results support a function for these proteins in regulating the terminal-differentiation program of intestinal epithelial cells. We show that xGATA-4, -5, and -6 can stimulate directly activity of the promoter for the intestinal @entity1 -binding protein (xIFABP) gene, which is a marker for differentiated enterocytes. This is the first direct demonstration of a target for GATA factors in the vertebrate intestinal epithelium. Transactivation by xGATA-4, -5, and -6 is mediated at least in part by a defined proximal @entity2 promoter element. The expression patterns for cGATA-4, -5, and -6 are markedly distinct along the proximal-distal villus axis. Transcript levels for cGATA-4 increase along the axis toward the villus tip; likewise, cGATA-5 transcripts are largely restricted to the distal tip containing differentiated cells. In contrast, the pattern of cGATA-6 transcripts is complementary to cGATA-5, with highest levels detected in the region of proliferating progenitor cells. Undifferentiated and proliferating @entity0 HT-29 cells express @entity5 but not @entity3 or @entity4 . Upon stimulation to differentiate, the transcript levels for @entity4 increase, and this occurs prior to increased transcription of the terminal differentiation marker intestinal alkaline phosphatase. At the same time, @entity5 steady-state transcript levels decline appreciably. All of the data are consistent with evolutionarily conserved but distinct roles for these factors in regulating the differentiation program of intestinal epithelium. Based on this data, we suggest that @entity5 might function primarily within the proliferating progenitor population, while @entity3 and @entity4 function during differentiation to activate terminal-differentiation genes including @entity2 .

title: Distinct functions are implicated for the XXXX , -5, and -6 transcription factors in the regulation of intestine epithelial cell differentiation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Two-dimensional @entity3 gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) is a new method which can be used to study cryoprecipitates from the sera of cryoglobulinemic @entity0 . It led to the identification of a new type of cryoprecipitate, tentatively named II-III, characterized by polyclonal IgG associated with a mixture of polyclonal and monoclonal IgM. Some discrepancies with the conventional classification of cryoglobulins were revealed. The association of particular clinical features with the classification of cryoglobulins by 2-D PAGE is examined. DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty consecutive @entity0 affected by @entity2 with mixed cryoglobulins were included in the study. All @entity0 were evaluated for cutaneous, articular, @entity1 . The washed cryoprecipitates were typed using both techniques: immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) and 2-D PAGE. RESULTS: Sixteen (6 cases of type II and 10 of type III by IFE) of 60 cryoprecipitates (26.6%) appeared as type II-III by 2-D PAGE analysis. Nine cases were classified differently by IFE and 2-D PAGE. Mixed cryoglobulins of type II-III were not associated with a particular clinical pattern. Examining the clinical findings in the mono group (those with monoclonal IgM alone) and the poly group (those with polyclonal IgM alone or polyclonal and monoclonal IgM) we found clearly significant differences: more severe liver involvement in the poly group, and higher cryocrit and creatinine values, lower C4 level and more severe @entity4 in the mono group. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the reliability of 2-D PAGE in characterizing cryoprecipitates. This sensitive method can demonstrate a higher number of monoclonal components, undetectable by IFE. Type II-III cryoglobulins are not associated with a particular clinical pattern. The presence or absence of polyclonal IgM in mixed cryoglobulins seems to be correlated with some clinical findings.

title: Clinical implications of the types of cryoglobulins determined by two-dimensional XXXX gel electrophoresis.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop indications for the preoperative use of recombinant @entity6 (rHuEPO) alone and in conjunction with preoperative autologous donation (PAD). DESIGN: A 2-round modified Delphi-consensus process. @entity0 : Nine physicians representing multiple clinical specialties, practice environments and geographic locations. METHOD: From evidence tables and a literature summary (MEDLINE database from January 1985 to August 1996) provided and using the RAND-UCLA appropriateness method, the physicians developed 264 indications for the preoperative use of rHuEPO by permuting 7 clinical factors (age, history of transfusion or antibody incompatibility, hemoglobin level, @entity5 of @entity2 , expected @entity4 , presence of cardiovascular or @entity1 and @entity0 @entity3 ). These indications were rated on a 9-point appropriateness scale. Median scores and measures of agreement were determined. OUTCOME MEASURES: The significance of cost constraints or cost and blood supply constraints and the impact of each clinical factor on the ratings as judged by statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 264 indications, 54% were rated appropriate, 18% uncertain and 28% inappropriate. Expected @entity4 had the greatest impact on the ratings (high expected @entity4 had a 5.9 point more appropriate rating on the 9-point scale than low expected @entity4 [p < 0.0001]). Preoperative hemoglobin level also significantly influenced the ratings (p < 0.0001). Compared with the clinical context, the ratings under the cost constraint were 1.0 less appropriate (p < 0.0001) for rHuEPO alone and 1.2 less appropriate for rHuEPO and PAD (p < 0.0001). The ratings for @entity0 with moderate expected @entity4 were significantly influenced by the cost constraint (less appropriate). CONCLUSIONS: Expected @entity4 and preoperative hemoglobin level were the best indicators of rHuEPO appropriateness. Different contexts modify the appropriateness ratings of an expensive drug like rHuEPO.

title: The development of indications for the preoperative use of recombinant XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: The mammary gland is an organ whose size, shape and function undergo fundamental changes during the various phases of a @entity1 's growth. Although the development of the mammary gland begins during infancy, the most dramatic changes occur with the initiation of puberty. Pregnancy and lactation complete the functional development of the organ, which regresses during menopause. Epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that certain hormonal influences, especially those related to reproduction, modify the risk of developing @entity0 . Thus, a full term pregnancy completed before the age of 24 years significantly reduces the lifetime incidence of @entity0 . Although the mechanism through which pregnancy protects the breast from @entity0 has not been clearly established, experimental models of mammary carcinogenesis have allowed researchers to determine that pregnancy inhibits the initiation of the neoplastic process through the induction of a complete differentiation of the mammary gland. This process activates specific genes, which in turn modify the response of the organ to ulterior hormonal changes. It is postulated that the same mechanism might be responsible for the protective effect of a @entity1 's early first full term pregnancy. The greater incidence of @entity0 observed in nulliparous @entity1 correlates well with the greater susceptibility of the virgin @entity2 to develop mammary @entity3 when exposed to chemical carcinogens. The successful induction of malignant transformation in the virgin animal mammary epithelium is due to the presence of undifferentiated structures with a high rate of cell proliferation. These structures are eliminated by pregnancy. The breast of nulliparous @entity1 retains those undifferentiated structures, which increase the predisposition of the organ to undergo malignant transformation, which will manifest itself clinically several years after its initiation. The correlation of @entity1 epidemiological, clinical and experimental data with those data obtained in rodent experimental models lends support to this hypothesis.

title: Differentiation and XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Subcutaneous injection of @entity3 is an effective treatment for attacks of @entity2 with a short onset of action. This open, randomized study evaluates whether sumatriptan nasal spray at its highest commercially available dose (20 mg/dose) is equally effective. In 26 @entity0 , four consecutive attacks were treated alternately with nasal spray and subcutaneous injection. Treatment was given within 5 min of onset of @entity1 , and the time interval for the start and completeness of @entity1 relief, provided these occurred within 15 min of administration, were recorded by the @entity0 . After completion of the study, the @entity0 were also asked to indicate which treatment they preferred, based on efficacy, side effects, and handling of the preparation. Forty-nine of the 52 treatments with injection resulted in complete relief of @entity1 within 15 min, with a mean of 9.6 min. The remaining three attacks were reduced by a mean of 86.7% at 15 min. Only 7 of the 52 treatments with nasal spray in the nostril ipsilateral to @entity1 resulted in complete relief within this time period, with a mean of 13.0 min. In 18 of these treatments @entity1 was reduced by a mean of 42.2% at 15 min, whereas no effect on @entity1 was obtained at this time in the remaining 27 treatments. The effect was almost identical when the nasal spray was administered in the nostril on the non-painful side. As an overall judgement, only 2 of the 26 @entity0 preferred nasal spray to injection. We conclude that sumatriptan nasal spray 20 mg/dose is less effective than subcutaneous injection in relieving @entity1 in the great majority of @entity2 sufferers.

title: Sumatriptan nasal spray (20 mg/dose) in the acute treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Some @entity0 with non-ischemic @entity4 show inflammatory changes in the myocardium which are thought to be of causal or pathogenetic relevance for the @entity4 . The @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and the @entity7 ( @entity7 ) are membrane proteins with receptor function from the immunoglobulin superfamily which mediate the vascular adhesion and transmigration of leucocytes into the tissue and undergo increased expression in chronic immunological-inflammatory processes. In addition to membrane-bound adhesion molecules, soluble forms can be detected in serum. In the present study we investigated the occurrence and the significance of circulating @entity5 and @entity7 in 71 @entity0 with non-ischemic @entity4 (47 M/24 F, mean age: 55 +/- 11 years). METHODS: Serum concentrations of cICAM-1 and cVCAM-1 were analyzed using ELISA-Kits. The severity of @entity4 was assessed in accordance to the NYHA-classification and to hemodynamic parameters (mean pulmonary pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction). @entity3 was assessed histologically and immunohistologically (T-lymphocytes > 7.0/mm2, increased expression of the histocompatibility antigens of class I and II) in right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies. 16 healthy, age-matched @entity0 (8 M/8 F, mean age: 55 +/- 6 years, mean ejection fraction 76 +/- 3%) without signs of @entity1 in the myocardium (mean T-lymphocytes < 3.5 cells/mm2, low expression of HLA-class I and II) served as controls. RESULTS: The mean serum concentrations of circulating @entity5 and @entity7 (cICAM-1, cVCAM-1) were higher in @entity0 with non-ischemic @entity4 (372 +/- 107 ng/ml and 949 +/- 439 ng/ml) than controls (264 +/- 37 and 710 +/- 164 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). The mean concentrations of both adhesion molecules varied as a function of the mean pulmonary pressure and the left ventricular ejection @entity2 (for cICAM-1: Pearson's r: 0.24 and -0.33, p < 0.05; for cVCAM-1: Pearson's r: 0.28 and -0.26, p < 0.05). In 38% (n = 16) of @entity0 with elevated concentrations of cICAM-1 (> or = 337 ng/ml) and 41% (n = 7) of those with elevated serum levels of cVCAM-1 (> or = 1038 ng/ml), the myocardial biopsies showed @entity6 between 7 and 22 T-lymphocytes/mm2 and an enhanced expression of the MHC antigens of class I/II as sign of an activated inflammatory process in the myocardium. All @entity0 with more than 9.3 T-lymphocytes/mm2 in the myocardium (n = 7) had higher serum levels of cICAM-1 (447 +/- 146 ng/ml, p < 0.05 compared to controls) and of cVCAM-1 (1577 +/- 688 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Both adhesion molecules correlated significantly with the mean number of T-lymphocytes in the myocardium (Pearson's r: 0.31-0.37, p < 0.05). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The present study shows that the elevated levels of cICAM-1 and cVCAM-1 are often found in the serum of @entity0 with non-ischemic @entity4 . These raised serum levels correlate with inflammatory infiltrates in the myocardial tissue and with the clinical and hemodynamic signs of @entity4 , thus, confirming a connection between @entity4 and inflammatory changes in the myocardium.

title: [Circulating adhesion molecules (cICAM-1, lcVCAM-1) in @entity0 with suspected inflammatory XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: Some @entity0 with non-ischemic @entity4 show inflammatory changes in the myocardium which are thought to be of causal or pathogenetic relevance for the @entity4 . The @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and the @entity7 ( @entity7 ) are membrane proteins with receptor function from the immunoglobulin superfamily which mediate the vascular adhesion and transmigration of leucocytes into the tissue and undergo increased expression in chronic immunological-inflammatory processes. In addition to membrane-bound adhesion molecules, soluble forms can be detected in serum. In the present study we investigated the occurrence and the significance of circulating @entity5 and @entity7 in 71 @entity0 with non-ischemic @entity4 (47 M/24 F, mean age: 55 +/- 11 years). METHODS: Serum concentrations of cICAM-1 and cVCAM-1 were analyzed using ELISA-Kits. The severity of @entity4 was assessed in accordance to the NYHA-classification and to hemodynamic parameters (mean pulmonary pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction). @entity3 was assessed histologically and immunohistologically (T-lymphocytes > 7.0/mm2, increased expression of the histocompatibility antigens of class I and II) in right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies. 16 healthy, age-matched @entity0 (8 M/8 F, mean age: 55 +/- 6 years, mean ejection fraction 76 +/- 3%) without signs of @entity1 in the myocardium (mean T-lymphocytes < 3.5 cells/mm2, low expression of HLA-class I and II) served as controls. RESULTS: The mean serum concentrations of circulating @entity5 and @entity7 (cICAM-1, cVCAM-1) were higher in @entity0 with non-ischemic @entity4 (372 +/- 107 ng/ml and 949 +/- 439 ng/ml) than controls (264 +/- 37 and 710 +/- 164 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). The mean concentrations of both adhesion molecules varied as a function of the mean pulmonary pressure and the left ventricular ejection @entity2 (for cICAM-1: Pearson's r: 0.24 and -0.33, p < 0.05; for cVCAM-1: Pearson's r: 0.28 and -0.26, p < 0.05). In 38% (n = 16) of @entity0 with elevated concentrations of cICAM-1 (> or = 337 ng/ml) and 41% (n = 7) of those with elevated serum levels of cVCAM-1 (> or = 1038 ng/ml), the myocardial biopsies showed @entity6 between 7 and 22 T-lymphocytes/mm2 and an enhanced expression of the MHC antigens of class I/II as sign of an activated inflammatory process in the myocardium. All @entity0 with more than 9.3 T-lymphocytes/mm2 in the myocardium (n = 7) had higher serum levels of cICAM-1 (447 +/- 146 ng/ml, p < 0.05 compared to controls) and of cVCAM-1 (1577 +/- 688 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Both adhesion molecules correlated significantly with the mean number of T-lymphocytes in the myocardium (Pearson's r: 0.31-0.37, p < 0.05). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The present study shows that the elevated levels of cICAM-1 and cVCAM-1 are often found in the serum of @entity0 with non-ischemic @entity4 . These raised serum levels correlate with inflammatory infiltrates in the myocardial tissue and with the clinical and hemodynamic signs of @entity4 , thus, confirming a connection between @entity4 and inflammatory changes in the myocardium.

title: [Circulating adhesion molecules (cICAM-1, lcVCAM-1) in XXXX with suspected inflammatory @entity3 ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Long-term results after different types of operations for @entity2 (minimum follow-up: 18 months) as well as multiple risk factors for the pelvic floor were analysed in a retrospective study. STUDY DESIGN: Between 1980 and 1992 1283 @entity0 underwent surgery because of @entity2 at the University @entity0 's Hospital in Heidelberg. The data of 478 @entity0 , 430 of these after primary and 48 after recurrent surgery, were evaluated by questionnaires with regard to the long-term-results. RESULTS: 57% of @entity0 after primary surgical therapy and 37% after recurrent surgery were cured for longer than 5 years or since the operation. A cure or improvement of the @entity1 could be observed in 80% after primary and in 73% after recurrent surgery. Among the vaginal approaches for primary surgery the hysterectomy combined with colporrhaphy was most successful (60% cured or more than 5 years continent, 80.5% at least improved). The Burch colposuspension revealed even better results among the abdominal approaches (64% cured or longer than 5 years continent, 86% at least improved) compared to the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure with a cure rate of 33%. For therapy of the recurrent @entity1 the abdominal Burch colposuspension showed the best results with cure rates of 50% and cure or improvement in 75%. Therefore the abdominal approach seems to be superior to vaginal techniques such as sling operations (33% cure rate, 67% at least improved) or only re-colporrhaphy (27% cure rate, 78% at least improved). CONCLUSION: For primary @entity1 the hysterectomy with vaginal repair or the Burch colposuspension have proved to be most successful. For recurrent @entity1 the abdominal colposuspension (Burch procedure) seems to be superior to other approaches.

title: [Long-term outcome of XXXX and prolapse surgery at the Heidelberg University Gynecologic Clinic 1980-1992].

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The surgical therapy of @entity3 is increasingly based on reinforcement with alloplastic material, in particular surgical meshes. The biological response to these foreign bodies largely depends on the selected material and its structure. In comparison to the physiological scar process following a simple abdominal wall incision, the chronic @entity0 at the interface to the polymers lead to specific morphological alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study two meshes with different pore sizes were implanted into @entity1 : a heavy-weight and small-pore-sized mesh (hw-mesh) made of nonabsorbable @entity4 monofilaments and a low-weight large-pore-sized mesh consisting of @entity4 and of absorbable polyglactin multifilaments (lw-mesh). A suture repair of a laparotomy served as control. After 7, 14, 21, and 90 days the mesh area was analyzed with regard to tissue and cellular response. RESULTS: Over the whole observation period morphometric analysis indicated an improved integration of the lw-mesh with reduction of both @entity0 and @entity2 , whereas the hw-mesh induced an @entity0 concomitant with an intensified bridging scar reaction. On the cellular level these findings correspond to an elevated cell turnover, characterized by increased rates of apoptotic and proliferating cells. In contrast, the tissue reaction to the lw-mesh achieved levels almost similar to those of the physiological scaring process in the control group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the present data confirm the development of a chronic inflammatory foreign body reaction at the interface to both hw-meshes and lw-meshes; however, the use of lw-meshes showed superior tissue integration. With regard to the quite similar polymer surface the pore size appears to be of major importance in tissue reaction and for the biocompatibility of mesh structures.

title: Impact of polymer pore size on the interface scar formation in a XXXX model.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The structural properties of the upper airway determine its collapsibility during periods of @entity2 . Both @entity1 ( @entity1 ) sleep and increases in nasal pressure ( @entity4 ) produce @entity2 , which persists even after nasal pressure is abruptly reduced. To determine the factors that influence the collapsibility of the @entity2 airway, the critical pressure (Pcrit) and nasal resistance upstream to the site of pharyngeal collapse (RN) were measured in the first three breaths after abrupt reductions in @entity4 during non- @entity1 and @entity1 sleep. @entity4 was reduced abruptly from 15.2+/-3.2 cm @entity3 (mean +/- SD) for three breaths in 19 apneic @entity0 . Upper-airway pressure-flow relationships were analyzed to determine Pcrit for each breath in non- @entity1 and @entity1 sleep. We found that Pcrit rose (collapsibility increased, p < 0.001) and RN fell (p = 0.02) between the first and third breath after the decrease in @entity4 , whereas no difference in Pcrit was detected between sleep stages. In six @entity0 , genioglossus-muscle electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded. Peak phasic activity rose between the first and third breath (p = 0.03), but tonic and peak phasic EMG activity fell in @entity1 as compared with non- @entity1 sleep (p < 0.001). We conclude that the @entity2 upper airway becomes most collapsible by the third breath after an abrupt decrease in @entity4 , regardless of sleep stage and despite an increase in genioglossus-muscle activity. Our findings suggest that predominantly mechanical rather than neuromuscular factors modulate the properties of the pharynx after abrupt reductions in nasal pressure.

title: The XXXX upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea: role of structures and neuromuscular activity.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Ecdysteroid signaling in insects is transduced by a heterodimer of the @entity1 and @entity2 nuclear receptors. In order to monitor the temporal and spatial patterns of ecdysteroid signaling in vivo we established transgenic animals that express a fusion of the GAL4 DNA binding domain and the ligand binding domain (LBD) of @entity1 or @entity2 , combined with a GAL4-dependent lacZ reporter gene. The patterns of beta-galactosidase expression in these animals indicate where and when the GAL4-LBD fusion protein has been activated by its ligand in vivo. We show that the patterns of GAL4- @entity1 and GAL4- @entity2 activation at the onset of metamorphosis reflect what would be predicted for ecdysteroid activation of the @entity1 / @entity2 heterodimer. No activation is seen in mid-third instar larvae when the ecdysteroid titer is low, and strong widespread activation is observed at the end of the instar when the ecdysteroid titer is high. In addition, both GAL4- @entity1 and GAL4- @entity2 are activated in larval organs cultured with @entity0 (20E), consistent with @entity1 / @entity2 acting as a 20E receptor. We also show that GAL4- @entity2 activation depends on @entity1 , suggesting that @entity2 requires its heterodimer partner to function as an activator in vivo. Interestingly, we observe no GAL4-LBD activation in the imaginal discs and ring glands of late third instar larvae. Addition of 20E to cultured mid-third instar imaginal discs results in GAL4- @entity2 activation, but this response is not seen in imaginal discs cultured from late third instar larvae, suggesting that @entity1 / @entity2 loses its ability to function as an efficient activator in this tissue. We conclude that @entity1 / @entity2 activation by the systemic ecdysteroid signal may be spatially restricted in vivo. Finally, we show that GAL4- @entity1 functions as a potent and specific dominant negative at the onset of metamorphosis, providing a new tool for characterizing ecdysteroid signaling pathways during development.

title: Spatial patterns of XXXX activation during the onset of Drosophila metamorphosis.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The optimal clinical management of minimally invasive (stage T1) @entity2 is controversial. T1 @entity2 share characteristics of both noninvasive (Ta) papillary @entity1 and high stage, muscle-invasive @entity2 . @entity0 with T1 @entity2 have a higher risk of @entity1 progression and @entity3 than do @entity0 with Ta @entity2 . However, this risk is much lower than that of @entity0 with high-stage @entity2 . Methods of identifying T1 @entity2 @entity0 at greatest risk for progression may significantly improve clinical management. We retrospectively evaluated two @entity1 suppressor genes, @entity4 and @entity5 , as potential prognostic markers for progression in a cohort of 45 @entity0 with pT1 @entity2 . Median follow-up for these individuals was greater than 3.5 years. Of this group, 58% had altered @entity4 expression based on positive @entity4 immunostaining. Three patterns for @entity5 nuclear protein staining were observed: absent, heterogeneous (normal), and strongly homogeneous. Progression-free survival was similar for @entity0 with loss of @entity5 protein expression and those with apparent overexpression of @entity5 protein. Therefore, both staining patterns were considered abnormal. @entity0 with normal expression of both proteins (i.e., @entity4 negative and @entity5 heterogeneously positive) had an excellent outcome, with no @entity0 showing disease progression, whereas @entity0 with abnormal expression of either or both proteins had a significant increase in progression (P = 0.04 and P = 0.005, respectively). These data support the stratification of T1 @entity2 @entity0 based on @entity4 and @entity5 nuclear protein status and suggest that @entity0 with normal protein expression for both genes can be managed conservatively, whereas @entity0 with alterations in one and particularly both genes require more aggressive treatment.

title: @entity4 and @entity5 expression predict progression in T1 XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The optimal clinical management of minimally invasive (stage T1) @entity2 is controversial. T1 @entity2 share characteristics of both noninvasive (Ta) papillary @entity1 and high stage, muscle-invasive @entity2 . @entity0 with T1 @entity2 have a higher risk of @entity1 progression and @entity3 than do @entity0 with Ta @entity2 . However, this risk is much lower than that of @entity0 with high-stage @entity2 . Methods of identifying T1 @entity2 @entity0 at greatest risk for progression may significantly improve clinical management. We retrospectively evaluated two @entity1 suppressor genes, @entity4 and @entity5 , as potential prognostic markers for progression in a cohort of 45 @entity0 with pT1 @entity2 . Median follow-up for these individuals was greater than 3.5 years. Of this group, 58% had altered @entity4 expression based on positive @entity4 immunostaining. Three patterns for @entity5 nuclear protein staining were observed: absent, heterogeneous (normal), and strongly homogeneous. Progression-free survival was similar for @entity0 with loss of @entity5 protein expression and those with apparent overexpression of @entity5 protein. Therefore, both staining patterns were considered abnormal. @entity0 with normal expression of both proteins (i.e., @entity4 negative and @entity5 heterogeneously positive) had an excellent outcome, with no @entity0 showing disease progression, whereas @entity0 with abnormal expression of either or both proteins had a significant increase in progression (P = 0.04 and P = 0.005, respectively). These data support the stratification of T1 @entity2 @entity0 based on @entity4 and @entity5 nuclear protein status and suggest that @entity0 with normal protein expression for both genes can be managed conservatively, whereas @entity0 with alterations in one and particularly both genes require more aggressive treatment.

title: XXXX and @entity5 expression predict progression in T1 @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The optimal clinical management of minimally invasive (stage T1) @entity2 is controversial. T1 @entity2 share characteristics of both noninvasive (Ta) papillary @entity1 and high stage, muscle-invasive @entity2 . @entity0 with T1 @entity2 have a higher risk of @entity1 progression and @entity3 than do @entity0 with Ta @entity2 . However, this risk is much lower than that of @entity0 with high-stage @entity2 . Methods of identifying T1 @entity2 @entity0 at greatest risk for progression may significantly improve clinical management. We retrospectively evaluated two @entity1 suppressor genes, @entity4 and @entity5 , as potential prognostic markers for progression in a cohort of 45 @entity0 with pT1 @entity2 . Median follow-up for these individuals was greater than 3.5 years. Of this group, 58% had altered @entity4 expression based on positive @entity4 immunostaining. Three patterns for @entity5 nuclear protein staining were observed: absent, heterogeneous (normal), and strongly homogeneous. Progression-free survival was similar for @entity0 with loss of @entity5 protein expression and those with apparent overexpression of @entity5 protein. Therefore, both staining patterns were considered abnormal. @entity0 with normal expression of both proteins (i.e., @entity4 negative and @entity5 heterogeneously positive) had an excellent outcome, with no @entity0 showing disease progression, whereas @entity0 with abnormal expression of either or both proteins had a significant increase in progression (P = 0.04 and P = 0.005, respectively). These data support the stratification of T1 @entity2 @entity0 based on @entity4 and @entity5 nuclear protein status and suggest that @entity0 with normal protein expression for both genes can be managed conservatively, whereas @entity0 with alterations in one and particularly both genes require more aggressive treatment.

title: @entity4 and XXXX expression predict progression in T1 @entity2 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Despite decreased operative mortality, pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remains a formidable operation with substantial morbidity. We have evaluated the influence of preoperative @entity2 ( @entity2 ) on morbidity after PD for @entity1 by retrospectively reviewing the medical records of 182 @entity0 undergoing PD between April 1985 and August 1996. Of 52 study @entity0 with @entity5 , 22 underwent preoperative @entity2 , and 30 were not drained. Eighty-three @entity0 were excluded for @entity3 levels less than 5 mg/dl, 43 had other biliary drainage, and 4 had @entity4 with benign pathology. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were compared. The two groups were well matched for clinical presentation and operative characteristics except for lower preoperative values of liver chemistries in @entity0 undergoing @entity2 . Length of postoperative hospitalization for @entity0 undergoing @entity2 was 13.5 days, compared with 19 days for @entity0 who were not drained (p = 0.02). @entity0 who were not drained tended to have more overall complications (p = 0.054). Multivariate analysis revealed time to regular diet (p < 0.0001) and no preoperative drainage (p = 0.04) to be independent factors significantly increasing the length of hospitalization. Endoscopic biliary drainage before PD significantly reduced the length of postoperative hospitalization and was associated with less postoperative morbidity. Further studies, including cost analysis, are warranted.

title: Endoscopic biliary drainage before pancreaticoduodenectomy for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Biofilm production has been implicated as a potential virulence factor of some Candida species responsible for catheter-related @entity7 in @entity0 receiving parenteral nutrition. We therefore compared clinical bloodstream isolates representing seven different Candida species to each other and to those from other anatomical sites for the capacity to form biofilms in @entity1 -containing medium. Potential associations between the capacity to form biofilms and the clinical characteristics of @entity7 were also analyzed. Isolates included the following from nonneutropenic @entity0 : 101 bloodstream isolates (35 @entity5 , 30 @entity3 , 18 @entity6 , 8 @entity4 , and 10 other Candida species isolates) and 259 clinical isolates from other body sites (116 @entity3 , 53 @entity4 , 43 @entity6 , 17 @entity5 , and 30 other Candida species isolates). Organisms were grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) containing a final concentration of 8% @entity1 to induce biofilm formation, as published previously. Biofilm production was determined by both visual and spectrophotometric methods. In this medium, biofilm production by @entity3 isolates was significantly less frequent (8%) than that by non- @entity3 Candida species (61%; P < 0.0001). The overall proportion of non- @entity3 Candida species isolates from the blood that produced biofilms was significantly higher than that of non- @entity3 Candida isolates obtained from other sites (79% versus 52%; P = 0.0001). Bloodstream isolates of @entity5 alone were significantly more likely to be biofilm positive than were @entity5 isolates from other sites (86% versus 47%; P = 0.0032). Non- @entity3 Candida species, including @entity5 , were more likely to be biofilm positive if isolates were derived from @entity0 whose @entity2 was central venous catheter (CVC) related (95%; P < 0.0001) and was associated with the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (94%; P < 0.005). These data suggest that the capacity of Candida species isolates to produce biofilms in vitro in @entity1 -containing SDB may be a reflection of the pathogenic potential of these isolates to cause CVC-related @entity7 in @entity0 receiving TPN.

title: Biofilm production by isolates of Candida species recovered from nonneutropenic XXXX : comparison of bloodstream isolates with isolates from other sources.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trends, demographics, and toxic effects associated with pediatric @entity3 exposures reported to poison centers. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING AND @entity0 : @entity3 -only exposures followed up to known outcome in @entity0 younger than 19 years reported to the American Association of Poison Control Center's database from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of exposures over time, acuity, reason, symptoms, management site, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS: There were 10 060 reported exposures with 57% reported for @entity0 younger than 6 years, 34% for @entity0 between 6 and 12 years old, and 9% for adolescents between 13 and 18 years old. In 1999 there were 2.5 times as many exposures as in 1993. In 6- through 12-year-olds, @entity3 was the @entity0 's medication in 35% of the exposures, compared with 10% in @entity0 younger than 6 years and 26% in adolescents. The proportion of cases involving the @entity0 's medication increased over 7 years. While unintentional @entity4 was most common in @entity0 younger than 6 years, therapeutic errors and suicide attempts predominated in 6- through 12-year-olds and adolescents, respectively. In 6042 symptomatic @entity0 (60%), the most common symptoms were lethargy (80%), @entity2 (17%), @entity1 (15%), and @entity5 (5%). Most exposures resulted in no effect (40%) or minor effects (39%). Moderate effects occurred in 1907 @entity0 (19%), major effects in 230 @entity0 (2%); there was 1 fatality in a 23-month-old. CONCLUSIONS: While most of the @entity3 exposures resulted in minimal toxic effects, serious toxic effects and death can occur. The trend toward increasing the number of exposures in @entity0 , especially with evidence of toxic effects in @entity0 receiving @entity3 therapeutically, is cause for concern.

title: Trends and toxic effects from pediatric XXXX exposures.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The identification of 'unknown' allergic sensitizations may determine the prognosis and treatment of @entity0 with @entity5 . Currently, the presence in homes of 'exotic' animals as pets is increasing. In this article the Siberian hamster or dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus) was identified as a new indoor source of aeroallergens and @entity5 . METHODS: The subjects were six outpatients who were treated for @entity2 and @entity6 . Siberian hamster hair extract was prepared with a standard wt/vol method, and @entity0 were skin-prick tested with the extract. Serum-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E against the Siberian hamster, common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) and @entity1 ( @entity1 ) was determined. IgE-immunoblotting was also performed for all six sera. Specific bronchial challenge was carried out with the Siberian hamster extract. RESULTS: Skin prick tests (SPT) with the Siberian hamster extract, and specific IgE-antibodies against Siberian hamster, were strongly positive in all six @entity0 . Determinations of specific IgE-antibodies against C. cricetus and @entity1 were negative in all @entity0 . IgE-immunoblotting of the sera revealed two IgE-binding fractions (MW 18 and 32 kDa) in five of the six sera. Specific bronchial provocation tests resulted in early @entity4 responses in the two @entity0 who were challenged. CONCLUSIONS: The present study reveals the Siberian hamster to be able to induce both sensitization and disease, and this species of hamster should be taken into consideration as a cause of @entity5 in exposed subjects. A noteworthy finding was the lack of sensitization in our @entity0 to common hamster allergens ( @entity1 and C. cricetus) that are usually tested when hamster @entity3 is suspected.

title: Siberian hamster: a new indoor source of allergic sensitization and XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: According to recent cognitive theories, the greater part of the perceptional meaning and representative meaning are both pre-determined, or pre-organized as a set of meaning, which has a biophysiological and socio-cultural origin. @entity0 however, drive some kind of sensational Gestalt from each sense organ, and this is incapable of being transformed into language (representative pre-meaning), this enabling us to experience the possibility of truly private meaning in our own right. The author has emphasized this two moments of the meaning, that is, private moments of meaning vs. institutional moments. The author has offered the phenomenological hypothesis of auditory experience and elaborated the relation between these two moments in it. Then, the author has testified its validity in the process of describing and analysing the pathological @entity2 in @entity1 . Auditory space is thought to be differentiated into a three-dimensional structure. That is, a dimension of background, a dimension of signs, and a dimension of symbols, and we accept environmental-sounds, event-sounds, symbolic sounds in each level. Close investigations about 5 schizophrenics revealed that these @entity0 undergo a strange silent experience before the onset of delusional ideas, descriptively and phenomenologically, this phenomenon appeared to be initiated by the deprivation of the dimension of background sounds (referred to as "the experience of no-sounds"). This experiences often occurred especially when they are eager to listen to the surrounding sounds (for example, noises in the neighborhood, classroom chatter), in order to solve their own interpersonal difficulties. Furthermore, the author described the ambivalent nature of @entity0 ' thinking in this pathological auditory situation, in which one idea of the polarity of dichotomy was forced to switch to the another one, influenced by an attribute of surrounding sounds. With regard to this aspect, the @entity0 experienced both the physiological changes in the auditory structure as well as the psychological turmoil. The author has emphasized the need to appreciate this ambiguous nature of the psychological context mixed with the physiological context, which is supposed to be very important from psychotherapeutical viewpoint.

title: [Psychopathological alteration of the auditory structure in XXXX ; "the experience of no-sounds"].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Erythrocyte invasion by @entity3 parasites is a complex multistep process involving parasite and erythrocyte receptors. It is a critical stage in the parasite life cycle and, therefore, a logical step in which to intervene to prevent or ameliorate disease. Rodent models of @entity3 , commonly @entity4 , are frequently used for studies of @entity3 pathogenesis. Little is known, however, about the invasion machinery of rodent @entity3 parasites. We have found previously that @entity1 congenic for a region of chromosome 1, containing the @entity7 ( @entity7 ), have different susceptibility to @entity4 @entity2 . Because @entity5 , a @entity0 parasite, and @entity6 , a simian parasite, use @entity7 to enter @entity0 erythrocytes, we sought to identify the role of the @entity1 @entity7 in @entity4 invasion. Using a novel in vivo invasion assay and @entity7 knock-out @entity1 , we found that @entity7 knock-out normocytes (mature erythrocytes) had negligible levels of @entity4 invasion compared with wild-type normocytes, demonstrating that @entity7 is a receptor for invasion of @entity1 erythrocytes. In contrast, @entity7 knock-out reticulocytes were invaded at a rate similar to that for wild-type reticulocytes. We conclude that there is a @entity7 - independent pathway for reticulocyte invasion. These findings represent the first identification of a @entity1 @entity3 receptor on erythrocytes and the first determination that different pathways of invasion exist on normocytes and reticulocytes. Because we show conservation of host-receptor interactions between rodent and @entity0 @entity3 , we can now use this model to identify how immunity can interfere with the invasion process.

title: XXXX uses the murine Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines as a receptor for normocyte invasion and an alternative receptor for reticulocyte invasion.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Defined angiographically, no-reflow (NR) manifests as an acute reduction in coronary flow in the absence of @entity4 . One candidate protein to cause coronary NR is tissue factor (TF), which is abundant in @entity2 and a cofactor for activated @entity3 factor VII. Scrapings from atherosclerotic carotid arteries contained TF activity (corresponding to 33.03 +/- 13.00 pg/cm(2) luminal plaque surface). Active TF was sedimented, indicating that TF was associated with membranes. Coronary blood was drawn from 6 @entity0 undergoing coronary interventions with the distal protection device PercuSurge GuardWire (Traatek, Miami, FL). Fine particulate material that was recovered from coronary blood showed TF activity (corresponding to 91.1 +/- 62.16 pg/mL authentic TF). To examine the role of TF in acute coronary NR, blood was drawn via a catheter from coronary vessels in 13 @entity0 during NR and after restoration of flow. Mean TF antigen levels were elevated during NR (194.3 +/- 142.8 pg/mL) as compared with levels after flow restoration (73.27 +/- 31.90 pg/mL; P =.02). To dissect the effects of particulate material and purified TF on flow, selective intracoronary injection of atherosclerotic material or purified relipidated TF was performed in a porcine model. TF induced NR in the model, thus strengthening the concept that TF is causal, not just a bystander to @entity2 material. The data suggest that active TF is released from dissected @entity1 and is one of the factors causing the NR phenomenon. Thus, blood-borne TF in the coronary circulation is a major determinant of flow.

title: Coronary no-reflow is caused by shedding of active tissue factor from dissected XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained from dissociated @entity0 lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Recordings were made from control neurons and neurons axotomized by transection of the corresponding spinal nerve 1-2 days prior to dissociation. Medium to large muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons were identified by retrograde transport of True Blue or Fluoro-Gold injected into the corresponding peripheral tissue. Action potentials were classified as non-inflected spikes (A(0)) and inflected spikes (A(inf)). High-frequency, low-amplitude subthreshold membrane potential oscillations were observed in 8% of control A(0) neurons, but their incidence increased to 31% in the @entity3 group. Fifty percent of axotomized muscle afferent A(0) cells displayed oscillations, while 26% of axotomized cutaneous afferents exhibited oscillations. @entity4 were also observed in a small fraction (4%) of A(inf) neurons on strong depolarization. Their numbers were @entity3 , but the difference was not statistically significant. The oscillations often triggered burst firing in distinct patterns of action potential activity. These results indicate that @entity2 of DRG neurons, previously observed in whole DRG of @entity1 , are present in dissociated DRG neurons of the adult @entity0 . Moreover, these observations indicate that both muscle and cutaneous afferents in the A(beta) size range give rise to @entity2 , with muscle afferents being more prone to develop oscillations.

title: Subthreshold oscillations induced by spinal nerve injury in dissociated muscle and cutaneous afferents of XXXX DRG.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Only benign @entity1 can be treated by laparoscopic surgery. Although clinical examination and the results of pre-operative work-up do make a real contribution in indicating the benign or malignant nature of cysts, only histology can provide the absolute diagnosis. In this context, the goal of this study was to establish whether there is any advantage in performing frozen section during laparoscopic surgical management of organic @entity1 . Between January 1989 and March 1996, 228 @entity0 underwent an adnexectomy for an ovarian mass. After the pre-operative work-up and the diagnostic phase of laparoscopy, 26 @entity0 (11.4%) presented with suspected signs of malignancy restricted purely to the ovary. These 26 @entity0 underwent a laparoscopic adnexectomy with extraction of the excised tissues using an endoscopic bag, followed by frozen section. For all these @entity0 the results of the frozen section concluded that the lesion was benign. In every case the definitive histological results confirmed the frozen section findings. This strategy enabled us to avoid laparotomy, especially for the nine post-menopausal @entity0 whose @entity2 appeared to be complex by ultrasound. These encouraging preliminary results need to be confirmed by a larger series of @entity0 , so as to specify the place of frozen section in the laparoscopic surgical management of organic @entity1 .

title: Laparoscopic management of organic XXXX : is there a place for frozen section diagnosis?

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the accuracies of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and bone scintigraphy in @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity2 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-six @entity0 with newly diagnosed @entity2 were enrolled in a multicenter prospective cohort study. CT, MR, and bone scintigraphy were used to evaluate @entity1 stage. Sensitivity and specificity values and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to compare the accuracy of CT, MR, and scintigraphy for @entity1 staging. RESULTS: Eighty-eight @entity0 were eligible for staging analysis, and 45 @entity0 who underwent surgery at initial diagnosis were eligible for analysis of local @entity1 extent. CT and MR had sensitivities of 43% and 83%, respectively (P <.01), and specificities of 97% and 88%, respectively (P >.05), for detection of stage 4 disease. Areas under the ROC curves for CT and MR were 0.81 and 0.85, respectively (P =.06); that for scintigraphy was 0.83. Addition of scintigraphy to both CT and MR increased the areas under the ROC curves to 0.90 and 0.88, respectively. Accuracy of CT and MR for @entity1 confined to the chest or abdomen (stages 1, 2, and 3) was poor. CONCLUSION: MR alone and CT and MR combined with bone scintigraphy enable the accurate detection of stage 4 disease. Both CT and MR perform poorly for local @entity1 staging.

title: Staging of XXXX at imaging: report of the radiology diagnostic oncology group.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Characteristic features of @entity3 are destruction of the bone and a high tendency for recurrent disease. The choice of surgical procedure is determined by audiological results and the rate of recurrent @entity2 . @entity0 : One hundred fifty @entity0 who underwent primary @entity2 surgery were investigated 3-5 years postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative audiological results and rate of revision surgery were compared for the respective surgical procedures. All @entity2 were treated with an open surgical technique. The lateral attic walls and @entity2 were removed. RESULTS: Cholesteotoma recurred in 15 @entity0 (10%). Primary reconstruction of the ossicular chain with a tympanoplasty (type III) was performed in 98 @entity0 in the first operation. Approximately 80% of @entity0 treated with a type III tympanoplasty had a maximum postoperative air-bone gap of 20 dB in the main speech range, depending on the frequency. In about 50% of @entity0 , this value was 10 dB or less. Comparison of preoperative and postoperative conductive @entity1 between 250 Hz and 8000 Hz revealed an improvement (p < 0.05) of 10 dB (500 Hz, 3000 Hz, 4000 Hz) and 15 dB (250 Hz, 1500 Hz, 2000 Hz, 8000 Hz). CONCLUSIONS: In our opinion, a second look operation should be performed in cases where a large @entity2 cannot be removed with sufficient reliability. This applies especially to a @entity2 in the oval window. Here, we suggest second-look surgery after one year.

title: [Functional long-term results after open XXXX surgery and ossiculoplasty with allogenic ossicles in adulthood].

answer: @entity2


abstract: High-grade @entity5 have a high rate of local recurrence as well as distant metastases. This has led to the development of intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) as part of a multimodal approach to control @entity3 and/or reduce the extent of surgical resection. Intra-arterial catheters are positioned by an interventional radiologist into the feeding vessels of the @entity1 . @entity8 and @entity14 are infused intra-arterially. @entity9 , with or without @entity11 , is given systemically. @entity0 usually experience acute self-limited soft-tissue inflammation in the treated area. In our experience of 118 @entity0 , 3 @entity0 experienced soft-tissue @entity2 that required excision and reconstruction. The first was treated for @entity12 of a metatarsal. After IAC with @entity8 , she sloughed the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and some of the posterior compartment musculature of her @entity6 . This tissue was debrided. @entity10 and skin graft were used for coverage. She is free of disease and ambulatory. The second @entity0 was treated with IAC @entity8 for a radial head @entity7 . She developed soft-tissue slough, which became infected with Pseudomonas. She required extensive debridement of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle, and was subsequently reconstructed with a latissimus flap and a split-thickness skin graft (STSG). She later developed a local recurrence requiring amputation. The latissimus was elevated and used to cover the distal stump. She also is free of disease. The third @entity0 was treated with IAC @entity8 for @entity13 of the right femur. This was complicated by fat @entity2 and persistent @entity4 . Subsequent radiotherapy only worsened her symptoms. She underwent wide excision and muscle flap/STSG repair, which relieved her @entity4 . She is currently ambulatory and free of disease. In conclusion, as the use of IAC continues, its complications may become more common. Our experience with this previously unknown entity is illustrated and therapeutic options are discussed.

title: Soft-tissue complications of intra-arterial chemotherapy for extremity XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The expectations of @entity0 , their families and society of the bariatric surgeon are often unrealistic, but for different reasons. The morbidly @entity1 @entity0 often expects 'everything' from bariatric surgery. The @entity0 's family is frequently ambivalent. Society, on the other hand, tends to unrealistically regard the morbidly @entity1 as billboards advertising them as willful deviants whose problems can all be resolved by 'just pushing away from the table'. This invalid stereotype has prompted some to incorrectly regard bariatric surgery as an undeserved reward for individuals who will not control their own behavior. The undeserved intentional deviant status of the morbidly @entity1 causes members of society to harass, mock or otherwise mistreat this subpopulation. Society's harmful, destructive and unjust weight harassment 'fat-ism' has made the morbidly @entity1 modern day moral equivalents of lepers. We conclude that society must be persuaded to accept weight harassment as 'politically incorrect', subject to the same consequences as any other form of bigotry. Once society regards the morbidly @entity1 as victims, not perpetrators, of their nonsurgically curable disease, bariatric surgery results should become held to similar standards as surgery for @entity3 , @entity2 . Until then, the morbidly @entity1 remain the last true bastion of prejudice.

title: What do XXXX , families and society expect from the bariatric surgeon?

answer: @entity0


abstract: The role of long-persisting HEV antibodies in @entity0 was investigated. A well-characterized human volunteer anti-HEV (IgG) after 4 years of the recovery of the disease was passively immunized (200 mg kg-1 body wt) intramuscularly into three @entity1 (nos 7, 8 and 9), while two monkeys (nos 5 and 6) were injected with normal immunoglobulin preparation (negative for anti-HEV IgG). At 16 h later all the animals were challenged intravenously with live @entity2 , as 10% stool extract prepared from the volunteer (positive for @entity2 by solid-phase immune electron microscopy). It was seen that transaminases (ALT/AST) were elevated in immunized monkeys on day 49 (no. 8), 60 (no. 7) and 86 (no. 9) after the virus challenge. On serological examination, all immunized (nos 7, 8 and 9) and one unimmunized (no. 6) monkeys were found positive for @entity2 IgM on day 10 post-challenge, while monkey no. 5 was negative. Further, all the animals from the immunized and unimmunized group seroconverted to HEV-IgG when tested on days 25 and 55 post-challenge. This has clearly shown that there is no protection. Therefore, these long-persisting HEV antibodies alone in @entity0 , may not be protective in passive immunization.

title: Role of long-persisting XXXX hepatitis E virus antibodies in protection.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Among hospitalized @entity0 with @entity1 , we describe characteristics associated with prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme ( @entity2 ) inhibitors in the doses recommended by clinical practice guidelines. We also describe the impact of @entity2 inhibitor prescriptions, increases in @entity2 inhibitor dose, and nonpharmacologic educational interventions on readmission-free survival rates. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that care by a cardiologist physician and higher mean arterial blood pressure on admission are associated with receipt of optimal @entity2 inhibitor doses. We hypothesize that receipt of an @entity2 inhibitor at discharge and an increase in @entity2 inhibitor dose during hospitalization are associated with superior readmission-free survival. METHODS: Between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1993, medical records were reviewed for consecutively hospitalized @entity0 with a principal diagnosis of @entity1 at an academic medical center. Documented instructions and medications prescribed at discharge were abstracted. Deaths and readmissions through December 31, 1994, were identified with the National Death Index and the study institution's administrative data base, respectively. RESULTS: During 1992 and 1993, 387 @entity0 were discharged alive from hospitalization for @entity1 . Among @entity0 discharged on @entity5 or @entity4 , 18% received doses recommended by @entity1 clinical practice guidelines. @entity0 discharged on a recommended @entity2 inhibitor dose were more likely to be African-American and had lower @entity3 levels and higher mean arterial pressures than @entity0 discharged on lower @entity2 inhibitor doses. In survival analyses, an increase in @entity2 inhibitor dose was associated with improved readmission-free survival, independent of left ventricular systolic function type. Receipt of an @entity2 inhibitor at discharge was also associated with superior readmission-free survival, while nonpharmacologic educational instructions were not associated with improved outcomes. CONCLUSION: Interventions are needed to improve the frequency with which @entity2 inhibitors are prescribed at recommended doses to hospitalized @entity0 with @entity1 . We conclude that among these @entity0 , receipt of an @entity2 inhibitor at discharge and an increase in @entity2 inhibitor dose during hospitalization are each associated with measurable effects on readmission-free survival, while provision of educational instructions as currently practiced is not associated with better outcomes.

title: Patterns of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor prescriptions, educational interventions, and outcomes among hospitalized @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Among hospitalized @entity0 with @entity1 , we describe characteristics associated with prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme ( @entity2 ) inhibitors in the doses recommended by clinical practice guidelines. We also describe the impact of @entity2 inhibitor prescriptions, increases in @entity2 inhibitor dose, and nonpharmacologic educational interventions on readmission-free survival rates. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that care by a cardiologist physician and higher mean arterial blood pressure on admission are associated with receipt of optimal @entity2 inhibitor doses. We hypothesize that receipt of an @entity2 inhibitor at discharge and an increase in @entity2 inhibitor dose during hospitalization are associated with superior readmission-free survival. METHODS: Between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1993, medical records were reviewed for consecutively hospitalized @entity0 with a principal diagnosis of @entity1 at an academic medical center. Documented instructions and medications prescribed at discharge were abstracted. Deaths and readmissions through December 31, 1994, were identified with the National Death Index and the study institution's administrative data base, respectively. RESULTS: During 1992 and 1993, 387 @entity0 were discharged alive from hospitalization for @entity1 . Among @entity0 discharged on @entity5 or @entity4 , 18% received doses recommended by @entity1 clinical practice guidelines. @entity0 discharged on a recommended @entity2 inhibitor dose were more likely to be African-American and had lower @entity3 levels and higher mean arterial pressures than @entity0 discharged on lower @entity2 inhibitor doses. In survival analyses, an increase in @entity2 inhibitor dose was associated with improved readmission-free survival, independent of left ventricular systolic function type. Receipt of an @entity2 inhibitor at discharge was also associated with superior readmission-free survival, while nonpharmacologic educational instructions were not associated with improved outcomes. CONCLUSION: Interventions are needed to improve the frequency with which @entity2 inhibitors are prescribed at recommended doses to hospitalized @entity0 with @entity1 . We conclude that among these @entity0 , receipt of an @entity2 inhibitor at discharge and an increase in @entity2 inhibitor dose during hospitalization are each associated with measurable effects on readmission-free survival, while provision of educational instructions as currently practiced is not associated with better outcomes.

title: Patterns of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor prescriptions, educational interventions, and outcomes among hospitalized XXXX with @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the activation of transcription factors and induction of cytokines from alveolar macrophages in @entity4 ( @entity4 ). METHODS: Alveolar macrophages were collected by fibrobronchoscopy from 8 @entity0 with chronic @entity7 , 8 @entity0 with @entity4 , and 8 healthy volunteers. All @entity0 were at stable stage. The macrophages thus collected were cultured and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 micrograms/ml). The @entity3 , @entity5 , @entity1 and @entity2 thus produced were measured by ELISA in the supernatant. Nuclear factor-kappa B ( @entity6 ), @entity8 ( @entity8 ), @entity9 were detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS: The concentration of @entity3 released from macrophages of @entity0 with @entity4 at stable stage before LPS stimulation was about 3 times higher than that in the healthy control (F = 4.34, P < 0.05). The concentration of @entity3 released from macrophages in @entity0 with @entity4 was increased further after LPS stimulation in comparison to that in healthy controls(F = 3.56, P < 0.05). The concentration of @entity5 and that of @entity1 released from macrophages of @entity4 @entity0 were further increased after LPS stimulation (P < 0.05) in the @entity4 @entity0 , but there was no difference in the concentration of @entity5 and between the control and @entity4 @entity0 before LPS stimulation. The constitutive activity of @entity8 and the activity of @entity6 induced by LPS were higher in the @entity0 with @entity4 than in the controls. CONCLUSION: The alverlar macrophages of @entity0 with @entity4 at stable stage may release higher concentration of @entity3 and @entity5 . LPS stimulation increases the release of @entity5 and @entity1 of alveolar macrophages. Enhancement of activity of @entity6 and @entity8 may positively regulate the production of @entity3 and @entity5 in the airflow obstruction.

title: [Activation of transcription factors and induction of cytokines from macrophages in XXXX ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: To review evidence-based management of @entity2 in @entity0 with @entity4 2 @entity1 . DATA SOURCES: A literature search (MEDLINE 1966 to 2000) was performed using the key word " @entity7 ". Relevant book chapters were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Well-controlled, prospective landmark studies and expert review articles on @entity7 were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data and conclusions from the selected articles that provide solid evidence to the optimal management of @entity7 were extracted and interpreted in light of our clinical research experience with many thousands of Hong Kong Chinese @entity0 . RESULTS: @entity3 , long @entity1 duration, @entity6 are the most important risk factors. Microalbuminuria is a practical marker to predict overt @entity2 in @entity4 2 @entity1 @entity0 . Risk factor modification, renal function monitoring and combined therapies are the current integrated approaches to manage @entity0 with @entity7 . Optimal glycaemic control is the mainstay of treatment but effective antihypertensive therapy is also key to delaying the progression of @entity7 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7 is the leading cause of @entity5 worldwide. Monitoring renal function and screening for microalbuminuria will allow the identification of @entity0 with @entity2 at a very early stage for intervention. Tight glycaemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of @entity2 .

title: Management of XXXX in @entity0 with @entity4 2 @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To review evidence-based management of @entity2 in @entity0 with @entity4 2 @entity1 . DATA SOURCES: A literature search (MEDLINE 1966 to 2000) was performed using the key word " @entity7 ". Relevant book chapters were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Well-controlled, prospective landmark studies and expert review articles on @entity7 were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data and conclusions from the selected articles that provide solid evidence to the optimal management of @entity7 were extracted and interpreted in light of our clinical research experience with many thousands of Hong Kong Chinese @entity0 . RESULTS: @entity3 , long @entity1 duration, @entity6 are the most important risk factors. Microalbuminuria is a practical marker to predict overt @entity2 in @entity4 2 @entity1 @entity0 . Risk factor modification, renal function monitoring and combined therapies are the current integrated approaches to manage @entity0 with @entity7 . Optimal glycaemic control is the mainstay of treatment but effective antihypertensive therapy is also key to delaying the progression of @entity7 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7 is the leading cause of @entity5 worldwide. Monitoring renal function and screening for microalbuminuria will allow the identification of @entity0 with @entity2 at a very early stage for intervention. Tight glycaemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of @entity2 .

title: Management of @entity2 in @entity0 with XXXX 2 @entity1 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: To review evidence-based management of @entity2 in @entity0 with @entity4 2 @entity1 . DATA SOURCES: A literature search (MEDLINE 1966 to 2000) was performed using the key word " @entity7 ". Relevant book chapters were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Well-controlled, prospective landmark studies and expert review articles on @entity7 were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data and conclusions from the selected articles that provide solid evidence to the optimal management of @entity7 were extracted and interpreted in light of our clinical research experience with many thousands of Hong Kong Chinese @entity0 . RESULTS: @entity3 , long @entity1 duration, @entity6 are the most important risk factors. Microalbuminuria is a practical marker to predict overt @entity2 in @entity4 2 @entity1 @entity0 . Risk factor modification, renal function monitoring and combined therapies are the current integrated approaches to manage @entity0 with @entity7 . Optimal glycaemic control is the mainstay of treatment but effective antihypertensive therapy is also key to delaying the progression of @entity7 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7 is the leading cause of @entity5 worldwide. Monitoring renal function and screening for microalbuminuria will allow the identification of @entity0 with @entity2 at a very early stage for intervention. Tight glycaemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of @entity2 .

title: Management of @entity2 in @entity0 with @entity4 2 XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To review evidence-based management of @entity2 in @entity0 with @entity4 2 @entity1 . DATA SOURCES: A literature search (MEDLINE 1966 to 2000) was performed using the key word " @entity7 ". Relevant book chapters were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Well-controlled, prospective landmark studies and expert review articles on @entity7 were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data and conclusions from the selected articles that provide solid evidence to the optimal management of @entity7 were extracted and interpreted in light of our clinical research experience with many thousands of Hong Kong Chinese @entity0 . RESULTS: @entity3 , long @entity1 duration, @entity6 are the most important risk factors. Microalbuminuria is a practical marker to predict overt @entity2 in @entity4 2 @entity1 @entity0 . Risk factor modification, renal function monitoring and combined therapies are the current integrated approaches to manage @entity0 with @entity7 . Optimal glycaemic control is the mainstay of treatment but effective antihypertensive therapy is also key to delaying the progression of @entity7 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7 is the leading cause of @entity5 worldwide. Monitoring renal function and screening for microalbuminuria will allow the identification of @entity0 with @entity2 at a very early stage for intervention. Tight glycaemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of @entity2 .

title: Management of @entity2 in XXXX with @entity4 2 @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report the nature and extent of @entity3 and other @entity11 in @entity0 with @entity9 , and to document the risk of @entity1 with @entity2 . DESIGN: Medical chart review and telephone interview of 40 @entity0 with documented @entity9 . SETTING: An international referral center for the diagnosis and management of @entity9 . @entity0 : We describe 40 @entity0 with a definitive diagnosis of @entity9 . Thirty-three (82%) were younger than 15 years. RESULTS: @entity3 was the most common clinical finding associated with @entity9 . Twenty-eight (80%) of the 35 @entity0 undergoing testing had @entity3 or significant @entity8 . In 20 (57%) of these, @entity5 were identified. Eight (30%) of the 27 @entity0 had an abnormal number of recurrent @entity7 , and 4 (50%) of these had life-threatening or neurodegenerative sequelae. @entity9 followed an episodic course, with periods of @entity10 or slow developmental progress, punctuated by neurodegenerative events in 18 (60%) of 30 @entity0 . Intercurrent @entity2 was recognized as a precipitant of neurodegenerative events in 13 (72%) of 18 @entity0 with a history of @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 and adults with @entity9 are at high risk for @entity3 and life-threatening complications of intercurrent infections. A constellation of @entity6 , multiorgan system involvement, and history of neuromuscular setbacks with @entity2 strongly suggests @entity9 . Knowledge of these features can lead to more rapid diagnosis and improved medical and surgical management for this special group of @entity0 with fundamental defects in bioenergy metabolism.

title: The otolaryngological manifestations of @entity9 and the risk of XXXX with @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report the nature and extent of @entity3 and other @entity11 in @entity0 with @entity9 , and to document the risk of @entity1 with @entity2 . DESIGN: Medical chart review and telephone interview of 40 @entity0 with documented @entity9 . SETTING: An international referral center for the diagnosis and management of @entity9 . @entity0 : We describe 40 @entity0 with a definitive diagnosis of @entity9 . Thirty-three (82%) were younger than 15 years. RESULTS: @entity3 was the most common clinical finding associated with @entity9 . Twenty-eight (80%) of the 35 @entity0 undergoing testing had @entity3 or significant @entity8 . In 20 (57%) of these, @entity5 were identified. Eight (30%) of the 27 @entity0 had an abnormal number of recurrent @entity7 , and 4 (50%) of these had life-threatening or neurodegenerative sequelae. @entity9 followed an episodic course, with periods of @entity10 or slow developmental progress, punctuated by neurodegenerative events in 18 (60%) of 30 @entity0 . Intercurrent @entity2 was recognized as a precipitant of neurodegenerative events in 13 (72%) of 18 @entity0 with a history of @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 and adults with @entity9 are at high risk for @entity3 and life-threatening complications of intercurrent infections. A constellation of @entity6 , multiorgan system involvement, and history of neuromuscular setbacks with @entity2 strongly suggests @entity9 . Knowledge of these features can lead to more rapid diagnosis and improved medical and surgical management for this special group of @entity0 with fundamental defects in bioenergy metabolism.

title: The otolaryngological manifestations of XXXX and the risk of @entity1 with @entity2 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report the nature and extent of @entity3 and other @entity11 in @entity0 with @entity9 , and to document the risk of @entity1 with @entity2 . DESIGN: Medical chart review and telephone interview of 40 @entity0 with documented @entity9 . SETTING: An international referral center for the diagnosis and management of @entity9 . @entity0 : We describe 40 @entity0 with a definitive diagnosis of @entity9 . Thirty-three (82%) were younger than 15 years. RESULTS: @entity3 was the most common clinical finding associated with @entity9 . Twenty-eight (80%) of the 35 @entity0 undergoing testing had @entity3 or significant @entity8 . In 20 (57%) of these, @entity5 were identified. Eight (30%) of the 27 @entity0 had an abnormal number of recurrent @entity7 , and 4 (50%) of these had life-threatening or neurodegenerative sequelae. @entity9 followed an episodic course, with periods of @entity10 or slow developmental progress, punctuated by neurodegenerative events in 18 (60%) of 30 @entity0 . Intercurrent @entity2 was recognized as a precipitant of neurodegenerative events in 13 (72%) of 18 @entity0 with a history of @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 and adults with @entity9 are at high risk for @entity3 and life-threatening complications of intercurrent infections. A constellation of @entity6 , multiorgan system involvement, and history of neuromuscular setbacks with @entity2 strongly suggests @entity9 . Knowledge of these features can lead to more rapid diagnosis and improved medical and surgical management for this special group of @entity0 with fundamental defects in bioenergy metabolism.

title: The otolaryngological manifestations of @entity9 and the risk of @entity1 with XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Respiratory variation of the pulmonary venous (PV) peak flow velocities can be used to distinguish @entity3 ( @entity4 ) from @entity2 (restriction). Rapid volume expansion has been used successfully to enhance diastolic pressure equalization in occult @entity4 . The effect of volume on the respiratory variation in @entity4 has not been studied previously. This study assessed the utility of volume in enhancing the PV respiratory variation of @entity4 to further separate it from restriction. METHODS: The study population consisted of 15 @entity0 referred to the echocardiography laboratory for further evaluation of clinically suspected @entity1 . Pulsed-Doppler transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) of the left or right upper pulmonary vein and mitral inflow was performed with respiratory monitoring before and after infusion of 1 liter of normal saline over 5 to 10 minutes. The classification of @entity0 as @entity4 (n = 8) or restriction (n = 7) was confirmed independently by cardiac catheterization or surgery. Peak velocities of the PV systolic and diastolic waves and the mitral inflow E were measured during inspiration and expiration. A mean of 3-6 respiratory cycles was obtained for each value before and after volume loading. The percent change from expiration to inspiration (%E) was calculated using the formula %E = expiration - inspiration / expiration. RESULTS: At baseline, @entity0 with @entity3 can be separated reliably from those with @entity2 based on a higher systolic/diastolic ratio and greater respiratory variation of their PV diastolic flow velocity. There were no complications in any @entity0 due to volume expansion. Although the change from baseline to volume expansion was not statistically significant in either @entity4 or restriction, the %E of the PV diastolic wave became significantly higher in @entity4 than in restriction (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid volume expansion is relatively safe during TEE and can be used for further separation of @entity3 from @entity2 by significantly enhancing the respiratory variation of the PV diastolic flow velocity in @entity3 .

title: Does rapid volume loading during transesophageal echocardiography differentiate XXXX from @entity2 ?

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Respiratory variation of the pulmonary venous (PV) peak flow velocities can be used to distinguish @entity3 ( @entity4 ) from @entity2 (restriction). Rapid volume expansion has been used successfully to enhance diastolic pressure equalization in occult @entity4 . The effect of volume on the respiratory variation in @entity4 has not been studied previously. This study assessed the utility of volume in enhancing the PV respiratory variation of @entity4 to further separate it from restriction. METHODS: The study population consisted of 15 @entity0 referred to the echocardiography laboratory for further evaluation of clinically suspected @entity1 . Pulsed-Doppler transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) of the left or right upper pulmonary vein and mitral inflow was performed with respiratory monitoring before and after infusion of 1 liter of normal saline over 5 to 10 minutes. The classification of @entity0 as @entity4 (n = 8) or restriction (n = 7) was confirmed independently by cardiac catheterization or surgery. Peak velocities of the PV systolic and diastolic waves and the mitral inflow E were measured during inspiration and expiration. A mean of 3-6 respiratory cycles was obtained for each value before and after volume loading. The percent change from expiration to inspiration (%E) was calculated using the formula %E = expiration - inspiration / expiration. RESULTS: At baseline, @entity0 with @entity3 can be separated reliably from those with @entity2 based on a higher systolic/diastolic ratio and greater respiratory variation of their PV diastolic flow velocity. There were no complications in any @entity0 due to volume expansion. Although the change from baseline to volume expansion was not statistically significant in either @entity4 or restriction, the %E of the PV diastolic wave became significantly higher in @entity4 than in restriction (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid volume expansion is relatively safe during TEE and can be used for further separation of @entity3 from @entity2 by significantly enhancing the respiratory variation of the PV diastolic flow velocity in @entity3 .

title: Does rapid volume loading during transesophageal echocardiography differentiate @entity3 from XXXX ?

answer: @entity2


abstract: Mechanisms regulating telomerase activity and telomere length remain incompletely understood in @entity1 @entity0 . We therefore studied gene expression for telomeric-repeat binding factors (TRFs) in relation to telomerase activity, telomere length, and clinicopathologic factors in @entity1 @entity0 . Telomerase activity was detected in 65.8% of 38 @entity0 , but none of 16 noncancerous samples. Terminal restriction fragments were longer in noncancerous than in cancerous tissues, but not significantly. Among 8 @entity1 with both @entity2 and paired noncancerous tissue available for terminal restriction fragments length assay, terminal restriction fragments were @entity2 than in paired noncancerous samples in all but one. Significantly more mRNA encoding @entity5 was detected in noncancerous than in @entity2 tissues. Additionally, expression of @entity5 mRNA was significantly higher in @entity2 without detectable telomerase activity than in @entity2 showing activity. Expression of these genes tended to show a negative correlation with terminal restriction fragments length, but this was not statistically significant. No correlation was seen between @entity4 or 2 mRNA expression, and clinicopathologic factors except for @entity4 with respect to @entity2 size and @entity3 receptor status. In addition to reactivation of telomerase activity, escape from negative regulation of this activity is needed to maintain telomere length during cell proliferation in @entity0 . Genes encoding telomerase inhibitors might be of value in gene therapy against @entity1 @entity0 .

title: Gene expression for suppressors of telomerase activity (telomeric-repeat binding factors) in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Because of the poor prognosis of @entity1 , transplantation has been proposed as the treatment of choice for this disease. METHODS: We reviewed our experience with the presentation, evaluation, and short-term outcome in 8 pediatric @entity0 with @entity1 referred for transplantation. Potential reversibility of elevation in pulmonary vascular resistance was tested before transplantation with @entity3 and @entity2 , with follow-up cardiac catheterization performed 6 to 12 months after transplantation. RESULTS: The mean age of diagnosis of @entity1 was 6.3 years and the mean interval from diagnosis to referral for transplantation was 3.6 years. Elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance was common and tended to progress with longer follow-up. Three of the 8 @entity0 had pulmonary vascular resistance indices greater than 10 Woods unit/m(2) and transpulmonary gradients greater than 20 mm Hg. The administration of @entity3 and @entity2 reversed elevated pulmonary resistance and transpulmonary gradients in all @entity0 . @entity2 successfully reversed pulmonary vascular resistance in @entity0 unresponsive to @entity3 . All @entity0 underwent successful transplantation and follow-up catheterization revealed normal pulmonary hemodynamics in each @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 can be associated with marked elevation in the pulmonary vascular resistance, which may contribute to the poor prognosis in these @entity0 and potentially make cardiac transplantation problematic. Orthotopic cardiac transplantation can be successfully performed in @entity0 who demonstrate reversibility of pulmonary vascular resistance. @entity2 appears to be the best agent to demonstrate reversibility of pulmonary resistance in these @entity0 .

title: Cardiac transplantation for XXXX : presentation, evaluation, and short-term outcome.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To document the 1-year postoperative clinical results of the safety, efficacy, and stability of conductive keratoplasty (CK) to correct low to moderate @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized, self-controlled trial. @entity0 : Five surgeons at four centers performed CK on the first 54 eyes of a multicenter, 2-year clinical trial. Treated eyes had +0.875 to +4.00 diopters (D) of @entity1 and < or =0.75 D of cylinder. The nature of this procedure was explained to all participating @entity0 who signed informed consent forms prior to undergoing the procedure. INTERVENTION: Low energy, high-frequency current was applied directly into the peripheral corneal stroma through a delivery tip inserted at 16 or more treatment spots. An early nomogram was used for the first 54 eyes with an intended refraction of plano. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data from all 54 eyes were analyzed for safety and stability. A subset of 30 of the 54 eyes was found that had been treated with the appropriate number of spots with the early nomogram. These eyes were categorized as current nomogram eyes; the data for these eyes were analyzed for efficacy and predictability, as well as stability and safety. All @entity0 reported on satisfaction and quality of vision after surgery. RESULTS: Preoperatively, the manifest refractive spherical equivalent refraction (MRSE) of the 30 current nomogram eyes was +1.57 D. At 1 year postoperatively, uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 57% of the eyes and 20/40 or better in 93%. The MRSE was within 0.50 D in 46%, within +/-1.00 D in 93%, and within +/-2.00 D in 100%. No eye lost > or =2 lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity at 1 year postoperatively nor had an induced cylinder of > or =2.00 D. The MRSE changed a mean of 0.25 D +/- 0.43 between 3 and 6 postoperative months, 0.16 D +/- 0.38 between 6 and 9 postoperative months, and 0.07 D +/- 0.38 between 9 and 12 postoperative months. Refractive stability appeared to be attained by 6 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Conductive keratoplasty appears to be safe, effective, and stable for correcting low to moderate spherical @entity1 . Stability appeared by the 6-month follow-up visit. For the eyes treated with the current CK nomogram, uncorrected visual acuity, predictability, and stability are as good as or better than those obtained with hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis or noncontact laser thermal keratoplasty.

title: Conductive keratoplasty for the correction of low to moderate XXXX : 1-year results on the first 54 eyes.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of weekly administration of @entity4 as a single agent in @entity0 with hormone-refractory, symptomatic, @entity3 with respect to symptom palliation, @entity1 response, time to progression, and survival. Sixty @entity0 with progressive @entity3 that had progressed on at least one hormonal regimen were enrolled in this multicenter phase II study. Twenty-one percent of @entity0 had received prior palliative radiotherapy, and 25% had received prior chemotherapy for hormone-refractory disease. @entity0 were scheduled to receive three 8-week cycles of @entity4 (36 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, and 36) with 2-week intervals between cycles. The @entity4 dose could be decreased in the event of @entity2 , but no dose escalation was permitted. A > or =50% decrease in serum @entity5 ( @entity5 ) levels from baseline with stabilization or improvement of performance status lasting 2 months or longer occurred in 24 (41%) @entity0 , of whom 16 (27%) had a > or =80% decrease for 2 months or more. The median time to progression for all @entity0 was 5.1 months (range, 0.9 to 18.2 months). The estimated median time to progression for @entity0 who had and those who did not have a > or =50% reduction in serum @entity5 level with stable or improved performance status was 6.65 and 4.3 months, respectively. The median overall survival was 9.4 months (range, 1.6 to 18.2 months). Treatment @entity2 was considered acceptable. Single-agent @entity4 at 36 mg/m(2) weekly was associated with a @entity5 response rate of 41%, increased time to progression and survival, and minimal myelosuppression in @entity0 with hormone-refractory @entity3 .

title: Phase II trial of single-agent weekly @entity4 in hormone-refractory, symptomatic, metastatic XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of weekly administration of @entity4 as a single agent in @entity0 with hormone-refractory, symptomatic, @entity3 with respect to symptom palliation, @entity1 response, time to progression, and survival. Sixty @entity0 with progressive @entity3 that had progressed on at least one hormonal regimen were enrolled in this multicenter phase II study. Twenty-one percent of @entity0 had received prior palliative radiotherapy, and 25% had received prior chemotherapy for hormone-refractory disease. @entity0 were scheduled to receive three 8-week cycles of @entity4 (36 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, and 36) with 2-week intervals between cycles. The @entity4 dose could be decreased in the event of @entity2 , but no dose escalation was permitted. A > or =50% decrease in serum @entity5 ( @entity5 ) levels from baseline with stabilization or improvement of performance status lasting 2 months or longer occurred in 24 (41%) @entity0 , of whom 16 (27%) had a > or =80% decrease for 2 months or more. The median time to progression for all @entity0 was 5.1 months (range, 0.9 to 18.2 months). The estimated median time to progression for @entity0 who had and those who did not have a > or =50% reduction in serum @entity5 level with stable or improved performance status was 6.65 and 4.3 months, respectively. The median overall survival was 9.4 months (range, 1.6 to 18.2 months). Treatment @entity2 was considered acceptable. Single-agent @entity4 at 36 mg/m(2) weekly was associated with a @entity5 response rate of 41%, increased time to progression and survival, and minimal myelosuppression in @entity0 with hormone-refractory @entity3 .

title: Phase II trial of single-agent weekly XXXX in hormone-refractory, symptomatic, metastatic @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop a new optotype chart for detection of nonorganic decreased vision. DESIGN: Comparative observational case series. @entity0 : Optotype thresholds determination in three normal subjects and testing on 30 consecutive @entity0 with unclear visual acuity loss. METHODS: A new optotype chart was developed, with an optotype minimum angle of resolution that is independent of size. In three normal subjects rank correlation was calculated between the optotype thresholds and the optotype sizes. A pocket chart was tested in a masked manner on 30 consecutive @entity0 referred because of unclear visual acuity loss. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Optotype thresholds and usefulness in clinical routine (positive and negative predictive values including 95% confidence intervals [CI]). RESULTS: The optotype thresholds did not correlate with the optotype sizes. Ten percent (3 of 30) of the @entity0 referred because of unclear visual acuity loss had to be excluded, because their diagnosis remained unclear. All @entity0 (16 of 16) with organic @entity1 saw all optotypes sizes. Eighty-nine percent (10 of 11) of @entity0 with nonorganic @entity1 claimed to see only the larger optotypes. The positive predictive value for nonorganic @entity1 of the new pocket chart was 100% (CI, 74%-100%); the negative predictive value was 94% (CI, 75%-100%). CONCLUSIONS: The new pocket chart seems to be useful for detection of @entity1 caused by nonorganic disease.

title: A new optotype chart for detection of nonorganic XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Laparoscopic resection of the colon is certainly feasible. There are conflicting reports regarding @entity3 , resumption of gastrointestinal function, and earlier return to work. There is no change in either mortality or morbidity when compared with open resection. For benign disease laparoscopic colonic resection is ideal if performed by a surgeon who performs the operation frequently. For @entity1 , [table: see text] at this stage, laparoscopic colonic resection should only be performed in the setting of a randomized controlled trial. The future of laparoscopic surgery for @entity4 will be decided by oncologic parameters. There is good evidence that a laparoscopic resection can be technically equivalent to its open counterpart. The data on recurrence, both local and distant, and long-term survival will become clearer when results of randomized controlled trials currently underway become available. The issue of port-site recurrence is a major concern in laparoscopic @entity2 surgery. The reported incidence is low; however, its cause remains unexplained and its presence in @entity0 with early stage @entity1 cannot be ignored.

title: Laparoscopy for XXXX .

answer: @entity4