abstract: PURPOSE: Mutations in the @entity8 gene cause recessive, severe @entity5 ( @entity5 ). @entity8 encodes the b subunit of the rod-specific phosphodiesterase (bPDE), which, when absent, results in toxic levels of intracellular @entity1 and photoreceptor cell death. @entity1 blockers, such as @entity6 , as well as light restriction, slow @entity2 in animal models of @entity3 . The goal of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of @entity4 /5- or @entity4 /8-mediated gene replacement in combination with @entity6 and/or with light restriction in the @entity7 @entity0 bearing homozygous @entity7 mutations. METHODS: AAV vectors encoding either bPDE or EGFP were subretinally administered at postnatal day (P)2. @entity6 was administered from P7 to P28. For light restriction, pregnant @entity7 @entity0 were kept in a dark environment until their pups were 28 days old. All functional and histologic analyses were performed at P35. RESULTS: Significant morphologic photoreceptor protection was observed after subretinal administration of AAV vectors encoding EGFP. This protection further increased after administration of @entity4 /8 or -2/5 encoding for bPDE and was not associated with significant functional improvement. Photoreceptor protection was higher after @entity4 /8- than after @entity4 /5-mediated delivery and was not significantly augmented by additional drug therapy and/or light restriction. The protective effect was lost after P35. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, more efficient gene transfer tools than those used in this study, as well as a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis, should be explored to increase the effect of gene replacement and to design gene-based strategies that block the apoptotic pathways activated by @entity3 .

title: AAV-mediated gene replacement, either alone or in combination with physical and pharmacological agents, results in partial and transient protection from @entity2 associated with XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to measure several parameters in @entity0 with early-stage @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and to evaluate them for their utility in routine clinical practice. @entity0 AND METHODS: Pre-operative serum levels of the following parameters were measured in 174 @entity0 with @entity3 (clinical stage I-III): @entity14 ( @entity14 ), @entity9 antigen CA 19-9, proliferative marker @entity6 kinase (TK), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), tissue polypeptide-specific antigen (TPS), @entity4 ( @entity4 ), @entity5 ( @entity5 ), @entity8 ( @entity8 ), @entity11 ( @entity11 ), @entity10 ( @entity10 ), @entity13 ( @entity13 ), @entity2 ( @entity2 ), C-peptide, insulin, @entity7 and leptin. The control group consisted of 50 @entity0 who were undergoing a complete preventive medical examination and in these @entity0 at the time of blood collection there was no evidence of any @entity1 . RESULTS: Significant increase of the following parameters was found in @entity0 with @entity3 : @entity14 , CA 19-9, TPA, @entity4 , @entity5 , @entity11 , C-peptide, insulin and @entity7 . Only two of these, @entity7 , represent highly unfavorable prognostic factors. If elevated, they affect both progression-free interval and overall survival. CONCLUSION: Based on our results, we can conclude that none of the measured parameters fulfills the criteria for use for screening nor for primary diagnosis of @entity3 . Some of the parameters are important for prognosis estimate: Elevated CA 19-9 is related to an unfavorable prognosis, in terms of @entity1 recurrence and mortality rate. Angiogenetic factor @entity2 represents a prognostic factor important for @entity12 . @entity14 represents a parameter which is related to disease progression. Interleukins seem to be prospective @entity1 markers. @entity7 may be used for estimation of advanced stage of @entity1 and for estimate of risk of @entity1 recurrence.

title: Parameters of biological activity in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of cavity disinfectants on the @entity0 resistance of primary molars restored with indirect composite inlays. Thirty-six non-carious primary second molars were selected and divided randomly into three groups (n = 12): control group (no disinfectant), @entity1 group (disinfected with 2% @entity1 for 40 seconds) and @entity2 group crowns (disinfected with 2% @entity1 for 40 seconds). The inlays were fabricated by indirect method using Ceram X nanocomposite on plaster die. All the groups were submitted to compression mechanic test in a Hounsfield universal testing machine at 1 mm/min cross-head speed and the results were calculated in Newtons. Descriptive statistics, independent t test, and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test revealed the mean @entity0 resistance of three groups, i.e., control group, @entity1 group and @entity2 group to be 2260.66, 1858.08 and 1310.66, respectively. When intragroup comparisons were made, a significant difference was observed in all the groups (P<0.001). Scheffe's post hoc test revealed that control group had the highest @entity0 resistance, followed by @entity1 group, and @entity2 group had the least @entity0 resistance. Each value differed significantly from the other (P<0.05). Cavity disinfectants used in the present study had detrimental effect on the @entity0 resistance of primary molars. Among the disinfectants employed in the present study, @entity1 showed a better resistance to @entity0 than @entity2 .

title: Comparative evaluation of the effect of cavity disinfectants on the XXXX resistance of primary molars restored with indirect composite inlays: an in vitro study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) has now become the preferred option for neurosurgical management of intractable central @entity1 such as post- @entity3 @entity5 and trigeminal @entity1 . However, the efficacy of @entity7 for other central @entity1 such as @entity5 resulting from spinal cord or @entity4 is unclear. We retrospectively reviewed 11 consecutive @entity0 with intractable central @entity1 who underwent @entity7 in our institution. Eight @entity0 had @entity5 caused by @entity6 (n = 5) or @entity9 (n = 3) (thalamic group). Two @entity0 had postoperative @entity1 caused by @entity8 , and one @entity0 had @entity5 caused by a @entity4 associated with @entity2 (brainstem-spinal group). Visual analog scale and stimulation parameters were evaluated at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. @entity7 was effective for six of eight @entity0 in the thalamic group, and all three @entity0 in the brainstem-spinal group. These efficacies continued for 6 months after surgery without significant change in the stimulation parameters compared with the parameters at 1 month in both groups. The mean amplitude at 1 month and frequency at 6 months after surgery were significantly higher in the brainstem-spinal group than the thalamic group, although the @entity0 number was small. @entity7 is effective for other central @entity1 , but higher intensity stimulation parameters may be necessary to gain adequate @entity5 reduction.

title: Efficacy of motor cortex stimulation for intractable central @entity1 : comparison of stimulation parameters between post- XXXX @entity5 and other @entity5 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) has now become the preferred option for neurosurgical management of intractable central @entity1 such as post- @entity3 @entity5 and trigeminal @entity1 . However, the efficacy of @entity7 for other central @entity1 such as @entity5 resulting from spinal cord or @entity4 is unclear. We retrospectively reviewed 11 consecutive @entity0 with intractable central @entity1 who underwent @entity7 in our institution. Eight @entity0 had @entity5 caused by @entity6 (n = 5) or @entity9 (n = 3) (thalamic group). Two @entity0 had postoperative @entity1 caused by @entity8 , and one @entity0 had @entity5 caused by a @entity4 associated with @entity2 (brainstem-spinal group). Visual analog scale and stimulation parameters were evaluated at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. @entity7 was effective for six of eight @entity0 in the thalamic group, and all three @entity0 in the brainstem-spinal group. These efficacies continued for 6 months after surgery without significant change in the stimulation parameters compared with the parameters at 1 month in both groups. The mean amplitude at 1 month and frequency at 6 months after surgery were significantly higher in the brainstem-spinal group than the thalamic group, although the @entity0 number was small. @entity7 is effective for other central @entity1 , but higher intensity stimulation parameters may be necessary to gain adequate @entity5 reduction.

title: Efficacy of motor cortex stimulation for intractable central XXXX : comparison of stimulation parameters between post- @entity3 @entity5 and other @entity5 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) has now become the preferred option for neurosurgical management of intractable central @entity1 such as post- @entity3 @entity5 and trigeminal @entity1 . However, the efficacy of @entity7 for other central @entity1 such as @entity5 resulting from spinal cord or @entity4 is unclear. We retrospectively reviewed 11 consecutive @entity0 with intractable central @entity1 who underwent @entity7 in our institution. Eight @entity0 had @entity5 caused by @entity6 (n = 5) or @entity9 (n = 3) (thalamic group). Two @entity0 had postoperative @entity1 caused by @entity8 , and one @entity0 had @entity5 caused by a @entity4 associated with @entity2 (brainstem-spinal group). Visual analog scale and stimulation parameters were evaluated at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. @entity7 was effective for six of eight @entity0 in the thalamic group, and all three @entity0 in the brainstem-spinal group. These efficacies continued for 6 months after surgery without significant change in the stimulation parameters compared with the parameters at 1 month in both groups. The mean amplitude at 1 month and frequency at 6 months after surgery were significantly higher in the brainstem-spinal group than the thalamic group, although the @entity0 number was small. @entity7 is effective for other central @entity1 , but higher intensity stimulation parameters may be necessary to gain adequate @entity5 reduction.

title: Efficacy of motor cortex stimulation for intractable central @entity1 : comparison of stimulation parameters between post- @entity3 XXXX and other @entity5 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) has now become the preferred option for neurosurgical management of intractable central @entity1 such as post- @entity3 @entity5 and trigeminal @entity1 . However, the efficacy of @entity7 for other central @entity1 such as @entity5 resulting from spinal cord or @entity4 is unclear. We retrospectively reviewed 11 consecutive @entity0 with intractable central @entity1 who underwent @entity7 in our institution. Eight @entity0 had @entity5 caused by @entity6 (n = 5) or @entity9 (n = 3) (thalamic group). Two @entity0 had postoperative @entity1 caused by @entity8 , and one @entity0 had @entity5 caused by a @entity4 associated with @entity2 (brainstem-spinal group). Visual analog scale and stimulation parameters were evaluated at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. @entity7 was effective for six of eight @entity0 in the thalamic group, and all three @entity0 in the brainstem-spinal group. These efficacies continued for 6 months after surgery without significant change in the stimulation parameters compared with the parameters at 1 month in both groups. The mean amplitude at 1 month and frequency at 6 months after surgery were significantly higher in the brainstem-spinal group than the thalamic group, although the @entity0 number was small. @entity7 is effective for other central @entity1 , but higher intensity stimulation parameters may be necessary to gain adequate @entity5 reduction.

title: Efficacy of motor cortex stimulation for intractable central @entity1 : comparison of stimulation parameters between post- @entity3 @entity5 and other XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The electrophysiologic effects of @entity6 (10 mg/kg), @entity3 (0.15 mg/kg) and @entity4 (0.6 mg/kg) were studied in the chronically instrumented conscious and @entity5 -anesthetized @entity0 . Sinus node automaticity assessed by the corrected sinus node recovery time and atrio-ventricular conduction assessed by the Wenckebach phenomenon were evaluated by atrial pacing via electrodes placed in the wall of the right atrium, and exteriorized in the neck region. Nineteen @entity0 were studied and groups of 6 @entity0 were used for each experimental session. The @entity1 channel blocking drugs were administered by slow i.v. infusion (15 min). Effects were measured over 45-60 min and compared with the pretreatment value. In conscious @entity0 , heart rate was initially markedly increased by @entity6 and @entity4 and only slightly increased by @entity3 . These chronotropic responses were reversed to @entity2 by @entity4 only. Corrected sinus node recovery time measured at the end of infusion was decreased by @entity3 and @entity4 and was unchanged by @entity6 . Lengthening of corrected sinus node recovery time was observed with @entity3 at the end of the experiment. All 3 @entity1 channel blocking agents produced negative dromotropic responses. To determine to what extent electrophysiologic effects of @entity5 were involved in the cardiac responses measured in the anesthetized @entity0 , @entity5 was administered prior to injection of each @entity1 channel blocking agent. @entity5 produced positive chronotropic and dromotropic effects which were attenuated by the 3 @entity1 channel blocking agents. The reduction of corrected sinus node recovery time induced by @entity5 was diminished by @entity6 and @entity4 and unchanged by @entity3 . @entity5 anesthesia thus has important electrophysiologic implications on the effects of @entity1 channel blocking agents on chronotropic and dromotropic variables on the heart.

title: Comparative electrophysiologic effects of XXXX , @entity3 and @entity4 in conscious and anesthetized @entity0 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: The electrophysiologic effects of @entity6 (10 mg/kg), @entity3 (0.15 mg/kg) and @entity4 (0.6 mg/kg) were studied in the chronically instrumented conscious and @entity5 -anesthetized @entity0 . Sinus node automaticity assessed by the corrected sinus node recovery time and atrio-ventricular conduction assessed by the Wenckebach phenomenon were evaluated by atrial pacing via electrodes placed in the wall of the right atrium, and exteriorized in the neck region. Nineteen @entity0 were studied and groups of 6 @entity0 were used for each experimental session. The @entity1 channel blocking drugs were administered by slow i.v. infusion (15 min). Effects were measured over 45-60 min and compared with the pretreatment value. In conscious @entity0 , heart rate was initially markedly increased by @entity6 and @entity4 and only slightly increased by @entity3 . These chronotropic responses were reversed to @entity2 by @entity4 only. Corrected sinus node recovery time measured at the end of infusion was decreased by @entity3 and @entity4 and was unchanged by @entity6 . Lengthening of corrected sinus node recovery time was observed with @entity3 at the end of the experiment. All 3 @entity1 channel blocking agents produced negative dromotropic responses. To determine to what extent electrophysiologic effects of @entity5 were involved in the cardiac responses measured in the anesthetized @entity0 , @entity5 was administered prior to injection of each @entity1 channel blocking agent. @entity5 produced positive chronotropic and dromotropic effects which were attenuated by the 3 @entity1 channel blocking agents. The reduction of corrected sinus node recovery time induced by @entity5 was diminished by @entity6 and @entity4 and unchanged by @entity3 . @entity5 anesthesia thus has important electrophysiologic implications on the effects of @entity1 channel blocking agents on chronotropic and dromotropic variables on the heart.

title: Comparative electrophysiologic effects of @entity6 , XXXX and @entity4 in conscious and anesthetized @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The electrophysiologic effects of @entity6 (10 mg/kg), @entity3 (0.15 mg/kg) and @entity4 (0.6 mg/kg) were studied in the chronically instrumented conscious and @entity5 -anesthetized @entity0 . Sinus node automaticity assessed by the corrected sinus node recovery time and atrio-ventricular conduction assessed by the Wenckebach phenomenon were evaluated by atrial pacing via electrodes placed in the wall of the right atrium, and exteriorized in the neck region. Nineteen @entity0 were studied and groups of 6 @entity0 were used for each experimental session. The @entity1 channel blocking drugs were administered by slow i.v. infusion (15 min). Effects were measured over 45-60 min and compared with the pretreatment value. In conscious @entity0 , heart rate was initially markedly increased by @entity6 and @entity4 and only slightly increased by @entity3 . These chronotropic responses were reversed to @entity2 by @entity4 only. Corrected sinus node recovery time measured at the end of infusion was decreased by @entity3 and @entity4 and was unchanged by @entity6 . Lengthening of corrected sinus node recovery time was observed with @entity3 at the end of the experiment. All 3 @entity1 channel blocking agents produced negative dromotropic responses. To determine to what extent electrophysiologic effects of @entity5 were involved in the cardiac responses measured in the anesthetized @entity0 , @entity5 was administered prior to injection of each @entity1 channel blocking agent. @entity5 produced positive chronotropic and dromotropic effects which were attenuated by the 3 @entity1 channel blocking agents. The reduction of corrected sinus node recovery time induced by @entity5 was diminished by @entity6 and @entity4 and unchanged by @entity3 . @entity5 anesthesia thus has important electrophysiologic implications on the effects of @entity1 channel blocking agents on chronotropic and dromotropic variables on the heart.

title: Comparative electrophysiologic effects of @entity6 , @entity3 and XXXX in conscious and anesthetized @entity0 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The electrophysiologic effects of @entity6 (10 mg/kg), @entity3 (0.15 mg/kg) and @entity4 (0.6 mg/kg) were studied in the chronically instrumented conscious and @entity5 -anesthetized @entity0 . Sinus node automaticity assessed by the corrected sinus node recovery time and atrio-ventricular conduction assessed by the Wenckebach phenomenon were evaluated by atrial pacing via electrodes placed in the wall of the right atrium, and exteriorized in the neck region. Nineteen @entity0 were studied and groups of 6 @entity0 were used for each experimental session. The @entity1 channel blocking drugs were administered by slow i.v. infusion (15 min). Effects were measured over 45-60 min and compared with the pretreatment value. In conscious @entity0 , heart rate was initially markedly increased by @entity6 and @entity4 and only slightly increased by @entity3 . These chronotropic responses were reversed to @entity2 by @entity4 only. Corrected sinus node recovery time measured at the end of infusion was decreased by @entity3 and @entity4 and was unchanged by @entity6 . Lengthening of corrected sinus node recovery time was observed with @entity3 at the end of the experiment. All 3 @entity1 channel blocking agents produced negative dromotropic responses. To determine to what extent electrophysiologic effects of @entity5 were involved in the cardiac responses measured in the anesthetized @entity0 , @entity5 was administered prior to injection of each @entity1 channel blocking agent. @entity5 produced positive chronotropic and dromotropic effects which were attenuated by the 3 @entity1 channel blocking agents. The reduction of corrected sinus node recovery time induced by @entity5 was diminished by @entity6 and @entity4 and unchanged by @entity3 . @entity5 anesthesia thus has important electrophysiologic implications on the effects of @entity1 channel blocking agents on chronotropic and dromotropic variables on the heart.

title: Comparative electrophysiologic effects of @entity6 , @entity3 and @entity4 in conscious and anesthetized XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Loading of the spine induces dynamic changes in the osmotic environment of the intervertebral disc (IVD) due to the exudation and recovery of tissue water. Cells from the anulus fibrosus (AF) respond to osmotic stress with altered biosynthesis through a pathway that may involve @entity1 ( @entity0 ) as a second messenger. We examined the hypothesis that AF cells respond to hypo-osmotic stress by swelling and initiating regulatory volume decrease (RVD). Further, the role of F-actin disruption and transient increases in intracellular @entity1 concentration ([ @entity0 ]i) in volume adaptation were studied. In response to hypo-osmotic stress, AF cells swelled, disrupted F-actin, and exhibited [ @entity0 ]i transients in proportion to the magnitude of the stress. The transient disruption of F-actin was dependent on the presence of extracellular @entity0 . After swelling, AF cells underwent RVD at all magnitudes of hypo-osmotic stress. The extent of RVD was diminished significantly by F-actin breakdown using cytochalasin D or by inhibition of swelling-induced F-actin disruption by removing extracellular @entity0 . Swelling-induced disruption of F-actin facilitated RVD, as evidenced by a more rapid volume recovery with increased F-actin breakdown. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the F-actin network plays an important role in the response of AF cells to osmotic stress.

title: The role of F-actin in hypo-osmotically induced cell volume change and XXXX signaling in anulus fibrosus cells.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We have generated a battery of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that distinguish different antigen molecules present in @entity0 B cells. Two antigen systems, termed @entity6 and @entity11 , respectively, were expressed in most surface immunoglobulin-positive B cells and thus showed pan-B cell specificity. Two other antigens ( @entity7 and @entity9 ) appeared to be expressed mainly on small resting B cells but not on large activated B cells. In contrast with @entity7 and @entity9 , @entity10 and L4, the latter of which corresponds to OKT10, were not or little expressed on resting B cells, but were found on these B cells after activation either in-vivo or in-vitro with staphylococcal protein-A (SAC) plus @entity2 ( @entity2 ) or with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). We also produced MAb ( @entity8 ) that detected @entity3 ( @entity3 ) consistently expressed on in-vitro activated B cells as described above. In contrast with L4, @entity8 and @entity10 , @entity9 was lost from in-vitro-activated B cells, following the appearance of either @entity8 or @entity10 on these in-vitro-activated B cells. Then, we analyzed antigen profiles of B cell tumors using these MAbs as described above. Common @entity4 (CALL) expressed L4 and @entity9 . @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity5 ( @entity5 ) possessed most of the B cell antigens as described herein, and furthermore, @entity5 expressed @entity3 as detected by @entity8 MAb. In the case of B cell lymphomas, they were phenotypically divided into two groups, corresponding to either early or late activated B cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Surface marker expression of XXXX B-cell lymphomas.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Thirty @entity0 were allocated in a double-blind study comparing @entity3 20 mg to @entity4 20 mg. Both drugs were administered once daily, before breakfast, for a period of 6 months. Clinical evaluations were performed weekly during the first 6 weeks and then monthly. The following parameters were evaluated: Ritchie articular index, @entity1 on movement, @entity1 at rest, grip strength, functional status, and morning stiffness. Laboratory examinations were performed before, on the 42nd day and on the 6th month of therapy. Efficacy was considered favourable in 10 cases treated with @entity4 and in 12 with @entity3 and poor in five treated with the former and in three with @entity3 . Three @entity0 of each group presented side effects of slight intensity. Considering the good results seen in the @entity0 receiving @entity4 , the treatment was maintained in nine cases for a further period of 6 months. Eleven other @entity0 from the @entity3 group also received @entity4 for a further period of 6 months. The efficacy was maintained in all 20 @entity0 . Regarding adverse reactions, one @entity0 complained of @entity2 in the twelfth month of therapy and another @entity0 had a brief episode of meteorism in the ninth month.

title: Long-term study with XXXX ( @entity4 ) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Thirty @entity0 were allocated in a double-blind study comparing @entity3 20 mg to @entity4 20 mg. Both drugs were administered once daily, before breakfast, for a period of 6 months. Clinical evaluations were performed weekly during the first 6 weeks and then monthly. The following parameters were evaluated: Ritchie articular index, @entity1 on movement, @entity1 at rest, grip strength, functional status, and morning stiffness. Laboratory examinations were performed before, on the 42nd day and on the 6th month of therapy. Efficacy was considered favourable in 10 cases treated with @entity4 and in 12 with @entity3 and poor in five treated with the former and in three with @entity3 . Three @entity0 of each group presented side effects of slight intensity. Considering the good results seen in the @entity0 receiving @entity4 , the treatment was maintained in nine cases for a further period of 6 months. Eleven other @entity0 from the @entity3 group also received @entity4 for a further period of 6 months. The efficacy was maintained in all 20 @entity0 . Regarding adverse reactions, one @entity0 complained of @entity2 in the twelfth month of therapy and another @entity0 had a brief episode of meteorism in the ninth month.

title: Long-term study with @entity4 ( XXXX ) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Ten different @entity2 -conjugated lectins of various known sugar specificities were used to study cell surface glycoconjugates of normal and regenerating @entity0 skeletal muscle. In normal muscle, Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin, Triticum vulgaris agglutinin ( @entity4 germ agglutinin, WGA), @entity5 agglutinin-I, and Maclura pomifera agglutinin bound strongly to the endomysial region of the myofibers. No binding was observed in the cytoplasm of the myofibers. Other lectins (Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, Griffonia simplifolia agglutinin I and II, Ulex europaeus agglutinin, Arachis hypogaea agglutinin, @entity3 agglutinin) bound very poorly or not at all in the normal muscle. Skeletal @entity1 and regeneration was induced by autotransplantation of the extensor digitorum longus muscle. In the transplanted muscles, the endomysial lectin binding of the degenerating myofibers became weak and lacked continuity, indicating a breakdown of the endomysium. Of all the lectins tested, only WGA revealed intense binding in the myogenic zone of regenerating muscle. As the regeneration progressed, this WGA binding became restricted to the new endomysium. In completely regenerated muscle, binding of all lectins was similar to that seen in normal muscle. The specific binding of WGA to the myogenic zone may be important in identifying factors or glycoconjugates, which constitute a favorable environment for skeletal muscle regeneration.

title: An immunofluorescent analysis of lectin binding to normal and regenerating skeletal muscle of XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Between 1975 and 1983, 53 @entity0 with parasitologically proven @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and 16 @entity0 with suspected @entity1 were diagnosed in Honduras. The @entity0 ' ages ranged from 3 months to 10 years, but 95% were younger than 3 years old. Since 1978, when 16 @entity0 were reported, the yearly incidence has declined, and in 1982 only 4 @entity0 were reported. We located and interviewed the families of 57 of the 69 @entity0 . At the onset of illness, all 57 @entity0 lived in rural areas, and 55 lived in southern Honduras. All the @entity0 who were discharged from the hospital alive were still living at the time of the interview. A case-control study, using age-matched neighbors as controls, showed that @entity0 were significantly more likely to have lived in poorly constructed, wood-stick houses. We used an indirect immunofluorescence test to analyze blood samples for @entity4 antibodies from 218 family members of @entity0 , 170 family members of controls, and 156 @entity0 living on the island of El Tigre, where 4 of the 5 most recently diagnosed @entity0 lived. Although 15 specimens gave a positive reaction to L. donovani antigen, each gave a stronger reaction when tested against @entity3 cruzi antigen, suggesting that the reactions to @entity4 were false positives. A serosurvey of 279 @entity2 of cases and controls and from El Tigre showed that 24 had positive reactions to L. donovani antigen, but only 4 (1.4%) had higher titers to @entity4 than to @entity3 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Epidemiologic study of XXXX in Honduras, 1975-1983.

answer: @entity1


abstract: To review our experience with cauterization of persistent @entity2 in @entity0 , we performed a retrospective review of @entity0 who underwent cauterization of @entity2 by the senior author (O.E.B.) from 1986 to 2001 in an academic, tertiary care @entity0 's hospital. We studied 13 pediatric @entity0 ranging in age from 2.5 to 17.5 years of age at the time of surgery. Twelve @entity0 underwent cauterization under endoscopic visualization. One @entity0 underwent superficial cauterization of the tract without endoscopy. All @entity0 had at least a 1-year history of an indwelling tracheotomy. All @entity0 were decannulated at least 1 year before @entity2 cauterization. Of the 12 @entity0 who underwent intraoperative airway endoscopy, the internal orifice of the @entity2 tract was specifically visualized and seen to be patent in 10. One @entity0 was noted to have internal mucosalization of the tract, and no discrete opening to the @entity3 was noted in the other @entity0 . Eleven @entity0 had complete closure of the @entity2 site at follow-up (range, 2 weeks to 2 years). One @entity0 developed a leak during a coughing spell 2 days after the operation, and the @entity2 was noted to be closing with a small leak at follow-up. Another @entity0 (with @entity4 ) ultimately required a repeat tracheotomy for @entity1 . This @entity0 was the only one admitted after the operation, for a pulmonary infiltrate. No other @entity0 required airway support in the immediate postoperative period. Cauterization of @entity2 in @entity0 is a relatively simple, effective, and safe technique.

title: Simple technique for tracheocutaneous XXXX closure in the pediatric population.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Twenty-four nasal mucosa specimens were obtained from the inferior or middle turbinates of 6 normal subjects and 18 @entity0 with chronic @entity8 , @entity6 . Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to identify the @entity10 ( @entity10 ) subunits that were expressed in the nasal mucosa. Collectively, transcripts for @entity9 , @entity3 ) @entity10 subunit genes were detected in the respiratory mucosa. The alpha3, alpha7, and @entity9 subunits were expressed in 92%, 88%, and 75% of the subjects, respectively. There was a high degree of interindividual variation in @entity10 subunit gene expression among subjects. A significant univariate association was found between tissue type and @entity3 expression and between gender and @entity5 expression. These data suggest that cells in the nasal mucosa express the necessary messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for numerous @entity10 combinations. Moreover, our identification of @entity10 subunit mRNAs in the nasal mucosa extends the findings of other functional studies of nAChRs in nasal epithelial cells and implies that @entity7 from @entity2 products such as cigarette smoke and @entity7 nasal spray may have direct cellular effects on nasal mucosa cells through activation of homogeneous or heterogeneous nAChRs. A significant number of @entity0 receiving @entity7 nasal spray have reported nasal irritation, and there are reports of transient @entity1 and @entity4 with the use of smoke-free @entity7 cigarettes. These adverse respiratory effects may be due to activation of nAChRs in epithelial cells of the nose and @entity4 .

title: Nicotinic cholinergic receptor expression in the XXXX nasal mucosa.

answer: @entity0


abstract: This chapter is devoted to the contribution of long-term EEG and behavioral monitoring to the localization of @entity1 foci. Combined EEG and video monitoring may clarify the clinical @entity2 pattern reported by history; it may confirm or invalidate its localizing significance. It may also reveal unsuspected multiple clinical @entity2 patterns which may or may not correspond to multiple areas of @entity2 onset. The localizing evidence derived from interictal EEG abnormality provides valuable additional diagnostic information, identifying a likely area of @entity2 onset. Automatic spike recognition may improve the quality of the information provided by interictal activity by providing otherwise unavailable quantitative information. The main application of EEG monitoring is for detecting the region of @entity2 onset. This is important for the identification of @entity2 type, the differentiation between @entity1 and @entity1 and the preoperative localization of @entity2 onset. Reliable localization in @entity0 with partial @entity2 depends upon demonstration of a precise focal or regional onset of the ictal EEG changes occurring prior to or simultaneously with clinical @entity2 manifestations. Use of intracranial electrodes is indicated when monitoring with extracranial electrodes has not provided unequivocal localization of @entity2 onset. Automatic @entity2 recognition and phase analysis may again increase the yield of monitoring in localizing epileptogenic foci.

title: Localization of XXXX foci.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Thirty-five @entity0 with @entity3 were treated by electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns through implanted epidural electrodes. In 5, such stimulation had minimal @entity1 -reducing effect during an immediate postoperative trial period, and the electrodes were removed. In the remaining 30, an electrode system for chronic stimulation was implanted. Four of these died of related or unrelated causes. The electrode system was removed in 2 @entity0 due to infections, and in 1 due to mechanical discomfort. The remaining 23 @entity0 answered a questionnaire concerning the @entity1 reducing effect of stimulation (4-60 months postoperatively, median 15 months). The group as a whole estimated the @entity1 reducing effect of stimulation as weak. Only 10 @entity0 (43.5%) used the stimulator regularly. Even in these @entity0 , the @entity1 -reducing effect was limited. @entity2 after repeated back surgery responded relatively better to stimulation than did the other cases. Phantom limb @entity1 was most resistant. The modest results suggest future restriction on the use of such stimulation.

title: Dorsal column stimulation in XXXX treatment.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Constraints on resources and time often render treatments for @entity1 such as psychological interventions impracticable, while synthetic anxiolytic drugs are effective, but are often burdened with adverse events. Options which are effective and safe would be of considerable interest and a welcome addition to the therapeutic repertoire. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety as reported in rigorous clinical trials of kava extract compared with placebo for treating @entity1 . SEARCH STRATEGY: All publications describing (or which might describe) randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of kava extract for @entity1 were sought through electronic searches on EMBASE, MEDLINE, AMED (British Library), CISCOM (Research Council for Complementary Medicine, London), Central/CCTR and CCDANCTR. The search terms that were used were kava, kawa, kavain, Piper methysticum and Rauschpfeffer (German common name for Piper methysticum). Additionally, manufacturers of kava preparations and experts on the subject were contacted and asked to contribute published and unpublished material. Hand-searches of relevant medical journals (Erfahrungsheilkunde 1996 - 2002, Forsch Komplement  rmed Klass Naturheilkd 1994 - 2002, Phytomed 1994 - 2002, Alt Comp Ther 1995 - 2002), conference proceedings (e.g. FACT - Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 1996 - 2002) and our own files were conducted. The searches were updated to August 2002. No restrictions regarding the language of publication were imposed. SELECTION CRITERIA: To be included studies were required to be randomised, controlled trials (RCTs), i.e. trials with a randomised generation of allocation sequences, and conducted placebo-controlled and double-blind, i.e. trials with blinding of @entity0 and care providers. Trials using oral preparations containing kava extract as the only component (mono-preparation) were considered. Trials using single constituents of kava extract alone, assessing kava extract as one of several active components in a combination preparation or as a part of a combination therapy were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted systematically according to @entity0 characteristics, interventions and results. Methodological quality of all trials was evaluated using the standard scoring system developed by Jadad and colleagues. The screening of studies, selection, data extraction, validation and the assessment of methodological quality were performed independently by the two reviewers. Disagreements in the evaluation of individual trials were resolved through discussion. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven trials with a total of 645 @entity0 met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis of six studies using the total score on the Hamilton Anxiety scale as a common outcome measure suggests a significant reduction in @entity0 receiving kava extract compared with @entity0 receiving placebo (weighted mean difference: 5.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.1 to 8.8; p = 0.01; n = 345). Adverse events as reported in the reviewed trials were mild, transient and infrequent. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Compared with placebo, kava extract appears to be an effective symptomatic treatment option for @entity1 . The data available from the reviewed studies suggest that kava is relatively safe for short-term treatment (1 to 24 weeks), although more information is required. Further rigorous investigations, particularly into the long-term safety profile of kava are warranted.

title: Kava extract for treating XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Large epidemiological studies of non-smokers have demonstrated an association between overweight during midlife and increased mortality. However, little is known about whether this association may be explained by physical @entity3 . Thus, we aimed to examine this association in a long-term follow-up, with adjustment for @entity3 . METHODS: We prospectively studied mortality in relation to overweight in 2014 healthy Norwegian @entity0 40-59 years of age at enrollment in 1972-1975, and recorded cardiovascular and non- @entity1 during 25-27 years follow-up. Physical @entity3 was measured in a maximal exercise tolerance bicycle test. RESULTS: At baseline 717 @entity0 had overweight (body mass index 25.0-29.9) and 1221 had normal weight (body mass index<25.0). During follow-up 746 @entity0 died, 377 from cardiovascular causes. Among non-smokers with overweight/normal weight, @entity1 rates were 19.4%/11.3%, and @entity1 rates were 13.2%/14.4%. Overweight was related to @entity1 , even after adjustment for age, physical @entity3 , blood pressure and @entity2 level (RR: 1.52, p=0.010), but not to non- @entity1 (RR: 0.84, p=0.32). Among smokers overweight was not associated with cardiovascular or non- @entity1 . The difference in @entity1 between non-smokers with overweight and normal weight first appeared after 15 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Overweight appears to be an independent long-term predictor of @entity1 in middle-aged healthy non-smoking @entity0 , even after adjustment for physical @entity3 .

title: Overweight as predictor of long-term mortality among healthy, middle-aged XXXX : a prospective cohort study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are often administered in salvage therapy even if genotypic resistance tests (GRTs) indicate high-level resistance, but little is known about the benefit of these additional NRTIs. METHODS: The effect of <2 compared with 2 NRTIs on viral suppression ( @entity2 RNA < 50 copies/mL) at week 24 was studied in salvage @entity0 receiving @entity3 . Intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were performed; last observation carried forward imputation was used to deal with missing information. Logistic regressions were weighted to create a pseudopopulation in which the probability of receiving <2 and 2 NRTIs was unrelated to baseline factors predicting treatment response. RESULTS: One-hundred thirty @entity0 were included, of whom 58.5% (n = 76) received <2 NRTIs. NRTIs were often replaced by other drug classes. @entity0 with 2 NRTIs received less additional drug classes compared with @entity0 with <2 NRTIs [median (IQR): 1 (1-2) compared with 2 (1-2), P Wilcoxon < 0.001]. The activity of non-NRTI treatment components was lower in the 2 NRTIs group compared with the <2 NRTIs group [median (IQR) genotypic sensitivity score: 2 (1.5-2.5) compared with 2.5 (2-3), P Wilcoxon < 0.001]. The administration of <2 NRTIs was associated with a worse viral suppression rate at week 24. The odds ratios were 0.34 (95% confidence interval: 0.13 to 0.89, P = 0.027) and 0.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.05 to 0.79, P = 0.023) when performing the last observation carried forward and the per-protocol approach, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that partially active or inactive NRTIs contribute to treatment response, and thus the use of 2 NRTIs in salvage regimens that include @entity3 seems warranted.

title: Viral suppression rates in salvage treatment with @entity3 improved with the administration of genotypic partially active or inactive XXXX /tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are often administered in salvage therapy even if genotypic resistance tests (GRTs) indicate high-level resistance, but little is known about the benefit of these additional NRTIs. METHODS: The effect of <2 compared with 2 NRTIs on viral suppression ( @entity2 RNA < 50 copies/mL) at week 24 was studied in salvage @entity0 receiving @entity3 . Intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were performed; last observation carried forward imputation was used to deal with missing information. Logistic regressions were weighted to create a pseudopopulation in which the probability of receiving <2 and 2 NRTIs was unrelated to baseline factors predicting treatment response. RESULTS: One-hundred thirty @entity0 were included, of whom 58.5% (n = 76) received <2 NRTIs. NRTIs were often replaced by other drug classes. @entity0 with 2 NRTIs received less additional drug classes compared with @entity0 with <2 NRTIs [median (IQR): 1 (1-2) compared with 2 (1-2), P Wilcoxon < 0.001]. The activity of non-NRTI treatment components was lower in the 2 NRTIs group compared with the <2 NRTIs group [median (IQR) genotypic sensitivity score: 2 (1.5-2.5) compared with 2.5 (2-3), P Wilcoxon < 0.001]. The administration of <2 NRTIs was associated with a worse viral suppression rate at week 24. The odds ratios were 0.34 (95% confidence interval: 0.13 to 0.89, P = 0.027) and 0.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.05 to 0.79, P = 0.023) when performing the last observation carried forward and the per-protocol approach, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that partially active or inactive NRTIs contribute to treatment response, and thus the use of 2 NRTIs in salvage regimens that include @entity3 seems warranted.

title: Viral suppression rates in salvage treatment with XXXX improved with the administration of genotypic partially active or inactive @entity1 /tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Life-threatening @entity1 of @entity3 are highly associated with @entity5 . This implicates the premature GI tract as an important site for invasion by Candida. Invasive interactions of Candida spp. with immature enterocytes have heretofore not been analyzed. Using a primary immature @entity0 enterocyte line, we compared the ability of multiple isolates of different Candida spp. to penetrate, injure, and induce a cytokine response from host cells. Of all the Candida spp. analyzed, @entity4 had the greatest ability to penetrate and injure immature enterocytes and to elicit IL-8 release (p < 0.01). In addition, @entity4 was the only Candida spp. to form filamentous hyphae when in contact with immature enterocytes. Similarly, a @entity4 mutant with defective hyphal morphogenesis and invasiveness had @entity2 for immature enterocytes (p < 0.003). Thus, hyphal morphogenesis correlates with immature enterocyte penetration, injury, and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, variability in enterocyte injury was observed among hyphal-producing @entity4 strains, suggesting that individual organism genotypes also influence host-pathogen interactions. Overall, the finding that Candida spp. differed in their interactions with immature enterocytes implicates that individual spp. may use different pathogenesis mechanisms.

title: Candida species differ in their interactions with immature XXXX gastrointestinal epithelial cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: We sought to determine the impact of (1) grade of the @entity3 , (2) the formation of an ostomy, and (3) associated injuries on outcomes such as morbidity and mortality after blunt @entity3 . We retrospectively reviewed 16,814 cases of blunt @entity5 . @entity0 with @entity3 were selected and charts reviewed for demographic, clinical, and outcomes data. Injuries were grouped by the @entity3 Scale (grades I-V). Independent risk factors of morbidity included spine and @entity1 , as well as increased age. A higher grade of @entity3 trended toward a significant association with @entity4 . Independent risk factors of mortality included liver, heart, and @entity1 , as well as intracerebral blood and female gender. The grade of @entity3 , the formation of an ostomy, and management of the @entity2 did not independently predict @entity4 , morbidity, or mortality. These results indicate that @entity0 afflicted with blunt @entity2 experience a high rate of morbidity and mortality from associated injuries and or increased age. Treatment regimens directed at these factors will be most helpful in reducing the high morbidity and mortality after blunt @entity2 . Factors such as ostomy formation and management strategy are not associated with increased morbidity or mortality after blunt @entity2 .

title: Independent predictors of morbidity and mortality in blunt XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: In neurogenesis, neural cell fate specification is generally triggered by proneural transcription factors. Whilst the role of proneural factors in fate specification is well studied, the link between neural specification and the cellular pathways that ultimately must be activated to construct specialised neurons is usually obscure. High-resolution temporal profiling of gene expression reveals the events downstream of atonal proneural gene function during the development of @entity0 chordotonal (mechanosensory) neurons. Among other findings, this reveals the onset of expression of genes required for construction of the ciliary dendrite, a key specialisation of mechanosensory neurons. We determine that atonal activates this cellular differentiation pathway in several ways. Firstly, atonal directly regulates @entity1 , a well-known highly conserved ciliogenesis transcriptional regulator. Unexpectedly, differences in @entity1 regulation by proneural factors may underlie variations in ciliary dendrite specialisation in different sensory neuronal lineages. In contrast, @entity2 encodes a novel forkhead family transcription factor that is exclusively expressed in differentiating chordotonal neurons. @entity2 regulates genes required for specialized aspects of chordotonal dendrite physiology. In addition to these intermediate transcriptional regulators, we show that atonal directly regulates a novel gene, dilatory, that is directly associated with ciliogenesis during neuronal differentiation. Our analysis demonstrates how early cell fate specification factors can regulate structural and physiological differentiation of neuronal cell types. It also suggests a model for how subtype differentiation in different neuronal lineages may be regulated by different proneural factors. In addition, it provides a paradigm for how transcriptional regulation may modulate the ciliogenesis pathway to give rise to structurally and functionally specialised ciliary dendrites.

title: The gene regulatory cascade linking proneural specification with differentiation in XXXX sensory neurons.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The potential of spray-drying technique for the encapsulation in @entity4 ( @entity3 ) microspheres of @entity0 insulin, a poorly stable peptide, has been investigated. Insulin-loaded microspheres were prepared by spray-drying different feeding liquids containing insulin and @entity3 , that is a S/O dispersion, a W/O emulsion or an @entity1 solution. In the case of the emulsion, insulin was also co-encapsulated with either non-ionic surfactants such as @entity2 20 and @entity5 , or complexing agents such as HPbetaCD. In the microspheres prepared from the @entity1 solution of insulin and @entity3 , HPbetaCD was tested. Microspheres containing surfactants were aggregated, whereas good quality particles displaying a mean diameter in the range 12.1-27.9 microm were produced in the other cases. Insulin was efficiently loaded inside microspheres except for S/O formulation (only 22% of total insulin content was entrapped). The impact of the microencapsulation process on insulin chemical and conformational stability was assessed by HPLC, circular dichroism and turbidimetry studies. Under the adopted manufacture conditions, insulin was encapsulated in the native state and its chemical and conformational stability was preserved along the fabrication process. The formulations containing only insulin displayed low burst effects (6-11%), whereas the addition of surfactants resulted in much higher burst effects (49-54%) and faster release rate. The co-encapsulation of HPbetaCD slowed down the overall release rate and, in the case of microspheres prepared from the emulsion, allowed a constant insulin release up to 45 days. The study of insulin stability along the release phase showed that insulin was released in the intact form and un-released insulin was stable inside all the microsphere formulations. We conclude that insulin can be effectively encapsulated in @entity3 microspheres by the spray-drying technique. Additives with complexing properties such as HPbetaCD have demonstrated a potential in optimizing the release rate of insulin when used in microspheres prepared from W/O emulsions.

title: Feeding liquid, non-ionic surfactant and cyclodextrin affect the properties of insulin-loaded XXXX microspheres prepared by spray-drying.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Leu-M1 is a differentiation antigen present in @entity0 myelomonocytic cells. Seventy-seven acute @entity4 were retrospectively stained with anti-Leu-M1 using the immunoperoxidase technique on Bouin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. The subjects were 44 @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and 33 @entity7 ( @entity7 ) previously characterized by cytochemical and immunologic (cell suspension) methods. Leu-M1 was positive in all the @entity7 and in half of the @entity3 cases. These results suggest that Leu-M1 does not allow differentiation between @entity7 and @entity3 . For the @entity3 cases Leu-M1 was positive in 15/28 B-cell types, 4/12 T-cell type and 3/4 'null'-cell type cases. Thus, this antibody is of no assistance in defining types B, T, or 'null' in @entity3 . Leu-M1 was also studied on paraffin sections of 34 high grade @entity1 . The antibody was negative in all 13 @entity5 (lymphoblastic: 6; immunoblastic: 7) and in all 4 'null' cell lymphomas. It was positive in 4/9 peripheral T-cell type, the other @entity2 (lymphoblastic: 5; immunoblastic: 3) remaining negative. Thus, Leu-M1 may be positive in @entity2 but it is negative in @entity5 and is always negative in B or T lymphoblastic types. It seems that lymphoblasts are Leu-M1 negative in @entity6 and may be @entity4 .

title: Leu-M1 antigen expression in acute XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Individuals with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) are at increased risk for @entity4 and @entity9 . Low plasma levels of @entity7 are an independent risk factor for @entity4 and may cause @entity8 , another recognized risk factor for @entity4 . The aim of this study was to evaluate @entity7 plasma levels in @entity1 @entity0 . METHODS: We studied 61 @entity1 @entity0 : 32 with @entity2 and 29 with @entity3 . For each @entity0 , three sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects were studied. RESULTS: Median @entity7 levels were significantly lower in @entity1 @entity0 (22.0 pmol/L, range 3.6-231.0) than in controls (31.1 pmol/L, 3.7-363.4; p < 0.01). In all, 13.1% @entity1 @entity0 and 5.5% controls had plasma @entity7 levels lower than the 5th percentile of distribution in normal controls (p < 0.05). Low @entity7 levels were significantly more frequent in @entity0 with active disease than in @entity0 with quiescent disease (seven of 26, 26.9%, vs one of 35, 2.9%; p < 0.001). Moreover, @entity0 with active disease had significantly lower median @entity7 levels (13.4 pmol/L, range 3.6-124.0) than @entity0 in a quiescent phase (27.0 pmol/L, 7.8-231.0; p < 0.001). Low @entity7 levels were significantly correlated with serum concentrations of @entity6 (r = -0.36, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.09, p < 0.01) and alpha(1)-acid-glycoprotein (r = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.10, p < 0.01). @entity8 was more frequent in @entity0 with low @entity7 levels (three of eight, 37.5%) than in @entity0 with normal levels (nine of 53, 17.0%; p = 0.18). There was no statistically significant correlation between @entity7 and @entity5 plasma levels (r = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.37 to +0.14, p = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Low @entity7 plasma levels, an independent risk factor for @entity4 , are frequent in @entity0 with @entity1 , especially those with active disease.

title: Low XXXX plasma levels, a risk factor for @entity4 , in @entity1 : role of inflammation and correlation with acute phase reactants.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Individuals with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) are at increased risk for @entity4 and @entity9 . Low plasma levels of @entity7 are an independent risk factor for @entity4 and may cause @entity8 , another recognized risk factor for @entity4 . The aim of this study was to evaluate @entity7 plasma levels in @entity1 @entity0 . METHODS: We studied 61 @entity1 @entity0 : 32 with @entity2 and 29 with @entity3 . For each @entity0 , three sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects were studied. RESULTS: Median @entity7 levels were significantly lower in @entity1 @entity0 (22.0 pmol/L, range 3.6-231.0) than in controls (31.1 pmol/L, 3.7-363.4; p < 0.01). In all, 13.1% @entity1 @entity0 and 5.5% controls had plasma @entity7 levels lower than the 5th percentile of distribution in normal controls (p < 0.05). Low @entity7 levels were significantly more frequent in @entity0 with active disease than in @entity0 with quiescent disease (seven of 26, 26.9%, vs one of 35, 2.9%; p < 0.001). Moreover, @entity0 with active disease had significantly lower median @entity7 levels (13.4 pmol/L, range 3.6-124.0) than @entity0 in a quiescent phase (27.0 pmol/L, 7.8-231.0; p < 0.001). Low @entity7 levels were significantly correlated with serum concentrations of @entity6 (r = -0.36, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.09, p < 0.01) and alpha(1)-acid-glycoprotein (r = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.10, p < 0.01). @entity8 was more frequent in @entity0 with low @entity7 levels (three of eight, 37.5%) than in @entity0 with normal levels (nine of 53, 17.0%; p = 0.18). There was no statistically significant correlation between @entity7 and @entity5 plasma levels (r = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.37 to +0.14, p = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Low @entity7 plasma levels, an independent risk factor for @entity4 , are frequent in @entity0 with @entity1 , especially those with active disease.

title: Low @entity7 plasma levels, a risk factor for @entity4 , in XXXX : role of inflammation and correlation with acute phase reactants.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Individuals with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) are at increased risk for @entity4 and @entity9 . Low plasma levels of @entity7 are an independent risk factor for @entity4 and may cause @entity8 , another recognized risk factor for @entity4 . The aim of this study was to evaluate @entity7 plasma levels in @entity1 @entity0 . METHODS: We studied 61 @entity1 @entity0 : 32 with @entity2 and 29 with @entity3 . For each @entity0 , three sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects were studied. RESULTS: Median @entity7 levels were significantly lower in @entity1 @entity0 (22.0 pmol/L, range 3.6-231.0) than in controls (31.1 pmol/L, 3.7-363.4; p < 0.01). In all, 13.1% @entity1 @entity0 and 5.5% controls had plasma @entity7 levels lower than the 5th percentile of distribution in normal controls (p < 0.05). Low @entity7 levels were significantly more frequent in @entity0 with active disease than in @entity0 with quiescent disease (seven of 26, 26.9%, vs one of 35, 2.9%; p < 0.001). Moreover, @entity0 with active disease had significantly lower median @entity7 levels (13.4 pmol/L, range 3.6-124.0) than @entity0 in a quiescent phase (27.0 pmol/L, 7.8-231.0; p < 0.001). Low @entity7 levels were significantly correlated with serum concentrations of @entity6 (r = -0.36, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.09, p < 0.01) and alpha(1)-acid-glycoprotein (r = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.10, p < 0.01). @entity8 was more frequent in @entity0 with low @entity7 levels (three of eight, 37.5%) than in @entity0 with normal levels (nine of 53, 17.0%; p = 0.18). There was no statistically significant correlation between @entity7 and @entity5 plasma levels (r = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.37 to +0.14, p = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Low @entity7 plasma levels, an independent risk factor for @entity4 , are frequent in @entity0 with @entity1 , especially those with active disease.

title: Low @entity7 plasma levels, a risk factor for XXXX , in @entity1 : role of inflammation and correlation with acute phase reactants.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Acute soft tissue @entity2 influences callus formation and @entity3 healing. Several studies showed a relationship between angiogenesis and bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of controlled release of @entity0 ( @entity0 ) on callus formation in a limb-shortening distraction procedure after acute compartment syndrome. Acute soft tissue @entity2 with critical increased compartment pressure was generated in 22 @entity1 , and the limb was shortened simulating @entity3 site debridement. In the test group (n=11), a @entity0 -coated collagen matrix was locally applied around the @entity3 , while no collagen was applied in the control group (n=11). Following 10 days in limb shortening, a gradual distraction of 0.5   mm/12   h was performed using an external fixation device and followed up for 40 days. Osseous consolidation occurred in all animals. Average callus diameter (1.54        0.8 vs. 1.27        0.14   mm) and torsional strength (72% vs. 46% of normal) were significantly higher in the test versus the control group. Blood vessel formation increased with a significantly higher number of vessels (6.3 vs. 3.81/mm2 ) and larger cross-sectional area (>40     m, 90.5% vs. 86%) in the test versus control group. The results showed that locally applied @entity0 stimulates @entity3 healing after acute soft tissue @entity2 and might be an option for @entity3 treatment in cases with severe soft tissue damage.

title: Local application of @entity0 compensates callus deficiency after acute soft tissue @entity2 --results using a limb-shortening distraction procedure in XXXX tibia.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Acute soft tissue @entity2 influences callus formation and @entity3 healing. Several studies showed a relationship between angiogenesis and bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of controlled release of @entity0 ( @entity0 ) on callus formation in a limb-shortening distraction procedure after acute compartment syndrome. Acute soft tissue @entity2 with critical increased compartment pressure was generated in 22 @entity1 , and the limb was shortened simulating @entity3 site debridement. In the test group (n=11), a @entity0 -coated collagen matrix was locally applied around the @entity3 , while no collagen was applied in the control group (n=11). Following 10 days in limb shortening, a gradual distraction of 0.5   mm/12   h was performed using an external fixation device and followed up for 40 days. Osseous consolidation occurred in all animals. Average callus diameter (1.54        0.8 vs. 1.27        0.14   mm) and torsional strength (72% vs. 46% of normal) were significantly higher in the test versus the control group. Blood vessel formation increased with a significantly higher number of vessels (6.3 vs. 3.81/mm2 ) and larger cross-sectional area (>40     m, 90.5% vs. 86%) in the test versus control group. The results showed that locally applied @entity0 stimulates @entity3 healing after acute soft tissue @entity2 and might be an option for @entity3 treatment in cases with severe soft tissue damage.

title: Local application of @entity0 compensates callus deficiency after acute soft tissue XXXX --results using a limb-shortening distraction procedure in @entity1 tibia.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Acute soft tissue @entity2 influences callus formation and @entity3 healing. Several studies showed a relationship between angiogenesis and bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of controlled release of @entity0 ( @entity0 ) on callus formation in a limb-shortening distraction procedure after acute compartment syndrome. Acute soft tissue @entity2 with critical increased compartment pressure was generated in 22 @entity1 , and the limb was shortened simulating @entity3 site debridement. In the test group (n=11), a @entity0 -coated collagen matrix was locally applied around the @entity3 , while no collagen was applied in the control group (n=11). Following 10 days in limb shortening, a gradual distraction of 0.5   mm/12   h was performed using an external fixation device and followed up for 40 days. Osseous consolidation occurred in all animals. Average callus diameter (1.54        0.8 vs. 1.27        0.14   mm) and torsional strength (72% vs. 46% of normal) were significantly higher in the test versus the control group. Blood vessel formation increased with a significantly higher number of vessels (6.3 vs. 3.81/mm2 ) and larger cross-sectional area (>40     m, 90.5% vs. 86%) in the test versus control group. The results showed that locally applied @entity0 stimulates @entity3 healing after acute soft tissue @entity2 and might be an option for @entity3 treatment in cases with severe soft tissue damage.

title: Local application of XXXX compensates callus deficiency after acute soft tissue @entity2 --results using a limb-shortening distraction procedure in @entity1 tibia.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Diagnosis of @entity0 @entity2 in untreated tissue sections is achieved by using imaging data from desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ( @entity5 -MS) combined with multivariate statistical analysis. We use the distinctive @entity5 -MS glycerophospholipid (GP) mass spectral profiles to visually characterize and formally classify twenty pairs (40 tissue samples) of @entity0 @entity1 and adjacent normal bladder tissue samples. The individual ion images derived from the acquired profiles correlate with standard histological @entity3 and @entity4 (H_E)-stained serial sections. The profiles allow us to classify the disease status of the tissue samples with high accuracy as judged by reference histological data. To achieve this, the data from the twenty pairs were divided into a training set and a validation set. Spectra from the @entity1 and normal regions of each of the tissue sections in the training set were used for orthogonal projection to latent structures (O-PLS) treated partial least-square discriminate analysis (PLS-DA). This predictive model was then validated by using the validation set and showed a 5% error rate for classification and a misclassification rate of 12%. It was also used to create synthetic images of the tissue sections showing pixel-by-pixel disease classification of the tissue and these data agreed well with the independent classification that uses histological data by a certified pathologist. This represents the first application of multivariate statistical methods for classification by ambient ionization although these methods have been applied previously to other MS imaging methods. The results are encouraging in terms of the development of a method that could be utilized in a clinical setting through visualization and diagnosis of intact tissue.

title: Multivariate statistical identification of @entity0 XXXX using ambient ionization imaging mass spectrometry.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Diagnosis of @entity0 @entity2 in untreated tissue sections is achieved by using imaging data from desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ( @entity5 -MS) combined with multivariate statistical analysis. We use the distinctive @entity5 -MS glycerophospholipid (GP) mass spectral profiles to visually characterize and formally classify twenty pairs (40 tissue samples) of @entity0 @entity1 and adjacent normal bladder tissue samples. The individual ion images derived from the acquired profiles correlate with standard histological @entity3 and @entity4 (H_E)-stained serial sections. The profiles allow us to classify the disease status of the tissue samples with high accuracy as judged by reference histological data. To achieve this, the data from the twenty pairs were divided into a training set and a validation set. Spectra from the @entity1 and normal regions of each of the tissue sections in the training set were used for orthogonal projection to latent structures (O-PLS) treated partial least-square discriminate analysis (PLS-DA). This predictive model was then validated by using the validation set and showed a 5% error rate for classification and a misclassification rate of 12%. It was also used to create synthetic images of the tissue sections showing pixel-by-pixel disease classification of the tissue and these data agreed well with the independent classification that uses histological data by a certified pathologist. This represents the first application of multivariate statistical methods for classification by ambient ionization although these methods have been applied previously to other MS imaging methods. The results are encouraging in terms of the development of a method that could be utilized in a clinical setting through visualization and diagnosis of intact tissue.

title: Multivariate statistical identification of XXXX @entity2 using ambient ionization imaging mass spectrometry.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Five Persian Jews were detected with the @entity7 ( @entity7 ). Primary @entity1 and @entity5 were present in each, @entity4 in two, and @entity3 and @entity2 in single subjects. The percentage of T and B cells, and the mononuclear cell response to phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A were normal in all five. IgG and IgA levels and the @entity0 +/ @entity0 + cell ratio were low in one subject. Antinuclear and antithyroid antibodies were present in one subject. HLA-DR5 was present in 4/4, HLA-24 and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) in 3/4 subjects. A single case of @entity9 ( @entity9 ) was detected among 12 first degree relatives. HLA antigens B8, @entity8 , were absent in all of these subjects. Seven non-Iranian Jews with @entity9 were also examined. HLA A26 or A25 were present in all seven. Persian Jews appear to have a unique variant of @entity7 .

title: The XXXX : a new variant in Persian Jews.

answer: @entity7


abstract: The objective was to create a method/model that works in practical clinical treatment for health care personnel as well as for the @entity0 , to educate and supervise health care staff according to this model and to initiate long-term treatment of @entity1 @entity0 in a health care setting. The hypothesis was that it is possible to successfully initiate behavior-modified treatment in the form of a structured treatment program as a method and a tool adapted to use in health care. The aim of this article is to describe an extensive structural cognitive behavioral treatment program for @entity0 . The treatment program is documented in a handbook for supervisors and a self-monitoring book for @entity0 . This handbook is used in the education of the health care personnel and supports the supervisor in the clinical work with the @entity0 . The main purpose of all individual or group treatment is to bring about reduction of body weight or weight control. To obtain weight control through lifestyle changes a balance has to be found between eating behavior, physical activity and body weight control. To reach this kind of balance it is important to have treatment programs where the aim and goals are clearly declared. The structure and the content of the program shall motivate and create interest for changes in the overweight @entity0 's behavior. This treatment program includes a schematic survey and an example of a structured treatment program. Over the last few years, 850 nurses, dietitians and other health care personnel have been educated, representing 400 primary health care centers and hospitals within Sweden. Overall these @entity0 find their education and supervision meaningful and valuable.

title: Practical clinical behavioral treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To study the maternal and perinatal outcome of pregnancies complicated by @entity3 . METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out in the cardio-obstetric clinic of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (India) over a period of 13 years (1987-1999) involving 486 pregnant @entity0 with @entity3 . Maternal and perinatal outcome was reviewed. RESULTS: Three hundred and four @entity0 (63.3%) had single valve involvement and @entity2 was the most predominant lesion (89.2%). One hundred and seventy one (38.6%) @entity0 had undergone surgical correction prior to the onset of pregnancy. One hundred and thirteen @entity0 (22.6%) were identified as NYHA class III-IV. Mitral valvotomy was performed during pregnancy in 48 @entity0 . The incidence of @entity1 and small for gestational age newborns was 12% and 18.2%, respectively. There were 10 maternal deaths, of which eight @entity0 were NYHA III and IV. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 in pregnancy is associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity in NYHA class III-IV @entity0 .

title: Maternal and perinatal outcome in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the influence of specific growth factors and growth hormone (GH) in the culture medium on in vitro embryo production and post-thaw survival of vitrified blastocysts. In total, 1673 @entity1 oocytes were used for evaluating the nuclear status of the oocytes after in vitro maturation (n=560) or for @entity0 ( @entity0 , n=1113) and distributed in five treatment groups: (1). medium only control; (2). activin (10 ng/ml); (3). epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10 ng/ml); (4). insulin 5 microg/ml and (5). GH (100 ng/ml). There was an increase (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively) in the percentage of oocytes that reached meta phase II, developed to blastocysts and hatched, as well as in the blastocyst cell number in the groups treated with activin, EGF and GH compared to controls. There was no significant difference between insulin and control groups. A total of 465 blastocysts were vitrified in a three-step protocol using @entity3 and @entity2 . After thawing, embryos were cultured in five treatments groups as described above. Groups EGF and GH had higher (P<0.05) survival rates with a mean blastocyst survival of 95.0+/-1.5 and 93.1+/-3.5%, respectively, while mean hatching rate was higher for EGF and activin groups (75.3+/-3.4 and 62.0+/-3.2%, respectively). Thawed control blastocysts had a mean cell count of 52.7+/-3.3%. With the exception of insulin, all growth factors and GH tested showed higher (P<0.01) total cell numbers when compared to controls. In conclusion, addition of growth factors and GH in the culture media has favorable effects on in vitro maturation, in vitro embryo production, and post-thaw survival of vitrified blastocysts.

title: Growth factors and growth hormone enhance in vitro embryo production and post-thaw survival of vitrified XXXX blastocysts.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The antibody response of C57B1/6 @entity0 to @entity2 erythrocytes (SRBCs), a macrophage and T-cell-dependent antigen, is highly sensitive to suppression by @entity3 (HpCDD), a major immunotoxic contaminant of @entity1 . The present studies have used several in vivo approaches to characterize the humoral immune suppression produced by an acute oral exposure to HpCDD and to assess the potential cellular defects responsible for the suppression. Administration of HpCDD at various times prior to or following antigen challenge indicated that HpCDD induced rapid yet prolonged suppression of the antibody response. Timing studies also suggested that initial processing of antigen by the macrophage and antibody production by the mature plasma cell were resistant to HpCDD. The demonstration that antibody responses could not be improved by either increasing or decreasing the antigen dose indicated that the effects of HpCDD were not related to the level of antigenic stimulation per se. In addition, there was no evidence for a shift in the kinetics of the antibody response of HpCDD-treated @entity0 at any antigen dose that might have reflected a delay in the development of the response. The dose-response effects of HpCDD on antibody responses to T-helper-cell-dependent (SRBC) and T-helper-cell-independent type 1 (TNP-LPS) and type 2 (DNP-Ficoll) antigens indicated that sensitivity to HpCDD-induced suppression directly correlated with the sensitivity of the response to T-cell regulation. Nonspecific activation of T-amplifier cells with concanavalin A was capable of reconstituting the depressed antibody response of @entity0 treated with 100 micrograms/kg HpCDD but not of @entity0 treated with 500 micrograms/kg HpCDD, further suggesting that regulatory T cells are most sensitive to HpCDD. Definitive evidence for the role of regulatory T cells in mediating HpCDD-induced suppression of the antibody response was obtained in studies using congenitally T-cell-deficient nude (nu/nu) mice. The antibody response to DNP-Ficoll was was assayed since the anti-DNP response proceeds in the absence of T-helper cells in nu/nu @entity0 yet the response can be modulated by changes in the activity of T-amplifier and T-suppressor cells present in nu/+ @entity0 . Results of these studies showed that nu/nu @entity0 were significantly more resistant to the immunosuppressive effects of HpCDD as compared with their nu/+ littermates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Mechanisms of XXXX (HpCDD)-induced humoral immune suppression: evidence of primary defect in T-cell regulation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Fifty-eight @entity0 with spinal cord cavities were studied with MR imaging. @entity0 were separated into four groups, and the appearance of the cavities were compared. There were 24 @entity0 (41.4%) with communicating @entity4 (associated with the @entity5 ). Sixteen @entity0 (27.6%) had posttraumatic @entity4 , nine @entity0 (15.5%) had associated @entity1 , and nine @entity0 (15.5%) had idiopathic @entity4 . The characteristics of each syrinx, the spinal cord, and the appearance of the cerebellar tonsils were analyzed on T2- and T1-weighted images. There is a striking similarity in the appearance of many syrinx cavities regardless of the cause. Characteristics that were found in some @entity0 in every group included areas of increased intensity on T2-weighted images, the presence of the CSF flow-void sign (CFVS) in the syrinx cavity, eccentric cavities, "beaded" cavities, and @entity3 . @entity7 alone does not indicate that a syrinx is of the "communicating" type, since it was present in two of 16 @entity0 (13%) with @entity2 and in two of five @entity0 (40%) with @entity1 . T1-weighted images were most useful in evaluating the anatomic characteristics of the syrinx and the cerebellar tonsils. Most syrinx cavities involved the cervicothoracic junction. The average length was between five and nine vertebral segments (depending on category) but varied between one and 20 vertebral segments. T2-weighted images revealed areas of increased intensity in the spinal cord in 13 @entity0 without @entity1 . Two of these cases were shown to represent @entity6 on histopathologic review. The CFVS was present in the syrinx cavities of 23 @entity0 (40%), probably reflecting pulsatile movements of the syrinx fluid. It has been proposed that such movements are a cause of syrinx propagation, and the observation of the CFVS may have prognostic significance. The development and progression of the CFVS was documented in serial MR examinations in one @entity0 over an 18-month period. The theories of syrinx development and propagation are reviewed.

title: The MR appearance of XXXX : new observations.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Some excess morbidity and mortality in Alzheimer caregivers (CGs) may be related to chronic activation of the sympatho-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system. Authors tested the efficacy of an in-home respite intervention to reduce peripheral markers of SAM activation and @entity4 in spousal caregivers of @entity0 with @entity2 . METHODS: Caregivers were classified as Vulnerable (n = 27) or Non-Vulnerable (n = 28). Vulnerable CGs were those with a severe mismatch between caregiving demand and help received in the preceding 6 months. CGs had plasma @entity8 levels sampled at rest and in response to a stressor (speech task) before and 1 month after a 2-week in-home respite intervention. Self-reported symptoms of @entity1 and @entity3 were also obtained. RESULTS: ANOVA revealed a group x treatment interaction: At the 1-month follow-up, plasma @entity7 declined significantly in the vulnerable caregivers who received respite, but rose in those who were wait-listed. No effect was found for @entity5 , heart rate, blood pressure, or @entity6 . CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that an in-home respite program may reduce SAM activation independent of @entity6 . To the extent that sympathetic activation mediates pathophysiological events, these results suggest an approach that may reduce morbidity and mortality in certain caregivers.

title: In-home respite intervention reduces plasma XXXX in stressed Alzheimer caregivers.

answer: @entity7


abstract: Stage IV @entity3 ( @entity3 ) denotes the presence of @entity2 and is largely incurable using present-day therapies. Chemotherapy remains a therapeutic option in this @entity0 population, and there are many pertinent issues surrounding its use in @entity0 with stage IV @entity3 . Eleven questions were framed by the American College of Chest Physicians @entity1 Guidelines Committee, and these were addressed by a systematic search of the available literature. The issues addressed included the identification of prognostic factors in selecting @entity0 for chemotherapy and a critical analysis of the survival benefit provided by chemotherapy. Given the development of several new chemotherapy agents over the past decade, the impact that these agents have made was addressed as well as the definition of a standard of care regarding chemotherapeutic regimens. Given the fact that chemotherapy does not represent a curative option, other issues addressed were the optimal duration of treatment as well as its impact on symptom relief and quality of life, the role of second-line therapy, and the outcomes expectations from both first-line and second-line chemotherapy. The question of what specialty delivered the chemotherapy also was addressed. Once the data were identified, a critical analysis was undertaken attempting to objectively portray the data in support of answers for each of the questions posed. We believe the data support the fact that properly selected @entity0 benefit from chemotherapy with regard to survival and palliation in both first-line and second-line settings. It appears that in trials addressing the duration of first-line therapy, this survival and palliative benefit occurs early, and prolonged therapy is not indicated. Therapy in this setting is cost-effective, and there are several regimens that can be considered to be "standard-of-care" options. Physicians involved in the diagnosis of these @entity0 should be aware of the potential benefits of chemotherapy, allowing them to give recommendations to @entity0 that are based on data derived from clinical trials. In addition, this awareness will allow them to make referrals, when appropriate, to physicians who are trained in the administration of chemotherapy and the management of @entity0 undergoing such therapy.

title: Chemotherapeutic management of stage IV XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: This study reports data from 412 @entity1 prospectively studied over a 1-year period from five collaborating centers: one group had modified radical mastectomy for Stages I and II @entity0 , 145; cholecystectomy for @entity8 , 90; biopsy for @entity10 , 87; and healthy @entity1 , 90. All were between the ages of 30 and 70 years, without pre-existing @entity3 and @entity11 of current @entity5 . All @entity1 were seen initially within 3 months of surgery. Data were analyzed from structured interviews, speech samples, and questionnaire responses which measured presence and degree of @entity9 , mood, physical complaints, self-esteem, and quality of interpersonal relationships. Principal components analysis was used to generate seven identifiable factors which were analyzed by MANOVA (multiple analysis of variance). @entity1 with @entity0 showed @entity6 related to social and interpersonal relationships. More distress was seen in @entity1 with @entity2 , and they also had more negative attitudes toward self and the future, concern with physical symptoms, @entity4 , strain, and interpersonal difficulties. They did not, however, show any greater signs of @entity9 severe enough to warrant @entity3 intervention than the other groups over the year following surgery. The findings suggest that healthy @entity1 without prior @entity3 or concurrent @entity5 experienced some @entity7 , primarily in psychosocial functioning which was more than that in @entity1 after cholecystectomy or biopsy, but severe @entity9 over the year following surgery were conspicuously absent. These data do not support the belief that severe @entity3 sequelae follow a mastectomy in psychologically healthy @entity1 .

title: Psychological response to mastectomy. A prospective comparison study. Psychological aspects of XXXX Study Group.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Stapled restorative proctocolectomy (SRP) for @entity2 retains a 'cuff' of columnar epithelium, which carries a risk of undergoing malignant change. The risk of @entity1 was studied in a series of @entity0 who underwent SRP for @entity2 . METHODS: One hundred and thirty-five @entity0 who underwent SRP for @entity2 between 1988 and 1998 were followed up by cuff surveillance biopsy. The median follow-up was 56 (range 12-145) months and the median time since diagnosis of @entity2 was 8.8 (range 2-32) years. RESULTS: The cuff biopsies showed no @entity5 or @entity4 . The accuracy of obtaining cuff mucosa in the biopsy was 65 per cent. @entity3 was present in 94 per cent of cuff biopsies. CONCLUSION: This study shows no evidence of either @entity5 or @entity4 in the columnar cuff mucosa, up to 12 years after pouch formation. This suggests that cuff surveillance in the first decade after SRP, in the absence of @entity5 or @entity4 in the original colectomy specimen, may be unnecessary. Regular cuff surveillance biopsies after SRP should continue for @entity0 with high-grade @entity5 or @entity4 in the original resection specimen.

title: Risk of XXXX in the columnar cuff after stapled restorative proctocolectomy.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Major histocompatibility antigens were identified in frozen sections of normal Lewis @entity1 peripheral nerve tissue with monoclonal antibodies and an avidin- @entity5 -peroxidase complex system. Class I antigen is normally required for cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocyte function and class II antigen for activation of helper T lymphocytes. In the sciatic nerves class I antigen was expressed diffusely by most endoneurial and perineurial cells but class II antigen only by a minority. In the cauda equina class I antigen was expressed by all @entity6 and some endoneurial cells, while class II antigen was expressed by a smaller proportion of @entity6 cells in the endoneurium of spinal roots and interstitial cells surrounding dorsal root ganglion neurons. The endothelium of endoneurial, perineurial and meningeal vessels uniformly expressed class I but not class II antigen. @entity2 was induced in Lewis @entity1 by immunisation with @entity3 intradural root myelin. Early lesions consisted of multifocal infiltration of the nerve roots by cells expressing @entity4 . Surrounding endoneurial cells showed markedly increased expression of major histocompatibility antigens. In inflammatory lesions about 10% of the cells were stained with pan T cell antibodies. T lymphocyte subsets were identified with antibody @entity7 for helper cells and MRC OX-8 for cytotoxic/suppressor cells. The @entity7 positive cells were usually slightly in excess of OX-8 positive cells and their relative proportions did not alter during the disease. The presence of class I antigen on normal endothelium and its increased expression on endoneurial cells in the early phase of @entity0 suggest an important role for class I restricted lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of the early stages of @entity2 .

title: Major histocompatibility antigens and lymphocyte subsets during XXXX in the Lewis @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Major histocompatibility antigens were identified in frozen sections of normal Lewis @entity1 peripheral nerve tissue with monoclonal antibodies and an avidin- @entity5 -peroxidase complex system. Class I antigen is normally required for cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocyte function and class II antigen for activation of helper T lymphocytes. In the sciatic nerves class I antigen was expressed diffusely by most endoneurial and perineurial cells but class II antigen only by a minority. In the cauda equina class I antigen was expressed by all @entity6 and some endoneurial cells, while class II antigen was expressed by a smaller proportion of @entity6 cells in the endoneurium of spinal roots and interstitial cells surrounding dorsal root ganglion neurons. The endothelium of endoneurial, perineurial and meningeal vessels uniformly expressed class I but not class II antigen. @entity2 was induced in Lewis @entity1 by immunisation with @entity3 intradural root myelin. Early lesions consisted of multifocal infiltration of the nerve roots by cells expressing @entity4 . Surrounding endoneurial cells showed markedly increased expression of major histocompatibility antigens. In inflammatory lesions about 10% of the cells were stained with pan T cell antibodies. T lymphocyte subsets were identified with antibody @entity7 for helper cells and MRC OX-8 for cytotoxic/suppressor cells. The @entity7 positive cells were usually slightly in excess of OX-8 positive cells and their relative proportions did not alter during the disease. The presence of class I antigen on normal endothelium and its increased expression on endoneurial cells in the early phase of @entity0 suggest an important role for class I restricted lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of the early stages of @entity2 .

title: Major histocompatibility antigens and lymphocyte subsets during @entity2 in the Lewis XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Wild @entity0 trapped in their natural habitat and adapted to laboratory conditions were studied. Food, water and electrolyte (0.5 M- @entity3 , 0.5 M- @entity8 , 0.25 M- @entity9 and 0.25 M- @entity6 ) consumption, urinary volume and @entity4 losses were monitored daily following stimuli which were found dipsogenic in other species. Water drinking was observed immediately after the intravenous injection of 1 M- @entity3 (3 ml/kg), and following withdrawal of a mean of 13.9% of calculated blood volume. Daily intake of water decreased during intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) infusion of 0.3 M- @entity3 in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.), during I.C.V. infusion of 0.9 M- @entity5 c.s.f., both at a rate of 17 microliters/h, following peritoneal dialysis with 5% (w/v) @entity1 solution, and during food restriction. Water intake was not affected following intravenous administration of @entity7 (10 mg/kg). Daily intake of 0.5 M- @entity3 solution was increased following peritoneal dialysis with 5% (w/v) @entity1 solution, which caused hyponatraemia, but not after @entity2 which caused about the same @entity4 deficit as peritoneal dialysis, but as an isosmotic loss. Administration of two different angiotensin II analogues, systemically or I.C.V., failed to induce water drinking. However, urinary @entity4 excretion and intake of 0.5 M- @entity3 were increased during the 5 days of I.C.V. infusion of angiotensin II (10 pmol/h). Infusion for 1 day of angiotensin II (500 pmol/h) led to increased urinary @entity4 excretion which was followed by increased intake. The intake of other electrolyte solutions was not significantly affected by any of the treatments detailed above. The mechanisms participating in initiation of thirst in wild @entity0 are very sensitive to decrease in blood volume, in contrast to other species studied in laboratories. Angiotensin II at the doses and routes administered was not dipsogenic in wild @entity0 . The increased intake of 0.5 M- @entity3 solution observed during and after the long-term intraventricular administration of angiotensin II in the wild @entity0 appears predominantly a response to @entity4 deficit caused by natriuresis. The persistence of appetite after the cessation of infusion is indicative of a residual effect on central mechanisms of salt appetite.

title: Water and salt intake of wild XXXX ( @entity0 (L)) following dipsogenic stimuli.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Wild @entity0 trapped in their natural habitat and adapted to laboratory conditions were studied. Food, water and electrolyte (0.5 M- @entity3 , 0.5 M- @entity8 , 0.25 M- @entity9 and 0.25 M- @entity6 ) consumption, urinary volume and @entity4 losses were monitored daily following stimuli which were found dipsogenic in other species. Water drinking was observed immediately after the intravenous injection of 1 M- @entity3 (3 ml/kg), and following withdrawal of a mean of 13.9% of calculated blood volume. Daily intake of water decreased during intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) infusion of 0.3 M- @entity3 in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.), during I.C.V. infusion of 0.9 M- @entity5 c.s.f., both at a rate of 17 microliters/h, following peritoneal dialysis with 5% (w/v) @entity1 solution, and during food restriction. Water intake was not affected following intravenous administration of @entity7 (10 mg/kg). Daily intake of 0.5 M- @entity3 solution was increased following peritoneal dialysis with 5% (w/v) @entity1 solution, which caused hyponatraemia, but not after @entity2 which caused about the same @entity4 deficit as peritoneal dialysis, but as an isosmotic loss. Administration of two different angiotensin II analogues, systemically or I.C.V., failed to induce water drinking. However, urinary @entity4 excretion and intake of 0.5 M- @entity3 were increased during the 5 days of I.C.V. infusion of angiotensin II (10 pmol/h). Infusion for 1 day of angiotensin II (500 pmol/h) led to increased urinary @entity4 excretion which was followed by increased intake. The intake of other electrolyte solutions was not significantly affected by any of the treatments detailed above. The mechanisms participating in initiation of thirst in wild @entity0 are very sensitive to decrease in blood volume, in contrast to other species studied in laboratories. Angiotensin II at the doses and routes administered was not dipsogenic in wild @entity0 . The increased intake of 0.5 M- @entity3 solution observed during and after the long-term intraventricular administration of angiotensin II in the wild @entity0 appears predominantly a response to @entity4 deficit caused by natriuresis. The persistence of appetite after the cessation of infusion is indicative of a residual effect on central mechanisms of salt appetite.

title: Water and salt intake of wild @entity0 ( XXXX (L)) following dipsogenic stimuli.

answer: @entity0


abstract: As part of a prospective study of neurological and neuropsychological complications of coronary bypass surgery, 259 @entity0 underwent psychometric assessment before operation and at seven days and six months after operation using a battery of 10 standard tests of intellectual function. This report describes the natural history of @entity2 soon after surgery and the incidence and functional impact of late @entity1 . The mean neuropsychological scores for the whole group remained unchanged or improved compared with levels before operation for the majority of the 10 tests. Analysis of the test scores for individuals showed that 147 of 259 (57 per cent) @entity0 showed deterioration on at least one test score at six months. The degree of impairment was usually mild. One hundred and thirty of the 147 @entity0 showed mild @entity1 (score deterioration on one or two tests) and only 17 @entity0 had moderate or severe impairment (score deterioration on three or more tests). Detectable @entity4 at six months often did not matter to the @entity0 in functional terms. Seventy-one per cent of these @entity0 had no significant symptoms; 27 per cent had minor symptoms and only 2 per cent were seriously disabled. Of the @entity0 unemployed at six months, in only one case was intellectual impairment the factor preventing return to work. A search for possible predisposing factors for long-term @entity2 was made using a multivariate analysis of 91 variables for each @entity0 . @entity3 before surgery and global impairment of left ventricular function were the only factors showing significant correlation.

title: Long-term XXXX following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a six month follow-up study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The thrombolytic efficacy of defibrase (DF) and urokinase (UK) was evaluated and compared in a @entity0 model in which left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) @entity2 formation was initiated by electrical stimulation (150 UA, DC) of the arterial intimal surface via an implanted @entity3 wire electrode. Forty-eight mongrel @entity0 were equally divided into 8 groups: six groups for both intravenous (iv) and intracoronary (ic) infusion of DF, UK and normal saline 30 min after complete obstruction by a LCX @entity2 , the remaining two groups for iv infusion DF and UK 360 min after occlusion. Results showed that in the control groups no LCX recanalization after infusion occurred, but all the treated groups recanalized when drug infusion started 30 min after occlusion. @entity2 wet weight and @entity6 size were much higher in the control group. No significant differences were found between treated groups except that the recanalizing speed was fastest by ic UK with the highest occurrence rate of reperfusion @entity4 . For 6-hour-old thrombi, DF was more effective than UK for recanalization. @entity2 wet weight and @entity6 size were lower in the recanalized @entity0 . Both agents reduced plasma plasminogen and fibrinogen significantly but serious incision @entity1 was only found in the UK group. In order to study the mechanism underlying UK-induced @entity1 , we observed the influences of UK and DF on @entity5 factors in another 12 @entity0 . Results showed that DF only reduced factor 1 while UK additionally reduced coagulation factors 2, 7, 8 and 10, indicating that the non-selective depletive effect on coagulation factors may be one of the mechanisms of UK-induced @entity1 . We conclude that both DF and UK can lyse fresh coronary thrombi, DF was more effective than UK on lysing older thrombi, considering its convenient use and less frequency of side effects, DF is therefore considered a more promising agent clinically.

title: Comparison of the thrombolytic efficacy of defibrase and urokinase on @entity0 coronary artery thrombosis and the mechanism of urokinase-induced XXXX .

answer: @entity1