abstract: Intraluminal pancreatic enzymes influence intestinal function, adaptation, and susceptibility to injury. These effects may be mediated partly through changes in the rate of epithelial cell turnover. We assessed intestinal morphology and cytokinetics in a @entity0 model of exocrine @entity4 that does not alter anatomic relationships or animal growth. @entity1 was performed by applying metal clips on both sides along the common bile duct. Control animals underwent sham-operation with exposure and manipulation of the @entity1 without duct occlusion. Twelve days later, pulse labeling with tritiated @entity2 was performed, and @entity3 was induced with colcemid. Groups of animals were sacrificed at 0 and 2 hr after colcemid injection. Specimens for histopathology, morphometry, and autoradiography were obtained from duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, and ileum. Labeling index, grain counts, mitoses per crypt, cells per crypt, cells per villus, crypt depth, villus height, and number of goblet cells per villus were used as end points. @entity1 resulted in increased labeling index across intestinal segments relative to sham-operated controls (P < 0.01) and increased labeling index and mitotic rate in distal compared to proximal intestine (P < 0.05). Grain-count histograms were similar in the two experimental groups. There were no significant morphologic differences between pancreatic duct-occluded animals and controls. Exocrine @entity4 increases crypt cell proliferation in distal small intestine but does not alter the duration of S phase. These changes are most likely due to an increase in the size of the proliferative compartment and may be partly responsible for changes in small bowel function and response to injury.

title: Intestinal morphology and cytokinetics in XXXX . An experimental study in the @entity0 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Intraluminal pancreatic enzymes influence intestinal function, adaptation, and susceptibility to injury. These effects may be mediated partly through changes in the rate of epithelial cell turnover. We assessed intestinal morphology and cytokinetics in a @entity0 model of exocrine @entity4 that does not alter anatomic relationships or animal growth. @entity1 was performed by applying metal clips on both sides along the common bile duct. Control animals underwent sham-operation with exposure and manipulation of the @entity1 without duct occlusion. Twelve days later, pulse labeling with tritiated @entity2 was performed, and @entity3 was induced with colcemid. Groups of animals were sacrificed at 0 and 2 hr after colcemid injection. Specimens for histopathology, morphometry, and autoradiography were obtained from duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, and ileum. Labeling index, grain counts, mitoses per crypt, cells per crypt, cells per villus, crypt depth, villus height, and number of goblet cells per villus were used as end points. @entity1 resulted in increased labeling index across intestinal segments relative to sham-operated controls (P < 0.01) and increased labeling index and mitotic rate in distal compared to proximal intestine (P < 0.05). Grain-count histograms were similar in the two experimental groups. There were no significant morphologic differences between pancreatic duct-occluded animals and controls. Exocrine @entity4 increases crypt cell proliferation in distal small intestine but does not alter the duration of S phase. These changes are most likely due to an increase in the size of the proliferative compartment and may be partly responsible for changes in small bowel function and response to injury.

title: Intestinal morphology and cytokinetics in @entity4 . An experimental study in the XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Clinical staging does not define the true extent of disease in approximately one-third of the @entity0 with early cervical @entity1 . Unless clear nodular @entity1 extension into the parametria is palpable a @entity0 should be considered for surgical therapy. This involves a thorough staging laparotomy, including the exploration of the pelvic retroperitoneal spaces and para-aortic node dissection. If the disease appears to be confined to the cervix a radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy is performed. If gross @entity1 invasion into the parametria, the bladder, or rectum muscularis is documented, the @entity0 is treated with pelvic radiation. If microscopic distant metastases to the para-aortic nodes are found, extended field radiation and possible chemotherapy is the treatment of choice. Survival is determined mostly by the extent of disease at the time of treatment. Therapy has to encompass the whole region affected by disease in order to provide the @entity0 with a chance of cure. For disease beyond the cervix, regional radiation makes more sense. Just as in the study published by Zander's group (Zander et al, 1980), we add radiation if microscopic disease beyond the cervix is found after a radical hysterectomy. However, additional radiation adds morbidity, length of therapy, and cost. Unless there is clear proof that adequate primary radiation is inferior to surgery and postoperative radiation we recommend radiation for @entity1 with proven Stages IIb and above. The benefit of systemic chemotherapy as an alternative to postoperative radiation needs to be evaluated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Staging laparotomy and radical hysterectomy for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: MG-63 @entity0 @entity3 cells were selected for attachment and growth in increasing concentrations of a synthetic peptide containing the cell attachment-promoting @entity5 (RGD) sequence derived from the cell-binding region of fibronectin. Cells capable of attachment and growth in 5 mM concentrations of a peptide having the sequence @entity7 overproduce the cell surface receptor for fibronectin. No increase in fibronectin receptor gene copy number was detected by Southern blot analysis. The peptide-resistant MG-63.3A cells look very different from the MG-63 cells and resemble osteocytes. The resistant cells also grow more slowly than MG-63 cells. The enhanced expression of the fibronectin receptor on the resistant cells indicates that cells can regulate the amount of this receptor on their surface in response to environmental factors and that this may affect the phenotypic properties of the cell. MG-63.3A cells differ from MG-63 cells in their ability to form a calcified matrix in vitro and in their increased synthesis of type I collagen. The MG-63.3A cells synthesize 50-100-fold less @entity4 , a mediator of bone resorption, than MG-63 cells. There is an overall down-regulation of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans in MG-63.3A cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that such proteoglycans interfere with @entity2 deposition and with the observation that @entity6 is increased in a wide variety of @entity1 but is absent or in small amounts in normal tissue. We conclude that MG-63.3A cells represent a more differentiated cell type with osteoblast-like properties.

title: An adhesion variant of the MG-63 XXXX cell line displays an osteoblast-like phenotype.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The aim of this study was to recurrently follow quality of life in type 1 @entity1 @entity0 who have switched from syringe to multiple @entity2 injection treatment. The insulin @entity2 is a simpler automatically preset device for self-injection. Seventy-three consecutive outpatients were initially examined in 1988, 66 of whom were re-examined in 1990. Quality of life was defined as perceived well-being and life satisfaction, globally as well as within key domains and functions. Various status and retrospective change ratings were repeatedly performed by @entity0 and significant others. For a great majority, quality of life status was fairly stable between 1988 and 1990. Nine subjects with recent incidences of severe socio-medical complications accounted for a great deal (41%) of the decline in composite quality of life status recorded. Future-orientation and the conduct of the multiple regimen declined in the major fairly stable @entity0 group as well. Contrary to the change-in-status outcome referred to, the direct retrospective change ratings in 1990 indicated a certain continuing consistent improvement over the last 2 years. It was minor, though, in comparison with the preceding enhancement attributed to the @entity2 . In spite of the divergent mean outcome, the disparate change parameters correlated. The self-rated life quality trends were corroborated by ratings by significant others. To a certain extent, the mean change bias may reflect coping strategies released by and adopted against the strain of the illness. Probably, these primarily coloured the more sensitive direct retrospective change ratings. Some bias may also be due to a lack of sensitivity of the status ratings. However, the differential change assessments may also tease out and illustrate two separate, equally valid, @entity0 perspectives, one on their current situation and another one on how it has changed. The @entity1 appears reasonably stable in a majority of the subjects over the study interval. There seem to be some remaining satisfactory quality of life effects of the @entity2 therapy. The study underscores the benefit of undertaking combined retro-/prospective and sufficiently longitudinal analyses with simultaneous dual rating operations, to get the most nuanced overview.

title: Change in quality of life along with type 1 XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The present study was designed to determine the possible significance of a therapeutic dose (0.2 mg) of @entity10 on @entity5 absorption by measuring the breath @entity7 concentration, which is an index of the amount of unabsorbed @entity5 in the large intestine. Post-prandial @entity8 is common among @entity1 @entity0 . @entity10 , a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, suppressed post-prandial @entity8 and @entity6 in healthy volunteers at a dose of 0.2 mg with each meal. These volunteers increased the breath @entity7 concentration in response to ingestion of non-absorbable @entity9 , but decreased only slightly its concentration from the basal level after @entity4 ingestion, indicating complete absorption. When @entity10 (0.2 mg) was given with @entity4 , @entity7 production increased only slightly compared with placebo, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of @entity10 on @entity4 absorption was minimal. Only 5 g of the 100 g of @entity4 was not absorbed and this 5% reduction is too small to explain the observed inhibitory effect on the post-prandial rise in plasma @entity3 . @entity4 loading in @entity2 (about 443 mg) sharply increased blood @entity3 and was accompanied by the rapid disappearance of @entity4 from the upper small intestine. @entity10 (0.03 or 0.1 mg/kg) lessened the elevation of blood @entity3 after @entity4 ingestion. The lower dose (0.03 mg/kg) retarded small intestinal absorption, but did not induce an influx of @entity4 into the cecum and large intestine, while the higher dose (0.1 mg/kg) caused an increased influx of @entity4 into the large bowel. These results indicated that @entity10 retards the absorption of @entity5 and reduces post-prandial @entity8 .

title: An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, @entity10 , retards @entity5 absorption in XXXX and @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The present study was designed to determine the possible significance of a therapeutic dose (0.2 mg) of @entity10 on @entity5 absorption by measuring the breath @entity7 concentration, which is an index of the amount of unabsorbed @entity5 in the large intestine. Post-prandial @entity8 is common among @entity1 @entity0 . @entity10 , a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, suppressed post-prandial @entity8 and @entity6 in healthy volunteers at a dose of 0.2 mg with each meal. These volunteers increased the breath @entity7 concentration in response to ingestion of non-absorbable @entity9 , but decreased only slightly its concentration from the basal level after @entity4 ingestion, indicating complete absorption. When @entity10 (0.2 mg) was given with @entity4 , @entity7 production increased only slightly compared with placebo, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of @entity10 on @entity4 absorption was minimal. Only 5 g of the 100 g of @entity4 was not absorbed and this 5% reduction is too small to explain the observed inhibitory effect on the post-prandial rise in plasma @entity3 . @entity4 loading in @entity2 (about 443 mg) sharply increased blood @entity3 and was accompanied by the rapid disappearance of @entity4 from the upper small intestine. @entity10 (0.03 or 0.1 mg/kg) lessened the elevation of blood @entity3 after @entity4 ingestion. The lower dose (0.03 mg/kg) retarded small intestinal absorption, but did not induce an influx of @entity4 into the cecum and large intestine, while the higher dose (0.1 mg/kg) caused an increased influx of @entity4 into the large bowel. These results indicated that @entity10 retards the absorption of @entity5 and reduces post-prandial @entity8 .

title: An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, XXXX , retards @entity5 absorption in @entity2 and @entity0 .

answer: @entity10


abstract: The present study was designed to determine the possible significance of a therapeutic dose (0.2 mg) of @entity10 on @entity5 absorption by measuring the breath @entity7 concentration, which is an index of the amount of unabsorbed @entity5 in the large intestine. Post-prandial @entity8 is common among @entity1 @entity0 . @entity10 , a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, suppressed post-prandial @entity8 and @entity6 in healthy volunteers at a dose of 0.2 mg with each meal. These volunteers increased the breath @entity7 concentration in response to ingestion of non-absorbable @entity9 , but decreased only slightly its concentration from the basal level after @entity4 ingestion, indicating complete absorption. When @entity10 (0.2 mg) was given with @entity4 , @entity7 production increased only slightly compared with placebo, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of @entity10 on @entity4 absorption was minimal. Only 5 g of the 100 g of @entity4 was not absorbed and this 5% reduction is too small to explain the observed inhibitory effect on the post-prandial rise in plasma @entity3 . @entity4 loading in @entity2 (about 443 mg) sharply increased blood @entity3 and was accompanied by the rapid disappearance of @entity4 from the upper small intestine. @entity10 (0.03 or 0.1 mg/kg) lessened the elevation of blood @entity3 after @entity4 ingestion. The lower dose (0.03 mg/kg) retarded small intestinal absorption, but did not induce an influx of @entity4 into the cecum and large intestine, while the higher dose (0.1 mg/kg) caused an increased influx of @entity4 into the large bowel. These results indicated that @entity10 retards the absorption of @entity5 and reduces post-prandial @entity8 .

title: An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, @entity10 , retards XXXX absorption in @entity2 and @entity0 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The present study was designed to determine the possible significance of a therapeutic dose (0.2 mg) of @entity10 on @entity5 absorption by measuring the breath @entity7 concentration, which is an index of the amount of unabsorbed @entity5 in the large intestine. Post-prandial @entity8 is common among @entity1 @entity0 . @entity10 , a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, suppressed post-prandial @entity8 and @entity6 in healthy volunteers at a dose of 0.2 mg with each meal. These volunteers increased the breath @entity7 concentration in response to ingestion of non-absorbable @entity9 , but decreased only slightly its concentration from the basal level after @entity4 ingestion, indicating complete absorption. When @entity10 (0.2 mg) was given with @entity4 , @entity7 production increased only slightly compared with placebo, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of @entity10 on @entity4 absorption was minimal. Only 5 g of the 100 g of @entity4 was not absorbed and this 5% reduction is too small to explain the observed inhibitory effect on the post-prandial rise in plasma @entity3 . @entity4 loading in @entity2 (about 443 mg) sharply increased blood @entity3 and was accompanied by the rapid disappearance of @entity4 from the upper small intestine. @entity10 (0.03 or 0.1 mg/kg) lessened the elevation of blood @entity3 after @entity4 ingestion. The lower dose (0.03 mg/kg) retarded small intestinal absorption, but did not induce an influx of @entity4 into the cecum and large intestine, while the higher dose (0.1 mg/kg) caused an increased influx of @entity4 into the large bowel. These results indicated that @entity10 retards the absorption of @entity5 and reduces post-prandial @entity8 .

title: An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, @entity10 , retards @entity5 absorption in @entity2 and XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: CASE 1: A few days after returning from a holiday in Italy a 50-year-old @entity0 developed @entity5 , followed by @entity1 , @entity3 . After transitory remission he had a relapse with @entity4 , @entity1 and @entity7 2 weeks later. Cerebrospinal fluid contained gram-negative diplococci, but no bacteria grew on culture. Under the suspected diagnosis of @entity7 he was treated with @entity2 . Ten days later he suddenly developed @entity10 in his right ear. The various signs and symptoms gradually disappeared and the @entity0 was discharged after 24 days in hospital. Retrospectively serological tests indicated @entity12 with serotype Toscana. This is thought to be the first reported case of @entity10 associated with this disease. CASE 2: One week after returning from a holiday in Tunisia a 34-year-old @entity0 fell ill with @entity4 , @entity1 , @entity11 , @entity6 , joint @entity3 and a maculopapular @entity9 for which he was treated as an outpatient. The symptoms improved after 7 days, except for the @entity1 which persisted another 5 days. Serology demonstrated an @entity8 by SF virus, serotype Sicilian. CONCLUSION: Sandfly @entity4 should be included in the differential diagnosis of @entity1 , @entity4 and signs of @entity7 in @entity0 who have recently been to mediterranean countries.

title: [Neurological symptoms after an XXXX ].

answer: @entity12


abstract: @entity3 -like peptides and messenger RNA (mRNA) have recently been detected in neural tissues, but it is uncertain whether this reflects the transcription of the @entity3 gene or that of a closely related gene. This possibility has, therefore, been investigated. @entity3 -like complementary DNA (cDNA) moieties of predicted size were readily generated from reverse transcribed brain ( @entity2 and extrahypothalamic tissue) and pituitary RNA, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with three sets of overlapping oligonucleotide primers designed to amplify @entity3 cDNA fragments of 285, 372, and 459 base pairs (bp). PCR reamplification of the largest @entity2 moiety with an internal set of primers also generated a cDNA fragment of the predicted size (372 bp). Restriction endonuclease digestion with BstNI cleaved the largest @entity2 cDNA moieties into smaller fragments of 217 and 242 bp, identical to the cleavage of parathyroidal @entity3 cDNA. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends of the 3'-flanking cDNA sequences also produced @entity2 and extra- @entity2 cDNA moieties identical in size (499 bp) to parathyroidal @entity3 cDNA. Southern analysis of these PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA end cDNA fragments further indicated homology with @entity3 cDNA. This homology was subsequently confirmed by @entity1 sequencing, which demonstrated complete homology between the neural and parathyroidal cDNA fragments. This homology extended over 673 bp (spanning nucleotides 31-709 of @entity3 cDNA), encompassing 95% of the entire parathyroidal @entity3 cDNA. The mRNA for this gene, determined by Northern blotting with a riboprobe for @entity3 mRNA, was of identical size to the parathyroidal @entity3 , but its abundance in brain was less than 0.01% of that expressed in the parathyroid glands. This transcript was not, however, detected in liver. The translation of this moiety in @entity2 tissues was indicated by the presence of a protein in the @entity0 hypothalamus that was immunoreactive with @entity3 ) antiserum and of comparable size to that in parathyroidal tissue. The abundance of this protein in @entity2 tissue was approximately 0.25% of that in the parathyroid glands, suggesting tissue-specific differences in its rate of synthesis, processing, or degradation. These results, therefore, demonstrate that the brain is an extraparathyroidal site of @entity3 gene expression and suggest autocrine or paracrine roles for @entity3 in neural function.

title: Sequence analysis of XXXX parathyroid hormone messenger ribonucleic acid.

answer: @entity2


abstract: 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-HSD) catalyzes the conversion of @entity5 to @entity7 and @entity11 to @entity12 . This activity may be required to confer normal ligand specificity upon the @entity13 . Although an isozyme of 11-HSD was previously isolated from @entity1 liver, a different isozyme is apparently expressed in mineralocorticoid target tissues. We isolated a @entity6 kidney cDNA clone encoding this isozyme by expression screening using @entity9 oocytes. The cDNA is 1.8 kb in length and encodes a protein of 427 @entity4 residues with a predicted M(r) of 46,700. When expressed in oocytes, this enzyme functions as an @entity10 -dependent 11 beta-hydrogenase with very high affinity for @entity3 , but it has no detectable reductase activity. It is 37% identical in @entity4 sequence to an @entity10 -dependent isozyme of @entity14 dehydrogenase, but only 20% identical to the @entity8 -dependent liver isozyme of 11-HSD. It is expressed at high levels in the kidney and adrenal and at lower levels in the colon. The corresponding gene is present in a single copy in the @entity6 genome. In @entity0 , this gene is a candidate locus for the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, a form of @entity2 postulated to result from 11-HSD deficiency in mineralocorticoid target tissues.

title: Cloning of cDNA encoding an @entity10 -dependent isoform of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in XXXX kidney.

answer: @entity6


abstract: 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-HSD) catalyzes the conversion of @entity5 to @entity7 and @entity11 to @entity12 . This activity may be required to confer normal ligand specificity upon the @entity13 . Although an isozyme of 11-HSD was previously isolated from @entity1 liver, a different isozyme is apparently expressed in mineralocorticoid target tissues. We isolated a @entity6 kidney cDNA clone encoding this isozyme by expression screening using @entity9 oocytes. The cDNA is 1.8 kb in length and encodes a protein of 427 @entity4 residues with a predicted M(r) of 46,700. When expressed in oocytes, this enzyme functions as an @entity10 -dependent 11 beta-hydrogenase with very high affinity for @entity3 , but it has no detectable reductase activity. It is 37% identical in @entity4 sequence to an @entity10 -dependent isozyme of @entity14 dehydrogenase, but only 20% identical to the @entity8 -dependent liver isozyme of 11-HSD. It is expressed at high levels in the kidney and adrenal and at lower levels in the colon. The corresponding gene is present in a single copy in the @entity6 genome. In @entity0 , this gene is a candidate locus for the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, a form of @entity2 postulated to result from 11-HSD deficiency in mineralocorticoid target tissues.

title: Cloning of cDNA encoding an XXXX -dependent isoform of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in @entity6 kidney.

answer: @entity10


abstract: We present an 18-month @entity0 with @entity4 poisoning to illustrate the neuro-cardiac toxic effects of this potentially deadly poison in @entity0 . The toddler ingested an unknown amount of @entity4 from a non-childproof bottle which clearly labelled that the drug must be kept out of reach from @entity0 . He developed @entity1 . Electrocardiography (ECG) showed @entity3 and widened QRS. He was immediately treated with @entity5 infusion and made an uneventful recovery. This is the youngest and only reported case of symptomatic @entity4 ingestion in our locality. @entity4 has been surpassed by newer antidepressants for the treatment of @entity2 in the past decade. Literature is searched to review the mortality rate in young @entity0 . Intensive care neuro-cardiac support contributes to the favorable outcome. Despite clear labelling of the bottle, carelessness on the part of the adult and the use of non-childproof bottle are definite preventable factor to such potentially fatal ingestion.

title: Neurologic and Cardiovascular Complications in Pediatric Life Threatening XXXX Poisoning.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the economic costs associated with moderate and late @entity2 . DESIGN: An economic study was nested within a prospective cohort study. SAMPLE: @entity0 born between 32(+0) and 36(+6)   weeks of gestation in the East Midlands of England. A sample of @entity0 born at >= 37  weeks of gestation acted as controls. METHODS: Data on resource use, estimated from a National Health Service (NHS) and personal social services perspective, and separately from a societal perspective, were collected between birth and 24  months corrected age (or @entity1 ), and valued in pounds sterling, at 2010-11 prices. Descriptive statistics and multivariable analyses were used to estimate the relationship between gestational age at birth and economic costs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulative resource use and economic costs over the first two years of life. RESULTS: Of all eligible births, 1146 (83%) preterm and 1258 (79%) term @entity0 were recruited. Mean (standard error) total societal costs from birth to 24  months were   12  037 (  1114) and   5823 (  1232) for @entity0 born moderately preterm (32(+0) -33(+6)   weeks of gestation) and late preterm (34(+0) -36(+6)   weeks of gestation), respectively, compared with   2056 (  132) for @entity0 born at term. The mean societal cost difference between moderate and late preterm and term @entity0 was   4657 (bootstrap 95% confidence interval, 95%  CI   2513-6803; P  <  0.001). Multivariable regressions revealed that, after controlling for clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, moderate and late @entity2 increased societal costs by   7583 (  874) and   1963 (  337), respectively, compared with birth at full term. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate and late @entity2 is associated with significantly increased economic costs over the first 2  years of life. Our economic estimates can be used to inform budgetary and service planning by clinical decision-makers, and economic evaluations of interventions aimed at preventing moderate and late @entity2 or alleviating its adverse consequences. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Moderate and late @entity2 is associated with increased economic costs over the first 2 years of life.

title: Economic costs associated with moderate and late XXXX : a prospective population-based study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Although @entity3 (ANP) has been detected in the plasma of late gestation fetal @entity0 , stimuli that control its secretion and its function in regulating fluid volume are unclear. To determine stimuli that increase ANP secretion and to ascertain whether the response is a function of gestation we studied 20 chronically cannulated fetal @entity0 . The fetuses were divided into 3 groups; Group I (age range 118-129 days), Group II (age range 129-141 days) and Group III (age range 127-137 days) gestation. Arterial pressure was increased to within a physiologic range by infusing @entity1 at 6 micrograms/min at 0.1 ml/min into the inferior vena cava of the fetus (Groups I and II). Corrected for body weight fetuses in Group I received 2 micrograms/kg/min whereas fetuses in Group II received 1.66 micrograms/kg/min. In the fetuses in Group III preload to the right side of the heart was increased by inflating an occluder cuff was placed around the ductus arteriosus. Systemic mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased significantly in fetuses in Groups I and II. Plasma ANP concentrations increased significantly in all fetuses. Plasma @entity2 Activity (PRA) decreased significantly in the fetuses in Group II. These results suggest that @entity1 infusion and closure of the ductus arteriosus in utero increase circulating ANP in fetal @entity0 .

title: Effects of XXXX induced increase in arterial pressure and closure of the ductus arteriosus on the secretion of @entity3 (ANP) and @entity2 in the ovine fetus.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Although @entity3 (ANP) has been detected in the plasma of late gestation fetal @entity0 , stimuli that control its secretion and its function in regulating fluid volume are unclear. To determine stimuli that increase ANP secretion and to ascertain whether the response is a function of gestation we studied 20 chronically cannulated fetal @entity0 . The fetuses were divided into 3 groups; Group I (age range 118-129 days), Group II (age range 129-141 days) and Group III (age range 127-137 days) gestation. Arterial pressure was increased to within a physiologic range by infusing @entity1 at 6 micrograms/min at 0.1 ml/min into the inferior vena cava of the fetus (Groups I and II). Corrected for body weight fetuses in Group I received 2 micrograms/kg/min whereas fetuses in Group II received 1.66 micrograms/kg/min. In the fetuses in Group III preload to the right side of the heart was increased by inflating an occluder cuff was placed around the ductus arteriosus. Systemic mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased significantly in fetuses in Groups I and II. Plasma ANP concentrations increased significantly in all fetuses. Plasma @entity2 Activity (PRA) decreased significantly in the fetuses in Group II. These results suggest that @entity1 infusion and closure of the ductus arteriosus in utero increase circulating ANP in fetal @entity0 .

title: Effects of @entity1 induced increase in arterial pressure and closure of the ductus arteriosus on the secretion of @entity3 (ANP) and XXXX in the ovine fetus.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Although @entity3 (ANP) has been detected in the plasma of late gestation fetal @entity0 , stimuli that control its secretion and its function in regulating fluid volume are unclear. To determine stimuli that increase ANP secretion and to ascertain whether the response is a function of gestation we studied 20 chronically cannulated fetal @entity0 . The fetuses were divided into 3 groups; Group I (age range 118-129 days), Group II (age range 129-141 days) and Group III (age range 127-137 days) gestation. Arterial pressure was increased to within a physiologic range by infusing @entity1 at 6 micrograms/min at 0.1 ml/min into the inferior vena cava of the fetus (Groups I and II). Corrected for body weight fetuses in Group I received 2 micrograms/kg/min whereas fetuses in Group II received 1.66 micrograms/kg/min. In the fetuses in Group III preload to the right side of the heart was increased by inflating an occluder cuff was placed around the ductus arteriosus. Systemic mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased significantly in fetuses in Groups I and II. Plasma ANP concentrations increased significantly in all fetuses. Plasma @entity2 Activity (PRA) decreased significantly in the fetuses in Group II. These results suggest that @entity1 infusion and closure of the ductus arteriosus in utero increase circulating ANP in fetal @entity0 .

title: Effects of @entity1 induced increase in arterial pressure and closure of the ductus arteriosus on the secretion of XXXX (ANP) and @entity2 in the ovine fetus.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Most animal and @entity0 studies show that @entity9 reduce serum/or plasma total @entity4 and low density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity4 levels. @entity9 are structurally very similar to @entity4 except that they always contain some substitutions at the C24 position on the @entity8 side chain. Plasma @entity11 levels in @entity0 tissue are normally very low due primarily to poor absorption from the intestine and @entity5 compared to @entity4 . @entity9 are able to be metabolized in the liver into C21 bile acids via liver other than normal C24 bile acids in mammals. It is generally assumed that @entity4 reduction results directly from inhibition of @entity4 absorption through displacement of @entity4 from micelles. Structure-specific effects of individual @entity11 constituents have recently been shown where saturated @entity9 are more efficient compared to unsaturated compounds in reducing @entity4 levels. In addition, @entity9 produce a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects in animals including anti- @entity1 properties. @entity9 have been shown experimentally to inhibit @entity6 development. With regard to @entity3 , no obvious side effects of @entity11 have been observed in studies to date, except in individual with @entity10 , an @entity2 . Further characterization of the influence of various @entity11 subcomponents on lipoprotein profiles in @entity0 is required to maximize the usefulness of this non-pharmacological approach to reduction of @entity7 in the population.

title: Dietary XXXX : a review of metabolism, benefits and side effects.

answer: @entity9


abstract: The plasmid-borne pheBA operon of @entity4 PaW85 allows growth of the host cells on @entity2 . The promoter of this operon is activated by the chromosomally encoded LysR-type regulator CatR, in the presence of the inducer @entity5 . @entity5 is an intermediate of @entity3 degradation by the chromosomally encoded ortho or beta-ketoadipate pathway. The catBC operon encodes two enzymes of the beta-ketoadipate pathway and also requires CatR and @entity5 for its expression. The promoters of the pheBA and catBC operons are highly homologous, and since both respond to CatR, it is likely that the pheBA promoter was recruited from the ancestral catBC promoter. Gel shift assays and DNase I footprinting have shown that the pheBA promoter has a higher binding affinity for CatR than the catBC promoter. Like the catBC promoter, the pheBA promoter forms two complexes (C1 and C2) with CatR in the absence of @entity5 , but only forms a single complex (C2) in the presence of @entity5 . Like the catBC promoter CatR @entity0 ( @entity0 ) and @entity1 ( @entity1 ) arrangement, the pheBA promoter demonstrates the presence of a 26 bp segment highly homologous to the @entity0 that is protected by CatR from DNase I digestion in the absence of the inducer. An additional 16 bp sequence, similar to the catBC promoter @entity1 , is protected only when the inducer @entity5 is present. The binding of CatR in absence of @entity5 bends the catBC and pheBA promoter regions to significantly different degrees, but CatR binding in the presence of @entity5 results in a similar degree of DNA bending. The evolutionary implications of the interactions of CatR with these two promoters are discussed.

title: Differential DNA bending introduced by the XXXX LysR-type regulator, CatR, at the plasmid-borne pheBA and chromosomal catBC promoters.

answer: @entity4


abstract: We have examined phosphorylation of @entity12 in cultured sympathetic neurons and PC12 cells. Dissociated @entity0 superior cervical ganglion neurons or PC12 cells were incubated with 32Pi to label cellular phosphoproteins. Membrane proteins were solubilized, and @entity12 proteins were immunoprecipitated with the monoclonal antibody 192-IgG. Analysis by @entity8 - @entity7 gel electrophoresis and autoradiography showed that @entity12 components of Mr = 80,000 and Mr = 210,000 were phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of neither species was affected by treating the cells with NGF or @entity5 . When the 80,000-Da protein was subjected to complete trypsin proteolysis and then analyzed by reverse phase liquid chromatography, two 32P-labeled peptides were resolved. The more hydrophobic peptide accounted for most of the 32P and contained only @entity9 ; the other peptide contained @entity9 and @entity10 . No @entity11 was detected in the receptor proteins. When receptor molecules from nonlabeled PC12 cells were immunoprecipitated and then incubated in vitro with [gamma-32P] @entity4 and the @entity2 -independent protein kinase FA/GSK-3, phosphorylation occurred predominantly on @entity3 and to a lesser extent on @entity6 . However, the immunoprecipitated receptor proteins neither autophosphorylated nor were they detectably phosphorylated by @entity2 -dependent protein kinase, casein kinase II, or protein kinase C (the @entity1 /phospholipid-dependent enzyme). We conclude that binding units of the @entity12 are phosphorylated constitutively in at least two sites in intact cells and that they can be phosphorylated by FA/GSK-3 in vitro.

title: Phosphorylation of nerve growth factor receptor proteins in sympathetic neurons and PC12 cells. In vitro phosphorylation by the XXXX -independent protein kinase FA/GSK-3.

answer: @entity2


abstract: We are presenting our experience with vertebral body resection in forty-seven operative procedures in forty @entity0 with a @entity1 . The indication for surgery was neural relapse after previous radiotherapy in eighteen procedures, the need for a tissue diagnosis in sixteen, a radioresistant @entity1 in seven, @entity4 while receiving radiotherapy in five, and a pathological @entity3 in one. In thirty-three procedures (70 per cent) the level of compression was in the thoracic spine. Replacement of the resected vertebral bodies was achieved by anterior instrumentation and the use of @entity6 in twenty-one procedures (45 per cent), while bone-grafting, cement, and instrumentation in various combinations were used in the remainder. Before surgery all of the @entity0 had some @entity2 . The @entity0 was still able to walk prior to twelve (26 per cent) of the procedures, was paraparetic prior to twenty-three (49 per cent), and was paraplegic prior to twelve (26 per cent). Bowel and @entity5 was present before twenty-five (53 per cent). The outcome of only forty-four procedures could be evaluated because three @entity0 died postoperatively. The @entity0 was able to walk following thirty-five (80 per cent) of the procedures, was paraparetic after eight (18 per cent), and was still paraplegic after one. The @entity0 regained normal sphincter control after forty-one (93 per cent) of the procedures. Three (6 per cent) of the procedures were followed by the death of the @entity0 , and complications occurred after five (11 per cent) of the procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Vertebral body resection for epidural compression by XXXX . Results of forty-seven consecutive operative procedures.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The regulation of pituitary @entity6 ( @entity6 ) receptor concentration was investigated in @entity0 with antero-lateral cuts (ALC) placed around the hypothalamus, as well as in Brattleboro homozygotes (HO) that genetically suffer from a lack of AVP. @entity4 caused a reduction in (3H)-AVP binding, while counteracting the dramatic fall in binding that normally occurs after adrenalectomy. Surprisingly, in HO @entity0 , long-term adrenalectomy did cause pituitary AVP receptor number to decrease to an extent similar to that seen in normal @entity0 . However, the receptor disappeared twice as rapidly in heterozygote controls than in HO animals, with calculated half-lives of 1.1 and 2.0 days, respectively. In HO, chronic administration of @entity6 reduced receptor concentration by about 80%, while the same dose of @entity2 (OT) produced only a 20-30% reduction. Whereas @entity3 injections did reverse the depressing effect of adrenalectomy on pituitary AVP receptors, they failed to enhance binding in sham-operated controls, treated or not with @entity6 ; thereby suggesting a central site of action of the @entity1 . In contrast, in @entity0 with @entity4 ALCs (i.e. with the pituitary lacking central control), @entity5 implants did antagonize the reduction in receptor density caused by adrenalectomy. We conclude that the pituitary AVP receptor system lies mainly under control of the central nervous system, through a mechanism of action that not only seems to imply AVP and OT, but probably also some other @entity4 factor(s). Glucocorticoids appear to exert a dual effect, acting indirectly through negative feedback control of neuropeptide release and, possibly, also directly on the pituitary to regulate binding sites.

title: Central nervous system control of pituitary XXXX receptors: evidence for involvement of multiple factors.

answer: @entity6


abstract: In previous studies, we have shown that ultraviolet (UV) B radiation perturbs the @entity2 function of Langerhans cells (LC) by interfering with as-yet unidentified co-stimulatory signals. Recently, @entity6 on @entity2 were shown to deliver important co-stimulatory signals through interaction with their counter receptors @entity1 and @entity4 on T cells. To determine whether UVB affects the functional expression of @entity5 or @entity3 on LC, @entity6 expression was studied on @entity0 LC by multiparameter flow cytometry. Little, if any, @entity5 or @entity3 was detected on LC freshly isolated from skin. However, following 48 h of tissue culture, expression of both @entity6 were markedly up-regulated. To test whether these molecules were functional, primary mixed epidermal cell leukocyte reactions (MECLR) were performed. Blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) to @entity5 or @entity3 both inhibited the MECLR, with anti- @entity3 being much more effective than anti- @entity5 . UVB radiation dose-dependently (100-200 J/m2) suppressed the culture-induced up-regulation of @entity5 and @entity3 on LC. Since LC exposed to the same UVB flux (UVB-LC) failed to stimulate alloreactive T cells in a MECLR, we questioned whether this was related to their inability to provide B7 co-stimulation. Indeed, when effective B7- @entity1 signaling was ascertained by adding submitogenic doses of exogenous anti- @entity1 mAb to UVB-LC, the proliferative response of alloreactive T cells was restored. We conclude that the suppressive effects of low-dose UVB radiation on the @entity2 function of LC are, at least in part, due to an inhibition of functional @entity6 expression.

title: Low-dose UVB radiation perturbs the functional expression of XXXX co-stimulatory molecules on @entity0 Langerhans cells.

answer: @entity6


abstract: In previous studies, we have shown that ultraviolet (UV) B radiation perturbs the @entity2 function of Langerhans cells (LC) by interfering with as-yet unidentified co-stimulatory signals. Recently, @entity6 on @entity2 were shown to deliver important co-stimulatory signals through interaction with their counter receptors @entity1 and @entity4 on T cells. To determine whether UVB affects the functional expression of @entity5 or @entity3 on LC, @entity6 expression was studied on @entity0 LC by multiparameter flow cytometry. Little, if any, @entity5 or @entity3 was detected on LC freshly isolated from skin. However, following 48 h of tissue culture, expression of both @entity6 were markedly up-regulated. To test whether these molecules were functional, primary mixed epidermal cell leukocyte reactions (MECLR) were performed. Blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) to @entity5 or @entity3 both inhibited the MECLR, with anti- @entity3 being much more effective than anti- @entity5 . UVB radiation dose-dependently (100-200 J/m2) suppressed the culture-induced up-regulation of @entity5 and @entity3 on LC. Since LC exposed to the same UVB flux (UVB-LC) failed to stimulate alloreactive T cells in a MECLR, we questioned whether this was related to their inability to provide B7 co-stimulation. Indeed, when effective B7- @entity1 signaling was ascertained by adding submitogenic doses of exogenous anti- @entity1 mAb to UVB-LC, the proliferative response of alloreactive T cells was restored. We conclude that the suppressive effects of low-dose UVB radiation on the @entity2 function of LC are, at least in part, due to an inhibition of functional @entity6 expression.

title: Low-dose UVB radiation perturbs the functional expression of @entity6 co-stimulatory molecules on XXXX Langerhans cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A case of an anteriorly located @entity6 in the region of the foramen magnum, successfully treated by a transoral approach, is reported. A 60-year-old @entity0 was admitted to the author's department on January 19th, 1983. Six years before admission, she began to experience the gradual cold dysesthesia in the both palms, and then developed gait disturbance, clumsiness of the right hand and a stiffneck. She was found to have @entity4 , mild @entity5 , @entity7 and hypalgesia under the bilateral C2 spinal levels. A CT scan disclosed a patchy @entity3 , which was enhanced homogenously with contrast medium, occupying almost all the intradural extramedullary space at the foramen magnum. The transoral approach was employed following preliminary tracheostomy. The @entity1 , extending about one centimeter superiorly to the basion and inferiorly to the upper border of C2 body, was removed completely, and then the dural defect was covered with a piece of fascia and gelform. An anterior occipitocervical fusion was performed extending to C2 using a block of an antogenous iliac bone. Post-operatively immobilization was secured by a Halo-Vest. But unexpectedly, CSF leakage was disclosed several days after the surgery without @entity2 . On the 17th day following first surgery, a re-operation was performed. The dural defect was successfully repaired with a piece of fascia by interrupted sutures in an illustrated fashion (Fig. 5). A piece of muscle was then placed in the epidural space created by bone removal. A fusion of the atlanto-axial joint not extending to the basiocciput was employed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Transoral anterior approach to foramen magnum XXXX --a case report and review].

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: Linkage mapping is used to identify genomic regions affecting the expression of complex traits. However, when experimental crosses such as F(2) populations or backcrosses are used to map regions containing a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL), the size of the regions identified remains quite large, i.e. 10 or more Mb. Thus, other experimental strategies are needed to refine the QTL locations. @entity0 ( @entity0 ) are produced by repeated intercrossing of F(2) animals and successive generations, which decrease linkage disequilibrium in a controlled manner. Although this approach is seen as promising, both to replicate QTL analyses and fine-map QTL, only a few @entity0 datasets, all originating from inbred founders, have been reported in the literature. METHODS: We have produced a nine-generation @entity0 pedigree (n = 1529) from two outbred @entity1 lines divergently selected for body weight at eight weeks of age. All animals were weighed at eight weeks of age and genotyped for SNP located in nine genomic regions where significant or suggestive QTL had previously been detected in the F(2) population. In parallel, we have developed a novel strategy to analyse the data that uses both genotype and pedigree information of all @entity0 individuals to replicate the detection of and fine-map QTL affecting juvenile body weight. RESULTS: Five of the nine QTL detected with the original F(2) population were confirmed and fine-mapped with the @entity0 , while for the remaining four, only suggestive evidence of their existence was obtained. All original QTL were confirmed as a single locus, except for one, which split into two linked QTL. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that many of the QTL, which are genome-wide significant or suggestive in the analyses of large intercross populations, are true effects that can be replicated and fine-mapped using @entity0 . Key factors for success are the use of large populations and powerful statistical tools. Moreover, we believe that the statistical methods we have developed to efficiently study outbred @entity0 populations will increase the number of organisms for which in-depth complex traits can be analyzed.

title: Fine mapping and replication of QTL in outbred XXXX advanced intercross lines.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To prospectively compare an investigational version of a complex-based chemical shift-based fat fraction magnetic resonance (MR) imaging method with MR spectroscopy for the quantification of @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved by the institutional review board and was HIPAA compliant. Written informed consent was obtained before all studies. Fifty-five @entity0 (31 @entity0 , 24 @entity0 ; age range, 24-71 years) were prospectively imaged at 1.5 T with quantitative MR imaging and single-voxel MR spectroscopy, each within a single breath hold. The effects of T2 correction, spectral modeling of fat, and magnitude fitting for eddy current correction on fat quantification with MR imaging were investigated by reconstructing fat fraction images from the same source data with different combinations of error correction. Single-voxel T2-corrected MR spectroscopy was used to measure fat fraction and served as the reference standard. All MR spectroscopy data were postprocessed at a separate institution by an MR physicist who was blinded to MR imaging results. Fat fractions measured with MR imaging and MR spectroscopy were compared statistically to determine the correlation (r(2)), and the slope and intercept as measures of agreement between MR imaging and MR spectroscopy fat fraction measurements, to determine whether MR imaging can help quantify fat, and examine the importance of T2 correction, spectral modeling of fat, and eddy current correction. Two-sided t tests (significance level, P = .05) were used to determine whether estimated slopes and intercepts were significantly different from 1.0 and 0.0, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for the classification of clinically significant @entity1 were evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, there was excellent correlation between MR imaging and MR spectroscopy for all reconstruction combinations. However, agreement was only achieved when T2 correction, spectral modeling of fat, and magnitude fitting for eddy current correction were used (r(2) = 0.99; slope    standard deviation = 1.00    0.01, P = .77; intercept    standard deviation = 0.2%    0.1, P = .19). CONCLUSION: T1-independent chemical shift-based water-fat separation MR imaging methods can accurately quantify fat over the entire liver, by using MR spectroscopy as the reference standard, when T2 correction, spectral modeling of fat, and eddy current correction methods are used.

title: Quantification of XXXX with T1-independent, T2-corrected MR imaging with spectral modeling of fat: blinded comparison with MR spectroscopy.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity3 receptor-positive (ER+) and -negative (ER) @entity0 are molecularly distinct diseases. We hypothesized that @entity5 mutations may lead to different transcriptional changes and carry different prognostic value in these two different types of @entity2 . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We developed a 39-gene @entity5 signature derived from 213 ER+ and a separate 30-gene signature from 38 @entity2 with known mutation status and tested their prognostic and chemotherapy response predictive values in ER+ and @entity2 , respectively. RESULTS: External validation to predict @entity5 status (n = 103) showed sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 54% for the 39-gene signature, and 82% and 61% for the 30-gene signature. The 39-gene signature was predictive of worse distant @entity1 free survival in ER+ @entity2 in two separate prognostic data sets (n = 255, HR: 2.3, P = 0.005 and n = 198, HR: 2.17, P = 0.09). It also predicted for poor prognosis even with adjuvant @entity4 therapy (n = 277, HR = 2.43, P < 0.0001) but it was not prognostic in @entity2 . It was also associated with higher chemotherapy sensitivity in ER+ but not in @entity2 . The prognostic and predictive values remained significant in multivariate analysis. The 30-gene, ER-, @entity5 signature showed no prognostic or predictive values in ER+ @entity2 but it was associated with better prognosis in @entity2 . It also had no chemotherapy response predictive value in ER- or ER+ @entity2 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity5 dysfunction is prognostically most relevant in ER+ @entity2 and supports the hypothesis that different predictive or prognostic markers will be needed for different molecular subsets of @entity0 .

title: Distinct XXXX gene signatures are needed to predict prognosis and response to chemotherapy in ER-positive and ER-negative @entity0 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity3 receptor-positive (ER+) and -negative (ER) @entity0 are molecularly distinct diseases. We hypothesized that @entity5 mutations may lead to different transcriptional changes and carry different prognostic value in these two different types of @entity2 . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We developed a 39-gene @entity5 signature derived from 213 ER+ and a separate 30-gene signature from 38 @entity2 with known mutation status and tested their prognostic and chemotherapy response predictive values in ER+ and @entity2 , respectively. RESULTS: External validation to predict @entity5 status (n = 103) showed sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 54% for the 39-gene signature, and 82% and 61% for the 30-gene signature. The 39-gene signature was predictive of worse distant @entity1 free survival in ER+ @entity2 in two separate prognostic data sets (n = 255, HR: 2.3, P = 0.005 and n = 198, HR: 2.17, P = 0.09). It also predicted for poor prognosis even with adjuvant @entity4 therapy (n = 277, HR = 2.43, P < 0.0001) but it was not prognostic in @entity2 . It was also associated with higher chemotherapy sensitivity in ER+ but not in @entity2 . The prognostic and predictive values remained significant in multivariate analysis. The 30-gene, ER-, @entity5 signature showed no prognostic or predictive values in ER+ @entity2 but it was associated with better prognosis in @entity2 . It also had no chemotherapy response predictive value in ER- or ER+ @entity2 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity5 dysfunction is prognostically most relevant in ER+ @entity2 and supports the hypothesis that different predictive or prognostic markers will be needed for different molecular subsets of @entity0 .

title: Distinct @entity5 gene signatures are needed to predict prognosis and response to chemotherapy in ER-positive and ER-negative XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 has high relevance in @entity0 performance. Most authors agree that the use of the median frequency is preferred as a fatigue indicator. Most work has to date, been done on dynamic fatigue measurements, using the similarity index (SI). OBJECTIVE: Repeated trunk flexion-extensions were measured using the B200 Isostation. Muscle activity was recorded by surface electromyography (EMG) in order to evaluate fatigue of trunk flexor and extensor muscles. Twenty male university students participated in this pilot study, including 6 apparently healthy subjects with a history of @entity2 ( @entity2 ), and 14 healthy matched controls. All @entity0 were instructed to perform repeated trunk flexion-extension against 50% of their back extensors maximal @entity3 (MVCs) resistance until they could no longer perform the task. The SI was calculated from quantitative analysis of EMG data recording during dynamic trunk flexion extension task. Median frequency was also measured before and after fatiguing contractions. RESULTS: The results of this study revealed a significant decrease in the SI and median frequency measurements following fatigue in both groups (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that in both groups changes in SI measurements following fatigue are in agreement with the changes in median frequency measurements.

title: @entity1 in subjects with a history of XXXX and a group of healthy controls measured by similarity index.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 has high relevance in @entity0 performance. Most authors agree that the use of the median frequency is preferred as a fatigue indicator. Most work has to date, been done on dynamic fatigue measurements, using the similarity index (SI). OBJECTIVE: Repeated trunk flexion-extensions were measured using the B200 Isostation. Muscle activity was recorded by surface electromyography (EMG) in order to evaluate fatigue of trunk flexor and extensor muscles. Twenty male university students participated in this pilot study, including 6 apparently healthy subjects with a history of @entity2 ( @entity2 ), and 14 healthy matched controls. All @entity0 were instructed to perform repeated trunk flexion-extension against 50% of their back extensors maximal @entity3 (MVCs) resistance until they could no longer perform the task. The SI was calculated from quantitative analysis of EMG data recording during dynamic trunk flexion extension task. Median frequency was also measured before and after fatiguing contractions. RESULTS: The results of this study revealed a significant decrease in the SI and median frequency measurements following fatigue in both groups (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that in both groups changes in SI measurements following fatigue are in agreement with the changes in median frequency measurements.

title: XXXX in subjects with a history of @entity2 and a group of healthy controls measured by similarity index.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: Medical educators frequently use standardized @entity0 (SP) encounters to bridge the gap between didactic education and practical application. Typically, SPs are healthy adults with no consistent physical findings; however, highly immersive virtual @entity0 (VHs) may enable the consistent presentation of abnormal physical findings to multiple learners across multiple repetitions. Thus, the authors conducted this study to compare how frequently junior anesthesiology residents suspected @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in preoperative assessments of SPs versus a VH. METHOD: The authors presented a @entity0 whose case included the historical features of @entity1 (snoring, daytime fatigue, observed @entity4 , @entity3 , and @entity2 ). Three SPs (in 2008) and one VH (in 2009) were necessary to run the residents through the assessment. The VH appeared morbidly @entity2 and had a neck circumference of 40 cm [corrected]. An airway exam of the VH displayed an image of redundant soft tissue, prominent tongue, and @entity5 . The VH responded to natural speech by recognizing "triggers" in a @entity0 's voice. The 849 triggers and 259 VH responses were designed with a technique that collects information from user interactions. RESULTS: Five of 21 residents (23.8%) suspected @entity1 after interviewing the SPs, whereas 11 of 13 residents (84.6%) suspected @entity1 after interviewing the VH (odds ratio of 17.6; 95% CI of 2.9-107). CONCLUSIONS: Residents suspected @entity1 much more frequently after interviewing the VH than after interviewing the SPs. The VH provides a unique opportunity to display numerous abnormal physical findings as part of SP encounters.

title: Virtual XXXX versus standardized @entity0 : which lead residents to more correct diagnoses?

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: Medical educators frequently use standardized @entity0 (SP) encounters to bridge the gap between didactic education and practical application. Typically, SPs are healthy adults with no consistent physical findings; however, highly immersive virtual @entity0 (VHs) may enable the consistent presentation of abnormal physical findings to multiple learners across multiple repetitions. Thus, the authors conducted this study to compare how frequently junior anesthesiology residents suspected @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in preoperative assessments of SPs versus a VH. METHOD: The authors presented a @entity0 whose case included the historical features of @entity1 (snoring, daytime fatigue, observed @entity4 , @entity3 , and @entity2 ). Three SPs (in 2008) and one VH (in 2009) were necessary to run the residents through the assessment. The VH appeared morbidly @entity2 and had a neck circumference of 40 cm [corrected]. An airway exam of the VH displayed an image of redundant soft tissue, prominent tongue, and @entity5 . The VH responded to natural speech by recognizing "triggers" in a @entity0 's voice. The 849 triggers and 259 VH responses were designed with a technique that collects information from user interactions. RESULTS: Five of 21 residents (23.8%) suspected @entity1 after interviewing the SPs, whereas 11 of 13 residents (84.6%) suspected @entity1 after interviewing the VH (odds ratio of 17.6; 95% CI of 2.9-107). CONCLUSIONS: Residents suspected @entity1 much more frequently after interviewing the VH than after interviewing the SPs. The VH provides a unique opportunity to display numerous abnormal physical findings as part of SP encounters.

title: Virtual @entity0 versus standardized XXXX : which lead residents to more correct diagnoses?

answer: @entity0


abstract: Tracheobronchial epithelial (TBE) cells that normally do not express the squamous cell differentiation marker gene, @entity5 , can be induced to produce it by @entity1 ( @entity2 ). The regulation of @entity5 gene expression by @entity2 occurs, in part, at the transcriptional level in primary @entity0 and monkey TBE cells. Using a transient transfection assay, we observed that @entity2 stimulates the activity of the reporter gene, @entity4 acetyltransferase, by 2-4-fold in transfected TBE cells. However, this @entity4 acetyltransferase activity is cell type-specific with significantly less activity in transformed epithelial cell lines and no activity in non-epithelial cell types. @entity2 -dependent stimulation can also be demonstrated by co-transfection with plasmid DNAs that overexpress the JUN family of proteins, especially @entity3 . Overexpression of @entity3 and @entity2 treatment synergistically stimulate the @entity5 promoter activity by more than 40-fold. Deletion analysis of the promoter region demonstrates that the DNA fragment of the first 98 base pairs of the 5'-flanking region contains the basal promoter activity, while the region between -162 and -96 contains the cis-enhancer elements for both the basal and @entity2 / @entity3 -stimulating promoter activities. This observation is supported by in vivo genomic footprinting studies that reveal persistent protections in the following motifs of this region: -141 TRE, -131 GT, -123 ETS-like, and -111 TRE-like motifs and in the enhanced protections in -141 TRE and -111 TRE-like motifs in cells after the @entity2 treatment. Site-directed mutagenesis in this region demonstrates the involvement of both -141 TRE and -111 TRE-like motifs in @entity2 / @entity3 -dependent stimulation as well as enhanced basal transcriptional activity. However, it is primarily the -111 TRE-like motif that is involved in the mediation of the enhanced basal promoter activity of the @entity0 @entity5 gene. These results are further supported by gel mobility shift assays that demonstrate the involvement of @entity3 and these TRE motifs in the formation of the DNA-protein complex.

title: Expression of @entity0 squamous cell differentiation marker, XXXX , in tracheobronchial epithelium depends on JUN and TRE motifs.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Tracheobronchial epithelial (TBE) cells that normally do not express the squamous cell differentiation marker gene, @entity5 , can be induced to produce it by @entity1 ( @entity2 ). The regulation of @entity5 gene expression by @entity2 occurs, in part, at the transcriptional level in primary @entity0 and monkey TBE cells. Using a transient transfection assay, we observed that @entity2 stimulates the activity of the reporter gene, @entity4 acetyltransferase, by 2-4-fold in transfected TBE cells. However, this @entity4 acetyltransferase activity is cell type-specific with significantly less activity in transformed epithelial cell lines and no activity in non-epithelial cell types. @entity2 -dependent stimulation can also be demonstrated by co-transfection with plasmid DNAs that overexpress the JUN family of proteins, especially @entity3 . Overexpression of @entity3 and @entity2 treatment synergistically stimulate the @entity5 promoter activity by more than 40-fold. Deletion analysis of the promoter region demonstrates that the DNA fragment of the first 98 base pairs of the 5'-flanking region contains the basal promoter activity, while the region between -162 and -96 contains the cis-enhancer elements for both the basal and @entity2 / @entity3 -stimulating promoter activities. This observation is supported by in vivo genomic footprinting studies that reveal persistent protections in the following motifs of this region: -141 TRE, -131 GT, -123 ETS-like, and -111 TRE-like motifs and in the enhanced protections in -141 TRE and -111 TRE-like motifs in cells after the @entity2 treatment. Site-directed mutagenesis in this region demonstrates the involvement of both -141 TRE and -111 TRE-like motifs in @entity2 / @entity3 -dependent stimulation as well as enhanced basal transcriptional activity. However, it is primarily the -111 TRE-like motif that is involved in the mediation of the enhanced basal promoter activity of the @entity0 @entity5 gene. These results are further supported by gel mobility shift assays that demonstrate the involvement of @entity3 and these TRE motifs in the formation of the DNA-protein complex.

title: Expression of XXXX squamous cell differentiation marker, @entity5 , in tracheobronchial epithelium depends on JUN and TRE motifs.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity4 attributable to hypersecretion of ACTH by a @entity6 is an uncommon and progressively lethal disease. Because of its rarity, it has been difficult to collect a large series of @entity0 in order to identify the prognostic factors influencing the outcome after transsphenoidal surgery. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective analysis of the early and late results of surgical treatment of @entity4 . Files of @entity0 with @entity4 who underwent transsphenoidal surgery between 1975 and 1990 were collected from 25 institutions throughout Europe. Data from 668 of 716 @entity0 were suitable for statistical analyses. Surgical mortality was 1.9%, and major morbidity occurred in 97 @entity0 (14.5%). Clinical and biochemical remission of @entity4 after surgery occurred in 510 cases (76.3%). Identification of the @entity1 by neuroradiological imaging or at operation with histopathological corroboration was associated with remission of @entity4 . Recurrence of the disease occurred in 65 (12.7%) of 510 @entity0 in remission after surgery at a mean time of 39.3 months (range 6-104 months). The distribution of the recurrences did not show any apparent plateau or cluster throughout the follow-up period. Low postoperative @entity2 levels, absence of @entity5 response to @entity7 , and the need for long-term glucocorticoid substitution therapy were all associated with a high probability of long-term remission. Our study demonstrates that transsphenoidal surgery is a safe and effective treatment for @entity0 with @entity4 . However, after successful surgery there is a steady increase in the percentage of recurrences, which continues with time. @entity0 who after operation had @entity3 and needed long-term glucocorticoid substitution therapy had the lowest risk of relapse.

title: Factors influencing the immediate and late outcome of XXXX treated by transsphenoidal surgery: a retrospective study by the European @entity4 Survey Group.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity4 attributable to hypersecretion of ACTH by a @entity6 is an uncommon and progressively lethal disease. Because of its rarity, it has been difficult to collect a large series of @entity0 in order to identify the prognostic factors influencing the outcome after transsphenoidal surgery. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective analysis of the early and late results of surgical treatment of @entity4 . Files of @entity0 with @entity4 who underwent transsphenoidal surgery between 1975 and 1990 were collected from 25 institutions throughout Europe. Data from 668 of 716 @entity0 were suitable for statistical analyses. Surgical mortality was 1.9%, and major morbidity occurred in 97 @entity0 (14.5%). Clinical and biochemical remission of @entity4 after surgery occurred in 510 cases (76.3%). Identification of the @entity1 by neuroradiological imaging or at operation with histopathological corroboration was associated with remission of @entity4 . Recurrence of the disease occurred in 65 (12.7%) of 510 @entity0 in remission after surgery at a mean time of 39.3 months (range 6-104 months). The distribution of the recurrences did not show any apparent plateau or cluster throughout the follow-up period. Low postoperative @entity2 levels, absence of @entity5 response to @entity7 , and the need for long-term glucocorticoid substitution therapy were all associated with a high probability of long-term remission. Our study demonstrates that transsphenoidal surgery is a safe and effective treatment for @entity0 with @entity4 . However, after successful surgery there is a steady increase in the percentage of recurrences, which continues with time. @entity0 who after operation had @entity3 and needed long-term glucocorticoid substitution therapy had the lowest risk of relapse.

title: Factors influencing the immediate and late outcome of @entity4 treated by transsphenoidal surgery: a retrospective study by the European XXXX Survey Group.

answer: @entity4


abstract: A chemiluminescence-based GH assay with 30- to 100-fold increased sensitivity recently disclosed combined basal and pulsatile GH secretion in @entity0 . However, how age, sex @entity3 hormones, and @entity1 singly and jointly influence the basal vs. pulsatile modes of GH release is not known. We used the foregoing assay (detection threshold, 0.002-0.005 microgram/L) and high sensitivity and specificity (> or = 90% each) deconvolution analysis to quantitate basal and pulsatile GH secretion from 24-h serum GH concentration profiles in 26 healthy lean and obese @entity0 , whose ages spanned 18-63 yr and whose percentage body fat ranged from 12-47%. Concentrations of serum @entity6 ( @entity6 ), @entity8 ( @entity8 ), and @entity7 were related to specific measures of basal or pulsatile GH release. We observed that mean (24-h) serum GH concentrations embraced a 140-fold range from 0.013-1.8 micrograms/L and were related negatively to age (r = -0.50; P < 0.01), percentage body fat (r = -0.620; P < 0.01), and their interaction (r = -0.610; P < 0.01). In contrast, @entity5 was a robustly positive statistical determinant of mean serum GH values (r = 0.628; P = 0.0006). Stepwise multivariate regression analysis disclosed that percentage body fat alone and jointly with the serum @entity5 concentration controlled, respectively, 38% and 50% of the total variability in GH levels (P = 0.0013 and P = 0.0008). As assessed by deconvolution analysis, GH secretory burst mass was negatively related to percentage body fat (r = -0.621; P < 0.01) and positively to serum @entity5 (r = 0.529; P = 0.0054). The calculated half-life of GH correlated positively with serum @entity2 (r = 0.447; P = 0.032), and negatively with percentage body fat (r = -0.437; P = 0.048). Basal GH secretion rates were negatively related to serum @entity2 (r = -0.485; P = 0.016). In contrast, GH secretory burst frequency and duration were unrelated to age, percentage body fat, or sex @entity4 . The fraction of total GH secreted in bursts was negatively correlated with the body mass index (r = -0.540; P < 0.01). Serum @entity6 concentrations were positively related to total pulsatile GH secretion (r = 0.690; P = 0.0011) and negatively to age (r = -0.597; P = 0.007) and percentage body fat (r = -0.611; P = 0.009).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Differential impact of age, sex XXXX hormones, and @entity1 on basal versus pulsatile growth hormone secretion in @entity0 as assessed in an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence assay.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A chemiluminescence-based GH assay with 30- to 100-fold increased sensitivity recently disclosed combined basal and pulsatile GH secretion in @entity0 . However, how age, sex @entity3 hormones, and @entity1 singly and jointly influence the basal vs. pulsatile modes of GH release is not known. We used the foregoing assay (detection threshold, 0.002-0.005 microgram/L) and high sensitivity and specificity (> or = 90% each) deconvolution analysis to quantitate basal and pulsatile GH secretion from 24-h serum GH concentration profiles in 26 healthy lean and obese @entity0 , whose ages spanned 18-63 yr and whose percentage body fat ranged from 12-47%. Concentrations of serum @entity6 ( @entity6 ), @entity8 ( @entity8 ), and @entity7 were related to specific measures of basal or pulsatile GH release. We observed that mean (24-h) serum GH concentrations embraced a 140-fold range from 0.013-1.8 micrograms/L and were related negatively to age (r = -0.50; P < 0.01), percentage body fat (r = -0.620; P < 0.01), and their interaction (r = -0.610; P < 0.01). In contrast, @entity5 was a robustly positive statistical determinant of mean serum GH values (r = 0.628; P = 0.0006). Stepwise multivariate regression analysis disclosed that percentage body fat alone and jointly with the serum @entity5 concentration controlled, respectively, 38% and 50% of the total variability in GH levels (P = 0.0013 and P = 0.0008). As assessed by deconvolution analysis, GH secretory burst mass was negatively related to percentage body fat (r = -0.621; P < 0.01) and positively to serum @entity5 (r = 0.529; P = 0.0054). The calculated half-life of GH correlated positively with serum @entity2 (r = 0.447; P = 0.032), and negatively with percentage body fat (r = -0.437; P = 0.048). Basal GH secretion rates were negatively related to serum @entity2 (r = -0.485; P = 0.016). In contrast, GH secretory burst frequency and duration were unrelated to age, percentage body fat, or sex @entity4 . The fraction of total GH secreted in bursts was negatively correlated with the body mass index (r = -0.540; P < 0.01). Serum @entity6 concentrations were positively related to total pulsatile GH secretion (r = 0.690; P = 0.0011) and negatively to age (r = -0.597; P = 0.007) and percentage body fat (r = -0.611; P = 0.009).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Differential impact of age, sex @entity3 hormones, and XXXX on basal versus pulsatile growth hormone secretion in @entity0 as assessed in an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence assay.

answer: @entity1


abstract: A chemiluminescence-based GH assay with 30- to 100-fold increased sensitivity recently disclosed combined basal and pulsatile GH secretion in @entity0 . However, how age, sex @entity3 hormones, and @entity1 singly and jointly influence the basal vs. pulsatile modes of GH release is not known. We used the foregoing assay (detection threshold, 0.002-0.005 microgram/L) and high sensitivity and specificity (> or = 90% each) deconvolution analysis to quantitate basal and pulsatile GH secretion from 24-h serum GH concentration profiles in 26 healthy lean and obese @entity0 , whose ages spanned 18-63 yr and whose percentage body fat ranged from 12-47%. Concentrations of serum @entity6 ( @entity6 ), @entity8 ( @entity8 ), and @entity7 were related to specific measures of basal or pulsatile GH release. We observed that mean (24-h) serum GH concentrations embraced a 140-fold range from 0.013-1.8 micrograms/L and were related negatively to age (r = -0.50; P < 0.01), percentage body fat (r = -0.620; P < 0.01), and their interaction (r = -0.610; P < 0.01). In contrast, @entity5 was a robustly positive statistical determinant of mean serum GH values (r = 0.628; P = 0.0006). Stepwise multivariate regression analysis disclosed that percentage body fat alone and jointly with the serum @entity5 concentration controlled, respectively, 38% and 50% of the total variability in GH levels (P = 0.0013 and P = 0.0008). As assessed by deconvolution analysis, GH secretory burst mass was negatively related to percentage body fat (r = -0.621; P < 0.01) and positively to serum @entity5 (r = 0.529; P = 0.0054). The calculated half-life of GH correlated positively with serum @entity2 (r = 0.447; P = 0.032), and negatively with percentage body fat (r = -0.437; P = 0.048). Basal GH secretion rates were negatively related to serum @entity2 (r = -0.485; P = 0.016). In contrast, GH secretory burst frequency and duration were unrelated to age, percentage body fat, or sex @entity4 . The fraction of total GH secreted in bursts was negatively correlated with the body mass index (r = -0.540; P < 0.01). Serum @entity6 concentrations were positively related to total pulsatile GH secretion (r = 0.690; P = 0.0011) and negatively to age (r = -0.597; P = 0.007) and percentage body fat (r = -0.611; P = 0.009).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Differential impact of age, sex @entity3 hormones, and @entity1 on basal versus pulsatile growth hormone secretion in XXXX as assessed in an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence assay.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Octreotide ( @entity5 ) is a synthetic analog of @entity3 , an endogenous GH inhibitory peptide that has been used as an adjunct to surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of @entity4 . When given sc in divided daily doses, it lowers serum GH to less than 5 micrograms/L in approximately 50% of cases. Data suggest that continuous infusions of @entity3 analogs may be more effective in lowering GH. We have evaluated @entity8 , a new long-acting preparation of Sandostatin, in eight @entity0 with @entity4 . After an initial pharmacokinetic study, @entity0 received a minimum of 10 im injections of @entity8 (20, 30, or 40 mg) at 28- or 42-day intervals. Serum GH levels decreased from 10.7 +/- 2.8 micrograms/L (mean +/- SE) at baseline to a nadir of 2.6 +/- 0.4 micrograms/L after the tenth injection, and to less than 5 micrograms/L in every patient. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I decreased from 927 +/- 108 ng/mL at baseline to 472 +/- 59 ng/mL at the end of the sixth injection and returned to normal (< 500 ng/mL) in seven of the eight @entity0 . This was associated with significant improvements in @entity1 , @entity6 , and sweating. There was no evidence of @entity5 accumulation, and the drug was well tolerated. To date, no @entity7 have occurred, and serial pituitary imaging has revealed no increase in the size of the initial @entity2 . In particular, two previously untreated @entity0 have shown complete regression of the initial microadenoma and have serum GH values of less than 2.5 micrograms/L. @entity8 is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for @entity0 with @entity4 . Undoubtedly the initial indication for @entity8 will be in the @entity0 who is not cured after surgery and radiotherapy, but our experience suggests that it may be used as a primary treatment in some acromegalics.

title: Depot long-acting XXXX analog ( @entity8 ) is an effective treatment for @entity4 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Octreotide ( @entity5 ) is a synthetic analog of @entity3 , an endogenous GH inhibitory peptide that has been used as an adjunct to surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of @entity4 . When given sc in divided daily doses, it lowers serum GH to less than 5 micrograms/L in approximately 50% of cases. Data suggest that continuous infusions of @entity3 analogs may be more effective in lowering GH. We have evaluated @entity8 , a new long-acting preparation of Sandostatin, in eight @entity0 with @entity4 . After an initial pharmacokinetic study, @entity0 received a minimum of 10 im injections of @entity8 (20, 30, or 40 mg) at 28- or 42-day intervals. Serum GH levels decreased from 10.7 +/- 2.8 micrograms/L (mean +/- SE) at baseline to a nadir of 2.6 +/- 0.4 micrograms/L after the tenth injection, and to less than 5 micrograms/L in every patient. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I decreased from 927 +/- 108 ng/mL at baseline to 472 +/- 59 ng/mL at the end of the sixth injection and returned to normal (< 500 ng/mL) in seven of the eight @entity0 . This was associated with significant improvements in @entity1 , @entity6 , and sweating. There was no evidence of @entity5 accumulation, and the drug was well tolerated. To date, no @entity7 have occurred, and serial pituitary imaging has revealed no increase in the size of the initial @entity2 . In particular, two previously untreated @entity0 have shown complete regression of the initial microadenoma and have serum GH values of less than 2.5 micrograms/L. @entity8 is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for @entity0 with @entity4 . Undoubtedly the initial indication for @entity8 will be in the @entity0 who is not cured after surgery and radiotherapy, but our experience suggests that it may be used as a primary treatment in some acromegalics.

title: Depot long-acting @entity3 analog ( XXXX ) is an effective treatment for @entity4 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: Octreotide ( @entity5 ) is a synthetic analog of @entity3 , an endogenous GH inhibitory peptide that has been used as an adjunct to surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of @entity4 . When given sc in divided daily doses, it lowers serum GH to less than 5 micrograms/L in approximately 50% of cases. Data suggest that continuous infusions of @entity3 analogs may be more effective in lowering GH. We have evaluated @entity8 , a new long-acting preparation of Sandostatin, in eight @entity0 with @entity4 . After an initial pharmacokinetic study, @entity0 received a minimum of 10 im injections of @entity8 (20, 30, or 40 mg) at 28- or 42-day intervals. Serum GH levels decreased from 10.7 +/- 2.8 micrograms/L (mean +/- SE) at baseline to a nadir of 2.6 +/- 0.4 micrograms/L after the tenth injection, and to less than 5 micrograms/L in every patient. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I decreased from 927 +/- 108 ng/mL at baseline to 472 +/- 59 ng/mL at the end of the sixth injection and returned to normal (< 500 ng/mL) in seven of the eight @entity0 . This was associated with significant improvements in @entity1 , @entity6 , and sweating. There was no evidence of @entity5 accumulation, and the drug was well tolerated. To date, no @entity7 have occurred, and serial pituitary imaging has revealed no increase in the size of the initial @entity2 . In particular, two previously untreated @entity0 have shown complete regression of the initial microadenoma and have serum GH values of less than 2.5 micrograms/L. @entity8 is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for @entity0 with @entity4 . Undoubtedly the initial indication for @entity8 will be in the @entity0 who is not cured after surgery and radiotherapy, but our experience suggests that it may be used as a primary treatment in some acromegalics.

title: Depot long-acting @entity3 analog ( @entity8 ) is an effective treatment for XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The prescribing of extended regimens of oral contraceptives (OCs) is increasing in routine gynaecological practice as a means of reducing the number of annual @entity3 . Typically, this involves taking one pill per day for, say, 84 days continuously (4 21 days), followed by a 7-day pill-free interval. Low-dose OCs are suitable for extended use, and many gynaecologists in Germany prescribe the combination of @entity6 2   mg/ @entity4 0.03   mg (CMA 2   mg/EE 0.03   mg). The aim of the current study was to assess the risks and benefits of CMA 2   mg/EE 0.03   mg in extended regimens, using pooled data from observational studies. METHODS: This pooled analysis of three large-scale, non-interventional, observational studies assessed the results in @entity0 receiving Belara   (CMA 2   mg/EE 0.03   mg) according to an extended regimen compared with conventional regimens documented in the summary of product characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 625 @entity0 were identified as extended-regimen users (mean  SD age 24.9  9.0 years). Extended-cycle use was associated with @entity2 , dysmenorrhoea symptoms (as shown by reductions in analgesic use; absence from school, university, or work; and restrictions in leisure and sporting activities), cycle-dependent symptoms (e.g. @entity1 / @entity5 , breast tenderness), @entity3 , bleeding duration and reduced libido. Mean bodyweight remained almost constant over 6 months. Only nine adverse drug reactions, none severe, were reported in eight @entity0 (1.3%). CONCLUSION: This pooled analysis confirms that extended regimens of CMA 2   mg/EE 0.03   mg reduce cycle-related complaints and are very well tolerated.

title: Extended cycles with the combined oral contraceptive XXXX 2   mg/ @entity4 0.03   mg: pooled analysis of data from three large-scale, non-interventional, observational studies.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The prescribing of extended regimens of oral contraceptives (OCs) is increasing in routine gynaecological practice as a means of reducing the number of annual @entity3 . Typically, this involves taking one pill per day for, say, 84 days continuously (4 21 days), followed by a 7-day pill-free interval. Low-dose OCs are suitable for extended use, and many gynaecologists in Germany prescribe the combination of @entity6 2   mg/ @entity4 0.03   mg (CMA 2   mg/EE 0.03   mg). The aim of the current study was to assess the risks and benefits of CMA 2   mg/EE 0.03   mg in extended regimens, using pooled data from observational studies. METHODS: This pooled analysis of three large-scale, non-interventional, observational studies assessed the results in @entity0 receiving Belara   (CMA 2   mg/EE 0.03   mg) according to an extended regimen compared with conventional regimens documented in the summary of product characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 625 @entity0 were identified as extended-regimen users (mean  SD age 24.9  9.0 years). Extended-cycle use was associated with @entity2 , dysmenorrhoea symptoms (as shown by reductions in analgesic use; absence from school, university, or work; and restrictions in leisure and sporting activities), cycle-dependent symptoms (e.g. @entity1 / @entity5 , breast tenderness), @entity3 , bleeding duration and reduced libido. Mean bodyweight remained almost constant over 6 months. Only nine adverse drug reactions, none severe, were reported in eight @entity0 (1.3%). CONCLUSION: This pooled analysis confirms that extended regimens of CMA 2   mg/EE 0.03   mg reduce cycle-related complaints and are very well tolerated.

title: Extended cycles with the combined oral contraceptive @entity6 2   mg/ XXXX 0.03   mg: pooled analysis of data from three large-scale, non-interventional, observational studies.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 is an approved symptomatic treatment for moderate to severe @entity1 that reduces the excitotoxic effects of hyperactive glutamatergic transmission. However, the exact mechanism of the effect of @entity2 in @entity1 @entity0 is poorly understood. Importantly, the default mode network (DMN), which plays a key role in attention, is hypoactive in @entity1 and is under glutamatergic control. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of @entity2 on the activity of the DMN in moderate to severe @entity1 . METHODS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 15 @entity0 with moderate to severe @entity1 , seven treated with @entity2 (mean    SD age 77    8 years, mean    SD Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score 16    5) and eight with placebo (mean    SD age 76    6 years, mean    SD MMSE score 13    1), were acquired at baseline (T0) and after 6 months of treatment (T6). Resting state components were extracted after spatial normalization in individual @entity0 with independent component analysis. The consistency of the components was assessed using ICASSO and the DMN was recognized through spatial correlation with a pre-defined template. Voxel-based statistical analyses were performed to study the change in DMN activity from T0 to T6 in the two groups. RESULTS: At T0, the two groups showed similar DMN activity except in the precuneus and cuneus, where the @entity0 who started treatment with @entity2 had slightly greater activity (p < 0.05 corrected for familywise error [FWE]). The prospective comparison between T0 and T6 in the treated @entity0 showed increased DMN activation mapping in the precuneus (p < 0.05, FWE corrected), while the prospective comparison in the untreated @entity0 did not show significant changes. The treatment * time interaction term was significant at p < 0.05, FWE corrected. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a positive effect of @entity2 treatment in @entity0 with moderate to severe @entity1 , resulting in an increased resting DMN activity in the precuneus region over 6 months. Future studies confirming the present findings are required to further demonstrate the beneficial effects of @entity2 on the DMN in @entity1 .

title: Effect of @entity2 on resting state default mode network activity in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 is an approved symptomatic treatment for moderate to severe @entity1 that reduces the excitotoxic effects of hyperactive glutamatergic transmission. However, the exact mechanism of the effect of @entity2 in @entity1 @entity0 is poorly understood. Importantly, the default mode network (DMN), which plays a key role in attention, is hypoactive in @entity1 and is under glutamatergic control. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of @entity2 on the activity of the DMN in moderate to severe @entity1 . METHODS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 15 @entity0 with moderate to severe @entity1 , seven treated with @entity2 (mean    SD age 77    8 years, mean    SD Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score 16    5) and eight with placebo (mean    SD age 76    6 years, mean    SD MMSE score 13    1), were acquired at baseline (T0) and after 6 months of treatment (T6). Resting state components were extracted after spatial normalization in individual @entity0 with independent component analysis. The consistency of the components was assessed using ICASSO and the DMN was recognized through spatial correlation with a pre-defined template. Voxel-based statistical analyses were performed to study the change in DMN activity from T0 to T6 in the two groups. RESULTS: At T0, the two groups showed similar DMN activity except in the precuneus and cuneus, where the @entity0 who started treatment with @entity2 had slightly greater activity (p < 0.05 corrected for familywise error [FWE]). The prospective comparison between T0 and T6 in the treated @entity0 showed increased DMN activation mapping in the precuneus (p < 0.05, FWE corrected), while the prospective comparison in the untreated @entity0 did not show significant changes. The treatment * time interaction term was significant at p < 0.05, FWE corrected. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a positive effect of @entity2 treatment in @entity0 with moderate to severe @entity1 , resulting in an increased resting DMN activity in the precuneus region over 6 months. Future studies confirming the present findings are required to further demonstrate the beneficial effects of @entity2 on the DMN in @entity1 .

title: Effect of XXXX on resting state default mode network activity in @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and factors affecting outcome of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) in @entity0 with severe @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospectively designed clinical trial of @entity0 selected to participate in the study based upon the following inclusion criteria: previous total failed fertilization or unsuitable sperm parameters for conventional IVF. SETTING: Tertiary care academic center. @entity0 : Ninety-two consecutive couples undergoing IVF therapy augmented with @entity2 during April through December 1994 were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fertilization and ongoing implantation and pregnancy rates (PRs). RESULTS: A total of 1,163 preovulatory oocytes were manipulated, yielding a diploid fertilization rate of 60.9%; the oocyte damage rate was 13.2%. The transfer rate was 95% with 43.1% of cycles having excess embryos that were cryopreserved. Overall, the clinical and ongoing PRs per transfer were 31.9% and 26.8%, respectively. None of the sperm parameters of the original semen analysis correlated with @entity2 outcome. Female age did not affect fertilization results but had a significant impact on PR (< 34 years: 48.9%; 35 to 39 years: 22.9%; > or = 40 years: 5.9% clinical PR per transfer). CONCLUSIONS: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection offers a new and powerful therapeutic option to treat couples with severe @entity1 associated with a variety of @entity2 . An adequate female age is a pivotal factor determining a successful outcome.

title: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: achievement of high pregnancy rates in couples with severe XXXX is dependent primarily upon female and not male factors.

answer: @entity1


abstract: 1. Patterns of species @entity1 often correlate strongly with measures of energy. The more individuals hypothesis (MIH) proposes that this relationship is facilitated by greater resources supporting larger populations, which are less likely to become extinct. Hence, the MIH predicts that community abundance and species @entity1 will be positively related. 2. Recently, Buckley _ Jetz (2010, Journal of Animal Ecology, 79, 358-365) documented a decoupling of community abundance and species @entity0 in south-west United States, such that richer communities did not contain more individuals. They predicted, as a consequence of the mechanisms driving the decoupling, a more even distribution of species abundances in species-rich communities, evidenced by a positive relationship between species evenness and species @entity1 . 3. We found a similar decoupling of the relationship between abundance and species @entity1 for lizard communities in semi-arid south-eastern Australia. However, we note that a positive relationship between evenness and @entity1 is expected because of the nature of the indices used. We illustrate this mathematically and empirically using data from both sets of lizard communities. When we used a measure of evenness, which is robust to species @entity1 , there was no relationship between evenness and @entity1 in either data set. 4. For lizard communities in both Australia and the United States, species dominance decreased as species @entity1 increased. Further, with the iterative removal of the first, second and third most dominant species from each community, the relationship between abundance and species @entity1 became increasingly more positive. 5. Our data support the contention that species @entity0 is not directly related to the number of individuals an environment can support. We propose an alternative hypothesis regarding how the decoupling of abundance and @entity1 is accommodated; namely, an inverse relationship between species dominance and species @entity1 , possibly because of ecological release.

title: The decoupling of abundance and species XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: 48 @entity0 with 50 involved limbs were retrospectively analyzed to determine factors influencing the outcome of surgical treatment for @entity1 . All @entity0 were treated by anterior submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve with Z-lengthening of the flexor-pronator origin. There were 24 @entity0 and 24 @entity0 with an average age of 42 years +/- 16.4 years (range, 5-75 years). The average follow-up time was 58 months (range, 12-156 months). A grading system was used pre- and post-operatively based on the severity of subjective complaints and objective findings. 92% of the @entity0 were satisfied, or satisfied with some reservations, and only 8% were dissatisfied. All @entity0 had either fair or poor pre-operative grades. 84% had excellent or good post-operative grades and only 16% had fair grades. There were no recurrences or poor post-operative grades in our series. Workers' compensation status had no statistically significant adverse effect on post-operative @entity0 satisfaction or post-operative grade. Anterior submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve in this series provided satisfactory subjective outcome, relief of symptoms and adequate decompression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow.

title: Anterior submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: In @entity2 , mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) perturb various developmental processes. Whether these perturbations are caused by @entity3 or partial dysfunction of the ribosome caused by deficiency of a particular ribosomal protein is not known. To distinguish these possibilities, a comparative study using several r-protein mutants was required. Here, we identified mutations in 11 r-protein genes from previously isolated denticulata and pointed-leaves mutants. Most of these mutations were associated with pointed leaves, with reduced growth due to a decrease in the number or size of palisade mesophyll and pavement cells. In addition, leaf abaxialization was usually observed when these r-protein mutations were combined with asymmetric leaves1 ( @entity4 ) and @entity5 mutations. These results suggest that the establishment of leaf polarity is highly sensitive to ribosome functionality in general. However, several r-protein mutants showed a preference towards a specific @entity1 . For example, rpl4d mutations did not affect cell proliferation but caused strong abaxialization of leaves in the @entity4 and @entity5 backgrounds. On the other hand, rps28b enhanced leaf abaxialization of @entity5 to a weaker extent than expected on the basis of its negative effect on cell proliferation. In addition, hypomorphic @entity6 alleles had the strongest effects on most of the phenotypes examined. These findings suggest that deficiencies in these three r-protein genes lead to production of dysfunctional ribosomes. Depending on their structural @entity0 may affect translation of specific transcripts involved in the regulation of some leaf developmental processes.

title: Differential contributions of ribosomal protein genes to XXXX leaf development.

answer: @entity2