abstract: OBJECT: In recent years, fetal mesencephalic tissue transplant for the treatment of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) has been demonstrated to hold promise, but potential complications related to growth of allograft tissue have not been well described. This report explores the development and possible causation of a fatal cyst arising from a fetal transplant in the brain. METHODS: The authors report the case of a 52-year-old @entity0 who underwent bilateral putamenal fetal mesencephalic allograft transplant for @entity1 at another hospital. Twenty-three months later she presented to the authors' institution in a @entity2 . Admission computerized tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) studies revealed a contrast-enhancing mural nodule and associated large cyst arising from the left putamen and causing @entity3 . Despite surgical decompression of the cyst, the @entity0 did not regain consciousness. Biopsy and autopsy specimens were obtained, along with an analysis of the cyst fluid. Genotyping of the nodule and the @entity0 's peripheral lymphocytes by using polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite analysis was also performed. Biopsy samples and autopsy histopathological studies showed inflammatory cells, hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and @entity5 . Scattered neurons and multiple rests of choroid plexus were also noted. The cyst had a thin wall and contained liquid that was identical in composition to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Genotyping demonstrated the presence of alleles in the nodule DNA that were not present in lymphocytic DNA, indicating that the nodule contained allograft tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The authors hypothesize that the choroid plexus tissue contained in the allograft resulted in CSF production and cyst formation at the transplant site, ultimately leading to the @entity0 's @entity4 . The clinical history and large size of the mural nodule indicate slow growth of this allograft site and cyst over time. This case demonstrates that unusual patterns of tissue growth can occur in the brain after fetal tissue transplant and emphasizes the need for long-term monitoring of posttransplant @entity0 by means of MR imaging. Cell sorting should be considered to ensure transplant of pure neuronal and astroglial populations.

title: Fatal cyst formation after fetal mesencephalic allograft transplant for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The authors report the occurrence of ipsilateral transient @entity7 during balloon test occlusion (BTO) of the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) and discuss the involved pathomechanisms. The authors reviewed their series of 129 BTOs of the ICA performed between 1989 and 1996. Two @entity0 developed @entity6 and transient palsies of the third through sixth cranial nerves during test occlusion of the cervical ICA. The tests were performed prior to planned permanent @entity3 for the treatment of a @entity1 in one @entity0 and a giant cavernous carotid artery @entity4 in the other. The @entity0 ' symptoms resolved with @entity5 . When the balloon was subsequently inflated above the inferior cavernous sinus artery (ICSA), one of the @entity0 complained of mild facial discomfort. There was no @entity2 or mental status change during test occlusion in either @entity0 . Angiography demonstrated good filling of the ipsilateral intracranial circulation via collateral vessels of the circle of Willis. In these two cases, the cranial nerves in the cavernous sinus were likely supplied by the ICA via the meningohypophyseal trunk and the ICSA. In each case, there was excellent blood supply to the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere; however, there was probably inadequate retrograde filling of the cranial nerve collateral vessels located where the meningohypophyseal trunk and ICSA originated. These cases emphasize the importance of a patent external carotid artery-ICA connection for successful cervical @entity3 . Neurological examination during BTO was critical to interpret the clinical manifestations caused by the hemodynamic changes.

title: XXXX during balloon test occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery. Report of two cases.

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: Exposure to @entity8 ( @entity9 ) may potentially disturb fetal Leydig cell hormone production and male genital development. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the associations between levels of amniotic fluid @entity9 , fetal @entity3 hormone, and @entity10 ( @entity10 ) and the prevalence of @entity1 and @entity5 . METHODS: Using the Danish National @entity0 Registry, we selected 270 @entity1 cases, 75 @entity5 cases, and 300 controls with stored maternal amniotic fluid samples available in a Danish pregnancy-screening biobank (1980-1996). We used mass spectrometry to measure @entity9 in amniotic fluid from 645 @entity0 and @entity3 hormones in samples from 545 @entity0 . @entity10 was measured by immunoassay from 475 @entity0 . Associations between @entity9 concentration in amniotic fluid, hormone levels, and genital @entity4 were assessed by confounder-adjusted linear and logistic regression. RESULTS: The highest tertile of @entity9 exposure (> 1.4 ng/mL) in amniotic fluid was associated with a 40% (95% CI: -69, -11%) lower @entity10 level and an 18% (95% CI: 7, 29%) higher @entity2 level compared with the lowest tertile (< 0.8 ng/mL). Amniotic fluid @entity9 concentration was not associated with @entity1 or @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: Environmental @entity9 exposure was associated with @entity3 hormone and @entity10 concentrations in amniotic fluid, but was not associated with @entity1 or @entity5 in our study population. Additional studies are needed to determine whether associations with fetal hormone levels may have long-term implications for reproductive health. Citation: Toft G, J  nsson BA, Bonde @entity7 , N  rgaard-Pedersen B, @entity6 , Cohen A, Lindh CH, Ivell R, Anand-Ivell R, Lindhard MS. 2016. @entity8 concentrations in amniotic fluid, biomarkers of fetal Leydig cell function, and @entity1 and @entity5 in Danish @entity0 (1980-1996). Environ Health Perspect 124:151-156;   http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409288.

title: @entity8 Concentrations in Amniotic Fluid, Biomarkers of Fetal Leydig Cell Function, and XXXX and @entity5 in Danish @entity0 (1980-1996).

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Exposure to @entity8 ( @entity9 ) may potentially disturb fetal Leydig cell hormone production and male genital development. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the associations between levels of amniotic fluid @entity9 , fetal @entity3 hormone, and @entity10 ( @entity10 ) and the prevalence of @entity1 and @entity5 . METHODS: Using the Danish National @entity0 Registry, we selected 270 @entity1 cases, 75 @entity5 cases, and 300 controls with stored maternal amniotic fluid samples available in a Danish pregnancy-screening biobank (1980-1996). We used mass spectrometry to measure @entity9 in amniotic fluid from 645 @entity0 and @entity3 hormones in samples from 545 @entity0 . @entity10 was measured by immunoassay from 475 @entity0 . Associations between @entity9 concentration in amniotic fluid, hormone levels, and genital @entity4 were assessed by confounder-adjusted linear and logistic regression. RESULTS: The highest tertile of @entity9 exposure (> 1.4 ng/mL) in amniotic fluid was associated with a 40% (95% CI: -69, -11%) lower @entity10 level and an 18% (95% CI: 7, 29%) higher @entity2 level compared with the lowest tertile (< 0.8 ng/mL). Amniotic fluid @entity9 concentration was not associated with @entity1 or @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: Environmental @entity9 exposure was associated with @entity3 hormone and @entity10 concentrations in amniotic fluid, but was not associated with @entity1 or @entity5 in our study population. Additional studies are needed to determine whether associations with fetal hormone levels may have long-term implications for reproductive health. Citation: Toft G, J  nsson BA, Bonde @entity7 , N  rgaard-Pedersen B, @entity6 , Cohen A, Lindh CH, Ivell R, Anand-Ivell R, Lindhard MS. 2016. @entity8 concentrations in amniotic fluid, biomarkers of fetal Leydig cell function, and @entity1 and @entity5 in Danish @entity0 (1980-1996). Environ Health Perspect 124:151-156;   http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409288.

title: XXXX Concentrations in Amniotic Fluid, Biomarkers of Fetal Leydig Cell Function, and @entity1 and @entity5 in Danish @entity0 (1980-1996).

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND: Exposure to @entity8 ( @entity9 ) may potentially disturb fetal Leydig cell hormone production and male genital development. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the associations between levels of amniotic fluid @entity9 , fetal @entity3 hormone, and @entity10 ( @entity10 ) and the prevalence of @entity1 and @entity5 . METHODS: Using the Danish National @entity0 Registry, we selected 270 @entity1 cases, 75 @entity5 cases, and 300 controls with stored maternal amniotic fluid samples available in a Danish pregnancy-screening biobank (1980-1996). We used mass spectrometry to measure @entity9 in amniotic fluid from 645 @entity0 and @entity3 hormones in samples from 545 @entity0 . @entity10 was measured by immunoassay from 475 @entity0 . Associations between @entity9 concentration in amniotic fluid, hormone levels, and genital @entity4 were assessed by confounder-adjusted linear and logistic regression. RESULTS: The highest tertile of @entity9 exposure (> 1.4 ng/mL) in amniotic fluid was associated with a 40% (95% CI: -69, -11%) lower @entity10 level and an 18% (95% CI: 7, 29%) higher @entity2 level compared with the lowest tertile (< 0.8 ng/mL). Amniotic fluid @entity9 concentration was not associated with @entity1 or @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: Environmental @entity9 exposure was associated with @entity3 hormone and @entity10 concentrations in amniotic fluid, but was not associated with @entity1 or @entity5 in our study population. Additional studies are needed to determine whether associations with fetal hormone levels may have long-term implications for reproductive health. Citation: Toft G, J  nsson BA, Bonde @entity7 , N  rgaard-Pedersen B, @entity6 , Cohen A, Lindh CH, Ivell R, Anand-Ivell R, Lindhard MS. 2016. @entity8 concentrations in amniotic fluid, biomarkers of fetal Leydig cell function, and @entity1 and @entity5 in Danish @entity0 (1980-1996). Environ Health Perspect 124:151-156;   http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409288.

title: @entity8 Concentrations in Amniotic Fluid, Biomarkers of Fetal Leydig Cell Function, and @entity1 and XXXX in Danish @entity0 (1980-1996).

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Exposure to @entity8 ( @entity9 ) may potentially disturb fetal Leydig cell hormone production and male genital development. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the associations between levels of amniotic fluid @entity9 , fetal @entity3 hormone, and @entity10 ( @entity10 ) and the prevalence of @entity1 and @entity5 . METHODS: Using the Danish National @entity0 Registry, we selected 270 @entity1 cases, 75 @entity5 cases, and 300 controls with stored maternal amniotic fluid samples available in a Danish pregnancy-screening biobank (1980-1996). We used mass spectrometry to measure @entity9 in amniotic fluid from 645 @entity0 and @entity3 hormones in samples from 545 @entity0 . @entity10 was measured by immunoassay from 475 @entity0 . Associations between @entity9 concentration in amniotic fluid, hormone levels, and genital @entity4 were assessed by confounder-adjusted linear and logistic regression. RESULTS: The highest tertile of @entity9 exposure (> 1.4 ng/mL) in amniotic fluid was associated with a 40% (95% CI: -69, -11%) lower @entity10 level and an 18% (95% CI: 7, 29%) higher @entity2 level compared with the lowest tertile (< 0.8 ng/mL). Amniotic fluid @entity9 concentration was not associated with @entity1 or @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: Environmental @entity9 exposure was associated with @entity3 hormone and @entity10 concentrations in amniotic fluid, but was not associated with @entity1 or @entity5 in our study population. Additional studies are needed to determine whether associations with fetal hormone levels may have long-term implications for reproductive health. Citation: Toft G, J  nsson BA, Bonde @entity7 , N  rgaard-Pedersen B, @entity6 , Cohen A, Lindh CH, Ivell R, Anand-Ivell R, Lindhard MS. 2016. @entity8 concentrations in amniotic fluid, biomarkers of fetal Leydig cell function, and @entity1 and @entity5 in Danish @entity0 (1980-1996). Environ Health Perspect 124:151-156;   http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409288.

title: @entity8 Concentrations in Amniotic Fluid, Biomarkers of Fetal Leydig Cell Function, and @entity1 and @entity5 in Danish XXXX (1980-1996).

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies have come to conflicting conclusions about whether polymorphisms in the @entity5 gene ( @entity5 ) are associated with @entity0 risk. To help resolve this question, we meta-analyzed case-control studies in the literature. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, the Chinese Biological Medical Database and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database were systematically searched to identify all case-control studies published through February 2015 examining any @entity5 polymorphisms and risk of any type of @entity0 . Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 13 case-control studies involving 5,750 cases and 6,762 controls were analyzed. Analysis of the entire study population revealed a significant association between @entity7 ( @entity4 ) and overall @entity0 risk using a homozygous model (OR 0.82, 95%CI 0.72 to 0.94), heterozygous model (OR 0.84, 95%CI 0.76 to 0.93), dominant model (OR 0.85, 95%CI 0.75 to 0.97) and allele contrast model (OR 0.88, 95%CI 0.80 to 0.97). However, subgroup analysis showed that this association was significant only for Asians in the case of @entity1 . No significant associations were found between @entity8 ( @entity2 ) or @entity6 ( @entity3 ) and @entity0 risk, either in analyses of the entire study population or in analyses of subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis suggests that the @entity5 @entity7 ( @entity4 ) polymorphism, but not @entity8 ( @entity2 ) or @entity6 ( @entity3 ), may be associated with @entity0 risk, especially risk of @entity1 in Asians. Large, well-designed studies are needed to verify our findings.

title: Three XXXX Polymorphisms and Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Despite technical difficulties due to mediastinal @entity3 , repeat mediastinoscopy can be a valuable tool in the restaging of @entity1 . It provides essential pathological information on mediastinal invasion when selecting @entity0 for surgical resection after induction chemotherapy in stage IIIa disease. The aim of our study was to evaluate the feasibility, sensitivity and accuracy of repeat mediastinoscopy. METHODS: From 1994 to 1997 we performed a repeat mediastinoscopy in 15 @entity0 (13 @entity0 , two @entity0 ) with @entity4 . Their age ranged from 49 to 75 years. (mean 64.7). Seven @entity0 had induction chemotherapy for a @entity5 with positive N2 nodes on mediastinoscopy. Four @entity0 had a second primary @entity1 , one had a locoregional recurrence of @entity4 . The other three had a first mediastinoscopy for other @entity1 , repeat mediastinoscopy being performed for staging of @entity2 . RESULTS: In all 15 @entity0 it was possible to perform a complete repeat mediastinoscopy. In one @entity0 repeat mediastinoscopy turned out to be false negative, so, in our series, sensitivity was 87.5%, specificity 100% and accuracy 93.7%. CONCLUSION: Previous mediastinoscopy is no contraindication for a repeat one. Repeat mediastinoscopy offers valuable pathological information in restaging of @entity1 .

title: Repeat mediastinoscopy in the staging of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: Several studies have documented that increased biopsy sampling, that is 6 versus 12 biopsy cores, can detect more @entity3 . It is unknown whether increased sampling of the prostate will detect a higher number of potentially insignificant @entity2 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched the surgical pathology files at The Johns Hopkins Hospital for @entity0 in whom prostate needle biopsy was performed by a single urologist between April 1993 and April 2000, and subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy. @entity0 who underwent radical prostatectomy and had 8 core biopsies or less between March 1994 and August 1999 were also studied. Clinically significant @entity2 were defined as those with volume greater than 0.5 cc, Gleason score 7 or greater or nonorgan confined disease. RESULTS: A total of 297 @entity0 with a mean age of 60 years (range 36 to 75) were evaluated. Group 1 consisted of 107 @entity0 with 8 core biopsies or less, including 51 with 6, and group 2 comprised 190 @entity0 with 9 cores or greater, including 145 with 12. The 2 groups were equal in regard to @entity4 , age, digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound gland volume at biopsy. The only difference between the groups was a higher number of cores with @entity2 in group 2 (mean 2.8 versus 2.1, p = 0.0006). Of the @entity0 who underwent radical prostatectomy 59.6% had Gleason score 6 or less, 26.3% 3+4, 6.7% 4+3 and 7.4% 8 to 9. There were 12.4% of @entity0 with positive margins, 36.4% extraprostatic extension, and 5.4% seminal vesicle invasion and/or lymph node @entity1 . @entity2 volumes averaged 1.1 cc (range 0.01 to 10.7) and 60.9% of @entity2 were greater than 0.5 cc. Clinically significant @entity2 were seen in 77.4% of @entity0 in group 1 and 74.6% in group 2. There was no significant difference in Gleason score, margin status, @entity2 volume, seminal vesicle invasion, or lymph node @entity1 between groups 1 and 2, or in a subset analysis of @entity0 with 6 versus 12 core biopsies. However, @entity0 in whom @entity2 was diagnosed with 9 core biopsies or greater were more likely to have organ confined disease (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Although increased sampling of the prostate does not increase the detection of potentially insignificant @entity2 , it does appear to detect earlier stage @entity2 .

title: Does increased needle biopsy sampling of the prostate detect a higher number of potentially insignificant XXXX ?

answer: @entity2


abstract: Surgical @entity4 and/or drainage of @entity3 is considered to be the first-line treatment for @entity1 larger than 25 mm. This is ususally performed with the aid of CT-guided stereotaxy. A method of ultrasound guidance is presented that allows a single burr hole approach with real-time imaging of the whole procedure. A bayonet-like shaped ultrasound probe with tip dimension of 8 x 8 mm only (EUP-NS 32, Hitachi/Ecoscan) with frequencies of 3.5 and 5 MHz is used. After placement of a burr hole the target is identified by transdural insonation, a guideline is adjusted and a mounted puncture-adapter guides the cannula towards the lesion under real-time imaging control. Up to now 12 @entity1 in 10 @entity0 were treated. Visualization was always excellent. A second @entity4 had to be performed twice. One abscess did not contain enough pus to be cured by @entity4 and was removed by open surgery, another could not be tapped by the blunt cannula and was aspirated under stereotactic control using a sharp trocar. Outcome was excellent in 6 @entity0 and fair in 2 @entity0 but this was due to the pre-existing disease. Two @entity0 admitted in deep @entity2 died despite an emergency operation. The presented method has proven to be a very powerful guiding tool in the surgical treatment of @entity3 through a single burr hole approach.

title: Ultrasound-guided @entity4 of XXXX through a single burr hole.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Surgical @entity4 and/or drainage of @entity3 is considered to be the first-line treatment for @entity1 larger than 25 mm. This is ususally performed with the aid of CT-guided stereotaxy. A method of ultrasound guidance is presented that allows a single burr hole approach with real-time imaging of the whole procedure. A bayonet-like shaped ultrasound probe with tip dimension of 8 x 8 mm only (EUP-NS 32, Hitachi/Ecoscan) with frequencies of 3.5 and 5 MHz is used. After placement of a burr hole the target is identified by transdural insonation, a guideline is adjusted and a mounted puncture-adapter guides the cannula towards the lesion under real-time imaging control. Up to now 12 @entity1 in 10 @entity0 were treated. Visualization was always excellent. A second @entity4 had to be performed twice. One abscess did not contain enough pus to be cured by @entity4 and was removed by open surgery, another could not be tapped by the blunt cannula and was aspirated under stereotactic control using a sharp trocar. Outcome was excellent in 6 @entity0 and fair in 2 @entity0 but this was due to the pre-existing disease. Two @entity0 admitted in deep @entity2 died despite an emergency operation. The presented method has proven to be a very powerful guiding tool in the surgical treatment of @entity3 through a single burr hole approach.

title: Ultrasound-guided XXXX of @entity3 through a single burr hole.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity4 ( @entity3 ) for the treatment of @entity2 in terms of its anti- @entity1 effect and side effect. We administered @entity3 to 22 @entity0 with superficial @entity2 intravesically and measured the @entity3 concentration in the @entity1 tissues. @entity0 were divided into 3 groups by retention time; 8 for 30 minutes, 8 for 1 hour and 7 for 2 hours. Tumor tissues were obtained by transurethral resection 30 min., 1 or 2 hours after the intravesical instillation of @entity3 at the fixed concentrations of 30 mg/30 ml. There was no significant difference in @entity3 concentration between 3 groups. This indicates that the anti- @entity1 effect of intravesical instillation of the @entity3 would be expected by only 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity3 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml. Then, we administered 30 mg/30 ml of @entity3 solution for 30 min. to 10 @entity0 intravesically 6 times every 48 hours to investigate its clinical anti- @entity1 effect and side effect. There were 2 complete responses, 3 partial responses and 5 cases with no changes for a total response rate of 50%. No side effect was observed. It is considered that 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity3 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml would be appropriate in terms of its anti- @entity1 effect and side effect.

title: [Appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity4 concentration based on its level in @entity1 tissue, anti- @entity1 effect and side effect in intravesical instillation therapy for XXXX ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity4 ( @entity3 ) for the treatment of @entity2 in terms of its anti- @entity1 effect and side effect. We administered @entity3 to 22 @entity0 with superficial @entity2 intravesically and measured the @entity3 concentration in the @entity1 tissues. @entity0 were divided into 3 groups by retention time; 8 for 30 minutes, 8 for 1 hour and 7 for 2 hours. Tumor tissues were obtained by transurethral resection 30 min., 1 or 2 hours after the intravesical instillation of @entity3 at the fixed concentrations of 30 mg/30 ml. There was no significant difference in @entity3 concentration between 3 groups. This indicates that the anti- @entity1 effect of intravesical instillation of the @entity3 would be expected by only 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity3 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml. Then, we administered 30 mg/30 ml of @entity3 solution for 30 min. to 10 @entity0 intravesically 6 times every 48 hours to investigate its clinical anti- @entity1 effect and side effect. There were 2 complete responses, 3 partial responses and 5 cases with no changes for a total response rate of 50%. No side effect was observed. It is considered that 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity3 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml would be appropriate in terms of its anti- @entity1 effect and side effect.

title: [Appropriate intravesical retention time of XXXX concentration based on its level in @entity1 tissue, anti- @entity1 effect and side effect in intravesical instillation therapy for @entity2 ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity4 ( @entity3 ) for the treatment of @entity2 in terms of its anti- @entity1 effect and side effect. We administered @entity3 to 22 @entity0 with superficial @entity2 intravesically and measured the @entity3 concentration in the @entity1 tissues. @entity0 were divided into 3 groups by retention time; 8 for 30 minutes, 8 for 1 hour and 7 for 2 hours. Tumor tissues were obtained by transurethral resection 30 min., 1 or 2 hours after the intravesical instillation of @entity3 at the fixed concentrations of 30 mg/30 ml. There was no significant difference in @entity3 concentration between 3 groups. This indicates that the anti- @entity1 effect of intravesical instillation of the @entity3 would be expected by only 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity3 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml. Then, we administered 30 mg/30 ml of @entity3 solution for 30 min. to 10 @entity0 intravesically 6 times every 48 hours to investigate its clinical anti- @entity1 effect and side effect. There were 2 complete responses, 3 partial responses and 5 cases with no changes for a total response rate of 50%. No side effect was observed. It is considered that 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity3 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml would be appropriate in terms of its anti- @entity1 effect and side effect.

title: [Appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity4 concentration based on its level in XXXX tissue, anti- @entity1 effect and side effect in intravesical instillation therapy for @entity2 ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity4 ( @entity3 ) for the treatment of @entity2 in terms of its anti- @entity1 effect and side effect. We administered @entity3 to 22 @entity0 with superficial @entity2 intravesically and measured the @entity3 concentration in the @entity1 tissues. @entity0 were divided into 3 groups by retention time; 8 for 30 minutes, 8 for 1 hour and 7 for 2 hours. Tumor tissues were obtained by transurethral resection 30 min., 1 or 2 hours after the intravesical instillation of @entity3 at the fixed concentrations of 30 mg/30 ml. There was no significant difference in @entity3 concentration between 3 groups. This indicates that the anti- @entity1 effect of intravesical instillation of the @entity3 would be expected by only 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity3 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml. Then, we administered 30 mg/30 ml of @entity3 solution for 30 min. to 10 @entity0 intravesically 6 times every 48 hours to investigate its clinical anti- @entity1 effect and side effect. There were 2 complete responses, 3 partial responses and 5 cases with no changes for a total response rate of 50%. No side effect was observed. It is considered that 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity3 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml would be appropriate in terms of its anti- @entity1 effect and side effect.

title: [Appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity4 concentration based on its level in @entity1 tissue, anti- XXXX effect and side effect in intravesical instillation therapy for @entity2 ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Erysipelas is a @entity2 generally caused by group A streptococci. Although @entity1 is the drug of choice, some physicians tend to treat @entity4 with antibiotics other than @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: To define the pattern of antibiotic use, factors affecting antibiotic selection, and outcome of @entity0 treated with @entity1 versus those treated with other antimicrobial agents. METHODS: A retrospective review of charts of adult @entity0 with discharge diagnosis of @entity4 was conducted for the years 1993-1996. RESULTS: The study group comprised 365 @entity0 (median age 67 years). In 76% of the cases @entity3 involved the leg/s. Predisposing condition/s were present in 82% of cases. Microorganisms were isolated from blood cultures in only 6 of 176 cases (3%), and Streptococcus spp. was recovered in four of these six @entity0 . Cultures from skin specimens were positive in 3 of 23 cases. @entity1 alone was given to 164 @entity0 (45%). Other antibiotics were more commonly used in the second half of the study period (P < 0.0001) in @entity0 with underlying conditions (P = 0.06) and in those hospitalized in the dermatology ward (P < 0.0001). Hospitalization was significantly shorter in the @entity1 group (P = 0.004). There were no in-hospital deaths. CONCLUSIONS: We found no advantage in using antibiotics other than @entity1 for treating @entity4 . The low yield of skin and blood cultures and their marginal impact on management, as well as the excellent outcome suggest that this @entity3 can probably be treated empirically on an outpatient basis.

title: Antibiotic use in @entity0 with XXXX : a retrospective study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Erysipelas is a @entity2 generally caused by group A streptococci. Although @entity1 is the drug of choice, some physicians tend to treat @entity4 with antibiotics other than @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: To define the pattern of antibiotic use, factors affecting antibiotic selection, and outcome of @entity0 treated with @entity1 versus those treated with other antimicrobial agents. METHODS: A retrospective review of charts of adult @entity0 with discharge diagnosis of @entity4 was conducted for the years 1993-1996. RESULTS: The study group comprised 365 @entity0 (median age 67 years). In 76% of the cases @entity3 involved the leg/s. Predisposing condition/s were present in 82% of cases. Microorganisms were isolated from blood cultures in only 6 of 176 cases (3%), and Streptococcus spp. was recovered in four of these six @entity0 . Cultures from skin specimens were positive in 3 of 23 cases. @entity1 alone was given to 164 @entity0 (45%). Other antibiotics were more commonly used in the second half of the study period (P < 0.0001) in @entity0 with underlying conditions (P = 0.06) and in those hospitalized in the dermatology ward (P < 0.0001). Hospitalization was significantly shorter in the @entity1 group (P = 0.004). There were no in-hospital deaths. CONCLUSIONS: We found no advantage in using antibiotics other than @entity1 for treating @entity4 . The low yield of skin and blood cultures and their marginal impact on management, as well as the excellent outcome suggest that this @entity3 can probably be treated empirically on an outpatient basis.

title: Antibiotic use in XXXX with @entity4 : a retrospective study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Sensory inputs from the whiskers reach the primary somatosensory thalamus through the medial lemniscus tract. The main role of the thalamus is to relay these sensory inputs to the neocortex according to the regulations dictated by behavioural state. Intracellular recordings in @entity3 -anaesthetized @entity0 show that whisker stimulation evokes EPSP-IPSP sequences in thalamic neurons. Both EPSPs and IPSPs depress with repetitive whisker stimulation at frequencies above 2 Hz. Single-unit recordings reveal that during quiescent states thalamic responses to repetitive whisker stimulation are suppressed at frequencies above 2 Hz, so that only low-frequency sensory stimulation is relayed to the neocortex. In contrast, during activated states, induced by stimulation of the brainstem reticular formation or application of @entity2 in the thalamus, high-frequency whisker stimulation at up to 40 Hz is relayed to the neocortex. Sensory suppression is caused by the @entity1 of lemniscal EPSPs in relatively hyperpolarized thalamocortical neurons. Sensory suppression is abolished during activated states because thalamocortical neurons depolarize and the depressed lemniscal EPSPs are able to reach firing threshold. Strong IPSPs may also contribute to sensory suppression by hyperpolarizing thalamocortical neurons, but during activated states IPSPs are strongly reduced altogether. The results indicate that the synaptic @entity1 of lemniscal EPSPs and the level of depolarization of thalamocortical neurons work together in thalamic primary sensory pathways to suppress high-frequency sensory inputs during non-activated (quiescent) states while permitting the faithful relay of high-frequency sensory information during activated (processing) states.

title: Different temporal processing of sensory inputs in the XXXX thalamus during quiescent and information processing states in vivo.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Expression of the cell-cell adhesion molecules @entity8 and @entity9 seems closely related to @entity3 invasiveness. The relationship between the expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in surgically resected @entity6 of 3 cm or less in size was studied. The relationship to @entity0 survival was analyzed. METHODS: A total of 115 @entity0 with surgically resected @entity1 of 3 cm or less in size were enrolled in this study. Expression of @entity8 and @entity9 was immunohistochemically measured. The chi(2) test was used to correlate this expression with clinicopathologic parameters. Their influence on @entity0 survival was evaluated with the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between @entity8 and catenin expression in @entity1 . In general, @entity8 and catenin expression were greater in @entity3 that were either @entity4 or @entity5 , well differentiated, early stage, peripheral, and without vascular or @entity2 . By using multicovariate analysis of @entity0 survival, only early-stage and @entity7 were significantly favorable prognostic factors. Further analysis of the group of @entity0 with early-stage disease showed that higher alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin expression was a favorable prognostic indicator. CONCLUSION: Expression of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin can be used as a prognostic indicator in @entity0 with surgically resected stage I @entity6 of 3 cm or less in size.

title: The significance of @entity8 and XXXX expression in surgically treated @entity6 of 3 cm or less in size.

answer: @entity9


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Expression of the cell-cell adhesion molecules @entity8 and @entity9 seems closely related to @entity3 invasiveness. The relationship between the expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in surgically resected @entity6 of 3 cm or less in size was studied. The relationship to @entity0 survival was analyzed. METHODS: A total of 115 @entity0 with surgically resected @entity1 of 3 cm or less in size were enrolled in this study. Expression of @entity8 and @entity9 was immunohistochemically measured. The chi(2) test was used to correlate this expression with clinicopathologic parameters. Their influence on @entity0 survival was evaluated with the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between @entity8 and catenin expression in @entity1 . In general, @entity8 and catenin expression were greater in @entity3 that were either @entity4 or @entity5 , well differentiated, early stage, peripheral, and without vascular or @entity2 . By using multicovariate analysis of @entity0 survival, only early-stage and @entity7 were significantly favorable prognostic factors. Further analysis of the group of @entity0 with early-stage disease showed that higher alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin expression was a favorable prognostic indicator. CONCLUSION: Expression of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin can be used as a prognostic indicator in @entity0 with surgically resected stage I @entity6 of 3 cm or less in size.

title: The significance of XXXX and @entity9 expression in surgically treated @entity6 of 3 cm or less in size.

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Expression of the cell-cell adhesion molecules @entity8 and @entity9 seems closely related to @entity3 invasiveness. The relationship between the expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in surgically resected @entity6 of 3 cm or less in size was studied. The relationship to @entity0 survival was analyzed. METHODS: A total of 115 @entity0 with surgically resected @entity1 of 3 cm or less in size were enrolled in this study. Expression of @entity8 and @entity9 was immunohistochemically measured. The chi(2) test was used to correlate this expression with clinicopathologic parameters. Their influence on @entity0 survival was evaluated with the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between @entity8 and catenin expression in @entity1 . In general, @entity8 and catenin expression were greater in @entity3 that were either @entity4 or @entity5 , well differentiated, early stage, peripheral, and without vascular or @entity2 . By using multicovariate analysis of @entity0 survival, only early-stage and @entity7 were significantly favorable prognostic factors. Further analysis of the group of @entity0 with early-stage disease showed that higher alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin expression was a favorable prognostic indicator. CONCLUSION: Expression of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin can be used as a prognostic indicator in @entity0 with surgically resected stage I @entity6 of 3 cm or less in size.

title: The significance of @entity8 and @entity9 expression in surgically treated XXXX of 3 cm or less in size.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and sterility issues with regard to the use of a robotic device to perform uterine horn @entity0 in a live porcine model. DESIGN: Prospective animal study. SETTING: Landrace-Yorkshire @entity2 in a conventional laboratory setting. INTERVENTION(S): Six female @entity2 underwent laparoscopic bipolar electrocoagulation of the distal uterine horns. Two weeks later, the uterine horns were reanastomosed laparoscopically with use of a robotic system for microsuturing. Necropsy was performed 4 weeks later to assess postoperative adhesions and @entity0 patency. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Tubal patency; secondary measures were operative time, complications, and surgeon fatigue. RESULT(S): The mean (+/-SD) total operative time per animal was 170+/-34 minutes including setting up and dismantling the robotic arms. The robot functioned well with only minor technical problems. All @entity2 survived both surgeries with no perioperative complications related to the use of the robot. Patency was confirmed after completing each @entity0 (12 anastomoses; 100% patency). Four weeks later, necropsy showed that eight anastomoses were still patent (67%). Only one @entity2 had bilateral occlusion. @entity1 was mild for each animal study. CONCLUSION(S): Robotic technology can be used safely in creating laparoscopic microsurgical anastomoses. The robot functioned properly in a sterile operating room environment. Adequate patency rates were achieved during the acute phase and at 4-week follow-up. Robotic technology has the potential to make laparoscopic microsuturing easier.

title: Robotically assisted laparoscopic microsurgical uterine horn XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is reliable for differentiating @entity4 subtypes. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: @entity5 center. @entity0 (S): Forty-five @entity0 underwent MRI before surgery for leiomyomata. INTERVENTION(S): One radiologist blinded to @entity0 history and histologic diagnosis recorded the MRI characteristics and classification of the @entity4 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Comparison of MRI and histologic diagnoses. RESULT(S): @entity4 subtypes were diagnosed accurately by MRI in 69% of cases. Magnetic resonance imaging had a 95% sensitivity and 72% specificity for diagnosing an uncomplicated @entity4 and a 10% sensitivity and 100% specificity for a @entity4 . For @entity6 , the sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 98%, and for @entity2 , 100% and 86%, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging correctly diagnosed all @entity1 and did not incorrectly diagnose a @entity4 as a @entity3 in any case. Ill-defined MRI margins were significantly more likely to be @entity3 , whereas well-defined margins were characteristic of benign lesions. @entity2 were significantly more likely to be hyperintense on T1-weighted images than other subtypes. CONCLUSION(S): Although MRI is only fairly accurate in differentiating the subtypes of benign uterine smooth @entity7 , signal intensities and margin characteristics are useful to distinguish accurately benign from @entity1 .

title: Does pelvic magnetic resonance imaging differentiate among the histologic subtypes of XXXX ?

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: Periconceptional @entity4 supplementation is effective in preventing primary and secondary @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and other @entity1 . However, debate exists regarding the effectiveness of public and physician education on @entity0 knowledge and compliance. OBJECTIVE: To examine the level of knowledge about the usefulness of periconceptional @entity4 supplementation in a sample of @entity0 from primary care practices. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. A confidential, anonymous questionnaire was completed by @entity0 before physician encounters. A maximum of 20 consecutive female @entity0 from each of 3 age groups (16-24, 25-32, and 33-40 years) were recruited from each primary care practice. SETTINGS: Twenty-two Canadian teaching practices affiliated with the Northeastern Ontario Primary Care Research Group. OUTCOME: @entity0 's knowledge of periconceptional @entity4 supplementation for the prevention of @entity3 . RESULTS: Of 1125 eligible female @entity0 between the ages of 16 and 40 years visiting their family physician in 1996, 1124 (99.9%) completed the questionnaire. General awareness of @entity3 was high (62.7%); however, knowledge that these defects were preventable was lower (22.5%). Only 7.8% of the @entity0 made the association between @entity4 intake and @entity3 . The specific knowledge that @entity3 could be prevented with @entity4 supplementation before conception was identified by 1.8% of the sample. Pregnant @entity0 were at least twice as likely to be informed about the link. Interpractice variability existed with respect to knowledge of @entity4 supplementation. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of periconceptional @entity4 supplementation for the prevention of @entity3 was low in this sample and is likely to be reflected in missed opportunities to prevent an important class of @entity2 .

title: Knowledge of periconceptional @entity4 for the prevention of XXXX . The missing links. Northeastern Ontario Primary Care Research Group.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Periconceptional @entity4 supplementation is effective in preventing primary and secondary @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and other @entity1 . However, debate exists regarding the effectiveness of public and physician education on @entity0 knowledge and compliance. OBJECTIVE: To examine the level of knowledge about the usefulness of periconceptional @entity4 supplementation in a sample of @entity0 from primary care practices. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. A confidential, anonymous questionnaire was completed by @entity0 before physician encounters. A maximum of 20 consecutive female @entity0 from each of 3 age groups (16-24, 25-32, and 33-40 years) were recruited from each primary care practice. SETTINGS: Twenty-two Canadian teaching practices affiliated with the Northeastern Ontario Primary Care Research Group. OUTCOME: @entity0 's knowledge of periconceptional @entity4 supplementation for the prevention of @entity3 . RESULTS: Of 1125 eligible female @entity0 between the ages of 16 and 40 years visiting their family physician in 1996, 1124 (99.9%) completed the questionnaire. General awareness of @entity3 was high (62.7%); however, knowledge that these defects were preventable was lower (22.5%). Only 7.8% of the @entity0 made the association between @entity4 intake and @entity3 . The specific knowledge that @entity3 could be prevented with @entity4 supplementation before conception was identified by 1.8% of the sample. Pregnant @entity0 were at least twice as likely to be informed about the link. Interpractice variability existed with respect to knowledge of @entity4 supplementation. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of periconceptional @entity4 supplementation for the prevention of @entity3 was low in this sample and is likely to be reflected in missed opportunities to prevent an important class of @entity2 .

title: Knowledge of periconceptional XXXX for the prevention of @entity3 . The missing links. Northeastern Ontario Primary Care Research Group.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the issues of diagnostic specificity and @entity3 "caseness" (i.e., whether a @entity0 meets the conditions to qualify as a "case" of a @entity1 ) for @entity4 in the primary care setting. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study comparing the demographic, clinical, and mental health characteristics of @entity0 identified as @entity4 by their family physicians with those meeting diagnostic criteria for @entity4 on the criterion standard Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity3 , Revised Third Edition. SETTING: The offices of 50 family physicians from private and academic practice in southeast Michigan. @entity0 : A total of 1580 consecutive adult @entity0 being seen for routine primary care services, from whom a weighted sample of 372 @entity0 completed a set of mental health screening and diagnostic instruments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity0 were assigned to 1 of 4 groups (true positive, false positive, false negative, and true negative) based on clinician identification and Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity3 , Revised Third Edition diagnosis. Differences between the 4 groups in demographic and clinical characteristics, scores on mental health instruments and mental health history were explored. RESULTS: Physician identification of @entity4 was strongly associated with increased familiarity with the @entity0 and the presence of suggestive clinical cues, such as history of or treatment for @entity4 , @entity0 distress, and presence of vegetative symptoms. @entity0 in the false-positive group displayed significantly higher levels of distress and impairment and were significantly more likely to have a history of mental health problems and treatment than were those in the true-negative group. The 2 "misidentified" groups, false positives and false negatives, were indistinguishable in their clinical characteristics ( @entity2 , or mental health history). Both groups' scores occupied the middle ground between true positives and true negatives on most clinical characteristics. Physicians appeared to discriminate between these 2 groups on the basis of their knowledge of the @entity0 's clinical history. CONCLUSIONS: Misidentification of @entity4 in primary care may be in part an artifact of the use of the @entity3 model of caseness in the primary care setting. Our results are most consistent with a chronic disease-based model of @entity4 , in which @entity0 classified as false positive and false negative occupy a clinical middle ground between clearly @entity4 and clearly nondepressed @entity0 . Family physicians appear to respond to meaningful clinical cues in assigning the diagnosis of @entity4 to these @entity2 @entity0 .

title: False positives, false negatives, and the validity of the diagnosis of XXXX in primary care.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: This retrospective study aims to define the effects of different radiation dose levels on survival, local control and @entity2 in a series of 208 @entity0 with @entity4 consecutively treated with radical radiation therapy. @entity0 AND METHODS: From 1982 through 1996, 365 @entity0 with @entity4 have been consecutively treated with radical radiotherapy in Florence (n = 306) and Arezzo (n = 59). The 208 cases treated until January 1994 with Stage B (125/208, 60%) and C (83/208, 40%) are the objects of the present study. The treatment was most often limited to the prostatic area (81%), using a four-field "box technique" and 25 MV photon beams, up to a total dose of 60-65 Gy (21% of the @entity0 ), of 66-69 Gy (26%) and of 70 Gy (53%); conventional fractionation was used (fractional dose: 2 Gy; five fractions/week). Hormonal therapy was also given to 39% of the cases. The possible relationship between dose, stage, grading and survival has been analysed. The survival figures and the types of relapse observed (prostatic, lymphnodal or "biochemical") have been analysed also according to the extent of the target volume and to the @entity5 ( @entity5 ) value at diagnosis, in the entire series or in selected subgroups. RESULTS: In the whole series and also after radiation alone, the @entity0 with Stage B, with more differentiated @entity1 and those treated with higher doses to the prostate obtained significantly better survival results. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the dose level has an independent prognostic value. The use of a limited target volume did not produce an excess of @entity3 . Among the @entity0 more recently treated with radiation alone, the @entity5 level at diagnosis is strongly related with the risk of local and "biochemical" failure, and also with the relapse-free survival. @entity2 was acceptable, also for the @entity0 treated with higher doses, but late treatment-related damage is more frequent in @entity0 treated on larger volumes. CONCLUSION: The results of this retrospective analysis confirm the good results of small volume, high dose radiation therapy of @entity4 , even taking into account the possible biases due to the retrospective nature of the study, and the relevance of the @entity5 level at diagnosis to define the risk of local failure.

title: Radical radiotherapy of XXXX : the relationship between radiation dose and survival.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: Our goals are to establish an in vitro screening system and to evaluate a new approach in improving oral absorption of peptides and peptide-like drugs by overexpression of the @entity0 intestinal oligopeptide transporter ( @entity8 ). This study characterizes the expression of @entity8 in @entity0 intestinal Caco-2 cells, @entity1 intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-18), and @entity0 cervix epithelial cells (Hela) after adenoviral transduction. METHODS: A recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus carrying the @entity8 gene was made and used as a vector for the expression of @entity8 . The increase in the uptake permeability of @entity5 and @entity7 was determined. The effects of time, dose, apical pH, and substrate specificity were evaluated. RESULTS: A significant increase in the uptake permeability of @entity7 and @entity5 was found in all three cell lines after viral transduction. The increase of @entity7 permeability in Hela. IEC-18, and Caco-2 cells was 85-, 46-, and 15-fold respectively. Immunoblotting using an antibody against @entity8 detected high levels of a 85-98-kDa protein in all three infected cell lines. Substrate permeability was dependent on time of @entity2 , inward pH gradients, and multiplicity of @entity2 (MOI). @entity2 and lower @entity8 expression were observed in differentiated Caco-2 cells. The uptake was inhibited by @entity6 and @entity4 antibiotics but not @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity2 Hela cells displayed a pronounced level of @entity8 expression with a low background and high specificity to @entity6 . These features make this system a useful tool for screening of potential substrates. The success of overexpression of @entity8 in Caco-2 and IEC-18 cells may lead to a novel approach in improving oral absorption of peptides and peptidornimetic drugs.

title: Overexpression of XXXX intestinal oligopeptide transporter in @entity0 cells via adenoviral transduction.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: Our goals are to establish an in vitro screening system and to evaluate a new approach in improving oral absorption of peptides and peptide-like drugs by overexpression of the @entity0 intestinal oligopeptide transporter ( @entity8 ). This study characterizes the expression of @entity8 in @entity0 intestinal Caco-2 cells, @entity1 intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-18), and @entity0 cervix epithelial cells (Hela) after adenoviral transduction. METHODS: A recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus carrying the @entity8 gene was made and used as a vector for the expression of @entity8 . The increase in the uptake permeability of @entity5 and @entity7 was determined. The effects of time, dose, apical pH, and substrate specificity were evaluated. RESULTS: A significant increase in the uptake permeability of @entity7 and @entity5 was found in all three cell lines after viral transduction. The increase of @entity7 permeability in Hela. IEC-18, and Caco-2 cells was 85-, 46-, and 15-fold respectively. Immunoblotting using an antibody against @entity8 detected high levels of a 85-98-kDa protein in all three infected cell lines. Substrate permeability was dependent on time of @entity2 , inward pH gradients, and multiplicity of @entity2 (MOI). @entity2 and lower @entity8 expression were observed in differentiated Caco-2 cells. The uptake was inhibited by @entity6 and @entity4 antibiotics but not @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity2 Hela cells displayed a pronounced level of @entity8 expression with a low background and high specificity to @entity6 . These features make this system a useful tool for screening of potential substrates. The success of overexpression of @entity8 in Caco-2 and IEC-18 cells may lead to a novel approach in improving oral absorption of peptides and peptidornimetic drugs.

title: Overexpression of @entity0 intestinal oligopeptide transporter in XXXX cells via adenoviral transduction.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity3 is the most common type of @entity1 , whereas extramucosal cysts of the esophagus are @entity2 frequently asymptomatic in the adult and in most cases detected incidentally on chest x-ray. It is worthwhile considering these conditions together, because they present similar diagnostic and surgical problems. Conventional imaging tests do not lead to a precise diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of, and planning of treatment modalities for, these conditions. METHODOLOGY: Fifteen @entity0 with @entity4 and seven @entity0 with extramucosal @entity5 were studied with endoscopic ultrasonography using an Olympus GF- EU-M3 instrument with a 7.5-12 MHz echoprobe. In all @entity0 , the results of endoscopic ultrasonography were compared with the histology of the resected specimens. RESULTS: The histology of the resected specimens confirmed the endosonographic diagnosis in all @entity0 . No @entity1 was found in any specimen. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic ultrasonography is very accurate in visualizing these lesions and differentiating cystic from solid submucosal esophageal masses; in addition, the test can establish the exact location of the mass in relation to the esophageal wall and mediastinum. Therefore, endoscopic ultrasonography has a great impact in confirming the diagnosis of @entity3 and extramucosal cysts of the esophagus and facilitates therapeutic decision-making because of its capacity to clearly define the size, layer of the origin, and pattern of the mass.

title: Endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of XXXX and extramucosal cysts of the esophagus.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: To quantify the influence of treatment- and @entity1 -related factors on the severity of early @entity2 and to establish whether regional differences are present for local dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced @entity2 . METHODS: Forty-two @entity1 with @entity3 and 40 @entity0 @entity1 were examined prior to and 3 months after radiotherapy. The @entity3 @entity1 were irradiated with mantle fields to an average dose of 38 Gy and the @entity0 @entity1 were irradiated with internal mammary node fields with or without tangential breast fields to an average dose of 50 Gy. Dose-effect relations for local perfusion, ventilation and density changes were determined using correlated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and CT data. A multivariate analysis was performed to study the influence of irradiated volume, chemotherapy (CMF and MOPP/ABV), smoking, age and gender. In addition, dose-effect relations for different regions in the lung were determined. RESULTS: A similar and almost linear increase of early functional changes as a function of radiation dose was observed for perfusion and ventilation, whereas the shape of the dose-effect relation and the magnitude of early structural changes were different for density. For the three end-points studied, regional differences in radiosensitivity could not be demonstrated. For the posterior lung region compared to the anterior lung region, however, a difference was observed, which could be attributed to a gravity-related effect in the measuring procedure. Local structural changes (density) were significantly smaller for smokers (P = 0.002) and young @entity1 (P = 0.007), whereas the CMF chemotherapy regimen given after radiotherapy (P = 0.017) significantly increased the amount of functional changes (perfusion). The magnitude of local pulmonary changes was independent of the irradiated volume, the MOPP/ABV chemotherapy regimen and gender. CONCLUSION: The dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced local pulmonary changes were independent of the irradiated volume, MOPP/ABV, gender and lung region. CMF, smoking and age influenced the magnitude of early pulmonary changes and should be taken into account in dose-escalation protocols.

title: Dose-effect relations for early @entity2 after irradiation for @entity3 and XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: To quantify the influence of treatment- and @entity1 -related factors on the severity of early @entity2 and to establish whether regional differences are present for local dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced @entity2 . METHODS: Forty-two @entity1 with @entity3 and 40 @entity0 @entity1 were examined prior to and 3 months after radiotherapy. The @entity3 @entity1 were irradiated with mantle fields to an average dose of 38 Gy and the @entity0 @entity1 were irradiated with internal mammary node fields with or without tangential breast fields to an average dose of 50 Gy. Dose-effect relations for local perfusion, ventilation and density changes were determined using correlated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and CT data. A multivariate analysis was performed to study the influence of irradiated volume, chemotherapy (CMF and MOPP/ABV), smoking, age and gender. In addition, dose-effect relations for different regions in the lung were determined. RESULTS: A similar and almost linear increase of early functional changes as a function of radiation dose was observed for perfusion and ventilation, whereas the shape of the dose-effect relation and the magnitude of early structural changes were different for density. For the three end-points studied, regional differences in radiosensitivity could not be demonstrated. For the posterior lung region compared to the anterior lung region, however, a difference was observed, which could be attributed to a gravity-related effect in the measuring procedure. Local structural changes (density) were significantly smaller for smokers (P = 0.002) and young @entity1 (P = 0.007), whereas the CMF chemotherapy regimen given after radiotherapy (P = 0.017) significantly increased the amount of functional changes (perfusion). The magnitude of local pulmonary changes was independent of the irradiated volume, the MOPP/ABV chemotherapy regimen and gender. CONCLUSION: The dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced local pulmonary changes were independent of the irradiated volume, MOPP/ABV, gender and lung region. CMF, smoking and age influenced the magnitude of early pulmonary changes and should be taken into account in dose-escalation protocols.

title: Dose-effect relations for early @entity2 after irradiation for XXXX and @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: To quantify the influence of treatment- and @entity1 -related factors on the severity of early @entity2 and to establish whether regional differences are present for local dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced @entity2 . METHODS: Forty-two @entity1 with @entity3 and 40 @entity0 @entity1 were examined prior to and 3 months after radiotherapy. The @entity3 @entity1 were irradiated with mantle fields to an average dose of 38 Gy and the @entity0 @entity1 were irradiated with internal mammary node fields with or without tangential breast fields to an average dose of 50 Gy. Dose-effect relations for local perfusion, ventilation and density changes were determined using correlated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and CT data. A multivariate analysis was performed to study the influence of irradiated volume, chemotherapy (CMF and MOPP/ABV), smoking, age and gender. In addition, dose-effect relations for different regions in the lung were determined. RESULTS: A similar and almost linear increase of early functional changes as a function of radiation dose was observed for perfusion and ventilation, whereas the shape of the dose-effect relation and the magnitude of early structural changes were different for density. For the three end-points studied, regional differences in radiosensitivity could not be demonstrated. For the posterior lung region compared to the anterior lung region, however, a difference was observed, which could be attributed to a gravity-related effect in the measuring procedure. Local structural changes (density) were significantly smaller for smokers (P = 0.002) and young @entity1 (P = 0.007), whereas the CMF chemotherapy regimen given after radiotherapy (P = 0.017) significantly increased the amount of functional changes (perfusion). The magnitude of local pulmonary changes was independent of the irradiated volume, the MOPP/ABV chemotherapy regimen and gender. CONCLUSION: The dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced local pulmonary changes were independent of the irradiated volume, MOPP/ABV, gender and lung region. CMF, smoking and age influenced the magnitude of early pulmonary changes and should be taken into account in dose-escalation protocols.

title: Dose-effect relations for early XXXX after irradiation for @entity3 and @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: AIM OF STUDY: To measure the effect of specific preoperative information on postoperative @entity1 , satisfaction with information, and demand for @entity2 , of Chinese males having transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). DESIGN: A controlled experimental design. The researchers allocated all @entity0 (n = 30) undergoing TURP in a general hospital in Hong Kong, during a 3-month period, to one of two groups. The experimental group (n = 15) received a specific information pamphlet and a general preoperative counselling video. The control group (n = 15) received a video alone. PROCEDURE AND MEASURES: Following ethical approval, a researcher took baseline measures of state and trait @entity1 using the Chinese State-Trait @entity1 Inventory (C -STAI). Five days after surgery the researcher administered the C-STAI ( @entity3 ), a @entity0 ' satisfaction questionnaire, and, recorded requests for @entity2 during the first 5 postoperative days. RESULTS: Experimental subjects reported significantly lower @entity1 levels post-operatively and a significantly higher level of satisfaction with the preoperative information, than controls. Postoperative demand for @entity2 did not significantly differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the importance of providing @entity0 with specific, written preoperative information about their surgery and its effects to minimize their postoperative @entity1 levels, and improve their satisfaction with the care provided.

title: Evidence-based care of Chinese XXXX having transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

answer: @entity0


abstract: In the present study, we characterized @entity2 messenger RNA (mRNA) in mid-trimester @entity0 fetal @entity1 and bronchi. @entity2 protein was localized by immunocytochemistry to scattered epithelial cells in the airway surface epithelium and in submucosal glands of the fetal @entity1 and bronchi. @entity2 mRNA (2.2 kb) was detected by Northern blot analysis in @entity0 fetal @entity1 , as well as in primary and more distal bronchi. The levels of detectable @entity2 mRNA were highest in the upper airways and were decreased in smaller bronchi in comparison. @entity2 mRNA was barely detectable in the distal fetal lung tissue. In contrast, @entity2 mRNA was abundant in cultured explants of distal @entity0 fetal lung tissue. @entity2 and @entity3 mRNA were detected by primer extension analysis in adult @entity0 lung tissue and in cultured @entity0 fetal lung explants. Only @entity3 mRNA was detected in RNA isolated from @entity0 fetal @entity1 and bronchi. @entity2 mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization in the fetal @entity1 and bronchi in scattered cells in the surface epithelium and, most prominently, in submucosal glands. Our results suggest that @entity3 , and not @entity2 , is produced in the @entity0 fetal tracheal and bronchial epithelium and in submucosal glands.

title: XXXX gene expression in @entity0 fetal lung airways.

answer: @entity3


abstract: In the present study, we characterized @entity2 messenger RNA (mRNA) in mid-trimester @entity0 fetal @entity1 and bronchi. @entity2 protein was localized by immunocytochemistry to scattered epithelial cells in the airway surface epithelium and in submucosal glands of the fetal @entity1 and bronchi. @entity2 mRNA (2.2 kb) was detected by Northern blot analysis in @entity0 fetal @entity1 , as well as in primary and more distal bronchi. The levels of detectable @entity2 mRNA were highest in the upper airways and were decreased in smaller bronchi in comparison. @entity2 mRNA was barely detectable in the distal fetal lung tissue. In contrast, @entity2 mRNA was abundant in cultured explants of distal @entity0 fetal lung tissue. @entity2 and @entity3 mRNA were detected by primer extension analysis in adult @entity0 lung tissue and in cultured @entity0 fetal lung explants. Only @entity3 mRNA was detected in RNA isolated from @entity0 fetal @entity1 and bronchi. @entity2 mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization in the fetal @entity1 and bronchi in scattered cells in the surface epithelium and, most prominently, in submucosal glands. Our results suggest that @entity3 , and not @entity2 , is produced in the @entity0 fetal tracheal and bronchial epithelium and in submucosal glands.

title: @entity3 gene expression in XXXX fetal lung airways.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The molecular signaling mechanisms by which muscle contractions lead to changes in @entity1 metabolism and gene expression remain largely undefined. We assessed whether exercise activates MAP kinase proteins ( @entity4 , @entity8 , and @entity5 MAP kinase) as well as @entity2 and @entity7 in skeletal muscle from healthy volunteers obtained during and after one-leg cycle ergometry at approximately 70% VO2max. Exercise led to a marked increase in @entity4 phosphorylation, which rapidly decreased to resting levels upon recovery. Exercise increased phosphorylation of @entity8 and @entity5 MAP kinase to a lesser extent than @entity4 . In contrast to @entity4 , @entity5 MAP kinase phosphorylation was increased in nonexercised muscle upon cessation of exercise. Phosphorylation of the transcription factor @entity6 was increased in nonexercised muscle upon cessation of exercise. Exercise did not activate @entity2 or increase @entity3 phosphorylation of @entity7 . Thus, exercise has divergent effects on parallel MAP kinase pathways, of which only @entity5 demonstrated a systemic response. However, our data do not support a role of @entity2 or @entity7 in exercise/contraction-induced signaling in @entity0 skeletal. Activation of the different MAP kinase pathways by physical exercise appears to be important in the regulation of transcriptional events in skeletal muscle.

title: Divergent effects of exercise on metabolic and mitogenic signaling pathways in XXXX skeletal muscle.

answer: @entity0


abstract: To evaluate the role of @entity2 combined with chemotherapy in the loco-regional treatment of @entity1 , a retrospective analysis was done with 228 limb @entity3 @entity0 treated with hyperthermic antiblastic perfusion (HAP). A series of treatment- and @entity1 -related prognostic factors was analyzed to establish their influence on @entity1 response, loco-regional control, and survival. Concerning @entity1 response, the logistic model showed that the number of lesions and the minimal @entity1 temperature (min T) maintained their individual predictive values (P < 0.000001 and P = 0.04, respectively). For loco-regional control, only the number of lesions had a significant predictive value. No direct correlation was found between the treatment-related variables and loco-regional control. However, the 5-year survival rate was significantly higher for @entity0 who achieved a complete response (CR) (51.5%, P = 0.0033) as compared to those who did not (33.3%), providing indirect evidence of the role of the treatment. Multivariate analysis showed that both disease-free and overall survival are strongly influenced by numerous clinical variables and the min T always maintained its significance. When analyzing the subgroup of 119 @entity0 evaluable for @entity1 response, the @entity4 model selected the @entity1 response as the dominant factor for both disease-free and overall survival. These data seem to demonstrate that the optimization of treatment parameters is crucial in determining the CR rate, which, in turn, positively affects the disease outcome. HAP is the treatment of choice for recurrent limb @entity3 , and @entity2 plays an important role in exploiting the efficacy of this technique.

title: The application of XXXX in regional chemotherapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To document changes in type of financing for office-based visits for the treatment of common @entity1 and to dermatologists. DESIGN: Data from a national survey of visits to office-based practitioners conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics were used. The stratified sampling technique permits @entity2 with specific characteristics in the United States. SETTING: A national probability sample of visits to office-based practitioners occurring in 1995. SUBJECTS: In 1995, 36,875 visits were sampled. Of these, 2121 were for common skin problems to any physician and 1886 were visits for any reason to dermatologists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The distribution source of payment and presence of managed care arrangements for office visits for common skin problems and to dermatologists. INTERVENTION: None. RESULTS: In 1995, preferred provider and health maintenance organizations provided payment for 34% of all ambulatory care and 38% of office visits for common skin complaints. CONCLUSION: Managed care is already the dominant mechanism of payment for the treatment of @entity1 for many @entity0 groups and in many areas of the country. Preferred provider organizations are much more likely to employ dermatologists to provide care of common skin problems than are health maintenance organizations. If the recent trends continue, by year 2000 most @entity0 seen by dermatologists will be seen under the auspices of managed care systems.

title: Managed care and the treatment of XXXX , 1995. Continued growth and emerging dominance.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The amygdala complex is one component of the temporal lobe that may be damaged unilaterally or bilaterally in @entity0 and adults with @entity7 ( @entity7 ) or following @entity3 . Most MR (magnetic resonance) imaging studies of @entity4 @entity0 have shown that volume reduction of the amygdala ranges from 10-30%. In the @entity0 amygdala, @entity6 and @entity10 have been reported in the lateral and basal nuclei. Studies in @entity2 have more specifically identified the amygdaloid regions that are sensitive to @entity3 -induced @entity6 . These areas include the medial division of the lateral nucleus, the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the accessory basal nucleus, the posterior cortical nucleus, and portions of the anterior cortical and medial nuclei. Otherwise, other amygdala nuclei, such as the magnocellular and intermediate divisions of the basal nucleus and the central nucleus, remain relatively well preserved. Amygdala kindling studies in @entity2 have shown that the density of a subpopulation of GABAergic inhibitory neurons that also contain @entity8 may be reduced even after a low number of generalized @entity5 . While analyses of histological sections and MR images indicate that in approximately 10% of @entity7 @entity0 , @entity5 -induced damage is isolated to the amygdala, more often amygdala damage is combined with damage to the hippocampus and/or other brain areas. Moreover, recent data from rodents and nonhuman primates suggest that structural and functional alterations caused by @entity5 activity originating in the amygdala are not limited to the amygdala itself, but may also affect other @entity9 . The information gathered so far on @entity1 in @entity4 or after @entity3 suggests that local alterations in inhibitory circuitries may contribute to a lowered @entity5 threshold and greater excitability within the amygdala. Furthermore, damage to select nuclei in the amygdala may predict impairment of performance in behavioral tasks that depend on the integrity of the amygdaloid circuits.

title: XXXX in experimental and @entity0 @entity7 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The amygdala complex is one component of the temporal lobe that may be damaged unilaterally or bilaterally in @entity0 and adults with @entity7 ( @entity7 ) or following @entity3 . Most MR (magnetic resonance) imaging studies of @entity4 @entity0 have shown that volume reduction of the amygdala ranges from 10-30%. In the @entity0 amygdala, @entity6 and @entity10 have been reported in the lateral and basal nuclei. Studies in @entity2 have more specifically identified the amygdaloid regions that are sensitive to @entity3 -induced @entity6 . These areas include the medial division of the lateral nucleus, the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the accessory basal nucleus, the posterior cortical nucleus, and portions of the anterior cortical and medial nuclei. Otherwise, other amygdala nuclei, such as the magnocellular and intermediate divisions of the basal nucleus and the central nucleus, remain relatively well preserved. Amygdala kindling studies in @entity2 have shown that the density of a subpopulation of GABAergic inhibitory neurons that also contain @entity8 may be reduced even after a low number of generalized @entity5 . While analyses of histological sections and MR images indicate that in approximately 10% of @entity7 @entity0 , @entity5 -induced damage is isolated to the amygdala, more often amygdala damage is combined with damage to the hippocampus and/or other brain areas. Moreover, recent data from rodents and nonhuman primates suggest that structural and functional alterations caused by @entity5 activity originating in the amygdala are not limited to the amygdala itself, but may also affect other @entity9 . The information gathered so far on @entity1 in @entity4 or after @entity3 suggests that local alterations in inhibitory circuitries may contribute to a lowered @entity5 threshold and greater excitability within the amygdala. Furthermore, damage to select nuclei in the amygdala may predict impairment of performance in behavioral tasks that depend on the integrity of the amygdaloid circuits.

title: @entity1 in experimental and @entity0 XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: The amygdala complex is one component of the temporal lobe that may be damaged unilaterally or bilaterally in @entity0 and adults with @entity7 ( @entity7 ) or following @entity3 . Most MR (magnetic resonance) imaging studies of @entity4 @entity0 have shown that volume reduction of the amygdala ranges from 10-30%. In the @entity0 amygdala, @entity6 and @entity10 have been reported in the lateral and basal nuclei. Studies in @entity2 have more specifically identified the amygdaloid regions that are sensitive to @entity3 -induced @entity6 . These areas include the medial division of the lateral nucleus, the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the accessory basal nucleus, the posterior cortical nucleus, and portions of the anterior cortical and medial nuclei. Otherwise, other amygdala nuclei, such as the magnocellular and intermediate divisions of the basal nucleus and the central nucleus, remain relatively well preserved. Amygdala kindling studies in @entity2 have shown that the density of a subpopulation of GABAergic inhibitory neurons that also contain @entity8 may be reduced even after a low number of generalized @entity5 . While analyses of histological sections and MR images indicate that in approximately 10% of @entity7 @entity0 , @entity5 -induced damage is isolated to the amygdala, more often amygdala damage is combined with damage to the hippocampus and/or other brain areas. Moreover, recent data from rodents and nonhuman primates suggest that structural and functional alterations caused by @entity5 activity originating in the amygdala are not limited to the amygdala itself, but may also affect other @entity9 . The information gathered so far on @entity1 in @entity4 or after @entity3 suggests that local alterations in inhibitory circuitries may contribute to a lowered @entity5 threshold and greater excitability within the amygdala. Furthermore, damage to select nuclei in the amygdala may predict impairment of performance in behavioral tasks that depend on the integrity of the amygdaloid circuits.

title: @entity1 in experimental and XXXX @entity7 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Our goal was to compare operative vs. conservative therapeutic strategies after @entity1 following ERCP. METHODS: Eight @entity0 with ERCP-induced @entity1 were surveyed retrospectively. Four of them were treated operatively, four conservatively. Criteria for an operative therapy were clinical and radiological findings and laboratory data. RESULTS: The four @entity0 that were treated conservatively had an uncomplicated course whereas three of four @entity0 treated operatively had long and complicated stays. In these @entity0 the operation was performed more than 24 hours after injury. All of them showed advanced @entity2 . One @entity0 was operated on within 24 hours. He was discharged after a short stay without complications. All @entity1 were located in the retroperitoneum. Five @entity0 showed @entity3 of either duodenum, @entity4 or common bile duct. In five cases the duodenum was involved in the injury. CONCLUSIONS: The course of disease of the operated @entity0 was longer and more complicated compared to those treated conservatively. According to our data the timing of the operation seems to be an important criterion with respect to the prognosis. Due to the small number of @entity0 , whether conservative therapy should be preferred cannot be determined. The role of the location of injury is also not clarified.

title: [Therapeutic results after XXXX following ERCP].

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity3 represent a significant public health problem that will increase as the population ages. The elderly, the most likely to be afflicted by this condition, present the clinician with special challenges. The diagnosis of @entity3 involves taking a careful history, paying attention to the existence of factors that predispose individuals to the development of @entity4 . Clinical features of @entity4 are important because their recognition allows clinicians to distinguish venous from other chronic @entity2 . An essential part of the assessment of all @entity0 with chronic wounds is an evaluation of intercurrent diseases, common in the elderly, which may impact on the wound healing process. Thus, in addition to managing @entity4 and the wound bed, all other factors, systemic and local, that may impede healing need to be investigated and corrected if necessary. Social and psychological issues common to all @entity1 need to be addressed as well. This holistic approach should be standard practice and is applicable to the assessment and management of all @entity5 . This often requires coordinating a multidisciplinary team of wound healing caregivers. More work needs to be done to clarify a few issues because areas of controversy persist. Although a great deal is known about the effects of @entity6 on acute wounds, less is known about chronic @entity2 . Similarly, the role of vitamin supplementation in managing chronic @entity2 needs further study. Guidelines are needed to determine indications for wound culturing. In addition, more study is required to establish the most effective means of obtaining quantitative cultures. However, the relationship between bacteria and chronic wound healing goes beyond simple quantitation and other factors such as bacterial virulence and host resistance. These controversial issues will be reviewed. Treatment and prevention of @entity3 will be discussed in a subsequent article.

title: Assessment of XXXX : an in-depth discussion of a literature-guided approach.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The data from the clinical course and epidemiology of @entity4 suggest that sex hormones can directly influence the development of the disease through their intracellular receptor localised in cells of venous wall. The purpose of this study was to determine the stereometric differences in the structure of healthy and varicose @entity3 and to determine the presence and localisation of @entity2 and @entity1 receptors in the cells of vein. The segments of greater saphenous vein obtained from the 8 @entity0 operated for varicose vein were used for the study. The segments of the greater saphenous vein obtained from 8 @entity0 that underwent femoro-popliteal venous bypass procedure were used as control group. The vein samples for stereometric analysis were preserved in Buin's solution, embedded in paraffin and then evaluated with automatic analyser MagiCal. To determine the presence of @entity2 and @entity1 receptors the immunohistochemic analysis LAB with monoclonal antibodies produced by DAKO was used. The decreased smooth muscle fraction in venous wall, thickening of adventitia, the change of the smooth muscle cells to stroma cells ratio in the muscular layer of venous wall and change of muscular layer to adventitia ratio were observed in varicose veins in comparison with control group. The @entity2 receptors were found in the nuclei of the smooth muscle cells and endothelium. The @entity1 receptors were localised in nuclei of smooth muscle cells and cells of subendothelial layer. It seems that quantitative analysis of sex hormones receptor in the venous wall could be useful in the determination of @entity0 with increased risk of the development of @entity4 .

title: [Investigations on the pathogenesis of XXXX ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of Gleason grading of @entity2 in multiple core biopsies, compared with the final Gleason score of total prostatectomy specimens, and to investigate whether the prediction of the correct Gleason score is improved by increasing the number of biopsies. @entity0 AND METHODS: Before total prostatectomy, 121 @entity0 had a mean (range) of 10.0 (8-14) transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided core biopsies taken from the apex, mid-medial, mid-lateral and basal regions, from the transition zone and from lesions detected on TRUS. The biopsies and prostatectomy specimens were reviewed and the Gleason scores assessed. RESULTS: The preoperative biopsies predicted the prostatectomy Gleason score exactly in 45.5% of the @entity0 and within one Gleason score in 93.4%. The biopsies under-graded the @entity2 in 38.8% and overgraded it in 15.7%. The weighted kappa value for exact agreement was 0.502. If one biopsy was positive for @entity1 , the prostatectomy Gleason score was predicted correctly in 43.8% and within one score in 93.8%, compared with 53.8% and 92.3%, respectively, if @entity1 was found in at least seven biopsies. If the mid-lateral and transition zone biopsies had been excluded from the biopsy protocol, 5% of the @entity1 would have been undetected. Among the remaining 115 @entity1 , grading accuracy only improved from 43.5% to 45.2% by adding biopsies to the sextant protocol. CONCLUSION: Despite a statistically significant agreement between biopsy and prostatectomy Gleason score, under-grading remains a major problem. The prediction of the prostatectomy Gleason score is only marginally improved by increasing the number of biopsies.

title: The value of multiple core biopsies for predicting the XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Understanding mechanisms that regulate growth and reproduction are important for improving selection strategies in @entity1 . In this study, Angus, Brangus, and Brahman bulls (n = 7 per breed) of similar age were selected from a group of 65 weanlings. Bulls were evaluated after weaning (i.e., approximately 6 mo of age) for 112 d for serum concentrations of metabolic hormones and @entity2 , growth, and reproductive traits. Performance data and blood sera were collected on d 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Sera were also collected in periods from d 50 to 59 (56D) and 103 to 112 (112D). Angus bulls were heavier (P < 0.05) throughout the study than Brahman bulls and were heavier than Brangus bulls on d 56, 84, and 112. Initial and final BW for Angus, Brangus, and Brahman bulls were 292.7, 260.6, and 230.4 and 468.3, 435.6, and 350.7 +/- 12 kg, respectively. Conversely, Brahman bulls had greater hip height (P < 0.05) than Brangus, and Brangus were taller (P < 0.05) than Angus. Angus bulls had the greatest (P < 0.05) scrotal circumference (SC) and Brahman bulls the least. Mean SC across days was 31.5, 29.7, and 25.0 +/- 0.6 cm for the three respective breeds. Serum @entity0 was greater (P < 0.01) in Angus and Brangus bulls (10.0 and 8.9 +/- 1.4 ng/mL) than in Brahman bulls (4.0 +/- 1.4 ng/mL) throughout the study. After d 112, 100, 86, and 57% of the Angus, Brangus, and Brahman bulls passed a breeding soundness exam (P = 0.51). Serum concentrations of @entity3 and leptin were greater (P < or = 0.06) in Angus bulls on d 56, 84, and 112 than in Brangus and Brahman bulls. Serum concentrations of GH (P < 0.08) and @entity2 (P < 0.03) were greater in Brangus bulls than in Angus or Brahman bulls throughout the study. Prediction analyses suggested that serum concentrations of leptin could be used to predict (P < or = 0.08) BW and SC (R2 > 0.82) in the 56D and 112D periods among these breeds. Leptin was also useful in predicting (P < or = 0.09) serum concentrations of GH and @entity0 in the 112D period (R2 > 0.32). Residual correlation analyses with the effect of breed removed suggested that leptin was correlated (r > or => 0.53, P < 0.05) with both SC and serum @entity0 . Angus and Brahman @entity1 differ in phenotype, level of adiposity, and rate of sexual development. Data herein suggest that these characteristics could be due to varying mechanisms by which metabolic hormones such as leptin, GH, and(or) @entity3 are regulated.

title: Relationships of metabolic hormones and serum XXXX to growth and reproductive development in performance-tested Angus, Brangus, and Brahman bulls.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the cost effectiveness of minimally invasive therapy relative to medical (alpha-blocker) therapy and transurethral resection (TURP) for @entity0 with moderate to severe symptoms of @entity2 ( @entity2 ). METHODS: We constructed a decision-analytic Markov model for a hypothetical cohort of 65-year-old @entity0 with moderate to severe @entity2 symptoms. Microwave thermotherapy was selected to represent minimally invasive treatment. Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed with 25 health states using the 3 treatments, 5 short-term clinical events, and 17 possible long-term outcomes. Each health state had an associated cost and utility. Quality of life (QoL) and utility estimates were obtained by interviewing 13 @entity0 with @entity2 symptoms using the standard gamble reference methods. @entity0 were classified as @entity1 ( @entity1 ) or non- @entity1 (NRA) on the basis of their attitudes to risk. We calculated the incremental cost effectiveness of microwave thermotherapy relative to medical therapy and TURP over 5 years after treatment initiation. Event probabilities were obtained from the literature, a consensus panel, and published randomized clinical trials. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The utility values generated were internally consistent and externally valid for a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 @entity1 @entity0 . Microwave thermotherapy was preferred by the NRA group, while medical therapy was preferred by the @entity1 group. Surgery was least preferred by both groups. Microwave thermotherapy had a small incremental cost but improved QoL in comparison with medical therapy. Microwave thermotherapy had a higher utility and lower cost than TURP and thus was dominant over TURP. This analytical method can be applied to evaluate the cost effectiveness of any @entity2 therapy.

title: Cost effectiveness of treatment for XXXX : an economic model for comparison of medical, minimally invasive, and surgical therapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: An important aspect in glomerular nephritic processes is the enhanced influx of leukocytes into the glomerulus. METHODS: To investigate the mechanisms of intraglomerular leukocyte infiltration in @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity7 ( @entity7 ), we immunohistochemically examined the intraglomerular expression of @entity4 ( @entity4 , @entity4 / @entity5 ), @entity9 , @entity9 / @entity5 ) and @entity6 ( @entity6 , @entity6 ) together with glomerular deposition of C3c and fibrinogen. RESULTS: In @entity1 (n=42), @entity4 + cells were distributed mainly in glomeruli with intense expression of @entity6 , and there was a positive correlation (P<0.001) between the number of @entity4 + cells and the degree of @entity6 expression. @entity9 + cells had no correlation with glomerular C3c deposition, but had a significant correlation with fibrinogen deposition (P<0.05). The number of @entity4 + cells was significantly greater than of @entity9 + cells (P<0.05). The number of @entity4 + cells was strongly correlated with that of @entity2 + cells (P<0.00001). In @entity7 (n= 43), on the contrary, @entity9 + cells correlated only with C3c deposition (P<0.001), and they were observed mainly in peripheral loops of glomerular capillaries where C3c was deposited with a similar distribution. However, there was no relationship between @entity4 + cells and @entity6 expression. The number of @entity9 + cells was greater than that of @entity4 + cells (P<0.0001), and most @entity9 + cells were identical to @entity8 + cells. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the possibility that different mechanisms may cause glomerular leukocyte infiltration in various forms of @entity0 @entity3 . The @entity4 / @entity6 pathway may play an important role in glomerular leukocyte infiltration in @entity1 , while the @entity9 /complement pathway may be important in @entity7 . The former may promote mainly the infiltration of @entity2 + cells, and the latter may promote that of @entity8 + cells. In addition, @entity9 + cells may act as fibrinogen and complement receptors in @entity1 and @entity7 , respectively.

title: Differences in glomerular leukocyte infiltration between XXXX and @entity3 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: An important aspect in glomerular nephritic processes is the enhanced influx of leukocytes into the glomerulus. METHODS: To investigate the mechanisms of intraglomerular leukocyte infiltration in @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity7 ( @entity7 ), we immunohistochemically examined the intraglomerular expression of @entity4 ( @entity4 , @entity4 / @entity5 ), @entity9 , @entity9 / @entity5 ) and @entity6 ( @entity6 , @entity6 ) together with glomerular deposition of C3c and fibrinogen. RESULTS: In @entity1 (n=42), @entity4 + cells were distributed mainly in glomeruli with intense expression of @entity6 , and there was a positive correlation (P<0.001) between the number of @entity4 + cells and the degree of @entity6 expression. @entity9 + cells had no correlation with glomerular C3c deposition, but had a significant correlation with fibrinogen deposition (P<0.05). The number of @entity4 + cells was significantly greater than of @entity9 + cells (P<0.05). The number of @entity4 + cells was strongly correlated with that of @entity2 + cells (P<0.00001). In @entity7 (n= 43), on the contrary, @entity9 + cells correlated only with C3c deposition (P<0.001), and they were observed mainly in peripheral loops of glomerular capillaries where C3c was deposited with a similar distribution. However, there was no relationship between @entity4 + cells and @entity6 expression. The number of @entity9 + cells was greater than that of @entity4 + cells (P<0.0001), and most @entity9 + cells were identical to @entity8 + cells. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the possibility that different mechanisms may cause glomerular leukocyte infiltration in various forms of @entity0 @entity3 . The @entity4 / @entity6 pathway may play an important role in glomerular leukocyte infiltration in @entity1 , while the @entity9 /complement pathway may be important in @entity7 . The former may promote mainly the infiltration of @entity2 + cells, and the latter may promote that of @entity8 + cells. In addition, @entity9 + cells may act as fibrinogen and complement receptors in @entity1 and @entity7 , respectively.

title: Differences in glomerular leukocyte infiltration between @entity1 and XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: It is generally felt amongst the medical profession and the lay public that @entity1 is being treated more successfully than in the past. This is certainly true for childhood @entity1 and @entity5 but evidence that significantly improved survival is occurring in the common solid @entity1 is lacking. Since 1963 the University of Liverpool Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery has collected data on all @entity0 with @entity2 presenting to the department. The present study investigates @entity0 with histologically proven @entity3 of the four main sites: larynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity and oropharynx. From 1963 until the end of 1989, 2738 @entity0 were seen by the department and from 1990 a further 717 @entity0 have been seen. Since 1990 @entity0 have tended to be in better general physical condition but, on the other hand, have tended to have more @entity4 at the primary site. The department has latterly tended to see fewer @entity1 and more @entity1 of the oropharynx. Significantly fewer @entity0 have presented with neck node metastases. Multiple logistic regression suggests that the most significant difference between the two groups is the great reduction in neck node recurrence rates in the group of @entity0 seen since 1990 (P = 0.0001). The recurrence of @entity1 at the primary site since 1990 has been 35% compared with 41% before 1990, and recurrence in the neck nodes since 1990 has been 12%, compared with 15% before 1990. These differences are significant (P = 0.0141 and P = 0.0494, respectively). When studying survival in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the 5-year cure rate was 50%, whereas since 1990 the figure has risen to 60% @entity1 -specific 5-year survival--a significant difference. A similar effect was noted in observed survival. This improvement in cure rate occurred for all four main sites. The results were confirmed by Cox's proportional hazards model where year of treatment was highly significantly associated with improved survival (P = 0.0001). It has been demonstrated that locoregional recurrence has improved since 1990 and this is reflected in improved survival figures. Although there are differences in the parameters of @entity1 referred before 1990 and since 1990, multivariate analysis suggests that the improvement in neck node recurrence rates may be responsible for this improved survival rate. Multivariate analysis for survival also suggests that the improvement in cure rates is independent of compounding variables and dependent on the year of presentation of the @entity1 . This improved survival may be related to factors, such as the administration of radical postoperative radiotherapy.

title: Improved survival in @entity0 with XXXX in the 1990s.

answer: @entity2