abstract: 1. The responses to stimulation of the sciatic and saphenous nerves have been studied in 65 pairs of spinal dorsal horn neurons simultaneously recorded at the L2 and L5-L6 lumbar segments of the @entity0 's spinal cord. The neurons were recorded in anesthetized and paralyzed animals. 2. Five- or seven-barreled micropipettes were utilized for recording and for the application of drugs with iontophoresis or micropressure techniques. The drugs used were: @entity3 , as a selective antagonist at @entity6 receptors; @entity8 and @entity2 ( @entity1 ), as agonists at excitatory glutamatergic receptors; @entity6 , as an agonist at the inhibitory @entity6 receptor; and the local anesthetic @entity7 , as a reversible local conduction blocker both in the periphery and in the spinal cord. 3. All neurons had cutaneous receptive fields in the ipsilateral hindpaw. Neurons responding exclusively to saphenous stimulation in L2 and to sciatic stimulation in L5-L6 were selected for this study. The responses consisted of bursts of > or = 5 spikes, often partially inserted in a field potential, with latencies of 5.0 +/- 1.1 (SD) and 5.2 +/- 1.2 ms, respectively. The thresholds of stimulation and the response latencies were controlled to be stable throughout the experiments. 4. Eighty-five percent (29 of 35) of the neurons tested in L5-L6 exhibited responses to saphenous stimulation during @entity3 microejection in the recorded neurons. The neurons became again unresponsive to saphenous stimulation shortly after the end of @entity3 ejection. 5. All the neurons tested in L5-L6 (n = 14) showed a significant increase in background activity and remained unresponsive to saphenous stimulation during @entity5 microejection on the recorded neurons. 6. All the neurons tested in L5-L6 (n = 17) showed responses to saphenous stimulation after sciatic nerve block with local anesthetic. The responses to saphenous stimulation disappeared after the effect of local anesthetic ceased. 7. All the neurons tested in L5-L6 (n = 6), in @entity0 with a @entity4 , showed a reversible increase in the background activity during @entity1 microejection in the spinal saphenous area at L2. 8. In @entity0 with a @entity4 , the responses evoked in L5-L6 neurons (n = 12) by saphenous stimulation were reduced both in field potential amplitude and in number of spikes during microejection of @entity6 , and were suppressed during microejection of @entity7 in the spinal saphenous area in L2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Evidence that inhibitory mechanisms mask inappropriate somatotopic connections in the spinal cord of normal XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Until recently, the inability to demonstrate neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve preoperatively resulted in surgery being offered only in cases of severe @entity5 ( @entity5 ), frequently after a prolonged trial of medical treatment and following less invasive procedures, despite the fact that posterior fossa microvascular decompression gives long-term @entity2 relief in 80% to 90% of cases. To assess whether @entity4 of the nerve could be demonstrated preoperatively, high definition magnetic resonance tomographic angiography (MRTA) was performed in 50 consecutive @entity0 , five of whom had bilateral @entity5 , prior to posterior fossa surgery. The imaging results were compared with the operative findings in all @entity0 , including two @entity0 who underwent bilateral exploration. Vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve was identified in 42 of 45 @entity0 with unilateral symptoms and on both sides in four @entity0 with bilateral @entity5 . In the last @entity0 with bilateral @entity5 , neurovascular compression was identified on one side, and on the other side the compressing superior cerebellar artery was separated from the nerve by a sponge placed during previous surgery. There was full agreement regarding the presence or absence of neurovascular compression demonstrated by MRTA in 50 of 52 explorations, but MRTA misclassified four vessels compressing the trigeminal nerve as arteries rather than veins. In two cases, there was disagreement between the surgical and MRTA findings. In the first of these cases, surgery revealed distortion of the nerve at the pons by a vein that MRTA had predicted to lie 6 mm remote from this point. In the second @entity0 , venous compression was missed; however, this @entity0 was investigated early in the series and did not have @entity3 -enhanced imaging. In nine cases, MRTA correctly identified neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve by two arteries. Moreover, MRTA successfully guided surgical reexploration in one @entity0 in whom a compressing vessel was missed during earlier surgery and also prompted exploration of the posterior fossa in two @entity0 with @entity1 and one @entity0 with @entity6 , in whom neurovascular compression was identified preoperatively. It is concluded that MRTA is an extremely sensitive and specific method for demonstrating @entity4 in @entity5 . As a result, open surgical procedures can be recommended with confidence, and microvascular decompression is now the treatment of choice for @entity5 at the authors' unit. They propose MRTA as the definitive investigation in such @entity0 in whom surgery is contemplated.

title: Demonstration of neurovascular compression in XXXX with magnetic resonance imaging. Comparison with surgical findings in 52 consecutive operative cases.

answer: @entity5


abstract: To reveal the role of serotonergic neurons in the regulation of feeding, the levels of @entity4 ( @entity8 ), a metabolite of @entity3 , in the striatum and the @entity7 were continuously monitored by an in vivo microdialysis technique. Intake of 20% casein diet did not induce significant changes in the @entity8 level in these regions. When @entity0 were fed on 5% casein diet (83.5% @entity6 diet) for 2 h, the level of @entity8 in the striatum gradually increased and reached a maximum (226 +/- 44% of basal level, M +/- SEM, n = 7) at 4 h after stopping the diet. In the medial @entity7 , its level also increased to 183 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. On the other hand, a 60% casein diet increased the level of @entity8 in the lateral @entity7 to 138 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. The intravenous infusion of each of these nutrients, @entity1 , @entity2 mixture or lipid, produced more rapid elevation of the @entity8 level than oral intake of the diets. When @entity0 were infused with @entity1 , its level in the striatum continued to be elevated. In the medial @entity7 , @entity1 infusion increased @entity8 to the maximum (189 +/- 38%, n = 7) at 4 h after starting infusion. In contrast, serotonergic neurons in the lateral @entity7 seemed to respond only to infusion of the @entity2 mixture, and the level of @entity8 reached 163 +/- 14% (n = 5) of the basal level at 1 h after starting the infusion. These results suggest that rapid elevation of @entity1 or @entity5 may independently stimulate @entity3 metabolism in these brain areas, participating in the feedback regulation of nutrient intake.

title: XXXX and @entity1 differentially increased extracellular @entity4 in the @entity0 brain.

answer: @entity5


abstract: To reveal the role of serotonergic neurons in the regulation of feeding, the levels of @entity4 ( @entity8 ), a metabolite of @entity3 , in the striatum and the @entity7 were continuously monitored by an in vivo microdialysis technique. Intake of 20% casein diet did not induce significant changes in the @entity8 level in these regions. When @entity0 were fed on 5% casein diet (83.5% @entity6 diet) for 2 h, the level of @entity8 in the striatum gradually increased and reached a maximum (226 +/- 44% of basal level, M +/- SEM, n = 7) at 4 h after stopping the diet. In the medial @entity7 , its level also increased to 183 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. On the other hand, a 60% casein diet increased the level of @entity8 in the lateral @entity7 to 138 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. The intravenous infusion of each of these nutrients, @entity1 , @entity2 mixture or lipid, produced more rapid elevation of the @entity8 level than oral intake of the diets. When @entity0 were infused with @entity1 , its level in the striatum continued to be elevated. In the medial @entity7 , @entity1 infusion increased @entity8 to the maximum (189 +/- 38%, n = 7) at 4 h after starting infusion. In contrast, serotonergic neurons in the lateral @entity7 seemed to respond only to infusion of the @entity2 mixture, and the level of @entity8 reached 163 +/- 14% (n = 5) of the basal level at 1 h after starting the infusion. These results suggest that rapid elevation of @entity1 or @entity5 may independently stimulate @entity3 metabolism in these brain areas, participating in the feedback regulation of nutrient intake.

title: @entity5 and @entity1 differentially increased extracellular XXXX in the @entity0 brain.

answer: @entity4


abstract: To reveal the role of serotonergic neurons in the regulation of feeding, the levels of @entity4 ( @entity8 ), a metabolite of @entity3 , in the striatum and the @entity7 were continuously monitored by an in vivo microdialysis technique. Intake of 20% casein diet did not induce significant changes in the @entity8 level in these regions. When @entity0 were fed on 5% casein diet (83.5% @entity6 diet) for 2 h, the level of @entity8 in the striatum gradually increased and reached a maximum (226 +/- 44% of basal level, M +/- SEM, n = 7) at 4 h after stopping the diet. In the medial @entity7 , its level also increased to 183 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. On the other hand, a 60% casein diet increased the level of @entity8 in the lateral @entity7 to 138 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. The intravenous infusion of each of these nutrients, @entity1 , @entity2 mixture or lipid, produced more rapid elevation of the @entity8 level than oral intake of the diets. When @entity0 were infused with @entity1 , its level in the striatum continued to be elevated. In the medial @entity7 , @entity1 infusion increased @entity8 to the maximum (189 +/- 38%, n = 7) at 4 h after starting infusion. In contrast, serotonergic neurons in the lateral @entity7 seemed to respond only to infusion of the @entity2 mixture, and the level of @entity8 reached 163 +/- 14% (n = 5) of the basal level at 1 h after starting the infusion. These results suggest that rapid elevation of @entity1 or @entity5 may independently stimulate @entity3 metabolism in these brain areas, participating in the feedback regulation of nutrient intake.

title: @entity5 and XXXX differentially increased extracellular @entity4 in the @entity0 brain.

answer: @entity1


abstract: To reveal the role of serotonergic neurons in the regulation of feeding, the levels of @entity4 ( @entity8 ), a metabolite of @entity3 , in the striatum and the @entity7 were continuously monitored by an in vivo microdialysis technique. Intake of 20% casein diet did not induce significant changes in the @entity8 level in these regions. When @entity0 were fed on 5% casein diet (83.5% @entity6 diet) for 2 h, the level of @entity8 in the striatum gradually increased and reached a maximum (226 +/- 44% of basal level, M +/- SEM, n = 7) at 4 h after stopping the diet. In the medial @entity7 , its level also increased to 183 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. On the other hand, a 60% casein diet increased the level of @entity8 in the lateral @entity7 to 138 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. The intravenous infusion of each of these nutrients, @entity1 , @entity2 mixture or lipid, produced more rapid elevation of the @entity8 level than oral intake of the diets. When @entity0 were infused with @entity1 , its level in the striatum continued to be elevated. In the medial @entity7 , @entity1 infusion increased @entity8 to the maximum (189 +/- 38%, n = 7) at 4 h after starting infusion. In contrast, serotonergic neurons in the lateral @entity7 seemed to respond only to infusion of the @entity2 mixture, and the level of @entity8 reached 163 +/- 14% (n = 5) of the basal level at 1 h after starting the infusion. These results suggest that rapid elevation of @entity1 or @entity5 may independently stimulate @entity3 metabolism in these brain areas, participating in the feedback regulation of nutrient intake.

title: @entity5 and @entity1 differentially increased extracellular @entity4 in the XXXX brain.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and force generating capacity occurs with aging. @entity0 are commonly used in the study of aging-associated changes in muscle size and strength, with most models of aging demonstrating 15-35% reductions in muscle mass, cross-sectional area ( @entity1 ), maximum isometric force production (Po) and specific force (sPo), which is Po/ @entity1 . The lumbrical muscle of the @entity0 forepaw is exceptionally small, with corresponding short diffusion distances that make it ideal for in vitro pharmacological studies and measurements of contractile properties. However, the aging-associated changes in lumbrical function have not previously been reported. To address this, we tested the hypothesis that compared to adult (12month old) @entity0 , the forepaw lumbrical muscles of old (30month old) @entity0 exhibit aging-related declines in size and force production similar to those observed in larger limb muscles. We found that the forepaw lumbricals were composed exclusively of fibers with type II myosin heavy chain isoforms, and that the muscles accumulated connective tissue with aging. There were no differences in the number of fibers per whole-muscle cross-section or in muscle fiber @entity1 . The whole muscle @entity1 in old @entity0 was increased by 17%, but the total @entity1 of all muscle fibers in a whole-muscle cross-section was not different. No difference in Po was observed, and while sPo normalized to total muscle @entity1 was decreased in old @entity0 by 22%, normalizing Po by the total muscle fiber @entity1 resulted in no difference in sPo. Combined, these results indicate that forepaw lumbrical muscles from 30month old @entity0 are largely protected from the aging-associated declines in size and force production that are typically observed in larger limb muscles.

title: XXXX forepaw lumbrical muscles are resistant to age-related declines in force production.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity9 , also termed 'glycogen storage disease @entity5 ', is a @entity4 carbohydrate metabolism caused by @entity3 of the muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (GP-MM). It is an @entity3 that is caused by mutations in the @entity13 gene and typically presents with exercise intolerance, i.e. episodes of early exertional @entity6 frequently accompanied by @entity8 and @entity10 . Muscle biopsies from affected individuals contain subsarcolemmal deposits of glycogen. Besides GP-MM, two other GP isoforms have been described: the liver (GP-LL) and brain ( @entity11 ) isoforms, which are encoded by the @entity12 and @entity11 genes, respectively; @entity11 is the main GP isoform found in @entity0 and @entity2 foetal tissues, including the muscle, although its postnatal expression is dramatically reduced in the vast majority of differentiated tissues with the exception of brain and heart, where it remains as the major isoform. We developed a cell culture model from knock-in @entity9 @entity1 that mimics the glycogen accumulation and @entity7 observed in skeletal muscle from individuals with @entity9 . We treated @entity1 primary skeletal muscle cultures in vitro with sodium valproate (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. After VPA treatment, myotubes expressed @entity11 and a dose-dependent decrease in glycogen accumulation was also observed. Thus, this in vitro model could be useful for high-throughput screening of new drugs to treat this disease. The immortalization of these primary skeletal muscle cultures could provide a never-ending source of cells for this experimental model. Furthermore, VPA could be considered as a gene-expression modulator, allowing compensatory expression of @entity11 and decreased glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle of individuals with @entity9 .

title: Sodium valproate increases the brain isoform of glycogen phosphorylase: looking for a compensation mechanism in XXXX using a @entity1 primary skeletal-muscle culture in vitro.

answer: @entity9


abstract: @entity9 , also termed 'glycogen storage disease @entity5 ', is a @entity4 carbohydrate metabolism caused by @entity3 of the muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (GP-MM). It is an @entity3 that is caused by mutations in the @entity13 gene and typically presents with exercise intolerance, i.e. episodes of early exertional @entity6 frequently accompanied by @entity8 and @entity10 . Muscle biopsies from affected individuals contain subsarcolemmal deposits of glycogen. Besides GP-MM, two other GP isoforms have been described: the liver (GP-LL) and brain ( @entity11 ) isoforms, which are encoded by the @entity12 and @entity11 genes, respectively; @entity11 is the main GP isoform found in @entity0 and @entity2 foetal tissues, including the muscle, although its postnatal expression is dramatically reduced in the vast majority of differentiated tissues with the exception of brain and heart, where it remains as the major isoform. We developed a cell culture model from knock-in @entity9 @entity1 that mimics the glycogen accumulation and @entity7 observed in skeletal muscle from individuals with @entity9 . We treated @entity1 primary skeletal muscle cultures in vitro with sodium valproate (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. After VPA treatment, myotubes expressed @entity11 and a dose-dependent decrease in glycogen accumulation was also observed. Thus, this in vitro model could be useful for high-throughput screening of new drugs to treat this disease. The immortalization of these primary skeletal muscle cultures could provide a never-ending source of cells for this experimental model. Furthermore, VPA could be considered as a gene-expression modulator, allowing compensatory expression of @entity11 and decreased glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle of individuals with @entity9 .

title: Sodium valproate increases the brain isoform of glycogen phosphorylase: looking for a compensation mechanism in @entity9 using a XXXX primary skeletal-muscle culture in vitro.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prognosis of penetrating keratoplasty after severe @entity5 is uncertain. Beside of immune reactions the outcome is determined by surface problems. @entity0 AND METHODS: Between July 1991 and October 1993 in 15 @entity0 (16 eyes) with grade @entity5 penetrating keratoplasties with large diameters (11-16 mm) were carried out. Cultured corneas were used with an intact epithelium. In 9 eyes hydrophilic bandage lenses (Geaflex 70, Fa. W  hlk, Kiel) were applied initially, in the remainder 7 eyes within 7 days postoperatively. RESULTS: The lens radius best suited was found out by trial, because corneal topography was not possible for many weeks. In 12 (75%) eyes the lens had to be fitted steep, with a radius from < or = 8.7. A change in lens radius during the healing course was rare. The frequent use of artificial tear drops was important, because many eyes showed clinical manifestations of @entity1 . Complications during soft contact lens wearing were rare. In 5 eyes microbiological examination was positive, but successfully treated. Under the protection of soft contact lenses 9 eyes maintained an intact epithelium. In the remainder eyes severe vascularisation with large persistent @entity4 occurred mostly as a consequence of immune reactions. These keratoplasties developed on growth of inflammatory @entity3 or progressive @entity2 . The average of the follow-up time was 22 months. CONCLUSION: The use of large diameter keratoplasties in combination with hydrophilic bandage lenses proved to be successful to maintain the integrity of the epithelium in these high-risk keratoplasties. The prognosis of these transplants is, however, determined by immune reactions.

title: [Therapeutic hydrophilic bandage lenses after perforating keratoplasty in severe XXXX ].

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: To present a case of a @entity0 with @entity3 , who, despite of the continuing development of the disease, survived for twenty years. METHODS: Neoplasmatic lesions, diagnosed in the @entity0 's left eye at age of 2, were so advanced that it was necessary to enucleate the eyeball. Relatively late, i.e. after 7 years, the @entity1 appeared in the second eye. This eye was treated with xenon-arc photocoagulation and 60Co irradiation. RESULTS: In spite of many years of treatment the lesions were progressing. Enucleation of the second eye was much delayed due to the lack of consent of the parents. 15 months after enucleation a recurrence appeared in the eye socket. Surgical treatment was supplemented by irradiation of the eye socket and by chemotherapy. After 20 years of intensive treatment the @entity0 died because of generalized @entity2 . CONCLUSION: This case confirms the necessity of prolonged, careful observation of @entity0 with @entity3 .

title: [Twenty year observation of a severe case of XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: Presynaptic ionotropic @entity4 receptors (iGluRs) play important roles in the control of synaptogenesis and neurotransmitter release, yet their regulation is poorly understood. In particular, the contribution of transmembrane auxiliary proteins, which profoundly shape the trafficking and gating of somatodendritic iGluRs, is unknown. Here we examined the influence of transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) on presynaptic AMPARs in cerebellar molecular layer interneurons (MLIs). @entity2 ( @entity2 ), a partial agonist at @entity6 -associated AMPARs, enhanced spontaneous @entity3 release in wild-type @entity0 but not in stargazer @entity0 that lack the prototypical @entity6 stargazin (y-2). These findings were replicated in mechanically dissociated Purkinje cells with functional adherent synaptic boutons, demonstrating the presynaptic locus of modulation. In dissociated Purkinje cells from stargazer @entity0 , @entity1 was able to enhance mIPSC frequency, but only in the presence of the positive allosteric modulator @entity5 . Thus, ordinarily, presynaptic AMPARs are unable to enhance spontaneous release without y-2, which is required predominantly for its effects on channel gating. Presynaptic AMPARs are known to reduce action potential-driven @entity3 release from MLIs. Although a G-protein-dependent non-ionotropic mechanism has been suggested to underlie this inhibition, paradoxically we found that y-2, and thus AMPAR gating, was required. Following @entity4 spillover from climbing fibers or application of @entity2 , evoked @entity3 release was reduced; in stargazer @entity0 such effects were markedly attenuated in acute slices and abolished in the dissociated Purkinje cell-nerve bouton preparation. We suggest that y-2 association, by increasing charge transfer, allows presynaptic AMPARs to depolarize the bouton membrane sufficiently to modulate both phasic and spontaneous release.

title: Transmembrane AMPAR Regulatory Protein y-2 Is Required for the Modulation of XXXX Release by Presynaptic AMPARs.

answer: @entity3


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity4 . lactis GCL2505 (B. lactis GCL2505) is able to survive passage through the intestines and proliferate. The daily dynamics of the intestinal bifidobacteria following ingestion of probiotics are not yet clear. Moreover, the effects of long-term ingestion of probiotics on the intestinal microbiota have not been well studied. Two experiments were performed in the present study. In Experiment 1, 53 healthy female volunteers received B. lactis GCL2505; @entity1 GCL2080, which can survive but not proliferate in the intestine; or yogurt fermented with @entity3 and @entity2 for 2 weeks, and the daily dynamics of intestinal bifidobacteria were investigated. The number of fecal bifidobacteria significantly increased on day 1, and this was maintained until day 14 in the B. lactis GCL2505 ingestion group. However, no significant change in the number of fecal bifidobacteria was observed in the other groups throughout the ingestion period. In Experiment 2, 38 constipated volunteers received either B. lactis GCL2505 or a placebo for 8 weeks. Both the number of fecal bifidobacteria and the frequency of defecation significantly increased throughout the ingestion period in the B. lactis GCL2505 ingestion group. These results suggested that the proliferation of ingested bifidobacteria within the intestine contributed to a rapid increase in the amount of intestinal bifidobacteria and subsequent maintenance of these levels. Moreover, B. lactis GCL2505 improved the intestinal microbiota more effectively than non-proliferating bifidobacteria and @entity0 bacteria.

title: Short- and long-term dynamics in the intestinal microbiota following ingestion of XXXX . lactis GCL2505.

answer: @entity4


abstract: One unique feature of @entity2 parasites is the differential transcription of structurally distinct rRNA (rRNA) genes at different developmental stages: the A-type genes are transcribed mainly in asexual stages, whereas the S-type genes are expressed mostly in sexual or mosquito stages. Conclusive functional evidence of different rRNAs in regulating stage-specific parasite development, however, is still absent. Here we performed genetic crosses of @entity3 parasites with one parent having an @entity1 ( @entity1 ) phenotype and another producing normal oocysts to identify the gene(s) contributing to the @entity1 . The parent with @entity1 -characterized as having small oocysts and lacking infective sporozoites-was obtained after introduction of a plasmid with a green fluorescent protein gene into the parasite genome and subsequent passages in @entity0 . Quantitative trait locus analysis of genome-wide microsatellite genotypes of 48 progeny from the crosses linked an ~200-kb segment on chromosome 6 containing one of the S-type genes (D-type small subunit rRNA gene [D-ssu]) to the @entity1 . Fine mapping of the plasmid integration site, gene expression pattern, and gene knockout experiments demonstrated that disruption of the D-ssu gene caused the @entity1 phenotype. Interestingly, introduction of the D-ssu gene into the same parasite strain (self), but not into a different subspecies, significantly affected or completely ablated oocyst development, suggesting a stage- and subspecies (strain)-specific regulation of oocyst development by D-ssu. This study demonstrates that @entity3 D-ssu is essential for normal oocyst and sporozoite development and that variation in the D-ssu sequence can have dramatic effects on parasite development. IMPORTANCE: @entity2 parasites are the only known organisms that express structurally distinct rRNA genes at different developmental stages. The differential expression of these genes suggests that they play unique roles during the complex life cycle of the parasites. Conclusive functional proof of different rRNAs in regulating parasite development, however, is still absent or controversial. Here we functionally demonstrate for the first time that a stage-specifically expressed D-type small-subunit rRNA gene (D-ssu) is essential for oocyst development of the @entity2 parasite @entity3 in the mosquito. This study also shows that variations in D-ssu sequence and/or the timing of transcription may have profound effects on parasite oocyst development. The results show that in addition to protein translation, rRNAs of @entity2 parasites also regulate parasite development and differentiation in a strain-specific manner, which can be explored for controlling parasite transmission.

title: Regulation of XXXX Oocyst Development by Strain- and Stage-Specific Small-Subunit rRNA.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 (HSV) strains previously have been shown to offer a potential therapeutic alternative to conventional treatment modalities for @entity5 . Because HSV Type 1 strain 1716 has a deletion in the gamma 34.5 neurovirulence gene that renders it avirulent in the @entity2 central nervous system, we have assessed its potential to induce selective lysis of @entity1 cells versus neurons in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To do this, we studied parental @entity7 17+ and strain 1716 using @entity0 @entity3 cells ( @entity8 cells). These cells resemble neuronal progenitor cells and can be induced to differentiate into neurons (NT2N) with @entity6 . Intracerebral grafts of @entity8 cells into the brains of @entity2 resulted in lethal @entity5 , and grafts of NT2N cells resulted in the integration of NT2N cells. RESULTS: In vitro studies showed that strain 1716 replicates in and spreads on monolayers of @entity8 cells but not in NT2N cells. In vivo, strain 1716 replicated preferentially in @entity8 @entity1 as evidenced by immunohistochemical staining for viral antigens, by in situ hybridization for HSV-specific transcripts, and by titration of virus from brains with @entity1 after intracranial injection of the virus into these @entity2 . The temporal regression of @entity8 @entity1 in @entity2 treated with strain 1716 was demonstrated in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Electron microscopy and studies of DNA fragmentation suggested that regression of @entity8 @entity5 in strain 1716-treated @entity2 was mainly caused by a nonapoptotic, lytic mode of cell death. Finally, strain 1716-treated @entity8 @entity1 -bearing @entity2 survived more than twice as long as mock-treated @entity1 -bearing @entity2 , and these differences in survival (25 vs. 9 weeks) were statistically significant (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude from these studies that strain 1716 induces regression of @entity0 @entity1 established in the brains of @entity2 , resulting in their prolonged survival.

title: Therapy of experimental @entity0 @entity5 using a XXXX mutant.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 (HSV) strains previously have been shown to offer a potential therapeutic alternative to conventional treatment modalities for @entity5 . Because HSV Type 1 strain 1716 has a deletion in the gamma 34.5 neurovirulence gene that renders it avirulent in the @entity2 central nervous system, we have assessed its potential to induce selective lysis of @entity1 cells versus neurons in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To do this, we studied parental @entity7 17+ and strain 1716 using @entity0 @entity3 cells ( @entity8 cells). These cells resemble neuronal progenitor cells and can be induced to differentiate into neurons (NT2N) with @entity6 . Intracerebral grafts of @entity8 cells into the brains of @entity2 resulted in lethal @entity5 , and grafts of NT2N cells resulted in the integration of NT2N cells. RESULTS: In vitro studies showed that strain 1716 replicates in and spreads on monolayers of @entity8 cells but not in NT2N cells. In vivo, strain 1716 replicated preferentially in @entity8 @entity1 as evidenced by immunohistochemical staining for viral antigens, by in situ hybridization for HSV-specific transcripts, and by titration of virus from brains with @entity1 after intracranial injection of the virus into these @entity2 . The temporal regression of @entity8 @entity1 in @entity2 treated with strain 1716 was demonstrated in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Electron microscopy and studies of DNA fragmentation suggested that regression of @entity8 @entity5 in strain 1716-treated @entity2 was mainly caused by a nonapoptotic, lytic mode of cell death. Finally, strain 1716-treated @entity8 @entity1 -bearing @entity2 survived more than twice as long as mock-treated @entity1 -bearing @entity2 , and these differences in survival (25 vs. 9 weeks) were statistically significant (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude from these studies that strain 1716 induces regression of @entity0 @entity1 established in the brains of @entity2 , resulting in their prolonged survival.

title: Therapy of experimental @entity0 XXXX using a @entity4 mutant.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 (HSV) strains previously have been shown to offer a potential therapeutic alternative to conventional treatment modalities for @entity5 . Because HSV Type 1 strain 1716 has a deletion in the gamma 34.5 neurovirulence gene that renders it avirulent in the @entity2 central nervous system, we have assessed its potential to induce selective lysis of @entity1 cells versus neurons in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To do this, we studied parental @entity7 17+ and strain 1716 using @entity0 @entity3 cells ( @entity8 cells). These cells resemble neuronal progenitor cells and can be induced to differentiate into neurons (NT2N) with @entity6 . Intracerebral grafts of @entity8 cells into the brains of @entity2 resulted in lethal @entity5 , and grafts of NT2N cells resulted in the integration of NT2N cells. RESULTS: In vitro studies showed that strain 1716 replicates in and spreads on monolayers of @entity8 cells but not in NT2N cells. In vivo, strain 1716 replicated preferentially in @entity8 @entity1 as evidenced by immunohistochemical staining for viral antigens, by in situ hybridization for HSV-specific transcripts, and by titration of virus from brains with @entity1 after intracranial injection of the virus into these @entity2 . The temporal regression of @entity8 @entity1 in @entity2 treated with strain 1716 was demonstrated in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Electron microscopy and studies of DNA fragmentation suggested that regression of @entity8 @entity5 in strain 1716-treated @entity2 was mainly caused by a nonapoptotic, lytic mode of cell death. Finally, strain 1716-treated @entity8 @entity1 -bearing @entity2 survived more than twice as long as mock-treated @entity1 -bearing @entity2 , and these differences in survival (25 vs. 9 weeks) were statistically significant (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude from these studies that strain 1716 induces regression of @entity0 @entity1 established in the brains of @entity2 , resulting in their prolonged survival.

title: Therapy of experimental XXXX @entity5 using a @entity4 mutant.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the gastric mucosa of adult healthy animals possesses a remarkable capacity to promptly repair its mucosal architecture after an acute injury, aging attenuates this process. We hypothesize that certain @entity1 kinases (Tyr-k), specifically the enzyme associated with EGF-receptor (EGF-R), may play a role in this process. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the role of this enzyme in the early reparative phase of the gastric mucosa in young and aged @entity0 . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In our initial effort to test the hypothesis, we examined the changes in both total and EGF-R-associated Tyr-k activities in the gastric mucosa of young adult @entity0 (4-months old) during the first 60 minutes after hypertonic saline (2 M @entity2 ; 1.5 ml/130 g body weight)-induced injury. Because the maximal stimulation (90-100% over the controls) in both total and EGF-R-associated Tyr-k occurred at 30 minutes after injury, we used this time point to perform the next experiment, in which groups of young and aged @entity0 were given (intragastically) 2 M @entity2 or water. One of the young and aged groups of @entity0 was also injected (i.p.) with the Tyr-k inhibitor @entity5 (300 micrograms/kg body weight) 60 minutes before injury. The gastric mucosa was assayed for EGF-R Tyr-k activity and @entity1 phosphorylation and expression of EGF-R, phospholipase C (PLC) activity and relative concentration and @entity1 phosphorylation of @entity6 , as well as @entity4 ( @entity4 ) levels. RESULTS: Basal EGF-R Tyr-k activity and the extent of @entity1 phosphorylation of EGF-R, as well as PLC activity, were all found to be higher in the gastric mucosa of aged than in young @entity0 . Although 30 minutes after injury, EGF-R Tyr-k activity, @entity1 phosphorylation of EGF-R, and relative abundance of the receptor were all increased in the gastric mucosa of both young and aged @entity0 , the magnitude of stimulation of each of the parameters was found to be considerably lower in aged than in young @entity0 , compared with the corresponding basal levels. A similar phenomenon was also observed for PLC activity and @entity1 phosphorylation of @entity6 . The relative concentration of mucosal @entity6 level was, however, not affected by injury in either young or aged @entity0 . @entity3 greatly attenuated the injury-induced increases in the above mentioned parameters in both young and aged @entity0 . In young but not in aged @entity0 , injury caused a significant increase in mucosal @entity4 levels. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that (a) activation of EGF-R Tyr-k is an important event in the early reparative process of the gastric mucosa, and (b) local production of @entity4 may play an important role in regulating the activation of EGF-R Tyr-k.

title: Induction of EGF-receptor XXXX kinase during early reparative phase of gastric mucosa and effects of aging.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Liver transplantation is the only available treatment for some @entity0 with @entity10 . Despite reduction in mortality rates due to advances related to surgical techniques, intensive medical management and immunosuppressive therapy, invasive @entity6 remain a serious complication in orthotopic liver transplantation. We report the case of an 18-year-old male diagnosed with @entity3 in 2009 who was assessed and listed for liver transplantation for massive @entity7 . One year after listing a successful orthotopic liver transplantation was performed. Uneventful early recovery was achieved; however, he developed @entity2 23 and 40 days after surgery, respectively. Antibiotic therapy with @entity11 and @entity8 was started early, with no major response. Neuroimaging revealed multiple right frontal and right parietal lesions with perilesional @entity1 ; surgical management of the brain abscesses was performed. A biopsy with periodic acid-Schiff and Gomori stains revealed areas with mycotic microorganisms morphologically consistent with Aspergillus, later confirmed by culture. The @entity0 developed necrotizing @entity4 secondary to @entity9 and died. Necrotizing @entity4 as a clinical presentation of @entity5 in an orthotopic liver transplant is not common, and even with adequate management, early diagnosis and prompt antifungal treatment, mortality rates remain high.

title: Necrotizing XXXX caused by disseminated @entity5 after orthotopic liver transplantation.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Liver transplantation is the only available treatment for some @entity0 with @entity10 . Despite reduction in mortality rates due to advances related to surgical techniques, intensive medical management and immunosuppressive therapy, invasive @entity6 remain a serious complication in orthotopic liver transplantation. We report the case of an 18-year-old male diagnosed with @entity3 in 2009 who was assessed and listed for liver transplantation for massive @entity7 . One year after listing a successful orthotopic liver transplantation was performed. Uneventful early recovery was achieved; however, he developed @entity2 23 and 40 days after surgery, respectively. Antibiotic therapy with @entity11 and @entity8 was started early, with no major response. Neuroimaging revealed multiple right frontal and right parietal lesions with perilesional @entity1 ; surgical management of the brain abscesses was performed. A biopsy with periodic acid-Schiff and Gomori stains revealed areas with mycotic microorganisms morphologically consistent with Aspergillus, later confirmed by culture. The @entity0 developed necrotizing @entity4 secondary to @entity9 and died. Necrotizing @entity4 as a clinical presentation of @entity5 in an orthotopic liver transplant is not common, and even with adequate management, early diagnosis and prompt antifungal treatment, mortality rates remain high.

title: Necrotizing @entity4 caused by disseminated XXXX after orthotopic liver transplantation.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Uterine @entity2 (UPSC) is a rare variant of @entity1 responsible for up to 40% of @entity1 . Controversy remains regarding optimal adjuvant therapy for UPSC, with lack of randomized trials to date. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate clinicopathological factors and determine event-free survival and overall survival (OS) in @entity0 with UPSC managed within a single institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical and pathological records between 1987 and 2004 were reviewed at the Royal @entity0 's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Cox regression analysis was used to analyze effects of clinical and histopathological variables on @entity0 survival and survival times following adjuvant therapy. Event-free survival and OS were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. RESULTS: Sixty-two @entity0 were included; 96.8% were managed surgically and 56.5% were completely surgically staged. Myoinvasion was present in 72.6% (n = 45) of the @entity0 .In @entity0 with stage I disease, recurrence rate was 41.4% with a 5-year OS of 46%. In stage II, recurrence rate was 20% with a 5-year OS of 67%. In stage III, recurrence rate was 58.8% with a 5-year OS of 34%. In stage IV, recurrence rate was 71.4% with a 5-year OS of 29%.There was no significant difference in survival based on the presence of positive peritoneal cytology, positive lymphovascular space invasion or positive lymph nodes at diagnosis, and no significant difference in survival based on the type of adjuvant therapy administered. Depth of myometrial invasion was a significant determinant of poor prognosis (P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Uterine @entity2 is an aggressive variant of @entity1 associated with a high proportion of advanced-stage disease at diagnosis, high recurrence rates, and low OS. In our @entity0 , prognosis was determined by myometrial invasion and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage at diagnosis. Randomized trials in this area are required to clarify optimal adjuvant therapy for @entity0 with UPSC.

title: Uterine XXXX : A Single-Institution Review of 62 Cases.

answer: @entity2


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity3 ( @entity2 ) is one of the most abundant organic micropollutants detected in biosolids. Lab-scale anaerobic digesters were amended with @entity2 at concentrations ranging from the background concentration of seed biosolids (30 mg/kg) to toxic concentrations of 850 mg/kg to determine the effect on @entity0 production, relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes, and microbial community structure. Additionally, the @entity2 addition rate was varied to determine the impacts of acclimation time. At environmentally relevant @entity2 concentrations (max detect = 440 mg/kg), digesters maintained function. Digesters receiving 450 mg/kg of @entity2 maintained function under gradual @entity2 addition, but volatile @entity1 concentrations increased, pH decreased, and @entity0 production ceased when immediately fed this concentration. The concentrations of the mexB gene (encoding for a multidrug efflux pump) were higher with all concentrations of @entity2 compared to a control, but higher @entity2 concentrations did not correlate with increased mexB abundance. The relative abundance of the gene tet(L) was greater in the digesters that no longer produced @entity0 , and no effect on the relative abundance of the class 1 integron integrase encoding gene (intI1) was observed. Illumina sequencing revealed substantial community shifts in digesters that functionally failed from increased levels of @entity2 . More subtle, yet significant, community shifts were observed in digesters amended with @entity2 levels that did not inhibit function. This research demonstrates that @entity2 can select for a multidrug resistance encoding gene in mixed community anaerobic environments, and this selection occurs at concentrations (30 mg/kg) that can be found in full-scale anaerobic digesters (U.S. median concentration = 22 mg/kg, mean = 39 mg/kg).

title: XXXX Influences Antibiotic Resistance and Alters Anaerobic Digester Microbial Community Structure.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Since September 1991, 14 consecutive @entity0 with @entity2 , @entity3 , and diminutive pulmonary arteries have undergone staged repair. All @entity0 had multiple aortopulmonary collateral arteries and the ductus arteriosus was absent in 11. Mean sizes of the right and left pulmonary arteries were 2.2 +/- 0.7 mm and 1.9 +/- 0.8 mm, respectively (range 0.5 to 3.0 mm). Eight @entity0 (57%) have subsequently received complete repair. Age at initial procedure (shunt, right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit, or direct aorta-pulmonary artery anastomosis) in this group was 5.3 +/- 6.8 months. The number of operative procedures to achieve complete repair was 2.9 +/- 0.8 per @entity0 (range 2 to 4). Intraoperative postrepair peak right ventricle-left ventricle pressure ratio was 0.57 +/- 0.17. Six of 8 @entity0 (75%) required additional interventional procedures (mean 1.5 +/- 1.2 per @entity0 ) for angioplasty of @entity4 , coil embolization of aortopulmonary collateral arteries, or intra-operative insertion of intravascular pulmonary artery stents. Mean follow-up from complete repair was 8.7 +/- 8.3 months (range 0.5 to 23.8 months) and is complete. There was one in-hospital death at 45 days, and one late @entity1 at 20.3 months. Six @entity0 had initial palliative operations (unifocalization, right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit, direct aorta-pulmonary artery anastomosis, or transannular outflow patch) but have not undergone complete repair. Age at initial procedure in this group was 27.9 +/- 56.9 months (range 0.27 to 155 months), and mean follow-up from initial procedure was 10.9 +/- 11.2 months (range 0 to 31.4 months). The operative mortality rate was 33% (2 of 6 @entity0 ). There was one late noncardiac death at 5.3 months. Three @entity0 are awaiting further intervention or repair. This experience suggests that complete repair is feasible even in @entity0 with extremely diminutive pulmonary arteries (< or = 3.0 mm). Pulmonary artery growth is facilitated by early (3 to 6 month) establishment of central pulmonary artery flow by right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit (pulmonary arteries > 1.5 mm) or by direct ascending aorta-pulmonary artery anastomosis (pulmonary arteries < 1.5 mm). Subsequent interventional catheterization and operative procedures as required for pulmonary artery stenoses and coil embolization of collateral arteries allow continued recruitment of central pulmonary arteries and may obviate or minimize the need for unifocalization procedures.

title: The management of XXXX with @entity3 and diminutive pulmonary arteries.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Since September 1991, 14 consecutive @entity0 with @entity2 , @entity3 , and diminutive pulmonary arteries have undergone staged repair. All @entity0 had multiple aortopulmonary collateral arteries and the ductus arteriosus was absent in 11. Mean sizes of the right and left pulmonary arteries were 2.2 +/- 0.7 mm and 1.9 +/- 0.8 mm, respectively (range 0.5 to 3.0 mm). Eight @entity0 (57%) have subsequently received complete repair. Age at initial procedure (shunt, right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit, or direct aorta-pulmonary artery anastomosis) in this group was 5.3 +/- 6.8 months. The number of operative procedures to achieve complete repair was 2.9 +/- 0.8 per @entity0 (range 2 to 4). Intraoperative postrepair peak right ventricle-left ventricle pressure ratio was 0.57 +/- 0.17. Six of 8 @entity0 (75%) required additional interventional procedures (mean 1.5 +/- 1.2 per @entity0 ) for angioplasty of @entity4 , coil embolization of aortopulmonary collateral arteries, or intra-operative insertion of intravascular pulmonary artery stents. Mean follow-up from complete repair was 8.7 +/- 8.3 months (range 0.5 to 23.8 months) and is complete. There was one in-hospital death at 45 days, and one late @entity1 at 20.3 months. Six @entity0 had initial palliative operations (unifocalization, right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit, direct aorta-pulmonary artery anastomosis, or transannular outflow patch) but have not undergone complete repair. Age at initial procedure in this group was 27.9 +/- 56.9 months (range 0.27 to 155 months), and mean follow-up from initial procedure was 10.9 +/- 11.2 months (range 0 to 31.4 months). The operative mortality rate was 33% (2 of 6 @entity0 ). There was one late noncardiac death at 5.3 months. Three @entity0 are awaiting further intervention or repair. This experience suggests that complete repair is feasible even in @entity0 with extremely diminutive pulmonary arteries (< or = 3.0 mm). Pulmonary artery growth is facilitated by early (3 to 6 month) establishment of central pulmonary artery flow by right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit (pulmonary arteries > 1.5 mm) or by direct ascending aorta-pulmonary artery anastomosis (pulmonary arteries < 1.5 mm). Subsequent interventional catheterization and operative procedures as required for pulmonary artery stenoses and coil embolization of collateral arteries allow continued recruitment of central pulmonary arteries and may obviate or minimize the need for unifocalization procedures.

title: The management of @entity2 with XXXX and diminutive pulmonary arteries.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity3 represents the most severe subset of @entity2 exacerbations, and the critical @entity2 is an umbrella term for life-threatening @entity2 , status asthmaticus, and near-fatal @entity2 . According to the 2007 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines, a life-threatening @entity2 exacerbation is marked by an inability to speak, a reduced peak expiratory flow rate of <25 % of a @entity0 's personal best, and a failed response to frequent bronchodilator administration and intravenous steroids. Almost all critical @entity2 cases require emergency care, and most cases require hospitalization, often in an intensive care unit. Among asthmatics, those with the critical @entity2 are difficult to manage and there is little room for error. @entity0 with the critical @entity2 are prone to complications, they utilize immense resources, and they incite @entity1 in many care providers. Managing this syndrome is anything but routine, and it requires attention, alacrity, and accuracy. The specific management strategies of adults with the critical @entity2 in the hospital with a focus on intensive care are discussed. Topics include the initial assessment for @entity3 , initial ventilation management, hemodynamic issues, novel diagnostic tools and interventions, and common pitfalls. We highlight the use of critical care ultrasound, and we provide practical guidelines on how to manage deteriorating @entity0 such as those with pneumothoraces. When standard @entity2 management fails, we provide experience-driven recommendations coupled with available evidence to guide the care team through advanced treatment. Though we do not discuss medications in detail, we highlight recent advances.

title: XXXX in the ICU.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIM: Serum albumin and @entity2 are the most significant independent prognostic factors to predict hepatic events in @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ). We aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of a new prognostic score, the albumin- @entity2 (ALBI) score, among @entity3 @entity0 . METHODS: In a retrospective longitudinal cohort of 61 Chinese @entity3 @entity0 with follow-up period up to 18.3 years, the prognostic performance of the ALBI in prediction of hepatic events was compared with other well-established prognostic scores: @entity0 -Pugh score, Model for End-stage @entity1 , Mayo risk score, Yale, European and Newcastle models. RESULTS: Fifteen @entity0 (24.6%) developed hepatic events during follow-up. The c-index (0.894) and   2 by likelihood ratio test (36.34) of the ALBI score were highest in comparison to other models. The ALBI score was the only independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis and its adjusted hazard ratio of developing hepatic event was 27.8 (P<0.001). There were 3 prognostically different groups stratified by the ALBI score: ALBI grade 1 ( <=-2.60), grade 2 (>-2.60 to -1.39) and grade 3 (>-1.39) groups. The 2-year, 5-year and 10-years event-free survivals for grade 1, 2 and 3 groups were: 100.0% vs. 100.0% vs. 57.1%, 100.0% vs. 88.5% vs. 14.3%, and 100.0% vs. 81.7% vs. 0.0%, respectively (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The ALBI score is readily derived from a blood test without using those factors evaluated subjectively or obtained by invasive procedures. It is an independent prognostic factor for @entity3 @entity0 and provides better/similar prognostic performance compared to other prognostic scores.

title: A new simple prognostic score for @entity3 : Albumin- XXXX (ALBI) score.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIM: Serum albumin and @entity2 are the most significant independent prognostic factors to predict hepatic events in @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ). We aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of a new prognostic score, the albumin- @entity2 (ALBI) score, among @entity3 @entity0 . METHODS: In a retrospective longitudinal cohort of 61 Chinese @entity3 @entity0 with follow-up period up to 18.3 years, the prognostic performance of the ALBI in prediction of hepatic events was compared with other well-established prognostic scores: @entity0 -Pugh score, Model for End-stage @entity1 , Mayo risk score, Yale, European and Newcastle models. RESULTS: Fifteen @entity0 (24.6%) developed hepatic events during follow-up. The c-index (0.894) and   2 by likelihood ratio test (36.34) of the ALBI score were highest in comparison to other models. The ALBI score was the only independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis and its adjusted hazard ratio of developing hepatic event was 27.8 (P<0.001). There were 3 prognostically different groups stratified by the ALBI score: ALBI grade 1 ( <=-2.60), grade 2 (>-2.60 to -1.39) and grade 3 (>-1.39) groups. The 2-year, 5-year and 10-years event-free survivals for grade 1, 2 and 3 groups were: 100.0% vs. 100.0% vs. 57.1%, 100.0% vs. 88.5% vs. 14.3%, and 100.0% vs. 81.7% vs. 0.0%, respectively (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The ALBI score is readily derived from a blood test without using those factors evaluated subjectively or obtained by invasive procedures. It is an independent prognostic factor for @entity3 @entity0 and provides better/similar prognostic performance compared to other prognostic scores.

title: A new simple prognostic score for XXXX : Albumin- @entity2 (ALBI) score.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of @entity1 (by nasal polyps of different histopathology) on olfactory bulb volume using MRI technique. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Tertiary university hospitals, Departments of Otolaryngology and Radiology. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eleven @entity0 with a few months of complete @entity1 of different pathological etiologies were selected. MRI assessment of olfactory bulb volume was performed using planimetric manual contouring. The contralateral olfactory bulb was used as a comparative control for the same @entity0 . Eleven healthy controls constituted the control group. RESULTS: Mean olfactory bulb volume   SD of obstructed side = 14.3    3.7 mm(3), mean olfactory bulb volume   SD of nonobstructed side = 43.49    10.7 mm(3). The difference between the 2 sides was significant (P = .003). The difference in olfactory bulb volume between normal subjects and nonobstructed nasal side was statistically nonsignificant (t = .9118, P = .3727), while the difference between normal subjects' olfactory bulb volume and obstructed nasal side olfactory bulb volume in our @entity0 was extremely statistically significant (t = 9.7320, P < .0001). A strong negative correlation was found between duration of obstruction and olfactory bulb volume (R = -0.9761). CONCLUSION: This study shows that @entity1 may be associated with a lateralized ipsilateral difference of olfactory bulb volume.

title: Ipsilateral Reduced Olfactory Bulb Volume in XXXX with Unilateral Nasal Obstruction.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if @entity4 inhibits the growth, function, and metabolism of @entity0 @entity2 ( @entity2 )-derived fibroblasts. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled in vitro study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital in a research university. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fibroblasts isolated from biopsies of 5 @entity0 with @entity2 were cultured. Cell proliferation, histology, gene expression, and cellular metabolism of @entity2 -derived fibroblasts were assessed in 4 conditions: (1) fibroblast growth medium, (2) fibroblast growth medium with @entity5 ( @entity5 ), (3) fibroblast growth medium with 10(-10) M (low-dose) @entity4 dissolved in @entity5 , and (4) fibroblast growth medium with 10(-9) M (high-dose) @entity4 dissolved in @entity5 . RESULTS: The @entity2 fibroblast count and DNA concentration were reduced after treatment with high-dose @entity4 compared to @entity5 (P = .0007) and normal (P = .0007) controls. Collagen I expression decreased after treatment with high-dose @entity4 versus control (P = .0051) and @entity5 (P = .0093) controls. Maximal respiration decreased to 68.6 pMoles of @entity1 /min/10 mg/protein from 96.9 for @entity5 (P = .0002) and 97.0 for normal (P = .0022) controls. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) production decreased to 66.8 pMoles from 88.1 for @entity5 (P = .0006) and 83.3 for normal (P = .0003) controls. Basal respiration decreased to 78.6 pMoles from 108 for @entity5 (P = .0002) and 101 for normal (P = .0014) controls. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 demonstrated an anti-fibroblast effect by significantly reducing the proliferation, metabolism, and collagen deposition of @entity0 @entity2 fibroblast in vitro. @entity4 significantly decreased oxidative phosphorylation of @entity2 fibroblasts, suggesting at a potential mechanism for the reduced proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, @entity4 's anti-fibroblast effects indicate a promising adjuvant therapy for the treatment of @entity2 .

title: @entity4 inhibits @entity0 XXXX -derived fibroblast proliferation, metabolism, and function in vitro.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if @entity4 inhibits the growth, function, and metabolism of @entity0 @entity2 ( @entity2 )-derived fibroblasts. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled in vitro study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital in a research university. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fibroblasts isolated from biopsies of 5 @entity0 with @entity2 were cultured. Cell proliferation, histology, gene expression, and cellular metabolism of @entity2 -derived fibroblasts were assessed in 4 conditions: (1) fibroblast growth medium, (2) fibroblast growth medium with @entity5 ( @entity5 ), (3) fibroblast growth medium with 10(-10) M (low-dose) @entity4 dissolved in @entity5 , and (4) fibroblast growth medium with 10(-9) M (high-dose) @entity4 dissolved in @entity5 . RESULTS: The @entity2 fibroblast count and DNA concentration were reduced after treatment with high-dose @entity4 compared to @entity5 (P = .0007) and normal (P = .0007) controls. Collagen I expression decreased after treatment with high-dose @entity4 versus control (P = .0051) and @entity5 (P = .0093) controls. Maximal respiration decreased to 68.6 pMoles of @entity1 /min/10 mg/protein from 96.9 for @entity5 (P = .0002) and 97.0 for normal (P = .0022) controls. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) production decreased to 66.8 pMoles from 88.1 for @entity5 (P = .0006) and 83.3 for normal (P = .0003) controls. Basal respiration decreased to 78.6 pMoles from 108 for @entity5 (P = .0002) and 101 for normal (P = .0014) controls. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 demonstrated an anti-fibroblast effect by significantly reducing the proliferation, metabolism, and collagen deposition of @entity0 @entity2 fibroblast in vitro. @entity4 significantly decreased oxidative phosphorylation of @entity2 fibroblasts, suggesting at a potential mechanism for the reduced proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, @entity4 's anti-fibroblast effects indicate a promising adjuvant therapy for the treatment of @entity2 .

title: XXXX inhibits @entity0 @entity2 -derived fibroblast proliferation, metabolism, and function in vitro.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if @entity4 inhibits the growth, function, and metabolism of @entity0 @entity2 ( @entity2 )-derived fibroblasts. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled in vitro study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital in a research university. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fibroblasts isolated from biopsies of 5 @entity0 with @entity2 were cultured. Cell proliferation, histology, gene expression, and cellular metabolism of @entity2 -derived fibroblasts were assessed in 4 conditions: (1) fibroblast growth medium, (2) fibroblast growth medium with @entity5 ( @entity5 ), (3) fibroblast growth medium with 10(-10) M (low-dose) @entity4 dissolved in @entity5 , and (4) fibroblast growth medium with 10(-9) M (high-dose) @entity4 dissolved in @entity5 . RESULTS: The @entity2 fibroblast count and DNA concentration were reduced after treatment with high-dose @entity4 compared to @entity5 (P = .0007) and normal (P = .0007) controls. Collagen I expression decreased after treatment with high-dose @entity4 versus control (P = .0051) and @entity5 (P = .0093) controls. Maximal respiration decreased to 68.6 pMoles of @entity1 /min/10 mg/protein from 96.9 for @entity5 (P = .0002) and 97.0 for normal (P = .0022) controls. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) production decreased to 66.8 pMoles from 88.1 for @entity5 (P = .0006) and 83.3 for normal (P = .0003) controls. Basal respiration decreased to 78.6 pMoles from 108 for @entity5 (P = .0002) and 101 for normal (P = .0014) controls. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 demonstrated an anti-fibroblast effect by significantly reducing the proliferation, metabolism, and collagen deposition of @entity0 @entity2 fibroblast in vitro. @entity4 significantly decreased oxidative phosphorylation of @entity2 fibroblasts, suggesting at a potential mechanism for the reduced proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, @entity4 's anti-fibroblast effects indicate a promising adjuvant therapy for the treatment of @entity2 .

title: @entity4 inhibits XXXX @entity2 -derived fibroblast proliferation, metabolism, and function in vitro.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Pregnant Swiss @entity0 were treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg body weight of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) on d 6-15 of gestation. At birth litters were normalized to eight pups, and postnatal evaluation of pup growth rate and behavioral observations of dams were carried out. Litters were sacrificed on postnatal days (pnd) 7, 14, and 21, to perform hematological analysis, in connection with another study. Dam @entity2 was impaired in all the treated groups (except at the lowest dose level) in the late phase of gestation. A high incidence of anticipated or delayed parturitions, without any correlation with fetal mass, was observed in the treated groups. All the treated dams showed a significant increase in resorptions, and a decrease in body @entity2 between gestational day (gd) 6 and pnd 1. At birth, only the 20 and 30 mg/kg dose groups showed reduced litter size and reduced pup weight. Body @entity2 persisted in wk 1 of life only in the 10 and 20 mg/kg dose groups. In addition, the maternal weight trend was affected during the lactation period in the higher dose groups. Postnatal death rate and growth rate of treated pups were affected by an altered maternal behavior; pups, apparently viable and with normal weight, were found often scattered throughout the cage with signs of wounds, and the percentage of dams that had not built a nest increased in the 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg dose groups. Total absence of parental care was noted in many litters, and many infanticidal events were reported. Our results seem to confirm low @entity3 embryofetotoxicity, and strongly support the assumption that @entity3 's @entity1 to the mother is much stronger than its embryo-fetotoxic potential. Most of the reproductive parameters examined in this study were unaffected in the low-dose group, while some indices, such as gestation length and maternal @entity2 between gd 6 and pnd 1, were markedly altered also at the 5 mg/kg dose level and appear to be sensitive parameters in assessing maternal @entity1 .

title: Oral XXXX in pregnant @entity0 . I. Potential influence of maternal behavior on postnatal mortality.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Pregnant Swiss @entity0 were treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg body weight of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) on d 6-15 of gestation. At birth litters were normalized to eight pups, and postnatal evaluation of pup growth rate and behavioral observations of dams were carried out. Litters were sacrificed on postnatal days (pnd) 7, 14, and 21, to perform hematological analysis, in connection with another study. Dam @entity2 was impaired in all the treated groups (except at the lowest dose level) in the late phase of gestation. A high incidence of anticipated or delayed parturitions, without any correlation with fetal mass, was observed in the treated groups. All the treated dams showed a significant increase in resorptions, and a decrease in body @entity2 between gestational day (gd) 6 and pnd 1. At birth, only the 20 and 30 mg/kg dose groups showed reduced litter size and reduced pup weight. Body @entity2 persisted in wk 1 of life only in the 10 and 20 mg/kg dose groups. In addition, the maternal weight trend was affected during the lactation period in the higher dose groups. Postnatal death rate and growth rate of treated pups were affected by an altered maternal behavior; pups, apparently viable and with normal weight, were found often scattered throughout the cage with signs of wounds, and the percentage of dams that had not built a nest increased in the 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg dose groups. Total absence of parental care was noted in many litters, and many infanticidal events were reported. Our results seem to confirm low @entity3 embryofetotoxicity, and strongly support the assumption that @entity3 's @entity1 to the mother is much stronger than its embryo-fetotoxic potential. Most of the reproductive parameters examined in this study were unaffected in the low-dose group, while some indices, such as gestation length and maternal @entity2 between gd 6 and pnd 1, were markedly altered also at the 5 mg/kg dose level and appear to be sensitive parameters in assessing maternal @entity1 .

title: Oral @entity3 in pregnant XXXX . I. Potential influence of maternal behavior on postnatal mortality.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: The "no reflow" phenomenon (microvascular obstruction despite restoration of epicardial blood flow) develops postreperfusion in @entity1 and is associated with poor prognosis. We hypothesized that increased reperfusion pressure may attenuate the no reflow phenomenon, as it could provide adequate flow to overcome the high resistance of the microvasculature within the no reflow zone. Thus, we investigated the effect of modestly elevated blood pressure during reperfusion on the extent of no reflow area and @entity2 size in a porcine model of @entity0 -reperfusion. METHODS: Eighteen farm @entity3 underwent @entity1 by occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery for 1 hour, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Just prior to reperfusion, animals were randomized into 2 groups: in group 1 (control group, n = 9), no intervention was performed. In group 2 (n = 9), aortic pressure was increased by    20% (compared to @entity0 ) by partial clamping of the ascending aorta during reperfusion. Following 2 hours of reperfusion, animals were euthanized to measure area at risk, @entity2 size, and area of no reflow. RESULTS: Partial clamping of the ascending aorta resulted in modest elevation of blood pressure during reperfusion. The area at risk did not differ between the 2 groups. The no reflow area was significantly increased in group 2 compared to control animals (50%    13% vs 37%    9% of the area at risk; P = .04). The infarcted area was significantly increased in group 2 compared to control animals (75%    17% vs 52%    23% of the area at risk; P = .03). Significant positive correlations were observed between systolic aortic pressure and no reflow area, between systolic aortic pressure and infarcted area and between infarcted area and no reflow area during reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Modestly elevated blood pressure during reperfusion is associated with an increase in no reflow area and in @entity2 size in a clinically relevant porcine model of @entity0 -reperfusion.

title: Effect of Elevated Reperfusion Pressure on "No Reflow" Area and Infarct Size in a Porcine Model of XXXX -Reperfusion.

answer: @entity0


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for @entity3 . The aim of this study was to investigate disease recurrence patterns and prognostic factors for recurrence of @entity3 after surgical resection. A retrospective study was performed on 122 @entity0 with @entity3 who underwent R0 or R1 surgical resection at Korea University Guro Hospital from 1991 to 2010. Sites of initial disease recurrence were classified as locoregional or distant. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the factors affecting recurrence. Of the 122 @entity0 , 80 @entity0 developed recurrence. The disease-free survival rate was 63.1 per cent at one year and 36.4 per cent at three years. The patterns of recurrence at diagnosis were locoregional in 25 @entity0 , locoregional and distant @entity1 in 14 @entity0 , and distant @entity1 in 41 @entity0 . Multivariate analyses revealed that recurrence pattern, lymph node @entity1 , and differentiation are independent prognostic factors affecting disease-free survival. R status (marginal significance) and @entity2 differentiation were independent prognostic factors associated with locoregional recurrence. Differentiation and lymph node @entity1 were independent prognostic factors associated with distant @entity1 . The prognosis after recurrence was poor with a 1-year survival rate after recurrence of 26.1 per cent. Adjuvant chemo- or radiation therapy, delivered in @entity0 mainly with R1 resection or with presence of lymph node @entity1 , did not demonstrate the survival benefit. Significant factors for recurrence were @entity2 differentiation and lymph node @entity1 . Therefore, close follow-up and adjuvant therapy will be necessary in @entity0 with lymph node @entity1 or poorly differentiated @entity2 .

title: Disease Recurrence Patterns and Analysis of Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors for Recurrence after Resection for Distal XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Female protein (FP) is a pentraxin of @entity2 which is a homologue of two @entity0 pentraxins, C-reaction protein (CRP) and amyloid P component (AP). Functionally, FP has been shown to be similar to CRP, although FP has more homology at the @entity4 terminus with AP. The present work investigated amyloid in the @entity2 to determine whether FP was involved in a manner analogous to AP. FP was found to be a constituent of @entity2 amyloid. This conclusion was based on the following results: (a) FP was consistently detected in @entity3 by fluorescent microscopy with specific antisera; (b) The amount of FP extractable from hamster livers directly correlated with the presence of amyloid; and (c) 125I-FP injected intravenously into amyloidotic hamsters rapidly left the intravascular compartment and was found subsequently in @entity3 . This unusual alteration of plasma metabolism and amyloid localization of 125I-FP was a characteristic finding in amyloidotic hamsters and was specific for 125I-FP. Therefore, as an amyloid component, FP appears to be functionally similar to @entity0 AP. However, FP synthesis is under sex @entity1 control and the unique sex-limited expression of this pentraxin was associated with an equally novel propensity for deposition of amyloid in female hamsters under normal or experimental conditions. Thus, a high serum level of FP, as found in normal females or @entity6 -treated males, was associated with enhanced @entity5 . Although speculative at present, a primary role for serum FP in hamster @entity3 may be experimentally approachable by hormonal manipulation of FP synthesis.

title: Hamster female protein, a sex-limited pentraxin, is a constituent of XXXX amyloid.

answer: @entity2


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Objective The identification of stem cells (SC) remains challenging. In the @entity0 oral mucosal epithelium, these cells are believed to be in the basal layer (stem cell niche), but their exact location is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the @entity5 oral epithelium for these SC-like proteins in order to assess their diagnostic value as biomarkers complementing the histological grading of @entity2 . Material and Methods Thirty @entity4 ( @entity4 ), 25 @entity7 and 5 normal oral epithelium (OE) were immunohistochemically examined for four SC markers [integrin b1, neuron-glial-2 ( @entity9 ), @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity8 ( @entity8 )]. Results Three of four SC markers were heterogeneously detected in all samples. @entity8 overexpression in the lower two-thirds of severe @entity4 suggests an expanded SC niche. Integrin b1 distribution pattern was not measurably different between OEDs and control. @entity9 was almost negative to absent in all samples examined. @entity1 expression was weak and highly variable in normal and @entity6 , making it an unreliable epithelial stem cell marker. Conclusions Present findings suggest that these markers were unable to identify individual epithelial stem cells. Instead, subpopulations of cells, most probably stem cells and transit amplifying cells with stem cell-like properties were identified in the @entity5 oral epithelium. The characteristic expressions of @entity8 might be of diagnostic value for @entity3 and should be investigated further.

title: Differential expression of stem cell-like proteins in normal, hyperplastic and XXXX oral epithelium.

answer: @entity5


abstract: UNASSIGNED: There are two types of errors when references are used in the scientific literature: citation errors and quotation errors, and these errors have in reviews mainly been evaluated quantitatively. Quotation errors are the major problem, and 1 review reported 6% major quotation errors. The objective of this listing of quotation errors is to illustrate by qualitative analysis of different types of 10 major quotation errors how and possibly why authors misquote references. The author selected for review the first 10 different consecutive major quotation errors encountered from his reading of the @entity0 literature. The characteristics of the 10 quotation errors ranged considerably. Thus, in a review of @entity2 therapy in a very prestigious medical journal, the superiority of a new treatment (sumatriptan) vs an old treatment (aspirin plus @entity1 ) was claimed despite no significant difference for the primary efficacy measure in the trial. One author, in a scientific debate, referred to the lack of dilation of the middle meningeal artery in spontaneous @entity2 despite the fact that only 1 @entity2 attack was studied. The possibility for creative major quotation errors in the medical literature is most likely infinite. Qualitative evaluations, as the present, of major quotation errors will hopefully result in more general awareness of quotation problems in the medical literature. Even if the final responsibility for correct use of quotations is with the authors, the referees, the experts with the knowledge needed to spot quotation errors, should be more involved in ensuring correct and fair use of references. Finally, this paper suggests that major misleading quotations, if pointed out by readers of the journal, should, as a rule, be corrected by way of an erratum statement.

title: The Qualitative Problem of Major Quotation Errors, as Illustrated by 10 Different Examples in the XXXX Literature.

answer: @entity0


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Soft tissue defects exposing the Achilles tendon are common in @entity0 who have undergone @entity2 or in those with pressure ulcers associated with @entity3 . The purpose of this article was to present our experience of 11 @entity0 who underwent reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the Achilles tendon using bipedicled fasciocutaneous flaps. Between August 2008 and August 2012, 11 @entity0 were admitted to our hospital, presenting with soft tissue defects overlying the Achilles tendon. After adequate debridement, the 11 @entity0 underwent bipedicled fasciocutaneous @entity4 placement to resurface the complex soft tissue defects and provide a gliding surface for the exposed Achilles tendon. The @entity0 ' age, comorbidity, etiology, defect size and location, wound culture, skin graft size, complications, surgery duration, and follow-up period were reviewed. The 11 fasciocutaneous bipedicled flaps survived completely, and the wounds healed satisfactorily at a mean follow-up period of 20.9 months (range, 6-48 months). Only 1 @entity4 was complicated with wound dehiscence and superficial @entity1 of its lateral edge, which healed conservatively. The donor sites were covered with split-thickness skin grafts and healed well without complications. The bipedicled fasciocutaneous @entity4 is a reliable @entity4 for coverage of defects overlying the Achilles tendon, especially in @entity0 with vascular problems and/or elderly @entity0 . The ease of handling, short operative time, and early recovery of mobilization function are of great benefit to @entity0 . Thus, the bipedicled fasciocutaneous @entity4 can be a valuable alternative for defect reconstructions overlying the Achilles tendon, with satisfactory results both functionally and cosmetically.

title: Bipedicled XXXX for the Reconstruction of Soft Tissue Defects of the Achilles Tendon.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Two series of @entity0 admitted to the hospital after a @entity2 were collected in two different periods (1985 and 1989) in a regional hospital with a 24-hour computed tomography (CT) service, but without a neurosurgical unit. In 1988, a regional protocol on the management of @entity0 with @entity2 (based on the presence of skull @entity1 in adults and on clinical parameters in @entity0 ) was adopted. There was a 21% reduction in hospital admission in adults, and the number of skull x-ray films performed in @entity0 decreased significantly (p < 0.01). A more liberal use of CT examinations in asymptomatic @entity0 with skull @entity1 produced an earlier identification of @entity0 with extradural @entity4 who were sent to neurosurgery before clinical deterioration with good results. Detection of cerebral contusions was clinically less important. Based on the availability of CT scanners in our area and on the results of our study, we have proposed new guidelines in management of @entity2 . The CT scans are obtained in @entity0 with a Glasgow @entity3 Scale score of 13 or less. Skull x-ray films are obtained in @entity0 older than 10 years with a Glasgow @entity3 Scale score of 14/15. If a @entity1 is found, the @entity0 is sent to the nearest regional center for CT examinations. @entity0 younger than 10 years are sent to a regional hospital with 24-hour CT availability for clinical observation or other indicated studies.

title: Diagnosis and management of XXXX : a regional multicenter approach in Italy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The hospital records of 78 @entity0 who underwent surgical therapy for @entity5 of the central nervous system (CNS) between 1964 and 1984 are summarized. Nine different fungal types were identified, but @entity10 and @entity8 accounted for most (67.1%) of the @entity3 . A variety of clinical syndromes were seen, including chronic @entity6 (45 @entity0 ), intracranial mass lesions (12 @entity0 ), and communicating @entity7 (six @entity0 ). Thirteen @entity0 had @entity5 , and two presented with spinal involvement. Delays in diagnosis were frequent and ranged from 2 months to 11 years. In 31 @entity0 the CNS lesion was the first indication of a @entity5 , and lesion biopsy or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination confirmed the diagnosis. A total of 144 surgical procedures were carried out, including lesion biopsy or excision in 13 @entity0 , primary CSF shunting in 22, and placement of an Ommaya reservoir for administration of intraventricular or intracisternal antifungal agents in 48. All @entity0 received parenteral and, in some cases, intrathecal or oral antifungal chemotherapy in addition to surgical therapy. Overall mortality was 43.6% (34 deaths). With prompt diagnosis and treatment, the mortality rate was 39% whereas, when appropriate treatment was delayed, the mortality rate was 64%. An additional 14 surviving @entity0 (17.9%) exhibited permanent morbidity due to @entity2 , @entity4 , or @entity1 following treatment with @entity9 . The combined mortality and morbidity rate was 62.8%. Clinical symptoms were resolved completely in 29 @entity0 , although in 10 evidence of disease persisted and chemotherapy was continued. @entity5 of the CNS are being recognized with increased frequency. It is suggested that a high index of suspicion, aggressive attempts to obtain a diagnosis, and early and vigorous therapy may reduce the unfortunate outcome seen in a relatively high proportion of @entity0 with CNS @entity5 .

title: Surgical treatment for XXXX in the central nervous system.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 associated with @entity3 ( @entity2 ) often leads @entity0 to seek and complete total knee arthroplasty (TKA). To date, few studies have evaluated the relation of functional impairment to the risk of TKA, despite the fact that @entity2 is associated with functional impairment. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose of our study was to (1) evaluate whether function as measured by WOMAC physical function subscale was associated with undergoing TKA; and (2) whether any such association varied by sex. METHODS: The National Institutes of Health-funded Multicenter @entity2 Study (MOST) is an observational cohort study of @entity0 aged 50 to 79  years with or at high risk of symptomatic knee @entity2 who were recruited from the community.  All eligible subjects with complete data were included in this analysis. Our study population sample consisted of 2946 @entity0 with 5796 knees; 1776 (60%) of @entity0 were @entity0 . We performed a repeated-measures analysis using baseline WOMAC physical function score to predict the risk of TKA from baseline to 30  months and WOMAC score at 30  months to predict risk of incident TKA from 30  months to 60  months. We used generalized estimating equations to account for the correlation between two knees within an individual and across the two periods. We calculated relative risk (RR) of TKA over 30  months by WOMAC function using a score of 0 to 5 as the referent in multiple binomial regressions with log link. RESULTS: Those with the greatest functional impairment (WOMAC scores 40-68; 62 TKAs in 462 knee periods) had 15.5 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.6-31.8; p  <  0.001) the risk of undergoing TKA over 30  months compared with the referent group (12 TKAs in 3604 knee periods), adjusting for basic covariates, and 5.9 times (95% CI, 2.8-12.5; p  <  0.001) the risk after further adjusting for knee @entity1 severity. At every level of functional limitation, the RR for TKA for @entity0 was higher than for @entity0 , but interaction with sex did not reach significance after adjustment for covariates including @entity1 (p  =  0.138). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline physical function appears to be an important element in @entity0 considering TKA. Future studies should examine whether interventions to improve function can reduce the need for TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, observational cohort study.

title: Functional Impairment Is a Risk Factor for Knee Replacement in the Multicenter XXXX Study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3 is evolving, but it is still a therapeutic challenge for pediatric oncologists. Polo-like kinases (PLKs) plays an important role in cell cycle events. They play a crucial role in cell proliferation which may lead to @entity2 formation. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of @entity4 and @entity5 proteins in @entity0 @entity3 tissues. DESIGN: Non-randomized, prospective study was performed in the Dr R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. @entity0 : This study included 74 primary enucleated @entity3 tissues. METHODS: Expression of @entity4 and @entity5 protein were assessed in primary enucleated @entity3 tissues by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expression of @entity4 and @entity5 protein were correlated with clinical and histopathological parameters, @entity2 staging and overall survival of @entity0 . RESULTS: Immunohistochemical results revealed expression of @entity4 in 47/74 (63.51%) cases and @entity5 in 31/74 (41.89%) cases. Western blotting confirmed the immunoreactivity results. Expression of @entity4 showed correlation with poor differentiation and @entity2 invasion. In addition, @entity4 was statistically significant with massive @entity1 , whereas @entity5 did not correlate with any of the clinical or histopathological parameters. There was no statistical correlation in the overall survival of @entity0 with @entity4 and @entity5 expression. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 expression was associated with poor @entity2 differentiation and histopathological high-risk factors. These proteins may be involved in tumorigenesis and progression of disease. These results suggest that @entity4 may act as a potential therapeutic target and a promising marker for developing potent small molecule inhibitors of PLK isoforms in @entity3 .

title: Prognostic significance of polo-like kinases in XXXX : correlation with @entity0 outcome, clinical and histopathological parameters.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3 is evolving, but it is still a therapeutic challenge for pediatric oncologists. Polo-like kinases (PLKs) plays an important role in cell cycle events. They play a crucial role in cell proliferation which may lead to @entity2 formation. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of @entity4 and @entity5 proteins in @entity0 @entity3 tissues. DESIGN: Non-randomized, prospective study was performed in the Dr R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. @entity0 : This study included 74 primary enucleated @entity3 tissues. METHODS: Expression of @entity4 and @entity5 protein were assessed in primary enucleated @entity3 tissues by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expression of @entity4 and @entity5 protein were correlated with clinical and histopathological parameters, @entity2 staging and overall survival of @entity0 . RESULTS: Immunohistochemical results revealed expression of @entity4 in 47/74 (63.51%) cases and @entity5 in 31/74 (41.89%) cases. Western blotting confirmed the immunoreactivity results. Expression of @entity4 showed correlation with poor differentiation and @entity2 invasion. In addition, @entity4 was statistically significant with massive @entity1 , whereas @entity5 did not correlate with any of the clinical or histopathological parameters. There was no statistical correlation in the overall survival of @entity0 with @entity4 and @entity5 expression. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 expression was associated with poor @entity2 differentiation and histopathological high-risk factors. These proteins may be involved in tumorigenesis and progression of disease. These results suggest that @entity4 may act as a potential therapeutic target and a promising marker for developing potent small molecule inhibitors of PLK isoforms in @entity3 .

title: Prognostic significance of polo-like kinases in @entity3 : correlation with XXXX outcome, clinical and histopathological parameters.

answer: @entity0


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Abnormalities in GABAergic interneurons, particularly fast-spiking interneurons (FSINs) that generate gamma (y;    30-120  Hz) oscillations, are hypothesized to disrupt prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent cognition in @entity2 . Although y rhythms are abnormal in @entity2 , it remains unclear whether they directly influence cognition. Mechanisms underlying @entity2 's typical post-adolescent onset  also remain elusive. We addressed these issues using @entity0 heterozygous for @entity5 , which regulate GABAergic interneuron development. In @entity5 (+/-) @entity0 , FSINs become abnormal following adolescence, coinciding with the onset of @entity1 and @entity3 . Inhibiting PFC interneurons in control @entity0 reproduced these deficits, whereas stimulating them at y-frequencies restored @entity1 in adult @entity4 /6(+/-) @entity0 . These pro-cognitive effects were frequency specific and persistent. These findings elucidate a mechanism whereby abnormal FSIN development may contribute to the post-adolescent onset of @entity2 endophenotypes. Furthermore, they demonstrate a causal, potentially therapeutic, role for PFC interneuron-driven y oscillations in cognitive domains at the core of @entity2 . VIDEO ABSTRACT.

title: Gamma Rhythms Link Prefrontal Interneuron Dysfunction with Cognitive Inflexibility in XXXX /6(+/-) @entity0 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Abnormalities in GABAergic interneurons, particularly fast-spiking interneurons (FSINs) that generate gamma (y;    30-120  Hz) oscillations, are hypothesized to disrupt prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent cognition in @entity2 . Although y rhythms are abnormal in @entity2 , it remains unclear whether they directly influence cognition. Mechanisms underlying @entity2 's typical post-adolescent onset  also remain elusive. We addressed these issues using @entity0 heterozygous for @entity5 , which regulate GABAergic interneuron development. In @entity5 (+/-) @entity0 , FSINs become abnormal following adolescence, coinciding with the onset of @entity1 and @entity3 . Inhibiting PFC interneurons in control @entity0 reproduced these deficits, whereas stimulating them at y-frequencies restored @entity1 in adult @entity4 /6(+/-) @entity0 . These pro-cognitive effects were frequency specific and persistent. These findings elucidate a mechanism whereby abnormal FSIN development may contribute to the post-adolescent onset of @entity2 endophenotypes. Furthermore, they demonstrate a causal, potentially therapeutic, role for PFC interneuron-driven y oscillations in cognitive domains at the core of @entity2 . VIDEO ABSTRACT.

title: Gamma Rhythms Link Prefrontal Interneuron Dysfunction with Cognitive Inflexibility in @entity4 /6(+/-) XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity2 evokes the release of @entity5 from perfused cat adrenal glands in a concentration-dependent manner, the median effective concentration for @entity2 being 5 microM. Two 2 min pulses of 5 microM- @entity2 , 40 min apart (S1 and S2) gave net @entity6 outputs of 7.64 and 3.55 micrograms/8 min, respectively. The ratio S2/S1 in control glands was 0.5. Increasing concentrations of @entity8 (1-10 microM) markedly inhibited @entity6 release during the second @entity2 pulse (S2). At 1 microM- @entity8 , the release during S2 was significantly reduced to 16% of S1; with 10 microM- @entity8 , the secretory response was reduced further to only 3% of S1, the ratio S2/S1 being 0.03. The presence of @entity4 , @entity7 or @entity10 (each 0.5 microM) during S2, completely reversed the inhibition of @entity6 release produced by @entity8 . @entity4 itself increased the nicotinic secretory response during S2; so, while the ratio S2/S1 was 0.5 in control conditions, this ratio increased significantly to 0.95 if @entity4 (0.5 microM) was present during S2, suggesting that the presence of this dopaminergic antagonist removed a negative feed-back mechanism that inhibits @entity2 -evoked @entity6 release. If present during S2, @entity0 (1 microM) also markedly inhibited @entity6 release evoked by @entity2 ; this inhibition was again reversed by 0.5 microM- @entity4 . Neither the opiate antagonist @entity3 nor the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent @entity9 (at concentrations of 0.5-5 microM) affected the inhibition by @entity8 of the secretory response to @entity2 . These data strongly suggest that the cat adrenal medulla chromaffin cell membrane contains a dopaminergic receptor which modulates the @entity6 secretory process triggered by stimulation of the nicotinic cholinoceptor. The fact that @entity0 is released in measurable amounts, together with adrenaline and @entity1 , from perfused cat adrenal glands in response to nicotinic stimulation (V. Ce  a, unpublished results), favours a role for this dopaminergic receptor in modulating @entity6 release from the chromaffin cell.

title: A dopaminergic receptor modulates XXXX release from the cat adrenal gland.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the relations between established cardiovascular risk factors and total @entity7 (tHcy) in plasma. DESIGN: Health examination survey by the Norwegian Health Screening Service in 1992 and 1993. SETTING: General community, Hordaland County of Western Norway. @entity0 : A total of 7591 @entity0 and 8585 @entity0 , 40 to 67 years of age, with no history of @entity4 , @entity1 , @entity6 , or @entity3 were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Plasma tHcy level. RESULTS: The level of plasma tHcy was higher in @entity0 than in @entity0 and increased with age. In subjects 40 to 42 years old, geometric means were 10.8 mumol/L for 5918 @entity0 and 9.1 mumol/L for 6348 @entity0 . At age 65 to 67 years, the corresponding tHcy values were 12.3 mumol/L (1386 @entity0 ) and 11.0 mumol/L (1932 @entity0 ). Plasma tHcy level increased markedly with the daily number of cigarettes smoked in all age groups. Its relation to smoking was particularly strong in @entity0 . The combined effect of age, sex, and smoking was striking. Heavy-smoking @entity0 aged 65 to 67 years had a mean tHcy level 4.8 mumol/L higher than never-smoking @entity0 aged 40 to 42 years. Plasma tHcy level also was positively related to total @entity5 level, blood pressure, and heart rate and inversely related to physical activity. The relations were not substantially changed by multivariate adjustment, including intake of vitamin supplements, fruits, and vegetables. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated plasma tHcy level was associated with major components of the cardiovascular risk profile, ie, male sex, old age, smoking, high blood pressure, elevated @entity5 level, and lack of exercise. These findings should influence future studies on the etiology and pathogenesis of @entity2 .

title: Total plasma XXXX and cardiovascular risk profile. The Hordaland @entity7 Study.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the relations between established cardiovascular risk factors and total @entity7 (tHcy) in plasma. DESIGN: Health examination survey by the Norwegian Health Screening Service in 1992 and 1993. SETTING: General community, Hordaland County of Western Norway. @entity0 : A total of 7591 @entity0 and 8585 @entity0 , 40 to 67 years of age, with no history of @entity4 , @entity1 , @entity6 , or @entity3 were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Plasma tHcy level. RESULTS: The level of plasma tHcy was higher in @entity0 than in @entity0 and increased with age. In subjects 40 to 42 years old, geometric means were 10.8 mumol/L for 5918 @entity0 and 9.1 mumol/L for 6348 @entity0 . At age 65 to 67 years, the corresponding tHcy values were 12.3 mumol/L (1386 @entity0 ) and 11.0 mumol/L (1932 @entity0 ). Plasma tHcy level increased markedly with the daily number of cigarettes smoked in all age groups. Its relation to smoking was particularly strong in @entity0 . The combined effect of age, sex, and smoking was striking. Heavy-smoking @entity0 aged 65 to 67 years had a mean tHcy level 4.8 mumol/L higher than never-smoking @entity0 aged 40 to 42 years. Plasma tHcy level also was positively related to total @entity5 level, blood pressure, and heart rate and inversely related to physical activity. The relations were not substantially changed by multivariate adjustment, including intake of vitamin supplements, fruits, and vegetables. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated plasma tHcy level was associated with major components of the cardiovascular risk profile, ie, male sex, old age, smoking, high blood pressure, elevated @entity5 level, and lack of exercise. These findings should influence future studies on the etiology and pathogenesis of @entity2 .

title: Total plasma @entity7 and cardiovascular risk profile. The Hordaland XXXX Study.

answer: @entity7


abstract: PURPOSE: Surgical excision is the definitive treatment for localized recurrence of @entity2 . Reoperation for recurrence, however, is challenging and associated with increased operative times and complication rates. For safe and effective reoperation, ultrasound-guided charcoal tattooing localization can be used. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and safety of the ultrasound-guided charcoal tattooing localization. METHODS: Between November 2012 and August 2013, ten @entity0 underwent preoperative charcoal tattooing localization for twelve recurrent lesions. @entity0 demographics, pathologic features, and operation results were reviewed. RESULTS: The technical success rate of charcoal tattooing was 100%. Eight @entity0 had one recurrent lesion, and two @entity0 had double lesions. Among these 12 recurrent lesions, three (25%) were found in level II, four (33%) in level IV, four (33%) in level VI, and one (8%) was found in the thyroidectomy bed site. The mean size of lesions was 0.87    0.35 cm. Of these 10 @entity0 , eight @entity0 underwent selective lymph node dissection, one @entity0 underwent modified radical neck dissection, and one @entity0 underwent recurrent mass excision. Transient @entity4 developed in one @entity0 , and no recurrent @entity3 occurred. There were no major complications related to the injection of the charcoal. The mean follow-up period after reoperation was 8.6    2.7 months; in the follow-up ultrasound, there were no remnant lesions in all @entity0 . CONCLUSION: Preoperative ultrasound-guided charcoal tattooing localization for recurrent @entity1 appears to be a feasible and safe procedure for reoperation. Further evaluation is warranted in larger @entity0 ' cohorts.

title: Role of charcoal tattooing in localization of recurred XXXX : initial experiences.

answer: @entity2