abstract: BACKGROUND: Abnormal immune function is often an underlying component of illness pathophysiology and symptom presentation. Functional and phenotypic immune-related alterations may play a role in the obscure pathomechanism of @entity11 / @entity11 (CFS/ME). The objective of this study was to investigate the functional ability of innate and adaptive immune cells in moderate and severe CFS/ME @entity0 . The 1994 Fukuda criteria for CFS/ME were used to define CFS/ME @entity0 . CFS/ME @entity0 were grouped based on illness severity with 15 moderately affected (moderate) and 12 severely affected (severe) CFS/ME @entity0 who were age and sex matched with 18 healthy controls. Flow cytometric protocols were used for immunological analysis of dendritic cells, monocytes and neutrophil function as well as measures of lytic proteins and T, natural killer (NK) and B cell receptors. RESULTS: CFS/ME @entity0 exhibited alterations in NK receptors and adhesion markers and receptors on @entity1 (+)T and @entity2 (+)T cells. Moderate CFS/ME @entity0 had increased @entity2 (+) CD45RA effector memory T cells, @entity3 expression on NK cells, @entity13 (+) on @entity1 (+)T cells and BTLA4(+) on @entity1 (+)T central memory cells. Moderate CFS/ME @entity0 also had reduced @entity2 (+)T central memory @entity5 , total @entity2 (+)T @entity12 , na  ve @entity1 (+)T @entity12 and @entity7 (dim) @entity10 (-) NK cell @entity8 (+) and @entity5 (+) @entity8 (+). Severe CFS/ME @entity0 had increased @entity5 (+) @entity6 (-) in the @entity7 (dim) @entity10 (-) NK cell phenotype and reduced @entity9 in @entity7 (bright) @entity10 (dim) NK cells. CONCLUSIONS: This research accentuated the presence of @entity4 in CFS/ME and highlighted the importance of assessing functional parameters of both innate and adaptive immune systems in the illness.

title: Characterisation of cell functions and receptors in @entity11 / XXXX (CFS/ME).

answer: @entity11


abstract: BACKGROUND: Abnormal immune function is often an underlying component of illness pathophysiology and symptom presentation. Functional and phenotypic immune-related alterations may play a role in the obscure pathomechanism of @entity11 / @entity11 (CFS/ME). The objective of this study was to investigate the functional ability of innate and adaptive immune cells in moderate and severe CFS/ME @entity0 . The 1994 Fukuda criteria for CFS/ME were used to define CFS/ME @entity0 . CFS/ME @entity0 were grouped based on illness severity with 15 moderately affected (moderate) and 12 severely affected (severe) CFS/ME @entity0 who were age and sex matched with 18 healthy controls. Flow cytometric protocols were used for immunological analysis of dendritic cells, monocytes and neutrophil function as well as measures of lytic proteins and T, natural killer (NK) and B cell receptors. RESULTS: CFS/ME @entity0 exhibited alterations in NK receptors and adhesion markers and receptors on @entity1 (+)T and @entity2 (+)T cells. Moderate CFS/ME @entity0 had increased @entity2 (+) CD45RA effector memory T cells, @entity3 expression on NK cells, @entity13 (+) on @entity1 (+)T cells and BTLA4(+) on @entity1 (+)T central memory cells. Moderate CFS/ME @entity0 also had reduced @entity2 (+)T central memory @entity5 , total @entity2 (+)T @entity12 , na  ve @entity1 (+)T @entity12 and @entity7 (dim) @entity10 (-) NK cell @entity8 (+) and @entity5 (+) @entity8 (+). Severe CFS/ME @entity0 had increased @entity5 (+) @entity6 (-) in the @entity7 (dim) @entity10 (-) NK cell phenotype and reduced @entity9 in @entity7 (bright) @entity10 (dim) NK cells. CONCLUSIONS: This research accentuated the presence of @entity4 in CFS/ME and highlighted the importance of assessing functional parameters of both innate and adaptive immune systems in the illness.

title: Characterisation of cell functions and receptors in XXXX / @entity11 (CFS/ME).

answer: @entity11


abstract: In early @entity0 embryos the first cell-fate decision segregates two cell populations: the outer trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM). Cells are primarily directed to the ICM in two waves of asymmetric division at the 8-16-cell and 16-32-cell stage transition - the first and second waves, respectively. The ICM then diverges to become epiblast (EPI) which will generate the embryo/fetus and extra-embryonic @entity1 ( @entity1 ). Two recent studies have aimed to address the developmental origins of these lineages. Morris et al. (2010) found that first-wave-internalized cells mainly generate EPI, whereas later internalized cells provide @entity1 . This trend was not reflected in an independent study (Yamanaka et al., 2010). From direct comparison of both datasets, it becomes clear that the key difference lies in the proportions of cells internalized in the two waves, impacting greatly upon fate. When the majority of ICM is derived from only the first wave, both EPI and @entity1 must differentiate from the available cells and no pattern is observed. Frequently though, closer parity exists between cells dividing asymmetrically in the first and second waves, revealing the influence of developmental history upon fate. Thus, both datasets can largely be reconciled and rationalized by the different approaches taken.

title: Cell fate in the early XXXX embryo: sorting out the influence of developmental history on lineage choice.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nasal obstruction and @entity3 . The effect of postoperative nasal packing on sleep parameters was compared between @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and those with moderate/severe @entity2 . STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, nonrandomized controlled study. SETTING: Tertiary care center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: @entity0 were recruited among adult @entity0 with a history of snoring scheduled to undergo nasal surgery from November 2009 to February 2010. All subjects underwent polysomnogram (PSG) testing within 30 days prior to surgery. @entity0 underwent nasal surgery and received postoperative nasal packing, and a PSG was repeated on the first postoperative night with nasal packing in place. Outcome measures included a change in respiratory disturbance index (RDI), minimum @entity1 saturation, @entity1 desaturation index (ODI), and duration of snoring. RESULTS: Forty-nine @entity0 were included in the study. @entity0 were stratified into 2 groups: those with RDI >= 15 (n = 23) and those with RDI <15 (n = 26). Nasal packing was found to significantly increase RDI (5.2    4.0 vs 10.4    10.0; P = .0001), duration of snoring (86.5%    13.1% vs 79.3%    15.3%; P = .008), and ODI (7.6    7.1 vs 9.9    7.4; P = .001) in @entity0 with mild @entity2 but not in @entity0 with moderate/severe @entity2 . Mean minimum arterial @entity1 saturation was unchanged in both groups. CONCLUSION: Postoperative nasal packing aggravated measures of @entity2 in @entity0 with mild @entity2 but not in @entity0 with moderate/severe @entity2 .

title: Impact of nasal XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Similarity-based retrieval of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) from large clinical information systems provides physicians the evidence support in making diagnoses or referring examinations for the suspected cases. Clinical Terms in EHRs represent high-level conceptual information and the similarity measure established based on these terms reflects the chance of inter- @entity0 disease co-occurrence. The assumption that clinical terms are equally relevant to a disease is unrealistic, reducing the prediction accuracy. Here we propose a term weighting approach supported by PubMed search engine to address this issue. METHODS: We collected and studied 112 abdominal computed tomography imaging examination reports from four hospitals in Hong Kong. Clinical terms, which are the image findings related to @entity1 ( @entity1 ), were extracted from the reports. Through two systematic PubMed search methods, the generic and specific term weightings were established by estimating the conditional probabilities of clinical terms given @entity1 . Each report was characterized by an ontological feature vector and there were totally 6216 vector pairs. We optimized the modified direction cosine (mDC) with respect to a regularization constant embedded into the feature vector. Equal, generic and specific term weighting approaches were applied to measure the similarity of each pair and their performances for predicting inter- @entity0 co-occurrence of @entity1 diagnoses were compared by using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: The Areas under the curves (AUROCs) of similarity scores based on equal, generic and specific term weighting approaches were 0.735, 0.728 and 0.743 respectively (p   <   0.01). In comparison with equal term weighting, the performance was significantly improved by specific term weighting (p   <   0.01) but not by generic term weighting. The clinical terms " @entity2 ", "nodule of liver" and "equal density (isodense) lesion" were found the top three image findings associated with @entity1 in PubMed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the optimized similarity measure with specific term weighting to EHRs can improve significantly the accuracy for predicting the inter- @entity0 co-occurrence of diagnosis when compared with equal and generic term weighting approaches.

title: PubMed-supported clinical term weighting approach for improving inter- XXXX similarity measure in diagnosis prediction.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity3 ( @entity3 ) @entity0 with @entity2 at presentation are the minority. Prognosis for such @entity0 is poor, but there is disagreement about which treatment policy is best adopted. The aim of this study was to identify which groups of @entity0 are best offered radical treatment, examining factors of association, prognosis, and survival. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Regional @entity2 unit. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data were collected prospectively from @entity0 treated for @entity3 with N3 nodal disease between 1975 and 2005. The data collected included age, sex, @entity1 @entity4 stage, histological grade, treatment, and survival. Odds ratio was used to calculate whether each parameter was statistically significant. Tumor-specific and observed survival curves were also calculated. RESULTS: A total of 275 @entity0 had N3 disease. Multivariate analysis confirmed that advanced disease at the primary site (odds ratio = 4.6, P = .0261) mitigated against curative treatment. @entity1 -specific survival between curative and palliative treatment strategies suggests that aggressive treatment is associated with greatly improved survival (median survival = 1.45 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23-1.67 years; 5-year survival = 26.6%, CI = 17.14%-36.06%) compared with those treated palliatively (median survival = 3.18 months, CI = 3.06-3.30 months; no 5-year survivors; P < .0001). CONCLUSION: A major factor in determining treatment strategies for N3 disease @entity3 is the extent of disease at the primary site. These data suggest that aggressive treatment of the neck improves survival and should be considered in these @entity0 .

title: Extensive neck node metastases (N3) in XXXX : is radical treatment warranted?

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if a serum @entity4 ( @entity4 )-based discharge algorithm can be used to safely facilitate outpatient total thyroidectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review of consecutive total and completion thyroidectomies performed by the senior author from March 2008 to November 2009. SETTING: An academic tertiary care center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: At the authors' institution, @entity0 undergoing total or completion thyroidectomy are subject to a same-day discharge algorithm that incorporates postanesthesia care unit rapid @entity4 as the major discharge criterion. @entity0 with @entity4 >30 pg/mL are eligible for same-day discharge without supplementation, @entity0 with @entity4 between 20 and 30 pg/mL are eligible for discharge but receive @entity3 supplementation, and @entity0 with @entity4 <20 pg/mL are observed overnight (23 hours) with @entity3 and @entity5 supplementation. RESULTS: One hundred eighty @entity0 (mean age, 48.9 years; 83.3% female) underwent total (77.2%) or completion (22.7%) thyroidectomy with or without node dissection. Forty-two percent were performed with minimally invasive video-assisted (MIVA) technique. Seventy-six percent (137/180) of @entity0 had a @entity4 >20 pg/mL, meeting the @entity4 discharge criterion. Sixty-nine percent (95/137) of eligible @entity0 were discharged on the same day (53.1% of total). Ten percent of discharge-eligible @entity0 were admitted due to drain placement. Of the 95 @entity0 undergoing outpatient surgery, none were admitted, seen, or called for symptoms of @entity6 in the postoperative period. All 180 @entity0 were eucalcemic at postoperative day (POD) 7 and POD 30 office visits. No @entity0 were @entity2 at POD 30. No significant difference in @entity1 existed between completion versus total thyroidectomy (11.1% vs 22.2%, P = .28) or MIVA versus standard technique (P = .37). CONCLUSION: A @entity4 -based discharge algorithm can safely facilitate outpatient total or completion thyroidectomy, with minimal risk of clinically significant outpatient @entity6 .

title: PACU XXXX facilitates safe outpatient total thyroidectomy.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: To assess the added value of biopsy factors, like maximum @entity1 in a core ( @entity6 ), @entity1 ( @entity1 ), @entity5 ( @entity5 ), percentage of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and the @entity2 Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria in @entity0 who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) but eligible for @entity3 ( @entity3 ). METHODS: From January 2002 to December 2007, 750 consecutive subjects underwent RP. We identified 147 (19.07%) @entity0 who were eligible for @entity3 based on PRIAS criteria: clinical stage T1c or T2, PSA level of   10   ng   ml(-1), Gleason score    6, PSA-D of <0.2   ng   ml(-)(2) and one or two positive biopsy cores. We calculated the diagnostic accuracy of biopsy factors in determining pathological confirmed unfavorable disease. Decision curve analysis (DCA) were performed. RESULTS: Of all subjects, 95 @entity0 (66.43%) had favorable whereas 48 had (33.57%) unfavorable disease. On multivariate analyses, the inclusion of @entity6 , @entity1 , @entity5 and @entity1 significantly increased the accuracy of the base multivariate model in predicting unfavorable disease. The gain in predictive accuracy for @entity6 in a core, @entity1 , @entity5 and @entity1 ranged from 13 to 27%. The DCA shows that adding @entity6 , @entity1 , @entity5 and @entity1 resulted in a greater net benefit when the probability of ranges between 15 and 50%. The models can be applied at the cost of missing not more than 16.83% of unfavorable disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that the addition of these biopsy factors to PRIAS criteria has the potential to significantly increase the ability to detect unfavorable disease. @entity2 and @entity4 advance online publication, 2 June 2015; doi:10.1038/pcan.2015.26.

title: Performance of biopsy factors in predicting unfavorable disease in @entity0 eligible for XXXX according to the PRIAS criteria.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: To assess the added value of biopsy factors, like maximum @entity1 in a core ( @entity6 ), @entity1 ( @entity1 ), @entity5 ( @entity5 ), percentage of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and the @entity2 Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria in @entity0 who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) but eligible for @entity3 ( @entity3 ). METHODS: From January 2002 to December 2007, 750 consecutive subjects underwent RP. We identified 147 (19.07%) @entity0 who were eligible for @entity3 based on PRIAS criteria: clinical stage T1c or T2, PSA level of   10   ng   ml(-1), Gleason score    6, PSA-D of <0.2   ng   ml(-)(2) and one or two positive biopsy cores. We calculated the diagnostic accuracy of biopsy factors in determining pathological confirmed unfavorable disease. Decision curve analysis (DCA) were performed. RESULTS: Of all subjects, 95 @entity0 (66.43%) had favorable whereas 48 had (33.57%) unfavorable disease. On multivariate analyses, the inclusion of @entity6 , @entity1 , @entity5 and @entity1 significantly increased the accuracy of the base multivariate model in predicting unfavorable disease. The gain in predictive accuracy for @entity6 in a core, @entity1 , @entity5 and @entity1 ranged from 13 to 27%. The DCA shows that adding @entity6 , @entity1 , @entity5 and @entity1 resulted in a greater net benefit when the probability of ranges between 15 and 50%. The models can be applied at the cost of missing not more than 16.83% of unfavorable disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that the addition of these biopsy factors to PRIAS criteria has the potential to significantly increase the ability to detect unfavorable disease. @entity2 and @entity4 advance online publication, 2 June 2015; doi:10.1038/pcan.2015.26.

title: Performance of biopsy factors in predicting unfavorable disease in XXXX eligible for @entity3 according to the PRIAS criteria.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We previously reported loss of perineuronal net (PN) immunohistochemical staining around parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the hippocampus of @entity1 after an episode of @entity2 ( @entity2 ). We hypothesized that the loss of the PN could alter @entity5 susceptibility and that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were candidates for degradation of the PN following @entity2 . METHODS: The @entity6 chemoconvulsant @entity3 model was used to characterize the degradation of the aggrecan component of the PN in the hippocampus following @entity2 . Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) was used to degrade the PN in @entity0 . Onset, number, and duration of @entity7 ( @entity8 )-induced @entity5 were assessed. RESULTS: The loss of the PN in the hippocampus following @entity2 is at least partially related to degradation of the aggrecan PN component by MMP activity. Forty-eight hours after @entity2 , a neoepitope created by MMP cleavage of aggrecan was present and concentrated around parvalbumin-positive interneurons. The increase in aggrecan cleavage products was found at 48  h, 1  week, and 2  months after @entity2 , with different fragments predominating over time. We demonstrate ongoing aggrecan proteolysis and fragment accumulation in the hippocampus of adult control @entity1 , as well as in @entity2 -treated animals. Degradation of the PN alters the @entity5 response to @entity8 . ChABC treatment caused an increase in @entity5 following @entity8 administration, a delayed onset of Racine stage 4/5 @entity5 , and a decreased duration of Racine stage 4/5 @entity5 . SIGNIFICANCE: @entity2 increases MMP proteolysis of aggrecan, pointing to MMP activity as one mechanism of PN degradation post- @entity2 . There is accumulation of aggrecan fragments in adult @entity1 hippocampus of both control and @entity2 -exposed animals. @entity4 was associated with increased numbers of @entity5 ; it also, delayed and shortened the duration of Racine stage 4/5 @entity5 , suggesting a complex relationship between the PN and @entity5 susceptibility.

title: Perineuronal net degradation in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Low uptake of routinely recommended adult immunizations is a public health concern. Using data from the peer-reviewed literature, government disease-surveillance programs, and the @entity7 Census, we developed a customizable model to estimate @entity0 and economic burden caused by four major adult vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) in 2013 in the United States, and for each @entity7 state individually. To estimate the number of cases for each adult VPD for a given population, we multiplied age-specific incidence rates obtained from the literature by age-specific 2013 Census population data. We then multiplied the estimated number of cases for a given population by age-specific, estimated medical and indirect (non-medical) costs per case. Adult VPDs examined were: (1) @entity3 , (2) @entity2 (both invasive @entity1 ), (3) @entity5 ( @entity5 ), and (4) pertussis ( @entity6 ). Sensitivity analyses simulated the impact of various epidemiological scenarios on the total estimated economic burden. Estimated @entity7 annual cost for the four adult VPDs was  26.5 billion (B) among adults aged 50  years and older,  15.3B (58  %) of which was attributable to those 65 and older. Among adults 50 and older, @entity3 , @entity2 , @entity5 , and pertussis made up  16.0B (60  %),  5.1B (19  %),  5.0B (19  %), and  0.4B (2  %) of the cost, respectively. Among those 65 and older, they made up  8.3B (54  %),  3.8B (25  %),  3.0B (20  %), and 0.2B (1  %) of the cost, respectively. Most (80-85  %) pneumococcal costs stemmed from @entity4 ( @entity4 ). Cost attributable to adult VPD in the United States is substantial. Broadening adult immunization efforts beyond @entity3 only may help reduce the economic burden of adult VPD, and a pneumococcal vaccination effort, primarily focused on reducing @entity4 , may constitute a logical starting place. Sensitivity analyses revealed that a pandemic @entity3 season or change in size of the @entity7 elderly population could increase these costs dramatically.

title: Estimated XXXX and Economic Burden of Four Major Adult Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States, 2013.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) is a condition characterized by @entity6 resulting from the loss or @entity1 of musculoelastic fibers within the airway wall. Concomitant @entity5 is seen in most @entity0 with @entity6 , often leading to significant respiratory compromise due to @entity4 , increased dead space, and impaired secretion clearance. METHODS: We report a series of 12 @entity0 with @entity6 and @entity5 who were evaluated at our institution for significant respiratory problems. Stent trials were conducted in 10 @entity0 , with seven proceeding to operative tracheobronchoplasty (TBP) and one continuing with long-term stent placement. One @entity0 underwent TBP without prior stent placement. Of the remaining three @entity0 , two had no improvement with trials of stent placement, and a stent could not be placed in the third because of a large tracheal diameter. RESULTS: Compared with baseline values, clinically significant improvements in health-related quality-of-life measures and pulmonary function testing were seen in @entity0 who underwent central airway stabilization (n = 9). Complications of both stent placement and TBP were generally mild. However, one @entity2 was reported in the surgical group secondary to an exacerbation of preexisting @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: An aggressive approach that targets central airway stabilization may improve outcomes for @entity0 with @entity6 . TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00550602; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.

title: Airway stenting and tracheobronchoplasty improve respiratory symptoms in XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The benefits of chronic disease self-management programs for @entity1 survivors are uncertain because individuals with @entity2 have been excluded from previous research. We undertook a phase II randomized controlled trial to determine whether a self-management program designed for survivors (SSMP; 8 weeks) was safe and feasible compared to standard care (control) or a generic self-management program (generic; 6 weeks). METHODS: @entity1 survivors were recruited from 7 South Australian hospitals via a letter or indirectly (eg, newspapers). Eligible @entity0 were randomized at a 1:1:1 ratio of 50 per group. Primary outcomes were recruitment, participation, and @entity0 safety. Secondary outcomes were positive and active engagement in life using the Health Education Impact Questionnaire and characteristics of quality of life and mood at 6 months from program completion. RESULTS: Of 315 @entity0 screened, 149 were eligible and 143 were randomized (48 SSMP, 47 generic, 48 control); mean age was 69 years (SD, 11) and 59% were female. Demographic features were similar between groups and 41% had severe @entity2 ; 57% accessed the interventions, with 52% SSMP and 38% generic completing >50% of sessions (P=0.18). Thirty-two @entity0 reported adverse events (7 control, 12 generic, 13 SSMP; P=0.3; 34% severe); however, none was attributable to the interventions. Potential benefits for improved mood were found. CONCLUSIONS: SSMP was safe and feasible. Benefits of the @entity1 -specific program over the generic program included greater participation and completion rates. An efficacy trial is warranted given the forecast growth in the @entity1 population and improved survival trends.

title: A phase II multicentered, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial of the XXXX self-management program.

answer: @entity1


abstract: These studies were done to characterize the rate of uptake of high (HDL) and low (LDL) density lipoprotein @entity2 by the adrenal gland of the @entity1 under in vivo conditions. Animals were pretreated for 4 days with @entity4 to essentially eliminate endogenous plasma lipoproteins and with @entity3 for 1 h to block conversion of @entity2 to adrenal hormones. Such animals were then infused with varying amounts of HDL and LDL from both @entity0 and @entity1 plasma, and this led to rapid accumulation of @entity2 , both free and esterified, in the adrenal glands over the subsequent 4-h period of observation. This uptake process was linear with respect to time and manifested saturation kinetics with respect to the steady state level of plasma lipoprotein @entity2 . When @entity0 lipoproteins were infused, the maximal rate of @entity2 uptake was approximately 0.45 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h for both HDL and LDL; however, the half-maximal rate of uptake (Km) was achieved at a plasma HDL @entity2 concentration of only 12 mg/dl while a concentration of 61 mg/dl was required to achieve the same velocity with LDL. When similar experiments were carried out with @entity1 HDL, the Km equaled 7.2 mg/dl and a maximal rate of uptake of 0.32 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h was achieved. It was not possible to obtain complete kinetic curves using @entity1 LDL, but at physiological plasma concentrations, there was no difference in the rate of @entity2 uptake from LDL of @entity1 or @entity0 origin. When large amounts of both HDL (5.8 times Km) and LDL (3.1 times Km) were infused into the same animals, the rate of @entity2 uptake essentially equaled the sum of the maximal transport rates for the two lipoproteins. These data provide additional support for the concept that the adrenal gland (and ovary) of the @entity1 can take up HDL and LDL @entity2 by separate mechanisms. However, from the quantitative data on the kinetics of these uptake processes, it is apparent that in this species HDL @entity2 must be the major substrate for the synthesis of adrenal hormones.

title: Kinetic parameters of the lipoprotein transport systems in the adrenal gland of the XXXX determined in vivo. Comparison of low and high density lipoproteins of @entity0 and @entity1 origin.

answer: @entity1


abstract: These studies were done to characterize the rate of uptake of high (HDL) and low (LDL) density lipoprotein @entity2 by the adrenal gland of the @entity1 under in vivo conditions. Animals were pretreated for 4 days with @entity4 to essentially eliminate endogenous plasma lipoproteins and with @entity3 for 1 h to block conversion of @entity2 to adrenal hormones. Such animals were then infused with varying amounts of HDL and LDL from both @entity0 and @entity1 plasma, and this led to rapid accumulation of @entity2 , both free and esterified, in the adrenal glands over the subsequent 4-h period of observation. This uptake process was linear with respect to time and manifested saturation kinetics with respect to the steady state level of plasma lipoprotein @entity2 . When @entity0 lipoproteins were infused, the maximal rate of @entity2 uptake was approximately 0.45 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h for both HDL and LDL; however, the half-maximal rate of uptake (Km) was achieved at a plasma HDL @entity2 concentration of only 12 mg/dl while a concentration of 61 mg/dl was required to achieve the same velocity with LDL. When similar experiments were carried out with @entity1 HDL, the Km equaled 7.2 mg/dl and a maximal rate of uptake of 0.32 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h was achieved. It was not possible to obtain complete kinetic curves using @entity1 LDL, but at physiological plasma concentrations, there was no difference in the rate of @entity2 uptake from LDL of @entity1 or @entity0 origin. When large amounts of both HDL (5.8 times Km) and LDL (3.1 times Km) were infused into the same animals, the rate of @entity2 uptake essentially equaled the sum of the maximal transport rates for the two lipoproteins. These data provide additional support for the concept that the adrenal gland (and ovary) of the @entity1 can take up HDL and LDL @entity2 by separate mechanisms. However, from the quantitative data on the kinetics of these uptake processes, it is apparent that in this species HDL @entity2 must be the major substrate for the synthesis of adrenal hormones.

title: Kinetic parameters of the lipoprotein transport systems in the adrenal gland of the @entity1 determined in vivo. Comparison of low and high density lipoproteins of @entity0 and XXXX origin.

answer: @entity1


abstract: These studies were done to characterize the rate of uptake of high (HDL) and low (LDL) density lipoprotein @entity2 by the adrenal gland of the @entity1 under in vivo conditions. Animals were pretreated for 4 days with @entity4 to essentially eliminate endogenous plasma lipoproteins and with @entity3 for 1 h to block conversion of @entity2 to adrenal hormones. Such animals were then infused with varying amounts of HDL and LDL from both @entity0 and @entity1 plasma, and this led to rapid accumulation of @entity2 , both free and esterified, in the adrenal glands over the subsequent 4-h period of observation. This uptake process was linear with respect to time and manifested saturation kinetics with respect to the steady state level of plasma lipoprotein @entity2 . When @entity0 lipoproteins were infused, the maximal rate of @entity2 uptake was approximately 0.45 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h for both HDL and LDL; however, the half-maximal rate of uptake (Km) was achieved at a plasma HDL @entity2 concentration of only 12 mg/dl while a concentration of 61 mg/dl was required to achieve the same velocity with LDL. When similar experiments were carried out with @entity1 HDL, the Km equaled 7.2 mg/dl and a maximal rate of uptake of 0.32 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h was achieved. It was not possible to obtain complete kinetic curves using @entity1 LDL, but at physiological plasma concentrations, there was no difference in the rate of @entity2 uptake from LDL of @entity1 or @entity0 origin. When large amounts of both HDL (5.8 times Km) and LDL (3.1 times Km) were infused into the same animals, the rate of @entity2 uptake essentially equaled the sum of the maximal transport rates for the two lipoproteins. These data provide additional support for the concept that the adrenal gland (and ovary) of the @entity1 can take up HDL and LDL @entity2 by separate mechanisms. However, from the quantitative data on the kinetics of these uptake processes, it is apparent that in this species HDL @entity2 must be the major substrate for the synthesis of adrenal hormones.

title: Kinetic parameters of the lipoprotein transport systems in the adrenal gland of the @entity1 determined in vivo. Comparison of low and high density lipoproteins of XXXX and @entity1 origin.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Clinical and cytogenetic studied were done on 12 @entity0 with @entity2 . The ages of the @entity0 ranged from 17 to 58 years (median, 24.5 years). Males predominated by a ration of 5:1. Ten of the 12 @entity0 had a mediastinal mass at diagnosis; two thirds of the @entity0 had involvement of the bone marrow (3 of 12 @entity0 initially were in a leukemic phase), and 5 of 12 @entity0 had involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) with @entity1 . In all @entity0 , the malignant cells were characterized by nuclear convolutions. Cytogenetic studies done on four @entity0 showed @entity4 in two cases. Six of the 12 @entity0 were treated with the combination chemotherapy regimen @entity5 and received CNS prophylaxis; their survival was slightly longer than that of the other @entity0 , who were treated with a variety of treatment regimens. Two of the 12 @entity0 achieved a complete remission. The median survival of all @entity0 was 11.5 months but was shorter in @entity0 with initial CNS involvement or @entity3 . The poor results achieved thus far in the treatment of this disease demand a new therapeutic approach.

title: XXXX in adults.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1 has been associated with lower initiation of breastfeeding, but reasons for why this association exists have not been well studied. In this study, we examined associations among prepregnancy @entity1 , psychological factors during pregnancy, and breastfeeding initiation. METHODS: Data came from the postpartum component of the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition study, a prospective cohort study. Pregnant @entity0 were recruited from the University of North Carolina hospitals between January 2001 and June 2005. This analysis used data from 688 @entity0 followed from pregnancy to 3 months postpartum. Multivariable binomial regression was used to determine the association between having a body mass index (BMI) >26   kg/m(2) before pregnancy and breastfeeding initiation. We tested for mediation of the association between pregravid BMI and breastfeeding initiation by certain psychological factors during pregnancy ( @entity3 symptoms, perceived stress, @entity2 , and self-esteem). RESULTS: @entity0 who began pregnancy overweight or @entity1 (BMI >26   kg/m(2)) had almost four times the risk of not initiating breastfeeding compared with underweight or normal weight @entity0 (BMI  <=26   kg/m(2)) (risk ratio   =   3.94 [95% confidence interval 2.17, 7.18]) after adjusting for race, poverty level, education level, and marital status. @entity3 , perceived stress, @entity2 , and self-esteem levels during pregnancy were not found to mediate the association between pregravid BMI and breastfeeding initiation. CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 who started pregnancy either overweight or @entity1 were more likely to not initiate breastfeeding. Contrary to expectations, pregnancy-related psychological factors did not influence this relationship.

title: XXXX , psychological factors, and breastfeeding initiation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: AIMS: The study aimed to evaluate a cardiovascular health promotion programme, using an empowerment model, provided to low-income midlife @entity0 in South Korea. BACKGROUND: @entity1 is the leading cause of @entity5 among Korean @entity0 , constituting 29% of all @entity5 among @entity0 in South Korea. DESIGN: A pre- and post-test experimental study design was used. The programme, which included two hours of lecture-based health education and one hour of small group discussion, was provided each week for six weeks. Telephone counselling was also provided. The topic of education included @entity2 and @entity1 , smoking and alcohol consumption, diet, exercise, stress management and compliance with medication instructions. METHODS: Forty midlife @entity0 who had at least two @entity1 risk factors participated in the study. Biological (blood pressure, blood @entity8 , total @entity3 , @entity7 , high-density lipoprotein @entity3 and low-density lipoprotein @entity3 ) and health behaviour risk factors (smoking, exercise, @entity4 consumption and diet) and psychosocial variables (knowledge, self-efficacy, @entity6 and health-related quality of life) were measured for programme evaluation. RESULTS: Most of the risk factors were reduced, including blood pressure, total @entity3 , blood @entity8 and total @entity3 /high-density lipoprotein @entity3 ratio (p < 0.05), while knowledge, self-efficacy and health-related quality of life were improved (p < 0.05). Changes related to smoking and exercise behaviour were not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The programme was effective in decreasing biological risks and improving health-related quality of life, whereas it was ineffective in modifying unhealthy behaviour. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Low-income @entity0 are a disenfranchised group and have relatively higher rates of health problems and unhealthy lifestyles. Provision of empowerment programmes targeting these @entity0 may increase their sense of control and reduce powerlessness.

title: Evaluation of a cardiovascular health promotion programme offered to low-income XXXX in Korea.

answer: @entity0


abstract: AIMS: Stem cell therapy is a treatment strategy for @entity4 @entity0 . Meta-analysis of randomized @entity0 trials showed <5% improvement in @entity7 ( @entity7 ). Meta-analysis of available pre-clinical data of @entity4 could provide important clues to design @entity0 clinical trials. METHODS AND RESULTS: Random-effects meta-analysis was performed on @entity9 , @entity2 , or @entity6 studies investigating the effect of cardiac stem cell therapy in @entity3 (52 studies; n = 888 animals). Endpoints were @entity7 and @entity1 . Ischaemia/reperfusion @entity8 was performed in 23 studies and @entity5 in 29 studies. Pooled analysis showed a @entity7 difference of 7.5% at follow-up after cell therapy vs. control (95% confidence interval, 6.2-8.9%; P < 0.001). By exploratory multivariable meta-regression, significant predictors of @entity7 improvement were: cell type [bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) showed less effect than other cell types, e.g. mesenchymal stem cells; P = 0.040] and type of @entity8 (left anterior descending artery 8.0 vs. left circumflex artery 5.8%; P = 0.045). Cell therapy was not associated with increased mortality (P = 0.68). Sensitivity analysis showed trends towards more improvement with higher cell number (>= 10(7)), @entity5 models, and late injections (>1 week). After follow-up of 8 weeks, the effect of cell therapy decreased to 6%. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis showed that large animal models are valid to predict the outcome of clinical trials. Our results showed that cell therapy is safe and leads to a preserved @entity7 . Future trials should focus on cell types other than BM-MNC, large @entity8 , and strategies to obtain sustained effects.

title: @entity0 relevance of pre-clinical studies in stem cell therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large animal models of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: AIMS: Stem cell therapy is a treatment strategy for @entity4 @entity0 . Meta-analysis of randomized @entity0 trials showed <5% improvement in @entity7 ( @entity7 ). Meta-analysis of available pre-clinical data of @entity4 could provide important clues to design @entity0 clinical trials. METHODS AND RESULTS: Random-effects meta-analysis was performed on @entity9 , @entity2 , or @entity6 studies investigating the effect of cardiac stem cell therapy in @entity3 (52 studies; n = 888 animals). Endpoints were @entity7 and @entity1 . Ischaemia/reperfusion @entity8 was performed in 23 studies and @entity5 in 29 studies. Pooled analysis showed a @entity7 difference of 7.5% at follow-up after cell therapy vs. control (95% confidence interval, 6.2-8.9%; P < 0.001). By exploratory multivariable meta-regression, significant predictors of @entity7 improvement were: cell type [bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) showed less effect than other cell types, e.g. mesenchymal stem cells; P = 0.040] and type of @entity8 (left anterior descending artery 8.0 vs. left circumflex artery 5.8%; P = 0.045). Cell therapy was not associated with increased mortality (P = 0.68). Sensitivity analysis showed trends towards more improvement with higher cell number (>= 10(7)), @entity5 models, and late injections (>1 week). After follow-up of 8 weeks, the effect of cell therapy decreased to 6%. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis showed that large animal models are valid to predict the outcome of clinical trials. Our results showed that cell therapy is safe and leads to a preserved @entity7 . Future trials should focus on cell types other than BM-MNC, large @entity8 , and strategies to obtain sustained effects.

title: XXXX relevance of pre-clinical studies in stem cell therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large animal models of @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of treating @entity2 , secondary to noninfectious @entity4 , with a humanized anti- @entity3 antibody. METHODS: Six @entity0 received weekly subcutaneous treatments for 16 weeks according to this open-label, prospective, noncomparative phase I/II trial. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and @entity1 ( @entity1 ) were compared to baseline. Adverse events were recorded and assessed. Blood was sampled to assess the levels of @entity5 (bright) regulatory NK cells before initiation and after termination of the study. RESULTS: No serious adverse events were reported by the @entity0 . @entity0 ' ages ranged from 22 to 82 years. Mean BCVA improvements were 6.7    6.9 ETDRS letters in the worse eye and 1.7    5.2 letters in the better eye. Mean @entity1 reductions were 128    105  m in the worse eye and 57    68  m in the better eye. Anti- @entity3 antibody treatments resulted in an increase in the @entity5 (bright) regulatory NK cell population in the peripheral blood of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Anti- @entity3 treatment improved visual function, reduced macular thickness, and increased the level of @entity5 (bright) regulatory NK cells in @entity0 with uveitic @entity2 refractory to other immunosuppressive medications. Targeting @entity3 may be beneficial in treating other causes of @entity2 .

title: Treatment of inflammatory XXXX with humanized anti- @entity3 antibody therapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of treating @entity2 , secondary to noninfectious @entity4 , with a humanized anti- @entity3 antibody. METHODS: Six @entity0 received weekly subcutaneous treatments for 16 weeks according to this open-label, prospective, noncomparative phase I/II trial. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and @entity1 ( @entity1 ) were compared to baseline. Adverse events were recorded and assessed. Blood was sampled to assess the levels of @entity5 (bright) regulatory NK cells before initiation and after termination of the study. RESULTS: No serious adverse events were reported by the @entity0 . @entity0 ' ages ranged from 22 to 82 years. Mean BCVA improvements were 6.7    6.9 ETDRS letters in the worse eye and 1.7    5.2 letters in the better eye. Mean @entity1 reductions were 128    105  m in the worse eye and 57    68  m in the better eye. Anti- @entity3 antibody treatments resulted in an increase in the @entity5 (bright) regulatory NK cell population in the peripheral blood of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Anti- @entity3 treatment improved visual function, reduced macular thickness, and increased the level of @entity5 (bright) regulatory NK cells in @entity0 with uveitic @entity2 refractory to other immunosuppressive medications. Targeting @entity3 may be beneficial in treating other causes of @entity2 .

title: Treatment of inflammatory @entity2 with humanized anti- XXXX antibody therapy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency and risk of @entity4 in @entity1 against normal @entity5 -tolerant subjects attending @entity1 screening camps in an urban centre. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was carried out at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from January to August, 2008, and comprised subjects recruited through @entity1 screening camps. They were >30 years of age, without prior history of @entity1 and were screened through fasting plasma @entity5 and 2-hour oral @entity5 tolerance test. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical measurements were done. Frequency of different components and their constellation as @entity4 were determined according to the Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria. Relative risk was estimated to find the risk of @entity4 in @entity1 versus normal @entity5 -tolerant subjects. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 80 subjects; 40(50%) normal @entity5 -tolerant in Group A and 40(50%) @entity1 in Group B. In Group A, there were 25(62.5%) @entity0 and 15(37.5%) @entity0 , while Group B had 22(55%) @entity0 and 18(45%) @entity0 . The mean age in Group A was 38.08  5.35 years, while in Group B it was 39.09  6.12 years. The frequency of various cardiovascular risk factors was higher in @entity1 (p< 0.05). @entity6 was the most prevalent risk factor (85%, CI: 75.74-96.06), followed by low levels of high density lipoprotein (82.5%, CI: 72.64-94.27), raised @entity7 (67.5%, CI: 55.35-82.01), @entity3 (57.5%, CI: 44.68-72.82), and fasting plasma @entity5 >100mg/dl (42.5%, CI: 29.68-57.82). @entity4 was found in 23(57.5%) in Group B compared to 9(22.5%) Group B, according to Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria. Calculated relative risk indicated that Group B was 1.9 times more prone to be suffering from @entity4 compared to Group A. CONCLUSIONS: Pre- @entity1 were more prone to developing @entity2 than normal @entity5 -tolerant subjects.

title: Frequency and risk of @entity4 in prediabetics versus normal XXXX tolerant subjects - a comparative study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency and risk of @entity4 in @entity1 against normal @entity5 -tolerant subjects attending @entity1 screening camps in an urban centre. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was carried out at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from January to August, 2008, and comprised subjects recruited through @entity1 screening camps. They were >30 years of age, without prior history of @entity1 and were screened through fasting plasma @entity5 and 2-hour oral @entity5 tolerance test. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical measurements were done. Frequency of different components and their constellation as @entity4 were determined according to the Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria. Relative risk was estimated to find the risk of @entity4 in @entity1 versus normal @entity5 -tolerant subjects. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 80 subjects; 40(50%) normal @entity5 -tolerant in Group A and 40(50%) @entity1 in Group B. In Group A, there were 25(62.5%) @entity0 and 15(37.5%) @entity0 , while Group B had 22(55%) @entity0 and 18(45%) @entity0 . The mean age in Group A was 38.08  5.35 years, while in Group B it was 39.09  6.12 years. The frequency of various cardiovascular risk factors was higher in @entity1 (p< 0.05). @entity6 was the most prevalent risk factor (85%, CI: 75.74-96.06), followed by low levels of high density lipoprotein (82.5%, CI: 72.64-94.27), raised @entity7 (67.5%, CI: 55.35-82.01), @entity3 (57.5%, CI: 44.68-72.82), and fasting plasma @entity5 >100mg/dl (42.5%, CI: 29.68-57.82). @entity4 was found in 23(57.5%) in Group B compared to 9(22.5%) Group B, according to Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria. Calculated relative risk indicated that Group B was 1.9 times more prone to be suffering from @entity4 compared to Group A. CONCLUSIONS: Pre- @entity1 were more prone to developing @entity2 than normal @entity5 -tolerant subjects.

title: Frequency and risk of XXXX in prediabetics versus normal @entity5 tolerant subjects - a comparative study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: This study describes the influence of 25% human serum albumin (HSA) supplementation on serum albumin level, total protein (TP), @entity3 ( @entity3 ), hospital stay, and survival in @entity1 with @entity2 . Records of 39 @entity1 with @entity2 were evaluated. In the HSA group, initial and post-transfusion TP, albumin, @entity3 , and HSA dose were recorded. In the non-supplemented group, repeated values of TP, albumin, and @entity3 were recorded over their hospitalization. Eighteen @entity1 survived (53.8% mortality). Repeat albumin values were higher in survivors (mean 23.9 g/L) and elevated repeat albumin values were associated with HSA supplementation. Repeat albumin and TP were higher in the HSA supplemented group (mean 24 g/L and 51.9 g/L, respectively) and their @entity3 increased by 5.8 mmHg. Length of hospitalization was not affected. Twenty-five percent HSA increases albumin, TP, and @entity3 in @entity1 @entity0 with @entity2 . Higher postoperative albumin levels are associated with survival.

title: A retrospective analysis of 25% human serum albumin supplementation in hypoalbuminemic @entity1 with XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: This study describes the influence of 25% human serum albumin (HSA) supplementation on serum albumin level, total protein (TP), @entity3 ( @entity3 ), hospital stay, and survival in @entity1 with @entity2 . Records of 39 @entity1 with @entity2 were evaluated. In the HSA group, initial and post-transfusion TP, albumin, @entity3 , and HSA dose were recorded. In the non-supplemented group, repeated values of TP, albumin, and @entity3 were recorded over their hospitalization. Eighteen @entity1 survived (53.8% mortality). Repeat albumin values were higher in survivors (mean 23.9 g/L) and elevated repeat albumin values were associated with HSA supplementation. Repeat albumin and TP were higher in the HSA supplemented group (mean 24 g/L and 51.9 g/L, respectively) and their @entity3 increased by 5.8 mmHg. Length of hospitalization was not affected. Twenty-five percent HSA increases albumin, TP, and @entity3 in @entity1 @entity0 with @entity2 . Higher postoperative albumin levels are associated with survival.

title: A retrospective analysis of 25% human serum albumin supplementation in hypoalbuminemic XXXX with @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 is a highly @entity3 that requires surgery, whole brain and spine irradiation, and intense chemotherapy for treatment. A more sophisticated understanding of the pathophysiology of @entity5 is needed to successfully reduce the intensity of treatment and improve outcomes. Nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkB) is a signaling pathway that controls transcriptional activation of genes important for tight regulation of many cellular processes and is aberrantly expressed in many types of @entity1 . METHODS: To test the importance of NFkB to @entity5 cell growth, the effects of multiple drugs that inhibit NFkB, @entity10 , @entity8 , @entity6 , @entity7 and @entity4 , were studied in @entity5 cell lines compared to a @entity2 cell line and normal neurons. Expression of endogenous NFkB was investigated in cultured cells, xenograft @entity1 , and primary @entity0 @entity1 samples. A dominant negative construct for the endogenous inhibitor of NFkB, IkB, was prepared from @entity5 cell lines and @entity1 were established to allow specific pathway inhibition. RESULTS: We report high constitutive activity of the canonical NFkB pathway, as seen by Western analysis of the NFkB subunit @entity9 , in @entity1 compared to normal brain. The @entity9 subunit of NFkB is extremely highly expressed in xenograft @entity1 from @entity0 @entity5 cell lines; though, conversely, the same cells in culture have minimal expression without specific stimulation. We demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of NFkB in cell lines halts proliferation and leads to apoptosis. We show by immunohistochemical stain that phosphorylated @entity9 is found in the majority of @entity1 cells examined. Finally, expression of a dominant negative form of the endogenous inhibitor of NFkB, dnIkB, resulted in poor xenograft @entity1 growth, with average @entity1 volumes 40% smaller than controls. CONCLUSIONS: These data collectively demonstrate that NFkB signaling is important for @entity5 @entity1 growth, and that inhibition can reduce @entity1 size and viability in vivo. We discuss the implications of NFkB signaling on the approach to managing @entity0 with @entity5 in order to improve clinical outcomes.

title: Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B signaling reduces growth in XXXX in vivo.

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: For many dental @entity0 , palatal injection proves to be a very traumatic experience. Diverse methods have been suggested to reduce the discomfort of palatal injection. Nevertheless, the reliability of these methods is not obviously evident and they are not found to be universally effective. The desirable method to evade @entity1 during palatal injection is just not to have one. Hence, the present study aims at investigating if @entity5 could provide @entity4 in maxilla when only a buccal infiltration anesthesia is done for teeth extraction. @entity0 AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty @entity0 requiring extraction of maxillary teeth were included in the study. @entity0 were randomly allotted to two groups, study and control. @entity0 in study group received a single buccal infiltration of 1.5  mL of @entity5 with @entity3 for extraction of maxillary teeth. @entity0 in control group received 1.5  mL of buccal and 0.3  mL of palatal infiltration of @entity5 with @entity3 for the extraction. After achieving adequate @entity4 the tooth was extracted with consistent technique. @entity1 level experienced by the @entity0 during injection procedure and during tooth extraction was rated in an 11-point @entity1 rating scale. Time taken to achieve @entity4 following a single buccal infiltration of anesthetic solution was evaluated by regular pin-prick evaluation of palatal tissues. RESULTS: The overall success rate of @entity4 achieved with a single buccal infiltration is 81.3  %. The success rate reduced as we proceed from anterior to posterior maxilla. Time taken to achieve successful @entity4 by single buccal infiltration is 7-9  min. CONCLUSION: The extraction of permanent @entity2 and premolars is possible by depositing local anesthesia to the buccal vestibule of the tooth without palatal supplementation. However, the extraction of permanent maxillary posterior teeth with similar technique would result in fewer success rates suggesting its avoidance.

title: Comparison of the effectiveness of XXXX in permanent maxillary teeth removal performed with single buccal infiltration versus routine buccal and palatal injection.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The effects of ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) stimulation on lateral hypothalamic (LH), lateral preoptic area ( @entity3 ). and medial hypothalamic neuronal activity were determined in anesthetized @entity0 . Recordings from 81 hypothalamic neurons indicate that stimulation produces predominantly decreases in hypothalamic neuron activity. Increase in activity due to VTA stimulation occurred less frequently. Following single rectangular pulse stimulation, 0.5 msec. 0-500 microA, short latency decreases in activity occurred. Longer latency increases in discharge frequency were also observed. Dose response relations were established for 56% of the LH neurons, 78% of the @entity3 neurons, and for 82% of the medial hypothalamic neurons following VTA stimulation. Decreases and in a few cases increases in activity seemed to involve only one or two synapses. Antidromic responses verified interconnections between the VTA and the hypothalamus and revealed relatively slow conduction velocities of 0.45 and 0.81 m/sec. The changes in discharge frequency which occurred following VTA stimulation were similar in direction to the effects of the direct microiontophoretic application of @entity1 (DA) or @entity2 (NE). Since DA increased or decreased while NE decreased discharge frequency, these microiontophoretic tests indicated that the shorter latency VTA stimulation induced increases in decreases in neural activity were associated with VTA dopaminergic neuron stimulation and that in some cases short and long latency decreases in neuronal activity were due to activation of VTA ventral bundle NE fibers of passage or to indirect polysynaptic mechanisms. Results demonstrate the interconnections between various regions of the hypothalamus and the VTA along the extent of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The cross-validation of neuroanatomical and various electrophysiological methods in establishing the nature of hypothalamic connections was discussed.

title: Effects of ventral tegmental area stimulation and microiontophoretic application of @entity1 and XXXX on hypothalamic neurons.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The effects of ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) stimulation on lateral hypothalamic (LH), lateral preoptic area ( @entity3 ). and medial hypothalamic neuronal activity were determined in anesthetized @entity0 . Recordings from 81 hypothalamic neurons indicate that stimulation produces predominantly decreases in hypothalamic neuron activity. Increase in activity due to VTA stimulation occurred less frequently. Following single rectangular pulse stimulation, 0.5 msec. 0-500 microA, short latency decreases in activity occurred. Longer latency increases in discharge frequency were also observed. Dose response relations were established for 56% of the LH neurons, 78% of the @entity3 neurons, and for 82% of the medial hypothalamic neurons following VTA stimulation. Decreases and in a few cases increases in activity seemed to involve only one or two synapses. Antidromic responses verified interconnections between the VTA and the hypothalamus and revealed relatively slow conduction velocities of 0.45 and 0.81 m/sec. The changes in discharge frequency which occurred following VTA stimulation were similar in direction to the effects of the direct microiontophoretic application of @entity1 (DA) or @entity2 (NE). Since DA increased or decreased while NE decreased discharge frequency, these microiontophoretic tests indicated that the shorter latency VTA stimulation induced increases in decreases in neural activity were associated with VTA dopaminergic neuron stimulation and that in some cases short and long latency decreases in neuronal activity were due to activation of VTA ventral bundle NE fibers of passage or to indirect polysynaptic mechanisms. Results demonstrate the interconnections between various regions of the hypothalamus and the VTA along the extent of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The cross-validation of neuroanatomical and various electrophysiological methods in establishing the nature of hypothalamic connections was discussed.

title: Effects of ventral tegmental area stimulation and microiontophoretic application of XXXX and @entity2 on hypothalamic neurons.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a series of 20 consecutive @entity0 with @entity4 of the proximal segment (A1) of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA. METHODS: The medical records of @entity0 who had undergone surgery for @entity3 at two institutions between January 1, 1989, and February 1, 2009, were reviewed. Mean @entity0 age was 52.15 years (range 39-69 years). All 20 @entity0 underwent direct surgery, with clipping or trapping, via standard pterional craniotomy. RESULTS: The incidence of @entity4 was 0.59%. There were 16 @entity0 and 4 @entity0 , showing a strong predominance of this lesion in @entity0 . Mean @entity4 size was 6.95 mm (range 3-10 mm). Four @entity0 (20%) had @entity4 , and three @entity0 (15%) had associated @entity5 . Among @entity0 whose @entity4 originated from perforating arteries, dissection sacrificed the perforating arteries in two @entity0 , and the perforating arteries occluded postoperatively in three @entity0 . In the @entity0 whose @entity4 did not originate from perforating arteries, no perforating arteries were sacrificed during dissection, and perforating arteries became occluded in two @entity0 postoperatively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of @entity0 regarding the incidence of @entity2 . Clinical outcomes were as follows: good recovery in 15 (75%) @entity0 , moderate disability in 2 (10%) @entity0 , severe disability in 2 (10%) @entity0 , and @entity1 in 1 (5%) @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: The important consideration in surgery for @entity3 is preservation of the perforating arteries, through cautious dissection around the neck or dome and avoidance of direct clip compression, even after releasing the retracted frontal lobe.

title: Surgical management of anterior cerebral XXXX of the proximal (A1) segment.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Microdiscectomy for @entity2 is one of the most commonly performed neurosurgical procedures. The @entity0 demographics, symptomatology, and recovery are highly variable, and surgical outcomes depend on several factors, including @entity0 demographics. Failed disc surgery refers to failure of improvement in @entity0 's symptoms following microdiscectomy, and has been observed to occur in up to 12% of @entity0 . To date, no study form Pakistan has looked into @entity0 demographics and failed disc surgery rates within the local context. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review the demographics of the @entity0 population presenting for surgical treatment of @entity2 and to review our results of lumbosacral microdiscectomy at a university hospital in Pakistan. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of all adult @entity0 admitted from January 2003 to January 2008 for symptomatic @entity2 requiring microdiscectomy, at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. Data were collected through our medical records, on a standardized form. Basic information about the @entity0 population, disease process, modes of nonsurgical treatment, and details on surgery and postoperative course were recorded and analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: Five hundred one @entity0 were studied, based on inclusion criteria. The mean age was 41.2 years; 347 (69%) @entity0 were male and 154 (31%) female. Mean body mass index of the population was 26 and was higher in females. All @entity0 primarily presented with @entity1 , and the mean duration of these symptoms was 438 days. Mean duration of nonoperative management was 53 weeks. Fifty-one @entity0 (10.2%) had previously undergone spine surgery. A total of 442 (88%) @entity0 were operated at single disc level, and the rest at two levels. Sixty-six (13%) @entity0 were operated for @entity2 . Mean operative time was 94 minutes, and the most common complication was dural tear. Mean length of hospital stay was 5 days (2-12 days). Mean follow-up was 48.3 weeks (4 weeks to 14 years). Complete resolution of symptoms was seen in 360 (71.9%) @entity0 and failed disc surgery was diagnosed in 42 (8.4%) @entity0 . Twenty-six @entity0 (5.2%) were reoperated upon, with gradual improvement. The authors report an overall failed back surgery rate of 8.38%. CONCLUSIONS: Overall our results were comparable to published international literature. However, the authors observed significant differences in demographics, especially in terms of age, gender distribution, and mean BMI of @entity0 population as well as frequency of involvement of upper lumbar discs.

title: Microdiscectomy for XXXX and frequency of failed disc surgery.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The coexistence of a primary @entity5 such as high-grade @entity1 and superimposed abscess is a rare entity and can present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The concomitant abscess may not be recognized until surgery, and the overall course of treatment may require adjustment in the presence of a coinciding @entity2 . In the present report we evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of a @entity3 multiforme with an intratumoral abscess. METHODS: A @entity0 was diagnosed with a @entity3 multiforme with a concomitantly superimposed multimicrobial abscess containing coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter iwofii, and Propionibacterium species. The suspected infectious source was a @entity4 with presumed secondary seeding. The @entity0 underwent a left anterior temporal lobectomy with debulking of the lesion. Although the adjuvant therapy schedule was adjusted to accommodate the course of antibiotics, the existence of a concurrent abscess did not preclude adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy. RESULTS: The @entity0 responded well to antibiotic treatment with no evidence of recurrent @entity2 . He underwent a second operation for additional debulking of the lesion approximately half a year after his initial surgery. The @entity0 died 2 years after the initial diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: There are insufficient guidelines on the treatment of a primary @entity5 with intratumoral abscess. In this report we present our therapeutic decisions in this rare case.

title: Concomitant presentation of a XXXX multiforme with superimposed abscess.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the relationship between control grade, stereoacuity and surgical success in basic intermittent @entity1 . METHODS: This retrospective study involved 44 basic intermittent @entity1 @entity0 who underwent strabismus surgery and completed at least 6 months of follow-up. The 44 @entity0 were divided into three subgroups according to their control grade: group 1 (good control group, n = 12), group 2 (fair control group, n = 18), and group 3 (poor control group, n = 14). Evaluation was done to identify the relationships between near and distance stereoacuity and control grade, and between surgical success and control grade. Surgical success was defined as ocular alignment between 5 prism diopters esodeviation and 10 prism diopters exodeviation in the primary position at the final visit. RESULTS: Mean near stereoacuity measured by the graded circle test was 57.50 seconds of arc (seconds) in group 1, 77.77 seconds in group 2, and 131.43 seconds in group 3 (p < 0.01). Mean distance steroacuity measured by Mentor B-VAT II BVS contour circle was 108.33 seconds in group 1, 148.33 seconds in group 2, and 262.82 seconds in group 3 (p < 0.01). Ten @entity0 (83.33%) in group 1, 12 (66.67%) in group 2, and 9 (64.29%) in group 3 obtained surgical success (p = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: In basic intermittent @entity1 , better control grade was significantly accompanied by better stereoacuity. Better control grade was accompanied by higher surgical success rate but with no statistical significance.

title: Relationship between Control Grade, Stereoacuity and Surgical Success in Basic Intermittent XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The optimal management of medically refractory @entity1 ( @entity1 ) remains a point of debate. The senior author's practice evolved after a review of our units' practice in placing lumboperitoneal shunts revealed an unacceptably high rate of complication and revision. We now preferentially perform custom-designed electromagnetic (EM) image-guided ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement instead of lumboperitoneal shunting in treating medically refractory @entity1 and present our outcome data with this technique. @entity0 AND METHODS: Retrospective case note review was carried out with prospective follow-up of 17 @entity0 treated consecutively over a 3-year period. OUTCOME MEASURES: The article aims to assess the implication of using EM image-guided tracking technology in ventricular catheter placement in @entity0 with @entity1 and to assess outcome. RESULTS: All of the @entity0 improved clinically at the last follow-up compared to their preoperative condition. None of the @entity0 experienced intra- or perioperative complications. All @entity0 underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement using EM guidance navigation. All @entity0 in the EM subgroup were cannulated with a single pass, and satisfactory catheter placement was confirmed on a postoperative CT scan with concordant @entity0 symptom improvement. CONCLUSION: Our series suggests that EM image-guided ventriculoperitoneal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting for @entity1 is a safe and effective procedure for ventricular cannulation and placement.

title: Electromagnetic stereotactic ventriculoperitoneal csf shunting for XXXX : a successful step forward?

answer: @entity1


abstract: Individualization of treatment using judicious combinations of external and intracavitary irradiation remains the cornerstone of the radiation management of @entity3 . The inherent propensity of this @entity1 to either confine itself to the pelvis or else spread in a systematic and predictable manner through lymphatic channels has facilitated its therapeutic control. The treatment of most early invasive @entity5 is equally advantageous using either intracavitary radium or surgery. However, certain Stage I @entity0 have morphologic and histologic characteristics that militate against @entity1 control. Factors such as @entity1 size, depth of invasion, vascular infiltration, uterine extension, and barrel-shaped presentation affect the course of the disease and survival. A clinical-pathologic staging for @entity5 incorporating the above mentioned factors into the current clinical FIGO staging system has been suggested. It aims to facilitate the recognition of those @entity1 that require additional external radiotherapy. A description of the role of surgery, intracavitary and external radiation, and their combinations is included. In advanced @entity3 , failure can be attributed to either @entity1 containing cores of @entity4 cells resistant to conventional radiation therapy or to uncontrolled subclinical disease in the lymphatics at or near the border of the irradiated area. Radiotherapy combined with surgery, @entity2 enhancers, infusion chemotherapy, and large particle high LET radiation has been implemented to increase local control; for distal failures, extended field irradiation of paraaortic nodes has been found to be technically feasible and well tolerated and is being studied for its effects on increased survival. The rationale for newer treatment procedures, including preliminary results and their complications, is discussed.

title: Prognostic factors in XXXX : implications in staging and management.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: The utility of ultrasound imaging in the screening of soft-part @entity1 (SPTs) has been reported. We classified SPTs according to their blood flow pattern on Doppler ultrasound and re-evaluated the efficacy of this imaging modality as a screening method. Additionally, we combined Doppler ultrasound with several values to improve the diagnostic efficacy and to establish a new diagnostic tool. @entity0 AND METHODS: This study included 189 cases of pathologically confirmed SPTs (122 cases of benign disease including @entity1 and 67 cases of malignant SPTs). Ultrasound imaging included evaluation of vascularity by colour Doppler. We established a scoring system to more effectively differentiate malignant from benign SPTs (ultrasound-based @entity2 screening [USS] score). RESULTS: The mean scores in the benign and malignant groups were 1.47    0.93 and 3.42    1.30, respectively. @entity0 with malignant masses showed significantly higher USS scores than did those with benign masses (p < 1 * 10(-10)). The area under the curve was 0.88 by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Based on the cut-off value (3 points) calculated by ROC curve analysis, the sensitivity and specificity for a diagnosis of malignant SPT was 85.1% and 86.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of vascularity by Doppler ultrasound alone is insufficient for differentiation between benign and malignant SPTs. Preoperative diagnosis of most SPTs is possible by combining our USS score with characteristic clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings.

title: Doppler ultrasound for diagnosis of soft tissue XXXX : efficacy of ultrasound-based screening score.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The pulmonary vein from right upper lobe was ligated in 15 @entity1 while 15 others served as controls. Prior to occlusion, 15 mum microspheres were injected into the superior caval vein. Another population of 15 mum microspheres was similarly given 1 min, 10 min or 30 min after ligation. All @entity1 were killed 5 min after the second microsphere injection. The weight of the ligated lobe was 63% higher than that of the controls. This was probably due to @entity4 since no significant @entity0 developed. Increased weight caused a reduction in the number of preocclusion microspheres per gram of tissue in the ligated lobe. In addition a gradual loss of preocclusion microspheres took place following pulmonary venous ligation. After 35 min of ligation, 30% of the preocclusion spheres had disappeared from the ligated lobe. Postocclusion flow through the pulmonary artery into right upper lobe was estimated by microspheres from the second injection, and averaged 5% of normal flow. Following acute @entity2 , a rapid dilatation of the bronchopulmonary communicating system probably takes place. By reversal of the flow in this system, blood and microspheres can be drained into the bronchial venous circulation. In spite of methodological problems caused by @entity3 and loss of microspheres after @entity2 , we consider the microsphere method to be useful for further studies of collateral lung circulation.

title: Pulmonary circulation and loss of microspheres from the lung following acute XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine how the initial distribution of elastase in @entity1 lungs determines the time course of tissue destruction and how structural heterogeneity at different spatial scales influences lung function. We evaluated lung function and alveolar structure in normal and emphysematous C57BL/6 @entity1 at 2 and 21 days following orotracheal treatment with porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). Initial distribution of @entity4 h after treatment was assessed using red fluorescently labeled PPE (f-PPE) by laser scanning confocal microscopy. From measured input impedance of the respiratory system, the global lung compliance, and the variability of regional compliance were obtained. Lungs were fixed and equivalent airspace diameters were measured in four lobes of the right lung and three regions of the left lung. At day 2 and day 21, the mean airspace diameter of each region was significantly enlarged which was accompanied by an increased inter-regional heterogeneity. The deposition of f-PPE on day 0 was much more heterogeneous than the inter-regional diameters at both day 2 and day 21 and, at day 21, this reached statistical significance (p < 0.05). Microscale heterogeneity characterized by the overall variability of airspace diameters correlated significantly better with compliance than macroscale or inter-regional heterogeneity. Furthermore, while the spatial distribution of the inflammatory response does not seem to follow that of the elastase deposition, it correlates with the strongest regional determinant of lung function. These results may help interpret lung function decline in @entity2 in @entity0 @entity0 with @entity3 .

title: Scale dependence of structure-function relationship in the emphysematous XXXX lung.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody which specifically blocks receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand and is a very potent antiresorptive drug. Its efficacy in reducing the risk of vertebral, hip and nonskeletal fracture has been proven in a large prospective, randomized multicenter study of 7808 postmenopausal @entity0 with @entity1 [ @entity2 Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in @entity1 Every 6 Months (FREEDOM) trial]. Denosumab causes somewhat greater increases in bone mineral density (BMD) than the class of @entity3 antiresorptives. Denosumab also causes an increase in bone mass and bone strength in the spine, ultradistal and diaphysis of the radius, proximal tibia and the hip. Recently long-term treatment with denosumab has been shown to cause a continued almost linear increase in total hip and femoral neck BMD beyond 3 years up to 8 years. In this respect, denosumab seems to differ from the @entity3 group in which the rate of improvement of BMD diminishes and for some drugs becomes negative after 3-4 years when the process of secondary mineralization flattens out. This unique property of an antiresorptive drug points towards mechanisms of action which differ from the @entity3 group. Both types of antiresorptives decrease cortical porosity but contrary to bisphosphonates the reduction in cortical porosity continues with denosumab which, in addition, also seems to cause a slight continuous modeling-based formation of new bone despite suppression of bone remodeling. The net effect is an increase in cortical thickening and bone mass, and increased strength of cortical bone. This may contribute substantially to the significant further reduction of the nonvertebral fracture risk which was found in the long-term denosumab arm of the FREEDOM extension trial during years 4-7.

title: Effects of denosumab on bone density, mass and strength in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody which specifically blocks receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand and is a very potent antiresorptive drug. Its efficacy in reducing the risk of vertebral, hip and nonskeletal fracture has been proven in a large prospective, randomized multicenter study of 7808 postmenopausal @entity0 with @entity1 [ @entity2 Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in @entity1 Every 6 Months (FREEDOM) trial]. Denosumab causes somewhat greater increases in bone mineral density (BMD) than the class of @entity3 antiresorptives. Denosumab also causes an increase in bone mass and bone strength in the spine, ultradistal and diaphysis of the radius, proximal tibia and the hip. Recently long-term treatment with denosumab has been shown to cause a continued almost linear increase in total hip and femoral neck BMD beyond 3 years up to 8 years. In this respect, denosumab seems to differ from the @entity3 group in which the rate of improvement of BMD diminishes and for some drugs becomes negative after 3-4 years when the process of secondary mineralization flattens out. This unique property of an antiresorptive drug points towards mechanisms of action which differ from the @entity3 group. Both types of antiresorptives decrease cortical porosity but contrary to bisphosphonates the reduction in cortical porosity continues with denosumab which, in addition, also seems to cause a slight continuous modeling-based formation of new bone despite suppression of bone remodeling. The net effect is an increase in cortical thickening and bone mass, and increased strength of cortical bone. This may contribute substantially to the significant further reduction of the nonvertebral fracture risk which was found in the long-term denosumab arm of the FREEDOM extension trial during years 4-7.

title: Effects of denosumab on bone density, mass and strength in XXXX with @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: A survey on chemotherapy-induced @entity2 , @entity3 and food intake was conducted on 126 outpatients receiving chemotherapy during a days from February 1 to February 12, 2010 in our hospital. Responses were obtained from 66 outpatients. In the acute phase, 11%of the @entity0 developed @entity2 . In the late phase, 35% @entity0 developed @entity2 . The development of @entity2 was significantly increased in the late phase, compared to the acute phase(p=0. 0008). Though nobody developed @entity3 in the acute phase, 3% of the @entity0 developed @entity3 in the late phase. For food intake, in the acute phase, nobody showed a"reduced amount of diet", and 12% showed"not eating". In the late phase, 26% of the @entity0 showed"reduced amount of food", and 8%"not eating". Food intake was significantly decreased in the late phase, compared in acute phase(p=0. 0001). Currently, in our hospital, @entity1 and/or 5-HT3 antagonists are given for antiemetic therapy, but the effect is not enough. We should add other antiemetics, which act in the late phase.

title: [The current status of @entity2 , XXXX and food intake in outpatients with cancer chemotherapy].

answer: @entity3


abstract: A survey on chemotherapy-induced @entity2 , @entity3 and food intake was conducted on 126 outpatients receiving chemotherapy during a days from February 1 to February 12, 2010 in our hospital. Responses were obtained from 66 outpatients. In the acute phase, 11%of the @entity0 developed @entity2 . In the late phase, 35% @entity0 developed @entity2 . The development of @entity2 was significantly increased in the late phase, compared to the acute phase(p=0. 0008). Though nobody developed @entity3 in the acute phase, 3% of the @entity0 developed @entity3 in the late phase. For food intake, in the acute phase, nobody showed a"reduced amount of diet", and 12% showed"not eating". In the late phase, 26% of the @entity0 showed"reduced amount of food", and 8%"not eating". Food intake was significantly decreased in the late phase, compared in acute phase(p=0. 0001). Currently, in our hospital, @entity1 and/or 5-HT3 antagonists are given for antiemetic therapy, but the effect is not enough. We should add other antiemetics, which act in the late phase.

title: [The current status of XXXX , @entity3 and food intake in outpatients with cancer chemotherapy].

answer: @entity2


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We evaluate volumetry and RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In @entity2 ) as methodologies for response after chemotherapy for non-seminomatous @entity2 with retroperitoneal lymph node @entity1 . METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of non-seminomatous @entity2 and concurrent retroperitoneal lymph node @entity1 , which received chemotherapy and had computed tomography scans before and after treatment. Volumetric analysis and RECIST criteria were used to calculate response rates. We included a new category (favourable response) for @entity0 with response rates between <100% and >70%. We calculated the correlation between volumetric and RECIST criteria with histological and clinical variables. RESULTS: In total, 18 @entity0 met the inclusion criteria. Histopathologic analysis of orchiectomy showed @entity3 in 55.5% of @entity0 , and those without @entity3 had predominantly @entity4 . The mean baseline volume of retroperitoneal @entity1 was 447 cc, the mean post-chemotherapy volume was 33.6 cc, and the response rate was 62.6%. According to RECIST criteria, the mean baseline diameter was 4.93 cm, the mean post-chemotherapy diameter was 2.39 cm, and the response rate was 42.4%. Large post-chemotherapy residual masses correlated in both classifications with @entity3 . The response rate was associated with the need for surgical treatment and the volumetric classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluated volumetry as a way to measure clinical response in lymph node @entity1 of @entity2 . Volumetric analysis is the next step in the evaluation of response rate; its accuracy remains to be determined. @entity3 had greater residual masses and our classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy.

title: Volumetric assessment of lymph node XXXX in @entity0 with @entity2 treated with chemotherapy.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We evaluate volumetry and RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In @entity2 ) as methodologies for response after chemotherapy for non-seminomatous @entity2 with retroperitoneal lymph node @entity1 . METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of non-seminomatous @entity2 and concurrent retroperitoneal lymph node @entity1 , which received chemotherapy and had computed tomography scans before and after treatment. Volumetric analysis and RECIST criteria were used to calculate response rates. We included a new category (favourable response) for @entity0 with response rates between <100% and >70%. We calculated the correlation between volumetric and RECIST criteria with histological and clinical variables. RESULTS: In total, 18 @entity0 met the inclusion criteria. Histopathologic analysis of orchiectomy showed @entity3 in 55.5% of @entity0 , and those without @entity3 had predominantly @entity4 . The mean baseline volume of retroperitoneal @entity1 was 447 cc, the mean post-chemotherapy volume was 33.6 cc, and the response rate was 62.6%. According to RECIST criteria, the mean baseline diameter was 4.93 cm, the mean post-chemotherapy diameter was 2.39 cm, and the response rate was 42.4%. Large post-chemotherapy residual masses correlated in both classifications with @entity3 . The response rate was associated with the need for surgical treatment and the volumetric classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluated volumetry as a way to measure clinical response in lymph node @entity1 of @entity2 . Volumetric analysis is the next step in the evaluation of response rate; its accuracy remains to be determined. @entity3 had greater residual masses and our classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy.

title: Volumetric assessment of lymph node @entity1 in @entity0 with XXXX treated with chemotherapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We evaluate volumetry and RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In @entity2 ) as methodologies for response after chemotherapy for non-seminomatous @entity2 with retroperitoneal lymph node @entity1 . METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of non-seminomatous @entity2 and concurrent retroperitoneal lymph node @entity1 , which received chemotherapy and had computed tomography scans before and after treatment. Volumetric analysis and RECIST criteria were used to calculate response rates. We included a new category (favourable response) for @entity0 with response rates between <100% and >70%. We calculated the correlation between volumetric and RECIST criteria with histological and clinical variables. RESULTS: In total, 18 @entity0 met the inclusion criteria. Histopathologic analysis of orchiectomy showed @entity3 in 55.5% of @entity0 , and those without @entity3 had predominantly @entity4 . The mean baseline volume of retroperitoneal @entity1 was 447 cc, the mean post-chemotherapy volume was 33.6 cc, and the response rate was 62.6%. According to RECIST criteria, the mean baseline diameter was 4.93 cm, the mean post-chemotherapy diameter was 2.39 cm, and the response rate was 42.4%. Large post-chemotherapy residual masses correlated in both classifications with @entity3 . The response rate was associated with the need for surgical treatment and the volumetric classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluated volumetry as a way to measure clinical response in lymph node @entity1 of @entity2 . Volumetric analysis is the next step in the evaluation of response rate; its accuracy remains to be determined. @entity3 had greater residual masses and our classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy.

title: Volumetric assessment of lymph node @entity1 in XXXX with @entity2 treated with chemotherapy.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Neoplastic liver nodules were induced by a single administration of @entity0 ( @entity1 ) and selectively stimulated to growth by @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and partial hepatectomy to provide morphological data on very early and late stages of preneoplastic development. Presumptive preneoplastic liver cells were recognizable by light and electron microscopy by 2 days after partial hepatectomy, and they developed within 2 weeks into large, solid nodules consisting of plates of 2 or 3 cell layers thick, that compressed the surrounding non-nodular tissue. The cells showed nuclei with an enlarged nucleolus, tortuously dispersed @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and an electron lucent cytoplasm. These features remained present throughout the first 2 weeks of growth. During this period the initially small, distinct smooth endoplasmic reticulum areas proliferated gradually. They were associated with an increasing incidence of cytoplasmic membranes whorl formation and incidentally with annulate lamellae. After withdrawal of 2-AAF the majority of the nodules regressed resulting in slowly disappearing foci of glycogen rich cells. A relatively small number of solid nodules persisted. They were characterized by large cells with a homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasm, enlarged cells with a homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasm, enlarged nucleoli and dispersed @entity2 . Because these characteristics were absent in nodular cells that had reverted to normal liver cells, it is not appropriate to consider these characteristics to represent neoplastic transformation per se.

title: Short-term induction of neoplastic nodules in the rat liver. II. Study of their development and the effects of withdrawal of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The difference between coil-embolized @entity0 and @entity1 with respect to intra-aneurysmal @entity2 formation remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether there was a difference between @entity0 and unruptured coil-embolized @entity1 in the rate and timing of @entity2 formation in the aneurysmal sac and discuss the effect of @entity2 on the treatment outcome. METHODS: We evaluated 209 @entity1 with an aneurysmal dome smaller than 10 mm and a neck size less than 4 mm. Of these, 91 (43.5%) were @entity0 . We assessed intra-aneurysmal @entity2 formation by the coil-packing ratio (CPR): the percentage of coil volume occupying the aneurysmal sac. The initial CPR was defined as the CPR at which contrast influx into the sac ceased and the final CPR as that at the end of the procedure. /\CPR was calculated as the difference between initial and final CPRs. @entity1 were evaluated on follow-up angiograms. RESULTS: The initial CPR was significantly lower in @entity3 (P < .01), and there was not a significant difference in the final CPR between @entity0 and @entity1 (P = .05). /\CPR was significantly higher in @entity3 (P < .01). The rate of aneurysmal recanalization was significantly higher in @entity3 (P < .05). The incidence of recanalization was high in @entity3 with low initial CPR and /\CPR values. CONCLUSION: In @entity3 , intra-aneurysmal @entity2 formation tends to occur in the earlier stages of coil embolization. In some cases, @entity2 formation may inhibit dense coil packing and result in recanalization.

title: Early ceasing of intra-aneurysmal contrast opacification during coil embolization in @entity3 compared with XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The difference between coil-embolized @entity0 and @entity1 with respect to intra-aneurysmal @entity2 formation remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether there was a difference between @entity0 and unruptured coil-embolized @entity1 in the rate and timing of @entity2 formation in the aneurysmal sac and discuss the effect of @entity2 on the treatment outcome. METHODS: We evaluated 209 @entity1 with an aneurysmal dome smaller than 10 mm and a neck size less than 4 mm. Of these, 91 (43.5%) were @entity0 . We assessed intra-aneurysmal @entity2 formation by the coil-packing ratio (CPR): the percentage of coil volume occupying the aneurysmal sac. The initial CPR was defined as the CPR at which contrast influx into the sac ceased and the final CPR as that at the end of the procedure. /\CPR was calculated as the difference between initial and final CPRs. @entity1 were evaluated on follow-up angiograms. RESULTS: The initial CPR was significantly lower in @entity3 (P < .01), and there was not a significant difference in the final CPR between @entity0 and @entity1 (P = .05). /\CPR was significantly higher in @entity3 (P < .01). The rate of aneurysmal recanalization was significantly higher in @entity3 (P < .05). The incidence of recanalization was high in @entity3 with low initial CPR and /\CPR values. CONCLUSION: In @entity3 , intra-aneurysmal @entity2 formation tends to occur in the earlier stages of coil embolization. In some cases, @entity2 formation may inhibit dense coil packing and result in recanalization.

title: Early ceasing of intra-aneurysmal contrast opacification during coil embolization in XXXX compared with @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The relationships between age, systemic and renal hemodynamics, circulating @entity5 ( @entity3 , @entity4 and @entity2 ) and intravascular volumes were studied in 38 normotensive subjects and in 77 @entity0 with borderline essential @entity1 . Borderline @entity1 @entity0 had a higher cardiac index (p less than 0.02) and renal blood flow (p less than 0.05) than normotensive subjects if they were younger than 30 years of age, whereas in older @entity0 no difference was observed. In contrast, total peripheral resistance was normal in young borderline @entity1 @entity0 , but significantly increased (p less than 0.02) in @entity0 older than age 40 years. Cardiac output (r = -0.28, p less than 0.01) and renal blood flow (r = -0.47, p less than 0.001) correlated inversely with age in the entire population and in both subgroups. Cardiac output also correlated closely with renal blood flow in all subjects (r = 0.45, p less than 0.001). Circulating @entity3 levels increased with age (r = 0.25, p less than 0.05), whereas @entity4 concentration tended to decrease. Plasma and total blood volume correlated directly with cardiac output (r = 0.39, p less than 0.001) and inversely with peripheral resistance (r = -0.34, p less than 0.001). These data indicate that the hyperdynamic circulation (high cardiac output and renal blood flow) of borderline @entity1 is found predominantly in @entity0 younger than age 30 years. Older @entity0 are characterized by an elevated total peripheral resistance and normal cardiac output. The age-dependent increase in circulating @entity3 and decrease in @entity4 levels may participate in the shift of the hemodynamic profile from high-cardiac-output @entity1 in the young to a high-arteriolar-resistance @entity1 in the older @entity0 .

title: Borderline @entity1 : relationship between age, hemodynamics and circulating XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The relationships between age, systemic and renal hemodynamics, circulating @entity5 ( @entity3 , @entity4 and @entity2 ) and intravascular volumes were studied in 38 normotensive subjects and in 77 @entity0 with borderline essential @entity1 . Borderline @entity1 @entity0 had a higher cardiac index (p less than 0.02) and renal blood flow (p less than 0.05) than normotensive subjects if they were younger than 30 years of age, whereas in older @entity0 no difference was observed. In contrast, total peripheral resistance was normal in young borderline @entity1 @entity0 , but significantly increased (p less than 0.02) in @entity0 older than age 40 years. Cardiac output (r = -0.28, p less than 0.01) and renal blood flow (r = -0.47, p less than 0.001) correlated inversely with age in the entire population and in both subgroups. Cardiac output also correlated closely with renal blood flow in all subjects (r = 0.45, p less than 0.001). Circulating @entity3 levels increased with age (r = 0.25, p less than 0.05), whereas @entity4 concentration tended to decrease. Plasma and total blood volume correlated directly with cardiac output (r = 0.39, p less than 0.001) and inversely with peripheral resistance (r = -0.34, p less than 0.001). These data indicate that the hyperdynamic circulation (high cardiac output and renal blood flow) of borderline @entity1 is found predominantly in @entity0 younger than age 30 years. Older @entity0 are characterized by an elevated total peripheral resistance and normal cardiac output. The age-dependent increase in circulating @entity3 and decrease in @entity4 levels may participate in the shift of the hemodynamic profile from high-cardiac-output @entity1 in the young to a high-arteriolar-resistance @entity1 in the older @entity0 .

title: Borderline XXXX : relationship between age, hemodynamics and circulating @entity5 .

answer: @entity1