abstract: Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that are specialized in antigen uptake and presentation. @entity5 to cat has increased substantially in recent years and has been shown to be positively associated with @entity4 . We have recently shown that the @entity7 receptor (MR), a C-type lectin expressed by dendritic cells, recognizes various glycoallergens from diverse sources and is involved in promoting @entity2 responses to a major house dust mite allergen in vitro. Here we investigated the potential role of MR in @entity2 responses to Fel d 1, a major cat allergen. Fel d 1 binding to MR was confirmed by ELISA. Using blocking, gene silencing (siRNA) experiments, and MR knock-out (MR(-/-)) cells, we have demonstrated that MR plays a major role in internalization of Fel d 1 by @entity0 and mouse antigen-presenting cells. Intriguingly, unlike other glycoallergens, recognition of Fel d 1 by MR is mediated by the @entity3 -rich domain, which correlates with the presence of sulfated @entity6 in natural Fel d 1. WT and MR(-/-) @entity1 were used to study the role of MR in @entity2 sensitization to Fel d 1 in vivo. MR(-/-) @entity1 sensitized with cat dander extract and Fel d 1 produced significantly lower levels of total IgE, Fel d 1-specific-IgE and @entity8 , the hallmarks of @entity2 response, compared with WT @entity1 . Our data show for the first time that Fel d 1 is a novel ligand of the @entity3 -rich domain of MR and that MR is likely to play a pivotal role in @entity2 sensitization to airborne allergens in vivo.

title: Recognition of the major cat allergen Fel d 1 through the XXXX -rich domain of the @entity7 receptor determines its allergenicity.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The charts of the 173 consecutive @entity0 who underwent microsurgical reconstruction for obstetrical @entity3 from 1988 to 1999 (inclusive) in the Division of Plastic Surgery at the Hospital for Sick @entity0 were analyzed. The overall complication rate was 33.5 percent, and there was no mortality in this series. The most significant intraoperative complication was accidental extubation, which occurred five times in the first 84 @entity0 (6 percent of this early group; 2.9 percent of the whole series). This complication was addressed by suturing the endotracheal tube to the membranous septum and by using a transparent drape to allow direct visualization of the tube in all 89 subsequent @entity0 . There have been no further accidental extubations. Postoperative @entity1 occurred in 14 @entity0 (8.1 percent), three (1.7 percent) of whom developed @entity2 . Intensive care unit admission was required in two of those @entity0 . Diuretic treatment was required in seven @entity0 . No @entity0 receiving less than or equal to 4 ml/kg/hour developed @entity1 , whereas 50 percent of the @entity0 receiving greater than or equal to 10 ml/kg/hour did. Currently, the authors' policy is to strictly limit intravenous maintenance fluids to 4 ml/kg/hour or less. Despite the long and complex procedure required to reconstruct obstetrical @entity3 , the incidence of significant complications can be minimized with simple precautions, such as suturing the endotracheal tube to the septum or reducing the amount of fluids administered during the operation.

title: Complications of microsurgical reconstruction of obstetrical XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Recent advances in technology have provided laser surgeons with new options for cutaneous laser resurfacing. Despite its popularity, there is limited information on the short-term and long-term side effects and complications of variable-pulsed erbium:yttrium- @entity5 -garnet (erbium:YAG) laser skin resurfacing. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate postoperative wound healing, side effects, and complications of multiple-pass, variable-pulsed erbium:YAG laser skin resurfacing for facial photodamage, rhytides, and @entity4 . Fifty consecutive @entity0 with facial photodamage, rhytides, or @entity4 were treated with a variable-pulsed erbium:YAG laser. Side effects and complications relating to @entity1 , erythema, and pigmentary changes were tabulated. @entity0 were evaluated at postoperative days 3 through 7 and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after laser skin resurfacing. The average time for reepithelialization was 5.1 days. Prolonged erythema (>1 month) was observed in three @entity0 (6 percent). Transient @entity3 occurred in 20 @entity0 (40 percent), with an average duration of 10.4 weeks. No cases of @entity6 or @entity4 were seen. In summary, a variable-pulsed erbium:YAG laser can safely be used for the treatment of facial photodamage, rhytides, and @entity4 . Although more postoperative erythema is seen after variable-pulsed erbium:YAG laser treatment than is usually produced with a short-pulsed erbium:YAG system, the side-effect profile and recovery period after variable-pulsed erbium:YAG laser skin resurfacing still are more favorable than after multiple-pass @entity2 laser skin resurfacing.

title: Side effects and complications of variable-pulsed erbium:yttrium- XXXX -garnet laser skin resurfacing: extended experience with 50 @entity0 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Recent advances in technology have provided laser surgeons with new options for cutaneous laser resurfacing. Despite its popularity, there is limited information on the short-term and long-term side effects and complications of variable-pulsed erbium:yttrium- @entity5 -garnet (erbium:YAG) laser skin resurfacing. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate postoperative wound healing, side effects, and complications of multiple-pass, variable-pulsed erbium:YAG laser skin resurfacing for facial photodamage, rhytides, and @entity4 . Fifty consecutive @entity0 with facial photodamage, rhytides, or @entity4 were treated with a variable-pulsed erbium:YAG laser. Side effects and complications relating to @entity1 , erythema, and pigmentary changes were tabulated. @entity0 were evaluated at postoperative days 3 through 7 and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after laser skin resurfacing. The average time for reepithelialization was 5.1 days. Prolonged erythema (>1 month) was observed in three @entity0 (6 percent). Transient @entity3 occurred in 20 @entity0 (40 percent), with an average duration of 10.4 weeks. No cases of @entity6 or @entity4 were seen. In summary, a variable-pulsed erbium:YAG laser can safely be used for the treatment of facial photodamage, rhytides, and @entity4 . Although more postoperative erythema is seen after variable-pulsed erbium:YAG laser treatment than is usually produced with a short-pulsed erbium:YAG system, the side-effect profile and recovery period after variable-pulsed erbium:YAG laser skin resurfacing still are more favorable than after multiple-pass @entity2 laser skin resurfacing.

title: Side effects and complications of variable-pulsed erbium:yttrium- @entity5 -garnet laser skin resurfacing: extended experience with 50 XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity5 is a form of rapidly progressive @entity2 with @entity1 in the presence of antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies. Concomittant central nervous system manifestations are exceptionally reported. We report such a case of an 55-year-old @entity0 who developed fluctuant neurobehavioral manifestations over a 9 months period. Angiography showed cerebral arterial distal lesions compatible with the diagnosis of @entity4 . The antiglomerular basement membrane antibody titer was elevated. Search for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody was negative. After the reintroduction of @entity3 agent, clinical evolution was favourable. Clinical cerebral manifestations in our case are probably du to a @entity4 . Few cases are reported in the literature. The role of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody in the development of the @entity6 is possible.

title: [ XXXX and @entity5 ].

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity5 is a form of rapidly progressive @entity2 with @entity1 in the presence of antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies. Concomittant central nervous system manifestations are exceptionally reported. We report such a case of an 55-year-old @entity0 who developed fluctuant neurobehavioral manifestations over a 9 months period. Angiography showed cerebral arterial distal lesions compatible with the diagnosis of @entity4 . The antiglomerular basement membrane antibody titer was elevated. Search for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody was negative. After the reintroduction of @entity3 agent, clinical evolution was favourable. Clinical cerebral manifestations in our case are probably du to a @entity4 . Few cases are reported in the literature. The role of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody in the development of the @entity6 is possible.

title: [ @entity6 and XXXX ].

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Dilatation of the artery proximal to @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is not well known but is a potential serious complication in @entity0 for renal transplant. METHODS: From 1991 until 2001, the diameters of the brachial arteries of 29 @entity0 after successful renal transplantation and with existing @entity3 were prospectively evaluated with ultrasound scan. Nine @entity0 with longstanding @entity3 without transplantation were included as a control group. RESULTS: In 1991, the mean brachial artery diameter was 6.4 mm (+/-1.8 mm) with patent @entity3 and 5.2 mm (+/-1.5 mm) with occluded @entity3 (P= not significant). The 1994 mean diameter was 6.6 mm (+/-1.7 mm) versus 5.3 mm (+/-2.0 mm; P =.029). In 2001, the mean diameter rose to 7.4 mm (+/-1.3 mm) versus 5.7 mm (+/-2.8 mm; P =.022). Compared with the side without @entity1 , the diameter of brachial artery on the @entity3 side was significantly greater during the whole study period. The increase in the diameter correlates significantly with the time the @entity3 had been patent (P =.001, according to Spearman test). The dilatation of the brachial arteries of @entity0 without transplantation was smaller compared with @entity0 after transplantation but did not reach statistical significance. Two @entity0 had to undergo operation on a symptomatic @entity2 . CONCLUSION: According to our results, dilatation of the brachial artery after AV is time dependent. Higher flow in the @entity3 seems to be the main trigger of dilatation.

title: Brachial artery dilatation after arteriovenous fistulae in XXXX after renal transplantation: a 10-year follow-up with ultrasound scan.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Weights and heights at age 16 of 5652 @entity0 and 5280 @entity0 from the National @entity0 Development Study (NCDS) were measured. At this examination, school medical officers rated the @entity0 and @entity0 into one of the following categories: grossly @entity1 , moderately @entity1 , normal, thin or very thin. A comparison is made between doctors' rating and assessment of @entity1 by relative weight (RW). @entity1 was defined as RW greater than 120. Overall 803 (15.2 per cent) @entity0 were rated @entity1 by doctors compared with 469 (8.9 per cent) identified by RW. Only 414 (7.8 per cent) @entity0 were considered @entity1 by both methods. In @entity0 the difference between the two methods was less marked. There were 362 (6.4 per cent) @entity0 rated as @entity1 by doctors, 404 (7.2 per cent) by relative weight and 262 (4.6 per cent) by both methods. The discrepancies demonstrate that one method of assessment cannot replace another. Doctors' rated considerably more @entity0 than @entity0 as @entity1 . Although at this age @entity0 were heavier than @entity0 for a given height, the doctors' rating may also reflect the different attitudes towards @entity1 in @entity0 and @entity0 which are prevalent in our society. Without comparison with a more accurate measure of adiposity it is not possible to reach a definite conclusion as to whether clinical assessment, relative weight, or indeed both methods combined are the most suitable for identifying @entity1 adolescents.

title: XXXX in 16-year-olds assessed by relative weight and doctors' rating.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Confusion exists regarding surgical algorithms for treating @entity2 . This report outlines the surgical management and outcomes of @entity0 with @entity2 . METHODS: Sixteen cases of @entity2 surgically treated in Anzhen Hospital from February 1995 to July 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. According to relative size and location of @entity1 maximum diameter relative to diameter of inferior vena cava, the 16 cases were classified as type A, B, C, or D. RESULTS: Of the 16 cases in this series, there were 7 type A, 2 type B, 3 type C, and 4 type D. No @entity0 died during surgery. Mean follow-up was 90    57.1 months (cumulative, 120.2 @entity0 -years; range, 2-190 months). One @entity0 died of recurrence 5 months after the surgery because of incomplete resection. Another @entity0 with type D also died of recurrence 2 years after the primary procedure. A @entity0 with type D died suddenly 10 years after the primary procedure. The 5-year and 10-year survivals calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method were 87.1%    8.6% and 72.5%    15%. Of the 13 surviving @entity0 , 11 were in New York Heart Association functional class I and 2 were in functional class II. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of @entity2 can result in satisfactory midterm to long-term survival and satisfactory heart function. Multiple surgical strategies should be tailored to the anatomic characteristics of the @entity1 . Recurrence of @entity2 after the resection procedure may result in unfavorable late result.

title: Surgical treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: In this study, we evaluated the results of @entity1 with autogenous bone plug versus obliteration with heterogeneous ( @entity0 ) bone in monkeys ( @entity5 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight young adult male @entity5 monkeys underwent an ostectomy of the @entity1 , and inner decortication of the bony walls and then were divided into 2 groups of 4 each, as follows. Group I monkeys underwent obliteration of the nasofrontal ducts with a free segment of frontallis muscle and corticocancellous heterogeneous bone, followed by full obliteration of the sinus with corticocancellous heterogeneous bone (Dayton Regional Tissue Bank, Dayton, @entity4 ). Group II monkeys underwent obliteration of the nasofrontal ducts with a frontal muscle segment and tibial autogenous bone plug, without full obliteration of the frontal sinus. In all animals, the sinus anterior wall was repositioned and fixed with 1.0 plate and screws. The monkeys were killed after 180 days, and routine laboratory procedures were followed for @entity2 - @entity3 staining and histologic evaluation of the specimens. RESULTS: The 2 studied techniques were both effective in obliterating the frontal sinus with newly formed bone. The nasofrontal ducts were obliterated by new bone formation or fibrous tissue (1 animal only). CONCLUSIONS: Both methods used for frontal sinus obliteration were effective; the heterogeneous bone ( @entity0 bone) was well tolerated and presented low antigenicity. The nasofrontal duct obliteration with autogenous muscle associated with autogenous tibial bone (group II) or with heterogeneous bone (group I) was effective, isolating the frontal sinus from the nasal cavity. The spontaneous obliteration resulted, in the period analyzed, in earlier bone maturation compared with the obliteration by heterogeneous bone.

title: Frontal sinus obliteration with heterogeneous corticocancellous bone versus spontaneous osteoneogenesis in monkeys ( XXXX ): histologic analysis.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Kurt Vonnegut was one of the most influential novelists of the late 20th Century. His wry views of @entity0 and organizations are applicable to the today's efforts to use science to improve the effectiveness of substance use treatment programs. His 1963 book, @entity3 Cradle pointed to the potentially disastrous consequences of the development of science for science's sake. Moving to more current viewpoints, in 2009 the young writer and medical doctor Josh Bazell published Beat the Reaper, a novel that discusses modern medical care and pharmaceutical treatments with sarcasm and wit. Currently we are witnessing many developments to incorporate evidence-based practices into addiction treatment, ranging from Institute of Medicine overviews to the organization the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, fielding the National Registry of National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices for preventing and treating @entity2 and @entity1 , legislative initiatives, efforts to upgrade the treatment workforce and, most recently, health care reform. There are signs that these and other efforts are upgrading the effectiveness of treatments for addiction. Yet the checks and balances of every effort to create change make for a field that shows halting and peripatetic development. "Top-down" reforms are watered down by "bottom-up" approaches, and vice-versa. Several concrete steps can be taken to improve the magnitude and speed of change in the field. We cannot change @entity0 nature, but we can improve addiction treatment.

title: From XXXX Cradle to Beat the Reaper: getting evidence-based treatments into practice in spite of ourselves.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Quantify the enhancement of @entity2 associated with a contralateral activation maneuver. METHODS: Twelve subjects with @entity1 and eight controls participated in the study protocol. Subjects' tested hand was displaced by a servo-motor throughout wrist flexion and extension motions of 60   without and with a concurrent gripping activation in the contralateral hand, referred to as Passive and Active conditions, respectively. Subjects with @entity1 were tested in both OFF-MED and ON-MED states. @entity2 was quantified by integrating torque with position during both flexion and extension (torque resistance). ANOVA was performed to assess the effect of contralateral activation on @entity2 . RESULTS: @entity1 @entity0 had significantly (0.038) enhanced torque resistance in OFF-MED compared to healthy controls and ON-MED. In the Active condition, differences in torque resistance were magnified (p=0.002). Medication substantially reduced differences in torque resistance between controls and @entity1 @entity0 in the Passive and Active conditions. CONCLUSIONS: A contralateral activation maneuver substantially increases @entity2 in @entity0 with @entity1 , specifically the OFF-MED state. @entity2 is reduced with the application of dopaminergic medication, even with the presence of a contralateral activation maneuver. SIGNIFICANCE: These data support the use of a contralateral activation maneuver as a tool in the diagnosis of @entity1 .

title: Enhancement of XXXX with contralateral hand activation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Morbid @entity1 is effectively treated by restrictive surgery. A severe complication associated with gastric banding is @entity3 . We review here our experience over a 5-year period. METHODS: A total of 1496 @entity0 underwent gastric banding. Eighty-five percent of @entity0 were available for follow-up. When band @entity5 was diagnosed, laparoscopic removal was performed. RESULTS: Band @entity5 was identified in 17 @entity0 (1.13%). The time from primary operation to diagnosis of band @entity5 ranged from 3 weeks to 45 months (mean, 19 months). Clinical manifestations included @entity4 in 2 (11.6%), band system leak in 1 (5.8%), chronic port-cutaneous fistula in 2 (11.6%), neglected @entity2 in 1 (5.8%), left @entity6 in 2 (11.6%), but most commonly, protracted port-site infection that occurred in 7 @entity0 (40.6%). CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 were effectively treated by band removal and suturing of the stomach wall. We suggest that different pathologies contribute to the same complication depending upon the time of presentation. We recommend a high index of suspicion in order to diagnose this life-threatening complication.

title: The clinical spectrum of band @entity5 following laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding for morbid XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Morbid @entity1 is effectively treated by restrictive surgery. A severe complication associated with gastric banding is @entity3 . We review here our experience over a 5-year period. METHODS: A total of 1496 @entity0 underwent gastric banding. Eighty-five percent of @entity0 were available for follow-up. When band @entity5 was diagnosed, laparoscopic removal was performed. RESULTS: Band @entity5 was identified in 17 @entity0 (1.13%). The time from primary operation to diagnosis of band @entity5 ranged from 3 weeks to 45 months (mean, 19 months). Clinical manifestations included @entity4 in 2 (11.6%), band system leak in 1 (5.8%), chronic port-cutaneous fistula in 2 (11.6%), neglected @entity2 in 1 (5.8%), left @entity6 in 2 (11.6%), but most commonly, protracted port-site infection that occurred in 7 @entity0 (40.6%). CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 were effectively treated by band removal and suturing of the stomach wall. We suggest that different pathologies contribute to the same complication depending upon the time of presentation. We recommend a high index of suspicion in order to diagnose this life-threatening complication.

title: The clinical spectrum of band XXXX following laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding for morbid @entity1 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the laparoscopic surgical treatment of early stage @entity2 , intraoperative @entity1 site identification is often difficult. We developed a novel marking method using a magnetic marking clip and a modified magnetometer system. METHODS: We applied magnetic marking clips at the @entity1 site during preoperative colonoscopy and identified the clip site with a magnetic marking clip detector system (MMCDS) of our design. Eleven @entity0 who underwent laparoscopic colectomy were studied. RESULTS: In a basic ex vivo study, magnetic bodies of more than 300 mT magnetic force were easily detected with a 100% detection ratio. In a clinical study, the marking site was detected in all 11 @entity0 . The mean length between the detected site and clip along the @entity3 was 14.1 mm (SD 5.6). The mean detection time was 2.4 min (SD 0.2). CONCLUSION: MMCDS accurately identifies @entity1 sites. This method may be useful for @entity1 site identification during laparoscopic colectomy.

title: Intraoperative localization of XXXX in the early stages using a magnetic marking clip detector system (MMCDS).

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 can produce a @entity1 with persistent sequelae. This study aimed to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQL) in survivors of @entity2 compared with a healthy reference population and to determine the middle/long-term radiographic abnormalities and functional status, as well as their relation to observed HRQL, in these @entity0 . METHODS: This was a prospective study carried out in three ICUs. HRQL in @entity0 was determined with the Nottingham Health Profile immediately after @entity2 diagnosis and 6 months after diagnosis. @entity0 underwent complete respiratory function testing, chest CT scan study, and the 6-min walk test. RESULTS: Follow-up was conducted in 38 @entity0 with @entity2 . Survivors of @entity2 presented a poorer overall HRQL vs the general population, mainly because of lower scores in the dimensions related to mobility, energy, and social isolation. Limitations in daily life activities were documented in 40%. Respiratory function was altered in 67%, with a restrictive respiratory pattern in 58%. Radiologic study disclosed alterations in 76% (mainly reticular pattern). @entity0 were able to cover only 366 m (318-411 m) in the 6-min walk test and had a minimum pulse oximetry of 93% (90%-94%). A significant correlation was documented between the overall quality of life at first and at 6 months (r = 0.68, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Survivors of @entity2 after 6 months had a poorer HRQL than the healthy population and showed mild radiographic and functional involvement. Early HRQL study in these @entity0 enabled early detection of those who would present more long-term HRQL morbidity.

title: Quality of life, pulmonary function, and tomographic scan abnormalities after XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Clinical manifestations and imaging findings of @entity4 involving gastrointestinal tract were evaluated. The subjects were 7 cases of @entity4 involving the gastrointestinal tract. All cases were pathologically confirmed in our hospital during the period from April 1994 to July 2000. Five @entity0 were male and 2 were female, and their age ranged from 49 to 63 years (average 57.4). The objectives were: 1) characteristics and distribution of multiple @entity6 , 2) presence, location and enhancement pattern of bowel wall thickening or mass formation, 3) presence of @entity2 , 4) presence and location of @entity7 , 5) involved extra-abdominal organs, 6) combined @entity1 and location, and 7) other findings. All @entity4 occurred in elderly @entity0 , over 40 years, and most showed multiple @entity6 (6/7), bowel wall thickening or mass formation (6/7), @entity7 (6/7) and extra- abdominal involvement (5/7). All cases of @entity6 involved the small bowel and colon, and the size of the @entity5 ranged from 0.1-4.0cm. Four of 6 @entity0 showed combined sessile and polypoid @entity5 , while the other 2 showed only sessile @entity5 . Most of or some of the @entity5 in 3 @entity0 showed small central ulcerations. Most of the @entity0 (5/6) showed an uncountable number of @entity5 . @entity6 was predominant in the rectum, ascending colon, rather than other sections in the colon, and the ileum were almost always involved by @entity6 . Bowel wall thickening or mass formation developed exclusively in the ascending colon, rectum or ileum. Extra- abdominal involvement developed either simultaneously or nonconcurrently with gastrointestinal involvement. Some of @entity0 showed @entity2 (3/7), appendiceal enlargement (2/7), and intussusception (1/7), and some had associated @entity3 (3/7).

title: Imaging findings of XXXX involving gastrointestinal tract.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Ghrelin modulates somatotroph, lactotroph, corticotroph, and insulin secretion and @entity1 metabolism. To clarify the influence of gender and age on the endocrine actions of ghrelin in @entity0 , we studied the effects of ghrelin (1.0 micro g/kg iv) or placebo on GH, prolactin (PRL), ACTH, @entity2 , insulin, glucagon, and @entity1 levels in 18 young subjects (YS) and 16 elderly subjects (ES) of both genders. The GH response to @entity3 (1.0 micro g/kg iv) was also studied. The GH response to ghrelin in YS was higher (P < 0.01) than in ES and both higher (P < 0.01) than to @entity3 , without gender-related differences. In YS ghrelin also induced: 1) gender-independent increase (P < 0.01) in PRL, ACTH, and @entity2 levels; 2) gender-independent increase in @entity1 levels (P < 0.01); 3) decrease (P < 0.01) in insulin levels in male YS; and 4) no change in glucagon. In ES, ghrelin induced gender-independent PRL, ACTH, and @entity2 responses (P < 0.01). In ES ghrelin elicited gender-independent transient decrease in insulin (P < 0.01) coupled with increase in @entity1 levels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the GH-releasing effect of ghrelin is independent of gender but undergoes age-related decrease. The effect of ghrelin on lactotroph and corticotroph secretion is age and gender independent. In both ES and YS, ghrelin influences insulin secretion and @entity1 metabolism.

title: The endocrine response to ghrelin as a function of gender in XXXX in young and elderly subjects.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the use of triweekly combination chemotherapy together with radiation exerts a more beneficial systemic effect than weekly @entity5 chemoradiation in @entity0 with @entity1 after radical surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed @entity0 with stage @entity8 to @entity1 who had undergone radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection, followed by concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. The @entity0 were divided into 2 groups: the triweekly combination chemotherapy group and the weekly @entity5 chemotherapy group. We evaluated the survival and adverse effects of the 2 groups. RESULTS: In total, 201 @entity0 were included. The mean duration of follow-up was 52.2 months. Of the 201 @entity0 , 130 received triweekly combination chemotherapy, and 71 @entity0 received weekly @entity5 chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment. The 5-year disease-free survival was 82.2% for @entity0 treated with weekly @entity5 chemotherapy and 74.3% for those treated with triweekly combination chemotherapy (P = 0.3929). The 5-year overall survival was 81.4% and 79.3% for the same treatment groups, respectively (P = 0.9833). The overall survival of the @entity0 with @entity1 was marginally higher in the triweekly combination chemotherapy group than in the weekly @entity5 group (P = 0.0582). @entity7 , @entity6 , @entity4 , @entity3 , and hepatopathy were significantly more common in the triweekly combination chemotherapy group. CONCLUSIONS: The weekly @entity5 chemotherapy group experienced the same therapeutic effect as the triweekly combination chemotherapy group but with less @entity2 . Therefore, weekly @entity5 chemotherapy is considered the more useful concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation regimen after radical surgery.

title: Weekly XXXX therapy compared with triweekly combination chemotherapy as concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation therapy after radical hysterectomy for @entity1 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the use of triweekly combination chemotherapy together with radiation exerts a more beneficial systemic effect than weekly @entity5 chemoradiation in @entity0 with @entity1 after radical surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed @entity0 with stage @entity8 to @entity1 who had undergone radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection, followed by concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. The @entity0 were divided into 2 groups: the triweekly combination chemotherapy group and the weekly @entity5 chemotherapy group. We evaluated the survival and adverse effects of the 2 groups. RESULTS: In total, 201 @entity0 were included. The mean duration of follow-up was 52.2 months. Of the 201 @entity0 , 130 received triweekly combination chemotherapy, and 71 @entity0 received weekly @entity5 chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment. The 5-year disease-free survival was 82.2% for @entity0 treated with weekly @entity5 chemotherapy and 74.3% for those treated with triweekly combination chemotherapy (P = 0.3929). The 5-year overall survival was 81.4% and 79.3% for the same treatment groups, respectively (P = 0.9833). The overall survival of the @entity0 with @entity1 was marginally higher in the triweekly combination chemotherapy group than in the weekly @entity5 group (P = 0.0582). @entity7 , @entity6 , @entity4 , @entity3 , and hepatopathy were significantly more common in the triweekly combination chemotherapy group. CONCLUSIONS: The weekly @entity5 chemotherapy group experienced the same therapeutic effect as the triweekly combination chemotherapy group but with less @entity2 . Therefore, weekly @entity5 chemotherapy is considered the more useful concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation regimen after radical surgery.

title: Weekly @entity5 therapy compared with triweekly combination chemotherapy as concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation therapy after radical hysterectomy for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Bladder compliance deteriorates immediately after radical hysterectomy (RH), and @entity2 causes upper urinary tract dysfunctions such as progressive @entity3 . The aims of this study were to clarify risk factors for persistent @entity2 after RH and to propose a postsurgical management protocol for improved recovery of bladder function. METHODS: A total of 113 consecutive @entity0 who underwent RH with the intention to preserve the pelvic autonomic nerve system were included in this prospective study. Urodynamic studies were performed according to a planned schedule: presurgery and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Autonomic nerves were preserved at least unilaterally in 95 (84.1%) of the 113 @entity0 , but this was not possible in the remaining 18 @entity0 (15.9%). Postoperative adjuvant @entity1 ( @entity1 ) was performed in 14 @entity0 . The relationships between bladder compliance and various clinical factors were investigated using logistic regression analysis. Covariates included age, nerve-sparing procedure, adjuvant @entity1 , and maximum abdominal pressure during the voiding phase. Bladder compliance at 12 months after surgery was used as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Radical hysterectomy with a non-nerve-sparing procedure (odds ratio [OR], 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-11.0), adjuvant @entity1 (OR, 10.3; 95% CI, 2.5-43.5), and voiding with abdominal pressure at 3 months after surgery (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.1-7.2) were risk factors for persistent @entity2 . CONCLUSIONS: A nerve-sparing procedure and prohibition of voiding with abdominal strain during the acute and subacute phases after RH resulted in improved recovery of bladder compliance. @entity1 should be avoided in @entity0 who undergo nerve-sparing RH if an alternative postoperative strategy is possible.

title: Risk factors for persistent XXXX after radical hysterectomy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential value of distributional-phase T1-weighted ferumoxides-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for tissue characterization of focal @entity7 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging was performed using a 1.5-T system in 46 @entity0 referred for evaluation of known or suspected @entity3 . Seventy-three focal @entity7 (30 @entity4 ( @entity4 ), 12 @entity1 , 15 cysts, 13 @entity8 , and three @entity6 ) were evaluated. MR imaging included T1-weighted double-echo gradient-echo (TR/TE: 150/4.2 and 2.1 msec), T2*-weighted gradient-echo (TR/TE: 180/12 msec), and T2-weighted turbo spin-echo MR imaging at 1.5 T before and after intravenous administration of ferumoxides (15 mmol/kg body weight). Postcontrast T1-weighted imaging was performed within eight minutes of infusion of the contrast medium (distributional phase). Both qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed. RESULTS: During the distributional phase after infusion of ferumoxides, unique enhancement patterns of focal @entity7 were observed for @entity8 , @entity1 , and @entity4 . On T1-weighted GRE images obtained during the distributional phase, @entity8 showed a typical positive enhancement pattern of increased signal; @entity1 showed ring enhancement; and @entity5 showed slight enhancement. Quantitatively, the signal-to-noise ratio of @entity8 was much higher than that of other @entity2 (p <.05) and was similar to that of intrahepatic vessels. This finding permitted more effective differentiation between @entity8 and other @entity2 . CONCLUSION: T1-weighted double-echo FLASH images obtained soon after the infusion of ferumoxides, show characteristic enhancement patterns and improved the differentiation of focal @entity7 .

title: Characterization of focal XXXX with superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MR imaging: value of distributional phase T1-weighted imaging.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report on all complications experienced by @entity0 with displaced @entity4 (DIACFs) following nonoperative management or @entity3 ( @entity3 ). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, multicenter study. SETTING: Four level I @entity1 centers. @entity0 : The @entity0 population consisted of consecutive @entity0 , age 17 to 65 at the time of injury, presenting to 1 of the centers with DIACFs between April 1991 and December 1998. INTERVENTIONS: @entity0 were randomized to the nonoperative treatment group or to operative reduction using a lateral approach to the calcaneus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Follow-up for @entity0 was at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 12 months, 24 months, and once greater than 24 months following injury. At each follow-up interval, @entity0 were assessed for the development of major and minor complications. After a minimum of 2-year follow-up, @entity0 were asked to fill out a validated visual analogue scale questionnaire (VAS) and a general health review (SF-36). RESULTS: There were 226 DIACFs (206 @entity0 ) in the @entity3 group with 57 of 226 (25%) @entity2 (57 of 206 @entity0 [28%]) having at least 1 major complication. Of 233 @entity2 (218 @entity0 ) nonoperatively managed, 42 (18%) (42 of 218 @entity0 [19%]) developed at least 1 major complication (indirectly resulting in surgery). CONCLUSION: Complications occur regardless of the management strategy chosen for DIACFs and despite management by experienced surgeons. Complications are a cause of significant morbidity for @entity0 . Outcome scores in this study tend to support @entity3 for calcaneal @entity2 . However, @entity3 @entity0 are more likely to develop complications. Certain @entity0 populations (WCB and Sanders type IV) developed a high incidence of complications regardless of the management strategy chosen.

title: Complications following management of displaced @entity4 : a prospective randomized trial comparing XXXX with nonoperative management.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report on all complications experienced by @entity0 with displaced @entity4 (DIACFs) following nonoperative management or @entity3 ( @entity3 ). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, multicenter study. SETTING: Four level I @entity1 centers. @entity0 : The @entity0 population consisted of consecutive @entity0 , age 17 to 65 at the time of injury, presenting to 1 of the centers with DIACFs between April 1991 and December 1998. INTERVENTIONS: @entity0 were randomized to the nonoperative treatment group or to operative reduction using a lateral approach to the calcaneus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Follow-up for @entity0 was at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 12 months, 24 months, and once greater than 24 months following injury. At each follow-up interval, @entity0 were assessed for the development of major and minor complications. After a minimum of 2-year follow-up, @entity0 were asked to fill out a validated visual analogue scale questionnaire (VAS) and a general health review (SF-36). RESULTS: There were 226 DIACFs (206 @entity0 ) in the @entity3 group with 57 of 226 (25%) @entity2 (57 of 206 @entity0 [28%]) having at least 1 major complication. Of 233 @entity2 (218 @entity0 ) nonoperatively managed, 42 (18%) (42 of 218 @entity0 [19%]) developed at least 1 major complication (indirectly resulting in surgery). CONCLUSION: Complications occur regardless of the management strategy chosen for DIACFs and despite management by experienced surgeons. Complications are a cause of significant morbidity for @entity0 . Outcome scores in this study tend to support @entity3 for calcaneal @entity2 . However, @entity3 @entity0 are more likely to develop complications. Certain @entity0 populations (WCB and Sanders type IV) developed a high incidence of complications regardless of the management strategy chosen.

title: Complications following management of displaced XXXX : a prospective randomized trial comparing @entity3 with nonoperative management.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The Minnesota @entity0 's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES) provides exposure, environmental, and biologic data relating to multipathway exposures of @entity0 for four primary pesticides ( @entity6 , @entity3 , @entity10 , and @entity8 ), 14 secondary pesticides, and 13 polynuclear @entity5 ( @entity2 ). Monitoring was performed on a probability-based sample of 102 @entity0 aged 3-12 in Minneapolis/St. Paul and in a nearby rural area (Goodhue and @entity1 counties). This paper provides estimated distributions of this population's exposures and exposure-related measurements and examines associations among the various measures via rank (Spearman) correlations. In addition, it provides some aggregate and cumulative exposure estimates for pesticides, and compares the relative intakes from inhalation and dietary ingestion. Intakes for the four primary pesticides appeared to come principally from the ingestion rather than the inhalation route; this was clearly true for @entity6 but was less certain for the other three primary pesticides because of their higher degree of nondetects. Solid food rather than beverages was clearly the main contributor to the ingestion intake. Despite the dominance of the ingestion route, the urinary metabolite of @entity6 exhibited a stronger association with the air measurements than with the dietary measures. Personal-air samples exhibited strong rank correlations with indoor air samples for @entity6 , @entity3 , and @entity10 (0.81, 0.51, and 0.62, respectively), while personal-air @entity8 levels correlated well with outdoor levels (0.69); personal-air @entity10 levels also correlated well with outdoor levels (0.67). For the @entity2 , many significant associations were evident among the various air samples and for the air samples with the dust samples, especially for those compounds with consistently high percent measurable values (particularly @entity9 , @entity7 , and @entity4 ).

title: Distributions, associations, and partial aggregate exposure of pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Minnesota XXXX 's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES).

answer: @entity0


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the expression of cyclooxygenase ( @entity5 ) and the relationship with @entity1 angiogenesis and advancement in @entity2 . METHODS: Immunohistochemical stain was used for detecting the expression of @entity5 in 45 resected specimens of @entity2 ; the monoclonal antibody against @entity6 was used for displaying vascular endothelial cells, and @entity4 ( @entity4 ) was detected by counting of @entity6 -positive vascular endothelial cells. Paracancerous tissues were examined as control. RESULTS: Immunohistological staining with @entity5 -specific polyclonal antibody showed cytoplasmic staining in the @entity1 cells, some @entity3 and intestinal metaplasia,as well as angiogenic vasculature present within the @entity1 and prexisting vasculature adjacent to @entity1 . The rate of expression of @entity5 and @entity4 index in @entity2 were significantly increased, compared with those in the paracancerous tissues (77.78 vs 33.33 %, 58.13+/-19.99 vs 24.02+/-10.28, P<0.01, P<0.05, respectively). In 36 @entity2 specimens with lymph node @entity0 , the rate of @entity5 expression and @entity4 were higher than those in the specimens without metostasis (86.11 vs 44.44 %, 58.60+/-18.24 vs 43.54+/-15.05, P<0.05, P<0.05, respectively). The rate of @entity5 expression and @entity4 in the specimens with invasive serosa were significantly higher than those in the specimens without invasion to serosa (87.88 vs 50.0 %, 57.01+/-18.79 vs 42.35+/-14.65, P<0.05, P<0.05). Moreover, @entity4 in @entity5 -positive specimens was higher than that in @entity5 -negative specimens (61.29+/-14.31 vs 45.38+/-12.42,P<0.05). @entity5 expression was positively correlated with @entity4 (r=0.63, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: @entity5 expression might correlate with the occurance and advancement of @entity2 and is involved in @entity1 angiogenesis in @entity2 . It is likely that @entity5 by inducing angiogenesis can be one of mechanisms which promotes invasion and @entity0 of @entity2 . It may become a new therapeutic target for anti-angiogenesis.

title: Correlation between expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and angiogenesis in human XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: AIM: Primary neoplasmas of the jejunum and ileum are infrequent and lack specific manifestations and inaccessibility of conventional endoscopy, so the diagnosis of these @entity1 are usually delayed. So far the data of primary jejunoileal neoplasmas is still scarce, especially in Chinese medical literature in English. There may be some differences among the Chinese and the westerners in jejunoileal neoplasmas. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made on clinical findings and pathological types. RESULTS: Of the 60 @entity0 with @entity8 , the most frequent symptom was @entity6 (57 %), followed by tarry stool (43 %) and @entity4 (10 %). Abdominal mass (40 %) was the most common finding on physical examination, followed by @entity5 and @entity3 (35 %). 67 % of the @entity1 were located in the jejunum. Among the malignant neoplasmas (68 %), @entity1 (47 %) was most common, while the benign stromoma (20 %) was the most common benign neoplasmas. Preoperatively, 40 @entity0 (67 %) were diagnosed as small bowel neoplasmas, of which 34 were found by enteroclysis. Abdominal mass was shown by CT in 18 cases and by ultrasonography in 13. The mean duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 7 months. In 41 @entity0 with @entity1 , the duration of symptoms before diagnosis exceeded 12 months in 21 cases, lymphatic or distant metastases were found in 26 (63 %)cases during operation. An emergency laparotomy was performed in 4 @entity0 (7 %) owing to @entity7 or perforation. CONCLUSION: @entity2 in Chinese present some difference from Westerners on clinical features and histopathologic types. Enteroclysis remains the major relevant diagnostic procedure in this study, the misdiagnotic rate is high preoperatively due to failure of detection by conventional imaging procedures such as CT and inaccessibility of routine endoscopy. For the suspected @entity0 , combined application of aforementioned procedures may facilitate early diagnosis. The wireless capsule endoscopy may improve the diagnostic rate of jejunoileal neoplasmas in the future.

title: XXXX : a review of 60 cases.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Normal @entity0 epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) died after 5 days of co-culture with an @entity3 cell line (HSC-4). However, the HSC-4 cells did not change in either mitotic character or shape. We analyzed the changes in the mitotic activity and DNA synthetic activity of NHEK in co-culture with the HSC-4 cells. The @entity4 of the NHEK decreased gradually with the presence of @entity0 @entity5 ( @entity5 ) in the media. However, the @entity4 ( @entity4 ) of the HSC-4 cells did not change. The shape of the NHEK cells did not change during co-culture. The time changes of the @entity2 ( @entity2 ) measured by BrdU incorporation, and the @entity2 decreased in neither NHEK nor in HSC-4 cells in the presence of @entity5 . Moreover, in co-culture with an anti- @entity5 antibody, the @entity4 of both NHEK and HSC-4 cells did not change. These results indicate that @entity5 might not lead to apoptosis or @entity1 , but rather to cellular reproductive death in NHEK cells. However, HSC-4 cells might be more tolerant of @entity5 , so that @entity5 does not cause cellular reproductive death. @entity5 does not diminish the DNA synthesis rate but decreases the mitotic activity in NHEK cells in vitro. @entity5 diminishes neither the DNA synthesis rate nor the mitotic activity in HSC-4 cells.

title: Mortality of XXXX epidermal keratinocytes in co-culture with oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Data are limited on the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of M  ni  re disease. We sought to document the effect of a psychotherapeutic technique known as autogenic training on clinical outcome in M  ni  re disease. Six @entity0 with M  ni  re disease were studied. Retrospective chart review was conducted. All @entity0 were refractory to conventional therapy and completed a course of autogenic training, which was offered as a complementary treatment. Autogenic training with @entity2 was conducted by a clinical psychologist during 45-min sessions. Outcome measures assessed were the frequency of vertigo and functional levels 2  years after initiation of autogenic training. Functional levels were evaluated according to the 1995 guidelines of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS). As a personality measure, we used the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI), devised by Eysenck, which measures @entity1 ( @entity1 ), extraversion (E), and propensity to lie (L). Five of six @entity0 showed improved functional level after three to eight sessions of psychotherapy; hearing level did not change. The score of the @entity1 scale of the MPI was closely related to the number of psychotherapy sessions. Prognosis was evaluated based on the AAO-HNS reporting guidelines, as follows: A  =  3, B  =  1, C  =  1, F  =  1. The value of @entity1 in MPI was closely related to the number of psychological counseling sessions (R  =  0.97, P  <  0.05). In conclusion, autogenic training may enhance the mental well-being of @entity0 with M  ni  re disease and improve clinical outcome.

title: Application of autogenic training in XXXX with M  ni  re disease.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess insertion-linked @entity1 and the short-term user-acceptability and safety of the GyneFix as compared with T-framed @entity3 ( @entity3 ). DESIGN: A randomised controlled trial in an outpatient clinic setting. METHOD: @entity0 requesting an IUD for emergency contraception (EC) were allocated to either the short-term arm (GyneFix versus Nova-T200, or the long-term arm (GyneFix versus Gyne- @entity4 , and then randomised within each group. Visual analogue scores were used to assess the @entity0 's perception of the @entity1 associated with insertion, which was @entity0 -blinded. Follow-up was double-blinded, at 6 weeks, with @entity2 and @entity1 recorded over this time. RESULTS: A total of 175 @entity0 received an IUD in the long-term arm. The short-term arm was discontinued due to low recruitment (17 @entity0 at 20 months) and therefore the results relate to the long-term arm only. Outcome was known in 98% of subjects. The actual insertion procedure was scored as more @entity1 for the GyneFix, both by the @entity0 (p = 0.013) and the doctors making their assessment of the @entity0 's @entity1 (p = 0.04). The @entity0 with GyneFix described less @entity1 in the subsequent 30 days after insertion (p = 0.005). Only 13% of @entity0 with GyneFix requested removal as compared with 20% with Gyne- @entity4 , with the difference being attributed to removal due to @entity1 . The @entity2 pattern was similar for those using GyneFix and Gyne- @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that although the actual fitting may be more @entity1 , @entity1 is less during the 6 weeks after insertion of GyneFix and fewer @entity0 discontinue its use because of @entity1 , as compared with Gyne- @entity4 . The high overall continuation rate of all emergency @entity3 at 6 weeks and low morbidity seen in this study favours more frequent IUD insertion where unprotected intercourse has occurred, given also its higher efficacy over oral hormonal EC.

title: Randomised controlled trial assessing the acceptability of GyneFix versus Gyne- XXXX for emergency contraception.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess pregnancy hormone levels in relation to @entity2 with or without @entity3 . METHODS: In the context of a prospective cohort study, 262 white pregnant @entity0 in Boston were observed through delivery. Maternal blood was collected at 16 and 27 weeks' gestation and serum levels of @entity1 , @entity6 , @entity5 , prolactin, and @entity4 were determined. Information on sociodemographic and medical variables was collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire and review of medical records. At the 27th gestational week, @entity2 with or without @entity3 at any time during the index pregnancy was ascertained. RESULTS: By the 27th gestational week, 209 @entity0 (79.8%) had experienced @entity2 with or without @entity3 . There was a substantial and statistically significant (P <.01) inverse association of prolactin with @entity2 with or without @entity3 at both the first and the second samplings, with or without adjustment for the other measured compounds. @entity1 was positively associated with @entity2 with or without @entity3 risk, but the association was evident only after adjustment for the other measured compounds (P values of.06 and.07 at the first and second samplings, respectively). We found no evidence that @entity6 , @entity5 , or @entity4 was related to @entity2 with or without @entity3 at either the 16th or the 27th week of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Our results point to lower levels of prolactin and, perhaps, higher levels of @entity1 as contributing to or correlating with the occurrence of @entity2 with or without @entity3 at any time during the pregnancy until the 27th gestational week. We found no evidence that @entity6 , @entity5 , or @entity4 is associated with this condition.

title: Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy in relation to prolactin, estrogens, and XXXX : a prospective study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Most of our knowledge about transmission at central synapses has been obtained by studying populations of synapses, but some important properties of synapses can be determined only by studying them individually. An important issue is whether a presynaptic action potential causes, at most, a single vesicle to be released, or whether multiquantal transmission is possible. Previous work in the @entity4 region has shown that the response to stimulation of a single axon can be highly variable, apparently because it is composed of a variable number of quantal elements ( approximately 5 pA in amplitude). These quantal events have a low coefficient of variation (CV). Because the number of synaptic contacts involved is not known, the response could be because of uniquantal transmission at a varying number of synapses, or to multliquantal transmission at a single synapse. The former predicts that the CV at individual synapses should be small. We have used optical methods to measure the @entity3 receptor-mediated @entity1 elevation at single active synapses. Our main finding is that the amplitude of nonfailure responses could be highly variable, having a CV as large as 0.63. In one fortuitous experiment, the optically studied synapse was the only active synapse, and we could therefore measure both its @entity3 ( @entity2 ) receptor- and @entity0 ( @entity0 ) receptor-mediated signals. At this synapse, both signals varied over a 10-fold range and were highly correlated. These results strongly suggest that transmission at single @entity4 synapses can be multiquantal. Furthermore, the individual quantal response is very far from saturation, allowing the effective summation of many quanta. The existence of multiquantal release has important implications for defining synaptic strength and understanding the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.

title: The high variance of XXXX receptor- and @entity2 receptor-mediated responses at single hippocampal synapses: evidence for multiquantal release.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Most of our knowledge about transmission at central synapses has been obtained by studying populations of synapses, but some important properties of synapses can be determined only by studying them individually. An important issue is whether a presynaptic action potential causes, at most, a single vesicle to be released, or whether multiquantal transmission is possible. Previous work in the @entity4 region has shown that the response to stimulation of a single axon can be highly variable, apparently because it is composed of a variable number of quantal elements ( approximately 5 pA in amplitude). These quantal events have a low coefficient of variation (CV). Because the number of synaptic contacts involved is not known, the response could be because of uniquantal transmission at a varying number of synapses, or to multliquantal transmission at a single synapse. The former predicts that the CV at individual synapses should be small. We have used optical methods to measure the @entity3 receptor-mediated @entity1 elevation at single active synapses. Our main finding is that the amplitude of nonfailure responses could be highly variable, having a CV as large as 0.63. In one fortuitous experiment, the optically studied synapse was the only active synapse, and we could therefore measure both its @entity3 ( @entity2 ) receptor- and @entity0 ( @entity0 ) receptor-mediated signals. At this synapse, both signals varied over a 10-fold range and were highly correlated. These results strongly suggest that transmission at single @entity4 synapses can be multiquantal. Furthermore, the individual quantal response is very far from saturation, allowing the effective summation of many quanta. The existence of multiquantal release has important implications for defining synaptic strength and understanding the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.

title: The high variance of @entity0 receptor- and XXXX receptor-mediated responses at single hippocampal synapses: evidence for multiquantal release.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a case of partial @entity2 of the left lower lobe diagnosed after central venous cannulation. DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: Intensive care unit. @entity0 : A 76-yr-old @entity0 with obstructive @entity3 requiring hemodialysis. INTERVENTIONS: Central venous cannulation and hemodialysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The diagnosis was suggested by chest radiography after placement of a central venous catheter through the left internal jugular vein. Pressure measurements at the tip of the catheter showed a venous waveform. @entity1 blood content on samples of blood was higher than on peripheral arterial blood. Computed tomography with intravenous contrast was not conclusive. Diagnosis was confirmed with transcatheter phlebography. CONCLUSIONS: It is important for the intensivist to be aware of this infrequent variant when a central venous catheter takes an abnormal route and drains low-pressure, arterialized blood.

title: Partial XXXX of the left lower lobe: incidental diagnostic after central venous cannulation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Human @entity3 antigens are variably expressed on @entity2 ( @entity2 ) blasts. The biological and clinical significance of HLA Class II antigen expression by @entity2 cells is not known. Therefore, we sought to characterize cases of @entity2 without detectable HLA-DR expression. Samples from 248 consecutive @entity2 @entity0 were immunophenotyped by multiparameter flow cytometry at diagnosis. HLA-DR antigens were not detected on @entity2 cells from 43 @entity0 , including 20 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and 23 with other subtypes of @entity2 . All @entity1 cases had t(15;17), but there were no characteristic chromosome @entity1 cases. No direct expression of other antigens was identified in HLA-DR-negative @entity1 and non- @entity1 cases. Interestingly, cells from three HLA-DR-negative non- @entity1 @entity0 had similar morphology to that of the hypogranular variant of @entity1 . This morphology, however, was not present in any HLA-DR-positive @entity2 cases. Treatment response was similar in the 23 HLA-DR-negative non- @entity1 and the 205 HLA-DR-positive @entity0 . Finally, relapse was infrequently associated with changes in HLA-DR antigen expression, as the HLA-DR antigen was lost at relapse in only 4% of HLA-DR-positive cases, and was gained at relapse in only 17% of HLA-DR-negative cases. We conclude that HLA-DR-negative @entity2 includes approximately equal numbers of @entity1 and non- @entity1 cases, and that the morphology of HLA-DR-negative non- @entity1 cases can mimic the hypogranular variant of @entity1 . The diagnosis of @entity1 cannot be based on morphology and lack of HLA-DR antigen expression; rather, it requires cytogenetic or molecular confirmation.

title: HLA-DR antigen-negative XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We report our preliminary experience with two cases of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in which endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) was performed to treat non-communicating @entity2 . For many years, the insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunts has been the standard treatment for @entity2 in @entity0 with @entity3 , although the indications for and timing of surgery are not uniformly accepted. Shunt insertion is associated with a high incidence of complications, particularly with long-term follow-up. An alternative treatment for @entity2 in this group of @entity0 would clearly be of great benefit. The indications for ETV have increased in the last decade, and there are reports of some effectiveness of the procedure in @entity0 with @entity2 due to @entity4 . To our knowledge, ETV has not been described in the management of @entity3 . METHODS: We report the early results of our preliminary experience with ETV in two @entity0 who presented with neurological compromise due to @entity2 and @entity1 . The clinical context and pre-operative investigation of these @entity0 are presented. The emphasis is placed on the distinction between communicating and non-communicating pathologies as a guide to management options. We detail our surgical findings and the peculiar endoscopic challenges that the condition presented to us. Follow-up in these @entity0 included clinical and investigational data suggesting early effectiveness of the procedure in converting non-communicating @entity2 into a communicating one, which can then be treated medically. DISCUSSION: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy is presented as a new application of a procedure accepted for other indications in the treatment of non-communicating @entity2 . There are particular aspects of the use of this procedure related to the unique pathology of @entity3 that are significantly different. We explain our rationale for endoscopy in these @entity0 , and suggest a protocol in which endoscopy may play a role in the management of @entity0 with @entity1 due to tuberculous @entity2 .

title: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Advanced @entity5 is incurable by standard treatments, but occasionally responds to immunotherapy. Recent trials using dendritic cells (DC) as a cellular adjuvant have concentrated on defined peptides as the source of antigens, and rely on foreign proteins as a source of help to generate a cell-mediated immune response. This approach limits @entity0 accrual, because currently defined, non-mutated epitopes are restricted by a small number of human leucocyte antigens. It also fails to take advantage of mutated epitopes peculiar to the @entity0 's own @entity1 , and of @entity6 + T lymphocytes as potential effectors of anti- @entity1 immunity. We therefore sought to determine whether a fully autologous DC vaccine is feasible, and of therapeutic benefit. @entity0 with American Joint @entity1 Committee stage IV @entity5 were treated with a fully autologous immunotherapy consisting of monocyte-derived DC, matured after culture with irradiated @entity1 cells. Of 19 @entity0 enrolled into the trial, sufficient @entity1 was available to make treatments for 17. Of these, 12 received a complete priming phase of six cycles of either 0.9x10(6) or 5x10(6) DC/intradermal injection, at 2-weekly intervals. Where possible, treatment continued with the lower dose at 6-weekly intervals. The remaining five @entity0 could not complete priming, due to @entity4 . Three of the 12 @entity0 who completed priming have durable complete responses (average duration 35 months+), three had partial responses, and the remaining six had @entity4 (WHO criteria). Disease regression was not correlated with dose or with the development of delayed type @entity2 responses to intradermal challenge with irradiated, @entity1 . However, plasma S-100B levels prior to the commencement of treatment correlated with objective clinical response ( P=0.05) and survival (log rank P<0.001). The treatment had minimal side-effects and was well tolerated by all @entity0 . Mature, monocyte-derived DC preparations exposed to appropriate @entity1 antigen sources can be reliably produced for @entity0 with advanced @entity5 , and in a subset of those @entity0 with lower @entity3 their repeated administration results in durable complete responses.

title: Durable complete clinical responses in a phase I/II trial using an autologous XXXX cell/dendritic cell vaccine.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Based on the evidence presented here, the following tentative conclusions can be drawn. Atypical antipsychotics (except amisulpride) have shown superiority over placebo in acute @entity1 . Compared with conventional antipsychotics, they are at least as effective. Generally, analyses employing conservative criteria (e.g., Cochrane reviews) report few efficacy differences between atypical and conventional agents. There are now many well-controlled studies indicating modest advantages for the atypical antipsychotics, however, particularly in specific symptom domains. For the treatment of negative symptoms, @entity3 and to a lesser extent @entity7 seem most promising. @entity6 , @entity3 , and @entity5 display advantages in improving cognitive and @entity2 . There are indications that the atypical antipsychotics are associated with decreased likelihood of rehospitalization and improved quality of life. In head-to-head comparisons of atypical antipsychotics, none have shown consistent efficacy advantages. In severely refractory samples, no atypical antipsychotics have consistently been shown to be as effective as @entity4 or superior to conventional agents. There are indications, however, that @entity6 , @entity3 , and @entity5 have advantages over conventional agents in less severely refractory @entity0 . Few maintenance RCTs have been published, and efficacy advantages for atypical antipsychotics in prospective RCTs in first-episode @entity1 have not been reported.

title: The new and evolving pharmacotherapy of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Nine cases of @entity2 are presented in which an initial diagnosis of @entity3 was made from roentgenographic, endoscopic, or intraoperative appearance of the lesion. The clinical features were insufficient to differentiate @entity2 from @entity3 . In 7 @entity0 a barium enema was interpreted as, or consistent with, @entity3 . In 3 of these @entity0 colonoscopy also suggested @entity1 . In 2 @entity0 , endoscopy suggested a @entity1 but no barium enema was performed. Endoscopic biopsies when performed were negative for @entity1 . Three @entity0 were considered to have @entity1 from the gross appearance of the lesion at laparotomy. Routine use of both barium enema and colonoscopy in @entity0 with suspected @entity4 will usually identify the ischemic nature of lesions incorrectly diagnosed by one technique or the other. In the uncommon @entity0 in whom both studies suggest a @entity1 , but biopsy specimens are negative for @entity1 , repeat studies 7-10 days later may identify the evolving nature of @entity5 and obviate the need for surgery. When no changes are seen, prompt laparotomy is indicated.

title: Simulation of XXXX by @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Nine cases of @entity2 are presented in which an initial diagnosis of @entity3 was made from roentgenographic, endoscopic, or intraoperative appearance of the lesion. The clinical features were insufficient to differentiate @entity2 from @entity3 . In 7 @entity0 a barium enema was interpreted as, or consistent with, @entity3 . In 3 of these @entity0 colonoscopy also suggested @entity1 . In 2 @entity0 , endoscopy suggested a @entity1 but no barium enema was performed. Endoscopic biopsies when performed were negative for @entity1 . Three @entity0 were considered to have @entity1 from the gross appearance of the lesion at laparotomy. Routine use of both barium enema and colonoscopy in @entity0 with suspected @entity4 will usually identify the ischemic nature of lesions incorrectly diagnosed by one technique or the other. In the uncommon @entity0 in whom both studies suggest a @entity1 , but biopsy specimens are negative for @entity1 , repeat studies 7-10 days later may identify the evolving nature of @entity5 and obviate the need for surgery. When no changes are seen, prompt laparotomy is indicated.

title: Simulation of @entity4 by XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: A compilation of all prescriptions issued for @entity2 medication in Iceland for a 6 months period, together with hospital records of all @entity0 operated on for primary @entity3 but not on @entity2 medication, were analysed for the prevalence and distribution of @entity2 in Iceland. The @entity2 population consisted of 1916 individuals (991 males and 925 females), amounting to an overall prevalence of 8.3 per thousand population. About 80% of the @entity0 were on @entity2 medication and the remaining had been operated on but had not used drugs. Only 2.6% of the @entity2 population was under 50 years of age. The overall prevalence among those aged 50 and older was 35.3 per 1000, all having primary open @entity2 (subsuming @entity2 with @entity4 ). The prevalence increased with age from 5.7 per 1000 at age 50-59, to 107.5 at age 80 and older. Rates for males were significantly higher than rates for females in all age groups. The rates were highest in regions where ophthalmologists visit health centers regularly. Assuming that the @entity3 @entity0 in Iceland as a whole have a similar eye status to the @entity0 attending the University Outpatient @entity2 Clinic, the overall prevalence of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in the population aged 50 and older is 19.1 per thousand. The age specific prevalence of @entity1 in Iceland is therefore consistent with results of prevalence studies in neighbouring countries.

title: The prevalence of XXXX in Iceland.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity10 is a recognized complication of cardiac surgery, but its incidence and various outcomes have not been completely described. A retrospective study was undertaken to better characterize the syndrome. METHODS: Records of 49,377 autopsies and surgical specimens from the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1973 and 1995 were reviewed. Three hundred twenty-seven @entity0 (0.7%) had an identifiable @entity10 on histologic examination. Of these @entity0 , 29 (0.2%) had undergone a cardiac surgical procedure within 30 days of autopsy or surgical resection. @entity0 charts and pathology specimens were reviewed for operative findings, postoperative outcomes, and histology. RESULTS: Six of the 29 @entity0 (21%) had @entity10 to the heart, 7 @entity0 (24%) had @entity9 to the central nervous system, 19 @entity0 (66%) had @entity9 to the gastrointestinal tract, 14 @entity0 (48%) had @entity9 to one or both kidneys, and 5 @entity0 (17%) had @entity9 to a lower extremity. Sixteen @entity0 (55%) had @entity10 in two or more areas. In 6 @entity0 (21%), @entity4 was directly attributable to @entity10 , including intraoperative @entity7 from @entity5 (n = 3), massive @entity2 (n = 2), and extensive @entity6 (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: @entity10 in cardiac surgery has a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, including devastating @entity3 and @entity4 . Although the true incidence is probably underestimated in this retrospective study, the high attendant mortality and morbidity of @entity10 have been documented. Improvements in outcome are likely to be associated with preoperative identification of @entity0 at high risk, modifications of perfusion technique, and interventions to minimize secondary @entity8 and progressive @entity1 .

title: XXXX in cardiac surgery.

answer: @entity10


abstract: The therapeutic management of @entity2 is almost exclusively surgical. Although a few @entity0 survive for long periods without treatment, the majority die without surgery. Total excision is advised to prevent recurrence which almost always follows @entity1 . Moreover, radical excision is feasible since the cerebellum has a remarkable capacity to compensate after large amounts of tissue have been removed. Morbidity is related to damage to the deep cerebellar nuclei, infiltration of the brain stem, secondary adhesions, and @entity3 . @entity1 may not be macroscopically visible at the time of first operation which in turn emphasizes the need for a detailed radiological work-up using, in particular, the CT scan. Biopsy alone, decompression alone, and/or @entity4 are usually followed by rapid recurrence and no more than 30% of @entity0 thus treated are recurrence-free five years after surgery. Approximately 40% of @entity0 have subtotal resections and, of these, only 35% are recurrence-free five years post-operatively. Despite the high risk of recurrence following subtotal removal, subtotal excision may still be followed by prolonged survival since two thirds of the @entity0 in the present study were still alive ten years or more after surgery. This is due in part to the unpredictable behaviour of @entity2 , a fact clearly demonstrated by serial CT studies of @entity0 with partially excised @entity1 which demonstrate that @entity1 may occasionally regress or even remain static for many years. Total removal, when possible, is the treatment of choice and was carried out in 41% of @entity0 in the present study. Ninety-five per cent of @entity0 were free of recurrence for 25 years or more following total removal. In fact, recurrence following total removal has only rarely been recorded and is more often found when the initially excised @entity1 contains atypical and/or malignant features. Still, a benign histology does not preclude recurrence even when a total macroscopic excision has been achieved. This again emphasises the unpredictable nature of these @entity1 and the need for long-term radiological follow-up. Overall, operative mortality should be around 5% and even less for unilateral, hemispheric, circumscribed, nodular @entity2 . Conversely, the operative mortality for @entity1 of the vermis may approach 30% and generally increase with each subsequent operation, being maximal in the first post-operative month. Radiotherapy does not reduce the rate of recurrence nor prolong the overall survival period to death in @entity0 with @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX : therapeutic management.

answer: @entity2


abstract: During the past 20 years, a consistent policy in applying early valvotomy has resulted in a unique opportunity to appraise the long-term results of this approach in @entity2 with intact @entity1 . Since 1964, 27 of 35 @entity0 with @entity2 with intact @entity1 had type 1 or 2 right ventricle, 25 of these had early valvotomy, seven with and 18 without concomitant shunt. The remaining two @entity0 with type 2 right ventricle and the eight @entity0 with type 3 right ventricle received a shunt alone. Overall operative mortality was 34%; for those @entity0 weighing more than 3 kg and those operated upon since 1977, it was 18% and 16%, respectively. There were 17 survivors of early valvotomy: 11 had valvotomy alone and six had valvotomy with shunt; 12 had type 1 right ventricle and five had type 2 right ventricle. Survival rates (+/- standard error) for these 17 @entity0 were 85% +/- 10% and 68% +/- 17% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The probability of reoperation was 100% by 6 years of age; outflow patch reconstruction was employed in all @entity0 in whom reoperation has been performed. Aggressive follow-up and early recatheterization were essential features of management. Delayed reconstruction after shunt alone was unsuccessful in three @entity0 . Primary valvotomy without shunt is the operation of choice for @entity0 with @entity2 with intact @entity1 and type 1 right ventricle. Concomitant shunt may be required for some @entity0 with type 1 and most with type 2 right ventricle, selected preoperatively by angiography or after valvotomy by clinical necessity. Delayed right ventricular reconstruction after shunt alone is not an acceptable approach when an outflow tract is present.

title: Valvotomy for @entity2 with intact XXXX . A disciplined approach to achieve a functioning right ventricle.

answer: @entity1


abstract: During the past 20 years, a consistent policy in applying early valvotomy has resulted in a unique opportunity to appraise the long-term results of this approach in @entity2 with intact @entity1 . Since 1964, 27 of 35 @entity0 with @entity2 with intact @entity1 had type 1 or 2 right ventricle, 25 of these had early valvotomy, seven with and 18 without concomitant shunt. The remaining two @entity0 with type 2 right ventricle and the eight @entity0 with type 3 right ventricle received a shunt alone. Overall operative mortality was 34%; for those @entity0 weighing more than 3 kg and those operated upon since 1977, it was 18% and 16%, respectively. There were 17 survivors of early valvotomy: 11 had valvotomy alone and six had valvotomy with shunt; 12 had type 1 right ventricle and five had type 2 right ventricle. Survival rates (+/- standard error) for these 17 @entity0 were 85% +/- 10% and 68% +/- 17% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The probability of reoperation was 100% by 6 years of age; outflow patch reconstruction was employed in all @entity0 in whom reoperation has been performed. Aggressive follow-up and early recatheterization were essential features of management. Delayed reconstruction after shunt alone was unsuccessful in three @entity0 . Primary valvotomy without shunt is the operation of choice for @entity0 with @entity2 with intact @entity1 and type 1 right ventricle. Concomitant shunt may be required for some @entity0 with type 1 and most with type 2 right ventricle, selected preoperatively by angiography or after valvotomy by clinical necessity. Delayed right ventricular reconstruction after shunt alone is not an acceptable approach when an outflow tract is present.

title: Valvotomy for XXXX with intact @entity1 . A disciplined approach to achieve a functioning right ventricle.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Approximately one out of every 40 @entity0 admitted to United States hospitals each year acquires a @entity2 while hospitalized. Urologic instrumentation is the precipitating cause in 75 to 80 percent of the cases. Such infections are responsible for a mortality rate among these @entity0 that is three times the rate observed for all other hospitalized @entity0 . When associated with @entity4 , nosocomial @entity2 can progress rapidly to an irreversible state, resulting in @entity1 in 10 percent of those @entity0 affected. Survivors are faced with escalating costs of hospital care and drug therapy. Presumptive administration of antibiotics is routinely recommended in selected types of genitourinary surgery, primarily because of the contaminated nature of the procedures, and especially advised when the surgery is likely to be followed by the placement of an indwelling urinary catheter. Quite often, the regimen for presumptive treatment of @entity2 includes aminoglycosides, such as @entity5 , alone or in combination. The role of @entity5 in empiric management of postoperative @entity2 is even more obvious. The fact that it has the broadest spectrum of activity compared with other @entity3 reduces the chance of therapeutic failure and results in a shorter hospital stay. In that respect, @entity5 may effect an overall decrease in total costs of hospitalization.

title: Upper and lower XXXX : @entity5 's role in managing surgical complications.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Approximately one out of every 40 @entity0 admitted to United States hospitals each year acquires a @entity2 while hospitalized. Urologic instrumentation is the precipitating cause in 75 to 80 percent of the cases. Such infections are responsible for a mortality rate among these @entity0 that is three times the rate observed for all other hospitalized @entity0 . When associated with @entity4 , nosocomial @entity2 can progress rapidly to an irreversible state, resulting in @entity1 in 10 percent of those @entity0 affected. Survivors are faced with escalating costs of hospital care and drug therapy. Presumptive administration of antibiotics is routinely recommended in selected types of genitourinary surgery, primarily because of the contaminated nature of the procedures, and especially advised when the surgery is likely to be followed by the placement of an indwelling urinary catheter. Quite often, the regimen for presumptive treatment of @entity2 includes aminoglycosides, such as @entity5 , alone or in combination. The role of @entity5 in empiric management of postoperative @entity2 is even more obvious. The fact that it has the broadest spectrum of activity compared with other @entity3 reduces the chance of therapeutic failure and results in a shorter hospital stay. In that respect, @entity5 may effect an overall decrease in total costs of hospitalization.

title: Upper and lower @entity2 : XXXX 's role in managing surgical complications.

answer: @entity5


abstract: From 1958 through 1980, 131 @entity0 had repair of @entity2 of the mitral valve; 62% were @entity0 . Ages ranged from 5 to 70 years (median 57). Chordae to the anterior mitral leaflet were @entity2 in 44 @entity0 (34%), to the posterior mitral leaflet in 85 (65%), and to both leaflets in two @entity0 (1%). The mitral valve was repaired by leaflet plication without resection in 116 @entity0 , plication after wedge resection of the unsupported leaflet in six, Ivalon sponge buttress of the posterior leaflet in three, resuspension of chordae in two, and annuloplasty alone in the remaining four. Mitral valve annuloplasty was performed in addition to leaflet repair in 115 @entity0 (88%). Operative (less than 30 days) mortality was 6.1%. Survival rate of @entity0 dismissed from the hospital was 92% at 5 years and 73% at 10 years. There were no differences in late survival or risk of reoperation for recurrent or residual @entity1 between @entity0 with @entity2 chordae to the anterior leaflet and those with @entity2 chordae to the posterior leaflet. Survival was significantly better for the group with repair than it was for a group that underwent mitral valve replacement for @entity2 chordae during this same time interval (5 year survival rate, 92% versus 72%, p less than 0.003). The incidence of @entity3 after repair was 1.8 episodes/100 @entity0 -years compared with 8.0 episodes/100 @entity0 -years after replacement. Our data indicate that valvuloplasty is the procedure of choice for most @entity0 with @entity1 owing to @entity2 , including selected @entity0 with @entity2 chordae to the anterior leaflet.

title: @entity1 due to XXXX . Early and late results of valve repair.

answer: @entity2


abstract: From 1958 through 1980, 131 @entity0 had repair of @entity2 of the mitral valve; 62% were @entity0 . Ages ranged from 5 to 70 years (median 57). Chordae to the anterior mitral leaflet were @entity2 in 44 @entity0 (34%), to the posterior mitral leaflet in 85 (65%), and to both leaflets in two @entity0 (1%). The mitral valve was repaired by leaflet plication without resection in 116 @entity0 , plication after wedge resection of the unsupported leaflet in six, Ivalon sponge buttress of the posterior leaflet in three, resuspension of chordae in two, and annuloplasty alone in the remaining four. Mitral valve annuloplasty was performed in addition to leaflet repair in 115 @entity0 (88%). Operative (less than 30 days) mortality was 6.1%. Survival rate of @entity0 dismissed from the hospital was 92% at 5 years and 73% at 10 years. There were no differences in late survival or risk of reoperation for recurrent or residual @entity1 between @entity0 with @entity2 chordae to the anterior leaflet and those with @entity2 chordae to the posterior leaflet. Survival was significantly better for the group with repair than it was for a group that underwent mitral valve replacement for @entity2 chordae during this same time interval (5 year survival rate, 92% versus 72%, p less than 0.003). The incidence of @entity3 after repair was 1.8 episodes/100 @entity0 -years compared with 8.0 episodes/100 @entity0 -years after replacement. Our data indicate that valvuloplasty is the procedure of choice for most @entity0 with @entity1 owing to @entity2 , including selected @entity0 with @entity2 chordae to the anterior leaflet.

title: XXXX due to @entity2 . Early and late results of valve repair.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity5 have always had a major role in the treatment of @entity3 . This therapeutic emphasis has been based upon the bactericidal activity of the @entity5 against gram-negative aerobes. This group of organisms is important to the gynecologist because of their frequent isolation from soft tissue, urinary sites, and the bloodstream in @entity0 with nosocomial or community-acquired @entity12 . In the past decade, there has been increasing clinical awareness of the multi-bacterial nature of these soft tissue @entity12 . A major therapeutic change directed against gram-negative anaerobes has been the substitution of more effective agents like @entity9 or @entity6 for the @entity2 arm of the older @entity2 - @entity10 combination. The majority of @entity7 treated by gynecologists occur in @entity0 who are younger and usually healthier than those with similar @entity3 who are treated by general surgeons. Consequently, in many instances, single drug therapy with a @entity13 (usually cefoxitin) is adequate, if combined with surgical drainage when indicated. However, there is an increasingly larger group of @entity0 who are significantly older and who may also have pelvic @entity1 . In addition, they may be immunocompromised. Infections in this group mandate the use of the most effective antimicrobial agents that will cover the broadest spectrum. When anaerobic bacteria are involved, either @entity9 or @entity6 are acceptable choices; for aerobic gram-negative organisms, an @entity10 should be used. Recent studies suggest that @entity11 may be the best choice, since it is associated with a low level of bacterial resistance and has been shown to reduce levels of resistance to other @entity5 . @entity11 has become the "gold standard" for comparisons with any new @entity8 or penicillins. New developments will modify the use of @entity5 in the future. The expansion of oncology care with immune-system-modifying chemotherapy and radiation will expose @entity0 to the dangers of gram-negative @entity4 . @entity5 are a logical part of the initial therapeutic regimen for these septic @entity0 . On the other hand, the majority of gynecologic @entity0 with @entity12 are young and healthy. Recent studies have demonstrated that as many as 40 percent of these @entity0 will be underdosed by standard treatment regimens based upon ideal body weight. This means that @entity0 receiving @entity5 will require monitoring of peak and trough levels to insure therapeutic drug levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX in @entity3 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity5 have always had a major role in the treatment of @entity3 . This therapeutic emphasis has been based upon the bactericidal activity of the @entity5 against gram-negative aerobes. This group of organisms is important to the gynecologist because of their frequent isolation from soft tissue, urinary sites, and the bloodstream in @entity0 with nosocomial or community-acquired @entity12 . In the past decade, there has been increasing clinical awareness of the multi-bacterial nature of these soft tissue @entity12 . A major therapeutic change directed against gram-negative anaerobes has been the substitution of more effective agents like @entity9 or @entity6 for the @entity2 arm of the older @entity2 - @entity10 combination. The majority of @entity7 treated by gynecologists occur in @entity0 who are younger and usually healthier than those with similar @entity3 who are treated by general surgeons. Consequently, in many instances, single drug therapy with a @entity13 (usually cefoxitin) is adequate, if combined with surgical drainage when indicated. However, there is an increasingly larger group of @entity0 who are significantly older and who may also have pelvic @entity1 . In addition, they may be immunocompromised. Infections in this group mandate the use of the most effective antimicrobial agents that will cover the broadest spectrum. When anaerobic bacteria are involved, either @entity9 or @entity6 are acceptable choices; for aerobic gram-negative organisms, an @entity10 should be used. Recent studies suggest that @entity11 may be the best choice, since it is associated with a low level of bacterial resistance and has been shown to reduce levels of resistance to other @entity5 . @entity11 has become the "gold standard" for comparisons with any new @entity8 or penicillins. New developments will modify the use of @entity5 in the future. The expansion of oncology care with immune-system-modifying chemotherapy and radiation will expose @entity0 to the dangers of gram-negative @entity4 . @entity5 are a logical part of the initial therapeutic regimen for these septic @entity0 . On the other hand, the majority of gynecologic @entity0 with @entity12 are young and healthy. Recent studies have demonstrated that as many as 40 percent of these @entity0 will be underdosed by standard treatment regimens based upon ideal body weight. This means that @entity0 receiving @entity5 will require monitoring of peak and trough levels to insure therapeutic drug levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: @entity5 in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Whereas open anterior inguinal herniorrhaphy is a time-tested, safe, and well-understood operation with a high success rate, laparoscopic techniques of @entity2 are fairly recent. Consequently, short- and long-term outcomes are still being evaluated. Few studies have compared laparoscopic extraperitoneal @entity2 with tension-free open @entity5 repair. The current study was conducted to compare complications, operative time, @entity4 , length of hospital stay, and return to work between open tension-free mesh Lichtenstein (open) repair and laparoscopic total extraperitoneal (TEP) repair. METHODS: In a prospective randomized study, open @entity5 repair was performed in one group (n = 25), and TEP repair using a large mesh was performed in another (n = 25). Then intraoperative and @entity3 and results were compared. RESULTS: The mean operative time in the TEP group was 75.72 +/- 31.6 min, which was significantly longer than the mean operative time in the open group (54 +/- 15) min (p <0.001). The mean @entity1 scores in the TEP group were 2.64 +/- 1.4 at 12 h and 1.76 +/- 1.4 at 24 h. These scores were significantly lower than the corresponding scores of 3.52 +/- 1.7 (p <0.04) and 2.74 +/- 1.5 (p <0.01) in the open repair group. The mean postoperative analgesic dose was 2.6 +/- 2.3 in the TEP group, which was significantly lower than in the open group 5.76 +/- 3.5 (p <0.001). There was no major complication in either group. The time until return to work was significantly lower in the TEP group (12.8 +/- 7.1) days versus 19.3 +/- 4.3 days; than in the open group (p <0.001). In terms of cosmetics, all 25 @entity0 (100%) in @entity6 group rated themselves as "highly satisfied," as compared with 7 @entity0 (28%) in the open group (p <0.001). After a mean follow-up period of 13 months (range, 9-18 months), no recurrence was seen in either of the two groups. CONCLUSION: In terms of complications and short-term recurrence, TEP repair is comparable with open repair. Moreover, TEP is significantly less @entity1 in the early postoperative period, leading to earlier ambulation than open repair. Additionally, TEP results in significantly earlier return to work and better cosmetic results. Currently, TEP seems to be a better alternative than the existing open repair, provided the long-term recurrence rates are comparable. Despite the fact that TEP was a new procedure for the surgeon and the study was conducted during the learning phase, the results are comparable with those in the world literature.

title: Randomized controlled study of laparoscopic total extraperitoneal versus open XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity0 afflicted with @entity1 must contend with both potentially poor survival prognosis and a compromised quality of remaining life. After extensive ablative surgery, it is imperative to use a reliable, low morbidity reconstructive strategy that will allow for an expedient reconstitution of speech and swallowing. METHODS: Retrospective review of the records of 28 @entity0 who underwent pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with radial forearm free flaps (RFFF) between 1996 and 2001 by a single surgeon (RE). Analysis was confined to @entity0 requiring complete tubulation of the RFFF. Perioperative mortality, morbidity, and functional evaluation based on the parameters of speech and swallowing were analyzed. RESULTS: Completely tubulated RFFF were required in 25 @entity0 . There was 100% RFFF survival with no perioperative mortalities. The median hospital stay was 8.0 days. All @entity0 acquired a reconstitution of oral alimentation; median time to swallowing was 18.0 days. Fourteen of 16 @entity0 (93%) were able to rely on TEP speech as their main modality of communication. Two @entity0 (8%) had early fistulas develop, and 5 (20%) had late fistulas develop. Nine @entity0 (36%) required mechanical dilatation; five of the nine @entity0 required only one dilatation. CONCLUSION: Review of our experience has confirmed the reliability and excellent functional outcome associated with this flap.

title: Reconstruction with radial forearm flaps after ablative surgery for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The effect of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) on @entity2 was observed. After sciatic nerve was crushed in 40 Sprague Dawley (SD) @entity0 , one randomly selected group (group D) was subjected, from the 4th day post-operatively to 3 min of continuous 70% of maximum output of @entity3 daily for 8 weeks. The other group (group E) served as a control group. The nerve regeneration and motor function recovery were evaluated by walking track analysis (sciatic function index, SFI; toe spreading reflex, TSR), electrophysiological, histological and acetylcholineesterase histochemistry. The SFI in the group D was greater than in the group E with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.01). TSR reached its peak on the 4th day in the group D and on the 10th day in the group E respectively. The amplitude and velocity of MCAP and NCAP in the group D was greater than in the group E with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.01), while the latency and duration of MCAP and NCAP in the group D were less than in the group E with the difference being also statistically significant (P < 0.01). Histological examination showed the mean axon count above the lesion for thick myelinated fibers (> 6.5 microns) in the group D was greater than in the control group with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.01), while the mean axon count below the lesion for thick myelinated fibers was less than that in the group E with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.01). The mean axon count above the lesion for thin myelinated fibers (2-6.5 microns) in the group D was greater than that in the group E with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.05), while the mean axon count below the lesion for thin myelinated in the group D was greater than that in the group E with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.01). Acetylcholine esterase examination showed that the @entity3 could significantly increase the number of the motor neurons. There was no significant difference in the number of the motor neurons between the treatment side and the normal side (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that @entity3 can enhance functional recovery and has a considerable effect in the treatment of the @entity1 .

title: Magnetic stimulation accelerating rehabilitation of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing drug costs are an economic burden for the health insurance system. AIM: The regional drug prescription pattern for @entity1 inhibitors in the Austrian county Burgenland was compared for @entity0 discharged from hospital and those in primary care. Furthermore, the potential cost reduction by voluntary prescription of cheaper generic drugs was estimated in the project "Bessere Therapie zum besseren Preis". METHODS: Following consensual analysis of the regional cross-sectional study, a cheaper generic of the most cost-intensive class of @entity1 -inhibitor drugs should be prescribed at internal medicine wards and in primary care. The number of prescriptions for @entity0 from the largest health insurance company BGKK was studied and the costs were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 1347 @entity0 discharged during October 1999 from internal medicine departments of four different hospitals 879 @entity0 received a total of 1440 cardiovascular drugs. The regional prescription pattern at hospitals matched that of physicians in primary care. Between the second quarter of 2000 and 2001, the prescription of @entity1 inhibitor drugs increased by project advertising from 23,627 packages by 13.1%, and drug costs in this group were reduced by [symbol: see text] 29,778 in this quarter (7.3% of costs). The number of Enalapril prescriptions increased by 33.4% with a percentual portion of generic Enalapril of 57.3%, and in the rest of Austria by 16.9% with 45.0% generics. CONCLUSION: Consensus based projects are appropriate pharmacoeconomic interventions to change prescription patterns, increase the use of drugs and reduce the increasing cost requirements.

title: [Cost reduction with project based prescription of generic XXXX inhibitors].

answer: @entity1