abstract: PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to quantitatively define proliferative and infiltrative cell responses after focal 125I irradiation of normal brain, and to determine the effects of an intravenous infusion of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) on those responses. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Adult @entity0 were irradiated using high activity 125I sources. Saline (control) or @entity5 (150 mg/kg/day) was infused for 18 days starting 2 days before irradiation. At varying times up to 8 weeks after irradiation, brain tissues were collected and the cell responses in and around the focal lesion were quantified. Immunohistochemical stains were used to label astrocytes ( @entity3 ), vascular endothelial cells ( @entity4 ), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs; MAC 387) and cells synthesizing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ( @entity2 ). Cellular responses were quantified using a histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS: After radiation alone, cellular events included a substantial acute inflammatory response followed by increased @entity2 labeling and progressive increases in numbers of capillaries and astrocytes. @entity5 treatment significantly affected the measured cell responses. As in controls, an early inflammatory response was measured, but after 2 weeks there were more PMNs/unit area than in controls. The onset of measurable @entity2 labeling was delayed in @entity5 -treated animals, and the magnitude of labeling was significantly reduced. Increases in astrocyte and vessel numbers/mm2 were observed after a 2-week delay. At the site of implant, astrocytes from @entity5 -treated @entity0 were significantly smaller than those from controls. CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial cell proliferation and infiltration in response to interstitial irradiation of normal brain, and these responses are significantly altered by @entity5 treatment. Although the precise mechanisms by which @entity5 exerts its effects in this model are not known, the results from this study suggest that modification of @entity1 may be possible by manipulating the response of normal cells to injury.

title: Cellular proliferation and infiltration following interstitial irradiation of normal XXXX brain is altered by an inhibitor of polyamine synthesis.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and @entity3 of stereotactic radiosurgery using the gamma knife for @entity5 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between January 1990 and January 1993, 36 @entity0 with @entity5 were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery using the gamma knife. The median maximum @entity1 diameter was 21 mm (range: 6-32 mm). @entity1 volumes encompassed within the prescribed isodose line varied from 266 to 8,667 mm3 (median: 3,135 mm3). @entity1 < or = 20 mm in maximum diameter received a dose of 20 Gy to the margin, @entity1 between 21 and 30 mm received 18 Gy, and @entity1 > 30 mm received 16 Gy. The dose was prescribed to the 50% isodose line in 31 @entity0 and to the 45%, 55%, 60%, 70%, and 80% isodose line in one @entity0 each. The median number of isocenters per @entity1 was 5 (range: 1-12). RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 16 months (range: 2.5-36 months), all @entity0 were alive. Thirty-five @entity0 had follow-up imaging studies. Nine @entity1 (26%) were smaller, and 26 @entity1 (74%) were unchanged. No @entity1 had progressed. The 1- and 2-year actuarial incidences of @entity2 were 52.2% and 66.5%, respectively. The 1- and 2-year actuarial incidences of @entity2 were 33.7% and 58.9%, respectively. The 1- and 2-year actuarial incidence of @entity2 (or both) was 60.8% and 81.7%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the following were associated with the time of onset or worsening of @entity4 or @entity2 : (a) @entity0 < age 65 years, (b) dose to the @entity1 margin, (c) maximum @entity1 diameter > or = 21 mm, (d) use of the 18 mm collimator, and (e) use of > five isocenters. The 1- and 2-year actuarial rates of preservation of useful hearing (Gardner-Robertson class I or II) were 100% and 41.7% +/- 17.3, respectively. CONCLUSION: Stereotactic radiosurgery using the gamma knife provides short-term control of @entity5 when a dose of 16 to 20 Gy to the @entity1 margin is used. Preservation of useful hearing can be accomplished in a significant proportion of @entity0 .

title: Stereotactic radiosurgery using the gamma knife for XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: We have previously shown that the migration of foetal, adult and transformed fibroblasts into three-dimensional collagen gels is differentially affected by plating cell density. We now present data indicating that the migration of these fibroblasts is also differentially affected by local cell density in microdomains of the gel surface. In this article we discuss the possible biochemical and behavioural mechanisms that may contribute to the different migratory phenotypes expressed by foetal, adult and transformed fibroblasts; these include: (1) cell-induced alterations in the orientation and or packing density of collagen fibres in the gel; (2) deposition of specific matrix macromolecules by the fibroblasts; (3) social interactions between the cells; and (4) secretion of soluble factors affecting cell migration. We show that foetal fibroblasts secrete a @entity2 ( @entity2 ) not produced by adult cells. Incubation of adult fibroblasts in the presence of @entity2 induces these cells to express a foetal-like migratory phenotype. Foetal fibroblasts undergo a spontaneous foetal-to-adult transition in migratory phenotype after prolonged passage in vitro; this transition is accompanied by a cessation in @entity2 production. @entity2 appears to promote fibroblast migration at high cell density by stimulating the deposition of hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix. Recent studies have indicated that skin fibroblasts from @entity1 @entity0 display certain behavioural abnormalities characteristic of transformed and/or foetal cells. In this regard, we have shown that skin fibroblasts from @entity1 @entity0 commonly express a foetal-like phenotype with respect to migratory behaviour and secretion of @entity2 : it is of interest to note that these @entity1 @entity0 fibroblasts are indistinguishable from normal adult cells in other respects, such as morphology in confluent culture. On the basis of these observations, we suggest that: (1) fibroblasts in certain individuals fail to undergo normal foetal-to-adult transitions in a number of phenotypic characteristics; and that (2) the disruption in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions caused by the continued presence of these foetal-like fibroblasts in the adult significantly increases the risk of @entity1 development.

title: Foetal-to-adult transitions in fibroblast phenotype: their possible relevance to the pathogenesis of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: With the aim of aiding the accurate diagnosis and treatment of @entity0 with @entity5 , we reviewed the medical records of sixty-five @entity0 , treated for traumatic pancreatic lesions at the Department of Surgery of the University of S  o Paulo in the 5-year period from 1989 through 1993. Records, including operative and pathology reports, were reviewed and the location of the @entity5 , associated intra-abdominal @entity2 , @entity2 , @entity2 scores, treatment, complications and mortality rates recorded. There were 58 male and seven female @entity0 with a mean age of 28.3 years (range, 2-77 years). Of the 65 @entity5 , 45 (69.2%) were caused by penetrating wounds and twenty by blunt @entity2 . The most frequent site of lesion was the head of the pancreas (38.5%). Associated @entity2 were found in all but five of the @entity0 . In the 65 @entity0 , 170 intra-abdominal @entity2 were found (2.6 per @entity0 ). Twenty-eight of the 65 @entity0 (43.1%) had liver lacerations. Lacerations of major abdominal vessels (27 @entity0 ), @entity3 (25 @entity0 ) and @entity1 (17 @entity0 ) were the next most frequent @entity2 . Fifteen out of twenty @entity0 died within two days after the accident from severe concomitant @entity2 . Simple drainage was performed in 33 @entity0 , distal pancreatectomy in 17 and duodenopancreatectomy in six @entity0 . @entity4 occurred in 20 (30.7%) out of 57 @entity0 who survived the initial operation. We concluded that the type of repair employed in our series was related to the class of injury and clinical conditions (based on @entity2 scores). Therefore, whenever possible, conservative management (no pancreatic resection) was employed in @entity0 that sustained class I and II @entity2 and pancreatic resection in class III and IV @entity2 .

title: [ XXXX of the pancreas: report of 65 cases].

answer: @entity2


abstract: The purpose of this study was to learn whether @entity1 , which produces @entity4 in the deprived eye, alters the scleral extracellular matrix in tree shrew, a @entity0 closely related to primates. @entity4 was induced in 10 tree shrews by monocular @entity5 imposed with a translucent diffuser. The other eye in each animal was an untreated control. After 21 days of @entity5 the refractive state and axial component dimensions were measured and the eyes were assayed for levels of DNA, @entity3 , and @entity6 (GAGs) in samples of the sclera and the @entity2 . In comparison to the open control eye, the deprived eyes became myopic and elongated. In the sclera, DNA levels were not significantly changed from the control eye. Sulfated GAG levels were significantly lower in the deprived eyes, as compared to the control eyes, at the posterior pole (-15.6%), at the nasal equatorial region (-18.1%), and in the rest of the sclera (-11.6%). The @entity3 level was significantly lower only at the posterior pole (-11.8%). Levels of sulfated GAGs were significantly reduced relative to DNA and relative to @entity3 in the total sclera. No significant changes were found in the @entity2 . The lower level of sulfated GAGs throughout the sclera of the deprived eyes, as compared with the control eyes, suggests that the deprived sclera contained less proteoglycan, or that the proteoglycans were less glycosylated or less sulfated. In contrast, the regional reduction of @entity3 suggests that collagen accumulation was specifically reduced only at the posterior pole of deprived eyes. These results suggest that form @entity5 slows or reverses the normal process of extracellular matrix accumulation in the sclera of this @entity0 . This may allow the sclera to be more distensible, permitting the vitreous chamber elongation and resultant @entity4 .

title: Reduced extracellular matrix in @entity0 sclera with induced XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The purpose of this study was to learn whether @entity1 , which produces @entity4 in the deprived eye, alters the scleral extracellular matrix in tree shrew, a @entity0 closely related to primates. @entity4 was induced in 10 tree shrews by monocular @entity5 imposed with a translucent diffuser. The other eye in each animal was an untreated control. After 21 days of @entity5 the refractive state and axial component dimensions were measured and the eyes were assayed for levels of DNA, @entity3 , and @entity6 (GAGs) in samples of the sclera and the @entity2 . In comparison to the open control eye, the deprived eyes became myopic and elongated. In the sclera, DNA levels were not significantly changed from the control eye. Sulfated GAG levels were significantly lower in the deprived eyes, as compared to the control eyes, at the posterior pole (-15.6%), at the nasal equatorial region (-18.1%), and in the rest of the sclera (-11.6%). The @entity3 level was significantly lower only at the posterior pole (-11.8%). Levels of sulfated GAGs were significantly reduced relative to DNA and relative to @entity3 in the total sclera. No significant changes were found in the @entity2 . The lower level of sulfated GAGs throughout the sclera of the deprived eyes, as compared with the control eyes, suggests that the deprived sclera contained less proteoglycan, or that the proteoglycans were less glycosylated or less sulfated. In contrast, the regional reduction of @entity3 suggests that collagen accumulation was specifically reduced only at the posterior pole of deprived eyes. These results suggest that form @entity5 slows or reverses the normal process of extracellular matrix accumulation in the sclera of this @entity0 . This may allow the sclera to be more distensible, permitting the vitreous chamber elongation and resultant @entity4 .

title: Reduced extracellular matrix in XXXX sclera with induced @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Surgical therapy of @entity2 (T.O.S.) is highly controversial. In contrast to many large series, recent literature reports a moderate to poor outcome following surgery. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of transaxillary first rib resection in the treatment of T.O.S. Over the past twelve years 106 first rib resections were performed on 92 @entity0 . @entity1 predominate (63%), while arterial and venous symptoms account for 22 and 15% of the symptoms respectively. Preoperative screening consisted of a thorough interview and clinical examination, chest and spine X-ray, duplex-ultrasonography, angiography on indication, E.M.G. and a neurologist's consultation. Standard treatment was transaxillary first rib resection as described by Roos and Owens. Eighty-five @entity0 (92%) attended a follow-up examination with a mean follow-up of 63.2 months. All @entity0 were examined by an independent observer and the resumption of pre-illness activity was recorded. Only 52% of the operations turned out to be successful. All other procedures resulted in identical or worse complaints than before surgery. In contrast to many other series and in accordance with some recent critical series we conclude that first rib resection is often not effective in relieving T.O.S. A renewed focus on conservative treatment seems justified with surgery serving as a very last resort.

title: Transaxillary first rib resection for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The present material is based on a birth cohort of 2,512 @entity0 followed up from the antenatal period. Data on @entity3 were collected until the @entity0 were 7 years. At the age of 7, audiometry was performed on 298 of them. For reasons other than @entity3 , 32 @entity0 were excluded and the final material comprised 266 @entity0 . Only those @entity0 with clear differences in their history for @entity4 @entity3 were analysed. Although the pure tone averages (0.5-3 kHz) showed no major changes, different mean air-conduction (AC) thresholds were associated with different histories of @entity4 @entity3 . The 35 healthy @entity0 (with no @entity4 @entity3 episodes until 2 years of age) showed the best mean AC thresholds. The 51 @entity0 with recurrent @entity1 (RAOM; > or = 4 episodes of @entity1 ) showed worse thresholds at the high frequencies and those 13 who had had @entity2 ( @entity2 ) at all frequencies. The @entity0 with a history of @entity4 @entity3 , either RAOM or @entity2 , more often had hearing thresholds exceeding 20 dB. Our results might indicate inner ear involvement in these long-term follow-up hearing thresholds.

title: @entity4 XXXX and long-term follow-up of hearing.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The present material is based on a birth cohort of 2,512 @entity0 followed up from the antenatal period. Data on @entity3 were collected until the @entity0 were 7 years. At the age of 7, audiometry was performed on 298 of them. For reasons other than @entity3 , 32 @entity0 were excluded and the final material comprised 266 @entity0 . Only those @entity0 with clear differences in their history for @entity4 @entity3 were analysed. Although the pure tone averages (0.5-3 kHz) showed no major changes, different mean air-conduction (AC) thresholds were associated with different histories of @entity4 @entity3 . The 35 healthy @entity0 (with no @entity4 @entity3 episodes until 2 years of age) showed the best mean AC thresholds. The 51 @entity0 with recurrent @entity1 (RAOM; > or = 4 episodes of @entity1 ) showed worse thresholds at the high frequencies and those 13 who had had @entity2 ( @entity2 ) at all frequencies. The @entity0 with a history of @entity4 @entity3 , either RAOM or @entity2 , more often had hearing thresholds exceeding 20 dB. Our results might indicate inner ear involvement in these long-term follow-up hearing thresholds.

title: XXXX @entity3 and long-term follow-up of hearing.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation formulas for the axial high @entity1 were examined, especially regarding the point of the predictive refraction. We examined 170 eyes with axial lengths of 27 mm or longer, with postoperative visual acuity of 0.5 or more, and postoperative @entity0 of less than +/- 2D. Five formulas were tested for accuracy in predicting postoperative refraction. They were the L- @entity2 , @entity2 , @entity2 II, @entity2 /T, and Binkhorst formulas. The @entity2 formula tended to predict less @entity1 than the actual postoperative refraction. The @entity2 II and Binkhorst formulas predicted more @entity1 than the actual postoperative refraction. The best results were produced by the L- @entity2 and @entity2 /T formulas. The accuracy of the L- @entity2 formula predictions were measured for each of the four myopic levels. The same was done for the @entity2 /T formula. For both formulas, there was no statistically significant difference in accuracy of prediction for the four myopic categories. The two formulas are considered to be useful for high myopic cases.

title: [An intraocular lens power calculation for high XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Proteins of adult @entity2 were separated by @entity4 - @entity3 gel electrophoresis and assayed in immunoblots for reactions with individual @entity0 sera. Four weeks after a heavy @entity1 with a few hundred cercariae, IgG antibodies directed predominantly against a protein of 31 kDa were detected. The protein was only weakly recognized by antibodies of @entity0 harboring a 4-week-old light @entity1 with about 60 cercariae. After 6 weeks or more, @entity0 infected with either dose formed antibodies, not only against the 31-kDa protein and a 67-kDa protein, but also against a number of other components. While reactions with the 31- and 67-kDa proteins occurred with sera of all individual @entity0 of four different strains, the reactions with other components were less consistently observed. @entity0 vaccinated with a heavy or light dose of 20,000-rad-irradiated cercariae did not form antibodies detectable in the blotting system. However, in immunofluorescence assays with living skin schistosomula, but not lung schistosomula, antibodies against the larval surface were detected with all sera obtained 4 weeks after @entity1 or vaccination. In addition, immunofluorescence studies using the same sera and sectioned adult parasites demonstrated the presence of antibodies against the parasite surface in all sera except those obtained from @entity0 exposed to a light @entity1 with normal cercariae. @entity0 infected in this latter way were the only animals that did not develop a significant resistance against a challenge @entity1 4 weeks after exposure to normal or irradiated cercariae. The presence of an immunofluorescent reaction against the schistosome gut always coincided with a reaction of the sera with the 31-kDa protein in the immunoblots. Although a role in immune resistance could not be ascribed to any of the proteins reacting in the immunoblots, the data demonstrate important differences in the antibody specificities induced by various @entity1 schemes.

title: XXXX : immunoblot analysis of adult worm proteins.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of a single maternal serum @entity3 measurement in the immediate diagnosis of @entity1 and in the long term prognosis of fetal viability. DESIGN: A prospective comparative study of @entity0 presenting with @entity4 and @entity2 in early pregnancy. The comparison group was defined retrospectively as @entity0 who presented with @entity2 without history of, or the subsequent occurrence of, @entity4 and whose pregnancies continued to viability. The study groups were defined retrospectively as threatened-continuing, non-continuing (including blighted ovum, missed abortion, incomplete and complete abortion) and tubal pregnancy groups, according to the outcome of the pregnancies. SETTING: The emergency room at the gynaecology department of a teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and eighty-nine @entity0 presenting with singleton pregnancy, @entity4 and/or @entity2 in the first 18 weeks of pregnancy. The comparison group comprised 131 @entity0 without @entity4 whose pregnancies continued to viability. The study group comprised 358 @entity0 with 148 threatened-continuing pregnancies, 175 non-continuing and 35 @entity5 . INTERVENTIONS: A 10 ml blood sample was taken and pelvic ultrasonography was performed at presentation. Otherwise, conventional management was used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity3 levels were interpreted in accordance with the outcome of the pregnancy: comparison, threatened-continuing, non-continuing or tubal. Viability was defined as 28 weeks or more weeks of gestation. RESULTS: @entity3 levels were significantly lower in the non-continuing and tubal pregnancy groups than in the comparison and threatened-continuing groups (P < 0.001 in all cases). A cut-off level at 45 nmol/1 was found to differentiate between the viable (comparison and threatened-continuing) pregnancies and the abnormal (non-continuing and tubal) pregnancies with 87.6% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: A single serum @entity3 measurement taken in early pregnancy is valuable in the immediate diagnosis of @entity1 and the long term prognosis of viability.

title: The role of a single XXXX measurement in the diagnosis of @entity1 and the prognosis of fetal viability.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of a single maternal serum @entity3 measurement in the immediate diagnosis of @entity1 and in the long term prognosis of fetal viability. DESIGN: A prospective comparative study of @entity0 presenting with @entity4 and @entity2 in early pregnancy. The comparison group was defined retrospectively as @entity0 who presented with @entity2 without history of, or the subsequent occurrence of, @entity4 and whose pregnancies continued to viability. The study groups were defined retrospectively as threatened-continuing, non-continuing (including blighted ovum, missed abortion, incomplete and complete abortion) and tubal pregnancy groups, according to the outcome of the pregnancies. SETTING: The emergency room at the gynaecology department of a teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and eighty-nine @entity0 presenting with singleton pregnancy, @entity4 and/or @entity2 in the first 18 weeks of pregnancy. The comparison group comprised 131 @entity0 without @entity4 whose pregnancies continued to viability. The study group comprised 358 @entity0 with 148 threatened-continuing pregnancies, 175 non-continuing and 35 @entity5 . INTERVENTIONS: A 10 ml blood sample was taken and pelvic ultrasonography was performed at presentation. Otherwise, conventional management was used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity3 levels were interpreted in accordance with the outcome of the pregnancy: comparison, threatened-continuing, non-continuing or tubal. Viability was defined as 28 weeks or more weeks of gestation. RESULTS: @entity3 levels were significantly lower in the non-continuing and tubal pregnancy groups than in the comparison and threatened-continuing groups (P < 0.001 in all cases). A cut-off level at 45 nmol/1 was found to differentiate between the viable (comparison and threatened-continuing) pregnancies and the abnormal (non-continuing and tubal) pregnancies with 87.6% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: A single serum @entity3 measurement taken in early pregnancy is valuable in the immediate diagnosis of @entity1 and the long term prognosis of viability.

title: The role of a single @entity3 measurement in the diagnosis of XXXX and the prognosis of fetal viability.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Described by Bednar as a "storiform @entity2 ," pigmented @entity1 is a rare @entity0 accounting for approximately 1-5% of all cases of @entity1 ( @entity1 ). The lesion commonly presents as an exophytic, multinodular @entity0 of the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. It occurs predominantly in blacks. The majority are located on the trunk, and the remainder are more or less equally distributed in the upper and the lower extremities and the head and neck. Microscopically the lesion is characterized by spindled cells arranged in a tight storiform pattern and admixed with a small population of melanin-containing dendritic cells. The dendritic cells are the primary feature distinguishing this lesion from conventional @entity1 . Three cell populations are identifiable by electron microscopy. The majority of cells resemble fibroblasts. A second population of cells exhibits long slender cell processes partially or completely invested by basal lamina. The third population of cells, also invested by basal lamina, contains both melanosomes and premelanosomes. The histogenesis of this @entity0 remains controversial. Although Bednar considered these lesions as variants of @entity2 , @entity3 protein could not be identified, and this finding contrasts significantly from the description of conventional @entity2 , which almost always contains this antigen. Follow-up information available in nine cases indicates that this lesion may recur locally. Although distant metastases were not observed in our material, complete excision in conjunction with close follow-up care is indicated for this @entity0 of probable intermediate malignant potential.

title: Pigmented @entity1 ( XXXX ). A pathologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Described by Bednar as a "storiform @entity2 ," pigmented @entity1 is a rare @entity0 accounting for approximately 1-5% of all cases of @entity1 ( @entity1 ). The lesion commonly presents as an exophytic, multinodular @entity0 of the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. It occurs predominantly in blacks. The majority are located on the trunk, and the remainder are more or less equally distributed in the upper and the lower extremities and the head and neck. Microscopically the lesion is characterized by spindled cells arranged in a tight storiform pattern and admixed with a small population of melanin-containing dendritic cells. The dendritic cells are the primary feature distinguishing this lesion from conventional @entity1 . Three cell populations are identifiable by electron microscopy. The majority of cells resemble fibroblasts. A second population of cells exhibits long slender cell processes partially or completely invested by basal lamina. The third population of cells, also invested by basal lamina, contains both melanosomes and premelanosomes. The histogenesis of this @entity0 remains controversial. Although Bednar considered these lesions as variants of @entity2 , @entity3 protein could not be identified, and this finding contrasts significantly from the description of conventional @entity2 , which almost always contains this antigen. Follow-up information available in nine cases indicates that this lesion may recur locally. Although distant metastases were not observed in our material, complete excision in conjunction with close follow-up care is indicated for this @entity0 of probable intermediate malignant potential.

title: Pigmented XXXX ( @entity1 ). A pathologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the combined effects of @entity2 relief by continuous epidural @entity4 , early oral feeding and enforced mobilisation on convalescence and hospital stay after colonic resection. DESIGN: Uncontrolled pilot investigation. SETTING: University hospital, Denmark. SUBJECTS: 17 unselected @entity0 (median age 69 years) undergoing colonic resection. INTERVENTIONS: @entity0 received combined epidural and general anaesthesia during operations and after operation were given continuous epidural @entity5 0.25%, 4 ml hour and @entity3 0.2 mg hour, for 96 hours and oral @entity6 4 g/daily. No @entity0 had a nasogastric tube, and oral feeding with normal food and protein enriched solutions (1000 Kcal (4180 KJ/day) was instituted 24 hours postoperatively together with intensive mobilisation. RESULTS: Median visual analogue @entity2 scores were zero at rest and minimal during coughing and mobilisation, which allowed early mobilisation for up to 11 hours on the third postoperative day. Gastrointestinal function with defaecation had returned to normal in 12 @entity0 within the first two postoperative days. Median hospital stay was five days with minimal @entity1 . CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a combined approach of @entity2 relief with balanced @entity4 , enforced early mobilisation, and oral feeding, may reduce the length of convalescence and hospital stay after colonic operations.

title: Convalescence and hospital stay after colonic surgery with balanced XXXX , early oral feeding, and enforced mobilisation.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The objective of this study was to describe the procedural success and clinical recurrences after radiofrequency catheter ablation of @entity4 . A deflectable catheter with a 4 or 5 mm tip was positioned in the posterior right atrium. Radiofrequency energy was delivered sequentially from the tricuspid annulus to the inferior vena cava. Catheter ablation during 18 sessions for 16 @entity0 resulted in abrupt @entity4 and noninducibility in all @entity0 . Successful sites were near the os of the coronary sinus but had no distinguishing electrographic features. During a follow-up period of 8 +/- 5 months, 4 (25%) @entity0 had recurrence of @entity4 ; 3 of 4 underwent successful repeat ablation. By actuarial analysis, 87% of @entity0 remained in normal sinus rhythm 6 months after the initial procedure. The only distinguishing feature of those with recurrence compared with those whose sinus rhythm was maintained was the induction of nonclinical @entity3 (50% vs 0%, respectively; p < 0.05). One @entity0 had resolution of presumed @entity2 -related @entity1 . Catheter ablation by an anatomic approach was highly successful in terminating type 1 @entity4 and was associated with good long-term response. This technique may represent a meaningful alternative for restoration and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm. However, further investigation is warranted to define its clinical role fully.

title: Radiofrequency catheter ablation of XXXX : procedural success and long-term outcome.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity3 ( @entity3 ) of the breast has been regarded as a subtype of @entity0 with a relatively favorable prognosis despite its high nuclear grade and high mitotic index. High nuclear grade and high mitotic index have been correlated with DNA aneuploidy and high S-phase fraction (SPF) by flow cytometry. Generally in @entity0 , these histologic and DNA content features predict a less favorable prognosis. To address this paradox, all cases of @entity3 of the breast (20 of 1,365 @entity3 [1.5%]) diagnosed between 1968 and 1982 were compared to age- and stage-matched cases of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) diagnosed during the same time period. All of the @entity3 and 80% of the @entity4 had one or more DNA aneuploid stem lines. Average total SPF was 8.1% for @entity3 and 4.8% for @entity4 . DNA analysis was performed from @entity5 blocks (average CV: 4.5% DNA diploid; 4.1% DNA aneuploid), and subjected to computer modeled analysis. Statistically significant differences between presence or absence of DNA aneuploidy (P = .035) and total SPF (P = .029) were demonstrated between the two groups. Thirteen of 20 @entity1 (65%) with @entity3 (average followup 130 months) were alive at the end of the study period compared to 12 of 20 @entity1 (60%) with @entity4 (average follow-up 160 months). The difference in crude survival was not statistically significant (P = .867). However, there was a tendency toward early death in @entity3 and late death in @entity4 . Within the @entity6 stage-matched @entity1 , no significant difference was demonstrated for @entity2 size or nodal status when these variables were examined separately. In conclusion, statistically significant differences in DNA content and proliferative fraction exist between @entity3 of the @entity0 . The biologic and clinical differences demonstrated in this analysis warrant careful consideration before including cases of @entity3 in studies evaluating newer prognostic variables in @entity0 .

title: Comparison of DNA content, S-phase fraction, and survival between medullary and XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: A 74-year-old @entity0 was admitted to our hospital with abrupt onset of @entity5 in the left arm and leg. On admission, the blood @entity2 level was 296 mg/dl, glycosylated hemoglobin Alc was 17.0%, and the serum osmolality was 296 mOsm/l. Urinalysis was negative for @entity8 bodies, but was strongly positive for @entity2 . After normalization of the blood @entity2 level, ballistic @entity4 , but @entity6 of the left arm and leg continued for 10 months. Brain CT showed a slight high density of the right putamen, which disappeared on 37th day after the onset. MRI showed high intensity on T1-weighted images and low intensity on T2-weighted images in the right putamen, which disappeared 10 months after the onset. SPECT on the 21th day after the onset showed hyperperfusion in the right putamen. 4 months later, the blood flow slightly reduced in the right putamen. The abnormality in the right putamen was considered to be the cause of his @entity5 . High intensity in the putamen on T1-weighted MR images in the present case are presumed to have developed following mild @entity1 and the reversible deposition of @entity3 or other material which occurred in association with nonketotic @entity7 .

title: [Hemichorea-hemiballism associated with nonketotic XXXX and presenting with unilateral hyperintensity of the putamen on MRI T1-weighted images--a case report].

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hyperbaric local anesthetic pools in the thoracic spinal curvature in supine @entity0 . The authors hypothesized that @entity0 receiving 12 or 15 mg of hyperbaric @entity2 would achieve similar levels of sensory block but the spinal anesthetic would be denser and longer lasting in @entity0 receiving the 15 mg dose. METHODS: Twenty eight healthy term parturients scheduled for elective cesarean delivery randomly received 12 or 15 mg hyperbaric 0.75% @entity2 in 8.25% @entity1 . @entity0 were in the right lateral position during drug injection and were then positioned supine with left uterine displacement on a horizontal operating table. A blinded anesthesiologist assessed the dermatome level of sensory analgesia to pinprick every 2 minutes for 20 minutes, then every 15 minutes until the sensory level regressed to T10. RESULTS: The mean level of sensory anesthesia was 2.2 spinal segments higher in @entity0 receiving 15 mg versus 12 mg hyperbaric @entity2 (24.8 +/- 3.7 versus 22.6 +/- 1.4 spinal segments; P = .031). Regression to T10 occurred more quickly in the 12 mg than in the 15 mg group (140.0 +/- 16.5 versus 162.1 +/- 33.8 minutes, P = .046). @entity0 height did not correlate with the maximum number of spinal segments blocked in either group. All @entity0 had adequate surgical anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Parturients receiving 15 mg of hyperbaric @entity2 developed a higher mean level and longer duration of sensory analgesia than those receiving 12 mg.

title: Spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. A comparison of two doses of hyperbaric XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity3 are common @entity1 that account for about 10% of @entity4 . Most arise from the adenohypophysis and are confined to the region of the sella turcica. Other sites may be involved as a result of extension, infiltration, or ectopic location. However, posterior extension or ectopic involvement of the clivus of the sphenoid and occipital bones is rare. Seven @entity0 with destructive clival masses were referred to our institution with presumptive diagnoses of @entity5 . In all cases, histologic workup revealed @entity3 . Because they represent a subset of @entity2 , the histologic features of the @entity1 were studied, and the clinical histories of the @entity0 were reviewed. Five of the @entity0 were @entity0 , aged 31 to 67 years, and two were @entity0 , aged 55 and 67 years. Four @entity0 had extremely high plasma concentrations of prolactin (8,132-22,424 ng/ml, nl < 15). @entity1 resembled @entity2 ; however, three exhibited nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic figures, and other morphologic features, suggesting alternate diagnoses. Three required immunoperoxidase stains in addition to those for pituitary hormones, and three required electron microscopy for diagnosis. Destructive invasion of the clivus by @entity3 is rare, and anaplastic features of some of the @entity1 may lead to difficult diagnoses.

title: XXXX as an unsuspected @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity3 are common @entity1 that account for about 10% of @entity4 . Most arise from the adenohypophysis and are confined to the region of the sella turcica. Other sites may be involved as a result of extension, infiltration, or ectopic location. However, posterior extension or ectopic involvement of the clivus of the sphenoid and occipital bones is rare. Seven @entity0 with destructive clival masses were referred to our institution with presumptive diagnoses of @entity5 . In all cases, histologic workup revealed @entity3 . Because they represent a subset of @entity2 , the histologic features of the @entity1 were studied, and the clinical histories of the @entity0 were reviewed. Five of the @entity0 were @entity0 , aged 31 to 67 years, and two were @entity0 , aged 55 and 67 years. Four @entity0 had extremely high plasma concentrations of prolactin (8,132-22,424 ng/ml, nl < 15). @entity1 resembled @entity2 ; however, three exhibited nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic figures, and other morphologic features, suggesting alternate diagnoses. Three required immunoperoxidase stains in addition to those for pituitary hormones, and three required electron microscopy for diagnosis. Destructive invasion of the clivus by @entity3 is rare, and anaplastic features of some of the @entity1 may lead to difficult diagnoses.

title: @entity3 as an unsuspected XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: 50 cases of advanced, intermediate (18) and high grade (32) @entity3 ( @entity3 ) including 16 with @entity4 have been treated with very high dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). These cases represent a retrospective analysis of the combined experience of a recently established collaborative group. 31 @entity0 were treated with a protocol used in Lyon, 12 with that used in Marseille and seven with that used in London. Although the details of drug administration differed, each protocol was based on high dose alkylating agent ( @entity2 or @entity6 ), BCNU and @entity5 . 16 @entity0 had drug resistant progressive @entity3 . Of these 11 responded to high dose treatment (nine CR, two PR). The duration of CR in this group was short (median 104d) and only one @entity0 was in CR at 1 year. 19 @entity0 had relapsed on previous therapy but were still responding to conventional rescue therapy. Following high dose therapy 47% of these @entity0 are in continuous CR with a median time of observation of 300 d (73-962 d). Seven @entity0 were partial responders to conventional induction therapy. Of these, six had a CR with high dose treatment and are still in CR (range 39-1230 d, median 200 d). Eight @entity0 received high dose therapy as intensification after a long delay to CR with conventional treatment. Of these, four are alive and in remission 124-763 d after treatment. The high dose protocols produced significant morbidity with 25 @entity0 (50%) having major or minor treatment-related complications, and there were seven treatment related @entity1 (14%). However, these results indicate that durable responses can be obtained with high dose chemotherapy in @entity0 who have been heavily treated and indicate a role for this type of treatment at an earlier stage in advanced @entity3 .

title: Massive chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation in 50 cases of bad prognosis XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Our recent study showed that maintaining a higher hemoglobin threshold after severe @entity1 ( @entity1 ) offers no clinical benefit. The present study aimed to determine if a higher transfusion threshold was independently associated with an increased risk of progressive @entity2 (PHI), thereby contributing to higher rates of morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of data obtained from a recently performed randomized clinical trial studying the effects of erythropoietin and blood transfusions on neurological recovery after severe @entity1 . PHI was defined as the presence of new or enlarging intracranial @entity3 on computerized tomography up to 24 hours after injury. A severe PHI was defined as an event that required an escalation of medical management or surgical intervention. Clinical imaging parameters and transfusion thresholds (10 g/dL vs 7 g/L) were used in a multivariate Cox regression analysis to identify independent risk factors for PHI. RESULTS: Among 200 @entity0 enrolled in the trial, PHI was detected in 61 @entity0 (30.5%). The majority of @entity0 had a new, delayed @entity5 (n = 30, 49.2%) or an increase in @entity5 size (n = 18, 29.5%). Severe PHI events were seen in 40 @entity0 (65.6%). The mean time interval between injury and identification of PHI was 17.2    15.8 hours. Ninety-nine @entity0 had a transfusion threshold of 7 g/dL, and 101 @entity0 had a transfusion threshold of 10 g/dL. The risk of severe PHI was 2.3 times higher for @entity0 with a transfusion trigger of 10 g/dL (95% CI 1.1-4.8, P = .02). Surgery on admission and @entity4 were associated with lower risk of severe PHI, while higher initial intracranial pressure was linked to an increased incidence of severe PHI. CONCLUSION: Our analysis shows that a higher transfusion threshold of 10 g/dL after severe @entity1 increased the risk of severe PHI events. These results indicate the potential adverse effect of using a higher transfusion threshold after severe @entity1 .

title: 119   Progressive @entity2 After Severe XXXX : Effect of Hemoglobin Transfusion Thresholds.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Our recent study showed that maintaining a higher hemoglobin threshold after severe @entity1 ( @entity1 ) offers no clinical benefit. The present study aimed to determine if a higher transfusion threshold was independently associated with an increased risk of progressive @entity2 (PHI), thereby contributing to higher rates of morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of data obtained from a recently performed randomized clinical trial studying the effects of erythropoietin and blood transfusions on neurological recovery after severe @entity1 . PHI was defined as the presence of new or enlarging intracranial @entity3 on computerized tomography up to 24 hours after injury. A severe PHI was defined as an event that required an escalation of medical management or surgical intervention. Clinical imaging parameters and transfusion thresholds (10 g/dL vs 7 g/L) were used in a multivariate Cox regression analysis to identify independent risk factors for PHI. RESULTS: Among 200 @entity0 enrolled in the trial, PHI was detected in 61 @entity0 (30.5%). The majority of @entity0 had a new, delayed @entity5 (n = 30, 49.2%) or an increase in @entity5 size (n = 18, 29.5%). Severe PHI events were seen in 40 @entity0 (65.6%). The mean time interval between injury and identification of PHI was 17.2    15.8 hours. Ninety-nine @entity0 had a transfusion threshold of 7 g/dL, and 101 @entity0 had a transfusion threshold of 10 g/dL. The risk of severe PHI was 2.3 times higher for @entity0 with a transfusion trigger of 10 g/dL (95% CI 1.1-4.8, P = .02). Surgery on admission and @entity4 were associated with lower risk of severe PHI, while higher initial intracranial pressure was linked to an increased incidence of severe PHI. CONCLUSION: Our analysis shows that a higher transfusion threshold of 10 g/dL after severe @entity1 increased the risk of severe PHI events. These results indicate the potential adverse effect of using a higher transfusion threshold after severe @entity1 .

title: 119   Progressive XXXX After Severe @entity1 : Effect of Hemoglobin Transfusion Thresholds.

answer: @entity2


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) is a type of @entity1 where @entity6 symptoms persist despite structurally corrective spinal surgery. This implies more @entity2 rather than simply dysfunction whereby correcting the inciting structural derangement does not provide for clinical resolution. What remains unclear is how to predict which @entity0 are likely to derive benefit from surgical intervention, and whether specific @entity3 characteristics are associated with different likelihoods of good outcome. METHODS: This study analyzed a prospective data set of @entity0 managed surgically for painful @entity5 secondary to lumbar @entity4 by the senior author at Toronto Western Hospital neurosurgery over the past 24 months. Clinical parameters include general demographics, preoperative and postoperative clinical examination, surgical details, general self-reported @entity3 and disability scores, and @entity1 scores. The screening tests used in this study were Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), correlation tested by the Spearman coefficient. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to define predictors of persistent postoperative symptomatology. RESULTS: Among 250 @entity0 treated for @entity5 , 12% exhibited @entity7 with modest relief of leg @entity3 compared with the cohort of @entity0 in whom substantial improvement was seen. The postoperative condition was associated with abnormal preoperative screens for @entity1 , but not sex, smoking status, or preoperative @entity3 severity. Good correlation was seen between the 2 screening tests used in this study for both absolute ordinal score and thresholding as @entity1 (Spearman, P < .001). CONCLUSION: While @entity7 was more common among younger and female @entity0 , this occurred with low overall frequency. Higher @entity1 screening scores correlated strongly with the likelihood and severity of significant postoperative leg @entity3 . Further work is required to develop more accurate prognostication tools for @entity0 undergoing structural spinal surgery for @entity5 .

title: 184   Use of @entity1 Questionnaires in Predicting the Development of XXXX Following Lumbar Discectomy for @entity5 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) is a type of @entity1 where @entity6 symptoms persist despite structurally corrective spinal surgery. This implies more @entity2 rather than simply dysfunction whereby correcting the inciting structural derangement does not provide for clinical resolution. What remains unclear is how to predict which @entity0 are likely to derive benefit from surgical intervention, and whether specific @entity3 characteristics are associated with different likelihoods of good outcome. METHODS: This study analyzed a prospective data set of @entity0 managed surgically for painful @entity5 secondary to lumbar @entity4 by the senior author at Toronto Western Hospital neurosurgery over the past 24 months. Clinical parameters include general demographics, preoperative and postoperative clinical examination, surgical details, general self-reported @entity3 and disability scores, and @entity1 scores. The screening tests used in this study were Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), correlation tested by the Spearman coefficient. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to define predictors of persistent postoperative symptomatology. RESULTS: Among 250 @entity0 treated for @entity5 , 12% exhibited @entity7 with modest relief of leg @entity3 compared with the cohort of @entity0 in whom substantial improvement was seen. The postoperative condition was associated with abnormal preoperative screens for @entity1 , but not sex, smoking status, or preoperative @entity3 severity. Good correlation was seen between the 2 screening tests used in this study for both absolute ordinal score and thresholding as @entity1 (Spearman, P < .001). CONCLUSION: While @entity7 was more common among younger and female @entity0 , this occurred with low overall frequency. Higher @entity1 screening scores correlated strongly with the likelihood and severity of significant postoperative leg @entity3 . Further work is required to develop more accurate prognostication tools for @entity0 undergoing structural spinal surgery for @entity5 .

title: 184   Use of @entity1 Questionnaires in Predicting the Development of @entity7 Following Lumbar Discectomy for XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) is a type of @entity1 where @entity6 symptoms persist despite structurally corrective spinal surgery. This implies more @entity2 rather than simply dysfunction whereby correcting the inciting structural derangement does not provide for clinical resolution. What remains unclear is how to predict which @entity0 are likely to derive benefit from surgical intervention, and whether specific @entity3 characteristics are associated with different likelihoods of good outcome. METHODS: This study analyzed a prospective data set of @entity0 managed surgically for painful @entity5 secondary to lumbar @entity4 by the senior author at Toronto Western Hospital neurosurgery over the past 24 months. Clinical parameters include general demographics, preoperative and postoperative clinical examination, surgical details, general self-reported @entity3 and disability scores, and @entity1 scores. The screening tests used in this study were Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), correlation tested by the Spearman coefficient. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to define predictors of persistent postoperative symptomatology. RESULTS: Among 250 @entity0 treated for @entity5 , 12% exhibited @entity7 with modest relief of leg @entity3 compared with the cohort of @entity0 in whom substantial improvement was seen. The postoperative condition was associated with abnormal preoperative screens for @entity1 , but not sex, smoking status, or preoperative @entity3 severity. Good correlation was seen between the 2 screening tests used in this study for both absolute ordinal score and thresholding as @entity1 (Spearman, P < .001). CONCLUSION: While @entity7 was more common among younger and female @entity0 , this occurred with low overall frequency. Higher @entity1 screening scores correlated strongly with the likelihood and severity of significant postoperative leg @entity3 . Further work is required to develop more accurate prognostication tools for @entity0 undergoing structural spinal surgery for @entity5 .

title: 184   Use of XXXX Questionnaires in Predicting the Development of @entity7 Following Lumbar Discectomy for @entity5 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: CONTEXT: Use of a handrim wheelchair could force the wrist into extreme excursions and encroachment of the median nerve. OBJECTIVE: We performed a study of the prevalence of @entity2 in prolonged wheelchair users. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was conducted for one year in an outpatient clinic of @entity3 . @entity0 : @entity0 had @entity1 at the first thoracic level and below, with time since injury of at least 5 years. OUTCOME MEASURE: The prevalence of @entity2 by history taking, clinical examinations and motor and sensory nerve conduction studies of median nerve performed for both hands. RESULTS: @entity0 (N   =   297) were all male. Mean (SD) age and duration since injury were 48 (8.5) and 23 (6.6) years, respectively. A significant difference in median duration of injury based on the severity of the syndrome (P   <   0.001), and a significant trend in time since injury for the severity (P (one tailed)   <   0.001) were seen. There was a significant difference in the median age among the groups (P   =   0.009), and the median increased with the severity (P (one tailed)   =   0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2 is a common side effect of the long time use of wheelchair, and its severity is associated with duration of wheelchair use and age. Alternative methods for wheelchair propulsion should be developed to diminish the likelihood of the syndrome.

title: The prevalence of XXXX among long-term manual wheelchair users with @entity3 : A cross-sectional study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: CONTEXT: Use of a handrim wheelchair could force the wrist into extreme excursions and encroachment of the median nerve. OBJECTIVE: We performed a study of the prevalence of @entity2 in prolonged wheelchair users. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was conducted for one year in an outpatient clinic of @entity3 . @entity0 : @entity0 had @entity1 at the first thoracic level and below, with time since injury of at least 5 years. OUTCOME MEASURE: The prevalence of @entity2 by history taking, clinical examinations and motor and sensory nerve conduction studies of median nerve performed for both hands. RESULTS: @entity0 (N   =   297) were all male. Mean (SD) age and duration since injury were 48 (8.5) and 23 (6.6) years, respectively. A significant difference in median duration of injury based on the severity of the syndrome (P   <   0.001), and a significant trend in time since injury for the severity (P (one tailed)   <   0.001) were seen. There was a significant difference in the median age among the groups (P   =   0.009), and the median increased with the severity (P (one tailed)   =   0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2 is a common side effect of the long time use of wheelchair, and its severity is associated with duration of wheelchair use and age. Alternative methods for wheelchair propulsion should be developed to diminish the likelihood of the syndrome.

title: The prevalence of @entity2 among long-term manual wheelchair users with XXXX : A cross-sectional study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: There is a high incidence of @entity1 in @entity0 with cochlear implants (CCI). However, the relationship between @entity1 and various outcomes is unknown in @entity0 . The objectives of this study are to (1) determine whether age-related changes in peripheral vestibular tests occur; (2) quantify peripheral vestibular function in @entity0 with normal hearing and CCI; and (3) determine whether amount of @entity1 predicts visual acuity and balance performance. DESIGN: Eleven CCI and 12 @entity0 with normal hearing completed the following tests of vestibular function: ocular and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential to assess utricle and saccule function and the video head impulse test to assess semicircular canal function. The relationship between amount of @entity1 and the following balance and visual acuity outcomes was assessed: dynamic gait index, single-leg stance, the sensory organization test, and tests of visual acuity, including dynamic visual acuity and the gaze stabilization test. RESULTS: (1) There were no significant age-related changes in peripheral vestibular testing with the exception of the n23 cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential latency, which was moderately correlated with age. (2) CCI had significantly higher rates of @entity1 for each test of canal and otolith function. (3) Amount of @entity1 predicted performance on single-leg stance, the dynamic gait index, some conditions of the sensory organization test, and the dynamic visual acuity test. Age was also a contributing factor for predicting the performance of almost all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminarily, @entity0 with @entity1 do not recover naturally to levels of their healthy peers, particularly with activities that utilize vestibular input; they have poorer visual acuity and balance function.

title: Vestibular, Visual Acuity, and Balance Outcomes in XXXX With Cochlear Implants: A Preliminary Report.

answer: @entity0


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to develop and initially validate an objective, yet quick, method for assessment of @entity0 @entity3 . This aim can be achieved by the use of an optical, non-contact method of analysis of pupil activity. The study involved 2 phenomena typical for the behavior of the @entity0 pupil: pupillary reflex and @entity2 . The 1st phenomenon is related to the pupillary light reflex (PLR), which presents the results of physiological adaptation mechanisms of the @entity0 eye. The pupillary unrest index (PUI) is an additional parameter referring to the tendency for instability of the pupil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Indicators of these 2 mechanisms were assessed under the same experimental laboratory conditions. Assessment was conducted on a group of volunteers (N = 10) during 4 controlled series of measurements performed at night. Pupillary reflex parameters associated with PLR and pupillary unrest index (PUI) were recorded using F  D Fit-For-Duty, a commercially available system made by AMTech Pupilknowlogy GmbH. Baseline pupil diameter, oscillations, reflex latency, maximum reaction time, pupil constriction time, pupil dilation time, and constriction amplitude were recorded. RESULTS: As a result of the study, we were able to demonstrate correlation and confirm the usefulness of PLR and @entity5 methods in the assessment of @entity4 . Parameters of PLR that may indicate @entity0 @entity3 were identified. The effect of light impulse sequences on the dynamics of pupillary reflex and the relationship between PUI (pupillary unrest index) measurement duration and @entity1 assessment validity, were assessed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the pilot studies were sufficient to develop minimum requirements for a PLR sensor that would be capable of estimating the level of @entity3 with accuracy of a PUI method, but at a 5 times faster rate.

title: Estimation of operators' XXXX using optical methods for determination of pupil activity.

answer: @entity3


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Pentraxins are a family of evolutionary conserved proteins that contains two main members, namely c-reactive proteins (CRPs) and serum amyloid P (SAP), which are involved in acute phase responses in animals. In this study, a cDNA sequence of a CRP-like molecule was identified from a previously constructed @entity5 cDNA database (RfCRP) and subsequently characterized at its molecular level. The complete coding region of RfCRP is 672  bp in length, and encodes a protein containing 224 @entity2 with a predicted molecular mass of 25.19  kDa. Analysis of its derived @entity4 sequence enabled typical features of pentraxin family members to be identified, including the pentraxin family signature in RfCRP. Results from multiple sequence alignment suggest the conservation of functionally important residues in RfCRP. According to the phylogenetic reconstruction that was generated using different pentraxin counterparts from different taxa, RfCRP shares a common vertebrate ancestral origin and most closely clusters with marine teleostan CRP. Furthermore, recombinant RfCRP demonstrated @entity0 -dependent agglutination activity against @entity1 , which could be completely inhibited in the presence of @entity3 based ligands. Moreover, recombinant RfCRP also exhibited anti-bacterial activity against both @entity1 and Streptococcus iniae. In addition, qPCR analysis indicated that RfCRP is ubiquitously expressed in physiologically important tissues, with pronounced expression in the spleen. After healthy fish were treated with polysaccharides or live S.  iniae, basal expression of RfCRP was significantly upregulated in spleen and head kidney tissues. Collectively, our results suggest that RfCRP may be important in host anti-bacterial defense, and it might potentially participate in the acute phase of infection.

title: Identification of a C-reactive protein like homologue from XXXX ( @entity5 ) evidencing its potent anti-microbial properties at molecular level.

answer: @entity5


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Pentraxins are a family of evolutionary conserved proteins that contains two main members, namely c-reactive proteins (CRPs) and serum amyloid P (SAP), which are involved in acute phase responses in animals. In this study, a cDNA sequence of a CRP-like molecule was identified from a previously constructed @entity5 cDNA database (RfCRP) and subsequently characterized at its molecular level. The complete coding region of RfCRP is 672  bp in length, and encodes a protein containing 224 @entity2 with a predicted molecular mass of 25.19  kDa. Analysis of its derived @entity4 sequence enabled typical features of pentraxin family members to be identified, including the pentraxin family signature in RfCRP. Results from multiple sequence alignment suggest the conservation of functionally important residues in RfCRP. According to the phylogenetic reconstruction that was generated using different pentraxin counterparts from different taxa, RfCRP shares a common vertebrate ancestral origin and most closely clusters with marine teleostan CRP. Furthermore, recombinant RfCRP demonstrated @entity0 -dependent agglutination activity against @entity1 , which could be completely inhibited in the presence of @entity3 based ligands. Moreover, recombinant RfCRP also exhibited anti-bacterial activity against both @entity1 and Streptococcus iniae. In addition, qPCR analysis indicated that RfCRP is ubiquitously expressed in physiologically important tissues, with pronounced expression in the spleen. After healthy fish were treated with polysaccharides or live S.  iniae, basal expression of RfCRP was significantly upregulated in spleen and head kidney tissues. Collectively, our results suggest that RfCRP may be important in host anti-bacterial defense, and it might potentially participate in the acute phase of infection.

title: Identification of a C-reactive protein like homologue from @entity5 ( XXXX ) evidencing its potent anti-microbial properties at molecular level.

answer: @entity5


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Increasing evidence has shown that @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is a risk factor for @entity2 . @entity4 , which consist of hyperphosphorylated tau and misfolded microtubules, is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of @entity2 . Db/db @entity1 , a rodent model of @entity3 , also exhibited age-dependent @entity4 . @entity9 ( @entity9 ) mimetics, a type of drug used in @entity3 , has been found to have neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to explore the potential effects of liraglutide (a @entity9 analog), or insulin, on tau phosphorylation in @entity3 animals. Male db/db @entity1 (3-3.5  weeks) were daily injected subcutaneously with liraglutide (n  =  27), insulin (n  =  27), or saline (n  =  26), and five to seven @entity1 were killed every 2  weeks for analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal (CSF) insulin levels by ELISA, and protein levels in the hippocampal formation by western blot. We found that db/db @entity1 treated with saline exhibited an age-dependent decrease in CSF insulin and an increase in hippocampal tau phosphorylation. @entity10 injection reversed the CSF insulin to ~1  mIU/L by the end of 8  weeks treatment, and prevented the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in the hippocampal formation. By contrast, insulin injection had no effects on CSF insulin or phosphorylation of tau protein. In summary, this study indicates that early @entity9 analog intervention prevented the age-dependent @entity4 in @entity3 @entity1 brain, probably by facilitating sequential activation in an insulin signaling pathway reflected in increased basal activation of Akt and basal suppression of @entity8 . We found that liraglutide, a @entity9 ( @entity9 ) analog, prevented the age-dependent @entity4 in @entity0 db/db @entity1 . We proposed that liraglutide crosses the blood-brain barrier, and binds @entity9 receptors from which G beta gamma dissociates intracellularly to activate @entity5 , resulting in activation of Akt, which suppress @entity8 ( @entity8 ), and thereby prevents it from phosphorylating tau. IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate 1; @entity6 : @entity6 ; @entity5 : @entity7 3-kinase.

title: Early intervention with glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide prevents XXXX in @entity0 db/db @entity1 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Increasing evidence has shown that @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is a risk factor for @entity2 . @entity4 , which consist of hyperphosphorylated tau and misfolded microtubules, is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of @entity2 . Db/db @entity1 , a rodent model of @entity3 , also exhibited age-dependent @entity4 . @entity9 ( @entity9 ) mimetics, a type of drug used in @entity3 , has been found to have neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to explore the potential effects of liraglutide (a @entity9 analog), or insulin, on tau phosphorylation in @entity3 animals. Male db/db @entity1 (3-3.5  weeks) were daily injected subcutaneously with liraglutide (n  =  27), insulin (n  =  27), or saline (n  =  26), and five to seven @entity1 were killed every 2  weeks for analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal (CSF) insulin levels by ELISA, and protein levels in the hippocampal formation by western blot. We found that db/db @entity1 treated with saline exhibited an age-dependent decrease in CSF insulin and an increase in hippocampal tau phosphorylation. @entity10 injection reversed the CSF insulin to ~1  mIU/L by the end of 8  weeks treatment, and prevented the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in the hippocampal formation. By contrast, insulin injection had no effects on CSF insulin or phosphorylation of tau protein. In summary, this study indicates that early @entity9 analog intervention prevented the age-dependent @entity4 in @entity3 @entity1 brain, probably by facilitating sequential activation in an insulin signaling pathway reflected in increased basal activation of Akt and basal suppression of @entity8 . We found that liraglutide, a @entity9 ( @entity9 ) analog, prevented the age-dependent @entity4 in @entity0 db/db @entity1 . We proposed that liraglutide crosses the blood-brain barrier, and binds @entity9 receptors from which G beta gamma dissociates intracellularly to activate @entity5 , resulting in activation of Akt, which suppress @entity8 ( @entity8 ), and thereby prevents it from phosphorylating tau. IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate 1; @entity6 : @entity6 ; @entity5 : @entity7 3-kinase.

title: Early intervention with glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide prevents @entity4 in XXXX db/db @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Increasing evidence has shown that @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is a risk factor for @entity2 . @entity4 , which consist of hyperphosphorylated tau and misfolded microtubules, is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of @entity2 . Db/db @entity1 , a rodent model of @entity3 , also exhibited age-dependent @entity4 . @entity9 ( @entity9 ) mimetics, a type of drug used in @entity3 , has been found to have neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to explore the potential effects of liraglutide (a @entity9 analog), or insulin, on tau phosphorylation in @entity3 animals. Male db/db @entity1 (3-3.5  weeks) were daily injected subcutaneously with liraglutide (n  =  27), insulin (n  =  27), or saline (n  =  26), and five to seven @entity1 were killed every 2  weeks for analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal (CSF) insulin levels by ELISA, and protein levels in the hippocampal formation by western blot. We found that db/db @entity1 treated with saline exhibited an age-dependent decrease in CSF insulin and an increase in hippocampal tau phosphorylation. @entity10 injection reversed the CSF insulin to ~1  mIU/L by the end of 8  weeks treatment, and prevented the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in the hippocampal formation. By contrast, insulin injection had no effects on CSF insulin or phosphorylation of tau protein. In summary, this study indicates that early @entity9 analog intervention prevented the age-dependent @entity4 in @entity3 @entity1 brain, probably by facilitating sequential activation in an insulin signaling pathway reflected in increased basal activation of Akt and basal suppression of @entity8 . We found that liraglutide, a @entity9 ( @entity9 ) analog, prevented the age-dependent @entity4 in @entity0 db/db @entity1 . We proposed that liraglutide crosses the blood-brain barrier, and binds @entity9 receptors from which G beta gamma dissociates intracellularly to activate @entity5 , resulting in activation of Akt, which suppress @entity8 ( @entity8 ), and thereby prevents it from phosphorylating tau. IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate 1; @entity6 : @entity6 ; @entity5 : @entity7 3-kinase.

title: Early intervention with glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide prevents @entity4 in @entity0 db/db XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Lymph node status is one of the most important predictors of survival in @entity5 . Surgically resected @entity4 is often locally invasive and may invade directly into peripancreatic lymph nodes. The significance of direct invasion into lymph nodes in the absence of true lymphatic metastases is unclear. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively compare clinical outcome in @entity0 with @entity5 with direct invasion into peripancreatic lymph nodes with @entity0 with node-negative @entity3 and @entity0 with true lymphatic lymph node @entity1 . A total of 380 @entity0 with invasive @entity5 classified as @entity6 , were evaluated: @entity3 with true lymphatic @entity1 to regional lymph nodes (248 cases), @entity3 without lymph node involvement (97 cases), and @entity3 with regional lymph nodes involved only by direct invasion from the main @entity2 mass (35 cases). Isolated lymph node involvement by direct invasion occurred in 35 of 380 (9%) @entity0 . Overall survival for @entity0 with direct invasion of lymph nodes (median survival, 21 mo; 5-year overall survival, 36%) was not statistically different from @entity0 with node-negative @entity3 (median survival, 30 mo; 5-year overall survival, 31%) (P=0.609). @entity0 with node-negative @entity3 had an improved survival compared with @entity0 with lymph node involvement by true lymphatic @entity1 (median survival, 15 mo; 5-year overall survival, 8%) (P<0.001) regardless of the number of lymph nodes involved by @entity3 . There was a trend toward decreased overall survival for @entity0 with 1 or 2 lymph nodes involved by true lymphatic @entity1 compared with @entity0 with direct invasion of @entity2 into lymph nodes (P=0.056). However, this did not reach statistical significance. Our results indicate that @entity0 with isolated direct lymph node invasion have a comparable overall survival with @entity0 with node-negative @entity3 as opposed to true lymphatic lymph node @entity1 .

title: Pattern of lymph node involvement and prognosis in XXXX : direct lymph node invasion has similar survival to node-negative disease.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Virchow Robin spaces (VRSs) are perivascular spaces that act as drainage pathways for interstitial fluid. Dilatation of VRSs is visible on magnetic resonance images in asymptomatic individuals. However, giant dilatation of VRSs (dVRSs) is very rare. Such giant dVRSs may produce a pressure effect on surrounding structures and can be confused with more sinister conditions such as @entity1 . CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a 30-year-old @entity0 who presented with complaints of @entity2 , poor attention and concentration, forgetfulness, @entity5 , urinary incontinence for past 3 years and @entity6 for 3 months. He was found to have a @entity3 in the midbrain with extension into the third ventricle, causing @entity4 due to @entity7 . Although at first look, the radiologic features suggested a @entity1 , a careful magnetic resonance imaging evaluation helped to establish the correct diagnosis of dVRS. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy resolved his symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Dilatation of VRS may produce @entity3 that can easily be confused with other pathologic condition that have a completely different prognosis and management. Knowledge about the existence of such an entity and their radiologic features is important to prevent such misdiagnosis and mismanagement in the form of biopsy/excision, which can have devastating consequences.

title: Giant Mesencephalic Dilated Virchow Robin Spaces Causing Obstructive XXXX Treated by Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of posterior mediastinal @entity3 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 14 pathologically confirmed @entity3 seen in 13 @entity0 , 13 were evaluated by CT images with and without contrast, 11 were evaluated with conventional spin-echo MR images, and 5 were evaluated with contrast-enhanced MR examination. The morphologic features, attenuation, signal intensity, and dynamic enhancement pattern of the @entity1 were evaluated. RESULTS: All lesions were identified as a well-demarcated oval and/or lobular mass. CT attenuation was predominantly low. Calcification on CT scan was seen in 38% of the cases. Whorled appearance (42%) and tailed-shaped edge (14%) were seen on both CT and MR images. Fat components (29%) observed histologically were also detected in @entity1 on CT and MR images. MR signal intensity in the lesions was mainly low on T1-weighted images and high on T2-weighted images. Contrast enhancement of the @entity1 was poor in 46% on dynamic CT study. In all 5 contrast-enhanced MR examinations, all lesions were enhanced. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristic findings of posterior mediastinal @entity3 are a craniocaudally oblong-shaped mass, @entity2 , whorled appearance, tail-like extension, and fat component. Poor enhancement on dynamic CT studies is commonly observed.

title: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging features of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Two @entity2 control regions have been compared in their ability to be unwound by RNA polymerase during formation of the transcriptionally active ("open") complex: the wild-type control region, consisting of two overlapping binding sites @entity5 , both weakly transcribed, and an "up" P1 mutant, the strong lac L8UV5 promoter. The final complexes were characterized by their topological unwinding, by DNase I and @entity6 footprints, as well as by methylation of unpaired @entity4 residues. At the wild-type control region, the RNA polymerase footprint is weak, and single-strand formation is incomplete and slow. The same signals are strong, complete and quickly established at lac L8UV5; yet the final complexes were found to be equally unwound (by 1.7 turns) in the absence of @entity1 substrates as well as during an abortive initiation cycle. At the lac wild-type region, open complex formation occurs slowly enough to permit the measurement of the extent of a single-stranded region and of topological unwinding during the latency period. Not all the final species are active and unwinding appears to precede, in time, full open-complex formation. At the lac UV5 promoter the same conclusion was reached by a different method involving those changes in the various parameters that characterize open-complex formation monitored by an abortive initiation assay, conducted at increasing levels of template superhelicity. From both approaches we conclude that, at these promoters, the formation of the single-stranded region occurs at the expense of a negative change in linking number, initially stored in a closed intermediate, perhaps as negative writhing. Furthermore, abortive transcription assays indicate that the specific initiation efficiency of the species stored at both promoters, @entity5 , on the wild-type template is increased as a whole with increasing superhelicity (conversion of inactive species to active ones, increased efficiency of active ones). We conclude that negative supercoiling is not an extra-regulatory element of the @entity3 system, allowing modulation of expression of the wild-type promoter to the profit of P1. Instead, @entity5 , in the absence of active catabolite receptor protein (CRP- @entity0 ), appear to be equally weak and to be equally affected by negative supercoiling in the range of superhelical densities examined. The physiological importance of the P1-P2 competition in the regulation of expression in this region is thus questioned. The major effect of CRP- @entity0 stimulation appears to be the direct activation at the P1 promoter.

title: Topological unwinding of strong and weak promoters by RNA polymerase. A comparison between the lac wild-type and the UV5 sites of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To better define prelemniscal radiations (Raprl) as a target for the control of @entity1 and @entity2 in @entity0 ( @entity0 ). METHODS: A total of 36 deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes were stereotactically implanted in Raprl contralateral to the extremities to be treated. Effects on symptoms were evaluated using UPDRS-III before and after DBS, and significance was determined using the Wilcoxon test. The location of DBS contacts in cases with optimum versus suboptimum results was evaluated using Student's t test and percentage improvement correlated through a bivariable Pearson test. The power and percentage of spike components for microelectrode recordings were statistically compared between the target point and structures located above and below. RESULTS: Raprl-DBS improved @entity1 and @entity2 (p < 0.01). The potency of microelectrode recordings indicated that the target was formed by fibers. There was no correlation between demographic characteristics and clinical outcome, and there were no significant differences in stereotactic placement between cases with optimum and suboptimum results. @entity1 and @entity2 were selectively improved in cases with suboptimum results. CONCLUSION: Raprl-DBS is an effective treatment for the motor symptoms of @entity0 . Selective improvement of symptoms suggests that the target has different fiber components related to either @entity1 or @entity2 , and variations in improvement between cases may derive from individual variations of the location of these fibers.    2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.

title: Optimizing Prelemniscal Radiations as a Target for Motor Symptoms in XXXX Treatment.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Patients with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) display a heterogeneous population of antibodies with @entity4 ) as the major antigen. OBJECTIVES: We isolated and characterized @entity0 mAbs directed against @entity4 from the immune repertoire of @entity1 @entity0 . METHODS: Variable heavy chain repertoires from B cells from two @entity1 patients with anti-b(2) @entity6 antibodies were cloned into the pHEN1-VLrep vector. Constructed full-length IgG antibodies were tested for @entity2 ( @entity2 ) activity and binding to @entity4 and its domains. RESULTS: Two clones of each @entity0 were selected on the basis of the reactivity of single chain Fv ( @entity5 ) fragments displayed on phages towards full-length @entity4 and its isolated domain I. The affinity of selected antibodies for @entity4 was lost when transforming from phages to monovalent scFvs, and was regained when antibodies were constructed as complete IgG, indicating a role for bivalency in binding to @entity4 . Both selected clones from @entity0 2 recognized domain I of @entity4 , and for both clones selected from @entity0 1, binding required the presence of both domain I and domain II. All mAbs displayed @entity2 activity in both activated partial thromboplastin time-based and dilute @entity3 venom test-based clotting assays and in thrombin generation. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we show successful cloning of @entity0 -derived mAbs that require domain I of @entity4 for binding, and that display @entity2 activity that is dependent on their affinity for @entity4 . These antibodies can help us to gain more insights into the pathogenesis of @entity1 , and may facilitate standardization of @entity1 diagnosis.

title: Patient-derived monoclonal antibodies directed towards beta2 glycoprotein-1 display XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous @entity2 therapy for prehospital treatment of @entity1 with a presumptive field diagnosis of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) by paramedics without direct physician control. A ten-month prospective case series was designed in an urban EMS system that has paramedics operating under standing orders before physician radio contact. All @entity0 with @entity6 field diagnosis were included. Diagnosis of @entity6 was made by regular, @entity1 with a heart rate greater than 160 beats/min by field ECG. Interpretation was performed solely by paramedics; ECG transmission was not available. In hemodynamically stable @entity0 , vagal maneuvers were followed by intravenous placement and administration of @entity2 was recommended by the manufacturer. If three @entity2 boluses failed to convert the @entity3 , @entity0 were monitored and transported, with electrical cardioversion available. Data collection included demographic, history, medications, vital signs, and EGG tracings. Of 14 included @entity0 , 31 were correctly diagnosed with @entity6 (75.6%), with mean ventricular rate of 205 beats/min (SD 7 beats/min); one had @entity7 ; nine had @entity4 ( @entity4 ) (22%). Of the 31 cases correctly diagnosed as @entity6 , 28 converted to sinus rhythm after @entity2 (90.3%). Of those converted, 16 required a single dose (57.1%), nine required one additional dose (32.1%), and three required two additional doses (10.8%). None reverted to @entity6 after @entity2 conversion during the study period (conversion to arrival at emergency department). No significant difference in length of @entity5 pause or in outcome was detected between the true @entity6 cases and the @entity4 cases receiving @entity2 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Intravenous @entity2 as first-line prehospital management of XXXX by EMS personnel without direct physician control.

answer: @entity1


abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous @entity2 therapy for prehospital treatment of @entity1 with a presumptive field diagnosis of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) by paramedics without direct physician control. A ten-month prospective case series was designed in an urban EMS system that has paramedics operating under standing orders before physician radio contact. All @entity0 with @entity6 field diagnosis were included. Diagnosis of @entity6 was made by regular, @entity1 with a heart rate greater than 160 beats/min by field ECG. Interpretation was performed solely by paramedics; ECG transmission was not available. In hemodynamically stable @entity0 , vagal maneuvers were followed by intravenous placement and administration of @entity2 was recommended by the manufacturer. If three @entity2 boluses failed to convert the @entity3 , @entity0 were monitored and transported, with electrical cardioversion available. Data collection included demographic, history, medications, vital signs, and EGG tracings. Of 14 included @entity0 , 31 were correctly diagnosed with @entity6 (75.6%), with mean ventricular rate of 205 beats/min (SD 7 beats/min); one had @entity7 ; nine had @entity4 ( @entity4 ) (22%). Of the 31 cases correctly diagnosed as @entity6 , 28 converted to sinus rhythm after @entity2 (90.3%). Of those converted, 16 required a single dose (57.1%), nine required one additional dose (32.1%), and three required two additional doses (10.8%). None reverted to @entity6 after @entity2 conversion during the study period (conversion to arrival at emergency department). No significant difference in length of @entity5 pause or in outcome was detected between the true @entity6 cases and the @entity4 cases receiving @entity2 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Intravenous XXXX as first-line prehospital management of @entity1 by EMS personnel without direct physician control.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Continuous exposure to many chemicals, including through air, water, food, or other media and products results in health impacts which have been well assessed, however little is known about the total disease burden related to chemicals. This is important to know for overall policy actions and priorities. In this article the known burden related to selected chemicals or their mixtures, main data gaps, and the link to public health policy are reviewed. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature for global @entity1 estimates from chemicals was conducted. @entity1 due to chemicals was estimated using standard methodology of the Global Burden of Disease. RESULTS: In total, 4.9 million deaths (8.3% of total) and 86 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) (5.7% of total) were attributable to environmental exposure and management of selected chemicals in 2004. The largest contributors include indoor smoke from solid fuel use, outdoor air pollution and second-hand smoke, with 2.0, 1.2 and 0.6 million deaths annually. These are followed by occupational particulates, chemicals involved in acute @entity4 , and pesticides involved in self- @entity4 , with 375,000, 240,000 and 186,000 annual deaths, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The known burden due to chemicals is considerable. This information supports decision-making in programmes having a role to play in reducing @entity0 exposure to toxic chemicals. These figures present only a number of chemicals for which data are available, therefore, they are more likely an underestimate of the actual burden. Chemicals with known health effects, such as @entity5 , @entity3 , @entity2 or chronic exposure to pesticides could not be included in this article due to incomplete data and information. Effective public health interventions are known to manage chemicals and limit their public health impacts and should be implemented at national and international levels.

title: Knowns and unknowns on XXXX due to chemicals: a systematic review.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Sixty-five @entity1 ( @entity4 grade 3 and 4 and @entity3 ) were examined by means of immunoperoxidase staining on frozen tissue using various monoclonal antibodies directed against macrophages, lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Depending on the antibody used, the presence of macrophages in @entity0 ranged from 85%-100%. Many of the @entity0 contained substantial numbers of macrophages not only, as expected, in @entity2 areas but also in intact @entity0 tissue. Eighty-nine percent of 39 @entity0 tested contained Fc receptor-bearing mononuclear cells in viable @entity0 . In 100% of 44 @entity0 tested for HLADR class 2 major histocompatibility complex antigen this antigen was detected in the macrophages. In 40% of these 44 cases, HLADR antigen was also present on the @entity0 cells. Eighty-eight percent of 53 @entity0 tested contained T cells in viable @entity0 and the majority of these cells were T cytotoxic/suppressor (T8). Twenty-four percent of 33 @entity0 contained no T helper/inducer (T4) lymphocytes and in the other 76% there were few positive cells. Only 9% of 21 @entity0 contained natural killer cells (NK). B cells were absent from 88% of 61 @entity0 and almost all of the remainder contained only a small number of B cells. The findings are discussed with reference to a possible host immune response to @entity1 and relevant literature is reviewed.

title: Immunohistological study of mononuclear cell infiltrate in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Twenty @entity1 ( @entity1 ) @entity0 undergoing chronic cerebellar stimulation (CCS) for reduction of @entity2 and improvement in function have participated in a double-blind study. Seven US centers involving 9 neurosurgeons (1984-6) have replaced the depleted Neurolith 601 fully implantable pulse generator (Pacesetter Systems Incorp.-Neurodyne Corp., Sylmar, CA) with new units in 19 @entity1 @entity0 , 1 @entity0 entered the study following his initial implant. A magnetically controllable switch was placed in line between the Neurolith stimulator and the cerebellar lead, so allowing switching sequences for the study. Physical therapists, living in the vicinity of the @entity0 's home, carried out two quantitative evaluations: 1. Joint angle motion measurements (passive and active). 2. Motor performance testing was done when possible and included: reaction time, hand dynamonetry, grooved peg board placement, hand/foot tapping, and rotary pursuit testing. Testing was done presurgery, at 2 weeks postimplant, then the switch was activated either "on" or "off" to a schedule, with testing and reswitching at 1, 2 and 4 months, then the switch was left turned "on". Of the 20 @entity0 , 16 finished the tests, 2 @entity0 failed to finish and 2 had switch problems and were deleted from the study. Two of the 16 @entity0 were "off" through the entire testing. Of the 14 that had periods of the stimulator being "on", 10 @entity0 (72%) had quantitative improvements of over 20%, (1 pt: 50+% improvements; 4 pts: 30-50%, 5 pts: 20-30%); while 1 @entity0 (7%) had improvements in the 10-20% level, whereas 3 @entity0 (21%) showed no improvement.

title: Cerebellar stimulation for XXXX --double blind study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: An outbreak of @entity6 in the Taipei area occurred from January to August 1993. A total of 114 cases were identified by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination at National Taiwan University Hospital. Most of the cases were found from February to May 1993. The peak of age distribution was 3 to 11 years. The male-to-female ratio was 2.1 to 1. Most @entity0 had @entity2 , @entity1 , and @entity4 and @entity3 . On initial CSF examination, protein concentrations > 400 mg/L were noted in 38 of 93 CSF samples, while 19 of 70 initial samples had hypoglycorrhachia (CSF/serum @entity5 ratio < 0.5). CSF white cell counts of the initial lumbar puncture were 0-9 x 10(6) cells/L in 4 @entity0 , 10-99 x 10(6) cells/L in 42 @entity0 , 100-199 x 10(6) cells/L in 27 @entity0 , 200-499 x 10(6) cells/L in 24 @entity0 , 500-999 x 10(6) cells/L in 12 @entity0 and > or = 1,000 x 10(6) cells/L in 5 @entity0 . Polymorphonuclear cells predominated in 73 of 114 cases. Viral cultures from CSF, throat swabs and rectal swabs were done with a majority yielding enteroviruses. Enterovirus as a definite etiology was found in 58 of 114 cases and was the presumptive etiology in 15 of 114 cases. The serotypes of the enteroviruses isolated were mostly echovirus type 30. All @entity0 recovered without obvious sequelae.

title: Outbreak of XXXX in Taipei in spring 1993.

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity8 has been recognized as an important pathogen in immunocompromised @entity0 , but it has been rarely reported in Taiwan. We reviewed 13 cases of @entity8 @entity3 at National Taiwan University Hospital over a 12-year period. All of the @entity0 had underlying diseases. Fever was the most common presenting symptom, and neurologic signs were found in 6 @entity0 . Most of the @entity0 received @entity5 , @entity2 or @entity6 with an @entity7 . @entity1 were used in 9 of 13 @entity0 . The overall mortality directly due to @entity8 @entity3 was 31%. However, @entity0 treated with @entity4 or @entity9 had higher mortality than those treated with @entity5 , @entity2 or @entity6 (p = 0.05). Given the increasing number of immunosuppressed @entity0 in Taiwan, it is likely that more cases will be encountered. Physicians in Taiwan should be aware of @entity8 @entity3 and its treatment.

title: Antibiotic therapy for @entity8 XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity8 has been recognized as an important pathogen in immunocompromised @entity0 , but it has been rarely reported in Taiwan. We reviewed 13 cases of @entity8 @entity3 at National Taiwan University Hospital over a 12-year period. All of the @entity0 had underlying diseases. Fever was the most common presenting symptom, and neurologic signs were found in 6 @entity0 . Most of the @entity0 received @entity5 , @entity2 or @entity6 with an @entity7 . @entity1 were used in 9 of 13 @entity0 . The overall mortality directly due to @entity8 @entity3 was 31%. However, @entity0 treated with @entity4 or @entity9 had higher mortality than those treated with @entity5 , @entity2 or @entity6 (p = 0.05). Given the increasing number of immunosuppressed @entity0 in Taiwan, it is likely that more cases will be encountered. Physicians in Taiwan should be aware of @entity8 @entity3 and its treatment.

title: Antibiotic therapy for XXXX @entity3 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: Thirty-five consecutive cases of @entity4 of the ampulla of Vater seen over the past 36 years were reviewed. The introduction of new diagnostic techniques over the course of this study improved the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis but did not lead to earlier diagnosis. The surgical resectability rate was 88%, and 53% of postoperative survivors were free of disease at 5 years. Of the 14 @entity0 with @entity1 to regional lymph nodes, 27% survived disease-free for 5 years. Surgical mortality was 25% for the entire series but has been reduced to 6.6% over the past decade. Surgical mortality was primarily due to leakage of the pancreaticojejunostomy; the risk of pancreaticojejunostomy leak correlated inversely with the degree of chronic @entity6 in the pancreatic remnant. In 35% of resected cases, a benign adenomatous component was contained within the @entity2 of the ampulla of Vater. Cure rates are good for this lesion. The most important factor in maximizing cure rate is careful attention to the technical details of pancreaticojejunostomy in order to minimize surgical mortality. Benign @entity5 appear to be a frequent precursor of @entity3 of the ampulla of Vater.

title: XXXX of the ampulla of Vater.

answer: @entity3


abstract: To establish the impact of transplantation on the course of chronic @entity8 we performed a prospective study of the clinical and pathological sequelae of @entity11 in all 22 @entity0 who had renal allografts that functioned for more than 1 year and who were @entity2 B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive following transplantation. No @entity0 converted to HBsAg-negative. During a mean follow-up of 83 months serial liver biopsies were performed in 20 @entity0 and 1 liver biopsy was available in the remaining 2 @entity0 . Eleven @entity0 died of @entity8 , 5 of whom died of @entity10 , 3 with @entity3 , 2 of @entity7 , and 1 of ascites with @entity6 . @entity8 was observed in the vast majority of @entity0 : 12 ultimately developed @entity1 , (mean follow-up 81 months), 6 @entity12 (mean follow-up 93 months), 3 chronic persistent @entity2 (mean follow-up 89 months), and in 1 @entity0 the presence of HB virus in hepatocytes was the sole morphologic alteration (follow-up 42 months). There was a marked tendency to progression in that 82% of @entity0 with virus only, reactive @entity2 , or chronic persistent @entity2 on initial biopsy subsequently developed @entity12 or @entity1 . For comparison, 10 HBsAg-positive @entity0 whose @entity4 had been treated by hemodialysis were also studied over a comparable period. Four @entity0 converted to the negative state. Biochemical evidence of persistent @entity8 occurred in only 1 @entity0 and no @entity0 has died from complications of @entity8 . We conclude that in the immunosuppressed renal transplant @entity0 @entity5 often results in the development of @entity1 , leading to death from @entity3 and @entity10 . This course is worse than that in dialysis @entity0 . Renal transplantation of HBsAg-positive @entity0 with @entity9 may be inadvisable.

title: The impact of renal transplantation on the course of XXXX .

answer: @entity8


abstract: There is a very high prevalence of @entity2 in @entity1 subjects, which makes it necessary to use an antihypertensive drug with the least possible metabolic interference. For example, in the early phase of @entity2 , diuretics usually worsen the metabolic equilibrium. According to recent reports, a new diuretic, @entity8 (MZ), which acts on the loop of Henle, seems to present a minor effect on @entity5 metabolic balance. In order to determine whether this assumption was correct or not, we carried out a clinical trial on 26 type II (non- @entity6 -dependent) @entity1 , in fairly good metabolic control and with moderate @entity2 (orthostatic diastolic pressure from 100 to 115 mmHg), comparing the effect of MZ with those of @entity7 (CL). According to a randomized, single-blind cross-over design, the @entity0 were treated with MZ (20 mg/day) or CL (50 mg/day) for the duration of 4 weeks. After the treatment period with the first drug, there was a 2 week wash-out period on placebo (PL) before the second drug was given. During the study, a set of metabolic and non-metabolic parameters was monitored, as were the clinostatic and orthostatic blood pressure values. The results show that the antihypertensive effect of the two drugs was the same (both caused a more than 10% @entity3 ). No significant changes in plasma electrolyte levels occurred. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in urinary @entity4 excretion after CL (20.7 +/- 11 micrograms/24 hours vs. 13.3 +/- 8.5 after PL, and 14.5 +/- 7.2 after MZ) (mean values +/- standard deviations).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Interference on metabolism induced by @entity8 and XXXX in type II hypertensive @entity1 .

answer: @entity7