abstract: The current trends in favor of @entity8 deprivation therapy (ADT) for nonmetastatic @entity6 at the stage of biochemical recurrence or increasing @entity14 raises the issue of exposing otherwise asymptomatic @entity0 to potential side effects over the longer term. Some of these side effects can have deleterious effects on quality of life, and others may contribute to increased risks for serious health concerns associated with aging. Sexual side effects are the most well-recognized adverse effects from ADT and include loss of libido, @entity7 ( @entity7 ), and hot flashes. Loss of libido is distressing to many @entity0 , and they may not pursue treatments for @entity7 . However, for those who do maintain sexual interest, various remedies are available. The incidence of hot flashes, which may not abate over the course of ADT, is close to 80%. @entity4 , progestin @entity16 , @entity17 , @entity12 , and @entity15 have been shown to alleviate hot flashes and associated symptoms. Physiologic effects, including @entity5 , changes in body composition ( @entity13 , reduced muscle mass, increase in body fat), and changes in lipids, are less commonly recognized as side effects of ADT. These may lead to an exacerbation of potentially more serious conditions, such as @entity2 , @entity1 , and @entity10 . Loss of bone mineral density, @entity9 , and hair changes also may occur. Additionally, both the diagnosis of @entity6 and the hormonal therapy can cause @entity11 . These side effects need more systematic study in clinical trials. Physicians should be aware of far-reaching consequences of ADT and should incorporate strategies for preventing and managing @entity3 into routine practice.

title: Side effects of @entity8 deprivation therapy: monitoring and minimizing XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The current trends in favor of @entity8 deprivation therapy (ADT) for nonmetastatic @entity6 at the stage of biochemical recurrence or increasing @entity14 raises the issue of exposing otherwise asymptomatic @entity0 to potential side effects over the longer term. Some of these side effects can have deleterious effects on quality of life, and others may contribute to increased risks for serious health concerns associated with aging. Sexual side effects are the most well-recognized adverse effects from ADT and include loss of libido, @entity7 ( @entity7 ), and hot flashes. Loss of libido is distressing to many @entity0 , and they may not pursue treatments for @entity7 . However, for those who do maintain sexual interest, various remedies are available. The incidence of hot flashes, which may not abate over the course of ADT, is close to 80%. @entity4 , progestin @entity16 , @entity17 , @entity12 , and @entity15 have been shown to alleviate hot flashes and associated symptoms. Physiologic effects, including @entity5 , changes in body composition ( @entity13 , reduced muscle mass, increase in body fat), and changes in lipids, are less commonly recognized as side effects of ADT. These may lead to an exacerbation of potentially more serious conditions, such as @entity2 , @entity1 , and @entity10 . Loss of bone mineral density, @entity9 , and hair changes also may occur. Additionally, both the diagnosis of @entity6 and the hormonal therapy can cause @entity11 . These side effects need more systematic study in clinical trials. Physicians should be aware of far-reaching consequences of ADT and should incorporate strategies for preventing and managing @entity3 into routine practice.

title: Side effects of XXXX deprivation therapy: monitoring and minimizing @entity3 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: Experiments were performed to determine the effect of chronic low-dose @entity2 (PB) treatment on blood @entity1 ( @entity1 ), cardiovascular (CV) function, and behavior in C57BL/6J male @entity0 . Chronic carotid arterial catheters were used for long-term CV measurements and for collection of blood samples. Separate groups of @entity0 were used for behavioral open field tests. PB was administered subcutaneously using osmotic minipumps at 1 and 3 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously for 24 h before treatment and on Days 3 and 7 after minipump insertion. Blood samples were collected on the same days. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the control group was 108+/-2 and 104+/-2 mm Hg during the dark and light periods, respectively. HR was 510+/-18 and 493+/-19 beats/min during the dark and light periods, respectively. PB treatment had no effect on MAP or HR in either dark or light period. Basal @entity1 activity was 0.42+/-0.1 micromol/min/ml, with no changes observed with PB at 1 mg/kg/day. The higher PB dose (3 mg/kg/day) decreased blood @entity1 activity by 85% on Day 7. Despite the reduction in blood @entity1 activity, there were no alterations in open field behaviors (locomotor activity, rearing, distance traveled, rest time, number of entries, and pokes). In conclusion, chronic low-dose PB exposure decreased blood @entity1 activity but had no effect on CV function or behavior in @entity0 .

title: Effect of chronic XXXX treatment on cardiovascular and behavioral parameters in @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Experiments were performed to determine the effect of chronic low-dose @entity2 (PB) treatment on blood @entity1 ( @entity1 ), cardiovascular (CV) function, and behavior in C57BL/6J male @entity0 . Chronic carotid arterial catheters were used for long-term CV measurements and for collection of blood samples. Separate groups of @entity0 were used for behavioral open field tests. PB was administered subcutaneously using osmotic minipumps at 1 and 3 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously for 24 h before treatment and on Days 3 and 7 after minipump insertion. Blood samples were collected on the same days. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the control group was 108+/-2 and 104+/-2 mm Hg during the dark and light periods, respectively. HR was 510+/-18 and 493+/-19 beats/min during the dark and light periods, respectively. PB treatment had no effect on MAP or HR in either dark or light period. Basal @entity1 activity was 0.42+/-0.1 micromol/min/ml, with no changes observed with PB at 1 mg/kg/day. The higher PB dose (3 mg/kg/day) decreased blood @entity1 activity by 85% on Day 7. Despite the reduction in blood @entity1 activity, there were no alterations in open field behaviors (locomotor activity, rearing, distance traveled, rest time, number of entries, and pokes). In conclusion, chronic low-dose PB exposure decreased blood @entity1 activity but had no effect on CV function or behavior in @entity0 .

title: Effect of chronic @entity2 treatment on cardiovascular and behavioral parameters in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity0 and avian auditory hair cells display tonotopic mapping of frequency along the length of the @entity2 . It is not known whether the auditory hair cells of fishes possess a similar tonotopic organization in the saccule, which is thought to be the primary auditory receptor in teleosts. To investigate this question, we determined the location of hair cell damage in the saccules of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) following exposure to specific frequencies. Subjects were divided into six groups of six fish each (five treatment groups plus control). The treatment groups were each exposed to one of five tones: 100, 400, 800, 2000, and 4000 Hz at 176 dB re 1  Pa root mean squared (RMS) for 48 hours. The saccules of each fish were dissected and labeled with phalloidin in order to visualize hair cell bundles. The hair cell bundles were counted at 19 specific locations in each saccule to determine the extent and location of hair cell damage. In addition to quantification of anatomical injury, hearing tests (using auditory evoked potentials) were performed on each fish immediately following sound exposure. Threshold shifts were calculated by subtracting control thresholds from post-sound exposure thresholds. RESULTS: All sound-exposed fish exhibited significant hair cell and @entity1 following sound exposure. The location of hair cell loss varied along the length of the saccule in a graded manner with the frequency of sound exposure, with lower and higher frequencies damaging the more caudal and rostral regions of the saccule, respectively. Similarly, fish exposed to lower frequency tones exhibited greater threshold shifts at lower frequencies, while high-frequency tone exposure led to @entity1 at higher frequencies. In general, both hair cell and @entity1 declined as a function of increasing frequency of exposure tone, and there was a significant linear relationship between hair cell loss and @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of hair cell loss as a function of exposure tone frequency and saccular rostral-caudal location is similar to the pattern of @entity1 as a function of exposure tone frequency and hearing threshold frequency. This data suggest that the frequency analysis ability of @entity3 is at least partially driven by peripheral tonotopy in the saccule.

title: Structural and functional effects of acoustic exposure in XXXX : evidence for tonotopy in the teleost saccule.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Severe transient @entity3 is a disorder of unknown etiology which can be successfully treated. This article describes two @entity0 affected by this condition and reviews the pertinent literature. Forty-nine cases, including our own, are summarized. Large prematures (mean birthweight 2534 +/- 738 gm, gestational age 36.1 +/- 4.05 weeks) and @entity0 males most commonly were affected. The peak plasma @entity2 concentration did not discriminate between @entity0 who lived and those who died, underscoring the need for aggressive therapy regardless of the initial plasma @entity2 concentration. Abnormal liver enzymes were reported in seven cases. Most of these @entity0 were asphyxiated at birth. Exchange transfusions (ET), alone or in combination with peritoneal dialysis, was the most common form of therapy. Of the @entity0 treated with this therapy, 83% survived. Sixty-six percent of the survivors, for which data are available, were normal on follow-up examination. It is not known at present to what extent the associated peritoneal @entity1 was responsible for the observed neurologic sequelae. Increased awareness of this condition and the choice of hemodialysis as a form of therapy may further reduce both morbidity and mortality.

title: Severe transient XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and correlates of @entity1 -related behaviors in a representative sample of the population of the region of Madrid (Spain). METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study based on a telephone survey. A total of 2,007 @entity0 aged 18-64 years completed a questionnaire that included items on knowledge about the risk of @entity1 , sun exposure, the use of ultraviolet (UV) lamps and sunburn during the previous year. @entity2 models were constructed, adjusted for gender, age, educational level and employment status. RESULTS: Sun exposure as a risk factor for @entity1 was identified by 92.3% of @entity0 and artificial tanning by 73.6%. Knowledge of risk factors was greater among university graduates and @entity0 (P<.001). A total of 14.6% were usually exposed to the sun in the summer during the hours of maximum UV radiation, while 4.3% had used UV lamps during the previous year; the use of these lamps was more frequent among @entity0 (P<.001) and young @entity0 (P<.05). The prevalence of sunburn was 13.2% and was lower among @entity0 : odds ratio (OR) 0.68 (95% CI: 0.51-0.90); this prevalence declined with greater age (p linear trend <0.001) and was higher among students: OR 1.60 (95% CI: 1.07-2.40). CONCLUSIONS: Numerous sociodemographic factors are related to UV radiation exposure and sunburn, with young @entity0 at highest risk. UV exposure is more frequent among @entity0 , whereas sunburn is more common among @entity0 .

title: Prevalence and correlates of XXXX risk behaviors in Madrid (Spain).

answer: @entity1


abstract: The influence of the nuclear @entity2 -ribosyltransferase inhibitor @entity5 on the DNA strand-break rejoining kinetics and @entity0 in @entity4 ovary cells following @entity1 treatment was investigated. For the DNA damage studies, cells were treated on ice with @entity1 (0-20 microM) for 1 h in serum-free medium, after which the @entity1 was removed and the cells were allowed to repair their damage in complete medium at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of @entity5 (5 mM) for periods up to 2 h. The DNA strand breaks remaining as a function of time were then estimated by alkaline elution. A linear relationship between the @entity1 concentration and the initial level of DNA single-strand breaks (zero time allowed for repair) was observed. No double-strand breaks or DNA-protein cross-links were detected at these doses. The rejoining of single-strand breaks after @entity1 (20 microM) alone was characterized by a single exponential process with a t1/2 of approx. 5 min. However, in the presence of @entity5 , rejoining was much slower and biphasic, with t1/2 of approx. 10 and 36 min. The inhibitory action of @entity5 was concentration-dependent and completely reversible in that, when the @entity5 was removed from the treated cultures, the strand-break rejoining kinetics rapidly returned to the t1/2 of 5 min typical of @entity1 alone. Considerably higher concentrations of @entity1 (up to 600 microM) were required for cell killing compared to the DNA damage studies. Cell killing by @entity1 alone was characterized by a shoulderless, exponential survival curve (D0 = 880 microM). The @entity0 was potentiated when the cells were treated with @entity5 (5 mM) for 1 h after the @entity1 treatment; the survival curve with @entity5 also assumed a biphasic character (D0 of 212 microM and 520 microM). These results are consistent with the theory that @entity3 .-induced single-strand breaks do not normally represent lethal lesions to the cell because of their rapid, efficient repair. However, interference with these repair processes (in this case by @entity5 ) can alter this relationship, possibly allowing lesion fixation.

title: Effect of @entity5 on DNA strand-break rejoining and XXXX in CHO cells treated with hydrogen peroxide.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The influence of the nuclear @entity2 -ribosyltransferase inhibitor @entity5 on the DNA strand-break rejoining kinetics and @entity0 in @entity4 ovary cells following @entity1 treatment was investigated. For the DNA damage studies, cells were treated on ice with @entity1 (0-20 microM) for 1 h in serum-free medium, after which the @entity1 was removed and the cells were allowed to repair their damage in complete medium at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of @entity5 (5 mM) for periods up to 2 h. The DNA strand breaks remaining as a function of time were then estimated by alkaline elution. A linear relationship between the @entity1 concentration and the initial level of DNA single-strand breaks (zero time allowed for repair) was observed. No double-strand breaks or DNA-protein cross-links were detected at these doses. The rejoining of single-strand breaks after @entity1 (20 microM) alone was characterized by a single exponential process with a t1/2 of approx. 5 min. However, in the presence of @entity5 , rejoining was much slower and biphasic, with t1/2 of approx. 10 and 36 min. The inhibitory action of @entity5 was concentration-dependent and completely reversible in that, when the @entity5 was removed from the treated cultures, the strand-break rejoining kinetics rapidly returned to the t1/2 of 5 min typical of @entity1 alone. Considerably higher concentrations of @entity1 (up to 600 microM) were required for cell killing compared to the DNA damage studies. Cell killing by @entity1 alone was characterized by a shoulderless, exponential survival curve (D0 = 880 microM). The @entity0 was potentiated when the cells were treated with @entity5 (5 mM) for 1 h after the @entity1 treatment; the survival curve with @entity5 also assumed a biphasic character (D0 of 212 microM and 520 microM). These results are consistent with the theory that @entity3 .-induced single-strand breaks do not normally represent lethal lesions to the cell because of their rapid, efficient repair. However, interference with these repair processes (in this case by @entity5 ) can alter this relationship, possibly allowing lesion fixation.

title: Effect of XXXX on DNA strand-break rejoining and @entity0 in CHO cells treated with hydrogen peroxide.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Stimulation of cell surface death receptors activates @entity3 , which targets a limited number of substrates including @entity5 , an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recently, we reported that a caspase-resistant @entity5 mutant inhibited several features of Fas-induced apoptosis, including the release of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) from mitochondria (Nguyen, M., D.G. Breckenridge, A. Ducret, and G.C. Shore. 2000. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:6731-6740), implicating ER-mitochondria crosstalk in this pathway. Here, we report that the @entity4 caspase cleavage fragment of @entity5 can direct pro-apoptotic signals between the ER and mitochondria. Adenoviral expression of @entity4 caused an early release of @entity0 from the ER, concomitant uptake of @entity0 into mitochondria, and mitochondrial recruitment of @entity6 , a dynamin-related protein that mediates scission of the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulting in @entity1 and fission of the mitochondrial network. Inhibition of @entity6 or ER-mitochondrial @entity0 signaling prevented @entity4 -induced fission of mitochondria. @entity4 strongly sensitized mitochondria to @entity3 -induced @entity2 release, whereas prolonged expression of @entity4 on its own ultimately induced caspase activation and apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptosome stress pathway. Therefore, @entity3 cleavage of @entity5 at the ER stimulates @entity0 -dependent mitochondrial fission, enhancing the release of @entity2 in response to this initiator caspase.

title: Caspase cleavage product of @entity5 induces mitochondrial fission through endoplasmic reticulum calcium signals, enhancing XXXX release to the cytosol.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Stimulation of cell surface death receptors activates @entity3 , which targets a limited number of substrates including @entity5 , an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recently, we reported that a caspase-resistant @entity5 mutant inhibited several features of Fas-induced apoptosis, including the release of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) from mitochondria (Nguyen, M., D.G. Breckenridge, A. Ducret, and G.C. Shore. 2000. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:6731-6740), implicating ER-mitochondria crosstalk in this pathway. Here, we report that the @entity4 caspase cleavage fragment of @entity5 can direct pro-apoptotic signals between the ER and mitochondria. Adenoviral expression of @entity4 caused an early release of @entity0 from the ER, concomitant uptake of @entity0 into mitochondria, and mitochondrial recruitment of @entity6 , a dynamin-related protein that mediates scission of the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulting in @entity1 and fission of the mitochondrial network. Inhibition of @entity6 or ER-mitochondrial @entity0 signaling prevented @entity4 -induced fission of mitochondria. @entity4 strongly sensitized mitochondria to @entity3 -induced @entity2 release, whereas prolonged expression of @entity4 on its own ultimately induced caspase activation and apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptosome stress pathway. Therefore, @entity3 cleavage of @entity5 at the ER stimulates @entity0 -dependent mitochondrial fission, enhancing the release of @entity2 in response to this initiator caspase.

title: Caspase cleavage product of XXXX induces mitochondrial fission through endoplasmic reticulum calcium signals, enhancing @entity2 release to the cytosol.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Childhood @entity3 is generally believed to be a disorder with a good prognosis. However, some asthmatics develop irreversible @entity6 , probably as a result of airway remodelling. METHODS: After 21-33 years, 228 adults (aged 13-44 years at baseline) with a history of @entity3 were re-examined to assess risk factors for the development of irreversible @entity6 (IAO, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) <80% predicted and reversibility <9% predicted) and a reduced postbronchodilator transfer coefficient ( @entity5 transfer factor/alveolar volume, <80% predicted), both characteristics of @entity4 . RESULTS: At follow up, 41% did not have @entity6 (NAO), 43% had @entity6 ( @entity6 ), and 16% had IAO; 23% had a reduced transfer coefficient. @entity0 with @entity6 had @entity3 -like characteristics (wheezing, @entity3 , @entity7 ( @entity7 )) while @entity0 with IAO had @entity4 -like symptoms (cough, phlegm, dyspnoea) at follow up. The development of IAO is determined by a lower FEV(1), less reversibility of @entity6 and, surprisingly, less severe @entity7 at initial screening. Eighty percent of the @entity0 with @entity3 who used anti-inflammatory medication still had @entity6 , but IAO developed less frequently. Smoking was associated with a reduced transfer coefficient but not with the development of IAO. Female sex was associated with a reduced transfer coefficient, whereas @entity1 use was not. CONCLUSIONS: Although IAO and a @entity2 are both characteristics of @entity4 , they represent distinct entities in adult asthmatics in terms of symptomatology, aetiology, and probably in therapeutic approaches and disease prevention.

title: Risk factors associated with the presence of irreversible airflow limitation and reduced transfer coefficient in @entity0 with XXXX after 26 years of follow up.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Childhood @entity3 is generally believed to be a disorder with a good prognosis. However, some asthmatics develop irreversible @entity6 , probably as a result of airway remodelling. METHODS: After 21-33 years, 228 adults (aged 13-44 years at baseline) with a history of @entity3 were re-examined to assess risk factors for the development of irreversible @entity6 (IAO, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) <80% predicted and reversibility <9% predicted) and a reduced postbronchodilator transfer coefficient ( @entity5 transfer factor/alveolar volume, <80% predicted), both characteristics of @entity4 . RESULTS: At follow up, 41% did not have @entity6 (NAO), 43% had @entity6 ( @entity6 ), and 16% had IAO; 23% had a reduced transfer coefficient. @entity0 with @entity6 had @entity3 -like characteristics (wheezing, @entity3 , @entity7 ( @entity7 )) while @entity0 with IAO had @entity4 -like symptoms (cough, phlegm, dyspnoea) at follow up. The development of IAO is determined by a lower FEV(1), less reversibility of @entity6 and, surprisingly, less severe @entity7 at initial screening. Eighty percent of the @entity0 with @entity3 who used anti-inflammatory medication still had @entity6 , but IAO developed less frequently. Smoking was associated with a reduced transfer coefficient but not with the development of IAO. Female sex was associated with a reduced transfer coefficient, whereas @entity1 use was not. CONCLUSIONS: Although IAO and a @entity2 are both characteristics of @entity4 , they represent distinct entities in adult asthmatics in terms of symptomatology, aetiology, and probably in therapeutic approaches and disease prevention.

title: Risk factors associated with the presence of irreversible airflow limitation and reduced transfer coefficient in XXXX with @entity3 after 26 years of follow up.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the incidence and investigate the functional impact of postoperative overcorrection following primary unilateral inferior oblique muscle recession and myectomy for @entity3 . METHODS: A retrospective study of 79 consecutive @entity0 undergoing inferior oblique myectomy (43) or recession (36) with a minimum 6 months of postoperative follow-up. All underwent ocular motility examinations preoperatively and postoperatively at approximately 2 weeks and 6 months. The vertical deviation in primary position and on contralateral gaze and inferior oblique versions and ductions on contralateral elevation were analyzed. RESULTS: At 6 months, 51 @entity0 had no @entity1 (group 1), 23 of 28 who had developed @entity1 were asymptomatic (group 2), and the remaining 5 were symptomatic (group 3). The mean preoperative hyperdeviation was 12.9 (group 1), 13.1 (group 2), and 15 (group 3) prism diopters (PD) in primary position. Postoperatively, these measured 3.8 (group 1), 3.8 (group 2), and -7.8 (group 3) PD (- indicates deviation reversal). The mean preoperative and postoperative inferior oblique versions for these three groups were +2.7, +2.2, +2.2 units and +0.9, -1.0, -1.4 units, respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity1 was common (28 @entity0 , 35.4%), generally mild, persistent, and usually asymptomatic 6 months following surgery. Although uncommon (5 @entity0 , 6.3%), symptomatic @entity1 required further surgery with a successful outcome. They included 2 @entity0 with a history of @entity2 and one with masked and one with highly asymmetric bilateral @entity3 .

title: Underacting inferior oblique muscle following myectomy or recession for unilateral XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Between November 1981 and November 1984, eight @entity0 with comminuted @entity2 were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. The recommended treatment for these @entity2 has @entity4 , with or without radial head excision. According to the AO classification all were @entity5 @entity2 . All @entity2 were fixed through Kocher incisions using Kirschner wires and AO small fragment screws. All @entity0 began motion 7 to 10 days following surgery. In a retrospective study, clinical results were reviewed in six @entity0 with an average followup of 12 months (range, 4 to 40 months). Three @entity0 had associated @entity3 , one requiring internal fixation of the coronoid process. Loss of range of motion averaged 3 degrees of flexion, 10 degrees of extension, 3 degrees of pronation, and 20 degrees of supination. Cybex testing demonstrated no significant difference in strength between injured and uninjured extremities. The only complication was a transient posterior @entity1 . No @entity0 had evidence of any radial shortening. Our findings suggest that open reduction and internal fixation gives satisfactory elbow function and avoids complications of radial shortening, loss of motion, and wrist symptoms that may subsequently occur following radial head excision.

title: Open reduction and internal fixation of comminuted XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: We studied the cytoplasmic signalling pathways involved in the generation of @entity1 (NO) after stimulation with adult excretory/secretory antigens (ESA) of @entity5 . The pathways of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC) were considered as potentially involved in the synthesis of @entity1 . We used inhibitors of these pathways at different levels. Several concentrations of @entity8 , @entity3 , @entity9 and staurosporine were used to inhibit the PLC pathway. Inhibition of the PLA2 pathway was attempted with mepacrine, @entity6 or @entity7 . @entity8 , @entity3 and @entity9 reduced the production of NO induced by ESA in a concentration-dependent manner. Regarding the PLA2 pathway, a range of concentrations of @entity4 greatly reduced the production of NO induced by ESA. Meloxicam inhibition was always higher than 50%. @entity6 showed a dose-dependent effect on the production of NO induced by the ESA. Our results suggest that both the PLC and the PLA2 pathways play an essential role in activating the production of macrophage NO triggered by the ESA of @entity5 . This could indicate that NO production in our experimental conditions is due to both an increase of intracellular @entity0 and to the participation of the @entity2 cascade. The implications of these activations on the host-parasite relationship are discussed and compared with LPS-stimulated macrophages.

title: Cytoplasmic signalling pathways in alveolar macrophages involved in the production of @entity1 after stimulation with excretory/secretory antigens of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: We studied the cytoplasmic signalling pathways involved in the generation of @entity1 (NO) after stimulation with adult excretory/secretory antigens (ESA) of @entity5 . The pathways of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC) were considered as potentially involved in the synthesis of @entity1 . We used inhibitors of these pathways at different levels. Several concentrations of @entity8 , @entity3 , @entity9 and staurosporine were used to inhibit the PLC pathway. Inhibition of the PLA2 pathway was attempted with mepacrine, @entity6 or @entity7 . @entity8 , @entity3 and @entity9 reduced the production of NO induced by ESA in a concentration-dependent manner. Regarding the PLA2 pathway, a range of concentrations of @entity4 greatly reduced the production of NO induced by ESA. Meloxicam inhibition was always higher than 50%. @entity6 showed a dose-dependent effect on the production of NO induced by the ESA. Our results suggest that both the PLC and the PLA2 pathways play an essential role in activating the production of macrophage NO triggered by the ESA of @entity5 . This could indicate that NO production in our experimental conditions is due to both an increase of intracellular @entity0 and to the participation of the @entity2 cascade. The implications of these activations on the host-parasite relationship are discussed and compared with LPS-stimulated macrophages.

title: Cytoplasmic signalling pathways in alveolar macrophages involved in the production of XXXX after stimulation with excretory/secretory antigens of @entity5 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The efficacy of single-dose therapy with 3 g of @entity8 was evaluated in 129 @entity0 with symptoms of acute uncomplicated lower @entity5 . Of 91 @entity0 with significant @entity7 , 61 (67%) were cured of their original infection; this was similar to the 54 to 79% cure rates reported in unselected populations of @entity0 of a wide age range treated for @entity5 with a single dose of @entity1 or @entity2 - @entity3 (J. Rosenstock, L. P. Smith, M. Gurney, K. Lee, W. G. Weinberg, J. N. Longfield, W. B. Tauber, and W. W. Karney, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27:652-654, 1985; N. E. Tolkoff-Rubin, M. E. Wilson, P. Zuromskis, I. Jacoby, A. R. Martin, and R. H. Rubin, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 25:626-629, 1984). The cure rates of (87%) for our younger @entity0 , those less than 25 years of age, was better than that (46%) for our @entity0 over 40 years of age (P less than 0.001). @entity0 with @entity4 that were negative in an antibody-coated bacteria test were cured at a significantly higher rate than those with @entity4 that were positive in an antibody-coated bacteria test (71 versus 19%; P = 0.003). Those @entity0 with @entity4 caused by @entity8 -susceptible organisms were cured at a rate similar to that for @entity0 with @entity4 caused by @entity8 -resistant organisms (68 versus 50%; P = 0.62). The cure rate for suburban @entity0 was 90%, versus 45% for inner-city @entity0 (P = 0.008). Of the 28 @entity0 with @entity6 due to low-level @entity7 , 27 were cured.

title: Single-dose @entity8 therapy for @entity5 and XXXX with bladder bacteriuria.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The efficacy of single-dose therapy with 3 g of @entity8 was evaluated in 129 @entity0 with symptoms of acute uncomplicated lower @entity5 . Of 91 @entity0 with significant @entity7 , 61 (67%) were cured of their original infection; this was similar to the 54 to 79% cure rates reported in unselected populations of @entity0 of a wide age range treated for @entity5 with a single dose of @entity1 or @entity2 - @entity3 (J. Rosenstock, L. P. Smith, M. Gurney, K. Lee, W. G. Weinberg, J. N. Longfield, W. B. Tauber, and W. W. Karney, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27:652-654, 1985; N. E. Tolkoff-Rubin, M. E. Wilson, P. Zuromskis, I. Jacoby, A. R. Martin, and R. H. Rubin, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 25:626-629, 1984). The cure rates of (87%) for our younger @entity0 , those less than 25 years of age, was better than that (46%) for our @entity0 over 40 years of age (P less than 0.001). @entity0 with @entity4 that were negative in an antibody-coated bacteria test were cured at a significantly higher rate than those with @entity4 that were positive in an antibody-coated bacteria test (71 versus 19%; P = 0.003). Those @entity0 with @entity4 caused by @entity8 -susceptible organisms were cured at a rate similar to that for @entity0 with @entity4 caused by @entity8 -resistant organisms (68 versus 50%; P = 0.62). The cure rate for suburban @entity0 was 90%, versus 45% for inner-city @entity0 (P = 0.008). Of the 28 @entity0 with @entity6 due to low-level @entity7 , 27 were cured.

title: Single-dose @entity8 therapy for XXXX and @entity6 with bladder bacteriuria.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The efficacy of single-dose therapy with 3 g of @entity8 was evaluated in 129 @entity0 with symptoms of acute uncomplicated lower @entity5 . Of 91 @entity0 with significant @entity7 , 61 (67%) were cured of their original infection; this was similar to the 54 to 79% cure rates reported in unselected populations of @entity0 of a wide age range treated for @entity5 with a single dose of @entity1 or @entity2 - @entity3 (J. Rosenstock, L. P. Smith, M. Gurney, K. Lee, W. G. Weinberg, J. N. Longfield, W. B. Tauber, and W. W. Karney, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27:652-654, 1985; N. E. Tolkoff-Rubin, M. E. Wilson, P. Zuromskis, I. Jacoby, A. R. Martin, and R. H. Rubin, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 25:626-629, 1984). The cure rates of (87%) for our younger @entity0 , those less than 25 years of age, was better than that (46%) for our @entity0 over 40 years of age (P less than 0.001). @entity0 with @entity4 that were negative in an antibody-coated bacteria test were cured at a significantly higher rate than those with @entity4 that were positive in an antibody-coated bacteria test (71 versus 19%; P = 0.003). Those @entity0 with @entity4 caused by @entity8 -susceptible organisms were cured at a rate similar to that for @entity0 with @entity4 caused by @entity8 -resistant organisms (68 versus 50%; P = 0.62). The cure rate for suburban @entity0 was 90%, versus 45% for inner-city @entity0 (P = 0.008). Of the 28 @entity0 with @entity6 due to low-level @entity7 , 27 were cured.

title: Single-dose XXXX therapy for @entity5 and @entity6 with bladder bacteriuria.

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ovarian antibodies as detected by indirect immunofluorescence have been used to detect @entity1 , but to our knowledge the rate of false positive findings using this method has never been reported. METHODS: Here we examine whether a commercially available ovarian antibody test system, using cynomologous monkey ovary, might be useful in the diagnosis of autoimmune @entity2 . The test was performed in a blinded manner in 26 young @entity0 with 46,XX spontaneous @entity2 , in 26 control @entity0 with regular menstrual cycles (matched for age, race, and parity) and 26 control @entity0 (matched for age and race). We also compared the frequency of other autoantibodies associated with @entity1 . RESULTS: As a group young @entity0 with @entity2 had an increased incidence of thyroid and gastric parietal cell autoimmunity (p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, however, nearly one third (31%) of normal control @entity0 had ovarian antibodies using the commercially available test. One half of young @entity0 with @entity2 were found to have ovarian antibodies (P = 0.26). In our own laboratory we found similar results and we were unable to improve the specificity of the test. None of 26 @entity0 were found to have ovarian antibodies (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Since approximately one third of normal @entity0 were found to have ovarian antibodies using the system under study, we conclude that ovarian antibodies as detected by this indirect immunofluorescence method have poor specificity. The specificity of any ovarian antibody test should be established before it is used clinically.

title: Ovarian antibodies as detected by indirect immunofluorescence are unreliable in the diagnosis of autoimmune XXXX : a controlled evaluation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Pleural effusions are extremely common in the early postoperative period after lung transplantation (LTX). It occurs in all transplant recipients, and like pleural fluid following other cardiothoracic surgery is bloody, exudative and neutrophil predominant. There was no information, however, on the characteristics of the late (14-45 days) postoperative pleural fluid after LTX. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and the clinical implications of late postoperative @entity1 after LTX. METHODS: Thirty-five @entity0 underwent TX between May 1997 and May 2001. Seven @entity0 (20%) developed late postoperative @entity1 . Thoracentesis were performed in these @entity0 and the white blood cell counts, cell differential as well as biochemical parameters were determined. RESULTS: The median time for late @entity1 appearance was 23 days (range, 14-34 days) after TX. The @entity1 were medium in size (700 ml, range, 100-1300), exudative in all the @entity0 and had lymphocyte predominance. No evidence of fluid recurrence or clinical deterioration was noted in these @entity0 . CONCLUSION: Late-onset @entity1 after LTX is not uncommon. When there is no evidence of rejection or infection, it usually has a benign, favorable outcome.

title: Late postoperative XXXX following lung transplantation: characteristics and clinical implications.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the feasibility and reliability of insertion of internal fiducial markers into various organs for precise setup and real-time @entity1 tracking in radiotherapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Equipment and techniques for the insertion of 2.0-mm-diameter gold markers into or near the @entity1 were developed for @entity2 , @entity4 , and @entity3 . Three markers were used to adjust the center of the mass of the target volume to the planned position in @entity4 (the three-marker method). The feasibility of the marker insertion and the stability of the position of markers were tested using stopping rules in the clinical protocol (i.e., the procedure was abandoned if 2 of 3 or 3 of 6 @entity0 experienced marker dropping or migration). After the evaluation of the feasibility, the stability of the marker positions was monitored in those @entity0 who entered the dose-escalation study. RESULTS: Each of the following was shown to be feasible: bronchoscopic insertion for the peripheral lung; image-guided transcutaneous insertion for the liver; cystoscopic and image-guided percutaneous insertion for the prostate; and surgical implantation for @entity2 . Transcutaneous insertion of markers for @entity2 and bronchoscopic insertion for central lung lesions were abandoned. Overall, marker implantation was successful and was used for real-time @entity1 tracking in RT in 90 (90%) of 100 lesions. No serious complications related to the marker insertion were noted for any of the 100 lesions. Using three markers surgically implanted into the vertebral bone, the mean +/- standard deviation in distance among the three markers was within 0.2 +/- 0.6 mm (range -1.4 to 0.8) through the treatment period of 30 days. The distance between the three markers gradually decreased during RT in five of six @entity4 , consistent with a mean rate of volume regression of 9.3% (range 0.015-13%) in 10 days. CONCLUSIONS: Internal 2.0-mm-diameter gold markers can be safely inserted into various organs for real-time @entity1 tracking in RT using the prescribed equipment and techniques. The three-marker method has been shown to be a useful technique for precise setup for @entity4 .

title: Feasibility of insertion/implantation of 2.0-mm-diameter gold internal fiducial markers for precise setup and real-time XXXX tracking in radiotherapy.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: An increasing number of medications that are frequently prescribed to elderly @entity0 have been identified as having weak but definite anticholinergic properties. Few epidemiological studies have evaluated the impact of these drugs on @entity7 using sensitive and specific neuropsychological testing in an elderly population presenting with @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of drugs with anticholinergic properties on @entity7 function in elderly @entity0 presenting for memory evaluation. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study that included 134 consecutive elderly outpatients who attended the daycare memory unit of Centre Hospitalier Sud, Lyon, France. We searched the MEDLINE database (1973-2008) to identify drugs with anticholinergic properties. All drugs with well known anticholinergic activity, mild reported anticholinergic effects or in vitro anticholinergic activity were included in the study. MEASUREMENTS: We used the Free and Cued Selective Reminding (FCSR) test to evaluate @entity7 . RESULTS: The mean    SD number of drugs with anticholinergic properties taken by the subjects was 0.64    0.82. Fifty percent of the subjects (n = 67) had a prescription for at least one drug with anticholinergic properties and 16% (n = 21) had a prescription for two or more. Drugs with anticholinergic properties most frequently prescribed in our cohort were cardiovascular ( @entity6 , @entity5 , @entity9 ), antidepressant ( @entity3 , @entity8 , @entity4 ) and antispasmodic ( @entity10 ) drugs. The number of drugs with anticholinergic properties that subjects were taking was associated with reduced performance on tasks that assessed verbal memory (p < 0.05). Neuropsychological test batteries revealed a significant unfavourable effect of use of drugs with anticholinergic activity on episodic verbal memory. Tests evaluating other cognitive functions were not affected by use of drugs with anticholinergic activity. These associations remained following multivariate analysis adjusting for age, sex, education level, number of anticholinergic drugs, number of co-morbidities, diagnosis, behavioural symptoms and @entity2 . CONCLUSION: Clinicians should assess the current use of drugs with anticholinergic properties in the elderly, particularly in @entity0 presenting for memory evaluation. In such cases, use of other therapeutic alternatives should be considered.

title: Effects of anticholinergic drugs on XXXX function in the elderly: a retrospective, cross-sectional study.

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity1 occurs most frequently after a viral attack. Other causes are autoimmune conditions, infection, @entity2 , cardiac surgery, or cardiac procedure. The presenting symptom is retrosternal @entity0 . A pericardial rub is characteristic. Diffuse upward sloping ST segments are found with electrocardiogram. @entity4 may be demonstrated with an echocardiogram. High-dose nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications are the primary treatment. Adding @entity5 reduces recurrence. It responds well to pharmacologic therapy within 1 to 2  weeks. Monitoring for complications is essential. The most serious complication is @entity3 . For this, prompt diagnosis and treatment can be life-saving.

title: Characteristics, Complications, and Treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The aim of this work was to prepare and to evaluate "in vitro"/"in vivo" microspheres based on @entity7 copolymers containing @entity6 , for the local treatment of oral @entity4 . The first objective was the preparation and "in vitro" characterization of @entity6 loaded microspheres, by emulsion/solvent evaporation method. Process parameters such as drug:polymer weight ratio, and molecular weight of copolymers, were also investigated. The second objective was to elaborate a suitable animal model of @entity3 , to evaluate the efficacy of these microparticulate drug delivery systems. "In vivo" experiments were carried out on female @entity1 , in which @entity5 was induced by gonadectomy and molar @entity2 . Morphometric analysis of mandibular segment were carried out to quantify the development of @entity5 and the efficacy of drug loaded microspheres. Results showed that @entity6 loaded PLGA microspheres can be successfully obtained with good "in vitro" characteristics, utilizing the emulsification/solvent evaporation method. "In vivo" experiments revealed that local administration of microspheres produced only mild @entity0 on the injection site. Morphometric analyses showed, at the level of the third molar, a slight increase in spongy and total bone mass on @entity1 jaw treated with microspheres with respect to control. Control animals exhibited a scarce degree of @entity5 demonstrating that this animal model is not suitable for this purpose.

title: PLGA microspheres for XXXX treatment: preliminary "in vitro"/"in vivo" evaluation.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: We set out to determine the epidemiology of pediatric @entity5 in a single Greek institute. METHODS: We reviewed all cases of @entity5 in @entity0 , under the age of 15 years, that were treated surgically in the Neurosurgical Department of @entity0 's Hospital "Agia Sofia", between January 1991 and December 2008. RESULTS: From January 1991 through December 2008, we encountered 335 cases of pediatric @entity5 . The mean age was 7.2 years and there was a slight male predominance. @entity4 made up the largest component, with @entity4 accounting for 25.6% of all @entity1 . The second most common entity was @entity6 , accounting for 18% of all @entity1 , whereas @entity3 were the third most frequent @entity1 . There was an increase in the total number of @entity5 during the last decade. Furthermore, examining low-grade @entity4 , @entity6 and @entity3 trends over the last 2 decades, we found a trend for a decrease of low-grade @entity4 and an increase of the @entity2 and @entity3 . CONCLUSION: This study presents the first epidemiological data of pediatric @entity5 in Greece. @entity4 were the most common @entity1 followed by @entity6 and @entity3 . Furthermore, a trend for an increase of @entity1 over the last decade has been observed.

title: Epidemiology of pediatric XXXX in Greece (1991-2008). Experience from the Agia Sofia @entity0 's Hospital.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: We set out to determine the epidemiology of pediatric @entity5 in a single Greek institute. METHODS: We reviewed all cases of @entity5 in @entity0 , under the age of 15 years, that were treated surgically in the Neurosurgical Department of @entity0 's Hospital "Agia Sofia", between January 1991 and December 2008. RESULTS: From January 1991 through December 2008, we encountered 335 cases of pediatric @entity5 . The mean age was 7.2 years and there was a slight male predominance. @entity4 made up the largest component, with @entity4 accounting for 25.6% of all @entity1 . The second most common entity was @entity6 , accounting for 18% of all @entity1 , whereas @entity3 were the third most frequent @entity1 . There was an increase in the total number of @entity5 during the last decade. Furthermore, examining low-grade @entity4 , @entity6 and @entity3 trends over the last 2 decades, we found a trend for a decrease of low-grade @entity4 and an increase of the @entity2 and @entity3 . CONCLUSION: This study presents the first epidemiological data of pediatric @entity5 in Greece. @entity4 were the most common @entity1 followed by @entity6 and @entity3 . Furthermore, a trend for an increase of @entity1 over the last decade has been observed.

title: Epidemiology of pediatric @entity5 in Greece (1991-2008). Experience from the Agia Sofia XXXX 's Hospital.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The Mongolian gerbil is known to develop delayed @entity2 in the hippocampus following brief @entity0 (Brain Res 239: 57-69, 1982). The effect of @entity4 on this slow process of @entity2 was examined. Immediately following 5 min of bilateral @entity1 , @entity4 (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg) was injected. The control animals received saline injection. Seven days following ischemic insult, animals were perfusion-fixed and the neuronal density in the hippocampal @entity3 subfield was counted. Most of the neurons in the @entity3 sector survived ischemic insult when @entity4 was given, whereas most of control group neurons were lost without the treatment. The average neuronal density of 20 mg/kg group was 168.2 +/- 12.3 (SEM) per 1 mm linear length of the @entity3 subfield. The density in 40 mg/kg group was 181.1 +/- 14.9. The neuronal density in the whole control group was 34.3 +/- 5.1. The density of unoperated normal gerbils was 212.3 +/- 3.9. This result indicates that the @entity2 of "delayed @entity2 " is reversible. On the other hand, when @entity4 was injected 1 hr following @entity0 , it showed no effect. The cell change in the @entity3 sector, reversible at the initial stage, seems to rapidly become irreversible, while neurons still remain intact morphologically.

title: A reversible type of XXXX following @entity0 in the gerbil hippocampus.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The Mongolian gerbil is known to develop delayed @entity2 in the hippocampus following brief @entity0 (Brain Res 239: 57-69, 1982). The effect of @entity4 on this slow process of @entity2 was examined. Immediately following 5 min of bilateral @entity1 , @entity4 (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg) was injected. The control animals received saline injection. Seven days following ischemic insult, animals were perfusion-fixed and the neuronal density in the hippocampal @entity3 subfield was counted. Most of the neurons in the @entity3 sector survived ischemic insult when @entity4 was given, whereas most of control group neurons were lost without the treatment. The average neuronal density of 20 mg/kg group was 168.2 +/- 12.3 (SEM) per 1 mm linear length of the @entity3 subfield. The density in 40 mg/kg group was 181.1 +/- 14.9. The neuronal density in the whole control group was 34.3 +/- 5.1. The density of unoperated normal gerbils was 212.3 +/- 3.9. This result indicates that the @entity2 of "delayed @entity2 " is reversible. On the other hand, when @entity4 was injected 1 hr following @entity0 , it showed no effect. The cell change in the @entity3 sector, reversible at the initial stage, seems to rapidly become irreversible, while neurons still remain intact morphologically.

title: A reversible type of @entity2 following XXXX in the gerbil hippocampus.

answer: @entity0


abstract: AIM: @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is a common disorder that usually affects young population and generally seen in intergluteal region. Conservative and surgical treatment options have been utilized. Many surgical techniques including primary closure, marsupialization and flap procedures have been described. The present study aims to evaluate the optimal surgical method for the treatment of @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 151 @entity0 underwent @entity1 surgery between January 2007 and September 2014 were enrolled in this study. @entity0 were compared according to age, sex, operation time, length of RESULTS: A total of 151 @entity0 with a mean age of 25.18 years (range 14-66) presented with @entity1 were evaluated. Primary closure (PC) and tension-free primary closure (TFPC) were performed in 105 (69.5%) and 46 (30.5%) @entity0 , respectively. There was no statistical difference between groups according to age, sex, operation time and length of hospital stay. Only 9 @entity0 (8.6%) in PC and 3 @entity0 (6.5%) in TFPC have postoperative recurrent disease. of 17 @entity0 (7.9%) dehiscence was seen, 15 (14.3%) were in @entity4 (4.3%) were in TFPC group. @entity2 or wound @entity3 was seen in 16 @entity0 (10.6%). CONCLUSION: Tension-free primary closure is a method that is effective as primary closure. KEY WORDS: Modified primary closure, @entity1 , Primary closure.

title: Tension-free primary closure for the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Levodopa plus @entity3 decarboxylase inhibitor is a common treatment for @entity4 ( @entity4 ). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate efficacy and safety of levodopa for @entity4 compared to placebo and other active agents. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 4), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL, from January 1985 to December 2008, reference lists of articles, and contacted pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included double-blind @entity1 ( @entity1 ) investigating levodopa treatment versus placebo or other treatment for at least seven days in @entity0 with @entity4 (age >=  18 years). Outcomes included symptom severity, CGI-I, objective as well as self rated sleep parameters, quality of life, and safety parameters. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors extracted data, assessed risk of bias, and contacted pharmaceutical companies and authors for additional information. We collected dropouts due to adverse events and @entity0 experiencing adverse events. MAIN RESULTS: Six placebo controlled and three active controlled RCTs were included (521 @entity0 ). Symptom severity (11 point rating scale, 0 points indicating no symptoms, 10 points indicating maximally severe symptoms) was more reduced with levodopa than placebo in two studies (mean difference (MD) -1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.18 to -0.5, P = 0.002). Periodic limb movements in sleep per hour of sleep (PLMS-Index; PLMSI) improved by -26.28/h compared to placebo (95% CI -30.53 to -22.02, P < 0.00001).The CGI-I changed more with levodopa than placebo in two studies ( @entity5 .25, 95% CI -1.89 to -0.62, P = 0.0001). In two studies, sleep quality (sleep questionnaire, visual analogue scale) showed a large effect (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.92, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.33, P < 0.00001) whereas quality of life (50 mm Visual Analogue Scales) improved by 3.23 compared to placebo (95% CI 1.64 to 4.82, P < 0.0001). Few @entity0 dropped out of treatment (3 of 218 @entity0 ) but more levodopa treated @entity0 experienced adverse events than with placebo (odds ratio 2.61, 95% CI 1.35 to 5.04, P = 0.004). Two @entity3 agonist controlled studies showed smaller effects with levodopa than @entity6 and @entity2 on the IRLS (MD 5.25, 95% CI 2.10 to 8.40, P =0.001), CGI-I (MD 0.62, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.87, P < 0.00001), and quality of life (MD 5.54, 95% CI 2.65 to 8.43, P = 0.0002). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Levodopa is efficacious for the short-term treatment of @entity4 . Augmentation, the clinically most relevant adverse event, was not investigated sufficiently.

title: Levodopa for XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 is the fourth leading cause of @entity1 death for @entity0 and the fifth for @entity0 . The standard treatment for resectable @entity1 is either a classic Whipple operation or a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. It is unclear which of the procedures is more favourable in terms of survival, mortality, complications and quality of life. OBJECTIVES: Several publications have highlighted advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques and the current basis of evidence remains unclear. The objective of this systematic review is to compare the effectiveness of each operation. SEARCH STRATEGY: We conducted a search on 28/03/2006 to identify all RCTs, applying no language restriction.We searched the following electronic databases: CENTRAL, CDSR and DARE from The Cochrane Library (2006, issue 2), MEDLINE (1966 to 2006) and EMBASE (1980 to 2006). We handsearched abstracts from 1995 to 2006 from the American @entity6 Week (DDW), published in Gastroenterology, and the United European Gastroenterology Week (UEGW), published in Gut. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomised controlled trials comparing the classic Whipple operation with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy to be eligible if they included @entity0 with periampullary or @entity5 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently extracted data from the included studies. We used a random-effects model for pooling data. We compared binary outcomes using odds ratios (OR), pooled continuous outcomes using @entity3 ( @entity3 ), and used hazard ratios (HR) for meta-analysis of survival. Two authors independently evaluated the methodological quality of included studies according to quality standards and by using a questionnaire. MAIN RESULTS: We retrieved 1235 abstracts and checked these for eligibility, including seven randomised controlled trials. Our critical appraisal revealed vast heterogeneity with respect to methodological quality and outcome parameters. Our comparisons of in-hospital mortality (OR 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17 to 1.40; P = 0.18), overall survival (HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.61 to 1.16; P = 0.29) and morbidity showed no significant differences. However, we noted that operating time ( @entity3 -68.26 minutes; 95% CI -105.70 to -30.83; P = 0.0004) and intra-operative @entity2 ( @entity3 ; 95% CI -0.96 to -0.56; P < 0.00001) were significantly reduced in the pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy group. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence of relevant differences in mortality, morbidity and survival between the two operations. Given obvious clinical and methodological heterogeneity, future research must be undertaken to perform high-quality randomised controlled trials of complex surgical interventions on the basis of well-defined outcome parameters.

title: WITHDRAWN: Pancreaticoduodenectomy (classic Whipple) versus pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (pp Whipple) for surgical treatment of periampullary and XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: The effect of psychological interventions in @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is controversial. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of psychological interventions (psychotherapy, @entity0 education, relaxation techniques) on health related quality of life, coping, emotional state and disease activity in @entity1 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the specialized register of the @entity1 / @entity3 Group, CENTRAL (Issue 5, 2010) and from inception to April 2010: Medline, Embase, LILACS, Psyndex, CINAHL, PsyInfo, CCMed, SOMED and Social SciSearch. Conference abstracts and reference lists were also checked. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized, quasi-randomized and non randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions in @entity0 or adults with @entity1 with a minimum follow up time of 2 months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted and study quality was independently assessed by two raters. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were eligible for inclusion (1745 @entity0 , 8 RCT, 4 QRCT, 8 NRCT; 19 in adults, 2 in adolescents). Most studies used multimodular approaches. The risk of bias was high for all studies.In adults, psychotherapy had no effect on quality of life at around 12 months (3 studies, 235 @entity0 , SMD -0.07; 95% CI -0.33 to 0.19), emotional status ( @entity2 , 4 studies, 266 @entity0 , SMD 0.03; 95% CI -0.22 to 0.27) or proportion of @entity0 not in remission (5 studies, 287 @entity0 , OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.48 to 1.48). Results were similar at 3 to 8 months. There was no evidence for statistical heterogeneity or subgroup effects based on type of disease or intensity of the therapy. In adolescents, there were positive short term effects of psychotherapy on most outcomes assessed including quality of life (2 studies, 71 @entity0 , SMD 0.70; 95% CI 0.21 to 1.18) and @entity2 (1 study, 41 @entity0 , SMD -0.62; 95% CI -1.25 to 0.01).Educational interventions were ineffective with respect to quality of life at 12 months (5 studies, 947 @entity0 , SMD 0.11; 95% CI -0.02 to 0.24), @entity2 (3 studies, 378 @entity0 , SMD -0.08; 95% CI -0.29 to 0.12) and proportion of @entity0 not in remission (3 studies, 434 @entity0 , OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.53). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence for efficacy of psychological therapy in adult @entity0 with @entity1 in general. In adolescents, psychological interventions may be beneficial, but the evidence is limited. Further evidence is needed to assess the efficacy of these therapies in subgroups identified as being in need of psychological interventions, and to identify what type of therapy maybe most useful.

title: Psychological interventions for treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved prospective study was conducted to test whether objective and quantitative hemodynamic markers @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and oscillatory shear index (OSI) measured by three-dimensional (3D) cine phase-contrast (PC) can reflect @entity1 ( @entity1 ). @entity0 AND METHODS: Seventeen consecutive @entity0 of suspected secondary @entity1 were examined for pulmonary artery pressures (PAPs) with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and three-dimensional (3D) cine PC MR. Based on the @entity2 data, @entity0 were subdivided into two groups of 12 non- @entity1 (median age of 74.5 years) and 5 @entity1 (median age of 77 years) @entity0 . Based on 3D cine PC magnetic resonance (MR), hemodynamic parameters including spatially averaged systolic @entity3 (sWSS), diastolic @entity3 (dWSS), mean @entity3 (mWSS), OSI and blood vessel section area (BVSA) at the pulmonary arterial trunk were calculated. Streamline images in the pulmonary arteries were also assessed. All the parameters were compared between non- @entity1 and @entity1 groups. RESULTS: sWSS (N/m(2)) and mWSS (N/m(2)) of @entity1 group was lower than that of non- @entity1 group (0.594    0.067 vs. 0.961    0.590, P = 0.001), (0.365    0.035 vs. 0.489    0.132, P = 0.027). OSI of @entity1 group was higher than that of non- @entity1 (0.214    0.026 vs. 0.130    0.046, P = 0.001). sWSS, mWSS, and dWSS were inversely correlated and OSI was positively correlated to mean @entity4 or systolic PAP with r values of -0.638 (P = 0.005), -0.643 (P = 0.005), -0.485 (P = 0.049), and 0.625 (P = 0.007); or -0.622 (P = 0.008), -0.629 (P = 0.007), -0.484 (P = 0.049), and 0.594 (P = 0.012), respectively. sWSS was also inversely correlated to BVSA with r value of -0.488 (P = 0.049), and OSI was correlated to BVSA with r value of 0.574 (P = 0.016). Vortex or helical flows were observed more frequently in @entity1 @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: The low sWSS and mWSS as well as high OSI measured with 3D cine PC MR could be potential hemodynamic markers for the increased PAP in suspected secondary @entity1 @entity0 .

title: Low XXXX and High OSI Measured by 3D Cine PC MRI Reflect High Pulmonary Artery Pressures in Suspected Secondary Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) covers a spectrum of conditions in which the neuropathologic and electroclinic presentations and the surgical outcomes vary. The aim of this study was to identify the MR features of histologic subtypes of @entity6 that would be useful for differential diagnosis. METHODS: We reviewed the MR data of 49 @entity0 treated surgically for intractable @entity3 , who received a histologic diagnosis of @entity6 not associated with other @entity1 except @entity2 and who were classified by histologic criteria as having @entity5 (28 @entity0 ), @entity5 (six @entity0 ), or @entity6 (15 @entity0 ). RESULTS: From the MR features, it was generally possible to distinguish @entity6 from architectural or @entity5 (non- @entity6 ). Findings suggesting @entity6 were focal cortical thickening, blurring of the gray-white matter junction, and hyperintensity (on T2-weighted images) of subcortical white matter often tapering toward the ventricle. Focal @entity1 with shrinkage and moderate signal intensity alterations in the white matter core were present in most @entity0 with @entity5 . The lesion was generally extratemporal in @entity6 and temporal in @entity5 . Ipsilateral @entity2 was often present in @entity5 ( @entity4 ). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity0 with @entity6 , @entity6 and non- @entity6 can usually be distinguished with MR imaging, although some overlap exists. A provisional MR diagnosis is important for presurgical investigations and surgical planning and may have prognostic implications.

title: Focal cortical dysplasias: MR imaging, histopathologic, and clinical correlations in surgically treated @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) covers a spectrum of conditions in which the neuropathologic and electroclinic presentations and the surgical outcomes vary. The aim of this study was to identify the MR features of histologic subtypes of @entity6 that would be useful for differential diagnosis. METHODS: We reviewed the MR data of 49 @entity0 treated surgically for intractable @entity3 , who received a histologic diagnosis of @entity6 not associated with other @entity1 except @entity2 and who were classified by histologic criteria as having @entity5 (28 @entity0 ), @entity5 (six @entity0 ), or @entity6 (15 @entity0 ). RESULTS: From the MR features, it was generally possible to distinguish @entity6 from architectural or @entity5 (non- @entity6 ). Findings suggesting @entity6 were focal cortical thickening, blurring of the gray-white matter junction, and hyperintensity (on T2-weighted images) of subcortical white matter often tapering toward the ventricle. Focal @entity1 with shrinkage and moderate signal intensity alterations in the white matter core were present in most @entity0 with @entity5 . The lesion was generally extratemporal in @entity6 and temporal in @entity5 . Ipsilateral @entity2 was often present in @entity5 ( @entity4 ). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity0 with @entity6 , @entity6 and non- @entity6 can usually be distinguished with MR imaging, although some overlap exists. A provisional MR diagnosis is important for presurgical investigations and surgical planning and may have prognostic implications.

title: Focal cortical dysplasias: MR imaging, histopathologic, and clinical correlations in surgically treated XXXX with @entity3 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Soft @entity3 (STS) are a highly heterogeneous group of rare malignant solid @entity1 . Non- @entity4 soft @entity3 (NRSTS) comprise all STS except @entity4 . In @entity0 with advanced local or metastatic disease, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) applied after @entity7 ( @entity7 ) is a planned rescue therapy for @entity7 -related severe @entity6 . OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of @entity7 followed by autologous HSCT for all stages of soft @entity3 in @entity0 and adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the electronic databases CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 2), MEDLINE and EMBASE (February 2010). Online trial registers, congress abstracts and reference lists of reviews were searched and expert panels and authors were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Terms representing STS and autologous HSCT were required in the title, abstract or keywords. In studies with aggregated data, @entity0 with NRSTS and autologous HSCT had to constitute at least 80% of the data. Comparative non-randomized studies were included because randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were not expected. Case series and case reports were considered for an additional descriptive analysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Study data were recorded by two review authors independently. For studies with no comparator group, we synthesised results for studies reporting aggregate data and conducted a pooled analysis of individual @entity0 data using the Kaplan-Meyer method. The primary outcomes were @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and treatment-related mortality (TRM). MAIN RESULTS: We included 54 studies, from 467 full texts articles screened (11.5%), reporting on 177 @entity0 that received HSCT and 69 @entity0 that received standard care. Only one study reported comparative data. In the one comparative study, @entity5 at two years after HSCT was estimated as statistically significantly higher (62.3%) compared with @entity0 that received standard care (23.2%). In a single-arm study, the @entity5 two years after HSCT was reported as 20%. In a pooled analysis of the individual data of 54 @entity0 , @entity5 at two years was estimated as 49% (95% CI 34% to 64%). Data on TRM, secondary @entity1 and severe @entity2 grade 3 to 4 after transplantation were sparse. All 54 studies had a high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Due to a lack of comparative studies, it is unclear whether @entity0 with NRSTS have improved survival from autologous HSCT following @entity7 . Owing to this current gap in knowledge, at present @entity7 and autologous HSCT for NRSTS should only be used within controlled trials.

title: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following XXXX for non- @entity4 soft @entity3 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: Soft @entity3 (STS) are a highly heterogeneous group of rare malignant solid @entity1 . Non- @entity4 soft @entity3 (NRSTS) comprise all STS except @entity4 . In @entity0 with advanced local or metastatic disease, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) applied after @entity7 ( @entity7 ) is a planned rescue therapy for @entity7 -related severe @entity6 . OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of @entity7 followed by autologous HSCT for all stages of soft @entity3 in @entity0 and adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the electronic databases CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 2), MEDLINE and EMBASE (February 2010). Online trial registers, congress abstracts and reference lists of reviews were searched and expert panels and authors were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Terms representing STS and autologous HSCT were required in the title, abstract or keywords. In studies with aggregated data, @entity0 with NRSTS and autologous HSCT had to constitute at least 80% of the data. Comparative non-randomized studies were included because randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were not expected. Case series and case reports were considered for an additional descriptive analysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Study data were recorded by two review authors independently. For studies with no comparator group, we synthesised results for studies reporting aggregate data and conducted a pooled analysis of individual @entity0 data using the Kaplan-Meyer method. The primary outcomes were @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and treatment-related mortality (TRM). MAIN RESULTS: We included 54 studies, from 467 full texts articles screened (11.5%), reporting on 177 @entity0 that received HSCT and 69 @entity0 that received standard care. Only one study reported comparative data. In the one comparative study, @entity5 at two years after HSCT was estimated as statistically significantly higher (62.3%) compared with @entity0 that received standard care (23.2%). In a single-arm study, the @entity5 two years after HSCT was reported as 20%. In a pooled analysis of the individual data of 54 @entity0 , @entity5 at two years was estimated as 49% (95% CI 34% to 64%). Data on TRM, secondary @entity1 and severe @entity2 grade 3 to 4 after transplantation were sparse. All 54 studies had a high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Due to a lack of comparative studies, it is unclear whether @entity0 with NRSTS have improved survival from autologous HSCT following @entity7 . Owing to this current gap in knowledge, at present @entity7 and autologous HSCT for NRSTS should only be used within controlled trials.

title: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following @entity7 for non- @entity4 soft XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Soft @entity3 (STS) are a highly heterogeneous group of rare malignant solid @entity1 . Non- @entity4 soft @entity3 (NRSTS) comprise all STS except @entity4 . In @entity0 with advanced local or metastatic disease, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) applied after @entity7 ( @entity7 ) is a planned rescue therapy for @entity7 -related severe @entity6 . OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of @entity7 followed by autologous HSCT for all stages of soft @entity3 in @entity0 and adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the electronic databases CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 2), MEDLINE and EMBASE (February 2010). Online trial registers, congress abstracts and reference lists of reviews were searched and expert panels and authors were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Terms representing STS and autologous HSCT were required in the title, abstract or keywords. In studies with aggregated data, @entity0 with NRSTS and autologous HSCT had to constitute at least 80% of the data. Comparative non-randomized studies were included because randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were not expected. Case series and case reports were considered for an additional descriptive analysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Study data were recorded by two review authors independently. For studies with no comparator group, we synthesised results for studies reporting aggregate data and conducted a pooled analysis of individual @entity0 data using the Kaplan-Meyer method. The primary outcomes were @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and treatment-related mortality (TRM). MAIN RESULTS: We included 54 studies, from 467 full texts articles screened (11.5%), reporting on 177 @entity0 that received HSCT and 69 @entity0 that received standard care. Only one study reported comparative data. In the one comparative study, @entity5 at two years after HSCT was estimated as statistically significantly higher (62.3%) compared with @entity0 that received standard care (23.2%). In a single-arm study, the @entity5 two years after HSCT was reported as 20%. In a pooled analysis of the individual data of 54 @entity0 , @entity5 at two years was estimated as 49% (95% CI 34% to 64%). Data on TRM, secondary @entity1 and severe @entity2 grade 3 to 4 after transplantation were sparse. All 54 studies had a high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Due to a lack of comparative studies, it is unclear whether @entity0 with NRSTS have improved survival from autologous HSCT following @entity7 . Owing to this current gap in knowledge, at present @entity7 and autologous HSCT for NRSTS should only be used within controlled trials.

title: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following @entity7 for non- XXXX soft @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Purpose: To test the retinal differentiation potential and to establish an optimized protocol for enriching retinal cells from an Indian origin, @entity0 embryonic stem cell (hESC) line, BJNhem20. Methods: The BJNhem20 cells were cultured and expanded under feeder-free culture conditions. Differentiation was initiated by embryoid body (EB) formation and were cultured on Matrigel in neural induction medium (NIM) for 1 week and further maintained in retinal differentiation medium (RDM). After 1 month, the neuro-retinal progenitor clusters located at the center of pigmented retinal patches were picked and cultured as suspended neurospheres in RDM for 3 days and subsequently on Matrigel in neuro-retinal medium. The mildly pigmented, immature retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells were picked separately and cultured on Matrigel in RPE medium (RPEM). After 1 week, the confluent neuro-retinal and RPE cultures were maintained in RDM for 2 to 3 months and characterized by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. Results: The BJNhem20 cells efficiently differentiated into both neuro-retinal and RPE cells. The early retinal progenitors expressed Nestin, @entity1 , @entity3 , Rx, MitfA, @entity11 , and @entity10 . Neuro-retinal cells expressed the neural markers, @entity9 , b-III tubulin, acetylated tubulin and photoreceptor-specific markers, @entity8 , @entity5 , @entity14 , calbindin, PKC, @entity17 , @entity13 , @entity5 kinase, @entity15 , and @entity18 . Mature RPE cells developed intense pigmentation within 3 months and showed @entity6 and @entity2 staining at cell-cell junctions and expressed @entity16 , @entity7 , @entity4 , @entity12 , and displayed phagocytic activity. Conclusions: This study confirms the retinal differentiation potential of BJNhem20 cells and describes an optimized protocol to generate enriched populations of neuro-retinal and RPE cells.

title: Enriched Cultures of Retinal Cells From BJNhem20 XXXX Embryonic Stem Cell Line of Indian Origin.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: Our previous investigations showed that involuntary treadmill exercise is neuroprotective in a light-induced @entity2 @entity0 model, and it may act through activation of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) receptors. This study investigated whether voluntary running wheel exercise can be neuroprotective in an inheritable model of the @entity1 ( @entity3 ), @entity5 @entity0 . METHODS: Breeding pairs of @entity5 and C57BL/6J @entity0 were given free-spinning (active) or locked (inactive) running wheels. Pups were weaned into separate cages with their parents' respective wheel types, and visual function was tested with ERG and a virtual optokinetic system at 4, 5, and 6 weeks of age. Offspring were killed at 6 weeks of age and retinal cross-sections were prepared for photoreceptor nuclei counting. Additionally, separate cohorts of active and inactive @entity5 pups were injected daily for 14 days after eye opening with a selective @entity4 receptor antagonist (ANA-12) or vehicle solution and assessed as described above. RESULTS: @entity0 in the @entity5 active group exhibited significant preservation of visual acuity, cone nuclei, and total photoreceptor nuclei number. Injection with ANA-12 precluded the preservation of visual acuity and photoreceptor nuclei number in @entity5 @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Voluntary running partially protected against the @entity2 that otherwise occurs in the @entity5 @entity0 model of @entity3 . This protection was prevented by injection of ANA-12, suggesting that @entity4 activation mediates exercise's preservation of the retina. Exercise may serve as an effective, clinically translational intervention against @entity2 .

title: Neuroprotective Effects of Voluntary Exercise in an Inherited Retinal Degeneration XXXX Model.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mammography screening for asymptomatic older @entity1 has been shown to be effective in reducing @entity0 mortality. Physicians and @entity1 report @entity2 as a major barrier for many @entity1 in the screening process; however, few studies report both the degree and type of @entity2 @entity1 experience during the screening. METHODS: Two hundred @entity1 40 years and older were interviewed immediately following screening mammography. They were questioned about the @entity2 they experienced, the difference between their experience and their expectations, and the most stressful part of the entire procedure. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of the @entity1 reported the @entity2 to rank 4 or less on a scale of 0 to 10 (mean +/- SD score, 2.95 +/- 2.09). The highest level of @entity2 reported resulted from the compression of the breasts (3.25 +/- 2.43). Ninety-six percent reported that the @entity2 was "less than" or "about as expected." Most (94%) said they were "very likely or somewhat likely to get a mammogram next year." The most stressful part of the procedure was waiting for the results, according to 39% of the @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The relatively low level of @entity2 reported is useful information for both @entity1 and practitioners. Adherence to screening recommendations is more likely to occur when both parties are able to anticipate the most @entity2 and stressful elements of mammography.

title: Reported XXXX following mammography screening.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Among retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors are unique in that they transduce genes into both dividing and nondividing cells. However, their ability to provide sustained myocardial transgene expression has not been evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Multiply attenuated, self-inactivating lentivectors based on @entity2 contained the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene under the transcriptional control of either the cytomegalovirus ( @entity1 ) immediate-early enhancer/promoter, the elongation factor-1alpha ( @entity3 ) promoter, or the phosphoglycerate-kinase (PGK) promoter. Lentivectors transduced adult @entity0 cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner (transduction rates, >90%; multiplicity of infection, approximately 5). The @entity1 promoter achieved higher EGFP expression levels than the @entity3 and PGK promoters. Insertion of the central polypurine tract pol sequence improved gene transfer efficiency by approximately 2-fold. In vivo gene transfer kinetics was studied by measuring the copy number of integrated lentivirus DNA and EGFP concentrations in cardiac extracts by real-time polymerase chain reaction and ELISA, respectively. With @entity1 promoter-containing lentivectors, vector DNA peaked at day 3, declined by approximately 4-fold at day 14, but then remained stable up to week 10. Similarly, EGFP expression peaked at day 7, decreased by approximately 7-fold at day 14, but was essentially stable thereafter. In contrast, vector DNA and EGFP expression declined rapidly with @entity3 promoter-containing lentivectors. Peak EGFP expression with titer-matched adenovectors was approximately 35% higher than with @entity1 lentivectors but was lost rapidly over time. CONCLUSIONS: Lentivectors efficiently transduce and express genes for extended periods of time in cardiomyocytes in vivo. Lentivectors provide a useful tool for studying myocardial biology and a potential system for gene heart therapy.

title: Multiply attenuated, self-inactivating lentiviral vectors efficiently deliver and express genes for extended periods of time in adult XXXX cardiomyocytes in vivo.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been shown to regulate both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. We previously reported that @entity3 could directly enhance @entity2 -mediated osteoclast differentiation by increasing the size and number of osteoclasts. Similarly, genetic deletion of the BMP antagonist Twisted gastrulation ( @entity4 ) in @entity0 , resulted in an enhancement of osteoclast formation, activity and @entity1 . This was accompanied by increased levels of phosphorylated Smad (pSmad) 1/5/8 in @entity4 (-/-) osteoclasts in vitro. The purpose of this study was to develop an adenoviral vector overexpressing @entity4 as a means of inhibiting osteoclast activity. We demonstrate that overexpressing @entity4 in primary osteoclasts decreased the size and number of multinuclear TRAP-positive osteoclasts, expression of osteoclast genes, and resorption ability. Overexpression of @entity4 did not affect osteoclast proliferation or apoptosis. However, overexpression of @entity4 decreased the levels of pSmad 1/5/8 in osteoclasts. Addition of exogenous @entity3 to osteoclasts overexpressing @entity4 rescued the size and levels of pSmad 1/5/8 compared to cultures infected with a control virus. Finally, @entity4 overexpression in osteoclasts isolated from the @entity4 (-/-) @entity0 rescued size of the osteoclasts while further addition of exogenous @entity3 reversed the effect of @entity4 overexpression and increased the size of the osteoclasts similar to control virus infected cells. Taken together, we demonstrate that overexpressing @entity4 in osteoclasts via an adenoviral vector results in inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and may provide a potential therapy for inhibiting osteoclast activity in a localized manner.

title: XXXX signaling in osteoclasts is negatively regulated by the BMP antagonist, twisted gastrulation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The autonomic innervation of the heart has been studied in 32 young @entity0 with @entity3 and 28 controls by measuring the intervals PP of electrocardiograms at rest, deep breathing, stimulation of n. vagus according to Ashner method and after suppression of vagus tone by @entity4 . The orthostatic test was performed. The @entity0 with @entity1 were established to have a higher heart rate and less manifested variations of the intervals PP at rest. During deep breathing, the @entity0 with @entity1 also showed a poorer variability of the intervals PP as compared with the controls. The reactions, however, in both groups with Ashner test and orthostatic test, were similar. Asymptomatic @entity6 was recorded in a @entity0 with @entity1 by the method of Ashner. The study revealed that the autonomic innervation of the heart was oft disturbed in case of @entity1 . There was a correlation between the severity of that disorder and @entity1 duration, @entity5 established in all cases. The other manifestations of @entity5 are more rare and later observed. The disturbed autonomic innervation of heart activity could be responsible, in some cases, for the @entity2 among the @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: [Autonomic innervation of the heart of young @entity0 with XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: The autonomic innervation of the heart has been studied in 32 young @entity0 with @entity3 and 28 controls by measuring the intervals PP of electrocardiograms at rest, deep breathing, stimulation of n. vagus according to Ashner method and after suppression of vagus tone by @entity4 . The orthostatic test was performed. The @entity0 with @entity1 were established to have a higher heart rate and less manifested variations of the intervals PP at rest. During deep breathing, the @entity0 with @entity1 also showed a poorer variability of the intervals PP as compared with the controls. The reactions, however, in both groups with Ashner test and orthostatic test, were similar. Asymptomatic @entity6 was recorded in a @entity0 with @entity1 by the method of Ashner. The study revealed that the autonomic innervation of the heart was oft disturbed in case of @entity1 . There was a correlation between the severity of that disorder and @entity1 duration, @entity5 established in all cases. The other manifestations of @entity5 are more rare and later observed. The disturbed autonomic innervation of heart activity could be responsible, in some cases, for the @entity2 among the @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: [Autonomic innervation of the heart of young XXXX with @entity3 ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Temporary clipping in @entity5 surgery has been used more frequently in last years to increase the efficacy and safety of the neck dissection and obliteration. Experimental studies have shown that neuroprotection using @entity2 and @entity9 administration diminishes the risk of @entity1 during this procedure. However, recent studies show that this method has to be used with caution. METHODS: In 85 @entity5 we used temporary vessel occlusion with neuroprotection described above in 17 @entity0 (20%), ranging from 2 to 35 minutes (mean 9 minutes). The indication was peroperative @entity4 (3 cases), @entity3 (13 cases) and a @entity5 (1 case). RESULTS: Forteen of these @entity0 had a good result, one was severely disabled, the other 2 died. One of them had a large temporal @entity7 and was HH=V before the operation, the other one had a premature peroperative @entity8 . Shorter occlusion times were used in @entity0 with a good outcome, in @entity0 with elective use of the clip and in @entity0 with no new @entity1 on the postoperative CT scan (t-test, p<0.05). The postoperative @entity6 rate was similar in the group of @entity0 with (17%) and without temporary clipping (15%). CONCLUSION: We conclude that temporary clipping in @entity5 surgery is a relatively safe procedure which facilitates the @entity5 neck dissection and enables neck obliteration in difficult cases. Better results are achieved with short duration of occlusion. (Fig. 4, Ref. 13.).

title: The benefit of a temporary vessel occlusion in XXXX surgery.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3 has recently been reported to be a safe sedative for endoscopy. METHODS: One hundred consecutive @entity0 more than 18 years of age undergoing an endoscopic procedure were included in the study. The risk of sedation was calculated using the American Society of Anesthesiology risk class. Pregnant @entity0 , @entity0 opting to undergo endoscopy without sedation, and those allergic to any sedative, eggs or soyabeans were excluded. A trained nurse administered @entity3 under the supervision of an anesthesiologist. Vital parameters, including @entity1 saturation, were measured before and during the procedure. Time taken for full sedation, quantity of @entity3 used, duration of the procedure, time taken for recovery from sedation, and any complication during or after anesthesia were recorded. The @entity0 scored quality of sedation, perception of @entity2 and any memory of the procedure. RESULTS: Eighty-four @entity0 were in ASA risk class I and II and the remaining 16 were in a higher ASA risk class. There was no difference in vital sign measurements during the endoscopic procedures as compared to baseline values. None of the @entity0 had any complication. More than 90% of @entity0 did not report any @entity2 and had complete @entity4 for the procedure. CONCLUSION: @entity3 is a safe and effective sedative for endoscopic procedures.

title: XXXX --a safe and effective sedative for endoscopy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Increased extravascular lung water (EVLW) may contribute to @entity2 in neonates. Accurate measurement of EVLW in these @entity0 is limited due to the lack of bedside methods. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the reliability of the transpulmonary ultrasound dilution (TPUD) technique as a possible method for estimating EVLW in a neonatal animal model. @entity3 was induced in 11 @entity1 by repeated surfactant lavages. In between the lavages, EVLW indexed by bodyweight was estimated by TPUD (EVLWItpud) and transpulmonary dye dilution (EVLWItpdd) (n  =  22). Final EVLWItpud measurements were also compared with EVLWI estimations by gold standard post mortem gravimetry (EVLWIgrav) (n  =  6). EVLWI was also measured in two additional @entity1 without @entity3 . Bland-Altman plots showed a mean bias between EVLWItpud and EVLWItpdd of -3.4  mL/kg (LOA      25.8  mL/kg) and between EVLWItpud and EVLWIgrav of 1.7  mL/kg (LOA      8.3  mL/kg). The percentage errors were 109 and 43  % respectively. The correlation between changes in EVLW measured by TPUD and TPDD was r(2)  =  0.22. Agreement between EVLWI measurements by TPUD and TPDD was low. Trending ability to detect changes between these two methods in EVLWI was questionable. The accuracy of EVLWItpud was good compared to the gold standard gravimetric method but the TPUD lacked precision in its current prototype. Based on these limited data, we believe that TPUD has potential for future use to estimate EVLW after adaptation of the algorithm. Larger studies are needed to support our findings.

title: Estimation of extravascular lung water using the transpulmonary ultrasound dilution (TPUD) method: a validation study in neonatal XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The independent link between @entity3 and CKD remains unknown. We investigated the association of indicators of @entity3 with @entity1 . DESIGN, SETTING, @entity0 , _ MEASUREMENTS: We studied 3666 @entity0 (mean age =65 years old; 58% @entity0 ) from the Rotterdam Study. Pulse pressure (PP), carotid stiffness, and pulse wave velocity ( @entity2 ) were measured. We created genetic risk scores for PP and @entity2 . @entity1 and incident CKD were assessed using @entity5 . To put our findings in context of the literature, we performed a meta-analysis of the available population-based studies. RESULTS: After a median (interquartile range) follow-up time of 11 (10.7-11.3) years, 601 @entity0 with incident CKD were recognized. In the model adjusted for age, sex, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and baseline GFR, each SD higher PP was associated with 0.15-ml/min per 1.73 m(2) steeper annual @entity5 decline (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.10 to 0.20) and 11% higher risk of incident CKD (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.18). Each SD greater carotid stiffness was associated with 0.08-ml/min per 1.73 m(2) steeper annual @entity5 decline (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.13) and 13% higher risk of incident CKD (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.22). Each SD higher @entity2 was associated with 7% higher risk of incident CKD (95% CI, 1.00 to 1.14). Incorporating our findings in a meta-analysis, each SD higher PP and @entity2 were associated with 16% (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.21) and 8% (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.14) higher risks of incident CKD. Each SD higher PP genetic risk score was associated with 0.06-ml/min per 1.73 m(2) steeper annual @entity5 decline (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.10) and 8% higher risk of incident CKD (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.14). There was no association between @entity2 genetic risk score and kidney function decline. CONCLUSIONS: Higher indices of @entity3 are associated with steeper @entity1 . This suggests that @entity4 could be considered as a target for delaying @entity1 .

title: Arterial Stiffness and XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Messenger RNA levels of @entity0 @entity4 ( @entity4 ; @entity4 ) and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) in kidney and @entity5 ( @entity5 ) in liver are gender-predominant. @entity4 and @entity5 are male-predominant, whereas @entity6 is female-predominant. Gonadectomized and hypophysectomized (HX) @entity0 were studied to determine whether sex @entity1 and/or @entity3 ( @entity3 ) are responsible for these gender-divergent patterns. @entity3 was administered to HX @entity0 by two daily injections (simulating male secretion) or continuous infusion (simulating female secretion). @entity4 mRNA levels, normally higher in male than female kidney, were lowered by gonadectomy and HX in male @entity0 , but not in females. Additionally, @entity3 injections or infusion did not alter @entity4 levels in HX @entity0 . @entity6 mRNA levels, typically much higher in female than in male kidney, were unaffected by gonadectomy. However, HX dramatically decreased @entity6 in female kidney without altering male levels. @entity3 administered by continuous infusion increased @entity6 in kidneys of both HX male and female @entity0 , whereas injections had no affect. Gonadectomy reduced @entity5 mRNA levels in male livers without affecting levels in female livers. In contrast, HX decreased male and elevated female @entity5 mRNA. @entity3 injections did not significantly change @entity5 mRNA levels in HX @entity0 , but infusion decreased @entity5 mRNA in liver. In conclusion, @entity2 , but not @entity3 , are responsible for the @entity4 mRNA gender difference in kidney; the female @entity3 secretion pattern is responsible for the @entity6 mRNA gender difference in kidney; and both @entity2 and the female @entity3 secretion pattern are responsible for the @entity5 mRNA gender difference in liver.

title: Endocrine regulation of XXXX organic anion transporters.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe the imaging findings of a series of myxoinflammatory @entity1 (MFSs) from our institution, including a case of dedifferentiated @entity2 and two cases with areas of high-grade @entity0 , in addition to typical cases of low-grade @entity0 . To correlate the imaging findings with the pathologic features of these @entity0 . SUBJECTS AND METHODS: IRB approval was obtained. Retrospective search of the pathology database at our institution from 2000 to 2015 identified seven cases of @entity2 with available imaging. Imaging, pathology, and clinical data were reviewed. RESULTS: Unlike the majority of well-differentiated @entity0 in our series (four cases), one @entity0 showed dedifferentiation and two cases had areas of high-grade @entity0 . The dedifferentiated @entity0 showed peripheral post-contrast enhancement. One case with a substantial high-grade component showed osseous destruction and peripheral enhancement in the high-grade area, while the low-grade component enhanced diffusely. The second case had a small high-grade area and showed diffuse enhancement. All three of these cases had non-acral locations and lacked association with a tendon. The four cases of low-grade @entity2 demonstrated diffuse enhancement, were located in the distal extremities, and were associated with a tendon. CONCLUSION: The imaging findings of dedifferentiated and high-grade @entity2 differ from the more typical @entity0 in that they have nonenhancing areas, a non-acral location, lack association with a tendon, and may involve bone. The radiologist should be aware that @entity2 represents a spectrum that includes @entity0 , @entity0 with high-grade areas, and @entity0 with dedifferentiation and that this spectrum presents with differing imaging features.

title: XXXX : spectrum of disease and imaging presentation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Conversion disorder is largely managed by neurologists, for whom it presents great challenges to understanding and management. This study aimed to quantify these challenges, examining how neurologists understand @entity2 , and what they tell their @entity0 . METHODS: A postal survey of all consultant neurologists in the UK registered with the Association of British Neurologists. RESULTS: 349 of 591 practising consultant neurologists completed the survey. They saw @entity2 commonly. While they endorsed psychological models for conversion, they diagnosed it according to features of the clinical presentation, most importantly inconsistency and @entity1 . Most of the respondents saw feigning as entangled with @entity2 , with a minority seeing one as a variant of the other. They were quite willing to discuss psychological factors as long as the @entity0 was receptive but were generally unwilling to discuss feigning even though they saw it as their responsibility. Those who favoured models in terms of feigning were older, while younger, female neurologists preferred psychological models, believed conversion would one day be understood neurologically and found communicating with their conversion @entity0 easier than it had been in the past. DISCUSSION: Neurologists accept psychological models for @entity2 but do not employ them in their diagnosis; they do not see conversion as clearly different from feigning. This may be changing as younger, female neurologists endorse psychological views more clearly and find it easier to discuss with their @entity0 .

title: Neurologists' understanding and management of XXXX .

answer: @entity2