abstract: OBJECTIVE: Late-onset @entity3 (occurring after 3 days of age) is an important problem in very low birth weight (VLBW) @entity0 . To determine the current incidence of late-onset @entity3 , risk factors for disease, and the impact of late-onset @entity3 on subsequent hospital course, we evaluated a cohort of 6956 VLBW (401-1500 g) neonates admitted to the clinical centers of the National Institute of @entity0 Health and @entity0 Development Neonatal Research Network over a 2-year period (1998-2000). METHODS: The National Institute of @entity0 Health and @entity0 Development Neonatal Research Network maintains a prospective registry of all VLBW neonates admitted to participating centers within 14 days of birth. Expanded infection surveillance was added in 1998. RESULTS: Of 6215 @entity0 who survived beyond 3 days, 1313 (21%) had 1 or more episodes of blood culture-proven late-onset @entity3 . The vast majority of @entity2 (70%) were caused by Gram-positive organisms, with coagulase-negative staphylococci accounting for 48% of @entity2 . Rate of infection was inversely related to birth weight and gestational age. Complications of prematurity associated with an increased rate of late-onset @entity3 included @entity6 , prolonged ventilation, @entity4 , @entity5 , and @entity7 . @entity0 who developed late-onset @entity3 had a significantly prolonged hospital stay (mean length of stay: 79 vs 60 days). They were significantly more likely to die than those who were uninfected (18% vs 7%), especially if they were infected with Gram-negative organisms (36%) or fungi (32%). CONCLUSIONS: Late-onset @entity3 remains an important risk factor for @entity1 among VLBW preterm @entity0 and for prolonged hospital stay among VLBW survivors. Strategies to reduce late-onset @entity3 and its medical, social, and economic toll need to be addressed urgently.

title: Late-onset XXXX in very low birth weight neonates: the experience of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network.

answer: @entity3


abstract: AIM: To study the changes of cell proliferation and apoptosis in @entity0 jejunal epithelium at different ages. METHODS: Cell proliferation and apoptosis of the jejunal mucosal and glandulous epithelia from birth to postnatal 12(th) month were observed using immunocytochemistry (ICC), and TUNEL method. The height of villus, the thickness of @entity1 and the number of goblet cells in jejunal mucosal and glandulous epithelia were measured by BeiHang analytic software and analyzed by STAT. RESULTS: (1) @entity2 ( @entity2 ) positive cells of jejunal glandulous recess were found and increased in number from birth to the postnatal 3(rd) month. The number of @entity2 positive cells peaked in the postnatal 3(rd) month, and decreased from then on. (2) The number of apoptotic cells also peaked in the postnatal 3(rd) month, showing a similar trend to that of the @entity2 positive cells. (3) The height of jejunal villus increased after birth, peaked in the postnatal 3(rd) month and decreased from then on. The jejunal @entity1 became thicker in the postnatal 3(rd) week and the postnatal 12(th) month. The number of goblet cells of the jejunal mucosal and glandulous epithelia had a linear correlation with age. CONCLUSION: (1) @entity2 positive cells are distributed in the jejunal glandulous recess. (2) Apoptotic cell number peaks in the postnatal 3(rd) month, indicating that cell proliferation and apoptosis are developed with the formation of digestive metabolism as @entity0 grows to maturity. (3) The thickness of jejunal @entity1 increases to a maximum in the postnatal 3(rd) week, which may be related to the change in diet from milk to solid food. (4) The number of goblet cells increases rapidly in the postnatal 3(rd) week, probably due to ingestion of solid food.

title: Morphological changes of cell proliferation and apoptosis in XXXX jejunal mucosa at different ages.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gonadal sex @entity9 are rare @entity1 that develop from the gonadal non-germ cell component such as granulosa, Sertoli or Leydig cells. Among these, juvenile @entity4 (JGCT) constitute the largest subgroup of @entity2 during childhood and adolescence. In @entity3 (FIGO stage I), the beneficial role of @entity1 is well established. In contrast, life expectancy in @entity0 with advanced JGCT (FIGO stage >/= II) is short even after complete @entity1 resection. The current literature provides only limited and inconclusive data regarding the value of adjuvant chemotherapy in such @entity0 with @entity7 . @entity0 AND METHODS: Therefore, we analyzed the @entity0 with FIGO stage >/= II JGCT who were prospectively documented as follow-up @entity0 of the German MAKEI trials for non-testicular germ cell @entity1 and received the recommended @entity6 -based chemotherapy in an adjuvant setting. From 1988 until 2000, 7 @entity0 (age, 4;2 - 18;11 years, median 14;8 years) were registered. Three @entity0 were stage IIc, one stage IIIa, and three stage IIIc. 5 @entity0 underwent laparatomy with adnectomy, which was complete in only two @entity0 . Two @entity0 received laparoscopic @entity1 resection, which was incomplete in both. All @entity0 received 4 or 6 cycles of adjuvant @entity6 -based three-agent chemotherapy in analogy to the current therapeutic concept applied in @entity8 . One @entity0 with a large @entity1 and multiple peritoneal metastases additionally received 40 Gy abdominal irradiation. RESULTS: All @entity0 achieved complete clinical remission after initial surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. 4 out of 7 @entity0 are currently remaining in first continuous complete remission after 15 to 111 months follow-up. One @entity0 developed a @entity1 of the contralateral ovary after 126 months follow-up and is still alive but currently in therapy of another recurrence. Another @entity0 suffered a @entity1 recurrence after 12 months but achieved a second complete remission with @entity6 chemotherapy after a follow-up of currently 4 months. One @entity0 achieved complete clinical remission but suffered a diffuse peritoneal @entity1 recurrence with massive @entity5 and finally died as a result of @entity1 progression. In summary, at the time of this report 6 of 7 @entity0 are alive after a median of 47 (15 - 138) months. CONCLUSION: This analysis clearly demonstrates that advanced JGCT can be successfully treated with surgery followed by adjuvant @entity6 -based chemotherapy. Therefore, this study reveals encouraging therapeutic perspectives in these otherwise fatal @entity1 that merit further investigation in a prospective cooperative trial.

title: Therapy of advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Our experience regarding serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) measurement as a marker of lymphocyte activation consists of @entity0 with @entity6 : 37 with @entity7 ( @entity7 ), 23 with @entity5 ( @entity5 ), 74 with @entity2 and six with @entity11 ( @entity11 ). The influence of immunosuppressive therapy has also been assessed. Serum sIL-2R in @entity7 is significantly higher than in healthy controls and good correlation is found between sIL-2R and disease activity. Severity of @entity1 in @entity10 can be reflected by the increased excretion of sIL-2R. It was found that sIL-2R level significantly falls when the disease becomes clinically inactive after immunosuppressive therapy, but in many cases (up to 50%) it does not reach normal levels. The last finding suggests that lymphocyte activation may still be present even though the disease is considered inactive under clinical criteria and support the need of prolonged immunosuppression after the first signs of remission. In @entity5 the serum levels of sIL-2R are elevated in all @entity0 with active disease; all cases with "highly active" disease have significantly higher concentrations than @entity0 with "mild activity". A good correlation has been demonstrated between elevated serum sIL-2R values and @entity12 ( @entity12 ) titer (the specific marker of @entity5 ). The follow-up study showed a significant decrease of both sIL-2R levels and anti- @entity12 titer after 3-9 month immunosuppressive therapy. The findings support that sIL-2R and anti- @entity12 titer could serve as reliable humoral markers for disease-specific activity. Compared with inactive @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and @entity3 ( @entity3 ), significantly higher levels of sIL-2R were present in the serum of @entity0 with active disease, and in inactive disease than in healthy age-matched controls. @entity8 ( @entity9 ) therapy of @entity0 with refractory @entity4 resulted in sIL-2R decrease at the end of therapeutic period (20 i.m. injections of once a week 25 mg), good responders showing > 50% decrease even at 5-7 weeks of treatment. Serum sIL-2R is elevated in all six @entity0 with @entity11 . Contrary to anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), sIL-2R remains elevated above cut-off for normal range, despite clinical improvement following immunosuppressive treatment. The last observation suggests that serum sIL-2R is not a good measure of the disease activity and argue for the need of longer immunosuppressive therapy just after the first days of clinical remission.

title: Serum soluble IL-2 receptor as a marker of lymphocyte activation in some XXXX . Effect of immunosuppressive therapy.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Medical therapy of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) has fundamentally changed. The aim of the study is to verify the suggestion that the medical therapy delayed the need of operative treatment and led to changes in characteristics of @entity0 in need of surgery, or whether it had possibly caused deterioration of the results of surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A group of 137 @entity0 treated by TURP in 1991 (before medical therapy was introduced in Slovakia) was compared with a group of 122 @entity0 treated by TURP in 2001 when medical therapy was offered as the primary initial therapy. We evaluated the @entity0 's age, co-morbidity, type and length of medical therapy of LUTS, indications for operation, the weight of the resected tissue, the length of urinary bladder drainage after the operation and the period of hospitalisation. RESULTS: @entity0 in 2001 were on average 3.1 years older (p = 0.007), co-morbidity was present in 68.6% @entity0 in 1991 compared to 85.2% in 2001 (not significant), and TURP for objective indications was done in 58.4% of @entity0 in 1991 and in 50% in 2001. In 2001 71 out of 122 (58.2%) @entity0 received medical therapy and 30 of them (24.6%) were operated on for objective indications. The weight of the resected tissue was 20.2 +/- 13.2 grams in 1991 and 24.6 +/- 15.4 grams in 2001 (p = 0.027). In 1991 the catheter was removed 4.5 +/- 1.8 days after the operation compared to 3.1 +/- 2.2 days in 2001 (p = 0.0001). The duration hospitalisation in 1991 was 7.7 +/- 5.7 days compared to 5.2 +/- 3.2 in 2001 (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 receiving medical therapy have surgery at a higher age. The higher age of @entity0 was not related to co-morbidity or the increased number of operations for objective indications, nor did the complications during surgery increase. On average more of the prostatic tissue was removed and the period of hospitalisation was shorter.

title: [Effect of drug therapy on lower urinary tract symptoms indicating the presence of XXXX in transurethral resection of the prostate].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Twenty-three @entity0 underwent endocardial radiofrequency ablation of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) during mitral valve procedures with a previously described left @entity2 pattern. A temperature-controlled 7-coil surgical probe delivered 60-second lesions at 80 degrees C. The left atrial appendage was oversewn after ablation. Ages ranged from 28 to 88 years. Nineteen @entity0 had chronic @entity4 that was present for over 1 year in 74%; 12 @entity0 had @entity6 . Mean left atrial diameter was 5.4 +/- 0.7 cm. There was 1 operative death unrelated to the ablation, and no @entity1 or ablation-related complications were observed. At mean follow-up of 32.5 weeks, 86% of the 22 survivors were in sinus rhythm. All 18 @entity0 with left atrial diameter <6 cm are in sinus rhythm. All postoperative @entity5 was transient, and no @entity0 required subsequent transcatheter ablation. This lesion pattern is safe and effective when applied in the method described here. It appears to be a reasonable alternative to the complete Maze 3 lesion pattern in @entity0 with @entity3 .

title: Radiofrequency ablation of XXXX during mitral valve surgery.

answer: @entity4


abstract: A series of 32 consecutive students from one medical school presenting for @entity0 treatment over a two-year period between September 1997 and August 1999 is described. The author treated 31 of these students, representing 288 visits and 312 hours. On the basis of retrospective case note reviews, the author presents demographic data, the year of medical school in which the illness began, DSM IV diagnoses, treatment modalities, time absent from University as a result of @entity2 and major stressors. Of the 32 subjects, 50% were male, with ages ranging from 20 to 34 years (mean 24.9 years). Ninety-four per cent were single, and 78% were Trinidadians. Thirty-one per cent were Trinidad and Tobago National Scholars. This finding achieved statistical significance. Seventy-two per cent presented during their clinical training. The most common source of referral was from members of the Faculty of Medical Sciences (31%). Relationship issues were the most commonly identified stressors in 31% of the subjects. @entity3 and @entity1 were present in 59% of the students. Pharmacotherapy was used in 75% of the students. The majority (53%) of medical students with @entity0 were absent from university for less than one month. At follow-up in July 2001, 26 (81%) of the students had graduated, three (9%) were still in medical school and three (9%) had withdrawn from medical school as a result of @entity2 . The study is limited in that only those seeking assistance from one doctor's practice are described. The findings would be further explored in longitudinal studies.

title: XXXX in medical students at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago. Audit at a doctor's practice.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Case 1: A 52-year-old @entity0 presented with a chief complaint of palpitation. @entity1 was pointed out in 1992. Electrocardiography (ECG) revealed @entity9 in 1997. He visited our department in October 1997. Echocardiography showed increased wall thickness at the interventricular septum. The diagnosis was @entity5 . Holter ECG revealed nonsustained @entity6 in December 1997. After this, he visited our outpatient clinic. Echocardiography indicated @entity3 in January 2002, so he was hospitalized in March 2002. Case 2: A 64-year-old @entity0 was transferred to our hospital because of chest discomfort and @entity7 . She had been treated for @entity2 and @entity1 . She was taken to a hospital by ambulance. On admission, ECG showed wide QRS @entity4 . Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in both @entity0 disclosed almost complete obstruction of the mid-ventricle in the systolic phase on long- and short-axis cine images, and @entity8 delayed imaging revealed contrast hyperenhancement corresponding to an apical @entity3 on both long- and short-axis images. The final diagnosis was mid-ventricular obstructive @entity5 with apical @entity3 characterized by delayed hyperenhancement on magnetic resonance imaging with @entity8 .

title: [ @entity5 with mid-ventricular obstruction complicated by apical XXXX appearing as delayed contrast hyperenhancement on magnetic resonance imaging: two case reports].

answer: @entity3


abstract: Case 1: A 52-year-old @entity0 presented with a chief complaint of palpitation. @entity1 was pointed out in 1992. Electrocardiography (ECG) revealed @entity9 in 1997. He visited our department in October 1997. Echocardiography showed increased wall thickness at the interventricular septum. The diagnosis was @entity5 . Holter ECG revealed nonsustained @entity6 in December 1997. After this, he visited our outpatient clinic. Echocardiography indicated @entity3 in January 2002, so he was hospitalized in March 2002. Case 2: A 64-year-old @entity0 was transferred to our hospital because of chest discomfort and @entity7 . She had been treated for @entity2 and @entity1 . She was taken to a hospital by ambulance. On admission, ECG showed wide QRS @entity4 . Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in both @entity0 disclosed almost complete obstruction of the mid-ventricle in the systolic phase on long- and short-axis cine images, and @entity8 delayed imaging revealed contrast hyperenhancement corresponding to an apical @entity3 on both long- and short-axis images. The final diagnosis was mid-ventricular obstructive @entity5 with apical @entity3 characterized by delayed hyperenhancement on magnetic resonance imaging with @entity8 .

title: [ XXXX with mid-ventricular obstruction complicated by apical @entity3 appearing as delayed contrast hyperenhancement on magnetic resonance imaging: two case reports].

answer: @entity5


abstract: Many different laparoscopic approaches to resection of @entity3 have been described in the literature. We reviewed our experience of laparoscopic approaches to surgical resection of gastric @entity1 seven in six consecutive @entity0 . The @entity1 locations were the @entity3 (n = 2), gastroesophageal junction (n = 1), gastric fundus (n = 2), and gastric antrum (n = 2). Laparoscopic localization of endoluminal @entity1 included intraoperative endoscopy, laparoscopic ultrasound, and laparoscopic palpation. There were five males with a mean age of 57 years. Laparoscopic approaches to resection were laparoscopic wedge resection (n = 4) for @entity1 in the gastric fundus and antrum, laparoscopic enucleation (n = 2) for @entity1 in the @entity3 , and transgastric endoluminal resection (n = 1) for a @entity1 located at the gastroesophageal junction. There was no conversion to laparotomy. The mean operative time was 143 +/- 54 minutes and mean @entity2 was 57 +/- 27 mL. None of the @entity0 required intensive care stay. The mean length of hospital stay was 3 days. There were no major or minor complications and no mortality. Surgical pathology demonstrated @entity3 with less than 2/50 mitosis per high power field in all seven specimens. @entity1 size ranged from 2.8 cm to 7.1 cm in greatest diameter. There has been no @entity1 recurrence with a mean follow-up of 9 months. Laparoscopic resection of benign @entity3 is safe and feasible. The laparoscopic approaches to surgical resection should be tailored based on the location and characteristics of the @entity1 .

title: Laparoscopic resection of XXXX : a tailored approach.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The objective of this analysis is to ascertain the natural history of elderly @entity0 greater than 65 years of age with thick @entity2 (T4) who were treated with surgery only. Although there are multiple data on elderly @entity0 , there is not a systematic review of survival in elderly @entity0 over 65 years, and with our analysis we tried to enlighten this field in view especially of the growing population of the elderly in the United States. We retrospectively evaluated 112 @entity0 with thick (> or = 4 mm) @entity2 aged 65 or greater. Mean age was 73 years. Mean follow-up was 36 months. The @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 69 and 52 months, respectively. Univariate analysis predicted worse @entity3 and DFS when @entity0 have positive lymph nodes, high mitotic rate, and increasing thickness. By multivariate analysis, lymph node status was most predictive of @entity3 and DFS. Lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in elderly @entity0 with thick @entity2 . Our analysis has shown that elderly @entity0 that received no adjuvant treatment did significantly worse than the historical controls. @entity0 with nodal metastases are candidates for adjuvant therapy. Those without @entity1 constitute a favorable @entity0 group and thus have much better prognosis and may not need adjuvant therapy. However, they must be closely monitored or enrolled in randomized trials. Thus, treatment for @entity2 @entity0 older than 65 should be as aggressive as in younger @entity0 , and these @entity0 should not be denied adjuvant treatment based on their age only.

title: Thick XXXX in the elderly.

answer: @entity2


abstract: To determine the role of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and eosinophils in protection against Strongyloides ratti, @entity0 treated with anti- @entity1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) were infected with S. ratti larvae. Strongyloides ratti egg numbers in faeces (EPG) in mAb treated @entity0 were higher than those in control @entity0 on days 6 and 7 after inoculation. The numbers of migrating worms in mAb treated @entity0 36 h after inoculation were higher than those observed in control @entity0 . Intestinal worm numbers in mAb treated @entity0 5 days after inoculation were higher than those in control @entity0 . These results show that eosinophils effectively protected the host against S. ratti infection by mainly the larval stage in primary @entity2 . The involvement of eosinophils in protection against secondary infection was also examined. Before secondary infection, @entity0 were treated with anti- @entity1 mAb and infected with S. ratti. Patent @entity2 were not observed in either mAb treated or control Ab treated @entity0 . The numbers of migrating worms in the head and lungs of mAb treated @entity0 increased to 60% of that in primary infected @entity0 . Intestinal worms were not found in mAb treated @entity0 or in control @entity0 after oral implantation of adult worms. Eosinophils were therefore mainly involved in protection against tissue migrating worms in secondary @entity2 .

title: Strongyloides ratti: the role of XXXX in protection against tissue migrating larvae and intestinal adult worms.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: We examined our database of 600 consecutive laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses (LRYGBP) to determine predictors of prolonged operations, conversion to open operations and @entity1 . METHODS: All were primary bariatric operations. Body habitus, gender, and previous surgery were evaluated. RESULTS: Regression analysis showed the following parameters to correlate positively with increased operative time: 1) Waist, 2) BMI, 3) Weight, and 4) Waist/Hip ratio. Height and hip measurement did not correlate with operative time. No previous operations affected operative time. Conversion to open operation was necessary in 25/600 cases (4.2%). Conversion was necessary with larger waist measurement (P=0.00007) and increased waist/hip ratio (P=0.01) but not BMI. Conversion occurred more frequently in males (6/43, 14.0%) than females (19/557, 3.4%). This trend was statistically significant (P=0.006). An enlarged liver was responsible for 12/25 conversions. 6/12 @entity0 with large livers had @entity8 and 6/12 @entity0 had biopsy-proven @entity7 . 2/12 had huge @entity4 that were not biopsed. Liver function tests were normal in 8/8 @entity0 preoperatively. Complications including leak (5), @entity3 (2), @entity5 (12), stenosis of the GI tract (24) and @entity2 (7) occurred in 48/600 @entity0 (8.0%). There were no deaths. Complications did not correlate with body habitus, gender, or previous surgery. CONCLUSION: Larger @entity0 as measured by waist measurement, weight, and BMI but not previous surgery prolonged LRYGBP. Conversion to open surgery was more frequently necessary in @entity0 with larger abdomens, @entity6 , and @entity8 . Complications did not correlate with any preoperative parameter measured.

title: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: preoperative determinants of prolonged operative times, conversion to open gastric bypasses, and XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8 ( @entity8 ) disease is a much-feared complication of bariatric surgery. The most common unexpected cause of @entity3 in the morbidly @entity1 @entity0 is @entity7 ( @entity7 ). Recent data supports the expanded use of systemic thrombolytics in hemodynamically stable @entity0 with @entity7 and echocardiographic evidence of @entity2 . METHODS: We report a morbidly @entity1 28-year-old female who presented with @entity9 3 weeks following bariatric surgery. The @entity0 developed a submassive @entity7 , despite being on low molecular weight (LMW) heparin ( @entity10 ) postoperatively. The @entity0 was admitted to the surgical intensive care unit of an urban community teaching hospital and underwent successful thrombolysis. RESULTS: Although the @entity0 was not @entity5 , she was tachycardic and highly symptomatic. Spiral CT scanning revealed a large saddle @entity6 . Transthoracic echocardiography revealed moderate-to-severe acute @entity2 with paradoxical septal motion. The @entity0 was started on i.v. heparin followed by an infusion of alteplase 100 mg i.v. over 2 hours. She had no mental status changes during the infusion or evidence of @entity4 . She had a rapid improvement of her symptoms. Repeat CT scanning revealed marked resolution of the @entity7 . She was discharged home in excellent condition. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of systemic thrombolysis for a submassive @entity7 after bariatric surgery in a hemodynamically stable @entity0 with @entity2 . Given the high incidence and morbidity of @entity8 in this population, and the expanding indications for thrombolytic therapy, successful cases such as these should be documented.

title: Successful thrombolysis of submassive XXXX after bariatric surgery: expanding the indications and addressing the controversies.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of sonography in measuring the caudate vein and lobe when diagnosing @entity3 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study included a group of 16 @entity0 with @entity3 . We compared this @entity0 group with a control group of 40 @entity0 with @entity1 and 66 healthy subjects without @entity2 . On sonography, we measured the diameter of the caudate lobe and the presence and diameter of the caudate vein. These measurements were then compared for both groups. RESULTS: In half of the @entity0 with @entity3 , sonography showed a visible caudate vein (3-21 mm; mean, 7.3 mm; median, 4.6 mm). However, in the control group, spontaneous visualization was seen in only eight (7.5%) of 106 subjects, none of whom had @entity1 . The caudate lobe was larger in @entity0 with @entity1 than in healthy subjects. Likewise, in @entity0 with @entity3 , the caudate lobe was larger than that in @entity0 with @entity1 . CONCLUSION: When sonography reveals a caudate vein equal to or larger than 3 mm in diameter in the appropriate clinical setting, one should strongly suspect @entity3 .

title: Sonography of the caudate vein: value in diagnosing XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the contribution of @entity0 -centered short-term disutilities and quality-of-life measures in the cost-effectiveness analysis of CT angiography, MR angiography, and conventional angiography in @entity0 with medication-resistant @entity2 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A decision analytic model compared the life expectancy and incremental cost per life year using three initial diagnostic tests in a cohort of hypothetical individuals with medication-resistant @entity2 over a range of @entity5 probabilities: CT angiography (sensitivity, 96%; specificity, 96%; cost,  865); MR angiography (98%, 94%,  850); and conventional angiography (99%, 99%,  2,627). All imaging strategies were compared with a base case scenario mimicking the natural history of medication-resistant @entity2 and with a scenario immediate enhanced medical therapy without prior imaging. Individuals without evidence of @entity5 on initial testing underwent conventional angiography if enhanced medical therapy failed to control @entity2 . Individuals diagnosed with @entity5 on MR angiography required conventional angiography for definitive stent treatment ( 11,1223). Blood pressure response to renal artery stenting or enhanced medical therapy varied according to blood pressure, as did the incidence of @entity4 and @entity1 resulting from @entity2 . @entity0 who progressed to @entity3 received dialysis ( 60,000 per year). Quality-of-life adjustments were made for @entity0 with @entity2 , @entity3 , @entity4 , and @entity1 . Short-term disutilities from undergoing an imaging test were included. The analysis accounted for direct costs derived from Medicare reimbursements and total costs derived from the literature. RESULTS: All imaging strategies were cost-effective compared with enhanced medical therapy alone or with natural history. When only direct costs were considered, MR angiography was the preferred strategy, with conventional angiography as a cost-effective alternative to MR angiography. When total costs were considered, conventional angiography dominated all other strategies. Adjusting for quality of life decreased the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, making an already competitive strategy a more favorable alternative to the base case. Adjusting for test-related disutility did not significantly influence the cost-effectiveness of any of the imaging tests. Despite marked variation in the key clinical and cost variables, MR angiography remained the most cost-effective strategy. CONCLUSION: In the evaluation and treatment of medication-resistant @entity2 , strategies that included preliminary imaging saved more lives than did the immediate institution of enhanced medical therapy at a lesser cost.

title: Incorporating XXXX -centered outcomes in the analysis of cost-effectiveness: imaging strategies for renovascular hypertension.

answer: @entity0


abstract: With the current prevalence of @entity2 , the incidence of @entity6 may be on the rise in industrialized nations. However, clinical findings suggestive of systemic @entity2 are frequently subtle or absent in @entity0 with @entity6 , and no specific neuroradiologic characteristics of @entity7 have been defined as yet. We report two cases of ring-enhanced @entity6 in which magnetic resonance (MR) proton spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging were useful in the differential diagnosis between @entity7 and other ring-enhanced mass lesions. @entity5 had been diagnosed in one @entity0 , but radiologic lung study and tuberculin skin test were negative in the other. DW imaging showed bright signal intensity in the core of all lesions in both @entity0 . @entity1 and metastatic @entity3 do not have this characteristic. Proton MR spectroscopy of lesion cores showed lipid peaks and a @entity4 peak in one, and a lipid/lactate mixture pattern in the other, which differed distinctively from those of the pyogenic brain abscess. in each case, one lesion was surgically removed. Antituberculosis drugs were started before surgery for one @entity0 and after surgery for the other. In both, the remaining lesions were reduced significantly in size. We discuss the diagnostic potential of these MR techniques and management options of @entity6 .

title: Proton MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted MR imaging for the diagnosis of XXXX . Report of two cases.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have recently demonstrated a role for selected chemokines in a @entity0 model of @entity6 ( @entity6 ). We have further shown that pretreatment with @entity1 ( @entity4 ) is protective. The precise cellular events regulating this model are unknown. The alveolar macrophage (AM) is a key effector cell in multiple models of @entity3 , and it likely plays a central role in @entity6 as well. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether @entity4 functions in part by modifying the chemokine response of AMs to @entity2 and reoxygenation in vitro. METHODS: Alveola macrophages were rendered @entity2 (0.5%) for 2 hours and reoxygenated for 6 hours. The secreted chemokine content in the media was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and nuclear protein was analyzed after electro-mobility shift assay. When employed, @entity4 was administered 30 minutes before @entity2 . RESULTS: Alveolar macrophages demonstrated a marked increase in the secretion of the chemokines, @entity8 , @entity7 , CINC, and @entity5 , in response to @entity2 and reoxygenation. This increase was dependent on mRNA transcription and de novo protein synthesis. It was also blocked by a specific inhibitor of the nuclear translocation factor, NF-kappaB. Pretreatment with @entity4 (500 ng/mL) significantly reduced expression of chemokines and activation of NF-kappaB. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 attenuates the chemokine response of AMs in vitro to @entity2 and reoxygenation at the pretranscriptional level through modulation of NF-kappaB. These findings suggest the potential mechanism of action of @entity4 's protective effects in @entity6 .

title: Regulation of chemokine expression by @entity1 in alveolar macrophages exposed to XXXX and reoxygenation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have recently demonstrated a role for selected chemokines in a @entity0 model of @entity6 ( @entity6 ). We have further shown that pretreatment with @entity1 ( @entity4 ) is protective. The precise cellular events regulating this model are unknown. The alveolar macrophage (AM) is a key effector cell in multiple models of @entity3 , and it likely plays a central role in @entity6 as well. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether @entity4 functions in part by modifying the chemokine response of AMs to @entity2 and reoxygenation in vitro. METHODS: Alveola macrophages were rendered @entity2 (0.5%) for 2 hours and reoxygenated for 6 hours. The secreted chemokine content in the media was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and nuclear protein was analyzed after electro-mobility shift assay. When employed, @entity4 was administered 30 minutes before @entity2 . RESULTS: Alveolar macrophages demonstrated a marked increase in the secretion of the chemokines, @entity8 , @entity7 , CINC, and @entity5 , in response to @entity2 and reoxygenation. This increase was dependent on mRNA transcription and de novo protein synthesis. It was also blocked by a specific inhibitor of the nuclear translocation factor, NF-kappaB. Pretreatment with @entity4 (500 ng/mL) significantly reduced expression of chemokines and activation of NF-kappaB. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 attenuates the chemokine response of AMs in vitro to @entity2 and reoxygenation at the pretranscriptional level through modulation of NF-kappaB. These findings suggest the potential mechanism of action of @entity4 's protective effects in @entity6 .

title: Regulation of chemokine expression by XXXX in alveolar macrophages exposed to @entity2 and reoxygenation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 is prevalent among intercollegiate rowers. PURPOSE: We conducted a large-scale study to determine the rate of and the potential etiologic factors for clearly defined back @entity0 that developed during intercollegiate rowing. STUDY DESIGN: Survey. METHODS: Surveys from 1632 former intercollegiate rowing athletes were analyzed. These surveys concerned training methods and back @entity0 before and during intercollegiate rowing. @entity2 was defined as @entity0 that lasted at least 1 week. RESULTS: Five hundred twenty-six subjects reported that back @entity0 developed during intercollegiate rowing. Factors significantly associated with the development of back @entity0 included age at the time of the survey; history of rowing before age 16; use of a hatchet oar blade; training with free weights, @entity1 , and an ergometer; midline ergometer cable position; and ergometer training sessions longer than 30 minutes. @entity2 while in college also was associated with higher mean college weight and height. CONCLUSIONS: Intercollegiate rowers in the last 10 years covered by this study were larger, started rowing at an earlier age, trained more intensely, and developed @entity2 during college than their predecessors.

title: XXXX in intercollegiate rowers.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and potential role of the contrast agent gadoterate @entity7 for digital subtraction angiography as a single diagnostic procedure or before percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of malfunctioning native dialysis @entity2 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a 20-month period, 23 @entity0 (15 @entity0 , eight @entity0 ) with an age range of 42-87 years (mean, 63 years) having @entity3 and with recent hemodialysis @entity2 surgical placement underwent gadoterate-enhanced digital subtraction angiography with a digital 1024 x 1024 matrix. Opacification was performed on the forearm, arm, and chest with the @entity0 in the supine position using an injection (retrograde, n = 14; anterograde, n = 8; arterial, n = 1) of gadoterate @entity7 into the perianastomotic @entity2 segment at a rate of 3 mL/sec for a total volume ranging from 24 to 32 mL. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed in three @entity0 and required an additional 8 mL per procedure. Examinations were compared using a 3-step confidence scale and a two-radiologist agreement (Cohen's kappa statistic) for diagnostic and opacification quality. Tolerability was evaluated on the basis of serum @entity6 levels and the development of complications. RESULTS: No @entity1 was found in the 15 @entity0 who were not treated with hemodialysis. Serum @entity6 level change varied from -11.9% to 11.6%. All studies were of diagnostic quality. The presence of @entity5 (n = 14) or @entity4 (n = 3) in @entity9 was shown with good interobserver agreement (kappa = 0.71-0.80) in relation to opacification quality (kappa = 0.59-0.84). No @entity8 , or allergiclike reactions occurred. Three percutaneous transluminal angioplasty procedures (brachiocephalic, n = 2; radiocephalic, n = 1) were successfully performed. CONCLUSION: Gadoterate-enhanced digital subtraction angiography is an effective and safe method to assess causes of malfunction of hemodialysis @entity2 . It can also be used to plan and perform percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.

title: Gadolinium-enhanced digital subtraction angiography of hemodialysis XXXX : a diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

answer: @entity2


abstract: AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effect of umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) on @entity0 with severe @entity3 in @entity1 . METHODS: One hundred and fifty three @entity0 with severe @entity2 were included in the study between April 1990 and July 2002. The @entity0 were treated with adult plasma transfusion (control), UCBT, plasma exchange (PE) and UCBT combined with PE (UCBT+PE) respectively. The therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by serial determinations of liver function, lipids and immune function in all @entity0 before and after the treatment. The model of experimental @entity4 was constructed in SD @entity1 by injecting @entity5 . Then, the @entity1 were given normal saline, adult plasma or neonate cord blood intraperitoneally. After detection of liver function, the @entity1 were killed and morphological changes of the liver were microscopically observed. RESULTS: UCBT group and UCBT+PE group had much better improvement in liver and immune functions than control group and PE group. The @entity0 in UCBT+PE group had the best clinical efficacy. UCBT was safe and had no side effects. The animal experiment showed significant improvements in liver function and survival rate in neonate cord blood group as compared with adult plasma group. The histopathology of @entity1 's liver indicated that neonate cord blood application could decrease the @entity2 and increase hepatocellular regeneration. CONCLUSION: UCBT demonstrated a good therapeutic effect on severe @entity2 and no obvious side effects. Umbilical cord blood can attenuate the @entity3 and reproduce hepatocyte. The treatment of UCBT combined with PE was much better than that of single plasma exchange, thus UCBT can enhance the therapeutic effect of plasma exchange on severe @entity2 .

title: Clinical and experimental study on therapeutic effect of umbilical cord blood transplantation on severe XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: We evaluated the resection of the papilla of Vater performed in @entity0 with @entity1 in the papilla of Vater. The subjects were 6 @entity0 who underwent resection of the papilla of Vater between January 1969 and December 2001. The @entity0 aged 57-87 years consisted of 3 males and 3 females. The maximal diameter of the @entity1 was 0.5 cm in 1 @entity0 , 1.5 cm in 3 @entity0 , and 2.0 cm in 2 @entity0 . Macroscopically, the @entity1 were of the protruded type (exposed) in 3 @entity0 , of the mixed type (predominant protruded type) in 2 @entity0 , and of the ulcerative type in 1 @entity0 . The histological depth of the @entity1 was up to the mucosa in 1 @entity0 , up to the oddi in 1 @entity0 , up to the panc0, du1 in 1 @entity0 , up to the panc1, du2 in 1 @entity0 , and unknown in 2 @entity0 . Histologically, the @entity1 were @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in 4 @entity0 and @entity3 of the well-differentiated type (tub1) in 2 @entity0 . Resection of the papilla of Vater was chosen because of high risk factors such as advanced age in 2 @entity0 , complicated severe @entity2 and confinement to bed due to poor systemic conditions after @entity4 in 3 @entity0 , and hepatic metastasis observed during surgery in 1 @entity0 . @entity1 cells around the excised region were positive in 4 @entity0 and unknown in the remaining 2 @entity0 . Of the 6 @entity0 , 5 died within 2 years after surgery, but 1 is alive without symptoms of recurrence 7 years after surgery. The death causes were the primary disease in 3 of the 5 @entity0 . From the viewpoint of radical treatment, resection of the papilla of Vater cannot be chosen as a reduced surgery for @entity1 in the papilla of Vater. However, resection of the papilla of Vater can be applied to very elderly @entity0 and @entity0 under poor systemic conditions, for whom pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is considered excessively invasive due to a small diameter of @entity1 .

title: Evaluation of resection of the papilla of Vater for the treatment of XXXX in the papilla of Vater.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The first case of @entity9 allograft @entity1 at the University of Maryland Renal Transplant Program was diagnosed in 1997. Since then more than 100 cases have been identified. The incidence of BKAN has increased from 1% for @entity0 transplanted in 1997 to 5.8% for @entity0 transplanted in 2001. BKAN is an important cause of premature kidney graft loss at the University of Maryland Transplant Program. One-third of the @entity0 diagnosed with BKAN since 1997 have already lost graft function, and a third of the remaining @entity0 have @entity5 levels over 3 mg/dl. We could not determine that a specific immunosuppressive drug increased the incidence of BKAN. Older @entity0 had an increased risk of developing the disease. The histological diagnosis of BKAN was made at a mean time of 14.4 months after transplantation (range 1.2-53 months). BKAN occurred in 4.3% of all @entity0 biopsied during the period described. The diagnosis of BK allograft @entity1 was based on a combination of renal biopsy to demonstrate viral cytopathic chages, urine cytology and quantitative viral load in plasma. A threshold of >10,000 copies of @entity9 per ml of plasma is proposed as an indication of BKAN. Following diagnosis of BKAN, @entity0 on a single immunosuppressve drug ( @entity6 , CsA, @entity8 or @entity7 ) in addition to @entity2 had less graft loss and higher viral clearance in comparison to @entity0 on @entity2 and 2 immunosuppressant drugs ( @entity6 , CsA or @entity8 and @entity7 ). There was no difference in the rate of acute allograft rejection among different @entity4 protocols. Three @entity0 who lost their grafts to BKAN were retransplanted. For these @entity0 there has not yet been evidence of recurrence of BKAN. After reduction of immunosuppression, the course of BKAN in most @entity0 followed one of 2 pathways: 1) Clearance of the @entity3 and disappearance of the viral cytopathic changes in biopsies and urine (20%); 2)Persistence of viral replication with continuous associated tubular damage (70%). Renal transplant @entity0 should be routinely screened with urine cytology. The presence of decoy cells in the urine is an indication for quantitative measurement of viral load in plasma. @entity0 with any evidence of BK viral reactivation should be followed closely. In @entity0 biopsied early due to persistence of @entity9 -infected cells in urine, there is a higher rate of conversion from positive to negative urine cytology after reduction of immunosuppression.

title: @entity9 XXXX diagnosis and treatment: experience at the University of Maryland Renal Transplant Program.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The first case of @entity9 allograft @entity1 at the University of Maryland Renal Transplant Program was diagnosed in 1997. Since then more than 100 cases have been identified. The incidence of BKAN has increased from 1% for @entity0 transplanted in 1997 to 5.8% for @entity0 transplanted in 2001. BKAN is an important cause of premature kidney graft loss at the University of Maryland Transplant Program. One-third of the @entity0 diagnosed with BKAN since 1997 have already lost graft function, and a third of the remaining @entity0 have @entity5 levels over 3 mg/dl. We could not determine that a specific immunosuppressive drug increased the incidence of BKAN. Older @entity0 had an increased risk of developing the disease. The histological diagnosis of BKAN was made at a mean time of 14.4 months after transplantation (range 1.2-53 months). BKAN occurred in 4.3% of all @entity0 biopsied during the period described. The diagnosis of BK allograft @entity1 was based on a combination of renal biopsy to demonstrate viral cytopathic chages, urine cytology and quantitative viral load in plasma. A threshold of >10,000 copies of @entity9 per ml of plasma is proposed as an indication of BKAN. Following diagnosis of BKAN, @entity0 on a single immunosuppressve drug ( @entity6 , CsA, @entity8 or @entity7 ) in addition to @entity2 had less graft loss and higher viral clearance in comparison to @entity0 on @entity2 and 2 immunosuppressant drugs ( @entity6 , CsA or @entity8 and @entity7 ). There was no difference in the rate of acute allograft rejection among different @entity4 protocols. Three @entity0 who lost their grafts to BKAN were retransplanted. For these @entity0 there has not yet been evidence of recurrence of BKAN. After reduction of immunosuppression, the course of BKAN in most @entity0 followed one of 2 pathways: 1) Clearance of the @entity3 and disappearance of the viral cytopathic changes in biopsies and urine (20%); 2)Persistence of viral replication with continuous associated tubular damage (70%). Renal transplant @entity0 should be routinely screened with urine cytology. The presence of decoy cells in the urine is an indication for quantitative measurement of viral load in plasma. @entity0 with any evidence of BK viral reactivation should be followed closely. In @entity0 biopsied early due to persistence of @entity9 -infected cells in urine, there is a higher rate of conversion from positive to negative urine cytology after reduction of immunosuppression.

title: XXXX @entity1 diagnosis and treatment: experience at the University of Maryland Renal Transplant Program.

answer: @entity9


abstract: The V protein of the paramyxovirus @entity4 ) is responsible for targeted degradation of @entity3 and the block in alpha/beta interferon ( @entity2 /beta) signaling that occurs after SV5 infection of @entity0 cells. We have analyzed the growth properties of a recombinant SV5 that was engineered to be defective in targeting @entity3 degradation. A recombinant SV5 (rSV5-P/V-CPI-) was engineered to contain six naturally occurring P/V protein mutations, three of which have been shown in previous transfection experiments to disrupt the V-mediated block in @entity2 /beta signaling. In contrast to wild-type (WT) SV5, @entity0 cells infected with rSV5-P/V-CPI- had @entity3 levels similar to those in mock-infected cells. Cells infected with rSV5-P/V-CPI- were found to express higher-than-WT levels of viral proteins and mRNA, suggesting that the P/V mutations had disrupted the regulation of viral RNA synthesis. Despite the inability to target @entity3 for degradation, single-step growth assays showed that the rSV5-P/V-CPI- mutant virus grew better than WT SV5 in all cell lines tested. Unexpectedly, cells infected with rSV5-P/V-CPI- but not WT SV5 showed an activation of a reporter gene that was under control of the @entity1 promoter. The secretion of IFN from cells infected with rSV5-P/V-CPI- but not WT SV5 was confirmed by a bioassay for IFN. The rSV5-P/V-CPI- mutant grew to higher titers than did WT rSV5 at early times in multistep growth assays. However, rSV5-P/V-CPI- growth quickly reached a final plateau while WT rSV5 continued to grow and produced a final titer higher than that of rSV5-P/V-CPI- by late times postinfection. In contrast to WT rSV5, infection of a variety of cell lines with rSV5-P/V-CPI- induced cell death pathways with characteristics of apoptosis. Our results confirm a role for the SV5 V protein in blocking IFN signaling but also suggest new roles for the P/V gene products in controlling viral gene expression, the induction of @entity2 /beta synthesis, and virus-induced apoptosis.

title: Naturally occurring substitutions in the P/V gene convert the noncytopathic paramyxovirus XXXX into a virus that induces alpha/beta interferon synthesis and cell death.

answer: @entity4


abstract: SETTING: Machakos District, Kenya, a rural area 50 km east of Nairobi. OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost and cost-effectiveness of new treatment strategies for @entity1 @entity0 , involving decentralisation of care from hospitals to peripheral health units and the community, compared to the conventional approaches to care used until October 1997. METHODS: Costs were analysed in 1998 US dollars from the perspective of health services, @entity0 , family members and the community, using standard methods. Separate analyses were undertaken for 1) new smear-positive pulmonary @entity0 and 2) new smear-negative and extrapulmonary @entity0 . Cost-effectiveness was calculated as the cost per @entity0 successfully completing treatment (smear-positive cases) and as the cost per @entity0 completing treatment (new smear-negative and extra-pulmonary cases). FINDINGS: The cost per @entity0 treated for new smear-positive @entity0 was dollars 591 with the conventional hospital-based approach to care, and dollars 209 with decentralised care. Costs fell from all perspectives, and by 65% overall. Cost-effectiveness improved by 66%. The cost per @entity0 treated for new smear-negative/extra-pulmonary @entity0 was dollars 311 with the conventional approach to care, and dollars 197 with decentralised care. Costs fell from all perspectives, and cost-effectiveness improved by 61%. CONCLUSION: There is a strong economic case for expansion of decentralisation and strengthened community-based care in Kenya. The National @entity1 and Leprosy Control Programme will require new funds for start-up training and community mobilisation costs in order to do this.

title: Cost and cost-effectiveness of increased community and primary care facility involvement in XXXX care in Machakos District, Kenya.

answer: @entity1


abstract: STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS: @entity4 is a @entity1 in which @entity5 is the second most frequently occurring sign. @entity5 is associated with lack of development of the @entity2 and results in less volume of bone for support of conventional prostheses. Minimal development of the @entity2 can affect the bone volume available for the placement of dental implants. PURPOSE: This clinical trial evaluated the survival of implants placed in individuals with a form of @entity4 and severe @entity5 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred sixty-four @entity3 endosteal dental implants were placed in 51 subjects: 37 males and 14 females between the ages of 8 and 68 (mean age 20.5 years, median age 16.5 years). Two hundred forty-three implants were placed in the anterior mandible, and 21 were placed in the anterior maxilla with a 2-stage surgical protocol. Either fixed-detachable dentures or bar-clip overdentures were provided. Subjects were followed up for 0 to 78 months after second-stage surgery. Kaplan-Meier survival rates and curves were produced to describe the survival of the implants for the different age groups and implant locations. Repeated-measures Cox regression models were used to evaluate the hazard ratios for age and location, with alpha=.05 as the criteria for significance. RESULTS: Of the 243 implants placed in the anterior mandible, 221 (91%) survived. Of the 21 implants placed in the anterior maxilla, 16 (76%) survived. Fourteen of the 51 (27%) subjects had a failed implant. All but 2 failures occurred before or at second-stage surgery. Implant-supported prostheses were provided for all @entity0 . CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the results support the continued use of endosteal dental implants in this @entity0 population with appropriate precautions in the maxilla.

title: Prospective clinical trial of dental implants in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS: @entity4 is a @entity1 in which @entity5 is the second most frequently occurring sign. @entity5 is associated with lack of development of the @entity2 and results in less volume of bone for support of conventional prostheses. Minimal development of the @entity2 can affect the bone volume available for the placement of dental implants. PURPOSE: This clinical trial evaluated the survival of implants placed in individuals with a form of @entity4 and severe @entity5 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred sixty-four @entity3 endosteal dental implants were placed in 51 subjects: 37 males and 14 females between the ages of 8 and 68 (mean age 20.5 years, median age 16.5 years). Two hundred forty-three implants were placed in the anterior mandible, and 21 were placed in the anterior maxilla with a 2-stage surgical protocol. Either fixed-detachable dentures or bar-clip overdentures were provided. Subjects were followed up for 0 to 78 months after second-stage surgery. Kaplan-Meier survival rates and curves were produced to describe the survival of the implants for the different age groups and implant locations. Repeated-measures Cox regression models were used to evaluate the hazard ratios for age and location, with alpha=.05 as the criteria for significance. RESULTS: Of the 243 implants placed in the anterior mandible, 221 (91%) survived. Of the 21 implants placed in the anterior maxilla, 16 (76%) survived. Fourteen of the 51 (27%) subjects had a failed implant. All but 2 failures occurred before or at second-stage surgery. Implant-supported prostheses were provided for all @entity0 . CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the results support the continued use of endosteal dental implants in this @entity0 population with appropriate precautions in the maxilla.

title: Prospective clinical trial of dental implants in XXXX with @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Protein footprinting provides detailed structural information on protein structure in solution by directly identifying accessible and @entity1 radical-reactive side chain residues. Radiolytic generation of @entity1 radicals using millisecond pulses of a synchrotron "white" beam results in the formation of stable side chain oxidation products, which can be digested with proteases for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Liquid chromatography-coupled MS and tandem MS methods allow for the quantitation of the ratio of modified and unmodified peptides and identify the specific side chain probes that are oxidized, respectively. The ability to monitor the changes in accessibility of multiple side chain probes by monitoring increases or decreases in their oxidation rates as a function of ligand binding provides an efficient and powerful tool for analyzing protein structure and dynamics. In this study, we probe the detailed structural features of @entity2 in its "inactive" and @entity0 -activated state. Oxidation rate data for 81 peptides derived from the trypsin digestion of @entity2 are presented; 60 of these peptides were observed not to be oxidized, and 21 had detectable oxidation rates. We also report the @entity0 -dependent changes in oxidation for all 81 peptides. Fifty-nine remained unoxidized, five increased their oxidation rate, and two experienced protections. Tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the specific side chain probes responsible for the @entity0 -insensitive and @entity0 -dependent responses. These data are consistent with crystallographic data for the inactive form of @entity2 in terms of the surface accessibility of reactive residues within the protein. The results demonstrate that radiolytic protein footprinting can provide detailed structural information on the conformational dynamics of ligand-induced structural changes, and the data provide a detailed model for @entity2 activation.

title: Structural analysis of XXXX using synchrotron protein footprinting.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The ideal antidepressant would control @entity2 with no adverse effect on sexual function. @entity3 and other @entity1 associated with antidepressant medication treatment are problems with many antidepressants and can lead to @entity0 dissatisfaction and decreased compliance with treatment. A computerized MEDLINE search (English language, 1966-2003) was performed using the terms antidepressive agents, @entity3 , and @entity1 . Emphasis was placed on studies with specific sexual function measurements taken before and after treatment and placebo control. Mixed mediator, nonserotonergic antidepressants that block postsynaptic serotonin type 2 receptors ( @entity10 , @entity11 ) or that primarily increase @entity8 or @entity9 levels ( @entity7 ) were thought to be good choices for avoiding antidepressant-associated @entity1 or for switching @entity0 in whom antidepressant-associated @entity1 emerged. Comparisons with @entity6 reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) have revealed @entity5 with nonserotonergic @entity7 , less @entity4 with @entity10 , and superior overall satisfaction with sexual functioning with @entity7 or @entity10 . However, most of these studies have design flaws that make evidence-based claims of efficacy difficult to substantiate. Agents proposed for antidote use in antidepressant-associated @entity1 have either not been studied in @entity0 or not proved efficacious in randomized placebo-controlled trials. Switching to and augmentation with @entity7 or @entity10 have also not clearly shown efficacy in controlled trials and require care and monitoring to avoid SRI discontinuation symptoms and loss of antidepressant efficacy. Few proposed treatment options, apart from avoidance, have proved effective for antidepressant-associated @entity1 , which can have negative consequences on @entity2 management.

title: Antidepressant-related XXXX : management via avoidance, switching antidepressants, antidotes, and adaptation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Although various reconstructive procedures for the eyebrow have been reported, few have proved satisfactory for large-tissue defects. The authors describe two cases of eyebrow reconstruction with intermediate hair from the hairline of the forehead on the pedicled @entity4 ( @entity4 ) after @entity1 resection. The first @entity0 was a 24-year-old @entity0 with an @entity2 of the left eyebrow. An intermediate hair flap was prepared at the hairline of the forehead in accordance with the defect. The second @entity0 was a 48-year-old @entity0 with @entity3 of the left eyebrow. @entity1 resection was performed on the frontal muscle with a 5-mm surgical margin. An intermediate hair flap was prepared at the hairline of the forehead in accordance with the defect. Both reconstructed eyebrows have maintained their shapes well. There have been several reports of the use of a @entity4 for eyebrow reconstruction, but none have used intermediate hair from the hairline. The authors are convinced that use of intermediate hair from the hairline of the forehead on the pedicled @entity4 is effective for reconstruction of the eyebrow and large defects extending to nonhairy subbrow skin.

title: Eyebrow reconstruction with intermediate hair from the hairline of the forehead on the pedicled XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The functional results of standard reconstruction prostheses are impaired by instability because of poor muscular reinsertion, especially of the gluteal muscles. In 21 @entity0 , composite hip prostheses including proximal femoral allografts were used after primary @entity1 resection. Ten reconstructions used combined bone-tendon allografts that allowed reinsertion of the gluteal muscles to the allograft tendons. None of the 21 @entity0 had dislocation or @entity3 . Ten @entity0 died within 2 years of surgery without complications requiring reoperations. The mean followup in the 11 other @entity0 was 10 years. Eight @entity0 had reoperation: four for loosening (two at 3 years, two at 11 and 12 years), and four had autologous graftings for nonunion of the trochanter or of the distal graft-bone interface. Evaluation of function in the 11 @entity0 with follow-ups ranging from 4 to 15 years showed an average @entity2 Society score of 77%. Satisfactory strength of the abductor muscles was achieved by reinsertion of the trochanter or by suture of the @entity0 gluteal muscles with the combined tendon-bone allograft. At long-term, radiologically, the bony allograft showed no change in five @entity0 , very mild resorption in five, and severe resorption in one. Stem fixation was excellent in 10 @entity0 and fair in one. Comparison between the functional results of reconstruction prostheses versus composite prostheses showed a significant improvement with the composite prosthesis. In the authors' institution, at 10 years, the mechanical survival of composite prostheses was 81%, as compared with only 65% for reconstruction prostheses.

title: Long-term results of allograft composite total hip prostheses for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Eleven @entity0 (12 ankles) who had @entity6 were followed up for an average of 5.6 years (range, 2.1-8.9 years). After disarticulation of the Chopart joint, the talus was removed and the calcaneus was cut off in the coronal plane. The heel then was rotated 90 degrees to the tibial plafond. The postoperative result was evaluated using a scoring sheet. Excellent results were seen in four feet: two in @entity0 with @entity3 , one in a @entity0 with a @entity1 , and one in a @entity0 with @entity7 . Good results were seen in two feet: one in a @entity0 with @entity3 and one in a @entity0 with @entity2 . A fair result was seen in one foot in a @entity0 with @entity2 . Poor results were seen in four feet in three @entity0 with @entity8 and one foot in a @entity0 with @entity2 . In @entity6 , the leg-length discrepancy is compensated for by using the calcaneus. The @entity0 only had a @entity5 .8 cm on average, which enabled them to walk outdoors wearing only a shoe orthosis. The postoperative results were unfavorable in @entity0 with @entity4 and were satisfying in @entity0 without @entity4 .

title: @entity6 as an option for XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Eleven @entity0 (12 ankles) who had @entity6 were followed up for an average of 5.6 years (range, 2.1-8.9 years). After disarticulation of the Chopart joint, the talus was removed and the calcaneus was cut off in the coronal plane. The heel then was rotated 90 degrees to the tibial plafond. The postoperative result was evaluated using a scoring sheet. Excellent results were seen in four feet: two in @entity0 with @entity3 , one in a @entity0 with a @entity1 , and one in a @entity0 with @entity7 . Good results were seen in two feet: one in a @entity0 with @entity3 and one in a @entity0 with @entity2 . A fair result was seen in one foot in a @entity0 with @entity2 . Poor results were seen in four feet in three @entity0 with @entity8 and one foot in a @entity0 with @entity2 . In @entity6 , the leg-length discrepancy is compensated for by using the calcaneus. The @entity0 only had a @entity5 .8 cm on average, which enabled them to walk outdoors wearing only a shoe orthosis. The postoperative results were unfavorable in @entity0 with @entity4 and were satisfying in @entity0 without @entity4 .

title: XXXX as an option for @entity6 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to quantify the amount of agreement among orthopaedic surgeons regarding the natural history of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knee, surgery, and rehabilitation, and the treatment of these @entity0 . TYPE OF STUDY: Physician mail survey. METHODS: Orthopaedic surgeons were randomly selected from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) directory. Only individuals who treated or referred @entity4 @entity0 for treatment within the past year were asked to complete the 3-page survey. The survey included 25 questions regarding clinical opinion. Clinical agreement was present when 80% or more of the surgeons agreed on the same response option. RESULTS: The total number of surgeons who responded to the survey was 397 (response rate, 54.8%) and the number who had treated or referred @entity4 @entity0 in the past year was 261. Among surgeons who completed the questionnaire, the response rates to the individual questions ranged from 92% to 100%. The mean response rate for all questions was 97.4%. The mean age of the surgeons was 48.4 years, and 35.8% considered their practice to be a subspecialty in sports medicine or knee surgery. For 12 questions (48%), there was clinical disagreement among the surgeons. Surgical volume was associated with clinical opinion for 16 of 25 questions (P < or =.05). CONCLUSIONS: Significant variation is seen in clinical opinion and decision-making regarding @entity1 among members of the AAOS, particularly regarding whether @entity3 @entity0 can participate in all recreational sports activities, that ACL reconstruction reduces the rate of @entity5 , and on the use of braces in the postoperative period. Additionally, surgeons disagreed on the effect of 4 @entity0 characteristics (age over 40, presence of @entity2 , irreparable meniscal tear, @entity1 ) on the decision to perform surgery. Areas of significant clinical uncertainty should be the focus of future research and medical education for orthopaedic surgeons who treat @entity1 .

title: Beliefs and attitudes of members of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons regarding the treatment of anterior cruciate XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the use of @entity3 positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the staging of primary and recurrent @entity1 of the head and neck in comparison to routine clinical methods (physical examination, ultrasonography, computed tomography) and to investigate the effect of FDG-PET scanning on therapeutic strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the results of FDG-PET and conventional diagnostic modalities were compared with biopsy results or @entity0 outcome or both. In a period of 6 years, 78 FDG-PET studies were performed on 56 @entity0 ; 24 of them before therapy and 54 on suspicion of residual or recurrent @entity1 . The evaluation of the diagnostic results was performed separately for the primary site and the nodal sites of the neck and for @entity1 occurrence in the trunk. RESULTS: In detecting the primary site, FDG-PET results reached a sensitivity of 93%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 94%. In detecting the nodal sites, similar results of 94%, 97%, and 96% were seen, respectively. In detecting @entity1 occurrence in the trunk, results were 83%, 100%, and 98%, respectively. The McNemar test did not prove any statistically significant difference between FDG-PET and the evaluated conventional methods. When used in conjunction with conventional diagnostic tests, 22% of the PET scans gave important additional information. Finally, 11% of the performed PET scans led to a change in therapeutic planning. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that FDG-PET is a reliable method to detect @entity1 in all @entity1 sites. Therefore, we recommend that FDG-PET scanning be performed routinely as a first diagnostic step in pretherapeutic staging of @entity0 with biopsy-proven @entity2 .

title: Staging of @entity2 : XXXX positron emission tomography compared with physical examination and conventional imaging modalities.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the use of @entity3 positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the staging of primary and recurrent @entity1 of the head and neck in comparison to routine clinical methods (physical examination, ultrasonography, computed tomography) and to investigate the effect of FDG-PET scanning on therapeutic strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the results of FDG-PET and conventional diagnostic modalities were compared with biopsy results or @entity0 outcome or both. In a period of 6 years, 78 FDG-PET studies were performed on 56 @entity0 ; 24 of them before therapy and 54 on suspicion of residual or recurrent @entity1 . The evaluation of the diagnostic results was performed separately for the primary site and the nodal sites of the neck and for @entity1 occurrence in the trunk. RESULTS: In detecting the primary site, FDG-PET results reached a sensitivity of 93%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 94%. In detecting the nodal sites, similar results of 94%, 97%, and 96% were seen, respectively. In detecting @entity1 occurrence in the trunk, results were 83%, 100%, and 98%, respectively. The McNemar test did not prove any statistically significant difference between FDG-PET and the evaluated conventional methods. When used in conjunction with conventional diagnostic tests, 22% of the PET scans gave important additional information. Finally, 11% of the performed PET scans led to a change in therapeutic planning. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that FDG-PET is a reliable method to detect @entity1 in all @entity1 sites. Therefore, we recommend that FDG-PET scanning be performed routinely as a first diagnostic step in pretherapeutic staging of @entity0 with biopsy-proven @entity2 .

title: Staging of XXXX : @entity3 positron emission tomography compared with physical examination and conventional imaging modalities.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect on @entity7 binding to @entity8 (CL) and in vitro @entity3 generation by plasma samples from an unselected population of @entity0 with confirmed @entity1 and matched controls. The prevalence of autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) was also determined. METHODS: A total of 111 @entity0 who presented to a single emergency room with symptoms suggestive of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) disease were studied. In 34 @entity0 the diagnosis of lower limb @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and/or @entity2 ( @entity2 ) was confirmed ( @entity6 + group). In the remaining 77 @entity0 the diagnostic workup was negative ( @entity6 - group). Plasma samples were collected prior to the initiation of anticoagulation and examined for IgG anticardiolipin (aCL), IgG anti-beta2-glycoprotein I (GPI), and IgG anti-prothrombin (aPT antibodies) by ELISA. In addition, the effect of individual @entity0 and control plasma samples on @entity7 binding to CL and on in vitro @entity3 generation was determined by a competitive ELISA and a chromogenic assay, respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence and levels of IgG aCL, anti- @entity9 , and aPT antibodies were similar in the @entity6 + and @entity6 - groups. However, plasma samples from the @entity6 + group caused a significant inhibition of in vitro @entity3 generation (mean +/- SD Z score: -0.66 +/- 0.97 vs 0.26 +/- 1.46; p < 0.001) and a concurrent but less impressive inhibition of @entity7 binding to CL (mean +/- SD Z score: -2.53 +/- 1.44 vs -2.05 +/- 1.61; p = 0.123). Upon analyzing a panel of clinical and laboratory variables, only age and inhibition of @entity3 generation were significantly associated with @entity6 . CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that @entity4 in @entity7 physiology may contribute to the procoagulant state in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: Inhibition of XXXX binding to @entity8 and @entity3 generation in an unselected population with @entity1 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect on @entity7 binding to @entity8 (CL) and in vitro @entity3 generation by plasma samples from an unselected population of @entity0 with confirmed @entity1 and matched controls. The prevalence of autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) was also determined. METHODS: A total of 111 @entity0 who presented to a single emergency room with symptoms suggestive of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) disease were studied. In 34 @entity0 the diagnosis of lower limb @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and/or @entity2 ( @entity2 ) was confirmed ( @entity6 + group). In the remaining 77 @entity0 the diagnostic workup was negative ( @entity6 - group). Plasma samples were collected prior to the initiation of anticoagulation and examined for IgG anticardiolipin (aCL), IgG anti-beta2-glycoprotein I (GPI), and IgG anti-prothrombin (aPT antibodies) by ELISA. In addition, the effect of individual @entity0 and control plasma samples on @entity7 binding to CL and on in vitro @entity3 generation was determined by a competitive ELISA and a chromogenic assay, respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence and levels of IgG aCL, anti- @entity9 , and aPT antibodies were similar in the @entity6 + and @entity6 - groups. However, plasma samples from the @entity6 + group caused a significant inhibition of in vitro @entity3 generation (mean +/- SD Z score: -0.66 +/- 0.97 vs 0.26 +/- 1.46; p < 0.001) and a concurrent but less impressive inhibition of @entity7 binding to CL (mean +/- SD Z score: -2.53 +/- 1.44 vs -2.05 +/- 1.61; p = 0.123). Upon analyzing a panel of clinical and laboratory variables, only age and inhibition of @entity3 generation were significantly associated with @entity6 . CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that @entity4 in @entity7 physiology may contribute to the procoagulant state in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: Inhibition of @entity7 binding to @entity8 and @entity3 generation in an unselected population with XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect on @entity7 binding to @entity8 (CL) and in vitro @entity3 generation by plasma samples from an unselected population of @entity0 with confirmed @entity1 and matched controls. The prevalence of autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) was also determined. METHODS: A total of 111 @entity0 who presented to a single emergency room with symptoms suggestive of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) disease were studied. In 34 @entity0 the diagnosis of lower limb @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and/or @entity2 ( @entity2 ) was confirmed ( @entity6 + group). In the remaining 77 @entity0 the diagnostic workup was negative ( @entity6 - group). Plasma samples were collected prior to the initiation of anticoagulation and examined for IgG anticardiolipin (aCL), IgG anti-beta2-glycoprotein I (GPI), and IgG anti-prothrombin (aPT antibodies) by ELISA. In addition, the effect of individual @entity0 and control plasma samples on @entity7 binding to CL and on in vitro @entity3 generation was determined by a competitive ELISA and a chromogenic assay, respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence and levels of IgG aCL, anti- @entity9 , and aPT antibodies were similar in the @entity6 + and @entity6 - groups. However, plasma samples from the @entity6 + group caused a significant inhibition of in vitro @entity3 generation (mean +/- SD Z score: -0.66 +/- 0.97 vs 0.26 +/- 1.46; p < 0.001) and a concurrent but less impressive inhibition of @entity7 binding to CL (mean +/- SD Z score: -2.53 +/- 1.44 vs -2.05 +/- 1.61; p = 0.123). Upon analyzing a panel of clinical and laboratory variables, only age and inhibition of @entity3 generation were significantly associated with @entity6 . CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that @entity4 in @entity7 physiology may contribute to the procoagulant state in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: Inhibition of @entity7 binding to XXXX and @entity3 generation in an unselected population with @entity1 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect on @entity7 binding to @entity8 (CL) and in vitro @entity3 generation by plasma samples from an unselected population of @entity0 with confirmed @entity1 and matched controls. The prevalence of autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) was also determined. METHODS: A total of 111 @entity0 who presented to a single emergency room with symptoms suggestive of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) disease were studied. In 34 @entity0 the diagnosis of lower limb @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and/or @entity2 ( @entity2 ) was confirmed ( @entity6 + group). In the remaining 77 @entity0 the diagnostic workup was negative ( @entity6 - group). Plasma samples were collected prior to the initiation of anticoagulation and examined for IgG anticardiolipin (aCL), IgG anti-beta2-glycoprotein I (GPI), and IgG anti-prothrombin (aPT antibodies) by ELISA. In addition, the effect of individual @entity0 and control plasma samples on @entity7 binding to CL and on in vitro @entity3 generation was determined by a competitive ELISA and a chromogenic assay, respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence and levels of IgG aCL, anti- @entity9 , and aPT antibodies were similar in the @entity6 + and @entity6 - groups. However, plasma samples from the @entity6 + group caused a significant inhibition of in vitro @entity3 generation (mean +/- SD Z score: -0.66 +/- 0.97 vs 0.26 +/- 1.46; p < 0.001) and a concurrent but less impressive inhibition of @entity7 binding to CL (mean +/- SD Z score: -2.53 +/- 1.44 vs -2.05 +/- 1.61; p = 0.123). Upon analyzing a panel of clinical and laboratory variables, only age and inhibition of @entity3 generation were significantly associated with @entity6 . CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that @entity4 in @entity7 physiology may contribute to the procoagulant state in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: Inhibition of @entity7 binding to @entity8 and XXXX generation in an unselected population with @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the effectiveness of statins in a managed care setting. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify demographic, clinical, and pharmacotherapy-related factors associated with response to drug therapy for @entity4 among members of a managed care organization. METHODS: Claims data from a large US managed care organization from July 1, 1998, through June 30, 2000, were analyzed for adult members with continuous enrollment, >or=1 prescription drug claim, >or=2 sets of fasting low-density lipoprotein @entity2 (LDL-C) laboratory results, and no lipid-lowering prescription claims at any time <or=12 months before the date of the first set of LDL-C laboratory results. Relative lipid-lowering regimen efficacy categories were created based on percentage reduction in LDL-C listed in product package inserts (low, <or=30%; moderate, 31%-40%; high, >or=41%). Multiple regression and logistic regression models were developed to identify significant predictors of percentage change in LDL-C from baseline and of >or=10% reduction in LDL-C. RESULTS: A total of 6247 members met the inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) age was 59.6 (12.4) years (range, 21-93 years), and 3003 individuals (48.1%) were @entity0 . Furthermore, 337 members (5.4%) received high-efficacy statins, 2633 (42.1%) received moderate-efficacy statins, 934 (15.0%) received low-efficacy statins, and 86 (1.4%) received low-efficacy lipid-lowering drugs from other therapeutic classes during the study period. Compliance with therapy was high (range, 85%-92%), and upward titration of therapy was found in only 160 members (2.6%). Multiple regression analysis indicated that receiving statin therapy compared with other lipid-lowering therapy was a significant predictor of percentage reduction in LDL-C (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that compared with high-efficacy statin regimens, low-efficacy statin regimens (odds ratio [OR] = 0.619; 95% CI, 0.436-0.877) and low-efficacy regimens from other therapeutic classes (OR = 0.171; 95% CI, 0.099-0.295) were less effective in lowering LDL-C by >or=10%. Similar results were observed for subanalyses of subjects with @entity1 or @entity3 ( @entity3 ); individuals who received more efficacious statin regimens were more likely to reach the National @entity2 Education Program Adult Treatment Panel II LDL-C goal of <or=100 mg/dL (P < 0.05 for moderate- or low-efficacy regimens vs high-efficacy statins in each model). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that improvement is needed in @entity4 management, especially in identification and use of lipid-lowering therapy in individuals at high risk for @entity3 .

title: A retrospective cohort study of correlates of response to pharmacologic therapy for XXXX in members of a managed care organization.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECT: The aim of this study was to evaluate axial and secondary flow structures in a wide-necked internal carotid artery-ophthalmic @entity0 , one of the most common locations for endovascular coil placement. METHODS: A clear acrylic @entity1 model was manufactured from a three-dimensional computerized tomography angiogram. Intraaneurysm blood flow analysis was conducted using an acrylic @entity1 model together with laser Doppler velocimetry and particle imaging velocimetry. The maximal axial blood flow velocities in the inflow and outflow zones at the @entity1 orifice were noted at the peak systolic phase, measuring 46.8 and 24.9% of that in the parent artery, respectively. The mean size of the inflow zone during one cardiac cycle was 44.3 +/- 9.8% (range 35.6-58.7%) the size of the axial section at the @entity1 orifice. In the lower and upper planes of the @entity1 dome, the mean size of inward and outward flow areas were 43.3 +/- 6.7% and 43.8 +/- 6.8% the size of the axial cross-sectional plane, respectively. The axial flow velocity structures were dynamically altered throughout the cardiac cycle, particularly at the @entity1 orifice. The fastest secondary flow at the opening was also noted at the peak systolic and early diastolic phases. Axial blood flow velocity was slower in the upper axial plane of the @entity1 dome than in the lower one. Conversely, the secondary flow component was faster in the upper plane. CONCLUSIONS: The side-wall @entity1 in this study did not demonstrate a simple flow pattern as was previously seen in ideally shaped experimental @entity1 in vitro and in vivo. The flow patterns of inflow and outflow zones were very difficult to predict based on the limited flow information provided on standard digital subtraction angiography, even in an @entity1 with a relatively simple dome shape.

title: Three-dimensional blood flow analysis in a wide-necked internal carotid artery-ophthalmic XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most @entity5 involving the @entity3 region are easily managed with surgical resection and local flap rotation. Occasional @entity0 present with massive neglected @entity5 or @entity5 that have recurred after multiple treatments. Management of these massive @entity2 may involve craniofacial resection, maxillectomy, or mandibulectomy to obtain clear margins. Reconstruction requires massive composite soft tissue replacement. We presented our experience with, to our knowledge, the largest series reported to date. DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of 43 @entity0 with massive neglected @entity5 of the @entity3 reconstructed by means of free tissue transfer from January 1, 1992, through October 1, 2001. SETTING: Academic tertiary referral medical center. RESULTS: Seventeen @entity0 with @entity4 and 26 @entity0 with @entity6 were treated. Primary sites included the cheek (n = 15), ear (n = 8), forehead (n = 5), neck (n = 4), scalp (n = 5), and nose (n = 6). Treatment involved a combination of orbital exenteration (n = 16), maxillectomy (n = 12), mandibulectomy (n = 6), auriculectomy (n = 5), craniofacial resection (n = 10), rhinectomy (n = 6), and lateral temporal bone excision (n = 5). Flaps used for reconstruction included the rectus abdominis (n = 22), latissimus dorsi (n = 11), radial forearm (n = 8), and lateral arm (n = 2). Radiotherapeutic exposure included pretreatment in 21 @entity0 and posttreatment in 15. Twelve @entity0 had undergone no previous surgeries; 15 @entity0 , 1 to 5; and 16 @entity0 , more than 5. Follow-up revealed evidence of local recurrence (n = 12), locoregional recurrence (n = 3), distant @entity1 (n = 3), and no evidence of disease (n = 25). CONCLUSIONS: Massive @entity5 are generally associated with disfiguring, debilitating surgery and high mortality rates. We demonstrate that free tissue transfer yields acceptable survival with functional and cosmetic outcomes.

title: The role of free tissue transfer in the reconstruction of massive neglected XXXX of the @entity3 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most @entity5 involving the @entity3 region are easily managed with surgical resection and local flap rotation. Occasional @entity0 present with massive neglected @entity5 or @entity5 that have recurred after multiple treatments. Management of these massive @entity2 may involve craniofacial resection, maxillectomy, or mandibulectomy to obtain clear margins. Reconstruction requires massive composite soft tissue replacement. We presented our experience with, to our knowledge, the largest series reported to date. DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of 43 @entity0 with massive neglected @entity5 of the @entity3 reconstructed by means of free tissue transfer from January 1, 1992, through October 1, 2001. SETTING: Academic tertiary referral medical center. RESULTS: Seventeen @entity0 with @entity4 and 26 @entity0 with @entity6 were treated. Primary sites included the cheek (n = 15), ear (n = 8), forehead (n = 5), neck (n = 4), scalp (n = 5), and nose (n = 6). Treatment involved a combination of orbital exenteration (n = 16), maxillectomy (n = 12), mandibulectomy (n = 6), auriculectomy (n = 5), craniofacial resection (n = 10), rhinectomy (n = 6), and lateral temporal bone excision (n = 5). Flaps used for reconstruction included the rectus abdominis (n = 22), latissimus dorsi (n = 11), radial forearm (n = 8), and lateral arm (n = 2). Radiotherapeutic exposure included pretreatment in 21 @entity0 and posttreatment in 15. Twelve @entity0 had undergone no previous surgeries; 15 @entity0 , 1 to 5; and 16 @entity0 , more than 5. Follow-up revealed evidence of local recurrence (n = 12), locoregional recurrence (n = 3), distant @entity1 (n = 3), and no evidence of disease (n = 25). CONCLUSIONS: Massive @entity5 are generally associated with disfiguring, debilitating surgery and high mortality rates. We demonstrate that free tissue transfer yields acceptable survival with functional and cosmetic outcomes.

title: The role of free tissue transfer in the reconstruction of massive neglected @entity5 of the XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Spasmus nutans and @entity6 share clinical characteristics. However, their development in a @entity0 with @entity5 has not been previously described. OBJECTIVE: To report @entity3 and @entity6 in a @entity0 with @entity5 . DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Tertiary-care hospital. @entity0 A 7-year-old @entity0 with a history of @entity3 during @entity2 was referred for the evaluation of abnormal @entity4 . RESULTS: The @entity0 had @entity1 and smooth pursuit in the horizontal plane and showed thrusting movements of the head during attempted gaze shift. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated @entity5 , especially in the inferior portion. CONCLUSIONS: Spasmus nutans and @entity6 may develop in @entity0 with @entity5 . In @entity0 with @entity6 , a history of @entity3 should be sought, and careful evaluation of the cerebellar vermis is needed during brain imaging.

title: Spasmus nutans and @entity6 with XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Spasmus nutans and @entity6 share clinical characteristics. However, their development in a @entity0 with @entity5 has not been previously described. OBJECTIVE: To report @entity3 and @entity6 in a @entity0 with @entity5 . DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Tertiary-care hospital. @entity0 A 7-year-old @entity0 with a history of @entity3 during @entity2 was referred for the evaluation of abnormal @entity4 . RESULTS: The @entity0 had @entity1 and smooth pursuit in the horizontal plane and showed thrusting movements of the head during attempted gaze shift. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated @entity5 , especially in the inferior portion. CONCLUSIONS: Spasmus nutans and @entity6 may develop in @entity0 with @entity5 . In @entity0 with @entity6 , a history of @entity3 should be sought, and careful evaluation of the cerebellar vermis is needed during brain imaging.

title: Spasmus nutans and XXXX with @entity5 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: The 26 S proteasome is a multisubunit protease complex responsible for degrading a wide range of intracellular proteins in eukaryotes, especially those modified with polyubiquitin chains. It is composed of a self-compartmentalized @entity3 ( @entity3 ) that houses the peptidase active sites appended on either or both ends by a regulatory particle (RP) that identifies appropriate substrates and translocates them into the lumen of the @entity3 for breakdown. Here, we describe the molecular and biochemical properties of the 26 S proteasome from the plant @entity1 . Like the @entity3 and the ATPase ring of the RP, the RP non-ATPase subunits are often encoded by two transcriptionally active genes with some pairs displaying sufficient sequence divergence to suggest functional differences. Most RPN subunits could functionally replace their @entity0 counterparts, implying that they have retained their positions and activities within the complex. A method was developed to purify the 26 S proteasome intact from whole @entity1 seedlings. These preparations are biochemically indistinguishable from those from @entity0 and mammals, including the need for ATP to maintain integrity and a strong sensitivity to the inhibitors @entity5 , @entity4 , @entity6 , and @entity2 . Mass spectrometric analysis of the complex detected the presence of almost all @entity3 and RP subunits. In many cases, both products of paralogous genes were detected, demonstrating that each isoform assembles into the mature particle. As with the @entity0 and animal 26 S proteasomes, attenuation of individual RP genes induces a coordinated up-regulation of many of the other 26 S proteasome genes, suggesting that plants contain a negative feedback mechanism to regulate the 26 S proteasome levels. The incorporation of paralogous subunits into the @entity1 holoprotease raises the intriguing possibility that plants synthesize multiple 26 S proteasome types with unique properties and/or target specificities.

title: Purification of the XXXX 26 S proteasome: biochemical and molecular analyses revealed the presence of multiple isoforms.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In @entity4 , reversible @entity3 starts within 24 h. @entity2 factors are thought to cause @entity5 , resulting in alterations of intrinsic cardiac function. @entity6 is a @entity2 factor candidate. Here we identify endotoxin-induced @entity8 (EIM) a previously uncharacterized pathophysiological entity. Features of EIM include differential patterns of @entity9 ( @entity9 ) mRNA induction in the left (LV) and right (RV) ventricles during the @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and the presence of @entity8 with focal areas of @entity0 in the RV 24 h after @entity7 induction. Even though clinical data lead to the presumption of @entity2 in @entity1 , the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms have not been previously elucidated. Gene expression profiling was used to test the hypothesis of differential LV and RV responses in EIM, and revealed novel patterns of qualitative and quantitative expansion of transcription. Those genes are novel targets for drug development in @entity7 and @entity1 . Our results demonstrate spatial and temporal heterogeneity of myocardial responses in EIM. These findings justify the design of treatments to ameliorate tissue injury in the RV. Because the complexity of the inflammatory response increases substantially as time elapses, we suggest a stepwise and multitarget therapeutic approach for @entity7 and @entity1 . Our findings can help identify innate immune pathways that could become targets for immunotherapy in the treatment of disease caused by potential bioterrorism agents.

title: Identification, characterization, and gene expression profiling of endotoxin-induced XXXX .

answer: @entity8


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Treatments for @entity1 , the most lethal and common primary @entity2 , are undergoing a dramatic evolution led by biological and technological advancements. This review focuses on developments in novel areas of gene therapy and immunotherapy, particularly vaccine development. RECENT FINDINGS: Advances in basic research of antigen-presenting cells and applications of cytokines and immunogenic antigens have contributed to recent vaccine development for the treatment of intracranial @entity1 . We have reviewed various vaccine designs, such as utilization of @entity0 antigen-loaded dendritic cells. Many immunotherapeutic manipulations require the use of recombinant genetic technologies. Here we present the findings on improved techniques for suicide gene therapy and various oncolytic viral therapies. Some of these constructs have induced an immune response at @entity0 sites in animal models of @entity1 . SUMMARY: The intense investigation of therapies for @entity1 has made significant advances in designing diverse therapies with great potential. However, vaccine development has been hampered by the lack of universal @entity0 -specific antigens and a limited understanding of the mechanisms of @entity0 -induced immunosuppression. The success of gene therapy is limited by ineffective delivery systems and possible risk of infecting normal cells. As a result of the genetic heterogeneity of @entity1 cells and their invasive nature, future treatment approaches are likely to combine different agents in synergistic strategies that will hopefully be successful in stopping the growth and recurrence of @entity1 .

title: Advances in gene therapy and immunotherapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the concurrent validity between the identification of sub-optimal treatment based on clinical information and computer generated indicators. Indicators that are associated with sub-optimal treatment in one of the four steps of @entity3 management were assessed. DESIGN: The ability of each indicator to identify @entity0 with sub-optimal @entity3 treatment from computerised general practitioner (GP) prescription records was assessed by comparing them with the results of an individual @entity0 assessment using clinical data. SETTING: @entity1 @entity0 ( n=146) registered with 16 Dutch GPs. MAIN MEASURES: The sensitivity and positive predictive value ( @entity4 ) of each performance indicator was determined. RESULTS: The step-1 indicator, focusing on @entity0 not prescribed a short-acting beta-agonist, had an acceptable sensitivity (0.86), but a low @entity4 (0.52). The two step-2 indicators, targeting under-prescription of inhaled @entity2 , had sensitivities of 0.74 and 0.37 and PPVs of 0.46 and 0.71, respectively. The step-3 indicator, which targeted under-dosing of inhaled @entity2 , had a sensitivity of 0.07 and a @entity4 of 0.2. The fourth indicator, focusing on under-prescription of long-acting beta-agonists, could not be validated due to inadequate numbers of @entity0 with severe @entity3 in our study sample. DISCUSSION: None of the indicators investigated was considered valid for assessing prescriber performance, despite having good face and content validity. Performance indicators that have not been validated can only provide a broad-brush approach for assessing prescribing quality and should be used with extreme caution.

title: Validity of performance indicators for assessing prescribing quality: the case of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3 is recommended for complicated skin and skin-structure infections. However, information on the penetration of @entity3 into skin is limited. Therefore, the aim of this in vivo investigation was to determine the pharmacokinetics and skin penetration of @entity3 in @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Concentrations of @entity3 were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. A noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted to estimate the rate and extent of @entity3 penetration from the systemic circulation into skin tissue. Since protein binding of @entity3 in rat serum was 89.3%, the free maximum concentration (Cmax) and free area under the curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0-   ) for @entity2 were calculated as follows: fCmax, @entity2 = (1 - 0.893) * Cmax, @entity2 , fAUC0-   , @entity2 = (1 - 0.893) * AUC0-   , @entity2 . RESULTS: The following values (mean    standard deviation) were obtained: 0.06  0 L/h/kg for total clearance (CLtotal), 0.44  0.06 hours for elimination-rate constant, 1.58  0.23 hours for half-life, 0.14  0.02 L/kg for steady-state volume distribution, and 2.28  0.33 hours for mean residence time. Time to Cmax was 3.0 hours for @entity2 and skin tissue. Cmax and AUC0-    for @entity2 were 175.8  5.1  g/mL and 811.8  31.9  g * h/mL, respectively. Cmax and AUC0-    for skin tissue were 19.1  1.7  g/mL and 113.9  21.8  g * h/mL, respectively. Furthermore, fCmax and fAUC0-    for @entity2 were 18.8  g/mL and 86.9  g * h/mL, respectively. The degrees of skin-tissue penetration, defined as the Cmax, skin tissue/fCmax, @entity2 ratio and AUC0-   , skin tissue/fAUC0-   , @entity2 ratio, were 1.0 and 1.3, respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity3 exhibited good penetration into skin tissue, supporting its use for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections. However, further studies are needed in infected @entity0 in order to investigate the relationship between the antimicrobial efficacy of @entity3 and its drug concentrations in skin tissues.

title: Pharmacokinetics and skin-tissue penetration of XXXX in @entity1 .

answer: @entity3