abstract: @entity8 is one of the leading causes of @entity1 related @entity6 in @entity0 . An important role in the development of @entity8 is played by @entity13 and @entity9 ablation is therefore currently used in @entity1 treatment. In the past, @entity5 were widely used in treatment of @entity8 , but there are indications that @entity5 could also be involved in @entity3 . Lately, much research has been done on the modulation of the binding of @entity4 hormones to their receptors by @entity11 ( @entity15 ), which could interfere with the @entity4 hormone's message. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine in whole DU-145 @entity0 prostate cells the effect of EFAs and their metabolites on the binding and affinity of the @entity5 receptor (ER) and @entity9 receptor (AR) to @entity2 (E(2)) and @entity7 (T), respectively. @entity12 were dissolved in @entity10 and added to the cell culture in a final @entity10 concentration of 0.2% on the fourth day of incubation. The results showed that the @entity15 under investigation inhibited the AR's capacity, in contrast to the ER's capacity which was stimulated. However, the dissociation constants (K(d)) of the AR and ER complexes in the presence of the @entity15 , were as follows. Except for @entity17 ( @entity18 ) which decreased the @entity14 constant and EPA and @entity16 (ALA) which increased the ER dissociation constant, the remaining FAs had no significant effect on the K(d) values of both the AR and ER complexes. According to these priliminary results it is postulated that @entity0 should benefit with a diet rich in certain essential @entity11 although its function remains to be clarified.

title: Effect of XXXX on @entity2 and @entity7 binding to whole DU-145 prostate cells.

answer: @entity12


abstract: @entity8 is one of the leading causes of @entity1 related @entity6 in @entity0 . An important role in the development of @entity8 is played by @entity13 and @entity9 ablation is therefore currently used in @entity1 treatment. In the past, @entity5 were widely used in treatment of @entity8 , but there are indications that @entity5 could also be involved in @entity3 . Lately, much research has been done on the modulation of the binding of @entity4 hormones to their receptors by @entity11 ( @entity15 ), which could interfere with the @entity4 hormone's message. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine in whole DU-145 @entity0 prostate cells the effect of EFAs and their metabolites on the binding and affinity of the @entity5 receptor (ER) and @entity9 receptor (AR) to @entity2 (E(2)) and @entity7 (T), respectively. @entity12 were dissolved in @entity10 and added to the cell culture in a final @entity10 concentration of 0.2% on the fourth day of incubation. The results showed that the @entity15 under investigation inhibited the AR's capacity, in contrast to the ER's capacity which was stimulated. However, the dissociation constants (K(d)) of the AR and ER complexes in the presence of the @entity15 , were as follows. Except for @entity17 ( @entity18 ) which decreased the @entity14 constant and EPA and @entity16 (ALA) which increased the ER dissociation constant, the remaining FAs had no significant effect on the K(d) values of both the AR and ER complexes. According to these priliminary results it is postulated that @entity0 should benefit with a diet rich in certain essential @entity11 although its function remains to be clarified.

title: Effect of @entity12 on @entity2 and XXXX binding to whole DU-145 prostate cells.

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity8 is one of the leading causes of @entity1 related @entity6 in @entity0 . An important role in the development of @entity8 is played by @entity13 and @entity9 ablation is therefore currently used in @entity1 treatment. In the past, @entity5 were widely used in treatment of @entity8 , but there are indications that @entity5 could also be involved in @entity3 . Lately, much research has been done on the modulation of the binding of @entity4 hormones to their receptors by @entity11 ( @entity15 ), which could interfere with the @entity4 hormone's message. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine in whole DU-145 @entity0 prostate cells the effect of EFAs and their metabolites on the binding and affinity of the @entity5 receptor (ER) and @entity9 receptor (AR) to @entity2 (E(2)) and @entity7 (T), respectively. @entity12 were dissolved in @entity10 and added to the cell culture in a final @entity10 concentration of 0.2% on the fourth day of incubation. The results showed that the @entity15 under investigation inhibited the AR's capacity, in contrast to the ER's capacity which was stimulated. However, the dissociation constants (K(d)) of the AR and ER complexes in the presence of the @entity15 , were as follows. Except for @entity17 ( @entity18 ) which decreased the @entity14 constant and EPA and @entity16 (ALA) which increased the ER dissociation constant, the remaining FAs had no significant effect on the K(d) values of both the AR and ER complexes. According to these priliminary results it is postulated that @entity0 should benefit with a diet rich in certain essential @entity11 although its function remains to be clarified.

title: Effect of @entity12 on XXXX and @entity7 binding to whole DU-145 prostate cells.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the outcome following moderate @entity4 ( @entity4 ) (GCS 9-12). Most @entity0 regain consciousness; however, the full magnitude of long-term @entity2 is unknown. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study evaluating the outcome of @entity0 suffering moderate @entity4 between October 1995 and March 1998. Long-term outcome was assessed by telephone interviews. RESULTS: A total of 79 consecutive @entity0 were included. Average length of ICU and total hospital stay was 9.1 and 15.8 days respectively. The median GCS at 24 hours was 10 with 67% improving to GCS 15 by time of discharge. The presence of multisystem @entity3 did not affect outcome; however, age >/=45, initiation of enteral feeding after postinjury day 4 and the presence of @entity1 were all associated with longer lengths of stay and increased complication rates. Fifty-six (71%) @entity0 were contacted for follow-up at an average of 27.5 months. GOS scores were 5 in 44%, 4 in 41%, 3 in 9%, 1 in 6%. Seventy-four percent of @entity0 employed premorbidly returned to full-time work. Questions regarding cognitive and functional status revealed significant problems in the majority of @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 , age >/=45 years and a delay in initiation of enteral feeding all increased the duration of acute care hospital stay following moderate @entity4 . In addition, cognitive, emotional, and functional problems following such injuries are extensive and long lasting. Physicians must be knowledgeable of these long-term sequela so they can provide the appropriate support and treatment to these @entity0 .

title: Outcome following moderate XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To update the knowledge about @entity3 and @entity1 in childhood. SOURCES: Search of Medline database, including articles from 1997 to 2002. The key words @entity3 , feeding disorders, @entity1 , @entity2 and childhood were used. Some textbooks were also included. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Definition, main types and causes, diagnosis and treatment of @entity3 and @entity1 are presented. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 and @entity1 are prevalent in childhood. The former is a much more frequent complaint in pediatric visits. The diagnosis is almost always based solely on a good history. Both conditions are generally behavioral and reflect the family dynamics. They are preventable and treated at the primary care level, based upon simple strategies, although sometimes not easily accepted by the @entity0 .

title: [Difficulties in the management of XXXX ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: Stereotactic radiosurgery has been proposed as the first line treatment for @entity1 and has been particularly advocated in cases of @entity3 ( @entity4 ) with bilateral acoustic nerve @entity1 . We present the case of a 22-year-old male with @entity4 and bilateral acoustic nerve @entity1 . He underwent an uncomplicated excision of the larger, left sided lesion. Histology showed a benign @entity2 with no atypical features. One year later he underwent stereotactic radiosurgery (Gamma Knife 1500 cGy) to the right sided lesion. After @entity1 had reduced in size and undergone central necrosis. However, 2 years later MRI of the brain revealed a dramatic increase in the size of the right sided @entity1 , with considerable brain stem compression. The @entity0 subsequently died. This highly unusual case highlights the need for careful clinical and radiological follow up. in @entity0 with @entity1 , regardless of the treatment method employed.

title: Rapid enlargement of a XXXX following gamma knife treatment.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Data from numerous studies show that lumpectomy (breast-conserving therapy) plus radiation therapy provides survival equivalent to that following mastectomy (either modified radical or radical mastectomy) for @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ). According to the data from the National Cancer Data Base and the Surveillance Epidemiology End Results (SEER) Program, use of lumpectomy among female @entity1 @entity0 has increased dramatically over the last decade. This study examined population-based trends in treatment for @entity1 among Louisiana @entity0 and compared the trends with the SEER data. Our data revealed that the percentage of the @entity1 @entity0 who received a lumpectomy increased from 34.3% in 1988-1991 to 53.7% in 1996-1999 in Louisiana (p<0.05) while @entity1 @entity0 who received a modified radical mastectomy decreased from 51.7% to 26.1% (p<0.05). Increasing use of lumpectomy was seen across all races, age groups, @entity2 , and poverty-level areas. Utilization of lumpectomy was about the same for white and African-American @entity0 but varied by age group, @entity2 , and poverty level. Female @entity1 @entity0 residing in rural areas or high poverty level areas were less likely to receive a lumpectomy than those residing in urban or affluent areas. Among the @entity0 who had a lumpectomy, 34.4% received post-lumpectomy radiotherapy in the first study period (1988-1991) and 49.7% in the last study period (1996-1999). In Louisiana, utilization of post-lumpectomy radiotherapy decreased with advancing age. Despite the increase in use of lumpectomy, its utilization remained approximately 10% lower than in the SEER areas throughout the study period. A similar deficit was observed for post-lumpectomy radiation therapy.

title: Patterns of treatment for XXXX of the breast in Louisiana, 1988-1999.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Higher plasma total @entity4 (tHcy) levels have been associated with @entity5 and @entity2 in whites. However, data regarding such associations are limited for Asians. This study examined associations between tHcy levels and severity of @entity5 in Japanese subjects. Additionally, because @entity3 is the most prevalent type of @entity2 in Japan, we also investigated its associations with tHcy levels. METHODS: The subjects were 152 Japanese @entity0 (age, 66.2+/-11.0 years) at our hospital. Using ultrasound, we evaluated severity of @entity5 by plaque score, which is defined by the sum of all plaque (intima-media thickness > or =1.1 mm) height in bilateral carotid arteries. In 112 of 152 @entity0 , the existence of @entity3 was evaluated on brain MRI scans. RESULTS: A moderate linear association was found between tHcy levels and plaque score (r=0.48, P<0.0001). Moreover, tHcy level was associated with plaque score (beta=0.26, P<0.001) independently of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. In logistic regression analyses, each 1-micromol/L-higher tHcy level was associated with a 1.37-fold-higher [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19 to 1.58] likelihood for @entity3 , increasing the likelihood by 1.22-fold (95% CI, 1.04 to 1.43) independently of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Higher tHcy levels appear to have associations with increased severity of @entity5 and prevalent @entity3 in the Japanese. Larger prospective studies are necessary to establish whether higher tHcy levels serve as a harbinger for insidious carotid and @entity1 .

title: Association of plasma @entity4 concentration with atherosclerotic carotid plaques and XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Higher plasma total @entity4 (tHcy) levels have been associated with @entity5 and @entity2 in whites. However, data regarding such associations are limited for Asians. This study examined associations between tHcy levels and severity of @entity5 in Japanese subjects. Additionally, because @entity3 is the most prevalent type of @entity2 in Japan, we also investigated its associations with tHcy levels. METHODS: The subjects were 152 Japanese @entity0 (age, 66.2+/-11.0 years) at our hospital. Using ultrasound, we evaluated severity of @entity5 by plaque score, which is defined by the sum of all plaque (intima-media thickness > or =1.1 mm) height in bilateral carotid arteries. In 112 of 152 @entity0 , the existence of @entity3 was evaluated on brain MRI scans. RESULTS: A moderate linear association was found between tHcy levels and plaque score (r=0.48, P<0.0001). Moreover, tHcy level was associated with plaque score (beta=0.26, P<0.001) independently of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. In logistic regression analyses, each 1-micromol/L-higher tHcy level was associated with a 1.37-fold-higher [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19 to 1.58] likelihood for @entity3 , increasing the likelihood by 1.22-fold (95% CI, 1.04 to 1.43) independently of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Higher tHcy levels appear to have associations with increased severity of @entity5 and prevalent @entity3 in the Japanese. Larger prospective studies are necessary to establish whether higher tHcy levels serve as a harbinger for insidious carotid and @entity1 .

title: Association of plasma XXXX concentration with atherosclerotic carotid plaques and @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: @entity3 is a newly discovered cytokine that is secreted by activated memory CD4+ T cells and modulated the early stage of immune response. To elucidate the pathophysiology of minimal-change @entity2 (MCNS), we focused on @entity3 , which is one of the key factors in regulating an inflammatory response, and thus determined the daily excretion of @entity3 in urine. METHODS: For this purpose, excretion levels of @entity3 were measured in the urine of @entity0 with MCNS during relapse and remission using a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data obtained were compared with levels of daily urinary excretion of @entity3 in @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ). A group of healthy subjects served as control. In both experimental groups urine levels of @entity3 excretion were plotted against their daily urinary protein excretion. RESULTS: We demonstrated increased levels of @entity3 excretion in the urine of @entity0 with MCNS and @entity1 as compared to the non- @entity2 and healthy controls. In MCNS the daily urinary @entity3 (uIL-17) excretion was increased and returned to baseline with remission of the @entity2 ( @entity2 ). We also demonstrated a positive correlation between urinary protein excretion and daily uIL-17 excretion. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these data indicate that uIL-17 excretion is increased during the @entity2 , suggesting the possibility that daily uIL-17 excretion may reflect the disease activity of @entity2 .

title: Increased urinary excretion of interleukin-17 in XXXX @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: @entity3 is a newly discovered cytokine that is secreted by activated memory CD4+ T cells and modulated the early stage of immune response. To elucidate the pathophysiology of minimal-change @entity2 (MCNS), we focused on @entity3 , which is one of the key factors in regulating an inflammatory response, and thus determined the daily excretion of @entity3 in urine. METHODS: For this purpose, excretion levels of @entity3 were measured in the urine of @entity0 with MCNS during relapse and remission using a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data obtained were compared with levels of daily urinary excretion of @entity3 in @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ). A group of healthy subjects served as control. In both experimental groups urine levels of @entity3 excretion were plotted against their daily urinary protein excretion. RESULTS: We demonstrated increased levels of @entity3 excretion in the urine of @entity0 with MCNS and @entity1 as compared to the non- @entity2 and healthy controls. In MCNS the daily urinary @entity3 (uIL-17) excretion was increased and returned to baseline with remission of the @entity2 ( @entity2 ). We also demonstrated a positive correlation between urinary protein excretion and daily uIL-17 excretion. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these data indicate that uIL-17 excretion is increased during the @entity2 , suggesting the possibility that daily uIL-17 excretion may reflect the disease activity of @entity2 .

title: Increased urinary excretion of interleukin-17 in @entity2 XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 is centrilobular necrosis which is usually associated with an acute cardiovascular event and in a general hospital setting has been considered to be a rare condition. It is though thought to be frequently unrecognized, which is important as it has implications for both investigations and drug therapy. Previous reports have not focused on the elderly. OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the incidence of @entity1 in elderly @entity0 admitted to a Department of Geriatric Medicine and (2) to assess both the clinical and biochemical features of the condition. METHODS: 1,905 elderly @entity0 (1,270 F, 635 M) admitted consecutively to our department over a 2-year period were assessed prospectively. All were aged > or =65 years (mean 78, range 65-98). @entity1 was diagnosed by a rapid development of @entity2 tests of hepatocellular type in acutely ill @entity0 in whom a fall in blood pressure occurred and other causes of @entity2 were excluded. The admission, lowest and subsequent blood pressures were recorded. Daily renal and liver function tests, including prothrombin times, were measured during the acute illness. RESULTS: Nineteen @entity0 (1%) developed @entity1 . The clinical picture was dominated by the causal condition, the commonest being @entity4 (12 @entity0 ). The mean fall in systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures were 61, 44 and 48 mm Hg, respectively. Within 3 days the @entity3 aminotransferase increased to more than 5 times normal and there were marked elevations of the lactic dehydrogenase. In those who survived, the liver enzymes returned to normal within 7-22 days (mean 13). The prothrombin time was prolonged to >20 s in 6 @entity0 (32%). Six @entity0 died, 5 from @entity4 ; the mean @entity5 in 5 of those who died was 244 micromol/l (range 174-355) and in each the @entity6 was >25 micromol/l. CONCLUSION: @entity1 is an uncommon but not rare condition in elderly @entity0 admitted acutely to a Department of Geriatric Medicine. There was a dramatic rise in liver enzymes which in survivors returned to normal within 3 weeks. Clinical features were dominated by the causal condition and a third of the @entity0 died.

title: XXXX in the elderly.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Direct cytotoxic effects of radiocontrast (RC) agents have been implicated in radiocontrast @entity0 (RCIN). The interaction between extracellular @entity4 , which plays a central role in intercellular contacts, and the in vitro @entity1 of RC was tested in Madin-Darby @entity3 kidney (MDCK) cell monolayers grown on permeable supports. Cell viability was determined by @entity8 exclusion. The function of intercellular junctions was assessed by measuring the electrical transmonolayer resistance (TMR). The cell contacts were examined with indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against the junctional proteins @entity15 . The ionic RC agents @entity10 and @entity12 (74 mg @entity7 /ml), but not the nonionic compounds @entity11 or @entity13 , decreased ionized @entity4 ( @entity2 ) in the incubation media from 1.48 +/- 0.04 mM (control) to 0.89 +/- 0.06 mM ( @entity10 ), respectively to 1.05 +/- 0.08 mM ( @entity12 ). @entity10 , and to a lesser extent @entity12 , reduced the number of viable MDCK cells and showed a redistribution of the @entity14 , @entity5 and @entity6 immunofluorescence signal with a parallel decrease of the TMR indicating an impaired monolayer integrity. A similar reduction of extracellular @entity2 through @entity9 failed to reproduce these effects. Conversely, raising @entity2 in @entity10 -containing media to control levels did not abrogate its @entity1 . In conclusion, the ionic RC agents @entity10 and @entity12 , but not the nonionic compounds @entity11 or @entity13 , reduce extracellular @entity2 in vitro. However, this reduction of @entity2 does not explain their cytotoxic effects which could contribute to the pathogenesis of RCIN in vivo by opening intercellular junctions.

title: Ionic radiocontrast media disrupt intercellular contacts via an extracellular XXXX -independent mechanism.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: Various devices have been developed for the transcatheter closure of secundum @entity1 ( @entity3 ) to avoid the morbidity, discomfort, and thoracotomy scar associated with surgical closure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Amplatzer septal occluder for transcatheter closure of @entity3 . @entity0 AND METHODS: Only @entity0 who were clinically diagnosed with @entity3 were selected. The anatomy of @entity2 had to meet certain echocardiographic criteria. Under the guidance of echocardiography and fluoroscopy, the implantation of the device was accomplished as recommended by the manufacturer. RESULTS: Thirty @entity0 (median age 18.4 years) with an @entity3 underwent transcatheter closure. Procedure time ranged from 30-200 minutes and fluoroscopy time from 10-50 minutes. The diameter of the @entity2 measured by echocardiography ranged from 13-25 mm, while both the stretched diameters of the ASDs and the sizes of the devices ranged from 18-34 mm. The successful placement rate was 100%. The residual shunt rate was 100% immediately after device implantation and 10% after 24 hours. After 3 months, 3.3% of the @entity0 had a (trivial) residual shunt. The device did not affect the surrounding structures of @entity2 . No embolization of the device occurred. CONCLUSION: The Amplatzer device designed for the closure of @entity3 can be implanted easily and also is retrievable. Due to a low ratio of residual shunt and few complications, this device is a good choice for transcatheter closure of @entity3 . Long-term follow-up will be required for widespread clinical use.

title: Transcatheter closure of secundum XXXX with a new self-expanding nitinol double disk device (Amplatzer device): experience in Nanjing.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Neonates that present with @entity11 ( @entity11 ) and intact @entity10 (IAS) pose a major management problem for the pediatric cardiac team. They are critically ill newborns with profound @entity8 and @entity9 that require immediate attention. Controversy exists as to the most appropriate management strategy. In one series where a primary and emergent surgical-staged reconstructive procedure was performed, the in-house hospital mortality was 65% and the overall survival was 17%. With equal abysmal results, transcatheter creation of an @entity2 ( @entity2 ) using conventional balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) with or without the combination of blade @entity10 had an unacceptable high risk of @entity6 leading to tamponade and @entity4 . However, using more modern transcatheter techniques of transseptal perforation of the @entity10 followed by progressive and serial balloon septoplasty, creating an @entity2 , significantly reduced the risk of the procedure. In one series, 16 consecutive neonates underwent this type of interventional procedure without procedural mortality. The management strategy of creating an @entity2 in the catheterization lab followed by Stage I reconstructive surgical repair 3-5 days after the initial catheterization procedure improved the in-house survival to 57%. Unfortunately, there continues to be significant attrition of these @entity0 undergoing Stage II and III reconstructive repair, which supports cardiac transplantation as an alternative strategy. There have been echocardiographic and histopathologic studies of these neonates, and an important echo classification of left atrial morphology has been described with perhaps some prognostic implication. In addition, autopsy specimens have demonstrated significant "arterialization" of the pulmonary venous architecture that likely dooms the @entity0 with single ventricle physiology to a poor outcome. Future improvement in transcatheter techniques and materials offer promise in palliating these critically ill neonates. The concept of radiofrequency energy perforating catheters has great merit and may reduce the risk of @entity6 as compared with the rigid and long transseptal needle. Echocardiographic imaging at the time of entry through the IAS may improve the safety as well. The novel concepts of "butterfly" or " @entity5 -bone" stents placed across the @entity10 creates a precisely sized @entity2 that may be more conducive to effectively lower left @entity1 , yet avoids excessive pulmonary blood flow associated with large atrial communications. In addition, new materials, such as the Cutting Balloon Catheter, may offer promise in creating ASDs in these @entity0 . A more @entity3 approach would be to consider intrauterine fetal transcatheter opening of the IAS using modified techniques that have been attempted for @entity12 . Unfortunately to date, the results of attempted relief of @entity7 have been extremely poor. Finally, we as interventionalists need to continue to improve our skills to help in the complex management of these critically ill neonates and @entity0 . Only through continued efforts of the entire cardiac team of intensivists, cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, and interventionalists will our management strategy be defined to maximize the future outcome in this group of @entity0 .

title: Intervention in the critically ill neonate and @entity0 with @entity11 and intact XXXX .

answer: @entity10


abstract: Neonates that present with @entity11 ( @entity11 ) and intact @entity10 (IAS) pose a major management problem for the pediatric cardiac team. They are critically ill newborns with profound @entity8 and @entity9 that require immediate attention. Controversy exists as to the most appropriate management strategy. In one series where a primary and emergent surgical-staged reconstructive procedure was performed, the in-house hospital mortality was 65% and the overall survival was 17%. With equal abysmal results, transcatheter creation of an @entity2 ( @entity2 ) using conventional balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) with or without the combination of blade @entity10 had an unacceptable high risk of @entity6 leading to tamponade and @entity4 . However, using more modern transcatheter techniques of transseptal perforation of the @entity10 followed by progressive and serial balloon septoplasty, creating an @entity2 , significantly reduced the risk of the procedure. In one series, 16 consecutive neonates underwent this type of interventional procedure without procedural mortality. The management strategy of creating an @entity2 in the catheterization lab followed by Stage I reconstructive surgical repair 3-5 days after the initial catheterization procedure improved the in-house survival to 57%. Unfortunately, there continues to be significant attrition of these @entity0 undergoing Stage II and III reconstructive repair, which supports cardiac transplantation as an alternative strategy. There have been echocardiographic and histopathologic studies of these neonates, and an important echo classification of left atrial morphology has been described with perhaps some prognostic implication. In addition, autopsy specimens have demonstrated significant "arterialization" of the pulmonary venous architecture that likely dooms the @entity0 with single ventricle physiology to a poor outcome. Future improvement in transcatheter techniques and materials offer promise in palliating these critically ill neonates. The concept of radiofrequency energy perforating catheters has great merit and may reduce the risk of @entity6 as compared with the rigid and long transseptal needle. Echocardiographic imaging at the time of entry through the IAS may improve the safety as well. The novel concepts of "butterfly" or " @entity5 -bone" stents placed across the @entity10 creates a precisely sized @entity2 that may be more conducive to effectively lower left @entity1 , yet avoids excessive pulmonary blood flow associated with large atrial communications. In addition, new materials, such as the Cutting Balloon Catheter, may offer promise in creating ASDs in these @entity0 . A more @entity3 approach would be to consider intrauterine fetal transcatheter opening of the IAS using modified techniques that have been attempted for @entity12 . Unfortunately to date, the results of attempted relief of @entity7 have been extremely poor. Finally, we as interventionalists need to continue to improve our skills to help in the complex management of these critically ill neonates and @entity0 . Only through continued efforts of the entire cardiac team of intensivists, cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, and interventionalists will our management strategy be defined to maximize the future outcome in this group of @entity0 .

title: Intervention in the critically ill neonate and @entity0 with XXXX and intact @entity10 .

answer: @entity11


abstract: Neonates that present with @entity11 ( @entity11 ) and intact @entity10 (IAS) pose a major management problem for the pediatric cardiac team. They are critically ill newborns with profound @entity8 and @entity9 that require immediate attention. Controversy exists as to the most appropriate management strategy. In one series where a primary and emergent surgical-staged reconstructive procedure was performed, the in-house hospital mortality was 65% and the overall survival was 17%. With equal abysmal results, transcatheter creation of an @entity2 ( @entity2 ) using conventional balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) with or without the combination of blade @entity10 had an unacceptable high risk of @entity6 leading to tamponade and @entity4 . However, using more modern transcatheter techniques of transseptal perforation of the @entity10 followed by progressive and serial balloon septoplasty, creating an @entity2 , significantly reduced the risk of the procedure. In one series, 16 consecutive neonates underwent this type of interventional procedure without procedural mortality. The management strategy of creating an @entity2 in the catheterization lab followed by Stage I reconstructive surgical repair 3-5 days after the initial catheterization procedure improved the in-house survival to 57%. Unfortunately, there continues to be significant attrition of these @entity0 undergoing Stage II and III reconstructive repair, which supports cardiac transplantation as an alternative strategy. There have been echocardiographic and histopathologic studies of these neonates, and an important echo classification of left atrial morphology has been described with perhaps some prognostic implication. In addition, autopsy specimens have demonstrated significant "arterialization" of the pulmonary venous architecture that likely dooms the @entity0 with single ventricle physiology to a poor outcome. Future improvement in transcatheter techniques and materials offer promise in palliating these critically ill neonates. The concept of radiofrequency energy perforating catheters has great merit and may reduce the risk of @entity6 as compared with the rigid and long transseptal needle. Echocardiographic imaging at the time of entry through the IAS may improve the safety as well. The novel concepts of "butterfly" or " @entity5 -bone" stents placed across the @entity10 creates a precisely sized @entity2 that may be more conducive to effectively lower left @entity1 , yet avoids excessive pulmonary blood flow associated with large atrial communications. In addition, new materials, such as the Cutting Balloon Catheter, may offer promise in creating ASDs in these @entity0 . A more @entity3 approach would be to consider intrauterine fetal transcatheter opening of the IAS using modified techniques that have been attempted for @entity12 . Unfortunately to date, the results of attempted relief of @entity7 have been extremely poor. Finally, we as interventionalists need to continue to improve our skills to help in the complex management of these critically ill neonates and @entity0 . Only through continued efforts of the entire cardiac team of intensivists, cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, and interventionalists will our management strategy be defined to maximize the future outcome in this group of @entity0 .

title: Intervention in the critically ill neonate and XXXX with @entity11 and intact @entity10 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To develop, introduce and test a methodology, which provides valid data about the prevalence and incidence of chronic, non-communicable diseases of great public health importance. DESIGN: The School of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Hungary and the National Public Health and Medical Officer Service the first time launched a morbidity sentinel stations network of general practitioners in four counties in Hungary in May 1998. Within the framework of this program the participating general practitioners reported the prevalence data of @entity3 , @entity2 , @entity5 , and major @entity1 at the beginning, and from than on continuously report the incidence of these diseases. The authors built quality assurance into the program at different levels in order to ensure high quality data. @entity0 : The study population consists of @entity0 belonging to the participating general practitioners' practices at any time, selected in a way to represent the eastern and western part of the country as well as the participating practices in the counties (Gy  r-Moson-Sopron, Hajd  -Bihar, Szabolcs-Szatm  r-Bereg, Zala) would give a geographically and according to settlement size representative sample of general practitioners in those counties. Eighty general practitioners were approached in the four counties by the county offices and overall 73 of them, 1.4% of the total practices in Hungary (5212), agreed to participate in the study, therefore information can be collected on 1.37% of the Hungarian population's (138,088 @entity0 ) morbidity status. MAIN RESULTS: The population of practices participating in the program gives a representative sample of the counties population by age and sex. The prevalence of @entity4 , @entity2 and @entity5 is high in all the counties involved. In most of the selected diseases the authors have found differences in the prevalence between the eastern and western part of Hungary with higher values in the western counties. The differences were most apparent in the older age groups in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The development and sustainability of primary care based, sentinel stations type, euroconform morbidity data collection system is undoubtedly justified in Hungary. The collected and thoroughly analysed data provide not only a valid and comprehensive basis to describe some aspects of the health status of the Hungarian population but also gives an opportunity to continuously monitor the changes in morbidity of the selected diseases. Thus, the program serves an important basis for health care capacity building, priority setting and the evaluation of the effectiveness of public health interventions.

title: [Establishment and preliminary evaluation of the General Practitioners' Morbidity Sentinel Stations Program in Hungary. Prevalence of XXXX , @entity2 and @entity5 ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To develop, introduce and test a methodology, which provides valid data about the prevalence and incidence of chronic, non-communicable diseases of great public health importance. DESIGN: The School of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Hungary and the National Public Health and Medical Officer Service the first time launched a morbidity sentinel stations network of general practitioners in four counties in Hungary in May 1998. Within the framework of this program the participating general practitioners reported the prevalence data of @entity3 , @entity2 , @entity5 , and major @entity1 at the beginning, and from than on continuously report the incidence of these diseases. The authors built quality assurance into the program at different levels in order to ensure high quality data. @entity0 : The study population consists of @entity0 belonging to the participating general practitioners' practices at any time, selected in a way to represent the eastern and western part of the country as well as the participating practices in the counties (Gy  r-Moson-Sopron, Hajd  -Bihar, Szabolcs-Szatm  r-Bereg, Zala) would give a geographically and according to settlement size representative sample of general practitioners in those counties. Eighty general practitioners were approached in the four counties by the county offices and overall 73 of them, 1.4% of the total practices in Hungary (5212), agreed to participate in the study, therefore information can be collected on 1.37% of the Hungarian population's (138,088 @entity0 ) morbidity status. MAIN RESULTS: The population of practices participating in the program gives a representative sample of the counties population by age and sex. The prevalence of @entity4 , @entity2 and @entity5 is high in all the counties involved. In most of the selected diseases the authors have found differences in the prevalence between the eastern and western part of Hungary with higher values in the western counties. The differences were most apparent in the older age groups in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The development and sustainability of primary care based, sentinel stations type, euroconform morbidity data collection system is undoubtedly justified in Hungary. The collected and thoroughly analysed data provide not only a valid and comprehensive basis to describe some aspects of the health status of the Hungarian population but also gives an opportunity to continuously monitor the changes in morbidity of the selected diseases. Thus, the program serves an important basis for health care capacity building, priority setting and the evaluation of the effectiveness of public health interventions.

title: [Establishment and preliminary evaluation of the General Practitioners' Morbidity Sentinel Stations Program in Hungary. Prevalence of @entity4 , XXXX and @entity5 ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To develop, introduce and test a methodology, which provides valid data about the prevalence and incidence of chronic, non-communicable diseases of great public health importance. DESIGN: The School of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Hungary and the National Public Health and Medical Officer Service the first time launched a morbidity sentinel stations network of general practitioners in four counties in Hungary in May 1998. Within the framework of this program the participating general practitioners reported the prevalence data of @entity3 , @entity2 , @entity5 , and major @entity1 at the beginning, and from than on continuously report the incidence of these diseases. The authors built quality assurance into the program at different levels in order to ensure high quality data. @entity0 : The study population consists of @entity0 belonging to the participating general practitioners' practices at any time, selected in a way to represent the eastern and western part of the country as well as the participating practices in the counties (Gy  r-Moson-Sopron, Hajd  -Bihar, Szabolcs-Szatm  r-Bereg, Zala) would give a geographically and according to settlement size representative sample of general practitioners in those counties. Eighty general practitioners were approached in the four counties by the county offices and overall 73 of them, 1.4% of the total practices in Hungary (5212), agreed to participate in the study, therefore information can be collected on 1.37% of the Hungarian population's (138,088 @entity0 ) morbidity status. MAIN RESULTS: The population of practices participating in the program gives a representative sample of the counties population by age and sex. The prevalence of @entity4 , @entity2 and @entity5 is high in all the counties involved. In most of the selected diseases the authors have found differences in the prevalence between the eastern and western part of Hungary with higher values in the western counties. The differences were most apparent in the older age groups in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The development and sustainability of primary care based, sentinel stations type, euroconform morbidity data collection system is undoubtedly justified in Hungary. The collected and thoroughly analysed data provide not only a valid and comprehensive basis to describe some aspects of the health status of the Hungarian population but also gives an opportunity to continuously monitor the changes in morbidity of the selected diseases. Thus, the program serves an important basis for health care capacity building, priority setting and the evaluation of the effectiveness of public health interventions.

title: [Establishment and preliminary evaluation of the General Practitioners' Morbidity Sentinel Stations Program in Hungary. Prevalence of @entity4 , @entity2 and XXXX ].

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the nasal resistance in different position and its possible @entity1 ( @entity1 ). METHOD: The positional rhinomanometry and the detection of polysomnography were performed in 14 normal subjects, 20 snoring @entity0 and 40 @entity0 with @entity1 . RESULT: The study reveals that: 1. the nasal resistance in seated position and in supine position of the @entity0 with @entity1 but without @entity2 or snoring @entity0 without @entity2 were higher than that of the normal group (P < 0.05). 2. The nasal resistance in seated position and in supine position of the @entity0 with both @entity1 and @entity2 were higher than that of the snoring @entity0 with @entity2 (P < 0.05). 3. The nasal resistance in supine position was higher than the nasal resistance in seated position in all the groups (P < 0.05), even in the @entity0 with @entity1 (P < 0.01). 4. The AHI, waken intervals, snoring index of the @entity0 both with @entity1 and @entity2 were higher than those of the @entity0 only with @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Nasal resistance increased in the @entity0 with snoring or @entity1 and increased more in the supine position. Nasal resistance may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of @entity1 .

title: [The study of the relationship between XXXX and positional nasal resistance].

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lower @entity2 is usually self-limiting in about 80% of cases; however, surgical treatment may be required in selected cases. Preoperative precise identification of the @entity3 source is crucial for a successful outcome. OBJECTIVE: To determine the most frequent diagnoses, as well as short and long-term results in a series of @entity0 who underwent a surgical procedure for lower @entity2 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 39 @entity0 operated upon for lower @entity2 from 1979 through 1997 in a referral center. Demographic data, history, physical examination, laboratory tests, resuscitative measures, preoperative work-up for identification of @entity3 source, definitive cause of @entity3 , surgical procedure, operative morbidity and mortality, as well as long-term status and recurrence of @entity3 were recorded. RESULTS: There were 54% @entity0 and 46% @entity0 . Mean age was 56 years (range, 15-92). Most @entity0 presented @entity2 (69%). Colonoscopy was the most used diagnostic procedure (69%). The @entity3 source was located in 90% of @entity0 . @entity1 was the most frequent cause of @entity3 . A segmental bowel resection was the treatment in 97% of cases. Morbidity was 23% with 18% of mortality. Recurrence occurred in 9% of survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Morbidity and mortality were high. @entity0 who require a surgical operation should be carefully selected and evaluated with a complete work-up to determine the site and cause of @entity3 .

title: [Surgical treatment of lower digestive tract XXXX . Experience at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M  dicas y Nutrici  n Salvador Zubir  n].

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are not much data available on the use of newer antimetabolites as an initial treatment modality in @entity3 , or their effect on vitreous seedings and de novo foci, especially in the Indian subcontinent. METHODS: To evaluate the efficacy of newer agents as induction chemotherapy, 34 @entity1 in 22 eyes of 19 @entity0 with @entity3 were treated with 2 cycles of @entity6 , @entity5 , @entity4 , and @entity2 ; each cycle was of 1 month duration. The @entity1 response was evaluated at 2 months and adjuvant salvage modalities (ie, cryotherapy, laser, and/or external beam radiotherapy) were added as needed. The cycles were continued and ophthalmoscopic and ultrasonographic monitorings were performed to determine further @entity1 response, @entity1 height regression, effect on vitreous seeds, and other ocular changes. RESULTS: Mean @entity1 height at presentation was 4.2 mm, which regressed to 2.61 mm at 6 months (P=0.000). The biggest @entity1 to respond was 12.5 mm, although smaller multiple @entity1 regressed better. Adjuvant modalities were used in 28 @entity1 foci in 16 eyes. A follow up of 6 to 24 months (mean, 12.8+/-6.21 months), showed complete regression in 12/34 @entity1 , partial regression in 15/34, stable disease in 6/34, and 1 @entity1 progressed despite all therapy. Results in all 6 eyes with vitreous seeds were most gratifying; at 1 year vitreous seeds disappeared in 4 eyes and showed complete calcification in 2. Fresh new lesions were not seen in any eye with complete response after the first 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Recurrences were nil and complications minor. CONCLUSIONS: The overall @entity1 response (complete and partial) of more than 80% indicates that chemoreduction is an effective modality alone and combined with adjuvant salvage modalities. The results with our treatment regime, even in cases with @entity3 , are encouraging.

title: Efficacy of induction chemotherapy in XXXX , alone or combined with other adjuvant modalities.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine serum and synovial fluid (SF) concentrations of soluble @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and @entity7 ( @entity7 ) in @entity0 with active @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and in paediatric controls and correlate them with clinical and laboratory variables. METHODS: Total of'30 @entity8 @entity0 were evaluated: 15 with @entity1 ( @entity8 -poly) and 15 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ). Paediatric age-matched control groups consisted of 11 Henoch-Sch  nlein purpura (HSP) and 10 febrile @entity0 (FC) and 28 healthy @entity0 (HC). Current medication, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), @entity5 (CRP) and full blood count (FBC) were recorded. Soluble @entity6 and @entity7 in serum and SF were measured by a sandwich ELISA kit. RESULTS: In the @entity8 -poly group the concentration of @entity6 was significantly higher than in healthy (p < 0.01), but notfebrile controls. Both @entity6 and @entity7 correlated with the active joint count (p < 0.01). In 13 @entity8 @entity0 no correlanon was found between SF @entity6 and @entity7 levels and the SF leucocyte counts. No significant differences were seen in the disease control and @entity8 groups compared to HC. A significant negative correlation with age was observed for the group as a whole ( @entity6 : p < 0.05, @entity7 : p < 0.01); @entity7 correlated with the leucocyte and thrombocyte counts (p < 0.01), and both molecules with CRP (p < 0.05) and with each other (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A high concentration of soluble @entity6 in @entity8 @entity0 with @entity3 is reported here for the first time. None of the @entity0 showed signs of injection or @entity4 , where generalised endothelial activation could be its main source. Our finding of correlations between both @entity6 and @entity7 levels and joint counts supports the hypothesis of their synovial origin. ICAM- I and @entity7 could serve as a marker of @entity2 , but their predictive value needs to be further studied.

title: Soluble adhesion molecules XXXX and @entity7 in @entity3 : clinical and laboratory correlations.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine serum and synovial fluid (SF) concentrations of soluble @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and @entity7 ( @entity7 ) in @entity0 with active @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and in paediatric controls and correlate them with clinical and laboratory variables. METHODS: Total of'30 @entity8 @entity0 were evaluated: 15 with @entity1 ( @entity8 -poly) and 15 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ). Paediatric age-matched control groups consisted of 11 Henoch-Sch  nlein purpura (HSP) and 10 febrile @entity0 (FC) and 28 healthy @entity0 (HC). Current medication, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), @entity5 (CRP) and full blood count (FBC) were recorded. Soluble @entity6 and @entity7 in serum and SF were measured by a sandwich ELISA kit. RESULTS: In the @entity8 -poly group the concentration of @entity6 was significantly higher than in healthy (p < 0.01), but notfebrile controls. Both @entity6 and @entity7 correlated with the active joint count (p < 0.01). In 13 @entity8 @entity0 no correlanon was found between SF @entity6 and @entity7 levels and the SF leucocyte counts. No significant differences were seen in the disease control and @entity8 groups compared to HC. A significant negative correlation with age was observed for the group as a whole ( @entity6 : p < 0.05, @entity7 : p < 0.01); @entity7 correlated with the leucocyte and thrombocyte counts (p < 0.01), and both molecules with CRP (p < 0.05) and with each other (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A high concentration of soluble @entity6 in @entity8 @entity0 with @entity3 is reported here for the first time. None of the @entity0 showed signs of injection or @entity4 , where generalised endothelial activation could be its main source. Our finding of correlations between both @entity6 and @entity7 levels and joint counts supports the hypothesis of their synovial origin. ICAM- I and @entity7 could serve as a marker of @entity2 , but their predictive value needs to be further studied.

title: Soluble adhesion molecules @entity6 and @entity7 in XXXX : clinical and laboratory correlations.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine serum and synovial fluid (SF) concentrations of soluble @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and @entity7 ( @entity7 ) in @entity0 with active @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and in paediatric controls and correlate them with clinical and laboratory variables. METHODS: Total of'30 @entity8 @entity0 were evaluated: 15 with @entity1 ( @entity8 -poly) and 15 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ). Paediatric age-matched control groups consisted of 11 Henoch-Sch  nlein purpura (HSP) and 10 febrile @entity0 (FC) and 28 healthy @entity0 (HC). Current medication, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), @entity5 (CRP) and full blood count (FBC) were recorded. Soluble @entity6 and @entity7 in serum and SF were measured by a sandwich ELISA kit. RESULTS: In the @entity8 -poly group the concentration of @entity6 was significantly higher than in healthy (p < 0.01), but notfebrile controls. Both @entity6 and @entity7 correlated with the active joint count (p < 0.01). In 13 @entity8 @entity0 no correlanon was found between SF @entity6 and @entity7 levels and the SF leucocyte counts. No significant differences were seen in the disease control and @entity8 groups compared to HC. A significant negative correlation with age was observed for the group as a whole ( @entity6 : p < 0.05, @entity7 : p < 0.01); @entity7 correlated with the leucocyte and thrombocyte counts (p < 0.01), and both molecules with CRP (p < 0.05) and with each other (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A high concentration of soluble @entity6 in @entity8 @entity0 with @entity3 is reported here for the first time. None of the @entity0 showed signs of injection or @entity4 , where generalised endothelial activation could be its main source. Our finding of correlations between both @entity6 and @entity7 levels and joint counts supports the hypothesis of their synovial origin. ICAM- I and @entity7 could serve as a marker of @entity2 , but their predictive value needs to be further studied.

title: Soluble adhesion molecules @entity6 and XXXX in @entity3 : clinical and laboratory correlations.

answer: @entity7


abstract: In the present study, we investigated immunohistochemically the time-course alterations in @entity1 receptor alpha (ER) expression and cell proliferating activity in the developing uteri of Donryu @entity0 exposed neonatally to a high dose @entity5 (OP), an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). OP-treatment (sc injections of 100 mg/kg, every other day from postnatal days 1 to 15) induced an early and enhanced ER expression in the luminal epithelium compared with age-matched controls from postnatal day (PND) 10, and increased @entity2 ( @entity2 ) positive cells up to PND21. At PND28, ER expression in the luminal epithelium of the OP-treated group was decreased, in association with decline in the luminal epithelial areas. PND14, the second week of life, is coincident with the normal time for differentiation when the luminal epithelium invaginates into the stroma to form uterine glands. OP-treatment, however, delayed and inhibited gland-formation, and suppressed ER expression in the @entity4 at this time. These results indicate that ER expression in these sites is strongly linked with cell proliferating activity. In stromal cells, ER was expressed from PND6 in both groups without any @entity2 positive cells, but significantly lower values were noted in the OP-treated group up to PND10. Our immunohistochemical investigation did not reveal any abnormalities in expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos, mitotic inhibitor @entity3 , or epidermal growth factor antigen, although the apoptotic index in the luminal epithelium was slightly increased in the OP-treated group. These results demonstrate neonatal effects of a high dose of OP, already detectable at PND10, with early and enhanced ER expression, resulting in increase of cell proliferative activity in the luminal epithelium, though expression in the glandular epithelium was suppressed in relation to inhibited gland-genesis. The present study thus suggests that neonatal exposure to high doses of EDCs with estrogenic activity can induce abnormal differentiation in the developing @entity0 uteri via abnormal ER expression and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity.

title: Neonatal exposure to XXXX causes abnormal expression of @entity1 receptor alpha and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity in the developing Donryu @entity0 uterus.

answer: @entity5


abstract: In the present study, we investigated immunohistochemically the time-course alterations in @entity1 receptor alpha (ER) expression and cell proliferating activity in the developing uteri of Donryu @entity0 exposed neonatally to a high dose @entity5 (OP), an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). OP-treatment (sc injections of 100 mg/kg, every other day from postnatal days 1 to 15) induced an early and enhanced ER expression in the luminal epithelium compared with age-matched controls from postnatal day (PND) 10, and increased @entity2 ( @entity2 ) positive cells up to PND21. At PND28, ER expression in the luminal epithelium of the OP-treated group was decreased, in association with decline in the luminal epithelial areas. PND14, the second week of life, is coincident with the normal time for differentiation when the luminal epithelium invaginates into the stroma to form uterine glands. OP-treatment, however, delayed and inhibited gland-formation, and suppressed ER expression in the @entity4 at this time. These results indicate that ER expression in these sites is strongly linked with cell proliferating activity. In stromal cells, ER was expressed from PND6 in both groups without any @entity2 positive cells, but significantly lower values were noted in the OP-treated group up to PND10. Our immunohistochemical investigation did not reveal any abnormalities in expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos, mitotic inhibitor @entity3 , or epidermal growth factor antigen, although the apoptotic index in the luminal epithelium was slightly increased in the OP-treated group. These results demonstrate neonatal effects of a high dose of OP, already detectable at PND10, with early and enhanced ER expression, resulting in increase of cell proliferative activity in the luminal epithelium, though expression in the glandular epithelium was suppressed in relation to inhibited gland-genesis. The present study thus suggests that neonatal exposure to high doses of EDCs with estrogenic activity can induce abnormal differentiation in the developing @entity0 uteri via abnormal ER expression and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity.

title: Neonatal exposure to @entity5 causes abnormal expression of XXXX receptor alpha and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity in the developing Donryu @entity0 uterus.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In the present study, we investigated immunohistochemically the time-course alterations in @entity1 receptor alpha (ER) expression and cell proliferating activity in the developing uteri of Donryu @entity0 exposed neonatally to a high dose @entity5 (OP), an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). OP-treatment (sc injections of 100 mg/kg, every other day from postnatal days 1 to 15) induced an early and enhanced ER expression in the luminal epithelium compared with age-matched controls from postnatal day (PND) 10, and increased @entity2 ( @entity2 ) positive cells up to PND21. At PND28, ER expression in the luminal epithelium of the OP-treated group was decreased, in association with decline in the luminal epithelial areas. PND14, the second week of life, is coincident with the normal time for differentiation when the luminal epithelium invaginates into the stroma to form uterine glands. OP-treatment, however, delayed and inhibited gland-formation, and suppressed ER expression in the @entity4 at this time. These results indicate that ER expression in these sites is strongly linked with cell proliferating activity. In stromal cells, ER was expressed from PND6 in both groups without any @entity2 positive cells, but significantly lower values were noted in the OP-treated group up to PND10. Our immunohistochemical investigation did not reveal any abnormalities in expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos, mitotic inhibitor @entity3 , or epidermal growth factor antigen, although the apoptotic index in the luminal epithelium was slightly increased in the OP-treated group. These results demonstrate neonatal effects of a high dose of OP, already detectable at PND10, with early and enhanced ER expression, resulting in increase of cell proliferative activity in the luminal epithelium, though expression in the glandular epithelium was suppressed in relation to inhibited gland-genesis. The present study thus suggests that neonatal exposure to high doses of EDCs with estrogenic activity can induce abnormal differentiation in the developing @entity0 uteri via abnormal ER expression and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity.

title: Neonatal exposure to @entity5 causes abnormal expression of @entity1 receptor alpha and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity in the developing Donryu XXXX uterus.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of a group of Turkish @entity1 @entity0 who benefited from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and to study which factors this treatment model changes. Twenty-eight couples who applied to Psychiatry Clinic of Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, for treatment of @entity1 within the 6-month period participated in the study. Fourteen subjects quit the therapy after the initial assessment sessions. Other couples successfully completed the treatment. We assessed all the couples that completed the CBT at three times: during the initial session, at the end of the treatment, and during the follow-up session (4 weeks after the end of the treatment). In terms of anxiety levels, and quality of marital and sexual relationships, the characteristics of the couples that quit the therapy could not be identified. But we found that all of the @entity0 were treated effectively by CBT. At the end of the therapy, anxiety levels of the @entity0 decreased. There also were improvements on parameters related to marital harmony and overall sexual functioning of the @entity0 . We discuss the findings of our study within a cultural perspective.

title: Who benefits from cognitive behavioral therapy for XXXX ?

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The formation of angiotensin-(1-7) from either angiotensin (Ang) I or Ang II in failing @entity0 hearts is not well understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Angiotensinase activity in left and right ventricular membranes from 14 @entity2 ( @entity2 ), 8 @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and 13 nonfailing @entity0 hearts was measured with either 125I-Ang I or 125I-Ang II as substrate. Ang-(1-7)-forming activity from 125I-Ang I was inhibited by @entity4 . With 125I-Ang II as substrate, Ang-(1-7) formation was inhibited by the @entity5 -specific inhibitor C16. Western blotting with an anti- @entity5 antibody confirmed the presence of @entity5 . Angiotensinase activity with 125I-Ang I as substrate was increased in failing @entity2 left ventricles (LVs) compared with nonfailing LVs (P<0.001). Ang-(1-7)-forming activity with 125I-Ang II as substrate was increased in both failing LVs and right ventricles (RVs) of @entity2 hearts and only in failing RVs of @entity1 hearts ( @entity1 LV, 51.12+/-5.25; @entity1 RV, 89.97+/-11.21; @entity2 LV, 139.7+/-21.96; and @entity2 RV, 192.7+/-5.43; NF LV, 32.89+/-5.38; NF RV 40.49+/-10.66 fmol/min per milligram (P<0.05 @entity1 RV versus @entity1 LV; P<0.05 @entity1 RV versus NF RV; P<0.001 @entity2 LV versus NF LV; P<0.001 @entity2 RV versus NF RV). CONCLUSIONS: Ang-(1-7)-forming activity from both Ang I and Ang II was increased in failing @entity0 heart ventricles but was mediated by at least two different angiotensinases. The first, which demonstrated substrate preference for Ang I, was @entity3 ( @entity3 )-like. The second was @entity5 , as demonstrated by Western blotting and inhibition of activity with C16.

title: Increased angiotensin-(1-7)-forming activity in failing @entity0 heart ventricles: evidence for upregulation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme Homologue XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: The formation of angiotensin-(1-7) from either angiotensin (Ang) I or Ang II in failing @entity0 hearts is not well understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Angiotensinase activity in left and right ventricular membranes from 14 @entity2 ( @entity2 ), 8 @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and 13 nonfailing @entity0 hearts was measured with either 125I-Ang I or 125I-Ang II as substrate. Ang-(1-7)-forming activity from 125I-Ang I was inhibited by @entity4 . With 125I-Ang II as substrate, Ang-(1-7) formation was inhibited by the @entity5 -specific inhibitor C16. Western blotting with an anti- @entity5 antibody confirmed the presence of @entity5 . Angiotensinase activity with 125I-Ang I as substrate was increased in failing @entity2 left ventricles (LVs) compared with nonfailing LVs (P<0.001). Ang-(1-7)-forming activity with 125I-Ang II as substrate was increased in both failing LVs and right ventricles (RVs) of @entity2 hearts and only in failing RVs of @entity1 hearts ( @entity1 LV, 51.12+/-5.25; @entity1 RV, 89.97+/-11.21; @entity2 LV, 139.7+/-21.96; and @entity2 RV, 192.7+/-5.43; NF LV, 32.89+/-5.38; NF RV 40.49+/-10.66 fmol/min per milligram (P<0.05 @entity1 RV versus @entity1 LV; P<0.05 @entity1 RV versus NF RV; P<0.001 @entity2 LV versus NF LV; P<0.001 @entity2 RV versus NF RV). CONCLUSIONS: Ang-(1-7)-forming activity from both Ang I and Ang II was increased in failing @entity0 heart ventricles but was mediated by at least two different angiotensinases. The first, which demonstrated substrate preference for Ang I, was @entity3 ( @entity3 )-like. The second was @entity5 , as demonstrated by Western blotting and inhibition of activity with C16.

title: Increased angiotensin-(1-7)-forming activity in failing XXXX heart ventricles: evidence for upregulation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme Homologue @entity5 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several diagnostic strategies using ultrasound imaging, measurement of D-dimer, and assessment of clinical probability of disease have proved safe in @entity0 with suspected @entity2 , but they have not been compared in randomized trials. METHODS: Outpatients presenting with suspected @entity2 were potentially eligible. Using a clinical model, physicians evaluated the @entity0 and categorized them as likely or unlikely to have @entity2 . The @entity0 were then randomly assigned to undergo ultrasound imaging alone (control group) or to undergo D-dimer testing (D-dimer group) followed by ultrasound imaging unless the D-dimer test was negative and the @entity0 was considered clinically unlikely to have @entity2 , in which case ultrasound imaging was not performed. RESULTS: Five hundred thirty @entity0 were randomly assigned to the control group, and 566 to the D-dimer group. The overall prevalence of @entity2 or @entity3 was 15.7 percent. Among @entity0 for whom @entity2 had been ruled out by the initial diagnostic strategy, there were two confirmed venous @entity1 in the D-dimer group (0.4 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.05 to 1.5 percent) and six events in the control group (1.4 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 2.9 percent; P=0.16) during three months of follow-up. The use of D-dimer testing resulted in a significant reduction in the use of ultrasonography, from a mean of 1.34 tests per @entity0 in the control group to 0.78 in the D-dimer group (P=0.008). Two hundred eighteen @entity0 (39 percent) in the D-dimer group did not require ultrasound imaging. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2 can be ruled out in a @entity0 who is judged clinically unlikely to have @entity2 and who has a negative D-dimer test. Ultrasound testing can be safely omitted in such @entity0 .

title: Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Despite the long-standing clinical assumption that stress and @entity5 morbidity are associated, convincing experimental evidence on mechanisms has been unavailable. A wide range of immunological, endocrinological, and neuronal pathways are known to mediate and modulate a systemic stress response. Interestingly, most of these mediators play a crucial role in initiating and perpetuating symptoms associated with @entity5 . To explore potential mechanisms linking stress to @entity5 exacerbation we developed an animal model that combines allergic airway @entity1 and exposure to stress. METHODS: CBA/J @entity0 were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of @entity7 (OVA) and challenged with OVA aerosol via the airways. Additionally, some @entity0 were stressed by exposure to an ultrasonic stressor. @entity6 ( @entity6 ) was measured in vitro by electric field stimulation (EFS) of tracheal smooth muscle elements. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) was obtained and cell numbers determined. Cytokine levels of @entity2 , @entity3 , and @entity4 in BAL were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrate that exogenously applied stress dramatically enhances airway reactivity in OVA-sensitized and challenged @entity0 . Further, stress significantly increases allergen-induced airway @entity1 identified by increased leukocyte (ie, eosinophil) numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. CONCLUSIONS: We found further evidence that stress can indeed exacerbate @entity6 and airway @entity1 in an animal model of allergic @entity5 and now introduce a novel @entity0 model to identify stress-triggered pathways, including mediators as neurohormones, neuropeptides, and markers of @entity1 .

title: Stress enhances airway reactivity and airway XXXX in an animal model of allergic @entity5 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Despite the long-standing clinical assumption that stress and @entity5 morbidity are associated, convincing experimental evidence on mechanisms has been unavailable. A wide range of immunological, endocrinological, and neuronal pathways are known to mediate and modulate a systemic stress response. Interestingly, most of these mediators play a crucial role in initiating and perpetuating symptoms associated with @entity5 . To explore potential mechanisms linking stress to @entity5 exacerbation we developed an animal model that combines allergic airway @entity1 and exposure to stress. METHODS: CBA/J @entity0 were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of @entity7 (OVA) and challenged with OVA aerosol via the airways. Additionally, some @entity0 were stressed by exposure to an ultrasonic stressor. @entity6 ( @entity6 ) was measured in vitro by electric field stimulation (EFS) of tracheal smooth muscle elements. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) was obtained and cell numbers determined. Cytokine levels of @entity2 , @entity3 , and @entity4 in BAL were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrate that exogenously applied stress dramatically enhances airway reactivity in OVA-sensitized and challenged @entity0 . Further, stress significantly increases allergen-induced airway @entity1 identified by increased leukocyte (ie, eosinophil) numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. CONCLUSIONS: We found further evidence that stress can indeed exacerbate @entity6 and airway @entity1 in an animal model of allergic @entity5 and now introduce a novel @entity0 model to identify stress-triggered pathways, including mediators as neurohormones, neuropeptides, and markers of @entity1 .

title: Stress enhances airway reactivity and airway @entity1 in an animal model of allergic XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Floating beads were prepared from a @entity6 solution containing @entity7 or @entity4 as gas-forming agents. The solution was dropped to 1% @entity3 solution containing 10% @entity2 for @entity1 gas and gel formation. The effects of gas-forming agents on bead size and floating properties were investigated. As gas-forming agents increased, the size and floating properties increased. Bead porosity and volume average pore size, as well as the surface and cross-sectional morphology of the beads were examined with @entity0 porosimetry and Scanning Electron Microscopy. @entity4 significantly increased porosity and pore diameter than @entity7 . Incorporation of @entity7 into alginate solution resulted in smoother beads than those produced with @entity4 . Gel strength analysis indicated that bead strength decreased with increasing gas-forming agent from 9 to 4 N. Beads incorporating @entity7 exhibited significantly increased gel strength over control and @entity4 -containing samples. Release characteristics of @entity5 as a model drug were studied in vitro. Release rate of @entity5 increased proportionally with addition of @entity4 . However, increasing weight ratios of @entity7 did not appreciably accelerate drug release. The results of these studies indicate that @entity7 is superior to @entity4 as a gas forming agent in alginate bead preparations. The enhanced buoyancy and sustained release properties of @entity7 -containing beads make them an excellent candidate for floating drug dosage systems (FDDS).

title: Preparation of alginate beads for floating drug delivery system: effects of XXXX gas-forming agents.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Here we review and extend a new unitary model for the pathophysiology of @entity2 that identifies @entity3 (E) as the key hormone for maintaining bone mass and E deficiency as the major cause of age-related @entity8 in both sexes. Also, both E and @entity5 (T) are key regulators of skeletal growth and maturation, and E, together with GH and @entity6 , initiate a 3- to 4-yr pubertal growth spurt that doubles skeletal mass. Although E is required for the attainment of maximal peak bone mass in both sexes, the additional action of T on stimulating periosteal apposition accounts for the larger size and thicker cortices of the adult male skeleton. Aging @entity0 undergo two phases of @entity8 , whereas aging @entity0 undergo only one. In @entity0 , the menopause initiates an accelerated phase of predominantly cancellous @entity8 that declines rapidly over 4-8 yr to become asymptotic with a subsequent slow phase that continues indefinitely. The accelerated phase results from the loss of the direct restraining effects of E on bone turnover, an action mediated by E receptors in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In the ensuing slow phase, the rate of cancellous @entity8 is reduced, but the rate of cortical @entity8 is unchanged or increased. This phase is mediated largely by @entity9 that results from the loss of E actions on extraskeletal @entity7 metabolism. The resultant external @entity7 losses increase the level of dietary @entity7 intake that is required to maintain bone balance. @entity1 due to E deficiency, aging, or both also contributes to the slow phase of @entity8 . Although both serum bioavailable (Bio) E and Bio T decline in aging @entity0 , Bio E is the major predictor of their @entity8 . Thus, both sex @entity4 are important for developing peak bone mass, but E deficiency is the major determinant of age-related @entity8 in both sexes.

title: Sex XXXX and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton.

answer: @entity4


abstract: We have previously identified a novel interferon (IFN)-stimulated cis-acting enhancer element, gamma-IFN-activated transcriptional element (GATE). GATE differs from the known IFN-stimulated elements in its primary sequence. Preliminary analysis has indicated that the GATE-dependent transcriptional response requires the binding of novel transacting factors. A cDNA expression library derived from an @entity2 -stimulated @entity1 macrophage cell line was screened with a @entity4 -labeled GATE probe to identify the potential GATE-binding factors. A cDNA coding for a novel transcription-activating factor was identified. Based on its discovery, we named it as @entity5 ( @entity5 ). @entity5 homologs are present in @entity1 , @entity0 , monkey, and @entity3 . It activates transcription from reporter genes carrying GATE. It possesses a strong transactivating activity but has a weak DNA binding property. @entity5 is expressed in most tissues with relatively higher steady-state levels in heart, liver, kidney, and brain. Its expression is induced by @entity2 treatment. @entity5 is present in both cytosolic and nuclear compartments. These studies thus identify a novel transactivating factor in IFN signaling pathways.

title: A novel transactivating factor that regulates XXXX -dependent gene expression.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Germline loss-of-function mutations of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) gene have been described in families with partial or complete TSH resistance. Large TSH elevations were generally found in the @entity0 with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations. In this study, we sequenced the entire @entity4 gene in a series of 10 unrelated @entity0 with slight (6.6-14.9 mU/liter) to moderate (24-46 mU/liter) elevations of serum TSH, associated with definitely normal free thyroid hormone concentrations. Thyroid volume was normal in all @entity0 , except two with a modest @entity2 . @entity3 was excluded in all @entity0 on the basis of clinical and biochemical parameters. Eight @entity0 had at least one first-degree relative bearing the same biochemical picture. @entity4 mutations were detected in 4 of 10 cases by analyzing DNA from peripheral leukocytes. A compound heterozygosity ( @entity5 on maternal allele, and the novel mutation @entity6 on the paternal one) was found in the @entity0 with the highest TSH levels. Only one @entity4 allele was mutated in the remaining three cases, and no alterations in @entity4 gene promoter were detected in all of these probands. A novel mutation ( @entity7 ) was detected on the maternal allele in one @entity0 and in her monozygotic twin. Previously described inactive mutants, T655Delta and @entity8 , were detected in the other two cases. When tested on several occasions, circulating TSH values fluctuating above the upper limit of the normal range could be shown in heterozygous subjects of these families. A dominant mode of inheritance of the biochemical alterations was detected in these cases. Mutant TSHRs were studied during transient expression in COS7 and HEK293T cells. Their TSH-independent @entity1 accumulation activities were very low or similar to mock-transfected cells, and no increases were seen after maximal hormone stimulation. Flow cytometry experiments showed a poor level of expression of all mutant TSHRs at the cell membrane. In conclusion, we found several loss-of-function mutations of @entity4 , including two novel ones, in a series of unrelated @entity0 with slightly elevated TSH levels. Therefore, partial resistance to TSH action is a frequent finding among @entity0 with slight hyperthyrotropinemia of nonautoimmune origin. Germline mutations of @entity4 may be associated with serum TSH values fluctuating above the upper limit of the normal range, also in the heterozygous state.

title: Germline mutations of XXXX gene as cause of nonautoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine lateral perceptual bias, an index of right hemisphere function, and its relation to performance on a standard facial perception test and to clinical variables in a large sample of first episode and chronic @entity1 . BACKGROUND: Judgments made on chimeric faces reliably elicit a perceptual bias to the left hemispace, presumed to be a result of right hemisphere dominance for spatial attention. Recent studies have suggested that this bias is reduced or absent in @entity0 with @entity1 . METHODS: Fifty first-episode and 50 @entity0 with chronic @entity1 and 50 control subjects were given a brief neuropsychologic battery that included a Happy-Sad Chimeric Face test and the Benton Facial Recognition Test. All @entity0 were rated on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale of @entity1 after 4 weeks of neuroleptic treatment. All were right handed RESULTS: The @entity0 with @entity1 showed a significantly weaker perceptual left hemispatial bias compared with controls. In fact the mean bias was in the opposite direction in the chronic group. There was no correlation between left hemispatial bias and either positive or negative symptoms, current medication dose, or mood. Results from the Benton test revealed a performance deficit among the @entity0 with @entity1 compared with controls but was not correlated with performance on the chimeric faces test in the @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm a specific deficit in right hemisphere attentional functions in @entity1 , which is separate from a general impairment in facial processing. The deficit is most marked in chronic @entity0 but further study is required to determine whether this is a consequence of prolonged illness.

title: The perception of emotional chimeric faces in XXXX : further evidence of right hemisphere dysfunction.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: We characterized the electrical events underlying spontaneous contractions of the stroma of the @entity2 prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Membrane potential of the stroma was recorded using standard electrophysiological recording techniques. The structure of the prostate was viewed using confocal or electron microscopy. RESULTS: In stromal cells spontaneous depolarizing membrane transients (12 mV. in amplitude) occurred at 5 minutes-1 and triggered 1 or more spikes. The membrane potential, and frequency and duration of the potential transients were not affected by the @entity0 channel blocker @entity1 (1 microM. for greater than 5 minutes), or blockers of neuronal propagation ( @entity3 ), and the effects of cholinergic ( @entity6 ), adrenergic ( @entity4 or @entity5 ) and sensory blockers (capsaicin) of neurotransmission. However, the amplitude of the superimposed spikes was significantly reduced by @entity1 . A network of c-Kit immunoreactive cells was evident in the interstitial layer between the stroma and glandular lined lumen. These prostatic interstitial cells contained many morphological features distinguishing interstitial cells of Cajal, the pacemaker cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Prostatic interstitial cells formed close appositions with each other, with neighboring smooth muscle cells and with varicose axon bundles. CONCLUSIONS: Movement of the contents of the peripheral prostatic acini into the minor and major prostatic ducts is likely to occur via spontaneous contractions triggered by myogenic slow wave activity in the stromal wall. By analogy with the intestine and urethra prostatic interstitial cells may well act as the pacemaker for prostatic slow waves as well as form an intercellular communication network interacting with the intrinsic nerves and stromal cells.

title: Spontaneous slow wave and contractile activity of the XXXX prostate.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The most problematic area in pulmonary oncology is the chemotherapy of @entity3 and its place in the therapeutic strategy. Chemotherapy based on the earlier alkylating agents worsened survival of NSCLC @entity0 . That was the reason for the nihilistic approach by many colleagues toward chemotherapy in NSCLC. Today this question has been resolved. @entity2 based combined chemotherapy significantly prolongs survival and improves quality of life. Other possibilities are to incorporate the new chemotherapeutic agents ( @entity6 , @entity1 , @entity4 , @entity5 ) into the chemotherapeutic regimens. These agents improve the response rate and the quality of life and can be safely administered in outpatient bases, although in comparison to the earlier agents the survival gain is moderate. In early stages the role of adjuvant chemotherapy is questionable. Chemotherapy, surgery and postoperative irradiation may all have a role in the case of N2 disease.In locally advanced disease the use of radiochemotherapy is recommended. In advanced NSCLC chemotherapy is suggested in good performance status. The author summarises the role of chemotherapy in NSCLC, based on literature and on his own experience.

title: [The big dilemma: the chemotherapy of XXXX ]

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: We describe a new technique for @entity1 repair in which the urethral plate is divided proximally at the time of the first stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 14 @entity0 with proximal @entity2 associated with severe chordee were operated on using a new staged technique. At the time of the first stage the urethral plate was divided proximally at the level of the hypospadiac meatus. In 8 of 14 @entity0 the intact plate was then incised and tubularized with the Snodgrass technique. In 6 @entity0 the plate was tubularized at the time of the second stage. Correction of chordee was accomplished with dorsal plication and/or corporal body grafting. Byar's flaps were used to fill in the residual gap between the proximal hypospadiac meatus and the newly tubularized neourethra. The transposed flaps in the area of the @entity3 were then tubularized at the second stage. RESULTS: Followup ranged from 6 months to 3 years. Complications included a proximal pinpoint fistula and diverticulum in 1 case. An additional @entity0 also had formation of a mild diverticulum that has not required surgical revision. No @entity0 have had any evidence of distal urethral stricture formation. CONCLUSIONS: Proximal division of the urethral plate and application of the Snodgrass procedure to the staged repair of @entity2 have resulted in improved functional and cosmetic results. The major advantage of this new technique is preservation and use of the native urethral plate in the glans and subcoronal area. When complications occur with this technique, they are less severe compared to those of the traditional staged approach.

title: Proximal division of the urethral plate in XXXX repair.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: We present our long-term results in 17 @entity0 with myelomeningocele undergoing autoaugmentation by vesicomyotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surgery was performed from 1990 to 1994 on 17 @entity0 with @entity2 due to @entity6 . Indications for autoaugmentation included @entity3 and/or @entity1 secondary to hypperreflexia, hypocompliance or low bladder volume. All @entity0 had failed to respond to conservative medical and pharmacological treatments. Median @entity0 age at surgery was 10.2 years (range 2.2 to 13.2). Outcomes were evaluated retrospectively according to changes in upper tract status, continence and urodynamic parameters. Median clinical and urodynamic followup is 75 months (range 4 to 126). RESULTS: Progressive @entity5 developed in 5 @entity0 , which required subsequent enterocystoplasty in 4. Of 13 @entity0 8 (62%) remain incontinent. Of the 17 cases 12 (71%) were considered clinical failures on the basis of @entity3 and/or ongoing @entity1 . There were few clinically significant improvements in urodynamic parameters, as 14 of 15 cases (93%) were considered urodynamic failures on the basis of persistent hypocompliance and/or less than expected gains in safe bladder capacity with somatic growth. CONCLUSIONS: Although short-term reports of autoaugmentation have been promising, they do not appear durable. This procedure cannot be endorsed for the management of congenital @entity4 .

title: Autoaugmentation by detrusor myotomy: its lack of effectiveness in the management of congenital XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: We determine whether the finding of a nonpalpable left testis and @entity1 (2 cc or greater) right testis is predictive of an atrophic (perinatal torsion) left testis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospectively, all @entity0 with a nonpalpable left testis and @entity1 right testis seen between May 2000 and May 2002 were included in the study. Testicular measurement was performed preoperatively with an orchidometer. In 19 of 22 @entity0 size was also confirmed intraoperatively. Surgical exploration was done initially through a scrotal incision. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed in @entity0 in whom intrascrotal tissue that was consistent with a "nubbin" was not found. All tissue removed was submitted for histological evaluation. RESULTS: In 19 of 22 @entity0 tissue was found in the left hemiscrotum that was clinically consistent with a scrotal nubbin, and histological confirmation was absolute in 18. In 1 @entity0 a hollow oval mass attached to a cord extending to the external inguinal ring was found without the other classic histological features of torsion. In 3 cases scrotal exploration was negative and diagnostic laparoscopy was performed. Of this group the pathognomonic findings of a closed internal ring with hypoplastic vas and vessels were noted in 2 cases, and normal vas and vessels were seen to exit an open internal inguinal ring in 1. Inguinal exploration demonstrated an enlarged intracanalicular testis measuring 3 cc in volume, comparable in size to the descended right testicle. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a nonpalpable left testis and an enlarged right testis is highly predictive of perinatal testicular torsion. When both criteria were met 20 of 22 (91%) consecutive @entity0 had histological or laparoscopically confirmed perinatal torsion and 1 had only clinical features. This finding supports the concept of scrotal exploration as the initial procedure in the @entity0 who has an empty left hemiscrotum and @entity1 descended right testis. Laparoscopy should be reserved for @entity0 in whom a distinct remnant is not found on scrotal exploration.

title: Is an empty left hemiscrotum and XXXX right descended testis predictive of perinatal torsion?

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) of the kidney is a rare variant that is associated with an extremely poor prognosis. We report our experience with this variety of @entity1 in the last 9 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1993 to 2002, 9 @entity0 with @entity6 were treated at our institution. The diagnosis of @entity6 was made by a nephrectomy specimen in 8 cases and by renal biopsy in 1. Tumor characteristics, and @entity0 treatment and outcome are reported. RESULTS: At presentation 1 T1N0M0, 1 T3N0M0, 3 T3N+M0 and 4 T3N+M+ @entity1 were seen. Mean followup was 13.6 months. Five @entity0 received no complementary treatment. The @entity0 with the T1N0M0 @entity1 remained free of disease 13 months after nephrectomy and the one with T3N0M0 @entity1 remained free of disease at 17 months. A @entity0 with a T3N+M+ @entity1 experienced progression at 1 month, local recurrence at 17 months and was then lost to followup. The 2 other @entity0 with T3N+M0 and T3N+M+ disease, respectively, progressed rapidly and were lost to followup after 5 months. One @entity0 with a T3N+M0 @entity1 received immunotherapy and died after 24 months, while the other with T3N+M0 disease was treated with oral @entity3 and died after 5 months. Finally, 2 @entity0 with T3N+M+ disease received chemotherapy, consisting of 1,250 mg/m2 gemcitabine on days 1 and 8, and 70 mg/m2 @entity5 on day 1. Each @entity0 achieved an objective response after 3 chemotherapy cycles and remained disease-free 27 and 9 months after nephrectomy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: @entity6 is an aggressive @entity4 that is often associated with nodal and visceral metastases at presentation. Our data suggest that combined @entity2 and @entity5 chemotherapy may be the best therapeutic option for @entity0 with this @entity1 .

title: XXXX of the kidney: a clinicopathological study of 9 cases.

answer: @entity6


abstract: PURPOSE: A combination of nuclear medicine, ultrasound and voiding cystourethrography is typically used to investigate @entity2 in @entity0 . A major problem is the lack of an accepted gold standard to assess obstruction. In some cases the anatomy is unclear. By combining anatomical and functional information in one study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential of providing superior information regarding @entity2 . We evaluate the role of dynamic enhanced MRI and compare it to other imaging modalities in the investigation of pediatric @entity2 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred dynamic contrast enhanced MRIs were performed in 96 @entity0 (35 @entity0 and 61 @entity0 , mean age 4 years [range 1 month to 17 years]). The information from the various imaging modalities was compared. RESULTS: The MRI protocol was acceptable to all families and was performed without complications in all @entity0 . The morphological imaging with MRI was superior to conventional imaging in all cases. The split renal function as calculated by nuclear and MRI scans was compared in 71 cases, and the correlation coefficient was r2 = 0.93. The combination of ultrasound and a nuclear medicine study correlated with the final diagnosis of the MRI in 50 of 64 studies (78%). Of the 14 studies that differed 8 were obstructed on MRI but not on the nuclear studies, and 5 were not obstructed on MRI but were obstructed on the nuclear studies. One @entity0 believed to have @entity3 on nuclear medicine scan had @entity3 on MRI. The final diagnoses by MRI were @entity3 in 26 @entity0 , primary @entity3 in 14, dilated but not obstructed systems in 35, duplex systems in 13, @entity5 in 5, unilateral small scarred kidney in 1, acute @entity1 in 2, renal mass in 1, bilateral @entity4 in 1 and normal study in 9. Sedation was administered safely without any complications. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI provides equivalent information about renal function but superior information regarding morphology in a single study without ionizing radiation. MRI has the potential to replace the currently used combination of other imaging modalities in the investigation of @entity2 in @entity0 .

title: A prospective study comparing ultrasound, nuclear scintigraphy and dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity3 contributes to @entity1 tendency in @entity2 . Particle counting by new laser light-scattering methods more accurately quantifies changes in the number of different-sized platelet aggregates than do conventional optical density methods. We studied @entity3 kinetics and patterns of aggregation deficiency in acute-phase @entity4 with laser light scattering. METHODS: Blood from 20 @entity2 @entity0 undergoing surgery was sampled during acute (9.1 +/- 6.8 hours from onset) and chronic (postoperative day 20, control) phases of @entity4 . Platelet count and aggregability were assessed by optical density and laser light-scattering methods after aggregation was induced (addition of 2.0 microg/mL collagen to samples). RESULTS: Optical density showed significant reduction in acute-phase @entity3 (acute vs chronic: 65 +/- 27% vs 77 +/- 17%, P <.03). Laser light scattering showed significant reduction in medium (25-50 microm) and large (50-70 microm) but not small aggregate (9-25 microm) generation (acute vs chronic: small, 1.2 +/- 0.6 x 10(7) vs 1.5 +/- 1.0 x 10(7), NS; medium, 0.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(7) vs 1.1 +/- 0.5 x 10(7), P <.001; large, 1.4 +/- 1.2 x 10(7) vs 2.6 +/- 1.7 x 10(7), P <.001). Acute- versus chronic-phase platelet counts were significantly decreased (1.7 +/- 0.1 x 10(5)/microL vs 3.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(5)/microL, P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Platelet aggregation is suppressed in acute-phase @entity4 . This suppression does not occur in the initial phase of small aggregate formation; rather, it occurs during the conglomeration of small aggregates into larger aggregates.

title: @entity3 in XXXX evaluated by the laser light-scattering method.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity3 contributes to @entity1 tendency in @entity2 . Particle counting by new laser light-scattering methods more accurately quantifies changes in the number of different-sized platelet aggregates than do conventional optical density methods. We studied @entity3 kinetics and patterns of aggregation deficiency in acute-phase @entity4 with laser light scattering. METHODS: Blood from 20 @entity2 @entity0 undergoing surgery was sampled during acute (9.1 +/- 6.8 hours from onset) and chronic (postoperative day 20, control) phases of @entity4 . Platelet count and aggregability were assessed by optical density and laser light-scattering methods after aggregation was induced (addition of 2.0 microg/mL collagen to samples). RESULTS: Optical density showed significant reduction in acute-phase @entity3 (acute vs chronic: 65 +/- 27% vs 77 +/- 17%, P <.03). Laser light scattering showed significant reduction in medium (25-50 microm) and large (50-70 microm) but not small aggregate (9-25 microm) generation (acute vs chronic: small, 1.2 +/- 0.6 x 10(7) vs 1.5 +/- 1.0 x 10(7), NS; medium, 0.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(7) vs 1.1 +/- 0.5 x 10(7), P <.001; large, 1.4 +/- 1.2 x 10(7) vs 2.6 +/- 1.7 x 10(7), P <.001). Acute- versus chronic-phase platelet counts were significantly decreased (1.7 +/- 0.1 x 10(5)/microL vs 3.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(5)/microL, P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Platelet aggregation is suppressed in acute-phase @entity4 . This suppression does not occur in the initial phase of small aggregate formation; rather, it occurs during the conglomeration of small aggregates into larger aggregates.

title: XXXX in @entity2 evaluated by the laser light-scattering method.

answer: @entity3


abstract: ' @entity0 ' represent a bulge underneath the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract whose etiology cannot be determined by gastrointestinal endoscopy or barium studies. Because many of these lesions do not arise from the submucosa, these abnormalities have been recently referred to as @entity1 . The aim of this review was to assess the value of EUS for the diagnosis and management of suspected @entity1 . Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is currently considered the investigative procedure of choice when a @entity1 has been detected. EUS can determine the intra- or extramural location of the lesion, can differentiate vascular, cystic and solid lesions, and can characterize the layer(s) of origin or ultrasound characteristics (size, borders, homogeneity, anechoic areas or echogenic foci). EUS cannot differentiate exactly between benign and @entity0 , but it can guide fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy or histologic needle biopsies, thus providing samples for cytology or histological analysis. EUS also offers valuable information on the clinical management, and helps to decide whether a lesion should be consequently followed, removed by endoscopy or by surgery. The introduction of EUS and endoscopic submucosal resection (ESMR) clearly changed the management of small @entity1 (less than 3 cm). A clinical decision algorithm was subsequently developed, taking into consideration the information offered by most of the reviews and case reports. However, further prospective studies will have to establish the value and indications of ESMR (used in association with EUS), for the treatment of @entity1 , as compared to surgery and follow-up.

title: Utility of endoscopic ultrasound for the diagnosis and treatment of XXXX of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

answer: @entity0