abstract: We studied diurnal variation and the responses of plasma corticoids to @entity1 and ACTH before and after adrenal surgery in 11 @entity0 with @entity4 . Diurnal variation of plasma corticoids was examined in all cases. Before adrenal surgery, plasma @entity5 (Ald) was higher at all times, @entity9 ( @entity8 ) was high value at 5:00 and then normal value, @entity7 (S) was high value at 5:00 and 9:00, thereafter normal value, while @entity6 (B) and @entity3 (F) were almost normal value at all times. The circadian rhythm was observed in these corticoids. @entity1 (2 mg/day) was administered to 8 @entity0 for 10 days. Plasma Ald and @entity8 were significantly suppressed only at 5:00, while B, S and F almost suppressed at all times. After dexa suppression, the circadian rhythm of Ald still observed, while the diurnal variation of the other corticoids was even. ACTH (1 microgram) was injected intravenously to 9 @entity0 . Responses of @entity8 , B and Ald were higher, and of S and F were almost normal. Diurnal variation of plasma corticoids was observed after 1 month of adrenal surgery. Ald was lower, the other corticoids were normal values. ACTH (1 microgram) was injected to the same case before surgery. Responses of these corticoids to ACTH were slightly lower. Contents of Ald in @entity2 tissues were higher than those in adjacent and normal adrenal tissues, and the contents of the other corticoids in @entity2 tissue were almost normal value. As these results showed, before surgery these corticoids were secreted from @entity2 without ACTH, although these were responsible to ACTH, and the presence of regulative factor of circadian rhythm except ACTH was suggested. After surgery, not only the responses to ACTH of mineralocorticoids but these of glucocorticoids decreased.

title: [Diurnal variation and responses of corticoids to XXXX and ACTH before and after adrenal surgery in @entity4 ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: The effect of dietary manipulation of fat and fibre on the structural and cell kinetic characteristics of @entity4 was studied before and during experimental @entity3 in 232 male Albino Swiss @entity2 . Carcinogen treated animals were given 12 weekly injections of @entity5 (10 mg/kg/week). The animals were divided between four dietary groups (1) high fat, high fibre, (2) low fat, high fibre, (3) high fat, low fibre and (4) low fat, low fibre. Pathological and cell kinetic information together with details of certain faecal characteristics was collected when the animals were killed 4, 20, and 28 weeks after starting their experimental diet. @entity0 induction was significantly influenced by diet. The highest risk of @entity1 development was found in groups fed diet 3: high fat, low fibre (p less than 0.03). In contrast, diet 2: low fat, high fibre was associated with the lowest risk. The proportion of histologically proven @entity0 occurring in each dietary group was: @entity6 -10.9%, diet 2-3.6%, diet 3-63.7%, diet 4-21.8%. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies done on selected samples indicated both dietary and @entity5 related alterations in crypt unit integrity. The most marked surface architectural changes were seen in carcinogen treated animals maintained on diet 3 (high fat, low fibre). Stathmokinetic analysis revealed considerable intergroup variability. Both fat and fibre produced significant effects, principally during the preneoplastic phase of @entity3 . Faster proliferative activity tended to be found in animals at low risk of @entity0 induction (diet 2), slower proliferation being more characteristic of animals at high risk (p less than 0.05). The findings suggest that both topographical and cell kinetic parameters have an important relationship with promoting and protecting dietary factors during the development of @entity1 .

title: Morphological and cell kinetic effects of dietary manipulation during XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The spatial arrangement of the F protein spike in the @entity5 was studied after purifying the protein and reconstituting it in lipid vesicles (Sechoy, O., Philippot, J. R., and Bienvenue, A. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 857, 1-12). The different components of the F protein spikes were analyzed by @entity2 - @entity1 gel electrophoresis under various conditions of treatment, i.e. at different temperatures and @entity2 concentrations, using different detergents for F protein solubilization (Triton X-100 and @entity4 ), by fast protein liquid chromatography analysis, and by chemical cross-linking between subunits with bifunctional agents such as @entity7 and @entity6 . The F protein spike appeared to be a structurally stable complex, composed of a noncovalent association of four homooligomers, each consisting of two peptides, F1 and F2, linked by a @entity0 bond. @entity4 and @entity3 solubilized the F protein, preserving the tetramer, which is probably the native form. Using chemical cross-linking, a covalent bond was formed between two monomers. We hypothesize that the tetrameric form of the F protein in its native form (spike) consists of two identical dimers that can be chemically cross-linked in a stable complex.

title: F protein-F protein interaction within the XXXX identified by native bonding or chemical cross-linking.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Polyclonal antibodies against @entity2 /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) of @entity0 brain were prepared by immunizing @entity1 and then purified by antigen-affinity column. The antibodies which recognized both subunits of the enzyme with Mrs 49K and 60K were used for the study on the distribution of CaM kinase II in @entity3 -fixed, @entity4 -embedded tissues. In the brain, a light-microscopic study demonstrated strong immunoreactivity in neuronal somata and dendrites and weak immunoreactivity in nuclei. The densely stained regions included cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, striatum, substantia nigra, and cerebellar cortex. In substantia nigra, neurites were stained, but not neuronal somata. Electron microscopy revealed that the immunoreactive product was highly concentrated at the postsynaptic densities. In addition to neurons, weak immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in glial cells, such as astrocytes and ependymal cells of ventricles and epithelial cells of choroid plexus. In other tissues, strong immunoreactivity was observed in the islet of pancreas and moderate immunoreactivity in skeletal muscle and kidney tubules. Immunoreactivity was demonstrated in all of the tissues tested. The results suggest that CaM kinase II is widely distributed in the tissues.

title: Immunohistochemical localization of XXXX /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in @entity0 brain and various tissues.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Polyclonal antibodies against @entity2 /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) of @entity0 brain were prepared by immunizing @entity1 and then purified by antigen-affinity column. The antibodies which recognized both subunits of the enzyme with Mrs 49K and 60K were used for the study on the distribution of CaM kinase II in @entity3 -fixed, @entity4 -embedded tissues. In the brain, a light-microscopic study demonstrated strong immunoreactivity in neuronal somata and dendrites and weak immunoreactivity in nuclei. The densely stained regions included cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, striatum, substantia nigra, and cerebellar cortex. In substantia nigra, neurites were stained, but not neuronal somata. Electron microscopy revealed that the immunoreactive product was highly concentrated at the postsynaptic densities. In addition to neurons, weak immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in glial cells, such as astrocytes and ependymal cells of ventricles and epithelial cells of choroid plexus. In other tissues, strong immunoreactivity was observed in the islet of pancreas and moderate immunoreactivity in skeletal muscle and kidney tubules. Immunoreactivity was demonstrated in all of the tissues tested. The results suggest that CaM kinase II is widely distributed in the tissues.

title: Immunohistochemical localization of @entity2 /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in XXXX brain and various tissues.

answer: @entity0


abstract: In several parts of the @entity6 ) genome, nested sets of overlapping RNAs with common 3' or 5' termini have been recognized. In the present report, the pattern of viral transcription and the arrangement of viral gene products in the region of 81.2 to 85.0 map units were investigated. In this segment of the AcNPV genome, at least nine size classes of viral RNA were identified which ranged in size from 1.3 kilobases (kb) to 4.6 kb and exhibited common 3' termini. The detailed restriction map and the @entity1 sequence of this part of the AcNPV genome were determined. Computer analyses revealed several open reading frames (ORFs) on the rightward-transcribed strand with potential TATA and CAAT signals preceding many of the potential ORFs and the 5' termini of some of the mapped RNAs. The leftward-transcribed strand was devoid of major ORFs. The presumptive polypeptides encoded by the larger ORFs ranged in size from 11.3 to 55.6 kilodaltons (kDa). The @entity2 sequence of the presumptive polypeptide encoded by @entity5 , a 33.6-kDa molecule, exhibited an unusual, clustered 16-fold repeat of the dipeptide @entity0 - @entity3 in a protein that showed an overall preponderance of basic @entity4 . The results of in vitro translation experiments with hybrid-selected RNAs homologous to internal subfragments of the 81.2- to 85.0-map-unit region yielded polypeptides of approximately 28, 34 to 36, and 48 to 50 kDa, which were close in size to the lengths of the major ORFs derived from the @entity1 sequence. The localizations of individual size classes of RNAs in the 81.2- to 85.0-map-unit region of the viral genome were determined precisely at the 3' and 5' termini by S1 protection analyses. Within a sequence of eight nucleotides, all RNAs had the same 3' terminus, which lay close to multiple polyadenylation signals. The initiation sites of the nine different RNA size classes were precisely mapped. As the cap sites of the smaller RNAs (less than 1.8 kb) were determined by S1 protection analyses, a multitude of RNA initiation sites became apparent. It was also shown that the different RNA size classes in the 81.2- to 85.0-map-unit region were detectable as early as 2 h and at least until 36 to 48 h after infection. In unselected cytoplasmic RNA, the size classes of viral RNAs specific for the EcoRI J fragment were detectable early as well as late after infection, although at early times the larger RNAs were detectable in smaller amounts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Overlapping sets of viral RNAs reflect the array of polypeptides in the EcoRI J and N fragments (map positions 81.2 to 85.0) of the XXXX genome.

answer: @entity6


abstract: In adult @entity1 does ovulation was induced by @entity0 choriongonadotropin (hCG) 48 hours before experiments. At laparotomy the oviducts were cannulated from the ovarian and uterine ends. In vivo as well as in vitro the patency of the isthmus was studied with low viscous fluid perfusion of the ampulloisthmic region in antegrade direction. Intraluminally applied @entity3 (NE) or @entity5 ( @entity2 ) caused dual changes in transisthmic flow; administration of a low dose increased the flow, while high doses decreased the flow in vivo. In vitro, application of PhE only induced a dose-dependent reduction of flow. The PhE-induced reduction of flow was prevented by pretreatment with @entity8 in vivo and in vitro, suggesting activation of an alpha-adrenoceptor mechanism. Intraluminal application of @entity7 (T) caused a dose-dependent increase of flow, which was most prominent in vivo. Such an increase of flow was prevented by blockade of beta-adrenoceptors with @entity4 or by selective blockade of beta 2-adrenoceptors with @entity6 399 both in vivo and in vitro, indicating activation of a beta 2-adrenoceptor mechanism. The biochemical and hormonal changes 48 hours after ovulation imply a role for the sympathetic transmitter NE in causing a contractile state of the ampulloisthmic region ("tube locking") for retention of ova prior to nidation in the uterine cavity. The isthmus would then hypothetically act as a sympathetically innervated smooth muscle sphincter. The present results demonstrate a constrictory response of this region to high-dose stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors in support of such a hypothesis. However, it must be noted that this region also possesses a population of beta-adrenoceptors at this time interval, which may interfere with a constrictor mechanism via circulating epinephrine.

title: Adrenoceptor modulated flow through the XXXX ampulloisthmic region studied in vivo and in vitro.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 ( @entity0 )-induced @entity3 retention is normally mediated by alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Clinically, chronic @entity4 therapy increases rather than decreases @entity3 retention. In preliminary studies, chronic @entity4 (3 days, 3 mg/kg per day) increased renal alpha 2-adrenoceptor density (mean +/- s.e.m., 153 +/- 14 versus 209 +/- 11 fmol/mg protein) in normal @entity1 . We therefore postulated that following chronic @entity4 treatment, alpha 2-adrenoceptors may mediate @entity0 -induced @entity3 retention. The effect of chronic @entity4 pretreatment on the alpha-adrenoceptor subtype mediating @entity0 -induced antinatriuresis was studied in the perfused @entity1 kidney. In control @entity1 , subpressor levels of @entity0 (approximately 1 Hz, 10 V, 1 ms) decreased @entity3 and water excretion. @entity4 28 nmol/l (alpha 1-blockade) reversed this effect of @entity0 . @entity5 300 nmol/l (alpha 2-blockade) had no effect. In @entity1 treated with @entity4 , @entity0 again decreased @entity3 and water excretion. In these @entity1 , @entity5 as well as @entity4 was necessary to reverse the effects of @entity0 . Thus, following @entity4 pretreatment postjunctional alpha 2- as well as alpha 1-adrenoceptors mediated @entity0 -induced antinatriuresis. A similar function of the elevated renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors in @entity2 in @entity1 could possibly explain the mechanism by which excess @entity3 retention occurs and thereby the elevation of blood pressure.

title: Alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade and altered renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors: a model(?) for the study of genetically altered alpha 2-adrenoceptors in XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity0 ( @entity0 )-induced @entity3 retention is normally mediated by alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Clinically, chronic @entity4 therapy increases rather than decreases @entity3 retention. In preliminary studies, chronic @entity4 (3 days, 3 mg/kg per day) increased renal alpha 2-adrenoceptor density (mean +/- s.e.m., 153 +/- 14 versus 209 +/- 11 fmol/mg protein) in normal @entity1 . We therefore postulated that following chronic @entity4 treatment, alpha 2-adrenoceptors may mediate @entity0 -induced @entity3 retention. The effect of chronic @entity4 pretreatment on the alpha-adrenoceptor subtype mediating @entity0 -induced antinatriuresis was studied in the perfused @entity1 kidney. In control @entity1 , subpressor levels of @entity0 (approximately 1 Hz, 10 V, 1 ms) decreased @entity3 and water excretion. @entity4 28 nmol/l (alpha 1-blockade) reversed this effect of @entity0 . @entity5 300 nmol/l (alpha 2-blockade) had no effect. In @entity1 treated with @entity4 , @entity0 again decreased @entity3 and water excretion. In these @entity1 , @entity5 as well as @entity4 was necessary to reverse the effects of @entity0 . Thus, following @entity4 pretreatment postjunctional alpha 2- as well as alpha 1-adrenoceptors mediated @entity0 -induced antinatriuresis. A similar function of the elevated renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors in @entity2 in @entity1 could possibly explain the mechanism by which excess @entity3 retention occurs and thereby the elevation of blood pressure.

title: Alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade and altered renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors: a model(?) for the study of genetically altered alpha 2-adrenoceptors in @entity2 XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Teprotide, a nonapeptide isolated from the venom of a Brazilian pit viper, Bothrops jararaca, was the first @entity5 ( @entity5 ) inhibitor to be discovered and tested. It was found to be an effective, non-toxic antihypertensive agent as well as an afterload-reducing agent for @entity0 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ). The primary activity of @entity11 resulted from blockade of the angiotensin I converting enzyme--the pivotal step in the renin-angiotensin- @entity6 system (RAAS), and consequent reductions in @entity8 levels. There was limited clinical testing for teprotide because of: its scarcity; the need for parenteral administration; and the subsequent discovery and synthesis of @entity9 , the first orally active @entity5 inhibitor. @entity9 is the prototype oral @entity5 inhibitor and has been extensively studied since the initiation of formal studies in 1976. Perhaps one of the most closely researched drugs in modern times, the experience with @entity9 now includes more than 12,000 @entity0 studied in formalized trials and over 4,000,000 @entity0 treated world-wide by physicians for @entity2 and @entity4 . Enalapril ( @entity10 ) is the first of what appears to be a growing number of analogues which are structurally and pharmacodynamically different from @entity9 ; yet, they possess the same capacity for inhibiting the activity of @entity5 . The side effect profile of @entity10 (and presumably future) @entity5 inhibitors appears to be similar to @entity9 , though clearly more experience is needed with newer agents. The initial use of @entity9 was troubled by a relatively high incidence of side effects which will form the focus of this discussion. Partially the result of incomplete pharmacokinetic information, @entity9 was administered in early studies at dosages now recognised to be far in excess of those necessary for drug action. In addition, dosages were given without regard for @entity3 , now known to be the main excretory route of @entity9 . The population of those @entity0 studied frequently had chronic, treatment-resistant @entity2 , often associated with concomitant end-organ disease (especially @entity1 ); and many additional factors further complicating the clinical setting, e.g. a relatively high incidence of @entity7 and immunosuppressive treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Adverse reactions with @entity5 ( XXXX ) inhibitors.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Teprotide, a nonapeptide isolated from the venom of a Brazilian pit viper, Bothrops jararaca, was the first @entity5 ( @entity5 ) inhibitor to be discovered and tested. It was found to be an effective, non-toxic antihypertensive agent as well as an afterload-reducing agent for @entity0 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ). The primary activity of @entity11 resulted from blockade of the angiotensin I converting enzyme--the pivotal step in the renin-angiotensin- @entity6 system (RAAS), and consequent reductions in @entity8 levels. There was limited clinical testing for teprotide because of: its scarcity; the need for parenteral administration; and the subsequent discovery and synthesis of @entity9 , the first orally active @entity5 inhibitor. @entity9 is the prototype oral @entity5 inhibitor and has been extensively studied since the initiation of formal studies in 1976. Perhaps one of the most closely researched drugs in modern times, the experience with @entity9 now includes more than 12,000 @entity0 studied in formalized trials and over 4,000,000 @entity0 treated world-wide by physicians for @entity2 and @entity4 . Enalapril ( @entity10 ) is the first of what appears to be a growing number of analogues which are structurally and pharmacodynamically different from @entity9 ; yet, they possess the same capacity for inhibiting the activity of @entity5 . The side effect profile of @entity10 (and presumably future) @entity5 inhibitors appears to be similar to @entity9 , though clearly more experience is needed with newer agents. The initial use of @entity9 was troubled by a relatively high incidence of side effects which will form the focus of this discussion. Partially the result of incomplete pharmacokinetic information, @entity9 was administered in early studies at dosages now recognised to be far in excess of those necessary for drug action. In addition, dosages were given without regard for @entity3 , now known to be the main excretory route of @entity9 . The population of those @entity0 studied frequently had chronic, treatment-resistant @entity2 , often associated with concomitant end-organ disease (especially @entity1 ); and many additional factors further complicating the clinical setting, e.g. a relatively high incidence of @entity7 and immunosuppressive treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Adverse reactions with XXXX ( @entity5 ) inhibitors.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Although increased efficacy has been described with a five-day schedule of high-dose @entity3 (CDDP) in hypertonic saline, severe myelosuppression and cumulative @entity7 have limited the usefulness of this therapy. In order to evaluate a possible dose-response relationship in @entity5 ( @entity5 ), 17 @entity0 with @entity1 were treated with a modified dose schedule delivering the same total dose (200 mg/m2) in a divided day 1 and 8 schedule. During a pilot study, a total of 47 cycles of therapy were administered, with a median of three cycles per @entity0 and a median total cumulative dose of 600 mg/m2. Nine of 17 @entity0 received at least 600 mg/m2. While nephrotoxicity was similar to previous reports of the five-day schedule, the incidence and severity of myelosuppression and @entity6 were markedly reduced. Using this modified schedule, severe myelosuppression did not occur. Clinically severe @entity6 developed in only one @entity0 (6%). The overall response rate was 47% (eight of 17 @entity0 ). Plasma @entity4 pharmacokinetics during five cycles of the modified day 1 and 8 schedule were compared with pharmacokinetics of the five-day schedule. Accumulation of plasma ultrafiltrate @entity4 occurred in the five-day schedule, but not in the day 1 and 8 schedule. This difference in pharmacokinetics is one possible explanation for the reduced @entity2 of this modified schedule. Although the degree of activity seen in this pilot study is encouraging, the efficacy of high-dose CDDP in @entity5 remains to be defined. In view of reduced myelosuppression and @entity7 , further trials with this modified schedule are indicated.

title: High-dose XXXX in hypertonic saline: reduced @entity2 of a modified dose schedule and correlation with plasma pharmacokinetics. A Northern California Oncology Group Pilot Study in @entity5 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Although increased efficacy has been described with a five-day schedule of high-dose @entity3 (CDDP) in hypertonic saline, severe myelosuppression and cumulative @entity7 have limited the usefulness of this therapy. In order to evaluate a possible dose-response relationship in @entity5 ( @entity5 ), 17 @entity0 with @entity1 were treated with a modified dose schedule delivering the same total dose (200 mg/m2) in a divided day 1 and 8 schedule. During a pilot study, a total of 47 cycles of therapy were administered, with a median of three cycles per @entity0 and a median total cumulative dose of 600 mg/m2. Nine of 17 @entity0 received at least 600 mg/m2. While nephrotoxicity was similar to previous reports of the five-day schedule, the incidence and severity of myelosuppression and @entity6 were markedly reduced. Using this modified schedule, severe myelosuppression did not occur. Clinically severe @entity6 developed in only one @entity0 (6%). The overall response rate was 47% (eight of 17 @entity0 ). Plasma @entity4 pharmacokinetics during five cycles of the modified day 1 and 8 schedule were compared with pharmacokinetics of the five-day schedule. Accumulation of plasma ultrafiltrate @entity4 occurred in the five-day schedule, but not in the day 1 and 8 schedule. This difference in pharmacokinetics is one possible explanation for the reduced @entity2 of this modified schedule. Although the degree of activity seen in this pilot study is encouraging, the efficacy of high-dose CDDP in @entity5 remains to be defined. In view of reduced myelosuppression and @entity7 , further trials with this modified schedule are indicated.

title: High-dose @entity3 in hypertonic saline: reduced @entity2 of a modified dose schedule and correlation with plasma pharmacokinetics. A Northern California Oncology Group Pilot Study in XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Although increased efficacy has been described with a five-day schedule of high-dose @entity3 (CDDP) in hypertonic saline, severe myelosuppression and cumulative @entity7 have limited the usefulness of this therapy. In order to evaluate a possible dose-response relationship in @entity5 ( @entity5 ), 17 @entity0 with @entity1 were treated with a modified dose schedule delivering the same total dose (200 mg/m2) in a divided day 1 and 8 schedule. During a pilot study, a total of 47 cycles of therapy were administered, with a median of three cycles per @entity0 and a median total cumulative dose of 600 mg/m2. Nine of 17 @entity0 received at least 600 mg/m2. While nephrotoxicity was similar to previous reports of the five-day schedule, the incidence and severity of myelosuppression and @entity6 were markedly reduced. Using this modified schedule, severe myelosuppression did not occur. Clinically severe @entity6 developed in only one @entity0 (6%). The overall response rate was 47% (eight of 17 @entity0 ). Plasma @entity4 pharmacokinetics during five cycles of the modified day 1 and 8 schedule were compared with pharmacokinetics of the five-day schedule. Accumulation of plasma ultrafiltrate @entity4 occurred in the five-day schedule, but not in the day 1 and 8 schedule. This difference in pharmacokinetics is one possible explanation for the reduced @entity2 of this modified schedule. Although the degree of activity seen in this pilot study is encouraging, the efficacy of high-dose CDDP in @entity5 remains to be defined. In view of reduced myelosuppression and @entity7 , further trials with this modified schedule are indicated.

title: High-dose @entity3 in hypertonic saline: reduced XXXX of a modified dose schedule and correlation with plasma pharmacokinetics. A Northern California Oncology Group Pilot Study in @entity5 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: A case of primary @entity3 of the esophagus was reported. A 54-year-old male @entity0 had a @entity1 in the middle third of the esophagus. Barium swallow and endoscopic examination showed a @entity1 with a shallow ulceration in its vertex. Histological examination of the surgically removed material revealed that it was largely confined to the submucosal layer, with no metastasis to lymph nodes. The @entity1 cells presented three distinct patterns: globular nest with irregular cystic spaces, trabecular nest, and true tubule. Electron microscopic study revealed no microvilli or triad along cystic spaces in the globular nests. Histochemical study disclosed that cystic spaces and interstitium were rich in glycosaminoglycans. The luminal surface of the true tubules of the @entity1 , on the other hand, was characteristically lined by sialomucins. The trabecular type-nests differed from the globular nests in showing GSA-II reactivity and containing abundant @entity2 -binding protein. These results indicate that the three patterns represented different differentiations of the @entity1 cells. Twenty-three cases of esophageal @entity3 were found in the literature from 1950 to 1983 and discussed collectively.

title: Primary XXXX of the esophagus. Report of a case and its histochemical characterization.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Cloned cDNAs encoding @entity6 -binding proteins isolated from @entity0 liver have been used to isolate one of the genes encoding this group of proteins. This gene, which encodes the minor form of binding protein (designated @entity7 ), has been characterized by sequence analysis. The protein-coding portion of the mRNA for the @entity7 is encoded by four exons separated by three introns. The @entity5 -terminal, collagen-like portion of the protein is encoded by the first two exons. These exons resemble the exons found in the genes for nonfibrillar collagens in that the intron which divides them is inserted between the first two bases of a @entity4 codon and the exons do not have the 54- or 108-base pair lengths characteristic of fibrillar collagen genes. The @entity3 -binding portion of @entity7 is encoded by the remaining two exons. This portion of the protein is homologous to the @entity3 -recognition domain of the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, which is encoded by four exons. It appears that the three @entity2 -terminal exons of the asialoglycoprotein receptor gene have been fused into a single exon in the @entity7 gene. The organization of the @entity7 gene is very similar to the arrangement of the gene encoding the highly homologous pulmonary surfactant apoprotein, although one of the intron positions is shifted by a single @entity1 . The 3' end of a @entity6 -binding protein pseudogene has also been characterized.

title: Exon structure of a XXXX -binding protein gene reflects its evolutionary relationship to the asialoglycoprotein receptor and nonfibrillar collagens.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of increased physical activity and cessation of smoking on the natural history of early @entity2 . We conducted a randomised controlled trial in Perth, Western Australia, involving 882 @entity0 with early @entity2 identified via population-based screening using the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire and the ankle:brachial index. Members of the control group (n = 441) received "usual care" from their general practitioner while members of the intervention group (n = 441) were allocated to a "stop smoking and keep walking" regime - a combined community-based intervention of cessation of smoking (where applicable) and increased physical activity. Postal follow-up occurred at two and 12 months post-entry into the trial. The main outcome of interest was maximum walking distance. There were no statistically significant differences in the characteristics of the "intervention" and "usual care" groups at recruitment. Follow-up information at two and 12 months was available for 85% and 84% of @entity0 , respectively. At 12 months, more @entity0 allocated to the intervention group had improved their maximum walking distance (23% vs 15%; chi2 = 9.74, df = 2, p = 0.008). In addition, more @entity0 in the intervention group reported walking more than three times per week for recreation (34% vs 25%, p = 0.01). Although not statistically significant, more @entity0 in the intervention group who were smokers when enrolled in the trial had stopped smoking (12% vs 8%, p = 0.43). It is concluded that referral of older @entity0 with @entity1 to established physiotherapy programs in the community can increase levels of physical activity and reduce disability related to @entity2 . A combination of simple and safe interventions that are readily available in the community through physiotherapists and general practitioners has the potential to improve early @entity2 .

title: Improving maximum walking distance in early XXXX : randomised controlled trial.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if the use of ear protection when swimming of @entity0 with ventilation tubes modifies the risk of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) compared to not swimming. METHODS: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Search conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library databases. STUDY SELECTION: Prospective cohort studies and controlled clinical trials of @entity0 with ventilation tubes, with a minimum follow-up of 2 months. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. RESULTS: 11 studies were selected. No difference was found in risk of @entity1 in @entity0 who swim without ear protection compared with those who do not swim: Odds ratio=0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.42-1.44; nor compared with those who use earplugs and swimming caps, odds ratio=0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.38-1.48; nor in those who use ear drops after swimming compared with those who used earplugs or swimming caps, odds ratio=0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.56 to 1.02. The use of ear drops after swimming increases the risk of @entity1 in @entity0 with ventilation tubes as compared with those who do not swim, odds ratio=3.14, 95% confidence interval 1.40 to 7.05. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence to suggest that protection when swimming with earplugs, swimming caps or ear drops in @entity0 with ventilation tubes reduces the risk of @entity1 . Ear drops may even increase this risk.

title: Ventilation tubes after surgery for otitis media with effusion or XXXX and swimming. Systematic review and meta-analysis.

answer: @entity1


abstract: One hundred and forty @entity0 fetal pituitary glands were removed from fetuses at 7-40 weeks of gestation and studied by light microscopy and immunocytochemistry to localize adenohypophysial hormones. For immunocytology, the avidin- @entity2 -peroxidase complex technique was more sensitive and identified hormones in younger fetuses than did the immunoperoxidase method. Adrenocorticotrophin, @entity4 were the first hormones detected; they were identified by intense cytoplasmic immunopositivity at 8 weeks of gestation. Between 10 and 20 weeks, many @entity3 containing cells were large and showed scattered, faint positivity; after 20 weeks, smaller cells with intense positivity predominated. alpha-Subunit of the glycoprotein hormones was identified at 9 weeks of development; beta-subunits of thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone appeared by 12 weeks. Gonadotrophs differed in numbers related to fetal age and sex. From 15 to 25 weeks, glands of female fetuses contained more gonadotrophs than did those of males; after 25 weeks, there was no significant difference in total gonadotroph numbers. Throughout gestation, adenohypophyses of male fetuses had more luteinizing hormone containing cells than follicle-stimulating hormone containing cells; pituitaries of females had approximately the same numbers of follicle-stimulating hormone containing and luteinizing hormone containing cells. Prolactin was identified in few small cells at 12 weeks; at term, prolactin-containing cells were numerous, comparable to those seen in the @entity1 of maternal glands in late gestation and during lactation. This comprehensive study indicates morphologic correlations with pituitary hormone extraction data and with the appearance of the various hormones in the fetal circulation.

title: XXXX fetal adenohypophysis. Histologic and immunocytochemical analysis.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The present study determined the ovarian cellular localization of the mRNA for the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) during pseudopregnancy in the @entity0 . Pseudopregnancy was induced by eCG/hCG stimulation. At Day 1 of pseudopregnancy, intense reaction product for @entity2 mRNA was observed surrounding the developing @entity1 ( @entity1 ), with less intense expression present in granulosa-lutein cells. With continued luteal development, the @entity2 mRNA encircling the @entity1 was lost, although low levels of expression were found within the @entity1 . For @entity4 mRNA, intense reaction product was observed surrounding the developing @entity1 but, unlike @entity2 , was present in granulosa- @entity3 cells, with high levels near the center of the @entity1 . The localization pattern of @entity4 mRNA was unchanged through the latter stages of pseudopregnancy. @entity5 mRNA expression was strikingly different from the other TIMPs. At Day 1 of pseudopregnancy, intense reaction product for @entity5 mRNA was observed in granulosa-lutein cells of certain developing @entity1 , whereas adjacent follicles did not express @entity5 mRNA. With continued luteal development, there was a homogenous, intense localization of @entity5 mRNA throughout the @entity1 , which was unchanged during pseudopregnancy. To understand the induction of @entity5 mRNA in the developing @entity1 , a series of experiments was performed to compare markers of follicular maturity with the presence of @entity5 mRNA. @entity5 mRNA appears to be switched on in granulosa cells of follicles destined to ovulate. The distinct pattern of expression of the three TIMPs suggests that each inhibitor may regulate either the site and extent of proteolytic action or specific matrix metalloproteinases at different periods of the luteal life span.

title: Cellular localization of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in the XXXX ovary throughout pseudopregnancy.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The heart of the ostracod crustacean @entity3 has a single intrinsic neuron that morphologically appears to innervate the myocardium. We, therefore, examined the heart activity electrophysiologically to determine whether the heartbeat is neurogenic. Each heartbeat is associated with a myocardial action potential composed of a spike potential followed by a plateau potential. The frequency of the action potential is not stable but changes successively over a wide range. The action potential is not preceded by a pacemaker potential and has an inflection in its rising phase. The myocardial cells couple electrically and fire almost simultaneously. The frequency of the action potential was unchanged by injection of depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current into the myocardium. However, @entity0 potentials appeared during the depolarization and its frequency was higher with increasing current intensity. Application of 1-microM @entity1 ( @entity2 ) depolarized the myocardial membrane and completely prevented the action potential. During this depolarization, @entity0 potentials often appeared spontaneously. These results suggest that, although the myocardium has a property of conditional oscillator, the heartbeat is driven by the single cell cardiac ganglion that has both pacemaker and motor functions.

title: Cardiac pacemaker mechanisms in the ostracod crustacean XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: We have investigated the pharmacokinetics and effects on the male reproductive axis of a novel preparation of @entity2 (TD) with a progestogen implant. Twenty healthy Chinese @entity0 were administered TD (400 mg intramuscular 4 weekly) with two subcutaneous (SC) etonogestrel implants. Trough @entity1 concentrations rose with repeated administration. Peak concentrations 1 week after the fourth injection were 31 +/- 2 nmol/liter. Both LH and FSH were rapidly suppressed and continued to fall during treatment. Spermatogenesis was also suppressed, to <or=1 x 10(6)/mL in all @entity0 with 16 (80%) azoospermic at 12 weeks. Treatment was associated with an increase in weight, and also increases in hemoglobin concentration (9%) and hematocrit (15%). No subjects withdrew from the study, although the study was terminated after subjects had completed 12 to 18 weeks as some @entity0 were found to have elevated liver enzyme tests. These data demonstrate that the pharmacokinetics of TD are improved compared to previous injectable @entity1 preparations, although peak @entity1 concentrations rise briefly into the supraphysiological range. The speed and degree of spermatogenic suppression suggest that this combination has promise as an effective male contraceptive.

title: Investigation of a novel preparation of XXXX in @entity0 : pharmacokinetics and spermatogenic suppression with etonogestrel implants.

answer: @entity2


abstract: We have investigated the pharmacokinetics and effects on the male reproductive axis of a novel preparation of @entity2 (TD) with a progestogen implant. Twenty healthy Chinese @entity0 were administered TD (400 mg intramuscular 4 weekly) with two subcutaneous (SC) etonogestrel implants. Trough @entity1 concentrations rose with repeated administration. Peak concentrations 1 week after the fourth injection were 31 +/- 2 nmol/liter. Both LH and FSH were rapidly suppressed and continued to fall during treatment. Spermatogenesis was also suppressed, to <or=1 x 10(6)/mL in all @entity0 with 16 (80%) azoospermic at 12 weeks. Treatment was associated with an increase in weight, and also increases in hemoglobin concentration (9%) and hematocrit (15%). No subjects withdrew from the study, although the study was terminated after subjects had completed 12 to 18 weeks as some @entity0 were found to have elevated liver enzyme tests. These data demonstrate that the pharmacokinetics of TD are improved compared to previous injectable @entity1 preparations, although peak @entity1 concentrations rise briefly into the supraphysiological range. The speed and degree of spermatogenic suppression suggest that this combination has promise as an effective male contraceptive.

title: Investigation of a novel preparation of @entity2 in XXXX : pharmacokinetics and spermatogenic suppression with etonogestrel implants.

answer: @entity0


abstract: CHF may activate the RAS by various mechanisms. Acute CHF is associated with high PRA, whereas chronic, stable disease is combined with normal values. The response to ACEI is affected by blood pressure, degree of activation of the RAS, salt balance and degree of possible @entity0 . It may also be affected by concomitant diuretic or, e.g., digoxin therapy. ACEI improves RPF, GFR may remain normal or may increase, if it was previously impaired due to reduced RPF. Severe @entity1 in combination with decreased autoregulatory capacity may decrease GFR. Generally, renal excretion of @entity4 and water increase. These changes in renal handling of salt and water are primarily caused by decreased @entity8 . They are also augmented by inhibited sympathetic tone and thirst and decreased release of @entity9 and @entity3 . Increased synthesis of vasodilating and natriuretic PGs is probably also of some importance. Dilutional @entity7 may be corrected by combined @entity2 inhibitor and @entity5 treatment. Water and @entity4 excretion increase and @entity4 is redistributed from the intracellular space. Low serum @entity4 values increase and @entity6 may be corrected, if @entity2 inhibitor doses are carefully titrated to avoid severe @entity1 . These effects are ascribed mainly to a decrease of @entity8 , thirst and @entity9 release. The effect of @entity5 is improved since increased amounts of salt are delivered to the loop of Henle and access of @entity5 to its site of action is facilitated by increased RPF. ACEI does not cause any obvious negative effects on renal handling of salt and water.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of XXXX inhibition on renal regulation of salt and water.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Lipid bodies are rapidly inducible, specialized cytoplasmic domains for @entity11 -forming enzyme localization, which we hypothesize to have specific roles in enhanced inflammatory mediator production during pathological conditions, including @entity2 . However, little is known about the origins, composition, or functions of lipid bodies in vivo. We show that lipid body numbers were increased in leukocytes from septic @entity0 in comparison with healthy subjects. Analogously, the intrathoracic administration of @entity3 into @entity1 induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in lipid body numbers. Pretreatment with anti- @entity9 or anti- @entity8 / @entity12 mAb drastically inhibited @entity3 -induced lipid body formation. Moreover, @entity3 failed to form lipid bodies in C3H/HeJ ( @entity6 mutated) @entity1 , demonstrating a requisite role for @entity3 receptors in lipid body formation. @entity3 -induced lipid body formation was also inhibited by the platelet-activating factor-receptor antagonists, suggesting a role for endogenous platelet-activating factor. The @entity11 -forming enzymes, @entity13 and @entity7 , were immunolocalized within experimentally induced ( @entity3 in @entity1 ) or naturally occurring (septic @entity0 ) lipid bodies. The proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of @entity2 , @entity4 , was also shown to colocalize within lipid bodies. Prior stimulation of leukocytes to form lipid bodies enhanced the capacity of leukocytes to produce @entity10 and @entity5 . In conclusion, our studies indicate that lipid bodies formed after @entity3 stimulation and @entity2 are sites for @entity11 -forming enzymes and cytokine localization and may develop and function as structurally distinct, intracellular sites for paracrine @entity11 synthesis during inflammatory conditions.

title: Lipopolysaccharide-induced leukocyte lipid body formation in vivo: innate immunity elicited intracellular Loci involved in XXXX metabolism.

answer: @entity11


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mite allergens have been involved in airway sensitization and @entity0 . Immunoassays for the identification and quantifiction of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) allergens are useful to improve the knowledge of regional mite fauna and the remediation of mite allergens in @entity0 . The present study analyzed the association between levels of @entity3 allergen and results of mite identification or skin prick test (SPT) in two different areas of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: Forty-two @entity1 subjects from a rural area (group I; n = 21) and a slum (group II; n = 21) were evaluated through SPT with @entity3 allergens and had dust samples collected at their homes for mite identification and allergen measurements. RESULTS: Positive SPT to @entity4 , @entity5 and Blomia tropicalis allergens were observed in 42.9, 38.0 and 42.9% subjects from group I and in 47.6, 19.0 and 33.3% subjects from group II, respectively. @entity4 and B. tropicalis were identified in approximately 76 and 50% of samples from both groups, respectively. @entity5 was identified in 38.0 and 9.5% of samples from groups I and II, respectively (p < 0.005). Der p 1, Der f 1 and Blo t 5 detection were associated with mite identification (p < 0.05). Association between @entity3 allergen levels over 2 microg/g of dust and positive SPT occurred only with @entity4 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 was the most prevalent mite species in this study followed by B. tropicalis and @entity5 . Immunoassays done to measure mite allergens were associated with mite-species identification. We conclude that these three mite species must be included on panels for the diagnosis of allergic @entity2 in subjects living in such regions.

title: Association between mite allergen (Der p 1, Der f 1, Blo t 5) levels and microscopic identification of mites or skin prick test results in XXXX subjects.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: We aimed to clarify the outcome of perendoscopic prophylactic injection of sclerosing agent in Forrest's II @entity3 . MATERIAL/METHODS: @entity0 with @entity2 in last 6 hours were performed emergency endoscopy and were enrolled. The @entity0 in group-1 were performed prophylactic injection therapy with 1% @entity6 and then given medical treatment with intravenous 40 mg @entity5 twice a day and @entity4 infusion at the dose of 6 mg/day during 3 days. Group-2 @entity0 were only given medical treatment with same agents and at same doses without having any perendoscopic therapy. RESULTS: There were 32 @entity0 in group-1 and 20 in group-2. In emergency endoscopy, 20 (62.5%) @entity0 had IIa @entity3 and 12 (37.5%) @entity0 had IIb @entity3 in group-1. These @entity0 underwent prophylactic perendoscopic hemostasis by 1% @entity6 in addition to medical treatment. Early rebleeding occurred in 9 (28.1%) @entity0 of group-1 and 3 (15%) in group-2 (p<0.001). At the endoscopic control after 48 hours 13 (40.6%) @entity0 in the group-1 and 15 (75%) @entity0 in group-2 showed improved local ulcer stigmata (p<0.001). The numbers of blood units transfused were lower in the group-2 (p=0.002). The hospital stay was longer in group-1 (p=0.01). In the group-1, more endoscopic intervention was needed. Any @entity1 and the need for surgical intervention did not occurred in any groups. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results; the indication of perendoscopic prophylactic injection of sclerosing agent in non-bleeding @entity3 with high risk of rebleeding must be reviewed by large population based, prospective, randomized trials.

title: The effect of perendoscopic sclerosing agent injection in Forrest's II XXXX -- a pilot study from Turkey.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Betel chewing is common in India and southeast Asia. It shows mild psychostimulatory effects but with prolonged use there is a risk of @entity2 . Surprisingly, betel nut associated disorders are rarely discussed in the dermatological literature. METHODS: A review about betel nut associated disease is given based on a literature review and our own experiences. RESULTS: Both benign and @entity0 can be induced by betel nut chewing. Betel causes reddish discoloration of teeth, @entity7 and @entity1 . @entity3 is a precancerous disease that may eventually develop into @entity6 ( @entity6 ). Among @entity0 induced by betel quid, @entity6 is the most important but @entity5 and @entity4 can also be observed. The available treatments are of limited value. CONCLUSIONS: Betel nut chewing has its own morbidity and mortality due to the induction of benign and @entity0 . There is a lack of controlled trials although both betel nut chewing and the associated diseases are common.

title: [Oral and XXXX due to betel nut chewing].

answer: @entity2


abstract: Juvenile @entity5 (JNA) is the most common benign neoplasm of the nasopharynx. While histologically benign, it has the propensity for aggressive local growth. This highly @entity1 predominantly occurs in adolescent males. The literature fails to provide a thorough description of ocular complications and their incidence in JNA. This report summarizes the data from those clinical series detailing ocular findings in a total of 218 JNA cases. Exophthalmos was found in 14% of all cases. @entity2 and partial @entity4 occurred in 5% and 2% respectively. Recognition of ocular involvement in JNA is of the utmost importance, for it is often a manifestation of orbital or intracranial extension or both. We describe the diagnosis and management of a case of JNA in a five-year-old white male. The @entity0 developed ocular findings of marked exophthalmos and @entity3 . Early multidisciplinary diagnostic evaluation (otolaryngological, neurosurgical, and ophthalmological) followed by a team surgical approach to excision is most likely to yield efficacious results.

title: Ocular findings in juvenile XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The glucosyltransferase amylosucrase is structurally quite similar to the hydrolase alpha-amylase. How this switch in functionality is achieved is an important and fundamental question. The inactive @entity2 amylosucrase variant has been co-crystallized with @entity1 , and the structure was determined by x-ray crystallography to 2.2 A resolution, revealing a @entity1 binding site in the B'-domain somewhat distant from the active site. Additional soaking of these crystals with @entity1 resulted in replacement of Tris in the active site with @entity1 , allowing the mapping of the -1 to +5 binding subsites. Crystals of amylosucrase were soaked with @entity0 at different concentrations. The structures at approximately 2.1 A resolution revealed three new binding sites of different affinity. The highest affinity binding site is close to the active site but is not in the previously identified substrate access channel. Allosteric regulation seems necessary to facilitate access from this binding site. The structures show the pivotal role of the B'-domain in the transferase reaction. Based on these observations, an extension of the hydrolase reaction mechanism valid for this enzyme can be proposed. In this mechanism, the glycogen-like polymer is bound in the widest access channel to the active site. The polymer binding introduces structural changes that allow @entity0 to migrate from its binding site into the active site and displace the polymer.

title: Oligosaccharide and XXXX complexes of amylosucrase. Structural implications for the polymerase activity.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Prenatal development of the GABAergic system in the @entity0 brain has been studied using an antiserum to @entity2 - @entity3 - @entity4 conjugates, specific for GABAergic neurons. The @entity2 ( @entity2 ) system has been found to differentiate very early relative to other transmitter-identified neurons, such that by embryonic day 13 a well developed fiber network exists in the brainstem, mesencephalon and diencephalon, including a large projection in the posterior commissure and adjacent areas on the surface of the mesencephalon and tectum. Although no cell bodies are visible at this time, it appears that these fibers originate from the caudal brainstem and spinal cord. GABAergic cell bodies begin to appear on embryonic day 14 in the lateral cortical anlage. By embryonic day 16, they are also visible in the basal forebrain and in all regions of cortex where they are located in three zones: in layer I, below the cortical plate, and in the intermediate zone. Also contained in the outer part of layer I is a dense fiber plexus which stains intensely for @entity2 . These fibers may be part of the first contingent of cortical afferents to invade the telencephalic vesicle, an event which is thought to be a stimulus for the beginning of neuronal differentiation in this region. By E18, two bands of immunoreactivity are visible in layer I, which probably contain both cell bodies and fibers. The trajectories taken by growing GABAergic fibers in the brainstem, mesencephalon and diencephalon at embryonic day 13 and at subsequent stages of development are coincident with regions of both monoaminergic and peptidergic differentiation and appear to correspond to recently reported patterns of @entity1 receptors which appear slightly later. The early differentiation of the GABAergic system could indicate a trophic role for @entity2 in early brain development, possibly involving receptors for this neurotransmitter or related substances.

title: Prenatal ontogeny of the GABAergic system in the XXXX brain: an immunocytochemical study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: In addition to stimulating insulin secretion, glucagon-like peptide and its long-acting analog exendin 4 have been reported to increase beta-cell mass by both differentiation/neogenesis of precursor cells and enhanced replication of existing beta-cells. Here, we investigated the effect of exendin 4 in the growth and differentiation of beta-cells from undifferentiated precursors in islet-like cell clusters (ICCs) derived from @entity0 fetal pancreases. Our results show that the addition of exendin 4 to the culture media stimulates @entity4 expression in ICCs as shown by immunofluorescence staining. The up-regulation of @entity4 was not accompanied by changes in insulin expression because we did not find a significant difference in the number of insulin-positive cells in the exendin 4-treated ICCs, compared with controls. We also tested the effects of exendin 4 in the @entity2 -induced insulin secretion of @entity0 ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of athymic @entity1 . In the exendin 4-treated @entity1 (given ip during 10 d) 8 wk after the beginning of the treatment, insulin was released in response to @entity2 as detected by the measurement of circulating @entity0 @entity3 . In control (saline-treated) @entity1 , the basal levels of @entity0 @entity3 did not change significantly after @entity2 stimulation. Thus, exendin 4 induces functional maturation of fetal beta-cells in response to @entity2 . In these @entity1 , serial sections of the kidney-bearing grafts were examined histologically for insulin containing cells. We found a significant increase in beta-cell number, compared with the control @entity1 . Overall, these results show that in vivo exendin 4 causes growth and differentiation of @entity0 fetal beta-cells from undifferentiated precursor cells. It also accelerates the functional maturation of fetal beta-cells as evidenced by their @entity2 -stimulated insulin secretion.

title: Exendin 4 up-regulates expression of XXXX and hastens differentiation and maturation of @entity0 fetal pancreatic cells.

answer: @entity4


abstract: In addition to stimulating insulin secretion, glucagon-like peptide and its long-acting analog exendin 4 have been reported to increase beta-cell mass by both differentiation/neogenesis of precursor cells and enhanced replication of existing beta-cells. Here, we investigated the effect of exendin 4 in the growth and differentiation of beta-cells from undifferentiated precursors in islet-like cell clusters (ICCs) derived from @entity0 fetal pancreases. Our results show that the addition of exendin 4 to the culture media stimulates @entity4 expression in ICCs as shown by immunofluorescence staining. The up-regulation of @entity4 was not accompanied by changes in insulin expression because we did not find a significant difference in the number of insulin-positive cells in the exendin 4-treated ICCs, compared with controls. We also tested the effects of exendin 4 in the @entity2 -induced insulin secretion of @entity0 ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of athymic @entity1 . In the exendin 4-treated @entity1 (given ip during 10 d) 8 wk after the beginning of the treatment, insulin was released in response to @entity2 as detected by the measurement of circulating @entity0 @entity3 . In control (saline-treated) @entity1 , the basal levels of @entity0 @entity3 did not change significantly after @entity2 stimulation. Thus, exendin 4 induces functional maturation of fetal beta-cells in response to @entity2 . In these @entity1 , serial sections of the kidney-bearing grafts were examined histologically for insulin containing cells. We found a significant increase in beta-cell number, compared with the control @entity1 . Overall, these results show that in vivo exendin 4 causes growth and differentiation of @entity0 fetal beta-cells from undifferentiated precursor cells. It also accelerates the functional maturation of fetal beta-cells as evidenced by their @entity2 -stimulated insulin secretion.

title: Exendin 4 up-regulates expression of @entity4 and hastens differentiation and maturation of XXXX fetal pancreatic cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the possible clinical and biological rescue of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) in 16 @entity0 who were still active despite intensive combination therapy after receiving infliximab following the @entity1 factor Trial in @entity5 with Concomitant Therapy (ATTRACT) schedule. METHODS: Sixteen @entity0 who were still active despite combination therapy with optimal doses of @entity6 ( @entity7 15-17.5 mg/week) and @entity3 ( @entity9 .5-3.5 mg/day) received infliximab. Ten received their combination plus infliximab (Combi), and six received infliximab plus @entity7 alone (Mono). The follow-up was carried out for 30 weeks in all @entity0 and for 46 weeks in eight. Efficacy and safety were examined. RESULTS: At entry, the mean disease activity score (DAS) was 5.6 (all @entity0 had a DAS >3.7). After therapy, eight of 10 @entity0 in Combi and four out of six in Mono showed an improvement of >50% in the initial swollen joint count, yet only one @entity0 reached 50% improvement in the initial DAS after 30 weeks, and one @entity0 had a DAS <2.4 (low disease activity). Of the eight @entity0 who reached 46 weeks of follow-up, three showed an improvement in DAS of 50% and two had a DAS <2.4. When considering the change over time, the difference between DAS at entry and at week 30 was statistically significant only in @entity0 receiving @entity7 plus CsA, while it was not significant in those receiving @entity7 only. Two @entity0 developed recurrent @entity8 in the Combi therapy group, while two had a single febrile infection in the @entity7 alone group. Two @entity0 became strongly anti-cardiolipin positive (IgM >40 MPL) and one developed a @entity4 . CONCLUSION: Infliximab can be added incrementally to @entity7 plus CsA, with favourable results in terms of efficacy and safety over time in severe rapidly @entity2 and progressive @entity5 . Finally, minor evidence emerged for a stronger efficacy of the Combi treatment compared with Mono.

title: Rescue of combination therapy failures using infliximab, while maintaining the combination or monotherapy with XXXX : results of an open trial.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 prevalence is known to vary among different geographical regions both nationally and internationally. However, there is limited understanding of the nature of differences within geographical regions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of @entity2 in 2 prairie communities and differences in the patterns of respiratory symptoms between the communities. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was sent through schools in Estevan and @entity1 Current, Saskatchewan, to parents of 2,231 @entity0 in grades 1 to 6. @entity2 prevalence was determined by questionnaire report of physician-diagnosed @entity2 . Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) using spirometry were conducted in @entity0 in grades 1 to 4. To evaluate @entity3 without the use of a diagnostic label, similar comparisons were made between communities for respiratory symptoms. RESULTS: The overall response rate to the survey questionnaire was 91.3%. The prevalence of ever @entity2 in Estevan was 21.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.1%-22.7%) compared with 16.2% (95% CI, 15.1%-17.3%) in @entity1 Current. A higher proportion of @entity0 in Estevan (19.7%; 95% CI, 17.9%-21.5%) compared with @entity0 in @entity1 Current (12.5%; 95% CI, 11.1%-13.9%) reported a history of @entity2 . There was no difference found between towns for @entity0 . These findings were supported by findings for respiratory symptoms, including wheeze and cough. For both @entity0 and @entity0 , the forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of forced vital capacity and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity were lower in Estevan compared with @entity1 Current. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the distribution of childhood @entity2 can be found within regions. These results are strengthened by PFTs and cannot be fully explained by diagnostic biases.

title: Differences in respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in XXXX in 2 Saskatchewan communities.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous mineral oil injection is an old-fashioned practice used mostly for cosmetic purposes. Infection, @entity7 , subcutaneous nodules, and autoimmune activation are among the known adverse effects. @entity4 has not been previously reported in association with mineral oil injection. OBJECTIVE: To report the case of a 43-year-old @entity0 who performed long-term self-administration of mineral oil and was found to have both cellular immunodeficiency and @entity6 . METHODS: We performed an immunological evaluation. Throat, induced sputum, urine, and blood cultures were examined for microorganisms. Pelvic computed tomography, inguinal lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, and liver biopsy were also performed. RESULTS: Laboratory results revealed @entity8 , very low absolute numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations, and a markedly impaired lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A) and recall antigens (mumps, @entity11 , purified protein derivative, and @entity2 toxoid). The cultures were negative for microorganisms. The pelvic computed tomogram demonstrated areas of diffuse oil-density signals throughout the subcutaneous tissue in the gluteal area and proximal lower extremities, as well as bilateral @entity9 . A lymph node biopsy specimen showed lipid @entity5 and @entity1 . A bone marrow biopsy specimen demonstrated @entity3 with normal trilineage hematopoesis. Increased serum transaminase levels, @entity10 , positive anti-extractable nuclear antigen and anti-Ro antibodies, and plasma cells in the liver suggested an autoimmune process. CONCLUSIONS: Mineral oil administration may be associated with both cellular immunodeficiency and @entity6 . @entity0 who have received long-term administration of a foreign substance should undergo a comprehensive immunological evaluation.

title: XXXX and @entity6 in long-term mineral oil administration.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous mineral oil injection is an old-fashioned practice used mostly for cosmetic purposes. Infection, @entity7 , subcutaneous nodules, and autoimmune activation are among the known adverse effects. @entity4 has not been previously reported in association with mineral oil injection. OBJECTIVE: To report the case of a 43-year-old @entity0 who performed long-term self-administration of mineral oil and was found to have both cellular immunodeficiency and @entity6 . METHODS: We performed an immunological evaluation. Throat, induced sputum, urine, and blood cultures were examined for microorganisms. Pelvic computed tomography, inguinal lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, and liver biopsy were also performed. RESULTS: Laboratory results revealed @entity8 , very low absolute numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations, and a markedly impaired lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A) and recall antigens (mumps, @entity11 , purified protein derivative, and @entity2 toxoid). The cultures were negative for microorganisms. The pelvic computed tomogram demonstrated areas of diffuse oil-density signals throughout the subcutaneous tissue in the gluteal area and proximal lower extremities, as well as bilateral @entity9 . A lymph node biopsy specimen showed lipid @entity5 and @entity1 . A bone marrow biopsy specimen demonstrated @entity3 with normal trilineage hematopoesis. Increased serum transaminase levels, @entity10 , positive anti-extractable nuclear antigen and anti-Ro antibodies, and plasma cells in the liver suggested an autoimmune process. CONCLUSIONS: Mineral oil administration may be associated with both cellular immunodeficiency and @entity6 . @entity0 who have received long-term administration of a foreign substance should undergo a comprehensive immunological evaluation.

title: @entity4 and XXXX in long-term mineral oil administration.

answer: @entity6


abstract: A family with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) type II is described in which 10 affected and 17 unaffected members in three generations were examined. The peak age of onset was in the second decade. In the youngest generation, the proportion of affected to unaffected individuals at risk significantly differed from the expected 50%. There was slight slowing of conduction velocities in 36% of nerves; however, only 3 out of 10 affected members had entirely normal conduction studies. The amplitude of the sensory potentials of median and peroneal nerves was almost uniformly reduced. In all affected @entity0 electromyography of anterior tibial muscles showed signs of @entity6 . Histological study of two sural nerves and a sciatic nerve and its branches revealed @entity1 with a proximal-to-distal gradient in this fibre loss, clusters of small regenerating fibres, and @entity4 . Postmortem study of the proband showed loss of anterior horn and dorsal root ganglion neurons in the lumbar and @entity2 . Morphometric evaluation of L5 ventral and dorsal roots revealed a normal number of myelinated fibres, diameter histograms being shifted to the left because of a significant loss of large myelinated fibres and regeneration. These anatomical findings are consistent with the hypothesis that @entity5 represents a primary neuronopathy affecting motor and sensory neurons.

title: XXXX . Clinicopathological study of a family.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: France has high rates of psychotropic drug consumption and suicide in the elderly population, but it has not yet been possible to determine whether this is due to exceptionally high morbidity rates. AIMS: To describe the first longitudinal population study of @entity1 undertaken in France, and to estimate current and lifetime prevalences and age of onset of @entity1 . METHOD: A study group of 1873 non-institutionalised @entity0 aged 65 years and over was randomly recruited from the Montpellier district electoral rolls. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess current and lifetime symptoms. Cases identified by the application of DSM-IV criteria were re-examined by a clinical panel. RESULTS: Forty-six per cent of the study population had experienced a @entity1 in their lifetime, and 3.7% had made a suicide attempt. Lifetime prevalence of @entity3 was 26.5% and 30% for @entity2 . Current prevalence rates were 14.2% for @entity2 , 10.7% for @entity5 , 3% for @entity3 and 1.7% for @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: Results show very high rates of lifetime but not current @entity3 . Rates of current @entity5 and suicidal ideation in the very elderly are also high compared with other studies. The rates reported are likely to be underestimates.

title: Prevalence of DSM-IV XXXX in the French elderly population.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Electrical stimulation was applied to hybridoma cells in order to activate metabolic activities and increase the monoclonal antibody production. Hybridoma cells that produce monoclonal antibody to @entity2 were placed on a transparent glass electrode immersed in medium and subjected to electric pulses (pulse shape, alternating rectangular; field strength, 4 X 10(3) V X m-1; frequency, 5 kHz; pulse mode, 0.5 min application and 4.5 min pause). After 48 h of incubation, the concentration of @entity4 in the medium reached 8.4 mM, approx. 30% higher than that obtained without electric stimulation. Similarly, cell growth rate was promoted by the electric stimulation, reaching a maximum stimulation after 40 h. When the hybridoma was cultured for 48 h with electrical stimulation, the antibody concentration in the medium reached 22.3 microgram X ml-1, approx. 10% higher than the control, with a concomitant 16% increase in cell concentration. Longer periods of electric pulse application, however, caused an inhibitory effect on the hybridoma growth. The most probable cause of the inhibition are reactive @entity0 species such as @entity1 and @entity3 , which are inevitably generated by electrolysis. The presence of @entity1 dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) reduced the inhibitory effects. In conclusion, metabolic activities including monoclonal antibody production were activated by the electrical stimulation.

title: Electrical stimulation of hybridoma cells producing monoclonal antibody to XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The present study explored the possibility that @entity2 may enhance the inhibitory effect of an @entity10 blocker on @entity6 formation in @entity4 , and investigated the signaling mechanism involved in their actions. @entity3 cuff placement around the femoral artery of @entity0 induced @entity6 formation and increased @entity5 ( @entity5 ) incorporation into vascular smooth muscle cells. These changes were significantly smaller in female @entity0 than in male @entity0 . Ovariectomy enhanced @entity6 formation and @entity5 incorporation in the injured artery, which were reversed by @entity1 (80 microg/kg per day) replacement. Treatment with a selective @entity10 blocker, @entity7 (3 mg/kg per day), significantly inhibited @entity6 formation and @entity5 incorporation, whereas the inhibitory effects of @entity7 were more marked in intact female @entity0 than in male or ovariectomized @entity0 . Phosphorylation of @entity9 ( @entity9 ), @entity11 , and @entity8 was increased in the injured artery. These increases were significantly smaller in intact female @entity0 than in male or ovariectomized @entity0 . @entity7 or @entity2 attenuated the phosphorylation of @entity9 and STAT in the injured artery, whereas these inhibitory effects were greater in intact female @entity0 . Lower doses of @entity7 (0.5 mg/kg per day) or @entity1 (20 microg/kg per day) did not influence @entity6 formation, @entity5 incorporation, and @entity9 and STAT phosphorylation in ovariectomized @entity0 , whereas coadministration of @entity7 and @entity1 at these doses attenuated these parameters. These results indicate that @entity2 and an @entity10 blocker synergistically attenuate vascular remodeling, which is at least partly via inhibition of @entity9 and STAT activity.

title: Effect of @entity2 and XXXX blocker on @entity6 formation.

answer: @entity10


abstract: The present study explored the possibility that @entity2 may enhance the inhibitory effect of an @entity10 blocker on @entity6 formation in @entity4 , and investigated the signaling mechanism involved in their actions. @entity3 cuff placement around the femoral artery of @entity0 induced @entity6 formation and increased @entity5 ( @entity5 ) incorporation into vascular smooth muscle cells. These changes were significantly smaller in female @entity0 than in male @entity0 . Ovariectomy enhanced @entity6 formation and @entity5 incorporation in the injured artery, which were reversed by @entity1 (80 microg/kg per day) replacement. Treatment with a selective @entity10 blocker, @entity7 (3 mg/kg per day), significantly inhibited @entity6 formation and @entity5 incorporation, whereas the inhibitory effects of @entity7 were more marked in intact female @entity0 than in male or ovariectomized @entity0 . Phosphorylation of @entity9 ( @entity9 ), @entity11 , and @entity8 was increased in the injured artery. These increases were significantly smaller in intact female @entity0 than in male or ovariectomized @entity0 . @entity7 or @entity2 attenuated the phosphorylation of @entity9 and STAT in the injured artery, whereas these inhibitory effects were greater in intact female @entity0 . Lower doses of @entity7 (0.5 mg/kg per day) or @entity1 (20 microg/kg per day) did not influence @entity6 formation, @entity5 incorporation, and @entity9 and STAT phosphorylation in ovariectomized @entity0 , whereas coadministration of @entity7 and @entity1 at these doses attenuated these parameters. These results indicate that @entity2 and an @entity10 blocker synergistically attenuate vascular remodeling, which is at least partly via inhibition of @entity9 and STAT activity.

title: Effect of XXXX and @entity10 blocker on @entity6 formation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The present study explored the possibility that @entity2 may enhance the inhibitory effect of an @entity10 blocker on @entity6 formation in @entity4 , and investigated the signaling mechanism involved in their actions. @entity3 cuff placement around the femoral artery of @entity0 induced @entity6 formation and increased @entity5 ( @entity5 ) incorporation into vascular smooth muscle cells. These changes were significantly smaller in female @entity0 than in male @entity0 . Ovariectomy enhanced @entity6 formation and @entity5 incorporation in the injured artery, which were reversed by @entity1 (80 microg/kg per day) replacement. Treatment with a selective @entity10 blocker, @entity7 (3 mg/kg per day), significantly inhibited @entity6 formation and @entity5 incorporation, whereas the inhibitory effects of @entity7 were more marked in intact female @entity0 than in male or ovariectomized @entity0 . Phosphorylation of @entity9 ( @entity9 ), @entity11 , and @entity8 was increased in the injured artery. These increases were significantly smaller in intact female @entity0 than in male or ovariectomized @entity0 . @entity7 or @entity2 attenuated the phosphorylation of @entity9 and STAT in the injured artery, whereas these inhibitory effects were greater in intact female @entity0 . Lower doses of @entity7 (0.5 mg/kg per day) or @entity1 (20 microg/kg per day) did not influence @entity6 formation, @entity5 incorporation, and @entity9 and STAT phosphorylation in ovariectomized @entity0 , whereas coadministration of @entity7 and @entity1 at these doses attenuated these parameters. These results indicate that @entity2 and an @entity10 blocker synergistically attenuate vascular remodeling, which is at least partly via inhibition of @entity9 and STAT activity.

title: Effect of @entity2 and @entity10 blocker on XXXX formation.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Smooth muscle cell (SMC) accumulation in the inner layer of the vessel wall is a key event in the pathogenesis of @entity1 in vein grafts, but the origin of the cells in these lesions has yet to be shown. Herein, we use animal models of vein grafts in @entity0 to clearly identify the sources of SMCs in @entity1 . Vena cava segments were isografted to carotid arteries between four types of @entity0 , including SM-LacZ expressing beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) in vascular SMCs, SM-LacZ/apoE(-/-), @entity2 expressing beta-gal in all tissues, and wild-type @entity0 . beta-gal-positive cells were observed in neointimal and @entity1 of all vein segments grafted between LacZ transgenic and wild-type @entity0 . Double staining for beta-gal and cell nuclei revealed that about 40% of SMCs originated from hosts and 60% from the donor vessel. This was confirmed by double labeling of the Y-chromosome and alpha-actin in the lesions of sex-mismatched vein grafts. The possibility that bone marrow cells were the source of SMCs in grafts was eliminated by the absence of beta-gal staining in @entity1 of chimeric @entity0 . Furthermore, vein SMCs of SM-LacZ @entity0 did not express beta-gal in situ, but did so when these cells appeared in @entity1 in vivo, suggesting that hemodynamic forces may be crucial for SMC differentiation. Thus, we provide the first evidence of SMC origins in the @entity1 of vein grafts, which will be essential for providing insight into new types of therapy for the disease. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.

title: Both donor and recipient origins of smooth muscle cells in vein graft XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: High-frequency oscillations (100-200 Hz), termed ripples, have been identified in hippocampal (Hip) and entorhinal cortical (EC) areas of rodents and @entity0 . In contrast, higher-frequency oscillations (250-500 Hz), termed fast ripples (FR), have been described in @entity5 -generating limbic areas of rodents made @entity4 by intrahippocampal injection of @entity7 and observed in @entity0 ipsilateral to areas of @entity5 initiation. However, quantitative studies supporting the existence of two spectrally distinct oscillatory events have not been carried out in @entity0 nor has the preferential appearance of FR within @entity5 generating areas received statistical evaluation based on analysis of a large sample of oscillatory events. Interictal oscillations within the bandwidth of 80-500 Hz were detected in Hip and EC areas of @entity0 with mesial @entity6 using wideband EEG recorded during non-rapid eye-movement sleep from chronically implanted depth electrodes. Power spectral analysis showed that oscillations detected from Hip and EC areas were composed of two spectrally distinct groups. The lower-frequency ripple group was defined by a frequency of 96 +/- 14 Hz (median +/- width), while the higher-frequency FR group had a frequency of 262 +/- 59 Hz. FR oscillations were significantly shorter in duration compared with @entity8 (P < 0.0001). In regard to the occurrence of FR and ripples in @entity4 Hip and EC, the mean ratio of the number of FR to ripples generated in areas ipsilateral to @entity5 onset was significantly higher compared with the mean ratio of FR to ripple generation from contralateral areas (P = 0.008). Furthermore, sites ipsilateral to @entity5 onset with @entity3 had significantly higher ratios compared with sites contralateral to both @entity5 onset and @entity3 (P = 0.001). These data provide compelling quantitative and statistical evidence for the existence of two spectrally distinct groups of limbic oscillations that have frequency and duration characteristics similar to those previously described in @entity4 @entity1 and @entity0 Hip and EC. The strong association between FR and regions of @entity5 initiation supports the view that FR reflects pathological @entity2 crucially associated with @entity5 genesis.

title: Quantitative analysis of high-frequency oscillations (80-500 Hz) recorded in @entity0 XXXX hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.

answer: @entity4


abstract: High-frequency oscillations (100-200 Hz), termed ripples, have been identified in hippocampal (Hip) and entorhinal cortical (EC) areas of rodents and @entity0 . In contrast, higher-frequency oscillations (250-500 Hz), termed fast ripples (FR), have been described in @entity5 -generating limbic areas of rodents made @entity4 by intrahippocampal injection of @entity7 and observed in @entity0 ipsilateral to areas of @entity5 initiation. However, quantitative studies supporting the existence of two spectrally distinct oscillatory events have not been carried out in @entity0 nor has the preferential appearance of FR within @entity5 generating areas received statistical evaluation based on analysis of a large sample of oscillatory events. Interictal oscillations within the bandwidth of 80-500 Hz were detected in Hip and EC areas of @entity0 with mesial @entity6 using wideband EEG recorded during non-rapid eye-movement sleep from chronically implanted depth electrodes. Power spectral analysis showed that oscillations detected from Hip and EC areas were composed of two spectrally distinct groups. The lower-frequency ripple group was defined by a frequency of 96 +/- 14 Hz (median +/- width), while the higher-frequency FR group had a frequency of 262 +/- 59 Hz. FR oscillations were significantly shorter in duration compared with @entity8 (P < 0.0001). In regard to the occurrence of FR and ripples in @entity4 Hip and EC, the mean ratio of the number of FR to ripples generated in areas ipsilateral to @entity5 onset was significantly higher compared with the mean ratio of FR to ripple generation from contralateral areas (P = 0.008). Furthermore, sites ipsilateral to @entity5 onset with @entity3 had significantly higher ratios compared with sites contralateral to both @entity5 onset and @entity3 (P = 0.001). These data provide compelling quantitative and statistical evidence for the existence of two spectrally distinct groups of limbic oscillations that have frequency and duration characteristics similar to those previously described in @entity4 @entity1 and @entity0 Hip and EC. The strong association between FR and regions of @entity5 initiation supports the view that FR reflects pathological @entity2 crucially associated with @entity5 genesis.

title: Quantitative analysis of high-frequency oscillations (80-500 Hz) recorded in XXXX @entity4 hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Genomic clones containing the closely related genes for @entity0 @entity3 (hGH) and chorionic somatomammotropin ( @entity8 ) were obtained from genomic @entity5 and cosmid libraries. The entire GH/ @entity8 chromosomal locus was reconstructed utilizing overlapping restriction fragments characterized from the isolated clones. The hGH/ @entity8 locus contains two GH genes and three @entity8 genes spanning 48 kb of DNA in the order: 5'-( @entity3 / @entity9 / @entity6 / @entity7 / @entity4 )-3', confirming analysis of cosmid clones obtained from a different @entity0 library (Barsh et al., 1983). To complete the characterization of the @entity8 genes, the @entity1 sequence of the @entity9 gene was determined. Sequence analysis revealed a mutation of the 5' splice site at the exon II-intron B boundary, suggesting that the @entity9 gene is a pseudogene. The @entity1 sequence of an allelic variant of the @entity4 gene was determined and found to contain a single @entity2 substitution and the deletion of a single codon. The hGH/ @entity8 gene locus was further characterized by the localization of at least 27 Alu-type repetitive sequences and identification of three unique sequences in the vicinity of several hGH and @entity8 genes which define the probable breakpoints of the evolutionary duplication units. These data, combined with the @entity1 sequences of all five GH and @entity8 genes, indicate that the hGH/ @entity8 gene locus has evolved by duplication mechanisms. Evidence for the occurrence of at least one gene conversion event involving the @entity6 gene precursor and the @entity4 gene was found, indicating that the hGH/ @entity8 gene locus has evolved by concerted mechanisms. The structure of the @entity8 genes is discussed in light of recent studies of @entity8 genes from other @entity0 species.

title: The @entity0 XXXX gene locus: structure, evolution, and allelic variations.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Genomic clones containing the closely related genes for @entity0 @entity3 (hGH) and chorionic somatomammotropin ( @entity8 ) were obtained from genomic @entity5 and cosmid libraries. The entire GH/ @entity8 chromosomal locus was reconstructed utilizing overlapping restriction fragments characterized from the isolated clones. The hGH/ @entity8 locus contains two GH genes and three @entity8 genes spanning 48 kb of DNA in the order: 5'-( @entity3 / @entity9 / @entity6 / @entity7 / @entity4 )-3', confirming analysis of cosmid clones obtained from a different @entity0 library (Barsh et al., 1983). To complete the characterization of the @entity8 genes, the @entity1 sequence of the @entity9 gene was determined. Sequence analysis revealed a mutation of the 5' splice site at the exon II-intron B boundary, suggesting that the @entity9 gene is a pseudogene. The @entity1 sequence of an allelic variant of the @entity4 gene was determined and found to contain a single @entity2 substitution and the deletion of a single codon. The hGH/ @entity8 gene locus was further characterized by the localization of at least 27 Alu-type repetitive sequences and identification of three unique sequences in the vicinity of several hGH and @entity8 genes which define the probable breakpoints of the evolutionary duplication units. These data, combined with the @entity1 sequences of all five GH and @entity8 genes, indicate that the hGH/ @entity8 gene locus has evolved by duplication mechanisms. Evidence for the occurrence of at least one gene conversion event involving the @entity6 gene precursor and the @entity4 gene was found, indicating that the hGH/ @entity8 gene locus has evolved by concerted mechanisms. The structure of the @entity8 genes is discussed in light of recent studies of @entity8 genes from other @entity0 species.

title: The XXXX @entity3 gene locus: structure, evolution, and allelic variations.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Results of an earlier open-label pilot study showed that 4162W94 was a relatively non-depleting anti- @entity2 monoclonal antibody that induced >80% down-modulation of @entity2 molecules from the surface of T lymphocytes. This placebo-controlled repeat-cycle study was conducted in active @entity1 ( @entity1 ) @entity0 to determine the duration of @entity2 blockade required to achieve lasting clinical benefit. METHODS: Following DMARD washout, 48 @entity0 (i.e. three cohorts of 16 @entity0 ) with ACR-defined @entity1 were to be dosed with 1 (cohort 1), 2 (cohort 2) or 3 (cohort 3) cycles of 5x300 mg 4162W94 or placebo (12 and 4 @entity0 per cohort respectively) at monthly intervals. There was at least 3 months of follow-up after dosing. Clinical outcome was assessed in evaluable @entity0 (receiving at least 80% of each dose course) using ACR20 criteria (required on two consecutive visits). @entity2 lymphocyte counts and adverse events were also monitored. RESULTS: Sixteen @entity0 were dosed in each of the first two cohorts; however, the dose was reduced in cohort 3 after five @entity0 had received up to two dose cycles due to accumulating evidence of a high frequency of @entity4 . These @entity0 were analysed according to the number of cycles received. A further eight @entity0 received 5x100 mg for one to three cycles prior to stopping the study for administrative reasons. Four of 13 (P=0.119 vs placebo) and 7/13 (P=0.015 vs placebo) in cohorts 1 and 2 respectively achieved ACR20 response on at least two consecutive occasions. No @entity0 receiving 5x100 mg/day or placebo achieved ACR20. Four @entity0 were still responding at the end of the 3-month follow-up period. @entity2 lymphocyte suppression (<0.2x10(9)/l on at least two successive occasions) occurred in 11/34 @entity0 who received 4162W94 vs none on placebo. @entity4 occurred in 21/34 monoclonal antibody-treated @entity0 , including one case of biopsy-confirmed @entity3 and 1/11 placebo @entity0 . CONCLUSION: 4162W94 demonstrated significant clinical efficacy in this study. However, because of unacceptable @entity2 @entity5 and @entity4 , the original hypothesis that prolonged @entity2 blockade would give lasting clinical benefit was not tested.

title: Repeat-cycle study of high-dose intravenous 4162W94 anti- @entity2 humanized monoclonal antibody in XXXX . A randomized placebo-controlled trial.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Results of an earlier open-label pilot study showed that 4162W94 was a relatively non-depleting anti- @entity2 monoclonal antibody that induced >80% down-modulation of @entity2 molecules from the surface of T lymphocytes. This placebo-controlled repeat-cycle study was conducted in active @entity1 ( @entity1 ) @entity0 to determine the duration of @entity2 blockade required to achieve lasting clinical benefit. METHODS: Following DMARD washout, 48 @entity0 (i.e. three cohorts of 16 @entity0 ) with ACR-defined @entity1 were to be dosed with 1 (cohort 1), 2 (cohort 2) or 3 (cohort 3) cycles of 5x300 mg 4162W94 or placebo (12 and 4 @entity0 per cohort respectively) at monthly intervals. There was at least 3 months of follow-up after dosing. Clinical outcome was assessed in evaluable @entity0 (receiving at least 80% of each dose course) using ACR20 criteria (required on two consecutive visits). @entity2 lymphocyte counts and adverse events were also monitored. RESULTS: Sixteen @entity0 were dosed in each of the first two cohorts; however, the dose was reduced in cohort 3 after five @entity0 had received up to two dose cycles due to accumulating evidence of a high frequency of @entity4 . These @entity0 were analysed according to the number of cycles received. A further eight @entity0 received 5x100 mg for one to three cycles prior to stopping the study for administrative reasons. Four of 13 (P=0.119 vs placebo) and 7/13 (P=0.015 vs placebo) in cohorts 1 and 2 respectively achieved ACR20 response on at least two consecutive occasions. No @entity0 receiving 5x100 mg/day or placebo achieved ACR20. Four @entity0 were still responding at the end of the 3-month follow-up period. @entity2 lymphocyte suppression (<0.2x10(9)/l on at least two successive occasions) occurred in 11/34 @entity0 who received 4162W94 vs none on placebo. @entity4 occurred in 21/34 monoclonal antibody-treated @entity0 , including one case of biopsy-confirmed @entity3 and 1/11 placebo @entity0 . CONCLUSION: 4162W94 demonstrated significant clinical efficacy in this study. However, because of unacceptable @entity2 @entity5 and @entity4 , the original hypothesis that prolonged @entity2 blockade would give lasting clinical benefit was not tested.

title: Repeat-cycle study of high-dose intravenous 4162W94 anti- XXXX humanized monoclonal antibody in @entity1 . A randomized placebo-controlled trial.

answer: @entity2


abstract: In this study, we examined the effect of ACTH on the sensitivity of the testes to gonadotropin and determined the role of the @entity1 (T) negative feedback system in mediating the inhibitory effect of ACTH on LH secretion in adult male @entity0 . ACTH infusion for 3 days reduced basal levels of serum T and the T response to @entity2 , but did not alter basal levels of serum LH (immunoreactive) or the LH response to @entity2 . These effects required the presence of the adrenal glands. Infusion of @entity3 (B) at a dose that increased serum B concentrations 9-fold had an effect similar to that of ACTH on basal serum T levels and the serum T response to @entity2 . Basal levels of serum LH and the serum LH response to @entity2 were not affected by B administration. These data suggest that ACTH administration reduces the sensitivity of the testes to LH, resulting in a lower basal level of T and a reduced T response to @entity2 . This effect was independent of basal serum LH levels or the LH response to @entity2 . It appears that B mediates the effect of ACTH on testicular sensitivity to gonadotropin. In another experiment, ACTH administration for 4 days did not alter serum LH values, but reduced serum T levels in sham-castrated male @entity0 . In contrast, ACTH treatment blunted the increase in serum LH after castration by day 2 of treatment, despite the absence of detectable levels of serum T within 6 h after castration. These data suggest that T is not essential for the inhibitory effect of ACTH on LH secretion to occur. They do not support the hypothesis that ACTH enhances the sensitivity of the hypothalamus and/or pituitary to the negative feedback effects of T.

title: Mutually independent effects of adrenocorticotropin on luteinizing hormone and XXXX secretion.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity2 , causing @entity3 , disturbs the normal hemodynamics in the common carotid arteries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the remodeling process of the common carotid arteries after surgical correction of @entity2 . METHODS: Eleven subjects with @entity2 were studied before and 1 and 6 months after aortic valve replacement. Arterial diameter, @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and flow velocity were measured by echo-Doppler examination. Shear stress, blood flow, and pulsatility index were calculated. Blood viscosity and hematocrit were measured by standard methods. A control group was also enrolled. RESULTS: Before surgery, compared with controls, @entity0 had lower systolic peak velocity but higher mean and end-diastolic velocity. Arterial diameter, @entity1 , and blood flow were comparable in the 2 groups. Blood viscosity, hematocrit, wall shear stress, and pulsatility index were markedly lower in @entity0 . After surgery, @entity1 was reduced (0.741+/-0.152 versus 0.627+/-0.108 mm before and 6 months after surgery, respectively; P<0.0001), and hematocrit and blood viscosity increased, leading to increased wall shear stress (mean wall shear stress, 7.83+/-1.97 versus 9.65+/-3.12 dyne/cm(2) before and 6 months after surgery, respectively; P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate that aortic valve replacement, in subjects with @entity2 , leads to reduction of the common carotid artery @entity1 . Wall shear stress is increased after the intervention and probably mediates the remodeling process.

title: Arterial remodeling of the common carotid artery after aortic valve replacement in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity2 , causing @entity3 , disturbs the normal hemodynamics in the common carotid arteries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the remodeling process of the common carotid arteries after surgical correction of @entity2 . METHODS: Eleven subjects with @entity2 were studied before and 1 and 6 months after aortic valve replacement. Arterial diameter, @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and flow velocity were measured by echo-Doppler examination. Shear stress, blood flow, and pulsatility index were calculated. Blood viscosity and hematocrit were measured by standard methods. A control group was also enrolled. RESULTS: Before surgery, compared with controls, @entity0 had lower systolic peak velocity but higher mean and end-diastolic velocity. Arterial diameter, @entity1 , and blood flow were comparable in the 2 groups. Blood viscosity, hematocrit, wall shear stress, and pulsatility index were markedly lower in @entity0 . After surgery, @entity1 was reduced (0.741+/-0.152 versus 0.627+/-0.108 mm before and 6 months after surgery, respectively; P<0.0001), and hematocrit and blood viscosity increased, leading to increased wall shear stress (mean wall shear stress, 7.83+/-1.97 versus 9.65+/-3.12 dyne/cm(2) before and 6 months after surgery, respectively; P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate that aortic valve replacement, in subjects with @entity2 , leads to reduction of the common carotid artery @entity1 . Wall shear stress is increased after the intervention and probably mediates the remodeling process.

title: Arterial remodeling of the common carotid artery after aortic valve replacement in XXXX with @entity2 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Research based on administrative data has advantages, including large numbers, consistent data, and low cost. This study was designed to compare different methods of @entity1 classification using administrative data. METHODS: Administrative hospital discharge data and medical record review of 206 @entity0 were used to evaluate 3 algorithms for classifying @entity1 @entity0 . These algorithms were based on all (algorithm 1), the first 2 (algorithm 2), or the primary (algorithm 3) administrative discharge diagnosis code(s). The diagnoses after review of medical record data were considered the gold standard. Then, using a large administrative data set, we compared @entity0 with a primary discharge diagnosis of @entity1 with @entity0 with their @entity1 discharge diagnosis code in a nonprimary position. RESULTS: Compared with the gold standard, algorithm 1 had the highest kappa for classifying @entity2 , with a sensitivity of 86%, specificity of 95%, positive predictive value of 90%, and kappa=0.82. Algorithm 3 had the highest kappa values for @entity4 and @entity3 . For @entity4 , the sensitivity was 85%, specificity was 96%, positive predictive value was 89%, and kappa=0.82. For @entity3 , those values were 90%, 97%, 94%, and 0.88, respectively. Nonprimary position @entity2 @entity0 had significantly greater comorbidity and 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 3.2) than primary position @entity2 @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 classification in these administrative data were optimal using all discharge diagnoses for @entity2 and primary discharge diagnosis only for intracerebral and @entity3 . Selecting @entity2 @entity0 on the basis of primary discharge diagnosis may bias administrative samples toward more benign, unrepresentative outcomes and should be avoided.

title: Validating administrative data in XXXX research.

answer: @entity1