abstract: Psychological factors may be associated with the outcome of @entity1 treatment, including bone marrow transplantation (BMT). However, studies on the issue have provided controversial results. In the present study, effects of mood status on the outcome was studied through a follow-up period of 1-3 years as well as in shorter periods (3 and 8 months) post-BMT in 72 Japanese @entity0 with @entity6 . Psychological status was evaluated 2 weeks before BMT using Profile of Mood States (POMS). The most major factor abstracted from the POMS subscales (Factor 1, mainly comprising @entity2 , @entity3 , anger, @entity5 and @entity4 ) was associated with disease-free survival rate at 3 months post-BMT. However, the factor most significantly associated with the outcome was gender. Females had better outcome than males through the period of 1-3 years as well as at 8 months post-BMT. When analyzed by gender, Factor 1 was associated with poor prognosis at 3 and 8 months in males. In females, however, Factor 1 was not significantly associated with the prognosis. The present results suggest an association between mood status pre-BMT and prognosis post-BMT in a gender-specific manner.

title: Psychological factors and survival after bone marrow transplantation in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Psychological factors may be associated with the outcome of @entity1 treatment, including bone marrow transplantation (BMT). However, studies on the issue have provided controversial results. In the present study, effects of mood status on the outcome was studied through a follow-up period of 1-3 years as well as in shorter periods (3 and 8 months) post-BMT in 72 Japanese @entity0 with @entity6 . Psychological status was evaluated 2 weeks before BMT using Profile of Mood States (POMS). The most major factor abstracted from the POMS subscales (Factor 1, mainly comprising @entity2 , @entity3 , anger, @entity5 and @entity4 ) was associated with disease-free survival rate at 3 months post-BMT. However, the factor most significantly associated with the outcome was gender. Females had better outcome than males through the period of 1-3 years as well as at 8 months post-BMT. When analyzed by gender, Factor 1 was associated with poor prognosis at 3 and 8 months in males. In females, however, Factor 1 was not significantly associated with the prognosis. The present results suggest an association between mood status pre-BMT and prognosis post-BMT in a gender-specific manner.

title: Psychological factors and survival after bone marrow transplantation in XXXX with @entity6 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Trials on the effect of systemic chemotherapy on survival and recurrence in adults with high-grade @entity2 have had inconclusive results. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of such treatment on survival and recurrence. OBJECTIVES: To compare radiotherapy plus chemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in completely resected adults with high-grade @entity2 . To investigate whether or not pre-defined @entity0 subgroups benefit more or less from chemotherapy. SEARCH STRATEGY: MEDLINE and CancerLit searches were supplemented with information from trial registers and by hand searching relevant meeting proceedings and by discussion with relevant trialists and organisations. These searches were carried out in June 1997, June 1999 and December 2000. SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials comparing radiotherapy versus radiotherapy + chemotherapy were eligible for inclusion provided that they randomized adult @entity0 using a method which precluded prior knowledge of treatment assignment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: A quantitative meta-analysis using updated information from individual @entity0 from all available randomized trials was carried out. Data from all @entity0 randomized in all eligible trials were sought directly from those responsible. Updated information on survival and date of follow-up were obtained, as were details of treatment allocation, date of randomization, age, sex, histological cell type, stage and performance status. To avoid potential bias, information was requested for all randomized @entity0 including those who had been excluded from the investigators' original analyses. All analyses were done on an intention to treat basis on the endpoint of survival. For trials using @entity4 -based regimens, subgroup analyses by age, sex, histological cell type, @entity1 stage and performance status were also done. MAIN RESULTS: Data from 12 randomized trials and 3004 @entity0 were included. The results show a significant prolongation of survival associated with chemotherapy, with a hazard ratio of 0.85 (95% CI 0.78-0.91, p=0.00004) or 15% relative decrease in the risk of @entity3 . This is equivalent to an absolute increase in one year survival rate of 6% (95% confidence interval 3% to 9%) from 40% to 46% and a two-month increase in median survival time (95% confidence interval one month to three months). There was no evidence that the effect of chemotherapy was different in any group of @entity0 defined by age, sex, histology, performance status or extent of resection. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: This small but clear improvement in survival from chemotherapy encourages further study of drug treatment of these tumours

title: Chemotherapy for high-grade XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Clinical and pathological studies were performed on 51 cases with @entity6 . The results are as follows: The average age was 58.9 years and the range 41 to 80 years. Forty-one (80.4%) @entity0 were postmenopausal and the average menopausal age was 49.1 years. All cases were symptomatic and in 35 (76.5%) cases the @entity5 was noted as a chief complaint. The chief complications were @entity2 (37.5%), @entity3 (25.0%), @entity4 (13.7%) and @entity1 (9.4%). Of 51 cases, 36(70.6%) were in Stage I, 7(13.7%) in Stage II, 6(11.8%) in Stage III and 2(3.9%) in Stage IV. When the depth of the invasion was classified into 3 grades, less than 1/3 of the muscular layer, between 1/3 and 2/3, and over 2/3 in 48 cases examined, they were observed in 20(41.7%), 10(20.8%) and 18 cases (37.5%) respectively. There were 6 cases (15%) with lymph node involvement in 40 cases examined. Those in which the depth of invasion was over 2/3, had a significantly higher incidence of lymph node involvement. The five year cumulative survival rate was 66.7%(14/21) for all cases. The clinical stage and age of the @entity0 had a significant correlation with the prognosis of @entity6 , but the histological grades, the depth of invasion, and lymph node involvement did not demonstrate the a significant correlation in prognosis in this study. The five year survival rate for the group treated by modified pan-hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy was 92.3% which was significantly higher than the 25% of the group treated by simple hysterectomy or than the 0% of non-surgical group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Clinico-pathological study and appraisal of treatment for XXXX at the Ehime University Hospital].

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity5 derived from sexcord-stromal cells are thought to be generally @entity2 producing @entity0 . However recent reports show that these common @entity0 , @entity4 and @entity0 , are capable of @entity2 activity. We have studied the production of @entity2 in common epithelial malignant @entity0 of the ovary. Two cases of @entity3 , five cases of @entity3 and two cases of @entity6 were examined for the presence of @entity1 using an indirect immunoperoxidase method. The results were as follows: In all @entity0 , one case of @entity3 , four cases of @entity3 and one case of @entity6 had a positive immunoperoxidase reaction. The incidence of positive reaction showed that @entity3 were more numerous than others. In positive cases, @entity1 localization was recognized in the epithelial cell of mucinous @entity0 to various degrees, but there was no @entity1 localization in admixed goblet like cells. In @entity0 and @entity6 also @entity1 localization was seen in the cytoplasm. Stromal cells tended to be more weakly positive than epithelial cells. No @entity1 localization was detected in any of the spindle cells or fibrinous connective tissues. These results suggest that some common epithelial malignant @entity0 of the ovary have @entity2 activity and @entity1 is produced not only in stromal cells but also in epithelial cells.

title: [Immunohistochemical localization of @entity1 in XXXX of the ovary].

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity5 derived from sexcord-stromal cells are thought to be generally @entity2 producing @entity0 . However recent reports show that these common @entity0 , @entity4 and @entity0 , are capable of @entity2 activity. We have studied the production of @entity2 in common epithelial malignant @entity0 of the ovary. Two cases of @entity3 , five cases of @entity3 and two cases of @entity6 were examined for the presence of @entity1 using an indirect immunoperoxidase method. The results were as follows: In all @entity0 , one case of @entity3 , four cases of @entity3 and one case of @entity6 had a positive immunoperoxidase reaction. The incidence of positive reaction showed that @entity3 were more numerous than others. In positive cases, @entity1 localization was recognized in the epithelial cell of mucinous @entity0 to various degrees, but there was no @entity1 localization in admixed goblet like cells. In @entity0 and @entity6 also @entity1 localization was seen in the cytoplasm. Stromal cells tended to be more weakly positive than epithelial cells. No @entity1 localization was detected in any of the spindle cells or fibrinous connective tissues. These results suggest that some common epithelial malignant @entity0 of the ovary have @entity2 activity and @entity1 is produced not only in stromal cells but also in epithelial cells.

title: [Immunohistochemical localization of XXXX in @entity3 of the ovary].

answer: @entity1


abstract: The species @entity1 consists at present of three subspecies, delbrueckii, @entity3 and bulgaricus, showing a high level of DNA-DNA hybridization similarity but presenting markedly different traits related to distinct ecological adaptation. The internal genetic heterogeneity of the bacterial species @entity1 was analyzed. Phenotypic and several genetic traits were investigated for 61 strains belonging to this species. These included 16S rDNA sequence mutations, expression of beta-galactosidase and of the cell wall-anchored protease, the characterization of the lactose operon locus and of the sequence of lacR gene, @entity0 metabolism, and the distribution of insertion sequences. The high genetic heterogeneity of taxa was confirmed by every trait investigated: the lac operon was completely deleted in the subsp. delbrueckii, different mutation events in the repressor gene of the operon led to a constitutive expression of lacZ in the subsp. bulgaricus. Structural differences in the same genetic locus were probably due to the presence of different IS elements in the flanking regions. The different expression of the cell wall-anchored protease, constitutive in the subsp. bulgaricus, inducible in the subsp. @entity3 , and absent in the subsp. delbrueckii was also a consequence of mutations at the gene level. The galT gene for @entity0 metabolism was found only in the subsp. @entity3 , while no specific amplification product was detected in the other two subspecies. All these data, together with the absence of a specific IS element, ISL6, from the major number of strains belonging to the subsp. bulgaricus, confirmed a deep internal heterogeneity among the three subspecies. Moreover, this evidence and the directional mutations found in the 16S rDNA sequences suggested that, of the three subspecies, @entity3 is the taxon closer to the ancestor. Limitations of the current @entity2 were also discussed, based on presented evidences. Our results indicate the need for an accurate investigation of internal heterogeneity of bacterial species. This study has consequences on the prokaryotic species concept, since genomic flexibility of prokaryotes collides with a stable classification, necessary from a scientific and applied point of view.

title: Evolution of the bacterial species XXXX : a partial genomic study with reflections on prokaryotic species concept.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The present study has been based on a detailed, computer-assisted, analysis of 112 @entity3 from @entity0 of all ages seen at The Radcliffe Infirmary between 1938 and 1984. There have been only six studies larger than the present one. From the results obtained in the present study, and the review of the literature, the following conclusions have been reached. Between 70 and 80% of @entity2 are found in @entity0 . Few @entity0 are less than 1 year of age or older than 40 at the time of diagnosis. There appear to be no age peaks. Prognosis is poorest at the extremes of life, @entity0 less than 5 years old tending to suffer an early recurrence and @entity0 in the oldest age groups having not only a very rapid recurrence but also a very low overall survival rate. In the present study, there was a slight predominance of males although basically, when all studies are considered, the incidence appears to be equal amongst the sexes. Around puberty there appears to be an abrupt drop in the number of @entity1 in females and a concomitant rise in the number of males. There appears to be no relationship between sex and the length of survival. It would appear that @entity2 can begin either within the vermis or one hemisphere. There appears to be no laterality, the right and left sides of the cerebellum being affected equally. In the present study, the hemispheres were affected three times more frequently than the vermis (34.8%: 12.5%). The rate of recurrence is much faster with @entity1 of the vermis, whilst the length of survival to death is much longer with @entity1 of one hemisphere at least up to 10 years after surgery. The most rapid recurrences take place in @entity1 which involve both hemispheres and the vermis whilst the poorest survival is associated with @entity1 infiltrating the brain stem. The average length of history is 18.7 months, being under forty-eight months in approximately 60% of @entity0 , but only greater than 60 months in 6.2% of cases. The length of history was not related to either @entity0 age or survival time. Most @entity0 present with obstructive @entity4 with or without localising symptoms. The presentation is usually chronic and intermittent but may also be acute.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX . Clinical characteristics and prognostic indices.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Abdominovaginal sling surgery is performed in @entity0 with genuine stress @entity1 . It is not usually a primary operation because of the higher morbidity compared to the colposuspension. Slings are indicated in incontinent @entity0 with previous failed surgery, @entity3 , intrinsic sphincter weakness, @entity2 or those with restricted vaginal mobility. This study was undertaken to assess long-term @entity0 perceived success of abdominovaginal sling surgery in @entity0 with genuine stress @entity1 (GSI) in the presence of a cystocoele. The case notes were reviewed of all 37 @entity0 undergoing sling surgery for GSI in the presence of a significant cystocoele between 1988 and 1999. @entity0 were sent a questionnaire at a minimum follow-up of 12 months enquiring about urinary symptoms. The mean duration of follow-up was 49 months. Six weeks following surgery 33/37 (89%) were completely dry. Thirty-three @entity0 (89%) responded to the questionnaire. Of these 14/33 (42%) were totally dry, 10/33 (30%) had insignificant leakage and 9/33 required regular protection. The mean visual analogue score of improvement in @entity1 was 75.3 (+/-30.1). The operation was deemed successful in 24/33 (72%) @entity0 . Voiding difficulty was reported in 12% and recurrent prolapse occurred in 15%. Of the failures 8/9 reported urge @entity1 and 4/9 stress @entity1 . Frequency, urgency and urge @entity1 were significantly more common in the @entity0 in whom the operation failed. This study demonstrates a 72% long-term success of abdominovaginal sling operations in @entity0 with GSI and a significant cystocoele. Development of @entity4 accounted for most of the operative failures.

title: The long-term success of abdominovaginal sling operations for genuine stress XXXX and a cystocoele--a questionnaire-based study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The aim of this study was to test whether oxygenation in acutely @entity2 , collateralized tissue may be improved by normovolemic hemodilution with a solution containing liposome-encapsulated @entity0 Hb ( @entity3 ). A skin flap model in anesthetized hamsters was used, which consisted of two parts receiving either anatomic or collateral perfusion. Microhemodynamics were investigated with intravital microscopy. Partial tissue @entity1 tension was measured with a Clark-type microprobe. Hemodilution was obtained by exchanging 50% of the total blood volume with @entity3 suspended in 8% human serum albumin (HSA8) or 6% Dextran 70 (Dx70). The size of the vesicles was 276 nm, the P(50) was 22 mmHg, and the Hb concentration of the solutions was 7.5 g/dl. Colloid osmotic pressure and viscosity were 49.9 mmHg and 8.7 cP for @entity3 -Dx70 and 40.0 mmHg and 2.9 cP for @entity3 -HSA8, respectively. Hemodilution with @entity3 -Dx70 led to an increase in microvascular blood flow in the @entity2 microvessels to maximally 158% (median, P < 0.01), whereas blood flow remained virtually unchanged after hemodilution with @entity3 -HSA8. In the @entity2 tissue, @entity1 tension was improved from 11.9 to 17.0 mmHg (P < 0.01) after hemodilution with @entity3 -Dx70 but remained virtually unchanged after hemodilution with @entity3 -HSA8. Our study suggests that the oxygenation in acutely @entity2 , collateralized tissue may be improved by normovolemic hemodilution with @entity3 suspended in Dx70. The effect was achieved by an increase in microcirculatory blood flow related to the rheological properties of the suspending medium.

title: Normovolemic hemodilution with Hb vesicle solution attenuates hypoxia in XXXX hamster flap tissue.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A postal survey of dermatologists identified 365 @entity0 with a presumptive diagnosis of @entity6 . One hundred and forty-four dermatologists had seen at least 1 such @entity0 in the previous 5 years and 78 were current. The data provided on 53 @entity0 who met the study criteria were examined in more detail. Racial origin, marital status and age at presentation varied widely. Females predominated in the older age-groups, but there was an equal sex distribution under the age of 50. @entity4 were commonly identified, especially of the obsessional type. @entity1 associated with @entity2 co-existed in a substantial minority. Previous dermatological and @entity3 were uncommon and non-specific. The disorder was often, though not invariably, of long duration. Relatively few @entity0 were successfully referred to psychiatrists. Dermatologists often treated the disorder effectively, especially when neuroleptic agents were employed. @entity5 appeared to be particularly helpful in many @entity0 .

title: The presentation and treatment of XXXX : a dermatological perspective.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to distinguish beneficial effects of B-cell rest from other effects of correction of hyperglycaemia. For this purpose we used @entity5 which reversibly blocks @entity4 secretion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight obese (age 53 +/- 1 yr: BMI 33 +/- 2 kg/m2: 4 females) type 2 @entity1 @entity0 with poor metabolic control (HbA1c 8.7 +/- 0.9% ref.<5.2%) were studied twice after a randomly ordered treatment period of five days of intensive i.v. @entity4 treatment alone or i.v. @entity4 with peroral @entity5 (300 mg/day, divided into 3 doses). The glycaemic control was not altered between the two treatment periods. @entity4 secretion was measured in response to i.v. @entity3 and @entity2 . RESULTS: @entity4 infusion was used to achieve close to identical degrees of glycaemia during the two treatment periods. Previous treatment with @entity5 was associated with a moderate 1.9 +/- 0.6 fold rise in @entity4 response to intravenous @entity3 (p=0.04) and 1.6 +/- 0.4 fold increased @entity3 potentiation of @entity2 -induced @entity4 secretion (GPAIS) (p=0.04). Conversely, after @entity4 alone there was no response to i.v. @entity3 and no change in GPAIS. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term @entity5 treatment improved important parameters of B-cell function and these effects could be dissociated from confounding effects of changes in glycaemia. Consequently, the results indicate beneficial effects of B-cell rest.

title: Improved beta cell function after short-term treatment with XXXX in obese subjects with type 2 @entity1 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to distinguish beneficial effects of B-cell rest from other effects of correction of hyperglycaemia. For this purpose we used @entity5 which reversibly blocks @entity4 secretion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight obese (age 53 +/- 1 yr: BMI 33 +/- 2 kg/m2: 4 females) type 2 @entity1 @entity0 with poor metabolic control (HbA1c 8.7 +/- 0.9% ref.<5.2%) were studied twice after a randomly ordered treatment period of five days of intensive i.v. @entity4 treatment alone or i.v. @entity4 with peroral @entity5 (300 mg/day, divided into 3 doses). The glycaemic control was not altered between the two treatment periods. @entity4 secretion was measured in response to i.v. @entity3 and @entity2 . RESULTS: @entity4 infusion was used to achieve close to identical degrees of glycaemia during the two treatment periods. Previous treatment with @entity5 was associated with a moderate 1.9 +/- 0.6 fold rise in @entity4 response to intravenous @entity3 (p=0.04) and 1.6 +/- 0.4 fold increased @entity3 potentiation of @entity2 -induced @entity4 secretion (GPAIS) (p=0.04). Conversely, after @entity4 alone there was no response to i.v. @entity3 and no change in GPAIS. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term @entity5 treatment improved important parameters of B-cell function and these effects could be dissociated from confounding effects of changes in glycaemia. Consequently, the results indicate beneficial effects of B-cell rest.

title: Improved beta cell function after short-term treatment with @entity5 in obese subjects with type 2 XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Extended treatment with @entity5 antagonists for more than 6 months is often used for secondary prevention of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) in @entity0 at high or moderate risk for recurrent events. The intensity of anticoagulant therapy is usually maintained at an International Normalized Ratio (INR) of 2-3. An INR of 1.5-2 might also prevent @entity3 with less complications of @entity2 , but results from randomized trials are not yet available. In a non-prospective, uncontrolled study 40 @entity0 with a history of @entity4 and an estimated high risk for recurrent events due to several previous events and/or @entity1 were, after a median of 11.5 months on regular intensity anticoagulation (INR 2-3), switched to a low intensity regimen (INR 1.5-2). In six of the @entity0 an estimated high risk for complications of @entity2 contributed to this decision. After a median follow-up of 36 months (140 @entity0 -years) recurrent events, complications of @entity2 and some basic quality of life measurements regarding the new treatment were registered. No recurrent events, four minor bleedings and no major bleedings were registered. Twenty-six @entity0 preferred an INR of 1.5-2 compared to 2-3. The main reasons for that preference were a lower risk for @entity2 (13 @entity0 ) and less frequent monitoring of the INR (18 @entity0 ). No @entity0 preferred full-dose anticoagulation at INR 2-3. In @entity0 at a high risk for recurrence of @entity4 an initial period of regular intensity anticoagulation, followed by a low-intensity regimen, may provide effective and safe secondary prophylaxis.

title: Experiences of a low-intensity anticoagulation regimen for extended secondary prevention of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: We present herein a case of a 75-year-old Japanese @entity0 who had developed a @entity6 7 years after a longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy for @entity7 . The @entity0 , a heavy drinker of @entity4 , underwent surgical decompression of a ductal obstruction to relieve persistent @entity5 due to severely calcifying @entity7 . After the surgery, he stopped drinking @entity4 and was treated with insulin to control secondary @entity1 . Thereafter, his symptoms disappeared. Seven years after the surgery, however, he was hospitalized due to @entity8 , high-grade fever, and right @entity3 . Ultrasound and computed tomographic scans of the abdomen both disclosed a cystic mass, approximately 6 cm in size, in the pancreatic head. Magnetic resonance imaging strongly suggested a @entity6 with @entity2 fluid and debris. First, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage (PTCD) was done to treat the @entity8 . Subsequently, fine-needle aspiration of the @entity6 was performed under ultrasound guidance. Enterococcus avium and @entity9 were revealed by culture of abscess aspirates. He was successfully cured by treatment with both appropriate antibiotic and continuous PTCD for the @entity8 .

title: A XXXX 7 years after a pancreatojejunostomy for calcifying @entity7 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: We present herein a case of a 75-year-old Japanese @entity0 who had developed a @entity6 7 years after a longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy for @entity7 . The @entity0 , a heavy drinker of @entity4 , underwent surgical decompression of a ductal obstruction to relieve persistent @entity5 due to severely calcifying @entity7 . After the surgery, he stopped drinking @entity4 and was treated with insulin to control secondary @entity1 . Thereafter, his symptoms disappeared. Seven years after the surgery, however, he was hospitalized due to @entity8 , high-grade fever, and right @entity3 . Ultrasound and computed tomographic scans of the abdomen both disclosed a cystic mass, approximately 6 cm in size, in the pancreatic head. Magnetic resonance imaging strongly suggested a @entity6 with @entity2 fluid and debris. First, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage (PTCD) was done to treat the @entity8 . Subsequently, fine-needle aspiration of the @entity6 was performed under ultrasound guidance. Enterococcus avium and @entity9 were revealed by culture of abscess aspirates. He was successfully cured by treatment with both appropriate antibiotic and continuous PTCD for the @entity8 .

title: A @entity6 7 years after a pancreatojejunostomy for calcifying XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: Neuroprotection may be defined as measures to protect neurons from degenerative processes by use of medication, to stop or prolong cell death and to positively interfere with the underlying cell death mechanism(s) in @entity1 . So far, the question whether neuroprotection exists in @entity1 treatment was difficult to answer because we had no objective method to check for dopaminergic cell death. Imaging techniques such as beta-CIT-SPECT or F-Dopa-PET are the best methods to approach this goal. This paper critically reviews the two most recently published studies on the possible neuroprotective effect of the @entity2 agonists pramipexole and @entity3 . For the first time, these two drugs have shown a significantly smaller decrease in @entity2 cell function when compared to levodopa. Nonetheless, there may still be some hesitation to accept the good correlation between imaging techniques and @entity2 cell function. For obvious reasons, neither study included a placebo arm, since ethical reasons forbid a period of 2 to 4 years without treatment. Thus, the question, whether these two @entity2 agonists are really neuroprotective or whether levodopa increases cell death in @entity1 has to stay open. A rather remarkable finding was that, in both studies, motor function was slightly better in the levodopa arm, which raises the question whether imaging techniques really reflect improvement in cell function in those @entity0 treated with @entity2 agonists. We certainly have to continue our search for even better tools to evaluate neuroprotection.

title: Neuroprotection in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Previous studies evaluated solutions of small oligosaccharides as potential sources of @entity4 -derived energy for @entity0 fed intravenously. Although results with these solutions were disappointing, the data suggested that very large oligosaccharides were potential sources of intravenous @entity4 . To test this hypothesis, four young @entity2 (3.6 +/- 0.2 kg; mean +/- SD) were infused with sterile solutions for a 6-d period. On days 1 and 6, a balanced isotonic electrolyte solution was infused. On days 2-5 a 9% solution of glycogen was infused at a rate providing 17.7 +/- 0.77 g/d. For each study day the remaining portion of the energy, protein, essential @entity3 and micronutrients was supplied enterally. No adverse reactions were noted during glycogen infusion, and the animals continued to grow. Glycogen utilization was 66.4 +/- 4.3%. Of the total @entity4 excreted, 85.4% was composed of oligosaccharides of maltotetraose size or larger. Free @entity1 accounted for 3.5% of the total excreted, while maltose plus @entity5 accounted for 11.1%. Plasma concentrations of oligosaccharide-bound @entity1 increased during glycogen infusion, rising from a base-line value of 11.0 +/- 14 mg/dL to an overall mean value for the 4-d period of 100.3 +/- 31.6 mg/dL.

title: Utilization of intravenously administered glycogen by young XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most @entity1 express death receptors and their activation represents a potential selective approach in @entity1 treatment. The most promising candidate for @entity1 selective death receptor-activation is @entity1 @entity2 factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( @entity4 )/ @entity4 , which activates the death receptors @entity5 and @entity6 , and induces apoptosis preferentially in @entity1 cells but not in normal tissues. However, many @entity1 cells are not or only moderately sensitive towards @entity4 and require cotreatment with irradiation or chemotherapy to yield a therapeutically reasonable apoptotic response. Because chemotherapy can have a broad range of unwanted side effects, more specific means for sensitizing @entity1 cells for @entity4 are desirable. The expression of the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is regarded as a major cause of @entity4 resistance. We therefore analyzed the usefulness of targeting @entity3 to sensitize @entity1 cells for @entity4 -induced apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To selectively interfere with expression of @entity3 short double-stranded RNA oligonucleotides (small interfering RNAs [siRNAs]) were introduced in the @entity0 cell lines SV80 and KB by electroporation. Effects of siRNA on @entity3 expression were analyzed by Western blotting and RNase protection assay and correlated with @entity4 sensitivity upon stimulation with recombinant soluble @entity4 and @entity5 - and @entity6 -specific agonistic antibodies. RESULTS: @entity3 expression can be inhibited by RNA interference using siRNAs, evident from reduced levels of @entity3 -mRNA and @entity3 protein. Inhibition of @entity3 expression sensitizes cells for apoptosis induction by @entity4 and other death ligands. In accordance with the presumed function of @entity3 as an inhibitor of death receptor-induced @entity7 activation, down-regulation of @entity3 by siRNAs enhanced @entity4 -induced @entity7 activation. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of @entity3 expression was sufficient to sensitize @entity1 cells for @entity4 -induced apoptosis. The combination of @entity4 and @entity3 -targeting siRNA could therefore be a useful strategy to attack @entity1 cells, which are resistant to @entity4 alone.

title: Selective inhibition of FLICE-like inhibitory protein expression with small interfering RNA oligonucleotides is sufficient to sensitize @entity1 cells for XXXX -induced apoptosis.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most @entity1 express death receptors and their activation represents a potential selective approach in @entity1 treatment. The most promising candidate for @entity1 selective death receptor-activation is @entity1 @entity2 factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( @entity4 )/ @entity4 , which activates the death receptors @entity5 and @entity6 , and induces apoptosis preferentially in @entity1 cells but not in normal tissues. However, many @entity1 cells are not or only moderately sensitive towards @entity4 and require cotreatment with irradiation or chemotherapy to yield a therapeutically reasonable apoptotic response. Because chemotherapy can have a broad range of unwanted side effects, more specific means for sensitizing @entity1 cells for @entity4 are desirable. The expression of the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is regarded as a major cause of @entity4 resistance. We therefore analyzed the usefulness of targeting @entity3 to sensitize @entity1 cells for @entity4 -induced apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To selectively interfere with expression of @entity3 short double-stranded RNA oligonucleotides (small interfering RNAs [siRNAs]) were introduced in the @entity0 cell lines SV80 and KB by electroporation. Effects of siRNA on @entity3 expression were analyzed by Western blotting and RNase protection assay and correlated with @entity4 sensitivity upon stimulation with recombinant soluble @entity4 and @entity5 - and @entity6 -specific agonistic antibodies. RESULTS: @entity3 expression can be inhibited by RNA interference using siRNAs, evident from reduced levels of @entity3 -mRNA and @entity3 protein. Inhibition of @entity3 expression sensitizes cells for apoptosis induction by @entity4 and other death ligands. In accordance with the presumed function of @entity3 as an inhibitor of death receptor-induced @entity7 activation, down-regulation of @entity3 by siRNAs enhanced @entity4 -induced @entity7 activation. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of @entity3 expression was sufficient to sensitize @entity1 cells for @entity4 -induced apoptosis. The combination of @entity4 and @entity3 -targeting siRNA could therefore be a useful strategy to attack @entity1 cells, which are resistant to @entity4 alone.

title: Selective inhibition of FLICE-like inhibitory protein expression with small interfering RNA oligonucleotides is sufficient to sensitize XXXX cells for @entity4 -induced apoptosis.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D) gene of @entity0 has been isolated by genetic complementation of a mutant GL7 (alpha @entity3 ) strain, previously shown to be defective in this haembiosynthetic enzyme [Gollub, Liu, Dayan, Adlersberg _ Sprinson (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2846-2854]. The gene was selected from a @entity0 wild-type genomic DNA library ligated into the shuttle vector YEp13. The complementing gene restored growth of the @entity3 (PBG-D) mutant strain on media in the absence of exogeneous haem or @entity1 and @entity2 supplements. The recombinant plasmid was retained in the Hem+ transformant provided that selective pressure for plasmid-dependent growth was maintained. Transformation of the mutant strain ( @entity3 ) restored the PBG-D activity to levels up to 10-fold those of the parental strain. The mutant strain GL7 does not show any measurable enzymic activity. Analysis of the plasmid designated YEpPBG-D (containing the PBG-D gene) by hybrid-selected translation revealed that it contained the coding information for a single protein of apparent Mr 43,000. The coding region was localized on an 1.5 kb endonuclease-EcoRI fragment (E4), within the 5.5 kb genomic insert in YEpPBG-D.

title: Selection by genetic complementation and characterization of the gene coding for the XXXX porphobilinogen deaminase.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Anti-inflammatory medications have been used for the treatment of chronic @entity4 /chronic @entity5 ( @entity6 /CPPS), given that @entity2 and @entity3 are traditionally associated with this condition. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) classification divides category III into (1) category IIIA-- @entity0 with white blood cells (WBCs) in their expressed prostatic secretions, post-prostate massage urine (voided bladder urine-3 [VB3]) or semen; and (2) category IIIB--those without WBCs. However, recent studies indicate that the ability of WBC count alone to distinguish @entity0 with symptoms from those without appears limited. Other markers of @entity2 , such as cytokines, may correlate better with clinical findings. The mechanisms of @entity2 continue to be investigated, including contributions from reactive @entity1 species, autoimmune response, @entity7 , and even endocrine dysfunction. There have been few controlled studies of anti-inflammatory therapy for chronic @entity4 . In the only randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, the NIH-Chronic @entity4 Symptom Index (CPSI) total, domain, and @entity3 scores significantly decreased from baseline in all groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. Other medications that have some theoretic anti-inflammatory properties have shown promising early results. Further study of currently available anti-inflammatory medications may be warranted, especially in longer trials, which may allow resolution of the significant placebo effect commonly seen in the short term in @entity0 with CPPS. Further discussion is needed to either validate, modify, or abolish the distinction between category IIIA and IIIB in the NIH classification.

title: @entity2 and anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Anti-inflammatory medications have been used for the treatment of chronic @entity4 /chronic @entity5 ( @entity6 /CPPS), given that @entity2 and @entity3 are traditionally associated with this condition. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) classification divides category III into (1) category IIIA-- @entity0 with white blood cells (WBCs) in their expressed prostatic secretions, post-prostate massage urine (voided bladder urine-3 [VB3]) or semen; and (2) category IIIB--those without WBCs. However, recent studies indicate that the ability of WBC count alone to distinguish @entity0 with symptoms from those without appears limited. Other markers of @entity2 , such as cytokines, may correlate better with clinical findings. The mechanisms of @entity2 continue to be investigated, including contributions from reactive @entity1 species, autoimmune response, @entity7 , and even endocrine dysfunction. There have been few controlled studies of anti-inflammatory therapy for chronic @entity4 . In the only randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, the NIH-Chronic @entity4 Symptom Index (CPSI) total, domain, and @entity3 scores significantly decreased from baseline in all groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. Other medications that have some theoretic anti-inflammatory properties have shown promising early results. Further study of currently available anti-inflammatory medications may be warranted, especially in longer trials, which may allow resolution of the significant placebo effect commonly seen in the short term in @entity0 with CPPS. Further discussion is needed to either validate, modify, or abolish the distinction between category IIIA and IIIB in the NIH classification.

title: XXXX and anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic @entity4 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: This study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram in Central India. In the 12 years between 1989 and 2000 a total of 16 cases of @entity1 were managed, the incidence of @entity1 of the pregnant uterus being 0.62 per 1000 births. One-quarter of the cases occurred between 1983 and 1988. No teenager or elderly @entity0 (over 40) or grandmultipara sustained a @entity4 . Four @entity0 had a @entity1 of a previous scar. In five @entity1 had occurred in association with malpresentations, one was a case of @entity2 , two had a morbidly adherent placenta @entity3 and four had a normal presentation, with lack of progress in labour. Two of these 16 @entity0 had twins. One had come with a retained second twin with transverse lie and the other was a booked case with multiple problems, including a previous caesarean section, present twin pregnancy and placenta @entity3 accreta and she died. This was the only maternal death. Perinatal mortality was 77.77% compared to 5.88% maternal and 100% perinatal mortality in the cases reported previously between 83 and 88, from the same institution. Overall, there is some improvement in perinatal survival and one-quarter incidence of @entity1 of the pregnant uterus.

title: Reduction in the occurrence of XXXX in Central India.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The aims of this study were to determine the aetiological factors and the pattern of recurrent @entity2 in Kuwait. Ninety consecutive @entity0 attending the special recurrent miscarriage clinic were studied prospectively. A comprehensive history of all previous miscarriages and pregnancies, past medical and gynaecological events were established. A physical examination was performed. Extensive investigations were performed. Pregnancies which occurred during the study were monitored carefully. The mean age of the @entity0 was 30.46+/-6.04 years. The @entity0 were subdivided into the groups of secondary (57%) and primary (43%) recurrent miscarriages. Eighty-five per cent of all previous miscarriages occurred in the first trimester. The main aetiological factors were @entity3 (parental) 2.2%, PCOS, @entity1 and other miscellaneous factors 21.1%, positive antiphospholipid antibodies 33.3% and unexplained in 35.6%. The overall live birth rate was 82% and maternal morbidity was low. Positive antiphospholipid antibodies are the most frequently associated cause of recurrent @entity2 in Kuwait.

title: The aetiology and pattern of recurrent XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Posttraumatic soft tissue and bone defects can pose problems for the surgeon. Autogenous bone from the iliac crest may be used to fill bone defects. To achieve @entity3 , a well vascularized recipient site for the graft is important. Local muscle flaps or distant microvascular flaps improve vascularity by introducing a fresh blood supply. Cellular and humoral antibodies are more effective and allow quicker revascularisation of the transplanted graft. 49 soft tissue defects were treated by local muscle flaps. In 14 cases the soleus, in 28 the gastrocnemius, in three the tibialis anterior, in two the abductor hallucis, and in two the gracilis muscle was transposed. 38 cases had @entity4 , in eight the defect was merely a soft tissue defect and in three due to @entity1 excision. In 24 @entity0 a combination of soft tissue repair and cancellous bone grafting was performed. Four flaps failed because of total or partial @entity2 . In all cases full weight bearing on the leg with good soft tissue cover was achieved.

title: [Stable soft tissue reconstruction using an autochthonous muscle flap transposition and simultaneous bone reconstruction in post-traumatic and XXXX of the lower extremity].

answer: @entity4


abstract: Intracellular @entity4 -changes not only participate in important signaling pathways but have also been implicated in a number of disease states including acute @entity7 . To investigate the underlying mechanisms in an experimental model mimicking @entity0 @entity10 -induced @entity7 , we ligated the pancreatic duct of @entity3 and NMRI @entity2 for up to 6 h and studied intrapancreatic changes including the dynamics of [ @entity4 ](i) in isolated acini. In contrast to bile duct ligation, @entity7 induced intra-pancreatic trypsinogen activation, @entity6 , @entity13 , and pancreatic @entity1 and increased lung myeloperoxidase activity. Although resting [ @entity4 ](i) in isolated acini rose by 45% to 205 +/- 7 nmol, the @entity8 - and @entity11 ( @entity14 )-stimulated @entity5 peaks as well as the amylase secretion declined, but neither the [ @entity4 ](i)-signaling pattern nor the amylase output in response to the @entity4 -ATPase inhibitor @entity9 nor the secretin-stimulated amylase release were impaired by pancreatic duct ligation. On the single cell level pancreatic duct ligation reduced the percentage of cells in which submaximal secretagogue stimulation was followed by a physiological response (i.e. @entity4 oscillations) and increased the percentage of cells with a pathological response (i.e. peak plateau or absent @entity4 signal). Moreover, it reduced the frequency and amplitude of @entity4 oscillation as well as the capacitative @entity4 influx in response to secretagogue stimulation. Serum pancreatic enzyme elevation as well as trypsinogen activation was significantly reduced by pretreatment of animals with the @entity5 chelator @entity12 . These experiments suggest that @entity7 rapidly changes the physiological response of the exocrine pancreas to a @entity4 -signaling pattern that has been associated with premature digestive enzyme activation and the onset of @entity7 , both of which can be prevented by administration of an intracellular @entity5 chelator.

title: Early changes in pancreatic acinar cell @entity5 signaling after XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: Intracellular @entity4 -changes not only participate in important signaling pathways but have also been implicated in a number of disease states including acute @entity7 . To investigate the underlying mechanisms in an experimental model mimicking @entity0 @entity10 -induced @entity7 , we ligated the pancreatic duct of @entity3 and NMRI @entity2 for up to 6 h and studied intrapancreatic changes including the dynamics of [ @entity4 ](i) in isolated acini. In contrast to bile duct ligation, @entity7 induced intra-pancreatic trypsinogen activation, @entity6 , @entity13 , and pancreatic @entity1 and increased lung myeloperoxidase activity. Although resting [ @entity4 ](i) in isolated acini rose by 45% to 205 +/- 7 nmol, the @entity8 - and @entity11 ( @entity14 )-stimulated @entity5 peaks as well as the amylase secretion declined, but neither the [ @entity4 ](i)-signaling pattern nor the amylase output in response to the @entity4 -ATPase inhibitor @entity9 nor the secretin-stimulated amylase release were impaired by pancreatic duct ligation. On the single cell level pancreatic duct ligation reduced the percentage of cells in which submaximal secretagogue stimulation was followed by a physiological response (i.e. @entity4 oscillations) and increased the percentage of cells with a pathological response (i.e. peak plateau or absent @entity4 signal). Moreover, it reduced the frequency and amplitude of @entity4 oscillation as well as the capacitative @entity4 influx in response to secretagogue stimulation. Serum pancreatic enzyme elevation as well as trypsinogen activation was significantly reduced by pretreatment of animals with the @entity5 chelator @entity12 . These experiments suggest that @entity7 rapidly changes the physiological response of the exocrine pancreas to a @entity4 -signaling pattern that has been associated with premature digestive enzyme activation and the onset of @entity7 , both of which can be prevented by administration of an intracellular @entity5 chelator.

title: Early changes in pancreatic acinar cell XXXX signaling after @entity7 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The influence of @entity4 and @entity3 on the vessels of the anterior segment and of the fundus, as well as on mean arterial pressure and heart rate, was investigated in normal @entity0 , minipigs, and minipigs with experimentally induced @entity1 . The vessel reactions were monitored by photography or @entity2 angiography. Following injection of @entity4 , constrictions of episcleral and conjunctival vessels occurred in all the animals, but the fundus vessels of the @entity0 were not affected. Difficulties were encountered in assessing the condition of the iris vessels. In minipigs, after administering 6-20 micrograms/kg, an average delay of 2 seconds in the inflow into the retinal vessels was recorded, due possibly to a (transitory?) vessel constriction upstream. Mean arterial pressure increased initially in all animals, but to a different extent in the two species. There was less uniformity as regards heart rate. The vessel reactions of the two species to @entity3 were different: in @entity0 , a reaction was only observed after administering 2.46 mg/kg bodyweight in episcleral and conjunctival vessels, though not in fundus vessels. Minipigs were given doses of 0.16, 0.5, and 0.8 mg/kg; after 0.5 mg/kg a vessel constriction took place in the episclera and the conjunctiva, becoming manifest after 20 minutes and attaining a maximum after 60 minutes. However, there appeared to be no reaction in the fundus vessels. After an abrupt decrease in mean arterial pressure, both this and the heart rate showed an almost identically slow decrease until the 50th minute, followed by a slight increase up to the 60th minute. The comparison of the circulation parameters reveals some interesting parallels, though also some contrasts. The mechanisms of action and characteristics of these two substances are discussed.

title: [Simultaneous study of ocular vascular reactions of the anterior and posterior segments following XXXX and @entity3 in normotensive and @entity1 experimental animals].

answer: @entity4


abstract: The influence of @entity4 and @entity3 on the vessels of the anterior segment and of the fundus, as well as on mean arterial pressure and heart rate, was investigated in normal @entity0 , minipigs, and minipigs with experimentally induced @entity1 . The vessel reactions were monitored by photography or @entity2 angiography. Following injection of @entity4 , constrictions of episcleral and conjunctival vessels occurred in all the animals, but the fundus vessels of the @entity0 were not affected. Difficulties were encountered in assessing the condition of the iris vessels. In minipigs, after administering 6-20 micrograms/kg, an average delay of 2 seconds in the inflow into the retinal vessels was recorded, due possibly to a (transitory?) vessel constriction upstream. Mean arterial pressure increased initially in all animals, but to a different extent in the two species. There was less uniformity as regards heart rate. The vessel reactions of the two species to @entity3 were different: in @entity0 , a reaction was only observed after administering 2.46 mg/kg bodyweight in episcleral and conjunctival vessels, though not in fundus vessels. Minipigs were given doses of 0.16, 0.5, and 0.8 mg/kg; after 0.5 mg/kg a vessel constriction took place in the episclera and the conjunctiva, becoming manifest after 20 minutes and attaining a maximum after 60 minutes. However, there appeared to be no reaction in the fundus vessels. After an abrupt decrease in mean arterial pressure, both this and the heart rate showed an almost identically slow decrease until the 50th minute, followed by a slight increase up to the 60th minute. The comparison of the circulation parameters reveals some interesting parallels, though also some contrasts. The mechanisms of action and characteristics of these two substances are discussed.

title: [Simultaneous study of ocular vascular reactions of the anterior and posterior segments following @entity4 and XXXX in normotensive and @entity1 experimental animals].

answer: @entity3


abstract: The influence of @entity4 and @entity3 on the vessels of the anterior segment and of the fundus, as well as on mean arterial pressure and heart rate, was investigated in normal @entity0 , minipigs, and minipigs with experimentally induced @entity1 . The vessel reactions were monitored by photography or @entity2 angiography. Following injection of @entity4 , constrictions of episcleral and conjunctival vessels occurred in all the animals, but the fundus vessels of the @entity0 were not affected. Difficulties were encountered in assessing the condition of the iris vessels. In minipigs, after administering 6-20 micrograms/kg, an average delay of 2 seconds in the inflow into the retinal vessels was recorded, due possibly to a (transitory?) vessel constriction upstream. Mean arterial pressure increased initially in all animals, but to a different extent in the two species. There was less uniformity as regards heart rate. The vessel reactions of the two species to @entity3 were different: in @entity0 , a reaction was only observed after administering 2.46 mg/kg bodyweight in episcleral and conjunctival vessels, though not in fundus vessels. Minipigs were given doses of 0.16, 0.5, and 0.8 mg/kg; after 0.5 mg/kg a vessel constriction took place in the episclera and the conjunctiva, becoming manifest after 20 minutes and attaining a maximum after 60 minutes. However, there appeared to be no reaction in the fundus vessels. After an abrupt decrease in mean arterial pressure, both this and the heart rate showed an almost identically slow decrease until the 50th minute, followed by a slight increase up to the 60th minute. The comparison of the circulation parameters reveals some interesting parallels, though also some contrasts. The mechanisms of action and characteristics of these two substances are discussed.

title: [Simultaneous study of ocular vascular reactions of the anterior and posterior segments following @entity4 and @entity3 in normotensive and XXXX experimental animals].

answer: @entity1


abstract: We measured the change in intraocular pressure prospectively after extracapsular @entity0 extraction in 80 eyes after treatment with either @entity1 gel, @entity1 4% solution, @entity2 0.5% solution, or placebo. Intraocular pressure, pupil size, and anterior chamber cellular reaction were measured in a masked fashion on the first day after surgery. A significant increase in intraocular pressure was found in all groups postoperatively when compared with baseline values (P less than .001). Eyes treated with @entity1 gel had an average intraocular pressure increase of 4.2 +/- 2.1 mm Hg (mean +/- 1 S.E.), eyes treated with @entity1 4% eyedrops had an average increase of 9.8 +/- 2.8 mm Hg, and eyes treated with @entity2 demonstrated an intraocular pressure increase of 8.25 +/- 3.19. The intraocular pressure in untreated eyes (controls) increased by an average of 12.9 +/- 2.7 mm Hg. Only the difference in intraocular pressure change between the eyes treated with @entity1 gel and control eyes was statistically significant (P = .025). Postsurgical intraocular pressure exceeding 25 mm Hg was observed in three of 20 @entity1 gel treated eyes (15%) and 11 of 20 control eyes (55%). @entity1 treatment was not associated with noticeable changes in intraocular inflammatory response, nor were significant ocular or systemic adverse reactions observed. A single administration of @entity1 gel is effective in reducing increased intraocular pressure for the first 24 hours after extracapsular @entity0 extraction.

title: Management of increased intraocular pressure after XXXX extraction.

answer: @entity0


abstract: In a series of 400 transplantations, 8 @entity0 presented a severe lesion of the lower urinary tract requiring an intestinal graft to divert the urine or to replace the useless bladder: 4 cases of @entity2 and 4 cases of @entity4 . Four permanent urinary diversions and 4 @entity4 , including 3 temporary diversions, were performed. The sigmoid colon was used in 5 cases and the ileum was used in 3 cases. The preparation of the intestinal graft was always performed prior to the transplantation. The uretero-intestinal anastomosis included an antireflux device in 3 of the 8 cases. There were no deaths in this series. Three occlusions and 2 lymphoceles occurred in the immediate post-transplantation period, but were corrected by re-operation. Two cases of calculi occurred in the long term, one of which required operation. Moderate stenosis of the renal artery in one case resulted in systemic @entity1 which was well controlled by medical treatment. An episode of acute @entity5 resolved rapidly with antibiotic treatment. Two cases of @entity3 were corrected by salt supplementation. There was one case of early graft rejection on the 15th day and a delayed rejection after 18 months, leading to removal of the transplant. At the present time, 6 renal grafts function normally (75%) with a follow-up of 1 to 8 years.

title: [Urinary diversions and intestinal grafts in renal transplantation in XXXX . Report of 8 cases].

answer: @entity0


abstract: GABAergic neuronal profiles in the supraoptic nucleus of the @entity0 were immunohistochemically identified by using a purified @entity2 antibody with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The localization of @entity2 -like immunoreactivity in nerve terminals on the neurosecretory neurons was examined electron microscopically. A few small GABAergic neurons were found inside the supraoptic nucleus while only a very few medium-sized ones were detected in the perinuclear zone. Intrinsic, non-GABAergic small neurons covered by GABAergic neuropil were also detected. The neuropil with GABAergic axo-somatic synapses evenly encompassed unlabeled neurosecretory perikarya throughout the supraoptic nucleus. The GABAergic system seems to inhibit both vasopressin and @entity1 cells. In this area, glia cells showed clear outlines of unlabeled somata around counter-stained nuclei. Blood capillaries in the supraoptic nucleus were only slightly covered with a GABAergic neuropil. Electron microscopic observations demonstrated the presence of GABAergic axo-somatic symmetrical and axo-dendritic asymmetrical synapses on the neurosecretory neurons. @entity2 -like immunoreactivity was localized on the membranes of microtubules and synaptic vesicles, on the external membranes of the mitochondria, and on the inner leaf of the presynaptic sites. Numerous pairs of non-immunoreactive synapses were arranged along these immunoreactive synapses.

title: Immunohistochemical studies on the GABAergic system in the XXXX supraoptic nucleus using the PAP method with an application of electron microscopy.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The capacity of the @entity0 anterior @entity2 , and particularly the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), to develop and differentiate when removed from its normal environment was examined in this study using light and electron microscopy. The @entity2 from fetuses ranging in age from embryonic day 12 (E 12) to E 16 was transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult @entity0 . In initial experiments, we found that transplants from E 15 fetuses and older routinely differentiated into fields of neurons with extensive neuropil with an appearance similar to the anterior @entity1 area. Groups of small, compactly organized neurons were observed only occasionally in this tissue. Ultrastructural analysis of these transplants typically revealed well-differentiated neuronal perikarya and neuropil with a complex synaptic organization similar in appearance to the normal @entity0 anterior @entity1 area. Occasionally both mature and immature tissue coexisted in some of the transplants. Tissue from young embryos (E 12-14) frequently showed development of a compact, small neuron nucleus with the cytoarchitectonic appearance of the SCN. At least 45 days were required after transplantation for the successful differentiation to occur in this situation. The @entity3 in these transplants displayed vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive cells and fibers surrounded by vasopressin-immunoreactive cells and fibers, similar to the pattern observed in the normal adult SCN. Our results indicate that the anterior @entity2 will differentiate normally in oculo and that the phenotypic specification of the SCN occurs prior to the birthdate of its component neurons.

title: Differentiation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in fetal @entity0 anterior XXXX transplants in oculo.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The capacity of the @entity0 anterior @entity2 , and particularly the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), to develop and differentiate when removed from its normal environment was examined in this study using light and electron microscopy. The @entity2 from fetuses ranging in age from embryonic day 12 (E 12) to E 16 was transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult @entity0 . In initial experiments, we found that transplants from E 15 fetuses and older routinely differentiated into fields of neurons with extensive neuropil with an appearance similar to the anterior @entity1 area. Groups of small, compactly organized neurons were observed only occasionally in this tissue. Ultrastructural analysis of these transplants typically revealed well-differentiated neuronal perikarya and neuropil with a complex synaptic organization similar in appearance to the normal @entity0 anterior @entity1 area. Occasionally both mature and immature tissue coexisted in some of the transplants. Tissue from young embryos (E 12-14) frequently showed development of a compact, small neuron nucleus with the cytoarchitectonic appearance of the SCN. At least 45 days were required after transplantation for the successful differentiation to occur in this situation. The @entity3 in these transplants displayed vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive cells and fibers surrounded by vasopressin-immunoreactive cells and fibers, similar to the pattern observed in the normal adult SCN. Our results indicate that the anterior @entity2 will differentiate normally in oculo and that the phenotypic specification of the SCN occurs prior to the birthdate of its component neurons.

title: Differentiation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in fetal XXXX anterior @entity1 transplants in oculo.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The evaluation of a @entity0 suspected of having an @entity4 is based initially on a unique association of physical findings and symptoms referrable to obstructive, embolic, and/or constitutional manifestations of the @entity1 . Objective confirmation is sought with the use of M-mode and 2D echocardiography. A nondiagnostic echocardiogram, especially with recurrent or progressive symptoms and signs of @entity4 , should prompt more invasive methods of confirmation. The hemodynamic and angiographic data previously discussed may provide the clues needed for diagnosis, especially with nonprolapsing @entity3 . The use of other techniques, such as a gated blood pool scanning or computerized tomography, affects primarily the incidental discovery of a "silent" @entity1 . Urgent surgical @entity3 is mandatory to avoid @entity2 . Postoperative examination should be directed specifically at evaluating the @entity0 for @entity1 recurrence or growth of a peripheral @entity2 . The incidence of these complications is small, but they are frequently overlooked. A second echocardiogram should be obtained as an initial baseline study. The asymptomatic @entity0 should have subsequent routine clinical examinations to detect the growth of @entity1 embolic fragments and an echocardiographic examination every year or two to detect @entity1 recurrence. Immediate evaluation is necessary should the @entity0 develop recurrent symptoms.

title: XXXX : overview, recognition, and management.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The liver and kidney nuclear T3 content and the @entity4 ( @entity4 ) were measured 1 month after @entity2 administration and compared with values in controls either fed ad libitum (C) or offered a restricted diet (FR). A group of insulin-treated @entity0 ( @entity0 ) @entity1 was also included. Plasma T4 and T3 concentrations decreased to low levels in @entity0 ( @entity0 ) @entity1 . Plasma T3 levels were decreased in FR @entity1 , whereas circulating T4 was in the normal range for C animals. The @entity4 (nanograms of T3 per mg DNA) for liver and kidney nuclear T3 was determined by an in vivo saturation technique. The respective results for all groups were as follows (asterisks denote values differing from C with P values less than 0.05): C, 0.601 and 0.414; FR, 0.583 and 0.369; @entity0 , 0.310 and 0.220; @entity0 , 0.630 and 0.394. Nuclear T4 and T3 concentrations were determined by an isotopic equilibrium technique. Nuclear T3 (nanograms per mg DNA) for liver and kidney were, respectively, 0.298 and 0.176 for C, 0.208 and 0.135 for FR, 0.109 and 0.070 for @entity0 , and 0.270 and 0.168 for @entity0 @entity1 . The decreased liver and kidney nuclear T3 content in @entity0 @entity1 appears to be due to a marked reduction of their available intracellular T4 pool, from which T3 could be generated, but most likely represents a decreased T3 uptake into liver and kidney nuclei, as the nuclear to plasma ratios of labeled T3 were decreased in @entity0 @entity1 . The low levels of T3 in nuclei of FR @entity1 could be attributed to an inhibition of T4 to T3 conversion, since the intracellular pool of T4 appears to be normal. The possibility that @entity0 and food restriction might affect the thyroid activity was examined by measurement of the activities of @entity3 dehydrogenase and cytosol malic enzyme, two liver and kidney enzymes regulated by thyroid hormone. Furthermore, although the measurements made in FR @entity1 excluded the possibility that the alterations in @entity4 found in @entity0 animals were nutrition dependent, the reduced nuclear T3 content concomitant with food restriction may account for some of the quantitative changes in the @entity3 dehydrogenase and cytosol malic enzyme activity found in @entity0 @entity1 tissues. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that the observed changes in indices of thyroid hormone action in liver and kidney of @entity0 @entity1 could be related to alterations in nuclear T3 receptor concentrations and the concentration of T3 bound to the receptor.

title: Diabetes decreases liver and kidney nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine receptors in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 with @entity1 frequently show a wide variation in heart rate with @entity5 therapy. We have compared the effect on heart rate variability, of doubling the @entity5 dosage or adding @entity4 120 mg daily in a randomized cross-over study in 14 @entity0 . Twenty-four hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings, six minute walking tests and palpitation and @entity3 scores were obtained on each regime. All @entity0 exhibited a diurnal pattern in heart rate variability. Both treatments significantly lowered heart rate but high dose @entity5 lowered minimum heart rate significantly more than @entity5 and @entity4 , causing more night time @entity2 . Overall, @entity5 with @entity4 produced significantly less heart rate variability than @entity5 alone. Day time but not night time pauses were prolonged by @entity5 and @entity4 but were prolonged more by high dose @entity5 . Five (36%) patients had serum @entity5 levels in the toxic range when taking high dose @entity5 . Palpitations were significantly reduced by both treatments but most improvement occurred with @entity5 and @entity4 . No significant effect was found on six minute walking distances or @entity3 scores. In conclusion, the addition of @entity4 to @entity5 was superior to increasing the dose of @entity5 alone, producing significantly better control of heart rate variability with less night time @entity2 .

title: Towards improved control of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The @entity3 catabolic system of @entity0 is being used to study the role of cryptic genes in microbial evolution. Wild-type @entity0 do not utilize the beta-glucoside @entity1 , @entity6 , @entity5 and @entity3 . A Cel+ ( @entity3 utilizing) mutant which grows on @entity3 , @entity6 , and @entity5 was isolated previously from wild-type @entity0 . Biochemical assays indicate that a cel structural gene (celT) specifies a single transport protein that is a beta-glucoside specific enzyme of the @entity2 -dependent phosphotransferase system. The transport protein phosphorylates beta-glucosides at the expense of phosphoenolpyruvate. A single phosphoglucosidase, specified by celH, hydrolyzes phosphorylated @entity3 , @entity6 , and @entity5 . The genes of the cel system are expressed constitutively in the Cel+ mutant, whereas they are not expressed at a detectable level in the wild-type strain. The transport and hydrolase genes are simultaneously silenced or simultaneously expressed and thus constitute an operon. Cel+ strains which fail to utilize one or more beta-glucosides express the transport system at a lower level than do Cel+ strains which grow on all three beta-glucosides. Other strains inducibly express a gene which specifies transport of @entity6 but not the other @entity4 . The @entity6 transport gene, arbT, maps outside of the cel locus.

title: Biochemical genetics of the cryptic gene system for @entity3 utilization in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The @entity3 catabolic system of @entity0 is being used to study the role of cryptic genes in microbial evolution. Wild-type @entity0 do not utilize the beta-glucoside @entity1 , @entity6 , @entity5 and @entity3 . A Cel+ ( @entity3 utilizing) mutant which grows on @entity3 , @entity6 , and @entity5 was isolated previously from wild-type @entity0 . Biochemical assays indicate that a cel structural gene (celT) specifies a single transport protein that is a beta-glucoside specific enzyme of the @entity2 -dependent phosphotransferase system. The transport protein phosphorylates beta-glucosides at the expense of phosphoenolpyruvate. A single phosphoglucosidase, specified by celH, hydrolyzes phosphorylated @entity3 , @entity6 , and @entity5 . The genes of the cel system are expressed constitutively in the Cel+ mutant, whereas they are not expressed at a detectable level in the wild-type strain. The transport and hydrolase genes are simultaneously silenced or simultaneously expressed and thus constitute an operon. Cel+ strains which fail to utilize one or more beta-glucosides express the transport system at a lower level than do Cel+ strains which grow on all three beta-glucosides. Other strains inducibly express a gene which specifies transport of @entity6 but not the other @entity4 . The @entity6 transport gene, arbT, maps outside of the cel locus.

title: Biochemical genetics of the cryptic gene system for XXXX utilization in @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Histologic features of 100 supra-tentorial @entity3 , @entity5 and oligo- @entity3 obtained from serial stereotactic biopsies were compared with the corresponding CT scans. Topographic comparisons provided by visualization of the biopsy trajectories on post-biopsy CT scans were available in 24 cases. Areas of contrast enhancement and low attenuation were compared with the histologic grade of @entity1 , @entity1 delimitation and structural type. The latter was determined as follows: @entity1 tissue without significant peripheral @entity1 cells; Type II-solid @entity1 tissue associated with peripheral @entity1 cells; Type III- @entity1 cells only. There was a strong correlation between areas of contrast enhancement and @entity1 microvascularity. In addition, contrast enhancement occurred only in the solid @entity1 tissue component of the @entity1 . This correlation accounted for the relationship observed between CT images and the structural type of @entity2 . Contrast enhancement was constant in structural @entity2 , @entity4 , and @entity4 . No correlation was found between @entity1 and contrast enhancement. Contrast enhancement occurred in all grades of @entity1 but was a constant feature of grade 4 @entity2 . The volume of the @entity1 could not be reliably determined from CT images alone. Areas of low attenuation on contrast CT scans could correspond to either @entity0 or to @entity0 parenchyma infiltrated by @entity1 cells. Serial stereotactic biopsies combined with calculations based on the CT scan provided a more precise definition of the @entity1 volume and identification of structural type. Such classification may prove useful in prospective analysis of various modes of therapy.

title: Serial stereotactic biopsies and CT scan in @entity2 : correlative study in 100 XXXX , oligo- @entity3 and oligodendrocytomas.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Histologic features of 100 supra-tentorial @entity3 , @entity5 and oligo- @entity3 obtained from serial stereotactic biopsies were compared with the corresponding CT scans. Topographic comparisons provided by visualization of the biopsy trajectories on post-biopsy CT scans were available in 24 cases. Areas of contrast enhancement and low attenuation were compared with the histologic grade of @entity1 , @entity1 delimitation and structural type. The latter was determined as follows: @entity1 tissue without significant peripheral @entity1 cells; Type II-solid @entity1 tissue associated with peripheral @entity1 cells; Type III- @entity1 cells only. There was a strong correlation between areas of contrast enhancement and @entity1 microvascularity. In addition, contrast enhancement occurred only in the solid @entity1 tissue component of the @entity1 . This correlation accounted for the relationship observed between CT images and the structural type of @entity2 . Contrast enhancement was constant in structural @entity2 , @entity4 , and @entity4 . No correlation was found between @entity1 and contrast enhancement. Contrast enhancement occurred in all grades of @entity1 but was a constant feature of grade 4 @entity2 . The volume of the @entity1 could not be reliably determined from CT images alone. Areas of low attenuation on contrast CT scans could correspond to either @entity0 or to @entity0 parenchyma infiltrated by @entity1 cells. Serial stereotactic biopsies combined with calculations based on the CT scan provided a more precise definition of the @entity1 volume and identification of structural type. Such classification may prove useful in prospective analysis of various modes of therapy.

title: Serial stereotactic biopsies and CT scan in @entity2 : correlative study in 100 @entity3 , oligo- XXXX and oligodendrocytomas.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Histologic features of 100 supra-tentorial @entity3 , @entity5 and oligo- @entity3 obtained from serial stereotactic biopsies were compared with the corresponding CT scans. Topographic comparisons provided by visualization of the biopsy trajectories on post-biopsy CT scans were available in 24 cases. Areas of contrast enhancement and low attenuation were compared with the histologic grade of @entity1 , @entity1 delimitation and structural type. The latter was determined as follows: @entity1 tissue without significant peripheral @entity1 cells; Type II-solid @entity1 tissue associated with peripheral @entity1 cells; Type III- @entity1 cells only. There was a strong correlation between areas of contrast enhancement and @entity1 microvascularity. In addition, contrast enhancement occurred only in the solid @entity1 tissue component of the @entity1 . This correlation accounted for the relationship observed between CT images and the structural type of @entity2 . Contrast enhancement was constant in structural @entity2 , @entity4 , and @entity4 . No correlation was found between @entity1 and contrast enhancement. Contrast enhancement occurred in all grades of @entity1 but was a constant feature of grade 4 @entity2 . The volume of the @entity1 could not be reliably determined from CT images alone. Areas of low attenuation on contrast CT scans could correspond to either @entity0 or to @entity0 parenchyma infiltrated by @entity1 cells. Serial stereotactic biopsies combined with calculations based on the CT scan provided a more precise definition of the @entity1 volume and identification of structural type. Such classification may prove useful in prospective analysis of various modes of therapy.

title: Serial stereotactic biopsies and CT scan in XXXX : correlative study in 100 @entity3 , oligo- @entity3 and oligodendrocytomas.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Comparative immunocytochemical experiments with antisera directed against @entity1 and three synthetical peptides ( @entity4 , Pro 2A and @entity5 ) covering almost the entire span of @entity0 @entity1 prosegment were performed on @entity0 kidney tissue. With anti- @entity4 , i.e. the antiserum which recognizes the @entity3 terminus of @entity0 prorenin, no clear immunolabeling of juxtaglomerular epithelioid cell secretory granules could be obtained. It is therefore concluded that the corresponding portion of @entity0 prorenin may be cleaved off in the Golgi complex. After application of anti- @entity5 , the antiserum which recognizes the @entity2 terminus of the prosegment, only the juvenile secretory granules of epithelioid cells were consistently labeled, whereas, in contrast, some of the intermediate and most of the mature secretory granules were anti- @entity5 -negative. As the immunoreactivity of mature @entity1 increased remarkably from protogranules to mature secretory granules, it is suggested that the cleavage of the @entity2 terminus of the prosegment, i.e. the activation of @entity1 , takes place in juvenile and intermediate granules during condensation of the enzyme. The immunoreactivity of Pro 2A, corresponding to the middle portion of the prosegment, disappeared in a somewhat earlier stage of granulopoiesis than that of @entity5 . It is therefore concluded that the corresponding segmental cleavage, the result of which is a truncated version of intact prorenin, occurs in the protogranules of epithelioid cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The fate of prorenin during granulopoiesis in epithelioid cells. Immunocytochemical experiments with antisera against @entity1 and different portions of the XXXX prosegment.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Comparative immunocytochemical experiments with antisera directed against @entity1 and three synthetical peptides ( @entity4 , Pro 2A and @entity5 ) covering almost the entire span of @entity0 @entity1 prosegment were performed on @entity0 kidney tissue. With anti- @entity4 , i.e. the antiserum which recognizes the @entity3 terminus of @entity0 prorenin, no clear immunolabeling of juxtaglomerular epithelioid cell secretory granules could be obtained. It is therefore concluded that the corresponding portion of @entity0 prorenin may be cleaved off in the Golgi complex. After application of anti- @entity5 , the antiserum which recognizes the @entity2 terminus of the prosegment, only the juvenile secretory granules of epithelioid cells were consistently labeled, whereas, in contrast, some of the intermediate and most of the mature secretory granules were anti- @entity5 -negative. As the immunoreactivity of mature @entity1 increased remarkably from protogranules to mature secretory granules, it is suggested that the cleavage of the @entity2 terminus of the prosegment, i.e. the activation of @entity1 , takes place in juvenile and intermediate granules during condensation of the enzyme. The immunoreactivity of Pro 2A, corresponding to the middle portion of the prosegment, disappeared in a somewhat earlier stage of granulopoiesis than that of @entity5 . It is therefore concluded that the corresponding segmental cleavage, the result of which is a truncated version of intact prorenin, occurs in the protogranules of epithelioid cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The fate of prorenin during granulopoiesis in epithelioid cells. Immunocytochemical experiments with antisera against XXXX and different portions of the @entity1 prosegment.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The existence in invertebrates, unicellular eukaryotes, and prokaryotes of materials that resemble several vertebrate peptide hormones led to the suggestion that these peptide messengers may have arisen earlier in evolution than had previously been thought. Consistent with this hypothesis, we describe here material in two plants, @entity5 and Lemma gibba G3, that is very similar to @entity0 insulin, yet distinctive. In each of the early purification steps, which consisted of acidic @entity3 chloroform extraction and sequential chromatography on C-18 hydrophobic resin, Sephadex G-50, CM-Sepharose, and a short C-3 high performance liquid chromatography column, the immunoactive material from plants resembled the common vertebrate insulins. The protein nature of the material was suggested by its destruction by Pronase but not by the inactivated enzyme. In addition, on TSK chromatography it eluted in a position similar to that of insulin, i.e. equivalent to a protein of 6000 daltons. Using an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system, the plant immunoactivity eluted earlier, and thus was more hydrophilic, than most of the common @entity0 insulins, including pork insulin. The interaction of the plant material with anti-insulin antibodies in a radioimmunoassay was confirmed by using an affinity column of anti-insulin antibodies which adsorbed the plant immunoactivity at neutral pH, and released the material with acid elution. Using a quantitative double radioimmunoassay, the plant insulin-like material was distinguished immunologically from @entity4 insulin. Although the plant insulin-like material is clearly distinct from pork insulin chromatographically, and from @entity4 insulin immunologically, it resembles vertebrate insulins in its overall configuration. The plant insulin-like material bound to insulin receptors on IM-9 lymphocytes and stimulated @entity2 oxidation and lipogenesis in isolated adipocytes from young @entity1 . The bioactivity was neutralized in the presence of anti-insulin antibodies, but not in the presence of normal guinea pig IgG. The role of this insulin-like material in plants is unknown but its existence is consistent with an early evolutionary origin of the insulin messenger peptide family. Alternatively we cannot exclude a later convergent development of this family or introduction of vertebrate DNA into plants.

title: Partial purification and characterization of an insulin-like material from XXXX and Lemna gibba G3.

answer: @entity5


abstract: A well-defined, @entity0 ( @entity0 )-containing fiber pathway, the ventral hypothalamic tract (VHT), is described by immunostaining in fetal @entity1 (109-156 days gestation). The VHT arises above the lateral aspects of the optic chiasm near the supraoptic nucleus, and courses ventromedially close to the ventral hypothalamic surface to terminate in the infundibulum and zona externa of the median eminence. It is formed by the confluence of @entity0 -immunopositive ( @entity0 +) axons from local neurons, from a few @entity0 + cells in the inferior thalamic peduncle, and probably from more anterior neurons in the septum and preoptic area. Bipolar @entity0 + neurons contributing directly to the VHT are grouped at its origin dorsolateral to the optic chiasm, dorsal and medial to the optic tracts, at the infundibular lip, and within the pathway between. At the infundibular lip, @entity0 + perikarya are generally lateral or ventral to the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus, and are rarely within the nucleus itself. Cell bodies here are sometimes tripolar, but @entity0 + intercellular contacts are seldom seen. A few VHT fibers extend to the ventral surface of the brain just beneath the pia mater. Abundant capillaries in the subarachnoid space suggest a possible route for delivery of @entity0 to the adenohypophysis in early gestation, before maturation of the hypophysial portal system occurs. Posterior to the infundibulum, a few VHT fibers are joined by descending periventricular fibers forming a dense fiber band beneath the premammillary recess of the third ventricle. Totals of @entity0 + cell bodies in the prosencephalon of the fetal @entity1 are estimated to be 5,600 in females (n = 2) and 2,600 in males (n = 3). More than 60% of VHT neurons are located in the medial basal hypothalamus, and the majority of basal hypothalamic @entity0 + neurons (86%) are associated with the VHT. Furthermore, reports of the autonomy of the medial basal hypothalamic-hypophysial unit in control of gonadotropin secretion suggest that the VHT may be the most important @entity0 system involved in primate reproduction. It is clear that fetal material may offer the best model to study the @entity0 neuronal system in primates.

title: The gonadotropin-releasing hormone containing ventral hypothalamic tract in the fetal XXXX ( @entity1 ).

answer: @entity1


abstract: A well-defined, @entity0 ( @entity0 )-containing fiber pathway, the ventral hypothalamic tract (VHT), is described by immunostaining in fetal @entity1 (109-156 days gestation). The VHT arises above the lateral aspects of the optic chiasm near the supraoptic nucleus, and courses ventromedially close to the ventral hypothalamic surface to terminate in the infundibulum and zona externa of the median eminence. It is formed by the confluence of @entity0 -immunopositive ( @entity0 +) axons from local neurons, from a few @entity0 + cells in the inferior thalamic peduncle, and probably from more anterior neurons in the septum and preoptic area. Bipolar @entity0 + neurons contributing directly to the VHT are grouped at its origin dorsolateral to the optic chiasm, dorsal and medial to the optic tracts, at the infundibular lip, and within the pathway between. At the infundibular lip, @entity0 + perikarya are generally lateral or ventral to the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus, and are rarely within the nucleus itself. Cell bodies here are sometimes tripolar, but @entity0 + intercellular contacts are seldom seen. A few VHT fibers extend to the ventral surface of the brain just beneath the pia mater. Abundant capillaries in the subarachnoid space suggest a possible route for delivery of @entity0 to the adenohypophysis in early gestation, before maturation of the hypophysial portal system occurs. Posterior to the infundibulum, a few VHT fibers are joined by descending periventricular fibers forming a dense fiber band beneath the premammillary recess of the third ventricle. Totals of @entity0 + cell bodies in the prosencephalon of the fetal @entity1 are estimated to be 5,600 in females (n = 2) and 2,600 in males (n = 3). More than 60% of VHT neurons are located in the medial basal hypothalamus, and the majority of basal hypothalamic @entity0 + neurons (86%) are associated with the VHT. Furthermore, reports of the autonomy of the medial basal hypothalamic-hypophysial unit in control of gonadotropin secretion suggest that the VHT may be the most important @entity0 system involved in primate reproduction. It is clear that fetal material may offer the best model to study the @entity0 neuronal system in primates.

title: The gonadotropin-releasing hormone containing ventral hypothalamic tract in the fetal @entity1 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 remains a major public health problem in China. Integrating molecular analyses, such as population genetic analyses, of the parasite into the on-going surveillance programs is helpful in exploring the factors causing the persistence and/or spread of @entity0 . However, genotyping errors can seriously affect the results of such studies, unless accounted for in the analyses. METHODS: We assessed the genotyping errors (missing alleles or false alleles) of seven @entity1 microsatellites, using a pedigree data approach for schistosome miracidia, which were stored on Whatman FTA cards. RESULTS: Among 107 schistosome miracidia successfully genotyped, resulting in a total of 715 loci calls, a total of 31 genotyping errors were observed with 25.2% of the miracidia having at least one error. The error rate per locus differed among loci, which ranged from 0 to 9.8%, with the mean error rate 4.3% over loci. With the parentage analysis software Cervus, the assignment power with these seven markers was estimated to be 89.5% for one parent and 99.9% for a parent pair. One locus was inferred to have a high number of null alleles and a second with a high mistyping rate. CONCLUSION: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that @entity1 pedigrees have been used in an assessment of genotyping errors of microsatellite markers. The observed locus-specific error rate will benefit downstream epidemiological or ecological analyses of @entity1 with the markers.

title: Detecting genotyping errors at XXXX microsatellites with pedigree information.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical characteristics of residents with a diagnosis of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and/or @entity4 ( @entity4 ) to determine the prevalence of comorbidities, severe @entity1 (SMI), @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and a toileting program and the response to that program. DESIGN: Cross-sectional retrospective analysis. SETTING: Skilled nursing facilities. @entity0 , @entity0 : Residents with a diagnosis of @entity5 and/or @entity4 and an age range, and gender frequency-matched 1:1 control cohort without @entity5 and/or @entity4 . INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): De-identified Minimum Data Set data 3.0 records (October 1, 2010, to September 30, 2012). RESULTS: Of the 175,632 residents, 65% had a diagnosis of @entity4 and 1% had a diagnosis of @entity5 . Those with @entity4 and/or @entity5 were more likely to have @entity1 (mean Brief Inventory of Mental Status score 10.2    4.5 vs. 12.5    3.6; P = 0.001) and SMI (49.4% vs. 26.4%; P < 0.001), multiple comorbid conditions, falls and falls with @entity6 (5.5% vs. 4.9%; P < 0.001), @entity3 (21.4% vs. 16.5%; P = 0.001), and moisture-associated @entity2 (5.2% vs. 2.6%; P = 0.001) than the control cohort. Toileting programs were attempted more often (17.0% vs. 5.1%; P < 0.001) in those with @entity4 and/or @entity5 but were only minimally successful, with 4.2% having decreased wetness and 0.9% being completely dry. CONCLUSION: Residents with @entity4 and/or @entity5 exhibit a higher burden of @entity1 , SMI, and comorbidities than do residents without these diagnoses. Nonpharmacologic therapies such as toileting programs should be a primary focus in the nursing facility.

title: Clinical Burden and Nonpharmacologic Management of Nursing Facility Residents with XXXX and/or Urinary Incontinence.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Timely molecular diagnosis of @entity3 mutations enables earlier treatment, lower risk, and better health outcomes for @entity0 with @entity2 ; empowers families to make informed family-planning decisions; and costs less than conventional surveillance. However, complexity has hindered clinical implementation of molecular diagnosis. The majority of @entity3 mutations are unique and distributed throughout the @entity3 gene, with no real hot spots. We devised a sensitive and efficient strategy to identify @entity3 mutations that combines quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction (QM-PCR), double-exon sequencing, and promoter-targeted methylation-sensitive PCR. Optimization of test order by stochastic dynamic programming and the development of allele-specific PCR for four recurrent point mutations decreased the estimated turnaround time to <3 wk and decreased direct costs by one-third. The multistep method reported here detected 89% (199/224) of mutations in bilaterally affected probands and both mutant alleles in 84% (112/134) of @entity1 from unilaterally affected probands. For 23 of 27 exons and the promoter region, QM-PCR was a highly accurate measure of deletions and insertions (accuracy 95%). By revealing those family members who did not carry the mutation found in the related proband, molecular analysis enabled 97 at-risk @entity0 from 20 representative families to avoid 313 surveillance examinations under anesthetic and 852 clinic visits. The average savings in direct costs from clinical examinations avoided by @entity0 in these families substantially exceeded the cost of molecular testing. Moreover, health care savings continue to accrue, as @entity0 in succeeding generations avoid unnecessary repeated anaesthetics and examinations.

title: Sensitive and efficient detection of XXXX gene mutations enhances care for families with @entity2 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Timely molecular diagnosis of @entity3 mutations enables earlier treatment, lower risk, and better health outcomes for @entity0 with @entity2 ; empowers families to make informed family-planning decisions; and costs less than conventional surveillance. However, complexity has hindered clinical implementation of molecular diagnosis. The majority of @entity3 mutations are unique and distributed throughout the @entity3 gene, with no real hot spots. We devised a sensitive and efficient strategy to identify @entity3 mutations that combines quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction (QM-PCR), double-exon sequencing, and promoter-targeted methylation-sensitive PCR. Optimization of test order by stochastic dynamic programming and the development of allele-specific PCR for four recurrent point mutations decreased the estimated turnaround time to <3 wk and decreased direct costs by one-third. The multistep method reported here detected 89% (199/224) of mutations in bilaterally affected probands and both mutant alleles in 84% (112/134) of @entity1 from unilaterally affected probands. For 23 of 27 exons and the promoter region, QM-PCR was a highly accurate measure of deletions and insertions (accuracy 95%). By revealing those family members who did not carry the mutation found in the related proband, molecular analysis enabled 97 at-risk @entity0 from 20 representative families to avoid 313 surveillance examinations under anesthetic and 852 clinic visits. The average savings in direct costs from clinical examinations avoided by @entity0 in these families substantially exceeded the cost of molecular testing. Moreover, health care savings continue to accrue, as @entity0 in succeeding generations avoid unnecessary repeated anaesthetics and examinations.

title: Sensitive and efficient detection of @entity3 gene mutations enhances care for families with XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The dual microcatheter technique is common practice for coil embolization of a wide-necked @entity2 , due to safety and efficacy. However, technical limitations of some complex configurations may necessitate additional microcatheters to bolster coil stability, compact the coil, or for protection. Described herein is a triple microcatheter technique for endovascular management of wide-necked @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data accruing prospectively between January 2006 and October 2014 on simultaneously executed triple microcatheter coil embolization procedures done in 38 @entity2 were reviewed. Clinical and morphological outcomes were assessed, with emphasis on technical aspects of treatment. RESULTS: The triple microcatheter technique was successfully applied to all 38 @entity2 , involving the posterior communicating artery (n = 13), the middle cerebral artery (n = 10), the basilar tip (n = 7), the anterior cerebral artery (n = 5), and the internal carotid artery (n = 3). Stent protection was added in four @entity0 and balloon remodeling in one. Dual microcatheters (n = 24) were usually deployed to deliver the coil within sacs of @entity2 , with the additional microcatheter used for protection. Otherwise, triple microcatheters were deployed for coil delivery (n = 11) or coils were delivered via a single microcatheter, with dual microcatheters deployed for protection (n = 3). Successful occlusion of @entity2 was achieved in 89.5% of cases, with no procedure-related morbidity or mortality. Stable occlusion was maintained in 72.2% (26/36) of the @entity2 at the final follow-up (mean interval, 30.2    22.7 months). CONCLUSION: The outcomes of this limited study suggest that the triple microcatheter technique may be an effective and safe therapeutic option for wide-necked @entity2 , using technical strategies tailored to complex angio-anatomic configurations.

title: Use of Triple Microcatheters for Endovascular Treatment of Wide-Necked XXXX : A Single Center Experience.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In order to study the relationship between @entity4 and airway hyperresponsiveness. METHOD: Each of them were separately engaged skin test with antigen. All 50 @entity0 had intense positive reaction to artemisia pollen (++-+++), but all controls were negative. We conducted bronchial provocation test (BPT) with 1:100 (w/v) artemisia pollen. Before and after BPT, we separately tested the forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) which represented ventilative function and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in their serum. RESULT: Before BPT, 50 @entity0 and 20 normal controls had no @entity3 symptoms. FEV1 of 50 @entity0 is (70 +/- 20)%, that normal controls is (85.6 +/- 8.9)% (P < 0.001). After BPT, in 50 @entity0 , 23 cases felt constriction in the chest, 10 cases had wheezes, 5 cases had @entity2 , 12 cases had no symptoms. At the same time, all of normal controls had no symptoms. After BPT, FEV1 of 50 @entity0 is (60 +/- 20)%, that of normal controls was (85.6 +/- 8.9)% (P < 0.05), ECP of @entity0 was (30.37 +/- 18.92) micrograms/L, that of controls was (5.245 +/- 3.228) micrograms/L (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: @entity0 with @entity4 not only have chronic @entity1 in their nose mucosa that results from allergic react, but also have chronic @entity1 in bronchus which leads to @entity5 . The results reveal that most @entity0 with @entity4 have @entity5 (76%).

title: [Study on the relationship between XXXX and airway hyperresponsiveness].

answer: @entity4