abstract: It is assumed that the mild @entity4 produced by @entity1 ( @entity3 ) and @entity6 is due to a common mode of action, namely inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction in the synthesis of @entity5 . It has, however, been difficult to separate the influence of the anti-inflammatory activity from pure @entity4 in standard animal tests using a fully developed inflammatory state. In the present experiments a modification of the @entity2 test in @entity0 is used. Licking of the injected paw is recorded after the injection of a small nociceptive amount of @entity2 (20 microliters, 1%). The results show that the response to @entity2 is biphasic with an early (0-5 min) and a late (20-30 min) phase of high licking activity. @entity3 had a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect during both the early and the late phases. In contrast, antinociceptive effect of @entity6 was found only during the late phase. On the basis of these results it may be suggested that inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction has no major effect on the early phase in the @entity2 test. This also suggests that @entity3 and @entity6 are antinociceptive through partially different modes of action. In addition to an anti-inflammatory effect common to both drugs, @entity3 may have a direct antinociceptive action.

title: Dissociation between antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of XXXX and @entity6 in the @entity2 test.

answer: @entity1


abstract: It is assumed that the mild @entity4 produced by @entity1 ( @entity3 ) and @entity6 is due to a common mode of action, namely inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction in the synthesis of @entity5 . It has, however, been difficult to separate the influence of the anti-inflammatory activity from pure @entity4 in standard animal tests using a fully developed inflammatory state. In the present experiments a modification of the @entity2 test in @entity0 is used. Licking of the injected paw is recorded after the injection of a small nociceptive amount of @entity2 (20 microliters, 1%). The results show that the response to @entity2 is biphasic with an early (0-5 min) and a late (20-30 min) phase of high licking activity. @entity3 had a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect during both the early and the late phases. In contrast, antinociceptive effect of @entity6 was found only during the late phase. On the basis of these results it may be suggested that inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction has no major effect on the early phase in the @entity2 test. This also suggests that @entity3 and @entity6 are antinociceptive through partially different modes of action. In addition to an anti-inflammatory effect common to both drugs, @entity3 may have a direct antinociceptive action.

title: Dissociation between antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of @entity1 and XXXX in the @entity2 test.

answer: @entity6


abstract: It is assumed that the mild @entity4 produced by @entity1 ( @entity3 ) and @entity6 is due to a common mode of action, namely inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction in the synthesis of @entity5 . It has, however, been difficult to separate the influence of the anti-inflammatory activity from pure @entity4 in standard animal tests using a fully developed inflammatory state. In the present experiments a modification of the @entity2 test in @entity0 is used. Licking of the injected paw is recorded after the injection of a small nociceptive amount of @entity2 (20 microliters, 1%). The results show that the response to @entity2 is biphasic with an early (0-5 min) and a late (20-30 min) phase of high licking activity. @entity3 had a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect during both the early and the late phases. In contrast, antinociceptive effect of @entity6 was found only during the late phase. On the basis of these results it may be suggested that inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction has no major effect on the early phase in the @entity2 test. This also suggests that @entity3 and @entity6 are antinociceptive through partially different modes of action. In addition to an anti-inflammatory effect common to both drugs, @entity3 may have a direct antinociceptive action.

title: Dissociation between antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of @entity1 and @entity6 in the XXXX test.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 represent a significant challenge to surgeons. We hypothesized that a wide underlay technique in combination with a novel biologic mesh would result in repair with a low recurrence rate. Medical records of @entity0 undergoing ventral herniorrhaphy with XenMatrix biologic mesh were evaluated. All @entity0 were evaluated for @entity1 immediately and after 2 to 3 years. There were 57 @entity0 included in the study. The overall recurrence rate was 7.2 per cent; however, all recurrences were early and were likely technical failures. The average duration of follow-up was 30.6 months with no further recurrences after the early technical failures. The average number of previous recurrences was 1.5. Fascial closure was obtained over the mesh in 84 per cent of @entity0 , with component separation being necessary in 36 per cent of @entity0 . Lack of fascial reapproximation over the mesh was associated with early recurrence (0 vs 55%, P < 0.0001). @entity2 can be repaired with a low recurrence rate. Our technique in combination with the XenMatrix biologic mesh provides for durable repair. Whenever possible, the fascia should be closed above the underlay mesh, because this technique provides a more durable repair than using the mesh as a "fascial bridge".

title: Repair of high-risk incisional XXXX and traumatic abdominal wall defects with porcine mesh.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Low-dose @entity1 has been found to preserve the growth potential of hypogonadal @entity0 requiring anabolic or androgenic therapy. Five @entity0 with @entity3 were treated when their chronologic ages were 13 to 14 years and their bone ages were 10.6 to 12.75 years; six hypogonadal @entity0 were treated when their chronologic ages were 11 to 15 years and their bone ages were 10.9 to 14.2 years. Depot @entity1 was given as an anabolic agent in an average dose of 28 mg/m2/mo for 6 months to the @entity0 with @entity3 and was given to initiate puberty in an average dose of 44 mg/m2/mo for 6 months to the hypogonadal @entity0 . Growth rate doubled on these doses of @entity1 , and bone age did not advance disproportionately. Consequently, height potential was preserved. Pubic hair advanced one Tanner stage during the 6-month treatment. @entity2 was observed in only one of the five @entity0 with @entity3 and regressed when @entity1 therapy was discontinued. Four hypogonadal @entity0 were continued on low-dose @entity1 until their bone ages passed 14 years of age and their growth rate waned. Then, the @entity1 dosage was increased in increments to 100 to 200 mg/m2/mo. This group reached a height of 100.3 +/- 0.8% of the height initially predicted. In addition, all attained an adult height at least 15 percentiles greater than that before therapy. These studies indicate that @entity1 in very low doses resembles " @entity4 " in that growth is stimulated without an inordinate androgenic effect. Furthermore, these studies show that institution of low-dose therapy in the early teenage years stimulates pubertal growth normally without loss of height potential.

title: Low-dose XXXX effect on somatic growth.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity1 and @entity3 are common among medical inpatients. While their relation to the severity of illness is often discussed, the feeling of such severity by the @entity0 and his/her prospects of improvement can be influenced by @entity1 and @entity3 . @entity0 AND METHOD: @entity0 admitted in an internal medicine ward. Sociodemographic characteristics, State-Trait @entity1 Inventory, Hospital @entity1 and @entity3 Scale (HAD), Beck @entity3 Inventory (BDI), APACHE II, illness severity and reversibility self-evaluation were recorded. The HAD cut-off for @entity1 or @entity3 was 10. RESULTS: We included 260 admissions: 66.2% @entity0 , mean age 64.1 years. @entity1 was detected in 39.8% of @entity0 and 21.5% of @entity0 (p = 0.003); 31.8% of @entity0 and 16.3% of @entity0 had @entity3 (p = 0.006). Anxious and @entity3 subjects did not score high in APACHE. Anxious @entity0 had a worse knowledge of the medical diagnosis. @entity3 @entity0 were older, had a lower educational level and a greater physical impairment. @entity0 with a higher perception of severity displayed higher scores both on @entity1 and @entity3 scales. @entity0 with @entity2 reversibility self-evaluation had more @entity1 and @entity3 , and more illness severity as well. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity1 and @entity3 in hospitalized medical @entity0 is high, occurs mainly in @entity0 , and no relation to illness severity is observed. @entity1 and @entity3 are associated with both illness perception of greater severity and less improvement.

title: [ XXXX and @entity3 levels in medical inpatients and their relation to the severity of illness].

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity1 and @entity3 are common among medical inpatients. While their relation to the severity of illness is often discussed, the feeling of such severity by the @entity0 and his/her prospects of improvement can be influenced by @entity1 and @entity3 . @entity0 AND METHOD: @entity0 admitted in an internal medicine ward. Sociodemographic characteristics, State-Trait @entity1 Inventory, Hospital @entity1 and @entity3 Scale (HAD), Beck @entity3 Inventory (BDI), APACHE II, illness severity and reversibility self-evaluation were recorded. The HAD cut-off for @entity1 or @entity3 was 10. RESULTS: We included 260 admissions: 66.2% @entity0 , mean age 64.1 years. @entity1 was detected in 39.8% of @entity0 and 21.5% of @entity0 (p = 0.003); 31.8% of @entity0 and 16.3% of @entity0 had @entity3 (p = 0.006). Anxious and @entity3 subjects did not score high in APACHE. Anxious @entity0 had a worse knowledge of the medical diagnosis. @entity3 @entity0 were older, had a lower educational level and a greater physical impairment. @entity0 with a higher perception of severity displayed higher scores both on @entity1 and @entity3 scales. @entity0 with @entity2 reversibility self-evaluation had more @entity1 and @entity3 , and more illness severity as well. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity1 and @entity3 in hospitalized medical @entity0 is high, occurs mainly in @entity0 , and no relation to illness severity is observed. @entity1 and @entity3 are associated with both illness perception of greater severity and less improvement.

title: [ @entity1 and XXXX levels in medical inpatients and their relation to the severity of illness].

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Exacerbation of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is one of the most frequent causes of hospital admission. We examined the results and feasibility of two programs conducted by a hospital respiratory unit aimed to reduce both the length of hospital stay and the number of hospital admissions for @entity1 acute exacerbation. @entity0 AND METHOD: a) Assisted hospital discharge program: @entity0 admitted for acute exacerbation who met our criteria for early discharge were sent home with the support of a respiratory nurse. Home visits were carried out and direct phone contact with the nurse and physician was provided during a limited period of 6 weeks. Outcome variables studied were length of hospital admission and need for hospital reentry. b) Exacerbation prevention program: A group of @entity0 with severe @entity1 and at least 3 hospital admissions for exacerbation during the previous year were included. These @entity0 underwent an educational program and were given unlimited direct phone access to the respiratory nurse and physician. When necessary, home visits were carried out. The main outcome variable of this program was the number of hospital admissions. RESULTS: a) Assisted hospital discharge program: A total of 97 @entity0 were included. The mean length of hospital stay was 5.4 1.7 days, which was significantly shorter than the previous average length of stay in our respiratory unit for a diagnosis of @entity1 (8.52 days). The rate of hospital reentry was 17% (within the first 3 months). b) Exacerbation prevention program: 23 @entity0 were enrolled. In this group, the number of hospital admissions decreased significantly from 5.0 1.8 to 1.7 2.4 per year (p = 0.001). Visits to the emergency department were also decreased, from 1.2 1.6 to 0.4 1.6 per @entity0 (p = 0.05). Finally, the length of hospital stay decreased from 38 17 to 16 20 days (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A combined use of hospital resources and home care programs which are specifically addressed to severe @entity1 @entity0 can reduce the need for hospital admission.

title: [Results of a preventive program and assisted hospital discharge for XXXX . A feasibility study].

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 , very common in females of the developing world, has a long premalignant period. Primary and secondary prevention can reduce the incidence. The @entity2 smear is the main screening modality in Thailand but the coverage is rather poor. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of medical workers in Naresuan university hospital who met the WHO guidelines for screening. METHODS: A questionnaire covering general characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and practices about @entity1 screening was administered and the data obtained were analyzed with SPSS version 16. RESULTS: The majority of the 78 included @entity0 were nurses with an education mostly more than diploma level. Knowledge about the importance of the @entity2 smear, early detection and the treatment of early stage @entity1 was adequate (90.9 % and 81.6%, respectively) but awarness of @entity1 risk factors was quite low. The most frequent reasons for avoiding @entity2 smear screening were fear of vaginal examination (27.6%), embarrassment (26.3%), lack of any symptoms (22.4%) and being busy (17%). CONCLUSION: The @entity2 smear is appropriate for detection of @entity1 in Thailand but the coverage is still low. Although this study was performed with medical workers, their compliance with screening recommendations was still low. If we can improve the knowledge and attitudes about @entity2 smear @entity1 screening in such experts, they should be able to readily provide appropriate and accurate information to the population to motivate the general population to join screening programs.

title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices about the XXXX smear among medical workers in Naresuan University Hospital, Thailand.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the utility and limitations of D-dimer testing for the evaluation of @entity6 in hospitalized @entity0 . METHODS: We performed D-dimer testing by four different methods in unselected inpatients undergoing radiologic evaluation for possible @entity6 . We included @entity0 with a history of @entity1 , recent surgery, @entity3 , and anticoagulation treatment. @entity7 levels were assayed as a measure of @entity2 . RESULTS: Of 45 @entity0 with radiographically proven proximal @entity4 or @entity5 , 43 had elevated D-dimer levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (sensitivity, 96%); the specificity of the test was 23% (36/157). The qualitative non-ELISA tests had higher specificities, but their sensitivities were <70%. Nineteen @entity0 (42%) with @entity3 had false-negative D-dimer tests by at least one assay. The specificity of the tests decreased with increasing duration of hospitalization, increasing age, and increasing @entity7 levels. D-dimer testing had little or no utility in distinguishing @entity0 with @entity3 from those without in @entity0 who had been hospitalized for more than 3 days, were older than 60 years, or had @entity7 levels in the highest quartile. CONCLUSION: In unselected inpatients, D-dimer testing has limited clinical utility because of its poor specificity. This is particularly true for older @entity0 , those who have undergone prolonged hospitalization, and those with markedly elevated @entity7 levels. In some @entity0 subsets, a negative non-ELISA D-dimer test cannot discriminate between inpatients with and without @entity3 .

title: Limitations of D-dimer testing in unselected inpatients with suspected XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of smoking on disease outcome in a large cohort of @entity0 with early @entity2 ( @entity2 ). METHODS: Between 1996 and 2004, 1787 adult @entity0 (disease duration  <= 1 year) were included in the BARFOT early @entity2 study in Sweden. Smoking status was recorded at inclusion in the study. Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts (DAS28), @entity4 ( @entity4 ), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score, rheumatoid factor (RF), antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), general health (GH) and @entity1 visual analogue scales (VAS), and drug treatment were registered at inclusion and at follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months. European League Against @entity3 (EULAR) response and remission criteria were applied at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: The proportion of @entity0 who smoked at inclusion in the study fell from 29% in 1996 to 20% in 2004. There were no significant differences in disease activity at inclusion stratified according to smoking status. At 12 months of follow-up, 18% of current smokers at inclusion, 12% of previous smokers, and 11% of never smokers had high disease activity (DAS28 > 5.1, p = 0.005). Significantly fewer current smokers were in remission at 12 months (33%) compared to never smokers (36%) and previous smokers (42%) (p = 0.013). Current smoking at inclusion independently predicted poor EULAR response up to 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The present study gives some support to earlier data indicating that @entity2 @entity0 who smoke have a more active disease but further studies are needed to confirm this.

title: Smoking at onset of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and its effect on disease activity and functional status: experiences from BARFOT, a long-term observational study on early XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of smoking on disease outcome in a large cohort of @entity0 with early @entity2 ( @entity2 ). METHODS: Between 1996 and 2004, 1787 adult @entity0 (disease duration  <= 1 year) were included in the BARFOT early @entity2 study in Sweden. Smoking status was recorded at inclusion in the study. Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts (DAS28), @entity4 ( @entity4 ), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score, rheumatoid factor (RF), antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), general health (GH) and @entity1 visual analogue scales (VAS), and drug treatment were registered at inclusion and at follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months. European League Against @entity3 (EULAR) response and remission criteria were applied at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: The proportion of @entity0 who smoked at inclusion in the study fell from 29% in 1996 to 20% in 2004. There were no significant differences in disease activity at inclusion stratified according to smoking status. At 12 months of follow-up, 18% of current smokers at inclusion, 12% of previous smokers, and 11% of never smokers had high disease activity (DAS28 > 5.1, p = 0.005). Significantly fewer current smokers were in remission at 12 months (33%) compared to never smokers (36%) and previous smokers (42%) (p = 0.013). Current smoking at inclusion independently predicted poor EULAR response up to 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The present study gives some support to earlier data indicating that @entity2 @entity0 who smoke have a more active disease but further studies are needed to confirm this.

title: Smoking at onset of XXXX ( @entity2 ) and its effect on disease activity and functional status: experiences from BARFOT, a long-term observational study on early @entity2 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of smoking on disease outcome in a large cohort of @entity0 with early @entity2 ( @entity2 ). METHODS: Between 1996 and 2004, 1787 adult @entity0 (disease duration  <= 1 year) were included in the BARFOT early @entity2 study in Sweden. Smoking status was recorded at inclusion in the study. Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts (DAS28), @entity4 ( @entity4 ), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score, rheumatoid factor (RF), antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), general health (GH) and @entity1 visual analogue scales (VAS), and drug treatment were registered at inclusion and at follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months. European League Against @entity3 (EULAR) response and remission criteria were applied at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: The proportion of @entity0 who smoked at inclusion in the study fell from 29% in 1996 to 20% in 2004. There were no significant differences in disease activity at inclusion stratified according to smoking status. At 12 months of follow-up, 18% of current smokers at inclusion, 12% of previous smokers, and 11% of never smokers had high disease activity (DAS28 > 5.1, p = 0.005). Significantly fewer current smokers were in remission at 12 months (33%) compared to never smokers (36%) and previous smokers (42%) (p = 0.013). Current smoking at inclusion independently predicted poor EULAR response up to 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The present study gives some support to earlier data indicating that @entity2 @entity0 who smoke have a more active disease but further studies are needed to confirm this.

title: Smoking at onset of @entity2 ( XXXX ) and its effect on disease activity and functional status: experiences from BARFOT, a long-term observational study on early @entity2 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of unilateral condylectomy on @entity3 in @entity4 . METHODS: Twelve feline cadaver heads were randomly submitted to either a right or left unilateral condylectomy of the temporo-mandibular joint. The distance between the mandibular and maxillary @entity2 tooth was measured before (B0) and after the unilateral condylectomy (P0). A right or left latero--lateral standardised force (4 N) was applied to the mandibular mentus area before and after the surgical procedure. These measurements were analysed with a linear model for repeated measures. RESULTS: The comparative analysis between pre- and postsurgical values indicated no significant variation in teeth displacement following condylectomy between B0 and P0 measurements. Statistically significant differences were detected after either left or right condylectomy with respect to all measurements after application of the standardised forces. Occlusion changes are significant when comparing bites before and after surgery. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Unilateral condylectomy causes a significant increase in latero-lateral amplitude of @entity1 which might clinically affect feline @entity3 . Clinical studies are required to determine the effect of unilateral condylectomies on mastication and @entity3 in feline @entity0 .

title: Temporo-mandibular joint condylectomy and its effect over occlusion in XXXX : cadaveric study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In general, elderly @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) have a less favorable prognosis than do younger ones. Inadequate therapy, often due to decreased tolerance to treatment, contributes to the poor outcome. This study was undertaken to evaluate potential clinical factors of importance for prognosis with special reference to relative dose intensity (RDI) of chemotherapy (CT). DESIGN AND METHODS: Eighty-eight consecutive elderly (>60 years) @entity1 @entity0 diagnosed between 1973-1994 who received up-front @entity2 ( @entity2 ) were included (median age 72 years, range 60-92; median follow-up time 78 months, range 49-206). The calculations of RDI of CT were based on Hryniuk's model. RESULTS: The 5-year overall (OS) and cause-specific (CSS) survival was 39% and 51%, respectively, in @entity0 who received CT+/- @entity2 . Nine of the 14 @entity0 who only received 1 cycle of CT died within 6 months from diagnosis without achieving complete remission (CR). However, the remaining 5 @entity0 in this group survived 14-97+ months. @entity0 with a RDI >65% had a significantly better OS (p=0.029) and CSS (p=0.024) than those with a RDI 65%. @entity0 who received ABVD-based CT with a RDI >65% had a significantly better OS (p=0.0011) than those who were treated with ABVD-based CT with a RDI 65%, or MOPP-like therapy, irrespective of received RDI. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis remains heterogeneous and the significance of established prognostic factors is limited in elderly @entity1 @entity0 . @entity0 who received a low RDI of CT and those receiving non-ABVD-based treatment fared worse. However, also elderly @entity0 can enjoy long-standing complete remission following minimal treatment.

title: XXXX in the elderly with special reference to type and intensity of chemotherapy in relation to prognosis.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Overexpression of @entity8 in bronchial epithelial cells is a marker for early metaplastic changes induced by various toxicants/carcinogens. Previously, we have shown that the transcriptional stimulation of @entity8 expression by @entity2 ( @entity4 ) is mainly mediated by a -150/-94 bp enhancer harboring two critical @entity0 -responsive elements (TREs) and by @entity1 . @entity5 dimers. Here, we show that a region between -54 and -39 bp containing an ETS-binding site (EBS) and a GC box is essential for both basal and @entity4 -inducible @entity8 transcription. In vivo footprinting demonstrated binding of transcription factors to these elements. However, unlike enhancer TREs, exposure of cells to @entity4 did not significantly alter the footprinting pattern at these elements. Mutations that crippled both the EBS and GC box suppressed both basal and @entity4 -inducible @entity8 transcription. Consistent with this, overexpression of EBS-binding proteins @entity6 and @entity7 significantly stimulated @entity8 promoter activity. Furthermore, preceding @entity8 transcription, @entity4 up-regulated mRNA expression of ETS family members such as @entity6 and @entity7 . Although @entity6 synergistically activated @entity1 - and @entity4 -enhanced @entity8 transcription, coexpression of @entity3 and @entity6 showed no synergistic or additive effect on promoter activity, indicating an obligatory role for AP-1 proteins in such regulation. In support of this notion, deletion or mutation of two functional TREs inhibited @entity6 - and @entity3 -enhanced promoter activation. Thus, the interaction between @entity6 and @entity3 , and AP-1 proteins that bind to the proximal and distal promoter regions, respectively, play a critical role in the induction of squamous differentiation marker expression in bronchial epithelial cells.

title: Interplay between proximal and distal promoter elements is required for squamous differentiation marker induction in the bronchial epithelium: role for @entity6 , XXXX , and AP-1 proteins.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Overexpression of @entity8 in bronchial epithelial cells is a marker for early metaplastic changes induced by various toxicants/carcinogens. Previously, we have shown that the transcriptional stimulation of @entity8 expression by @entity2 ( @entity4 ) is mainly mediated by a -150/-94 bp enhancer harboring two critical @entity0 -responsive elements (TREs) and by @entity1 . @entity5 dimers. Here, we show that a region between -54 and -39 bp containing an ETS-binding site (EBS) and a GC box is essential for both basal and @entity4 -inducible @entity8 transcription. In vivo footprinting demonstrated binding of transcription factors to these elements. However, unlike enhancer TREs, exposure of cells to @entity4 did not significantly alter the footprinting pattern at these elements. Mutations that crippled both the EBS and GC box suppressed both basal and @entity4 -inducible @entity8 transcription. Consistent with this, overexpression of EBS-binding proteins @entity6 and @entity7 significantly stimulated @entity8 promoter activity. Furthermore, preceding @entity8 transcription, @entity4 up-regulated mRNA expression of ETS family members such as @entity6 and @entity7 . Although @entity6 synergistically activated @entity1 - and @entity4 -enhanced @entity8 transcription, coexpression of @entity3 and @entity6 showed no synergistic or additive effect on promoter activity, indicating an obligatory role for AP-1 proteins in such regulation. In support of this notion, deletion or mutation of two functional TREs inhibited @entity6 - and @entity3 -enhanced promoter activation. Thus, the interaction between @entity6 and @entity3 , and AP-1 proteins that bind to the proximal and distal promoter regions, respectively, play a critical role in the induction of squamous differentiation marker expression in bronchial epithelial cells.

title: Interplay between proximal and distal promoter elements is required for squamous differentiation marker induction in the bronchial epithelium: role for XXXX , @entity3 , and AP-1 proteins.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Evaluation of the correlation of functional and morphologic assessments of @entity1 are obviously important to the toxicologic pathologist. All clinical assessments of the nephrotoxicity of drugs are based on renal function tests while preclinical assessments involve functional and/or morphologic assessments in laboratory animals. However, there are considerable concerns about the sensitivity of the tests available to monitor renal function. In an attempt to assess the relative sensitivity of functional and morphologic indicators of nephrotoxicity, three data bases were examined for their ability to rank the nephrotoxicity of the three most widely used @entity2 . The functional data base was comprised of reported comparative clinical trial data and the morphologic data base was composed of preclinical studies available in the literature which used morphology as the basis of comparison. A third data base involved biochemical or mechanistic comparisons of @entity2 and represented data that was not based on clinical function test results or morphologic analysis. When these three data bases were compared, it was obvious that clinical function tests could not discriminate between the nephrotoxic liability of the three @entity2 . The preclinical renal morphology data base and the biochemical mechanistic data base both clearly discriminated the drugs one from another and ranked the three @entity2 in the same order. Several conclusions were suggested by these results. Comparisons of the nephrotoxic potentials of drugs in @entity0 utilizing available renal function tests may be inconclusive primarily because clinical renal function tests are insensitive. Comparisons of the nephrotoxic liabilities of drugs in laboratory animals utilizing morphologic assessments of renal tissue damage may be the best comparison available.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Functional-morphologic correlations in assessing XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cytokines are essential mediators of the intestinal @entity4 during active episodes of @entity1 ( @entity1 ). Interleukin (IL)-12 and @entity7 are potent immunoregulatory cytokines whose roles in the pathogenesis of @entity1 are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the colonic expression of IL-12 and @entity7 genes in @entity1 . METHODS: Fifty-one @entity0 (22 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ), 17 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ), and 12 controls) who underwent colonoscopy were included. @entity1 disease activity was determined using a clinical grading scale. The degree of @entity4 , as well as the content of @entity5 + T cells (synthesizing @entity7 ) and @entity6 + macrophages (synthesizing IL-12) in colonic biopsies, was determined. The amounts of IL-12 and @entity7 mRNA were assessed by RT-PCR, using @entity8 as an internal standard. RESULTS: In colonic specimens, @entity7 mRNA expression was increased in moderately and severely active @entity3 (P = 0.03) and in all degrees of activity in @entity2 (P < 0.04). Levels of IL-12 mRNA were upregulated in both active @entity3 and active @entity2 compared to controls (P < 0.02). In cases of remission, IL-12 mRNA expression was similar to that found in control samples. Compared to controls, histological examination showed significant differences in signs of chronic and acute @entity4 in @entity3 (P < 0.01) and @entity2 (P < 0.02), revealing a high correlation between clinical disease activity and histological scoring (r2 = 0.92, P < 0.005). Whereas @entity5 + T cells were observed in lymphocyte aggregates located profound in the lamina propria, @entity6 + macrophages were primarily found just underneath the surface epithelium. The density of @entity5 + and @entity6 + cells correlated significantly with the amounts of @entity7 and IL-12 mRNA, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of both IL-12 and @entity7 mRNA is induced in active @entity3 and @entity2 and may thus be involved in sustaining the intestinal @entity4 in @entity1 . Inhibition of IL-12 or @entity7 might be future therapeutic targets in @entity1 .

title: Upregulation of interleukin-12 and -17 in active XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Alternative forms of anesthesia in @entity0 @entity1 have been sought to reduce the untoward effects of general anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to compare paravertebral block ( @entity5 ) and general anesthesia (GA) in terms of @entity2 control, @entity4 , and resumption of diet in @entity1 undergoing operations for @entity0 . A retrospective chart review was performed on all @entity1 (289) undergoing @entity0 surgery from May 1, 1999 through December 31, 2000 with @entity5 or GA. The @entity5 (n = 128) and GA (n = 100) groups had similar demographics. Postoperative narcotics were given to 80.8 and 93 per cent of @entity5 and GA @entity1 , respectively (P < 0.01), after an average of 216 and 122 minutes from the end of surgery (P = 0.028). The @entity5 group received 6.2 narcotic units compared with 10.1 in the GA group (P = 0.04). @entity4 was present in 16.8 and 24 per cent of @entity1 in the @entity5 and GA groups, respectively (P = 0.12). A diet was tolerated on the same day of surgery by 98.4 and 82 per cent of @entity5 and GA @entity1 , respectively (P < 0.01). The complication rate of @entity5 was 1.8 per cent. @entity5 resulted in better @entity3 control and earlier resumption of diet compared with GA. The good success rate and low complication rate of @entity5 make it well suited for @entity0 surgery and can eliminate the need for GA in @entity1 with serious comorbidities.

title: Paravertebral block: an alternative to general anesthesia in XXXX surgery.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Delayed primary closure ( @entity6 ) is an accepted method in the management of contaminated abdominal wounds. Clinical factors predicting its success have not been studied. Over a 14-year period 181 @entity0 presenting to a single surgeon with Class IV abdominal wounds were managed by a standardized protocol. Initial saline gauze packing was left undisturbed until the wound was visually inspected on postoperative day 3. Clean wounds were closed using SteriStrips. Visible purulence was managed by dressing changes. There were 103 males and 78 females with an average age of 48.5 years (range, 11-92 years). @entity6 was performed on 144 @entity0 of whom four (2.8%) developed wound @entity3 . The factors associated with the development of wound pus before @entity6 in the remaining @entity0 were: requirement for mechanical ventilation for more than 72 hours, presence of severe pre-existing @entity2 , and @entity1 . Other diagnoses, length and type of incision, and presence of shock had no effect on outcome. An @entity5 developed in 11 @entity0 with early wound purulence versus none in those undergoing @entity6 (P < 0.001). @entity6 is a safe wound management technique that can be effectively applied in the large majority of @entity0 with dirty abdominal wounds. The appearance of wound purulence before @entity6 is a harbinger that identifies those @entity0 at risk for late @entity4 .

title: Factors influencing outcome in delayed primary closure of contaminated abdominal wounds: a prospective analysis of 181 consecutive XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Protein degradation is regulatory for the cell cycle, signal transduction and gene transcription. A critical step is the selective marking of the target protein, resulting in polyubiquitination by one of a large number of E3-ubiquitin ligases. Both target marking and E3-ubiquitin ligase activity are associated with common as well as unusual posttranslational modifications. For example, hydroxylation of Pro-residues and modification of @entity1 -residues by high- @entity3 sugar chains can target the modified proteins for rapid polyubiquitination in the @entity0 cytoplasm. Both @entity6 hydroxylation and glycosylation also occur on @entity7 , a subunit of the @entity5 class of E3-ubiquitin ligases, from Dictyostelium. In this case, a pentasaccharide containing Gal, Fuc and N-acetyl-D-glucosmine ( @entity4 ) is attached to the HyPro-residue. The @entity2 are added sequentially by enzymes that reside in the cytoplasm rather than the secretory pathway. Two of the glycosyltransferases appear to be positioned in ancient evolutionary lineages that bridge prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The first, which attaches @entity4 to HyPro, is related to enzymes that form @entity9 - and @entity10 -Ser/Thr linkages in the Golgi. @entity4 is extended by a bifunctional glycosyltransferase that mediates the ordered addition of beta1,3-linked @entity8 and alpha1,2-linked Fuc, using an architecture resembling that of two-domain prokaryotic glycosyltransferases involved in glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Mutational and pharmacological perturbation of glycosylation alters the subcellular localization of Skpl and growth properties ofcells. @entity6 hydroxylation and complex O-glycosylation provide the cell with new options for epigenetic regulation of protein turnover in its cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments.

title: Evolutionary and functional implications of the complex glycosylation of XXXX , a cytoplasmic/nuclear glycoprotein associated with polyubiquitination.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the most efficient approach to managing an outbreak of serogroup C @entity2 . An early planned @entity1 ( @entity1 ) was compared with a delayed programme implemented at the peak of a meningococcal outbreak. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cost-benefit model was constructed of meningococcal cases reported in Quebec, Canada, from 1990-1993, before and after the @entity1 , during the winter of 1992-1993, when 84% of residents aged 6 months to 20 years were vaccinated. Epidemiological data from 1990-1993 were transposed to 2002-2003 under the assumption that Quebec is on the brink of an identical outbreak cycle. All Quebec residents aged 2 months to 20 years were assumed to be vaccinated, which required a total of 1.7 million doses of conjugated vaccine. Clinical and economic outcomes of both vaccination scenarios were compared. All costs were transformed to 2001 Canadian dollars ( Can), at an annual inflation rate of 3%. Future earnings due to @entity0 were discounted at 5% per year with a 3% increase in wages per year and a 9% unemployment rate. PERSPECTIVE: Ministry of Health and society. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of new cases avoided and the prevention of hospital and societal costs due to @entity2 -attributed premature mortality and morbidity, and direct costs associated with implementation of a @entity1 . RESULTS: When compared with a delayed @entity1 over a 14-month period, an early planned @entity1 would have prevented 112 new cases of @entity2 (16 deaths, 21 major complications) while saving   Can 37.1 million in total direct costs to the Ministry of Health and an additional   Can 17.4 million in societal costs in the province of Quebec. CONCLUSION: An early planned @entity1 implemented in Quebec in September 2001, should be cost beneficial compared with delaying mass immunisation until a meningococcal outbreak is underway. Although this conclusion is limited by the assumption that epidemiological trends in 2001 in absence of a @entity1 would have been similar to that observed in the early 1990s prior to the @entity1 , the analysis still indicates that an early @entity1 in the 1990s would have been cost beneficial compared with a delayed @entity1 .

title: Cost-benefit model comparing two alternative immunisation programmes against serogroup C XXXX : for Quebec residents aged 2 months to 20 years.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6 is an acute, life threatening condition requiring early etiologic recognition and management to prevent serious morbidity/mortality. The most common cause is @entity1 ( @entity1 ). @entity3 ( @entity3 ) are inheritable disorders caused by defects in protein metabolism resulting in acid accumulation. @entity0 with metabolic decompensation usually present with @entity5 , with/without @entity13 . @entity14 is a very rare manifestation. At least 16 cases of @entity3 presenting with @entity14 have been reported. Six of the 16 were diagnosed with isolated @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and three of the six passed away from late diagnosis. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a 2-year-old Thai @entity0 who presented with @entity14 , @entity5 and @entity6 . She has underlying delayed development, @entity4 , @entity7 and poor growth. An initial diagnosis of @entity1 was made and standard treatment was started. After 4 h of treatment, the @entity0 partially responded to treatment; blood sugar decreased but @entity5 and @entity6 persisted. @entity12 c was normal. Investigations to rule out @entity3 were performed. Markedly elevated urinary @entity17 consistent with @entity8 was observed. Molecular and enzyme analyses confirmed the diagnosis with @entity8 . Specific treatment for @entity8 including protein restriction, high caloric fluid, @entity15 and @entity9 was promptly started. Clinical improvement was seen 4 days after initiating specific treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Inherited @entity2 should be included in differential diagnosis in @entity14 @entity6 @entity0 who respond poorly to standard @entity1 treatment. Unusual findings, e.g. @entity11 , @entity16 , @entity10 , abnormal basal ganglia in MRI or underlying delayed development may indicate underlying @entity3 . Determining the etiology of @entity6 is important and can lead to good outcomes.

title: Isolated XXXX with unusual presentation mimicking @entity1 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6 is an acute, life threatening condition requiring early etiologic recognition and management to prevent serious morbidity/mortality. The most common cause is @entity1 ( @entity1 ). @entity3 ( @entity3 ) are inheritable disorders caused by defects in protein metabolism resulting in acid accumulation. @entity0 with metabolic decompensation usually present with @entity5 , with/without @entity13 . @entity14 is a very rare manifestation. At least 16 cases of @entity3 presenting with @entity14 have been reported. Six of the 16 were diagnosed with isolated @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and three of the six passed away from late diagnosis. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a 2-year-old Thai @entity0 who presented with @entity14 , @entity5 and @entity6 . She has underlying delayed development, @entity4 , @entity7 and poor growth. An initial diagnosis of @entity1 was made and standard treatment was started. After 4 h of treatment, the @entity0 partially responded to treatment; blood sugar decreased but @entity5 and @entity6 persisted. @entity12 c was normal. Investigations to rule out @entity3 were performed. Markedly elevated urinary @entity17 consistent with @entity8 was observed. Molecular and enzyme analyses confirmed the diagnosis with @entity8 . Specific treatment for @entity8 including protein restriction, high caloric fluid, @entity15 and @entity9 was promptly started. Clinical improvement was seen 4 days after initiating specific treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Inherited @entity2 should be included in differential diagnosis in @entity14 @entity6 @entity0 who respond poorly to standard @entity1 treatment. Unusual findings, e.g. @entity11 , @entity16 , @entity10 , abnormal basal ganglia in MRI or underlying delayed development may indicate underlying @entity3 . Determining the etiology of @entity6 is important and can lead to good outcomes.

title: Isolated @entity8 with unusual presentation mimicking XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex that enables cells to maintain telomere length, allowing indefinite replicative capacity. The notion that telomerase is reactivated in 80-90% of @entity0 @entity1 has led to the proposal of telomerase as a promising therapeutic target for novel anticancer interventions. Due to its inherent accessibility to nucleic acids, telomerase appears an ideal target for strategies based on the use of antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes that target its RNA template. In this review a summary of the different antisense- and ribozyme-based approaches used thus far to inhibit telomerase activity in @entity0 @entity1 cells is provided. All these strategies significantly inhibited the enzyme's catalytic activity in in vitro and in @entity1 models. However, while in some studies @entity1 cell growth arrest was observed as a consequence of telomere @entity3 after prolonged telomerase inhibition, other studies have shown that antisense- and ribozyme-based treatments targeting telomerase induced rapid loss (i.e. within a few days) of @entity1 cell viability with concomitant apoptosis. In the latter case it is unlikely that cell death was related to telomere @entity2 since the cells would not have undergone enough divisions to significantly shorten their telomeres. A possible explanation is that telomerase inhibitors may induce apoptosis in @entity1 cells directly by interfering with the capping function of the enzyme. Overall, the available results indicate antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes as good tools to inhibit telomerase and suggest that abrogation of telomerase activity may affect @entity1 cell proliferation also through pathways that are not dependent on telomere @entity2 .

title: Targeting XXXX telomerase by antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Mitochondrial reactive @entity1 species (ROS) are proposed to play a central role in aging and age-associated disorders, although direct in vivo evidence is lacking. We recently generated a @entity0 mutant with mutated @entity8 ( @entity8 ) gene, which impairs the signal peptide sequence processing of mitochondrial proteins cytochrome c1 and @entity7 dehydrogenase 2. The mitochondria from mutant @entity0 generate elevated levels of @entity3 ion and cause impaired fertility in both sexes. Here, we design experiments to examine the effects of excessive mitochondrial ROS generation on health span. We show that @entity8 mutation increases oxidative stress in multiple organs such as the brain and the kidney, although expression of @entity3 dismutases in these tissues of the mutants is also increased. The mutants show multiple aging-associated phenotypes, including wasting, @entity6 , loss of subcutaneous fat, @entity4 , and @entity5 , with female mutants showing earlier onset and more severe age-associated disorders than male mutants. The loss of body weight and fat was unrelated to food intake. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSC) from mutant @entity0 showed impaired proliferation capability, formed significantly less and smaller colonies in colony formation assays, although they retained adipogenic differentiation capability in vitro. This functional impairment was accompanied by increased levels of oxidative stress. Our data showed that mitochondrial ROS is the driving force of accelerated aging and suggested that @entity2 to adult stem cells could be one of the mechanisms for age-associated disorders.

title: Mitochondrial peptidase XXXX mutation causes early onset of age-associated disorders and impairs adult stem cell self-renewal.

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic @entity3 occurs in about 10-30% of @entity0 presenting with chronic @entity3 . Entrapment of abdominal cutaneous nerves at the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle has been attributed as a cause of @entity3 . We report our experience of treating such @entity0 using ultrasound-guided abdominal cutaneous nerve infiltration. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective audit of abdominal cutaneous nerve infiltration performed in the period between September 2008 to August 2009 in our center. All @entity0 had received local anesthetic and @entity1 injection under ultrasound guidance. The response to the infiltration was evaluated in the post-procedure telephone review as well as in the follow-up clinic. Brief @entity2 inventory (BPI) and numerical rating scale @entity2 scores were collated from two points: the initial outpatient clinic and the follow up clinic up to 5 months following the injection. RESULTS: Nine @entity0 had abdominal cutaneous nerve injections under ultrasound guidance in the period under review. Six @entity0 reported 50% @entity2 relief or more (responders) while three @entity0 did not. @entity2 and BPI scores showed a decreasing trend in responders. The median duration of follow-up was 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound can reliably be used for infiltration of the abdominal cutaneous nerves. This will improve the safety as well as diagnostic utility of the procedure.

title: Chronic XXXX and ultrasound-guided abdominal cutaneous nerve infiltration: a case series.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Fine needle biopsies (FNB) of the thyroid were examined from 860 @entity0 . In 703 cases follicular cells without atypia were found and in this group of @entity0 the clinical diagnosis was @entity6 . Operations were performed in 138 @entity0 and in 97 cases the cytological finding could be correlated to the histopathological diagnosis. In 33 of these @entity0 @entity3 was histologically verified. In 26 of the @entity2 cases cytologic examination showed grave atypia or changes indicating @entity2 . The cases in which the cytological diagnoses were falsely negative are discussed. Moderate cellular atypia occurred in one case with @entity5 . In two cases the cytological examination gave a false positive diagnosis of @entity1 , both representing @entity4 of the lymphoid type. The scintigrams in @entity0 with @entity3 are also presented. Cold nodules were found in 10/19 @entity0 and a hot nodule in .1 @entity0 . In 3 @entity0 the scintigrams were normal and in another 5 inconclusive. The results indicate that thyroid scintigrams can only be used as a supplement to the physical examination and a guidance for FNB. The contribution of FNB in the decision to operate is discussed and it is concluded that FNB is a valuable adjunct in preoperative diagnosis of @entity4 . The best diagnostic results are obtained when there is a close cooperation between clinician, radiologist, cytologist and pathologist.

title: Fine needle biopsy and scintigram in the preoperative diagnosis of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the variability of crackle pitch and crackle rate during a single automated-auscultation session with a computerized 16-channel lung-sound analyzer. METHODS: Forty-nine @entity0 with @entity1 , 52 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ), and 18 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) performed @entity3 maneuvers in the following sequence: normal @entity3 , deep @entity3 , cough several times; deep @entity3 , vital-capacity maneuver, and deep @entity3 . From the auscultation recordings we measured the crackle pitch and crackle rate. RESULTS: Crackle pitch variability, expressed as a percentage of the average crackle pitch, was small in all @entity0 and in all maneuvers: @entity1 11%, @entity2 11%, @entity4 7%. Crackle rate variability was also small: @entity1 31%, @entity2 32%, @entity4 24%. Compared to the first deep- @entity3 maneuver (100%), the average crackle pitch did not significantly change following coughing ( @entity1 100%, @entity2 103%, @entity4 100%), the vital-capacity maneuver ( @entity1 100%, @entity2 92%, @entity4 104%), or during quiet @entity3 ( @entity1 97%, @entity2 100%, @entity4 104%). Similarly, the average crackle rate did not change significantly following coughing ( @entity1 105%, @entity2 110%, @entity4 90%) or the vital-capacity maneuver ( @entity1 102%, @entity2 101%, @entity4 99%). However, during normal @entity3 the crackle rate was significantly lower in the @entity0 with @entity1 (74%, P < .001) and significantly higher in the @entity0 with @entity4 (147%, P < .05) than it was during deep @entity3 . In @entity0 with @entity2 the average crackle rate during normal @entity3 was not significantly different from that during the first deep- @entity3 maneuver (108%). CONCLUSIONS: Crackle pitch and rate were surprisingly stable in all 3 conditions. Neither crackle pitch nor crackle rate changed significantly from breath to breath or from one deep- @entity3 maneuver to another, even when the maneuvers were separated by cough or the vital-capacity maneuver. The observation that crackle rate is a reproducible measurement during one automated-auscultation session suggests that crackle rate can be used to follow the course of cardiopulmonary illnesses such as @entity1 , @entity4 , and @entity2 .

title: Crackle pitch and rate do not vary significantly during a single automated-auscultation session in @entity0 with @entity1 , XXXX , or @entity4 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the variability of crackle pitch and crackle rate during a single automated-auscultation session with a computerized 16-channel lung-sound analyzer. METHODS: Forty-nine @entity0 with @entity1 , 52 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ), and 18 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) performed @entity3 maneuvers in the following sequence: normal @entity3 , deep @entity3 , cough several times; deep @entity3 , vital-capacity maneuver, and deep @entity3 . From the auscultation recordings we measured the crackle pitch and crackle rate. RESULTS: Crackle pitch variability, expressed as a percentage of the average crackle pitch, was small in all @entity0 and in all maneuvers: @entity1 11%, @entity2 11%, @entity4 7%. Crackle rate variability was also small: @entity1 31%, @entity2 32%, @entity4 24%. Compared to the first deep- @entity3 maneuver (100%), the average crackle pitch did not significantly change following coughing ( @entity1 100%, @entity2 103%, @entity4 100%), the vital-capacity maneuver ( @entity1 100%, @entity2 92%, @entity4 104%), or during quiet @entity3 ( @entity1 97%, @entity2 100%, @entity4 104%). Similarly, the average crackle rate did not change significantly following coughing ( @entity1 105%, @entity2 110%, @entity4 90%) or the vital-capacity maneuver ( @entity1 102%, @entity2 101%, @entity4 99%). However, during normal @entity3 the crackle rate was significantly lower in the @entity0 with @entity1 (74%, P < .001) and significantly higher in the @entity0 with @entity4 (147%, P < .05) than it was during deep @entity3 . In @entity0 with @entity2 the average crackle rate during normal @entity3 was not significantly different from that during the first deep- @entity3 maneuver (108%). CONCLUSIONS: Crackle pitch and rate were surprisingly stable in all 3 conditions. Neither crackle pitch nor crackle rate changed significantly from breath to breath or from one deep- @entity3 maneuver to another, even when the maneuvers were separated by cough or the vital-capacity maneuver. The observation that crackle rate is a reproducible measurement during one automated-auscultation session suggests that crackle rate can be used to follow the course of cardiopulmonary illnesses such as @entity1 , @entity4 , and @entity2 .

title: Crackle pitch and rate do not vary significantly during a single automated-auscultation session in @entity0 with @entity1 , @entity2 , or XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the variability of crackle pitch and crackle rate during a single automated-auscultation session with a computerized 16-channel lung-sound analyzer. METHODS: Forty-nine @entity0 with @entity1 , 52 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ), and 18 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) performed @entity3 maneuvers in the following sequence: normal @entity3 , deep @entity3 , cough several times; deep @entity3 , vital-capacity maneuver, and deep @entity3 . From the auscultation recordings we measured the crackle pitch and crackle rate. RESULTS: Crackle pitch variability, expressed as a percentage of the average crackle pitch, was small in all @entity0 and in all maneuvers: @entity1 11%, @entity2 11%, @entity4 7%. Crackle rate variability was also small: @entity1 31%, @entity2 32%, @entity4 24%. Compared to the first deep- @entity3 maneuver (100%), the average crackle pitch did not significantly change following coughing ( @entity1 100%, @entity2 103%, @entity4 100%), the vital-capacity maneuver ( @entity1 100%, @entity2 92%, @entity4 104%), or during quiet @entity3 ( @entity1 97%, @entity2 100%, @entity4 104%). Similarly, the average crackle rate did not change significantly following coughing ( @entity1 105%, @entity2 110%, @entity4 90%) or the vital-capacity maneuver ( @entity1 102%, @entity2 101%, @entity4 99%). However, during normal @entity3 the crackle rate was significantly lower in the @entity0 with @entity1 (74%, P < .001) and significantly higher in the @entity0 with @entity4 (147%, P < .05) than it was during deep @entity3 . In @entity0 with @entity2 the average crackle rate during normal @entity3 was not significantly different from that during the first deep- @entity3 maneuver (108%). CONCLUSIONS: Crackle pitch and rate were surprisingly stable in all 3 conditions. Neither crackle pitch nor crackle rate changed significantly from breath to breath or from one deep- @entity3 maneuver to another, even when the maneuvers were separated by cough or the vital-capacity maneuver. The observation that crackle rate is a reproducible measurement during one automated-auscultation session suggests that crackle rate can be used to follow the course of cardiopulmonary illnesses such as @entity1 , @entity4 , and @entity2 .

title: Crackle pitch and rate do not vary significantly during a single automated-auscultation session in @entity0 with XXXX , @entity2 , or @entity4 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the variability of crackle pitch and crackle rate during a single automated-auscultation session with a computerized 16-channel lung-sound analyzer. METHODS: Forty-nine @entity0 with @entity1 , 52 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ), and 18 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) performed @entity3 maneuvers in the following sequence: normal @entity3 , deep @entity3 , cough several times; deep @entity3 , vital-capacity maneuver, and deep @entity3 . From the auscultation recordings we measured the crackle pitch and crackle rate. RESULTS: Crackle pitch variability, expressed as a percentage of the average crackle pitch, was small in all @entity0 and in all maneuvers: @entity1 11%, @entity2 11%, @entity4 7%. Crackle rate variability was also small: @entity1 31%, @entity2 32%, @entity4 24%. Compared to the first deep- @entity3 maneuver (100%), the average crackle pitch did not significantly change following coughing ( @entity1 100%, @entity2 103%, @entity4 100%), the vital-capacity maneuver ( @entity1 100%, @entity2 92%, @entity4 104%), or during quiet @entity3 ( @entity1 97%, @entity2 100%, @entity4 104%). Similarly, the average crackle rate did not change significantly following coughing ( @entity1 105%, @entity2 110%, @entity4 90%) or the vital-capacity maneuver ( @entity1 102%, @entity2 101%, @entity4 99%). However, during normal @entity3 the crackle rate was significantly lower in the @entity0 with @entity1 (74%, P < .001) and significantly higher in the @entity0 with @entity4 (147%, P < .05) than it was during deep @entity3 . In @entity0 with @entity2 the average crackle rate during normal @entity3 was not significantly different from that during the first deep- @entity3 maneuver (108%). CONCLUSIONS: Crackle pitch and rate were surprisingly stable in all 3 conditions. Neither crackle pitch nor crackle rate changed significantly from breath to breath or from one deep- @entity3 maneuver to another, even when the maneuvers were separated by cough or the vital-capacity maneuver. The observation that crackle rate is a reproducible measurement during one automated-auscultation session suggests that crackle rate can be used to follow the course of cardiopulmonary illnesses such as @entity1 , @entity4 , and @entity2 .

title: Crackle pitch and rate do not vary significantly during a single automated-auscultation session in XXXX with @entity1 , @entity2 , or @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity10 is a rare complication of @entity0 treatment, representing a @entity9 commonly associated with @entity6 and severely impacting @entity1 's outcome. The @entity3 typically develops in the @entity5 , pachydermatous, @entity8 skin of limbs affected by long-standing @entity6 . Clinical data associated with @entity10 and @entity6 management have rarely been published. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the period between 1980 and 2009, ten @entity1 with @entity10 were diagnosed and treated at the Foeldiklinik, Hinterzarten, Germany. Nine of the ten @entity1 were female. Five @entity1 had previously suffered from @entity0 (and were treated with mastectomy); two from other @entity3 ; two @entity1 had @entity6 , and one had undergone lower extremity lymphadenectomy. All @entity3 @entity1 had undergone radiation treatment. In all cases, the @entity4 developed in non-irradiated areas 6-48 years (average 16.3 years) after the onset of @entity6 . None of the @entity1 had received @entity7 ( @entity7 ). Two @entity1 had above-elbow amputation, one had shoulder exarticulation, two @entity1 had wide excision and skin grafting, two @entity1 had above-knee amputation procedure, two @entity1 had a below-knee amputation procedure, and one @entity1 had no surgical treatment at all. The time to recurrence after surgery, time to @entity2 , @entity1 survival and @entity7 were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity6 should be closely examined starting 5 years from the time of @entity6 onset, paying special attention to those with associated @entity3 . Only early diagnosis and treatment by radical ablative surgery confers a reasonable prognosis with this rare but aggressive disease. A potential effect of @entity7 on @entity9 has to be studied in a greater @entity1 cohort.

title: XXXX : Is @entity10 a Preventable Condition?

answer: @entity9


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity10 is a rare complication of @entity0 treatment, representing a @entity9 commonly associated with @entity6 and severely impacting @entity1 's outcome. The @entity3 typically develops in the @entity5 , pachydermatous, @entity8 skin of limbs affected by long-standing @entity6 . Clinical data associated with @entity10 and @entity6 management have rarely been published. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the period between 1980 and 2009, ten @entity1 with @entity10 were diagnosed and treated at the Foeldiklinik, Hinterzarten, Germany. Nine of the ten @entity1 were female. Five @entity1 had previously suffered from @entity0 (and were treated with mastectomy); two from other @entity3 ; two @entity1 had @entity6 , and one had undergone lower extremity lymphadenectomy. All @entity3 @entity1 had undergone radiation treatment. In all cases, the @entity4 developed in non-irradiated areas 6-48 years (average 16.3 years) after the onset of @entity6 . None of the @entity1 had received @entity7 ( @entity7 ). Two @entity1 had above-elbow amputation, one had shoulder exarticulation, two @entity1 had wide excision and skin grafting, two @entity1 had above-knee amputation procedure, two @entity1 had a below-knee amputation procedure, and one @entity1 had no surgical treatment at all. The time to recurrence after surgery, time to @entity2 , @entity1 survival and @entity7 were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity6 should be closely examined starting 5 years from the time of @entity6 onset, paying special attention to those with associated @entity3 . Only early diagnosis and treatment by radical ablative surgery confers a reasonable prognosis with this rare but aggressive disease. A potential effect of @entity7 on @entity9 has to be studied in a greater @entity1 cohort.

title: @entity9 : Is XXXX a Preventable Condition?

answer: @entity10


abstract: BACKGROUND: Antenatal stress has been associated with adverse outcomes in mothers and their @entity0 . However, little research has been conducted to identify the factors associated with psychosocial stress in pregnant @entity0 . PURPOSE: This study explored the predictors of psychosocial stress during pregnancy. METHODS: A convenience sample of 136 second-trimester and 164 third-trimester pregnant @entity0 were recruited from a medical center in southern Taiwan. Data were collected using a demographic form, @entity2 ( @entity2 ), Edinburgh Prenatal @entity1 Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale, and Interpersonal Support Evaluation List. RESULTS: The results of this study found positive correlations between @entity2 and both Edinburgh Prenatal @entity1 Scale (r = .368, p < .01) and Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (r = .168, p < .01) and negative correlations between @entity2 and both gravidity (r = -.137, p < .05) and Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (r = -.266, p < .01). Higher pregnancy stress was predicted by @entity1 , lower social support, maternal-fetal attachment, and primigravid status, which together explained 20% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: @entity1 , social support, maternal-fetal attachment, and gravidity are discrete predictive factors of psychosocial stress in pregnant @entity0 . These findings add to existing knowledge of the factors associated with prenatal stress. Future research should include @entity1 in a support model of antenatal stress management.

title: Predictors of Antenatal Psychosocial Stress in Taiwanese XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The clinical picture of hand @entity3 related to a cervical @entity7 was well described in the modern literature by Gilliatt and Sumner; in 1970, they reported a series of nine @entity0 whose motor status was stabilized following brachial plexus decompression. We report here seven @entity0 suffering from @entity4 ( @entity4 ), who developed hand @entity3 , sometimes because of diagnostic delay. METHODS: The @entity0 's charts were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: The seven @entity0 were all female; the mean age was 43 years. The first complaints were @entity2 and @entity5 lasting six months to 5 years. Three @entity0 were treated with C56/C67 discectomy plus disc prosthesis (one @entity0 ), ulnar neurolysis at the elbow (the same @entity0 ), @entity6 (one @entity0 ), and intravenous immunoglobulins (one @entity0 ) before @entity4 diagnosis. Hand @entity3 , severe in five @entity0 , was present at presentation. All @entity0 underwent brachial plexus decompression by the anterior (four), posterior (two), or transaxillary (one) approach. This last approach was completed 18 months later by brachial plexus neurolysis via the anterior approach. Postoperatively, @entity1 was improved in two @entity0 and stabilized in five @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' unfamiliarity with @entity4 diagnosis or their reluctance to accept the diagnosis without electrical confirmation can lead to hand @entity3 . @entity8 at this stage usually stabilizes the deficit.

title: [Gilliatt-Sumner hand or true XXXX . A report on seven operated cases].

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess cortical @entity4 ( @entity4 ) changes in @entity1 and establish their relevance to clinical disability and to inflammatory changes of white matter (WM) in @entity0 with the relapsing-remitting (RR) and primary progressive (PP) forms of the disease. METHODS: Conventional MRI examinations were obtained in @entity0 with definite @entity1 who had either the RR or the PP form of the disease. An automated analysis tool was used with conventional T1-weighted MR images to obtain total and cortical brain volumes normalized for head size. Total @entity6 load was estimated on conventional proton density and T2-weighted MR images. The relationship between volumetric MR measures and scores of clinical disability was assessed. RESULTS: Normalized cortical volumes (NCV) were lower for both RR and PP @entity1 @entity0 than for normal control subjects (p < 0.001) but were similar between the two @entity0 groups (p > 0.5). NCV decreases in both @entity0 groups were detected even in those @entity0 with @entity5 duration (<5 years; p < 0.001 in RR @entity1 and p < 0.05 in PP @entity1 ) and minimal @entity6 volume (<5 mL; p < 0.0001 in RR @entity1 and p < 0.005 in PP @entity1 ). Measures of NCV in individual @entity0 were negatively correlated with T2-weighted lesion volume (r = -0.47, p < 0.001) and disease duration (r = -0.25, p < 0.05) only in the @entity0 with RR @entity1 . NCV correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale scores across all of the @entity0 , but the strength of the correlation was stronger (p < 0.05) for PP (r = -0.64, p < 0.0001) than for RR (r = -0.27, p = 0.04) @entity1 @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm substantial neocortical @entity7 in @entity1 @entity0 and suggest that neocortical @entity4 pathology may occur early in the course of the disease in both RR and PP @entity1 @entity0 and contribute significantly to @entity2 . Although a proportion of this neocortical pathology may be secondary to WM @entity3 , the extent of the changes suggests that, especially in @entity0 with PP @entity1 , an independent neurodegenerative process also is active.

title: Evidence of early cortical atrophy in XXXX : relevance to white matter changes and disability.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity2 are bioactive compounds generally considered to be produced by plants to counteract pathogens and herbivores. Besides their role in plant defense, @entity2 are of growing interest for drug research as they are active constituents of several folk medicines and provide valuable pharmacological properties. Accordingly, much effort has been put into unraveling the modes of action of @entity2 , as well as in exploration of their potential for industrial processes and pharmacology. However, the exploitation of @entity2 for bioengineering crop plants with improved resistances against pests as well as circumvention of laborious and uneconomical extraction procedures for industrial production from plants is hampered by the lack of knowledge and availability of genes in @entity2 biosynthesis. Although the ability to produce @entity2 is rather widespread among plants, a complete synthetic pathway has not been elucidated in any single species. Current conceptions consider @entity2 to be derived from intermediates of the @entity3 pathway, and predominantly enzymes belonging to the multigene families of @entity5 cyclases (OSCs), cytochromes P450 (P450s) and family 1 @entity1 -glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are thought to be involved in their biosynthesis. Formation of unique structural features involves additional biosynthetical enzymes of diverse phylogenetic background. As an example of this, a @entity0 carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferase (SCPL) was recently found to be involved in synthesis of @entity4 in oats. However, the total number of identified genes in @entity2 biosynthesis remains low as the complexity and diversity of these multigene families impede gene discovery based on sequence analysis and phylogeny. This review summarizes current knowledge of @entity4 biosynthesis in plants, molecular activities, evolutionary aspects and perspectives for further gene discovery.

title: Molecular activities, biosynthesis and evolution of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and persistence of injectable @entity5 ( @entity5 ) microspheres as a long-lasting urethral bulking agent in @entity3 . @entity5 microspheres of 2 different diameters (40 and 125  m) were tested to investigate the potential for migration and dislocation after injection. A similar product containing 40- m @entity5 microspheres has been used as an injectable wrinkle filler for >25 years and received Food and Drug Administration approval in 2006 (ArteFill). METHODS: A total of 22 female @entity3 received 4 submucosal implantations of @entity5 microspheres, using either a cystoscope or a newly developed urethral injection device (UroScope). At @entity1 and necropsy at 8 days and 1, 3, and 6 months, the urethral injection site, liver, lung, spleen, and pelvic and iliac lymph nodes were processed for histologic examination and microsphere count using organ dissolution and microscopy. RESULTS: All injected @entity4 were still present at 6 months and showed no signs of @entity0 . Tissue dissolution of the local lymph nodes and major organs demonstrated the transport of some of the 40- m microspheres to the local lymph nodes and lung but not to the liver or spleen. In contrast, no 125- m microspheres were detected in any distant organ. CONCLUSIONS: The submucosal implantation of 125- m @entity5 microspheres into the urethra provided a safe and persistent bulking effect in @entity3 . The positive results of the present study encourage additional investigation of 125- m @entity5 microspheres as a long-lasting bulking agent for the treatment of female stress urinary @entity2 . Furthermore, a newly developed urethral injection device (UroScope) proved beneficial and cost-effective to facilitate the transurethral injections of 125- m @entity5 microspheres.

title: Urethral bulking with polymethylmethacrylate microspheres for stress urinary XXXX : tissue persistence and safety studies in miniswine.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: It is not clear whether symptoms alone can be used to estimate the biologic activity of @entity2 ( @entity2 ). We aimed to evaluate whether symptoms can be used to identify @entity0 with endoscopic and histologic features of remission. METHODS: Between April 2011 and June 2014, we performed a prospective, observational study and recruited 269 consecutive adults with @entity2 (67% male; median age, 39 years old) in Switzerland and the United States. @entity0 first completed the validated symptom-based @entity2 activity index @entity0 -reported outcome instrument and then underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy with esophageal biopsy collection. Endoscopic and histologic findings were evaluated with a validated grading system and standardized instrument, respectively. Clinical remission was defined as symptom score <20 (range, 0-100); histologic remission was defined as a peak count of <20 eosinophils/mm(2) in a high-power field (corresponds to approximately <5 eosinophils/median high-power field); and endoscopic remission as absence of white exudates, moderate or severe rings, strictures, or combination of furrows and @entity1 . We used receiver operating characteristic analysis to determine the best symptom score cutoff values for detection of remission. RESULTS: Of the study subjects, 111 were in clinical remission (41.3%), 79 were in endoscopic remission (29.7%), and 75 were in histologic remission (27.9%). When the symptom score was used as a continuous variable, @entity0 in endoscopic, histologic, and combined (endoscopic and histologic remission) remission were detected with area under the curve values of 0.67, 0.60, and 0.67, respectively. A symptom score of 20 identified @entity0 in endoscopic remission with 65.1% accuracy and histologic remission with 62.1% accuracy; a symptom score of 15 identified @entity0 with both types of remission with 67.7% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity0 with @entity2 , endoscopic or histologic remission can be identified with only modest accuracy based on symptoms alone. At any given time, physicians cannot rely on lack of symptoms to make assumptions about lack of biologic disease activity in adults with @entity2 . ClinicalTrials.gov, Number: NCT00939263.

title: Symptoms Have Modest Accuracy in Detecting Endoscopic and Histologic Remission in Adults With XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: A simple, fast, precise and biologically relevant @entity0 assay for screening @entity0 of minerals would have distinct advantages due to its cost benefits and relative savings in time. Furthermore, a bioassay to differentiate acute and chronic in vivo pulmonary reactions could have potential value as predictors of fibrogenicity and pathogenicity. In this study we examined the potential use of @entity4 as a probe to evaluate the correlation between chemiluminescence (CL) generated by alveolar macrophages with the known @entity0 and patho genicity by conventional bioassays. In this study, we used small doses of dust (20 microg) to minimize cellular overload and to maintain homeostasis. Crystalline @entity1 a highly fibrogenic dust was used as positive control and results are compared with those for @entity3 , @entity2 and talc. Among the three minerals compared with @entity1 , @entity3 was more reactive (27%) in CL assay and declined sharply compared to other minerals. This sudden decline in @entity3 CL is caused by @entity0 leading to cell death. CL-induced by talc was comparable to @entity1 and declines slowly. @entity2 on the other hand produced relatively a weaker (25%) CL compared to @entity1 . Our data using relatively low doses of dust suggest that the CL assay may have a better predictive value in @entity0 evaluations compared to conventional @entity0 assays.

title: XXXX chemiluminescence assay as an adjunctive tool for assessment of various stages of inflammation: a study of quiescent inflammatory cells.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Increasing evidence supports the role of excitotoxicity in @entity5 . Thus, it is extremely important to explore methods to retard or reverse excitotoxic @entity5 . In this regard, certain dietary compounds are beginning to receive increased attention, in particular those involving phytochemicals found in medicinal plants in alleviating @entity5 . In the present study, we examined whether medicinal plant extracts protect neurons against @entity2 induced by @entity11 (KA) in female Swiss albino @entity0 . @entity0 were anesthetized with @entity10 and @entity12 (200 mg and 2 mg/kg body wt. respectively) and KA (0.25 microg in a volume of 0.5 microl) was administered to @entity0 by intra hippocampal injections. The results showed an impairment of the hippocampus region of brain after KA injection. The lipid peroxidation and protein @entity13 content were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in comparison to controls. @entity7 peroxidase (GPx) activity (EC 1.11.1.9) and @entity7 ( @entity8 ) content declined after appearance of @entity2 . As GPx and @entity8 represent a major pathway in the cell for metabolizing @entity3 ( @entity4 ), their depletion would be expected to allow @entity4 to accumulate to toxic levels. Dried ethanolic plant extracts of Withania somnifera (WS), Convolvulus pleuricauas (CP) and Aloe vera (AV) dissolved in distilled water were tested for their total antioxidant activity. The diet was prepared in terms of total antioxidant activity of plant extracts. The @entity1 ( @entity6 ) reducing activity of plant extracts was also tested and it was found that WS and AV were potent reductants of @entity6 at pH 5 5. CP had lower @entity6 reducing activity in comparison to WS and AV. Plant extracts given singly and in combination 3 weeks prior to KA injections resulted in a decrease in @entity9 . Measures of lipid peroxidation and protein @entity13 declined. GPx activity and @entity8 content were elevated in hippocampus supplemented with WS and combination of WS + CP + AV. However, when CP and AV were given alone, the changes in the GPx activity and @entity8 content were not significant. Although the major factors involved in these properties of phytochemicals remain to be specified, the finding of this study has suggested that phytochemicals present in plant extracts mitigate the effects of excitotoxicity and oxidative damage in hippocampus and this might be accomplished by their antioxidative properties.

title: Phenolic antioxidants attenuate hippocampal neuronal cell damage against XXXX induced excitotoxicity.

answer: @entity11


abstract: BACKGROUND: To the present day, literature has only discussed how to treat @entity5 and collateral ligament lesions, with @entity6 and obvious clinical instability. The treatment options for early stages of the disease with @entity2 and subtle instabilities have not been described. The main purpose of this prospective study is to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of the arthroscopic radiofrequency shrinkage and distal @entity7 in the treatment of subtle metatarsophalangeal joint instability. METHOD: Prospective data (clinical, radiological, and arthroscopic findings) of 19 @entity0 , with a total of 35 slightly unstable joints, was collected. The physical examination defined the hypothesis for @entity1 (grades 0 and 1), which was confirmed during the diagnostic step of the arthroscopic procedure. RESULTS: Among our @entity0 , 73  % were females and 63  % reported wearing high heels. The average age was 59  years and post-operative follow-up was 20  months. In the initial sample frame, 62  % of joints showed spread-out toes with increased interdigital spacing. The mean American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society score rose from 53 points pre-operatively to 92 points post-operatively and a @entity4 scale average value of eight points pre-operatively decreased to zero post-operatively. During the pre-operative evaluation, none of the @entity0 had stable joints and over 97  % were classified as having grade 1 instability (<50  % subluxation). After treatment, 83  % of the joints became stable (degree of instability 0) and over 97  % were congruent. All studied parameters showed statistically significant improvements in the post-operative period (p   <   0.001) showing the efficiency of the treatment in @entity3 relief, while restoring the joint stability and congruity. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic radiofrequency shrinkage in combination with distal @entity7 promotes functional improvement, @entity3 relief, and restores the joint stability in the plantar plate lesion grades 0 and 1.

title: Plantar plate radiofrequency and XXXX for subtle metatarsophalangeal joint instablity.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of chronic exposure to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B on @entity4 and function. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled trial. SETTING: Research laboratory in a university hospital. SUBJECTS: Male @entity2 weighing 325-350 g with chronic vascular and bile catheters. INTERVENTIONS: Chronically catheterized @entity2 were treated daily with saline, 50 microg/kg Staphylococcal enterotoxin B alone, 1000 microg/kg lipopolysaccharide alone, 1000 microg/kg lipopolysaccharide with 50 microg/kg Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, or 100 microg/kg lipopolysaccharide with 50 microg/kg Staphylococcal enterotoxin B for 10 days. Serum and biliary measures of @entity4 and dysfunction were measured before and then 6 hrs and 1, 2, 3, 7, and 10 days after the start of treatment. The animals were killed at 10 days and the livers examined histologically. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mean rates of bile flow, biliary @entity6 excretion, and @entity8 flux were significantly decreased immediately after treatment (6 hr, 1 and 2 days) and then at 10 days. Increases in biliary and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and serum @entity7 also occurred in a similar bimodal pattern. Animals treated with lipopolysaccharide or Staphylococcal enterotoxin B alone became tolerant and did not develop the bimodal pattern of @entity5 . Histologic examination of the liver at 10 days revealed @entity1 and @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: The combination of lipopolysaccharide and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B leads to late @entity4 , whereas either toxin alone does not. These data may explain the frequent development of @entity5 in @entity0 exposed to multiple bacterial toxins such as in sepsis, multiple-system organ failure, and other diseases with altered intestinal permeability.

title: Chronic Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and lipopolysaccharide induce a bimodal pattern of XXXX and injury.

answer: @entity5


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity5 ( @entity9 ) is known to promote @entity1 or life-threatening @entity3 , however, there is still limited understanding of the mechanisms responsible for evoking the physiological changes. In this study, we systematically determined the effects on both autonomic and respiratory outflows as well as reflex function following acute and repeated administration of @entity9 that enhances behavioural responses. Arterial pressure, heart rate, phrenic nerve discharge amplitude and frequency, lumbar and splanchnic sympathetic nerve discharge, interscapular brown adipose tissue and core temperatures, and expired @entity7 were measured in @entity8 -anaesthetized male @entity0 . Novel findings include potent increases in central inspiratory drive and frequency that are not dependent on @entity9 -evoked increases in expired @entity7 levels. Increases in non-shivering thermogenesis correlate with well-described increases in body temperature and heart rate. Unexpectedly, @entity9 evoked minor effects on both sympathetic outflows and mean arterial pressure. @entity9 modified @entity2 in response to @entity4 , @entity6 and baroreceptor unloading. Chronically treated @entity9 @entity0 failed to exhibit changes in baseline sympathetic, cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic parameters. The tonic and reflex cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to @entity9 challenge were similar to those seen in saline treated and drug naive animals. Overall, these findings describe independent and compound associations between physiological systems evoked @entity9 and serve to highlight that a single dose of @entity9 can significantly impact basic homeostatic systems and protective functions. These effects of @entity9 persist even following chronic @entity9 treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Effects of acute and chronic systemic XXXX on respiratory, cardiovascular and metabolic function, and cardiorespiratory reflexes.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity7 (1HPT) is now being diagnosed with increasing frequency. Simultaneously there has been an apparent change in the presentation of the disease and indications for surgery. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical presentation, indications for surgery, and outcomes of neck explorations for @entity7 . METHODS: This study was carried out over a 12 year period, January 1990 to April 2002 at Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan. Information on the indications, procedure performed, pathology and complications of all neck explorations for 1HPT was obtained from a retrospective thyroid/parathyroid surgical database. A minimum of 12 months follow-up was required in order to determine outcome of surgery. RESULTS: Out of 40 @entity0 diagnosed with @entity7 at Jordan University Hospital, Amman, over 12 years, 14 @entity0 (35%) diagnosed 4 years after the onset of their disease. Severe @entity2 was the main indication for surgery in 28 @entity0 ; 5 @entity0 with fractured bones, 2 @entity0 with @entity11 , 3 @entity0 with @entity1 and severe @entity4 and @entity8 in 22 @entity0 ; @entity10 in 10 @entity0 ; @entity3 and @entity6 in 14 @entity0 ; acute @entity9 in one @entity0 and asymptomatic @entity13 following biochemical screening in one @entity0 . Two @entity0 continued to have persistent @entity12 after the first operation; one of them has been cured by reoperation for an ectopic parathyroid in the anterior mediastinum resulting in an overall cure rate of 97.5%. CONCLUSION: This study showed that severe @entity2 with @entity5 , @entity11 and @entity1 are still the most common presentation of @entity7 in Jordan; this is most likely due to delay in diagnosis and initiation of treatment. It is important to screen for @entity13 in high risk @entity0 and to refer these @entity0 to specialized centers for proper management.

title: Clinical spectrum of XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: Even today, @entity3 is still a life-threatening condition. The standard treatment concepts based on antibiotic therapy, topical treatment and--if necessary--surgical debridement of necrotic tissue, remain ineffective in many cases. In advanced stages, @entity3 can therefore be expected to result in severe functional impairment or even a fatal outcome. @entity0 AND METHODS: We describe our experience with a multimodal treatment concept that we have been using with great success at the Federal Armed Forces Hospital in Ulm since 1987. This treatment is based on four pillars: 1. Surgical debridement, 2. Use of a combination of antibiotics, and 3. Administration of specific immunoglobulins, accompanied by, 4. Hyperbaric @entity2 therapy RESULTS: Over a period of more than 5 years 16 of the 22 @entity0 treated on the basis of this multimodal concept remained free of recurrences. In addition, significant reductions in analgesic use and in the insulin doses needed by @entity1 @entity0 were possible. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment concept under scrutiny has proved particularly successful. The various modes involved and the results of this combined therapy are discussed.

title: [The treatment of @entity3 with a combination of surgery, antibiotics, specific immunoglobulins and hyperbaric XXXX therapy. Results of the Ulm Treatment Concept].

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Even today, @entity3 is still a life-threatening condition. The standard treatment concepts based on antibiotic therapy, topical treatment and--if necessary--surgical debridement of necrotic tissue, remain ineffective in many cases. In advanced stages, @entity3 can therefore be expected to result in severe functional impairment or even a fatal outcome. @entity0 AND METHODS: We describe our experience with a multimodal treatment concept that we have been using with great success at the Federal Armed Forces Hospital in Ulm since 1987. This treatment is based on four pillars: 1. Surgical debridement, 2. Use of a combination of antibiotics, and 3. Administration of specific immunoglobulins, accompanied by, 4. Hyperbaric @entity2 therapy RESULTS: Over a period of more than 5 years 16 of the 22 @entity0 treated on the basis of this multimodal concept remained free of recurrences. In addition, significant reductions in analgesic use and in the insulin doses needed by @entity1 @entity0 were possible. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment concept under scrutiny has proved particularly successful. The various modes involved and the results of this combined therapy are discussed.

title: [The treatment of XXXX with a combination of surgery, antibiotics, specific immunoglobulins and hyperbaric @entity2 therapy. Results of the Ulm Treatment Concept].

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility of gracilis muscle transposition in the treatment of @entity4 . SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Iatrogenic rectourethral @entity2 poses a rare but challenging complication of treatment for @entity1 . A variety of procedures have been described to treat this condition, none of which has gained acceptance as the procedure of choice. The aim of this study was to review the authors' experience with gracilis muscle transposition in the treatment of @entity4 . METHODS: A retrospective chart review of all @entity0 who underwent gracilis muscle transposition for @entity4 was performed, and follow-up was established by telephone interview. Successful repair was defined as absence of a @entity2 after reversal of fecal and urinary diversions. RESULTS: Eleven @entity0 , mean age of 62 years, underwent 12 gracilis muscle transpositions for rectourethral @entity2 between 1996 and 2001. Six @entity0 had a history of pelvic radiotherapy, and five @entity0 had previous failed attempts to repair the @entity2 . In nine @entity0 , the @entity2 healed following gracilis muscle transposition. One @entity0 developed a rectocutaneous @entity2 that healed with fibrin glue injection, and one developed @entity3 requiring debridement of the transposed gracilis. This @entity0 underwent a second gracilis transposition, which uneventfully healed. Overall, all of the @entity0 had closure of their diverting stomas and maintained healed rectourethral fistulas. There were no intraoperative complications, and the only long-term complication of this procedure was mild medial thigh numbness in two @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Gracilis muscle transposition is an effective surgical treatment for @entity4 . It is associated with low morbidity and a high success rate.

title: Gracilis muscle transposition for XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Poor engraftment of cells after transplantation to the heart is a common and unresolved problem in the cardiac cell therapies. We previously generated cardiovascular cell sheets entirely from pluripotent stem cells with cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and vascular mural cells. Though sheet transplantation showed a better engraftment and improved cardiac function after @entity3 , stacking limitation (up to 3 sheets) by @entity2 hampered larger structure formation and long-term survival of the grafts. Here we report an efficient method to overcome the stacking limitation. Insertion of gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GHMs) between each @entity1 via appropriate spacing and fluid impregnation with GHMs. Fifteen sheets with GHMs (15-GHM construct; >1   mm thickness) were stacked within several hours and viable after 1 week in vitro. Transplantation of 5-GHM constructs (   2   *   10(6) of total cells) to a @entity0 @entity3 model showed rapid and sustained functional improvements. The grafts were efficiently engrafted as @entity1 cells accompanied by functional capillary networks. Large engrafted cardiac tissues (0.8   mm thickness with 40 cell layers) successfully survived 3 months after TX. We developed an efficient method to generate thicker viable tissue structures and achieve long-term survival of the cell graft to the heart.

title: Efficient long-term survival of cell grafts after XXXX with thick viable cardiac tissue entirely from pluripotent stem cells.

answer: @entity3


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) are relatively rare @entity1 with a high degree of vascularity. Therapy for symptomatic @entity1 involves total resection when possible. Due to the enriched blood supply of these @entity1 , there is a high risk of significant intraoperative @entity3 , which can lead to perioperative complications. Preoperative embolization of @entity4 has been suggested to reduce @entity3 and operative morbidity, but its use remains controversial. Data on the risks and benefits of preoperative embolization for this @entity1 remains limited. We identified and analyzed all 29 reported cases of preoperative embolization of intradural spinal @entity4 within the literature. There were 18 @entity0 and nine @entity0 , and @entity0 ranged from 24 to 61years of age. Mean @entity1 size was 3.5cm. Cervical and thoracic location was most common, accounting for 48.3% and 20% of cases, respectively. Complications from embolization and surgery were minimal, with no deaths or permanent @entity2 . Minimal @entity5 and excellent rates of gross total resection were reported with preoperative embolization. However, outcomes from microsurgery alone from historical series have similarly reported excellent outcomes. While there is no established standard, preoperative embolization should be reserved for particularly high risk @entity0 with risk of @entity5 .

title: Role of preoperative embolization for intradural spinal XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The effect of bronchial circulation on wound healing at the site of @entity1 after right upper @entity3 was studied in @entity0 . In two @entity0 (Group I), the bronchial arteries were carefully preserved during the @entity3 . In 16 @entity0 (Group II), only @entity3 was performed after all bronchial arteries in the hilum were ligated. In three @entity0 (Group III), the site of @entity1 was wrapped by a Penrose drain after @entity3 . In three other @entity0 (Group IV), the site of @entity1 was wrapped with a free @entity2 after @entity3 . In another group of 11 @entity0 (Group V), the anastomotic site was wrapped with a pedicled @entity2 . The @entity0 in Group I were put to death immediately and bronchial arterial circulation was recognized to consist primarily of systemic arterial blood. In Group II @entity0 , bronchial arteries distal to the @entity1 filled with pulmonary arterial blood immediately after the @entity3 . Although the majority of bronchial arteries became filled with systemic arterial blood with time, some vessels were filled with pulmonary arterial blood even 7 days after the @entity3 . In Group III @entity0 , wound healing at the site of @entity1 was severely delayed, and 7 days after the @entity3 the majority of bronchial arteries in the bronchial wall distal to the @entity1 were filled with pulmonary arterial blood. In Group IV @entity0 , the state of wound healing at the bronchial anastomotic site was similar to that of Group III @entity0 . In Group V, although the state of wound healing at the @entity1 was relatively good in most of the animals, the pedicled pleural wrap did not significantly improve bronchial circulation over that of Group II.

title: Does pleural bronchial wrapping improve wound healing in XXXX ?

answer: @entity3