abstract: PURPOSE: We used high-dose @entity4 plus @entity7 / @entity6 (CTV) or @entity9 (C/I) in @entity0 with resistant @entity3 . The aim was to use a regimen with little risk to major organs to (a) achieve or consolidate remission in heavily treated @entity0 and to (b) induce an immunological state conducive to passive immunotherapy with the murine 3F8 antibody. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: CTV and C/I included @entity4 140 mg/kg ( approximately 4200 mg/m(2)). With CTV, @entity7 2 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (30 min) on days 1-4 (total, 8 mg/m(2)), and @entity6 0.067 mg/kg was injected on day 1. With C/I, @entity9 , 50 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (1 h) on days 1-5 (total, 250 mg/m(2)). Mesna and @entity5 were used. RESULTS: Twenty-nine @entity0 received 38 courses of CTV, and 26 @entity0 received 38 courses of C/I. All @entity0 had previously received @entity7 , a hemopoietic stem-cell transplant, and/or high-dose @entity4 . CTV and C/I caused myelosuppression of comparably prolonged duration as follows: absolute neutrophil counts <500/ micro l lasted 5-12 days in @entity0 who had not previously received transplant and 7-21 days in @entity0 who were post-transplant. Other significant @entity1 included @entity10 (two CTV-treated @entity0 , one C/I-treated @entity0 ) and @entity8 (one C/I-treated @entity0 ). Major responses were seen in 4 (15%) of 26 CTV and 4 (17%) of 24 C/I-treated @entity0 with assessable disease. @entity2 resolved in 5 (28%) of 18 CTV-treated @entity0 and in 4 (27%) of 15 C/I-treated @entity0 . 3F8 after CTV or C/I was not blocked by neutralizing antibodies, consistent with the desired immunosuppressive effect of high-dose @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: CTV and C/I require transfusional and antibiotic support but otherwise entail tolerable morbidity. They have modest antineuroblastoma activity in heavily treated @entity0 and are good preparative regimens for passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies.

title: Camptothecin analogs ( @entity9 or XXXX ) plus high-dose @entity4 as preparative regimens for antibody-based immunotherapy in resistant @entity3 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: PURPOSE: We used high-dose @entity4 plus @entity7 / @entity6 (CTV) or @entity9 (C/I) in @entity0 with resistant @entity3 . The aim was to use a regimen with little risk to major organs to (a) achieve or consolidate remission in heavily treated @entity0 and to (b) induce an immunological state conducive to passive immunotherapy with the murine 3F8 antibody. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: CTV and C/I included @entity4 140 mg/kg ( approximately 4200 mg/m(2)). With CTV, @entity7 2 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (30 min) on days 1-4 (total, 8 mg/m(2)), and @entity6 0.067 mg/kg was injected on day 1. With C/I, @entity9 , 50 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (1 h) on days 1-5 (total, 250 mg/m(2)). Mesna and @entity5 were used. RESULTS: Twenty-nine @entity0 received 38 courses of CTV, and 26 @entity0 received 38 courses of C/I. All @entity0 had previously received @entity7 , a hemopoietic stem-cell transplant, and/or high-dose @entity4 . CTV and C/I caused myelosuppression of comparably prolonged duration as follows: absolute neutrophil counts <500/ micro l lasted 5-12 days in @entity0 who had not previously received transplant and 7-21 days in @entity0 who were post-transplant. Other significant @entity1 included @entity10 (two CTV-treated @entity0 , one C/I-treated @entity0 ) and @entity8 (one C/I-treated @entity0 ). Major responses were seen in 4 (15%) of 26 CTV and 4 (17%) of 24 C/I-treated @entity0 with assessable disease. @entity2 resolved in 5 (28%) of 18 CTV-treated @entity0 and in 4 (27%) of 15 C/I-treated @entity0 . 3F8 after CTV or C/I was not blocked by neutralizing antibodies, consistent with the desired immunosuppressive effect of high-dose @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: CTV and C/I require transfusional and antibiotic support but otherwise entail tolerable morbidity. They have modest antineuroblastoma activity in heavily treated @entity0 and are good preparative regimens for passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies.

title: Camptothecin analogs ( @entity9 or @entity7 ) plus high-dose XXXX as preparative regimens for antibody-based immunotherapy in resistant @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that administration of the @entity3 gene to the left bundle-branch (LBB) system of intact @entity1 would provide pacemaker function in the physiological range of heart rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: An adenoviral construct incorporating @entity3 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker was injected via catheter under fluoroscopic control into the posterior division of the LBB. Controls were injected with an adenoviral construct of GFP alone or saline. Animals were monitored electrocardiographically for up to 7 days after surgery, at which time they were anesthetized and subjected to vagal stimulation to permit emergence of escape pacemakers. Hearts were then removed and injection sites visually identified and removed for microelectrode study of action potentials, patch clamp studies of pacemaker current, and/or immunohistochemical studies of @entity3 . For 48 hours postoperatively, 7 of 7 animals subjected to 24-hour ECG monitoring showed multiple ventricular premature depolarizations and/or @entity2 attributable to injection-induced injury. Thereafter, sinus rhythm prevailed. During vagal stimulation, @entity3 -injected @entity1 showed rhythms originating from the left ventricle, the rate of which was significantly more rapid than in the controls. Excised posterior divisions of the LBB from @entity3 -injected animals manifested automatic rates significantly greater than the controls. Isolated tissues showed immunohistochemical and biophysical evidence of overexpressed @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: A gene-therapy approach for induction of biological pacemaker activity within the LBB system provides @entity0 that have physiologically acceptable rates. Long-term stability and feasibility of the approach remain to be tested.

title: Biological pacemaker implanted in @entity1 left bundle branch provides XXXX that have physiologically acceptable rates.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that administration of the @entity3 gene to the left bundle-branch (LBB) system of intact @entity1 would provide pacemaker function in the physiological range of heart rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: An adenoviral construct incorporating @entity3 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker was injected via catheter under fluoroscopic control into the posterior division of the LBB. Controls were injected with an adenoviral construct of GFP alone or saline. Animals were monitored electrocardiographically for up to 7 days after surgery, at which time they were anesthetized and subjected to vagal stimulation to permit emergence of escape pacemakers. Hearts were then removed and injection sites visually identified and removed for microelectrode study of action potentials, patch clamp studies of pacemaker current, and/or immunohistochemical studies of @entity3 . For 48 hours postoperatively, 7 of 7 animals subjected to 24-hour ECG monitoring showed multiple ventricular premature depolarizations and/or @entity2 attributable to injection-induced injury. Thereafter, sinus rhythm prevailed. During vagal stimulation, @entity3 -injected @entity1 showed rhythms originating from the left ventricle, the rate of which was significantly more rapid than in the controls. Excised posterior divisions of the LBB from @entity3 -injected animals manifested automatic rates significantly greater than the controls. Isolated tissues showed immunohistochemical and biophysical evidence of overexpressed @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: A gene-therapy approach for induction of biological pacemaker activity within the LBB system provides @entity0 that have physiologically acceptable rates. Long-term stability and feasibility of the approach remain to be tested.

title: Biological pacemaker implanted in XXXX left bundle branch provides @entity0 that have physiologically acceptable rates.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In @entity0 with @entity2 and of the esophagus, metabolic and functional imaging by PET with @entity4 has a pivotal role in the evaluation of @entity1 response to therapy, specifically, in the prediction of progression-free survival and overall survival. Metabolic imaging allows the detection of biochemical changes within @entity1 cells as opposed to identifiable morphologic changes. Anatomic imaging modalities do not reliably differentiate between responders and nonresponders early during the course of follow-up. The correlation between histopathologic @entity1 response after preoperative therapy and clinical prognosis is well established for many @entity1 . Squamous @entity2 and @entity3 demonstrate avid @entity4 uptake. For these @entity1 , @entity4 PET parallels histopathologic findings in its ability to detect residual viable @entity1 ; therefore, it is a valuable tool for the noninvasive assessment of histopathologic @entity1 response in advanced-stage cases after neoadjuvant therapy before surgery. Early determination of nonresponders is of prime importance, as timely therapy modification can be accomplished for @entity0 who do not demonstrate a response to therapy. This determination is exceptionally important for @entity2 and esophageal @entity1 , both of which are known for their unfavorable prognosis, as early modifications in therapy regimens for nonresponders may improve @entity0 outcome. There is now evidence that @entity4 PET is a sensitive and specific method for determining therapy response and for providing important prognostic information for these @entity1 . Therefore, @entity4 PET may change @entity0 management and lead to improved survival for a selected group of @entity0 with @entity2 and of the esophagus.

title: PET in the assessment of therapy response in @entity0 with XXXX and of the esophagus.

answer: @entity2


abstract: In @entity0 with @entity2 and of the esophagus, metabolic and functional imaging by PET with @entity4 has a pivotal role in the evaluation of @entity1 response to therapy, specifically, in the prediction of progression-free survival and overall survival. Metabolic imaging allows the detection of biochemical changes within @entity1 cells as opposed to identifiable morphologic changes. Anatomic imaging modalities do not reliably differentiate between responders and nonresponders early during the course of follow-up. The correlation between histopathologic @entity1 response after preoperative therapy and clinical prognosis is well established for many @entity1 . Squamous @entity2 and @entity3 demonstrate avid @entity4 uptake. For these @entity1 , @entity4 PET parallels histopathologic findings in its ability to detect residual viable @entity1 ; therefore, it is a valuable tool for the noninvasive assessment of histopathologic @entity1 response in advanced-stage cases after neoadjuvant therapy before surgery. Early determination of nonresponders is of prime importance, as timely therapy modification can be accomplished for @entity0 who do not demonstrate a response to therapy. This determination is exceptionally important for @entity2 and esophageal @entity1 , both of which are known for their unfavorable prognosis, as early modifications in therapy regimens for nonresponders may improve @entity0 outcome. There is now evidence that @entity4 PET is a sensitive and specific method for determining therapy response and for providing important prognostic information for these @entity1 . Therefore, @entity4 PET may change @entity0 management and lead to improved survival for a selected group of @entity0 with @entity2 and of the esophagus.

title: PET in the assessment of therapy response in XXXX with @entity2 and of the esophagus.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A model of growth factor-cell receptor interactions, including internalization, sorting, recycling, and degradation and their modulation by @entity0 promoters, is developed, analyzed, and tested. In keeping with data and concepts based on a large number of systems, the main assumption is that after receptor-ligand binding the complex associates with a second membrane protein, localized in @entity1 , and that this event is a necessary condition for receptor-mediated endocytosis and subsequent intracellular processes. As a consequence of the model, ligands having distinct receptors interfere at the cell surface through competition between their receptor complexes for a limited pool of coated pit proteins. The utility of the model is illustrated by a detailed analysis of binding, endocytosis, and degradation of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and their modulation by @entity4 . The analysis permits quantitative characterization of the dynamics of the endocytic processes and leads to the following conclusions. The Scatchard plot changes from linear to nonlinear as the ratio of the number of coated pit proteins to the number of receptors decreases. Competition between @entity3 and @entity2 -bound receptors for coated pit proteins predicts, in agreement with observation, conversion of nonlinear @entity2 Scatchard plots to linear plots subsequent to reincubation with @entity4 . The postulated competition suggests a local homology between the @entity3 receptor and the @entity2 receptor. Homologous and heterologous downregulations observed in numerous systems are natural consequences of the model. Preincubation with the heterologous ligand increases the time lag between ligand binding and lysosomal degradation and alters intracellular sorting.

title: Regulation of interacting populations during endocytosis: models of growth factor- XXXX promoter dynamics.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A study was made in Bombay, India of oral contraception using 2 combinations of @entity3 and @entity2 in 521 @entity0 over a period of 3 years with a total of 5196 menstrual cycles. The @entity0 were divided into 2 groups: 1 using 1 mg of @entity3 plus .1 mg of @entity2 and the other using .5 mg of @entity3 and .1 mg of @entity2 . 70% of the @entity0 studied were aged 21-30 years. @entity0 over 35 and those with more than 3 @entity0 were urged to undergo operative procedures. Most had used no contraceptive method previously, 56.6% desired planned families, and 43.4% wanted no more @entity0 . There was a monthly interview when a new supply of tablets was distributed. No pregnancies followed in either group when tablets were taken regularly, but 2 did occur otherwise. Side effects were most severe during the first cycle. 55 @entity0 (10.5%) discontinued medication at the end of 3 years because of side effects. 267 discontinued the program because pills were not available near their homes. Of these, 71 became pregnant over the 3-year period, only 10 of whom desired pregnancy. None showed evidence of @entity1 phenomena. Liver function tests showed no change. The cycle length of most @entity0 taking the preparations became more regular at 27-28 days. There was little difference in side effects of the 2 preparations.

title: Experience with @entity3 and XXXX as an oral contraceptive.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A study was made in Bombay, India of oral contraception using 2 combinations of @entity3 and @entity2 in 521 @entity0 over a period of 3 years with a total of 5196 menstrual cycles. The @entity0 were divided into 2 groups: 1 using 1 mg of @entity3 plus .1 mg of @entity2 and the other using .5 mg of @entity3 and .1 mg of @entity2 . 70% of the @entity0 studied were aged 21-30 years. @entity0 over 35 and those with more than 3 @entity0 were urged to undergo operative procedures. Most had used no contraceptive method previously, 56.6% desired planned families, and 43.4% wanted no more @entity0 . There was a monthly interview when a new supply of tablets was distributed. No pregnancies followed in either group when tablets were taken regularly, but 2 did occur otherwise. Side effects were most severe during the first cycle. 55 @entity0 (10.5%) discontinued medication at the end of 3 years because of side effects. 267 discontinued the program because pills were not available near their homes. Of these, 71 became pregnant over the 3-year period, only 10 of whom desired pregnancy. None showed evidence of @entity1 phenomena. Liver function tests showed no change. The cycle length of most @entity0 taking the preparations became more regular at 27-28 days. There was little difference in side effects of the 2 preparations.

title: Experience with XXXX and @entity2 as an oral contraceptive.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Both phagocytosis (of particles) and pinocytosis (of solutes) occur in macrophages. It is not known, however, whether particles, if they are small enough, can enter by pinocytosis, nor whether there is a minimum size of particle capable of triggering phagocytic uptake. These questions have been investigated by studying, in vitro, the uptake by @entity0 peritoneal macrophages of particles ranging in diameter from 30 nm to 1100 nm. Percoll (30 nm diameter) and @entity1 beads (100, 300, 600, 800 or 1100 nm diameter) were 125I-iodinated and their uptake by macrophages was measured in the absence or presence of metabolic and cytoskeletal inhibitors. Since uptake, expressed as an Endocytic Index (microliter/10(6) cells per h), increased steadily with the duration of incubation and was inhibited by low temperature or metabolic inhibitors, it was concluded that true endocytosis, and not a superficial cell-association, was being measured. Rates of clearance increased with increasing particle diameter. The rate of uptake of Percoll was 10-times, and of 100 nm @entity1 beads 100-times, the rate of fluid-phase pinocytosis, as measured by the uptake of 125I-labelled @entity4 . @entity1 beads of 1100 nm diameter were captured at 700-times this rate. The differential effects of @entity3 and @entity2 on the uptake of 125I-labelled @entity4 and of 1100 nm @entity1 beads were taken as indicators of their effects on pinocytosis and phagocytosis respectively. It is concluded that Percoll, although particulate, is captured by pinocytosis. The pattern of inhibition of uptake of @entity1 particles suggests that there is no radical discontinuity between pinocytic and phagocytic uptake, but that the contribution of phagocytosis steadily increases with increasing particle diameter. The results are discussed.

title: Pinocytosis and phagocytosis: the effect of size of a particulate substrate on its mode of capture by XXXX peritoneal macrophages cultured in vitro.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A causal link between prolonged @entity2 (E) therapy and @entity5 is argued for in this report of a case who was treated with large amounts of estrogenic substances almost continuously for an 8-year period. In 1919 a 25-year-old @entity0 was admitted with @entity4 of 1-year duration. @entity4 onset had been very severe, requiring administration of @entity6 every few hours and frequent hospital observation. In 1928, the @entity0 was amenorrheic for 8 months; in 1936, she experienced @entity7 for 4 months. In 1937 ( @entity0 now 45 years old), the relationship between @entity7 and increased severity of @entity4 was suspected. At this time, the @entity0 also complained of hot flashes and sweats. Treatment with estrogenic substances was begun in 1937 and continued through 1945. 3 unusual features were noted during therapy: 1) persistence of hot flashes; 2) persistence of high urine titers of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) despite adequate E doses; and 3) absence of bleeding when E was temporarily withdrawn. By 1945, @entity5 had been identified by vaginal smear and verified by biopsy. Because of the previous absence of respose of FSH to prolonged E therapy, Es were omitted for 4 weeks, and after this period the vaginal smear showed complete absence of intrinsic estrogenic stimulation, and the urine titer of FSH was high. E given for 10 days caused moderate pituitary inhibition. Determination of @entity8 made before and after therapy was abnormally low. Except for the state of @entity1 and the continuous administration of @entity4 medication (chronic alarm reaction?), there is no explanation of @entity3 grade 2.

title: Cancer of endometrium and prolonged XXXX therapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The effects of circulating antibodies on fertility after vasovasostomy was studied in @entity4 . After vasectomy there was rapid rise in antibody levels against @entity5 ; these reached a peak after 2 weeks, rather more rapidly than has been reported in man. Antibody levels declined after this period. Monkeys with high antibodies were also more likely to have @entity3 and @entity2 . After vasovasostomy several monkeys became fertile again with sperm counts in ejaculate reaching a high level at 3 months, although levels were lower than before vasectomy. Some males retained a high and sustained level of sperm immobilizing antibodies in plasma, sometimes for 18 months or more. These males produced fewer @entity5 and were more likely to be subfertile or infertile after vasectomy. Almost all the monkeys without antibodies were fertile. Presence of antibodies at vasovasostomy was not a definite indication of subsequent @entity1 but did provide an indication of likelihood of continuing sterility. These are similar to observations of @entity0 undergoing vasectomy and vasosostomy.

title: Immunological consequences of vasectomy and vasovasostomy in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: A panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies that preferentially react with @entity0 @entity1 cells has been produced. All are reactive with fresh frozen sections of @entity5 tissues in immunoperoxidase assays and are unreactive with lymphoblastoid cells, red blood cells, and fibroblasts in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At least eight of these antibodies interact with cell surface components. These reagents can be subdivided into four groups based upon their reactivities. Groups 1 to 3 are unreactive with normal liver, lung, kidney, @entity4 in immunoperoxidase assays. Group 1 antibodies ( @entity10 , @entity11 , @entity12 , @entity12 , and @entity10 ) are all of @entity7 subclass and immunoprecipitate nonsulfated glycoprotein components with molecular weights of 80,000 and 180,000 and a nonglycosylated polypeptide with a molecular weight of 38,000. Group 1 antibodies are also reactive with some @entity6 and, with the exception of @entity10 , stain certain differentiated strata within normal adult plantar and fetal epidermis. Group 2 antibodies (PF2/A and @entity8 ) react also with breast, gastric, and @entity4 and some @entity2 of neuroectodermal origin. Group 2 antibodies, which are both of @entity7 subclass immunoprecipitate a nonglycosylated Mr 24,000 polypeptide. Group 3 antibodies (PF3/A, an IgG1; @entity8 , an IgGM; and @entity9 , an IgG2a) react additionally with certain other @entity2 , as well as with normal adult and fetal epidermis. Group 4 antibodies ( @entity13 , an IgG2a; and @entity14 , an IgG1) are less specific than those of the preceding groups, as they react with some normal tissues, including pancreatic islets and pneumocytes, as well as with a variety of @entity3 and @entity2 of neuroectodermal origin. @entity13 and @entity14 immunoprecipitate Mr 100,000 and 95,000 glycoproteins, respectively.

title: Antigens associated with @entity0 XXXX defined by murine monoclonal antibodies.

answer: @entity5


abstract: A panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies that preferentially react with @entity0 @entity1 cells has been produced. All are reactive with fresh frozen sections of @entity5 tissues in immunoperoxidase assays and are unreactive with lymphoblastoid cells, red blood cells, and fibroblasts in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At least eight of these antibodies interact with cell surface components. These reagents can be subdivided into four groups based upon their reactivities. Groups 1 to 3 are unreactive with normal liver, lung, kidney, @entity4 in immunoperoxidase assays. Group 1 antibodies ( @entity10 , @entity11 , @entity12 , @entity12 , and @entity10 ) are all of @entity7 subclass and immunoprecipitate nonsulfated glycoprotein components with molecular weights of 80,000 and 180,000 and a nonglycosylated polypeptide with a molecular weight of 38,000. Group 1 antibodies are also reactive with some @entity6 and, with the exception of @entity10 , stain certain differentiated strata within normal adult plantar and fetal epidermis. Group 2 antibodies (PF2/A and @entity8 ) react also with breast, gastric, and @entity4 and some @entity2 of neuroectodermal origin. Group 2 antibodies, which are both of @entity7 subclass immunoprecipitate a nonglycosylated Mr 24,000 polypeptide. Group 3 antibodies (PF3/A, an IgG1; @entity8 , an IgGM; and @entity9 , an IgG2a) react additionally with certain other @entity2 , as well as with normal adult and fetal epidermis. Group 4 antibodies ( @entity13 , an IgG2a; and @entity14 , an IgG1) are less specific than those of the preceding groups, as they react with some normal tissues, including pancreatic islets and pneumocytes, as well as with a variety of @entity3 and @entity2 of neuroectodermal origin. @entity13 and @entity14 immunoprecipitate Mr 100,000 and 95,000 glycoproteins, respectively.

title: Antigens associated with XXXX @entity5 defined by murine monoclonal antibodies.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has high temporal resolution, requires little restraint, and is suitable for examining the effect of psychological tasks on brain circulation. In the present study, frontal function in @entity2 @entity0 was analyzed by NIRS during random number generation (RNG), ruler-catching (RC), and sequential finger-to-thumb (SFT) tasks. METHODS: Two sets of NIRS probes were attached to the foreheads of 13 @entity2 @entity0 and 10 control subjects approximately at Fp1-F7 and Fp2-F8. Near-infrared spectroscopy was conducted at a sampling rate of 1 Hz, with the pathlength being determined by time-resolved spectroscopy with differential pathlength factor measurements. The absolute changes in oxygenated (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated (deoxy-Hb) hemoglobin concentrations in response to each task were measured, and total hemoglobin (total-Hb) concentration was calculated as the sum of the two. RESULTS: During RNG task, total- and oxy-Hb concentrations increased, and deoxy-Hb decreased, but the responses were significantly smaller in @entity2 @entity0 . During RC task, oxy-Hb in @entity2 @entity0 tended to decrease, in contrast to the mostly increasing response in control subjects. No group difference was observed during SFT task. CONCLUSIONS: Task-dependent profile of functional abnormalities was observed in @entity4 . These results support the usefulness of NIRS data in @entity1 and evaluating @entity3 in @entity2 @entity0 .

title: Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of @entity1 in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has high temporal resolution, requires little restraint, and is suitable for examining the effect of psychological tasks on brain circulation. In the present study, frontal function in @entity2 @entity0 was analyzed by NIRS during random number generation (RNG), ruler-catching (RC), and sequential finger-to-thumb (SFT) tasks. METHODS: Two sets of NIRS probes were attached to the foreheads of 13 @entity2 @entity0 and 10 control subjects approximately at Fp1-F7 and Fp2-F8. Near-infrared spectroscopy was conducted at a sampling rate of 1 Hz, with the pathlength being determined by time-resolved spectroscopy with differential pathlength factor measurements. The absolute changes in oxygenated (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated (deoxy-Hb) hemoglobin concentrations in response to each task were measured, and total hemoglobin (total-Hb) concentration was calculated as the sum of the two. RESULTS: During RNG task, total- and oxy-Hb concentrations increased, and deoxy-Hb decreased, but the responses were significantly smaller in @entity2 @entity0 . During RC task, oxy-Hb in @entity2 @entity0 tended to decrease, in contrast to the mostly increasing response in control subjects. No group difference was observed during SFT task. CONCLUSIONS: Task-dependent profile of functional abnormalities was observed in @entity4 . These results support the usefulness of NIRS data in @entity1 and evaluating @entity3 in @entity2 @entity0 .

title: Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of XXXX in @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: 1. Single mechanically skinned fibres from the @entity0 extensor digitorum longus muscle, which allow access to intracellular compartments, were used to examine the effects of 0.5-100 microM @entity3 ( @entity5 ) on the major steps of the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling to elucidate the involvement of skeletal muscle in the @entity4 ( @entity4 ). 2. At 1 microM, @entity5 caused a 20-30% increase in the force response induced by @entity2 and a marked increase in the rate of @entity6 -induced SR @entity1 release. At [ @entity5 ]> or =2.5 microM, there was an initial increase followed by a marked decrease of the @entity2 -induced force responses, while the potentiating effect on the @entity6 -induced SR @entity1 release remained. These effects were reversible. 3. @entity5 had no effect on the maximum @entity1 -activated force, but caused reversible, concentration-dependent increases in the @entity1 sensitivity of the contractile apparatus at [ @entity5 ] > or =10 microM, with a 50% predicted shift of 0.11 pCa (-log [ @entity1 ]) units at 82.3 microM @entity5 . 4. @entity5 did not alter the rate of SR- @entity1 loading at 1 and 10 microM, but reversibly reduced it by approximately 40% at 100 microM by reducing the SR @entity1 pump. Nevertheless, the SR @entity1 content was greater when fibres became unresponsive to t-system-induced depolarisation in the presence than in the absence of 100 microM @entity5 . 5. The results show that @entity5 has concentration-dependent stimulatory and inhibitory effects on various steps of the E-C coupling, which can explain the involvement of skeletal muscle in @entity4 and reconcile previous divergent data on @entity5 effects on muscle.

title: Effects of XXXX on excitation-contraction coupling events in fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres of the @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: 1. Single mechanically skinned fibres from the @entity0 extensor digitorum longus muscle, which allow access to intracellular compartments, were used to examine the effects of 0.5-100 microM @entity3 ( @entity5 ) on the major steps of the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling to elucidate the involvement of skeletal muscle in the @entity4 ( @entity4 ). 2. At 1 microM, @entity5 caused a 20-30% increase in the force response induced by @entity2 and a marked increase in the rate of @entity6 -induced SR @entity1 release. At [ @entity5 ]> or =2.5 microM, there was an initial increase followed by a marked decrease of the @entity2 -induced force responses, while the potentiating effect on the @entity6 -induced SR @entity1 release remained. These effects were reversible. 3. @entity5 had no effect on the maximum @entity1 -activated force, but caused reversible, concentration-dependent increases in the @entity1 sensitivity of the contractile apparatus at [ @entity5 ] > or =10 microM, with a 50% predicted shift of 0.11 pCa (-log [ @entity1 ]) units at 82.3 microM @entity5 . 4. @entity5 did not alter the rate of SR- @entity1 loading at 1 and 10 microM, but reversibly reduced it by approximately 40% at 100 microM by reducing the SR @entity1 pump. Nevertheless, the SR @entity1 content was greater when fibres became unresponsive to t-system-induced depolarisation in the presence than in the absence of 100 microM @entity5 . 5. The results show that @entity5 has concentration-dependent stimulatory and inhibitory effects on various steps of the E-C coupling, which can explain the involvement of skeletal muscle in @entity4 and reconcile previous divergent data on @entity5 effects on muscle.

title: Effects of @entity3 on excitation-contraction coupling events in fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres of the XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The purpose of this study to assess the effect of the formula @entity3 / @entity4 / @entity2 on the progression of @entity1 in @entity5 . A double blind, placebo controlled study in 62 @entity0 : visual field threshold values were obtained in a Humphrey Field Analyzer from center (30 degrees) and periphery (30-60 degrees), every 4 months during 3-year follow-up. Data were analyzed by univariate regression, with slopes obtained from the best fit lines. Based on slope values, three groups of @entity0 were identified as those showing negative, positive, or zero slope: > or = 1 to < or = +1. In controls (32 @entity0 ), at central area, the distribution in negative, zero, or positive slope was, respectively, 16 (50%), 11 (35%), and 5 (15%). In the treated group (30 @entity0 ) this distribution was 6 (20%) negative, 17 (53%) zero, and 7 (23%) positive slope. In periphery, 16 control @entity0 were distributed as 11 (69%) negative, 4 (25%) zero, and 1 (6%) positive slope. In the treated group (17 @entity0 ), the distribution was opposite: 1 (6%) negative, 7 (41%) zero, and 9 (53%) positive slope. Nineteen @entity0 receiving treatment up to 6 years showed similar distribution by slope values. Eight out of 9 @entity0 switched from placebo (2 years) to treatment (2-3 years), showed improving changes in their slope values. A beneficial effect of the treatment decreasing the rate of @entity1 was observed, likely through a protective action from free radical reactions in affected photoreceptors.

title: Treatment with XXXX , @entity4 , and @entity2 retards the progressive visual field @entity5 : a 3-year follow-up study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The purpose of this study to assess the effect of the formula @entity3 / @entity4 / @entity2 on the progression of @entity1 in @entity5 . A double blind, placebo controlled study in 62 @entity0 : visual field threshold values were obtained in a Humphrey Field Analyzer from center (30 degrees) and periphery (30-60 degrees), every 4 months during 3-year follow-up. Data were analyzed by univariate regression, with slopes obtained from the best fit lines. Based on slope values, three groups of @entity0 were identified as those showing negative, positive, or zero slope: > or = 1 to < or = +1. In controls (32 @entity0 ), at central area, the distribution in negative, zero, or positive slope was, respectively, 16 (50%), 11 (35%), and 5 (15%). In the treated group (30 @entity0 ) this distribution was 6 (20%) negative, 17 (53%) zero, and 7 (23%) positive slope. In periphery, 16 control @entity0 were distributed as 11 (69%) negative, 4 (25%) zero, and 1 (6%) positive slope. In the treated group (17 @entity0 ), the distribution was opposite: 1 (6%) negative, 7 (41%) zero, and 9 (53%) positive slope. Nineteen @entity0 receiving treatment up to 6 years showed similar distribution by slope values. Eight out of 9 @entity0 switched from placebo (2 years) to treatment (2-3 years), showed improving changes in their slope values. A beneficial effect of the treatment decreasing the rate of @entity1 was observed, likely through a protective action from free radical reactions in affected photoreceptors.

title: Treatment with @entity3 , XXXX , and @entity2 retards the progressive visual field @entity5 : a 3-year follow-up study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The purpose of this study to assess the effect of the formula @entity3 / @entity4 / @entity2 on the progression of @entity1 in @entity5 . A double blind, placebo controlled study in 62 @entity0 : visual field threshold values were obtained in a Humphrey Field Analyzer from center (30 degrees) and periphery (30-60 degrees), every 4 months during 3-year follow-up. Data were analyzed by univariate regression, with slopes obtained from the best fit lines. Based on slope values, three groups of @entity0 were identified as those showing negative, positive, or zero slope: > or = 1 to < or = +1. In controls (32 @entity0 ), at central area, the distribution in negative, zero, or positive slope was, respectively, 16 (50%), 11 (35%), and 5 (15%). In the treated group (30 @entity0 ) this distribution was 6 (20%) negative, 17 (53%) zero, and 7 (23%) positive slope. In periphery, 16 control @entity0 were distributed as 11 (69%) negative, 4 (25%) zero, and 1 (6%) positive slope. In the treated group (17 @entity0 ), the distribution was opposite: 1 (6%) negative, 7 (41%) zero, and 9 (53%) positive slope. Nineteen @entity0 receiving treatment up to 6 years showed similar distribution by slope values. Eight out of 9 @entity0 switched from placebo (2 years) to treatment (2-3 years), showed improving changes in their slope values. A beneficial effect of the treatment decreasing the rate of @entity1 was observed, likely through a protective action from free radical reactions in affected photoreceptors.

title: Treatment with @entity3 , @entity4 , and @entity2 retards the progressive visual field XXXX : a 3-year follow-up study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The purpose of this study to assess the effect of the formula @entity3 / @entity4 / @entity2 on the progression of @entity1 in @entity5 . A double blind, placebo controlled study in 62 @entity0 : visual field threshold values were obtained in a Humphrey Field Analyzer from center (30 degrees) and periphery (30-60 degrees), every 4 months during 3-year follow-up. Data were analyzed by univariate regression, with slopes obtained from the best fit lines. Based on slope values, three groups of @entity0 were identified as those showing negative, positive, or zero slope: > or = 1 to < or = +1. In controls (32 @entity0 ), at central area, the distribution in negative, zero, or positive slope was, respectively, 16 (50%), 11 (35%), and 5 (15%). In the treated group (30 @entity0 ) this distribution was 6 (20%) negative, 17 (53%) zero, and 7 (23%) positive slope. In periphery, 16 control @entity0 were distributed as 11 (69%) negative, 4 (25%) zero, and 1 (6%) positive slope. In the treated group (17 @entity0 ), the distribution was opposite: 1 (6%) negative, 7 (41%) zero, and 9 (53%) positive slope. Nineteen @entity0 receiving treatment up to 6 years showed similar distribution by slope values. Eight out of 9 @entity0 switched from placebo (2 years) to treatment (2-3 years), showed improving changes in their slope values. A beneficial effect of the treatment decreasing the rate of @entity1 was observed, likely through a protective action from free radical reactions in affected photoreceptors.

title: Treatment with @entity3 , @entity4 , and XXXX retards the progressive visual field @entity5 : a 3-year follow-up study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the acute phase of @entity4 (acute MI) marked endothelial damage occurs within the first 24h following thrombolysis with streptokinase. We investigated whether this is associated with a change in levels of @entity1 ( @entity1 , possibly marking angiogenesis) in the first 24h post thrombolysis compared to chronic MI @entity0 (defined as MI>3 months previously). METHODS: We recruited 15 @entity0 (nine male, mean age 59+/-SD 10 years) with first-presentation acute MI, who were given 1.5 million U streptokinase over 1h and @entity2 300mg orally as standard treatment. Plasma samples were taken prior to the start of thrombolysis, followed every 15 min for 1h, at 3h and finally at 24h post-thrombolysis. Baseline levels of measured indices in the acute MI @entity0 were compared to two control groups: (i) 26 chronic MI @entity0 (18 male, mean age 59.9+/-7.0 years); and (ii) 26 apparently healthy controls (17 male, mean age 59.6+/-14.1 years). Plasma @entity1 and the soluble form of its receptor @entity5 (sFlt-1) were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Plasma levels of @entity1 were significantly higher in @entity0 with a history of chronic MI compared to @entity0 with acute MI (P=0.007) and healthy controls (P=0.002) with similar levels between acute MI @entity0 and healthy controls (P=0.755). Levels of sFlt-1 in the @entity3 groups were lower compared to healthy controls. In the first 24h post-thrombolysis in the acute MI group, levels of sFlt-1 changed significantly (P=0.039), but there was no change in levels of @entity1 (P=0.207). CONCLUSION: In the first 24h of acute MI, significant changes in levels of @entity1 receptor sFlt-1, but not @entity1 , are seen. Plasma @entity1 and sFlt-1 levels are markedly changed in chronic MI @entity0 , suggesting that the activation of angiogenesis in MI @entity0 may be a delayed response.

title: Angiogenesis in XXXX . An acute or chronic process?

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: The present study determined the pattern of cytokine secretion (interleukin [IL]-1beta, @entity0 @entity3 factor [TNF]-alpha, interferon [IFN]-gamma and IL-10) and their cellular sources in mononuclear cells isolated from colonic mucosa from normal and @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in response to probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. METHODS: Mononuclear cells were extracted from normal and active @entity1 colonic mucosa and incubated with pure sonicates of probiotic, commensal, and pathogenic bacteria. Cytokine secretion was measured in culture supernatant and intracellular cytokine staining measured using fluorescent-activated cytometry. RESULTS: In mononuclear cells isolated from normal mucosa, significant increases in mean IL-1beta were observed with enteropathogenic @entity4 (286.3 +/- 138.7 pg/mL P < 0.05) and @entity4 (440.5 +/- 194.0 pg/mL P < 0.01) compared with unstimulated control cells (16.7 +/- 4.8 pg/mL). In contrast, mononuclear cells isolated from active @entity1 mucosa produced significant increases in mean IL-1beta in response to stimulation with @entity6 (230.5 +/- 38.8 pg/mL P < 0.05), enteropathogenic @entity4 (231.7 +/- 45.3 pg/mL P < 0.05) and @entity4 (465.4 +/- 60.2 pg/mL P < 0.001) compared with unstimulated control cells (60.7 +/- 17.1 pg/mL). @entity4 also produced significant mean increases of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma compared with unstimulated control cells. No significant increases in IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma were observed with @entity5 in cells derived from normal or inflamed mucosa. Strikingly, incubation of @entity5 with mononuclear cells isolated from active @entity1 mucosa resulted in significant increases of mean IL-10 (327 +/- 53.5 pg/mL, P < 0.05) compared with unstimulated control cells (29.7 +/- 13.2 pg/mL). Intracellular cytokine staining confirmed T-cell and macrophage IL-10 production after @entity5 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5 demonstrates beneficial immunomodulatory activity by increasing IL-10 synthesis and secretion in macrophages and T-cells derived from the inflamed colon. This may provide a mechanism through which probiotic bacteria ameliorate inappropriate @entity2 and induce tolerance.

title: XXXX 299: beneficial in vitro immunomodulation in cells extracted from inflamed human colon.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate a surgical protocol for vertical ridge augmentation in the maxilla and mandible using autogenous onlay bone graft associated with a @entity2 mesh. A group of 18 partially edentulous @entity0 , presenting the need for vertical bone augmentation of at least 4 mm, were treated before implant placement. During the first surgery, an autogenous bone graft was harvested from either the mandibular ramus or the mental symphysis and secured by means of @entity2 screws. Particulate bone was added and a @entity2 micro-mesh was used to stabilize and protect the graft. After a mean interval of 4.6 months, meshes and screws were removed and 37 endosseous implants were successfully placed. The desired bone gain was reached in all @entity0 . Mean vertical bone augmentation obtained was 4.8 mm (range 4-7 mm). No major complications were recorded at recipient or donor sites. Abutment connection was carried out 2-3 months after implant placement. No implant was lost. Clinical parameters and probing depth, after prosthetic reconstruction, demonstrated the presence of a healthy peri-implant mucosa. The preliminary results suggest that, by using the presented technique, @entity0 can be successfully rehabilitated by means of implant-supported prosthesis 6-7 months after the first surgery, even in case of severely @entity1 .

title: Vertical alveolar ridge augmentation by means of a XXXX mesh and autogenous bone grafts.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The agaZVWEFASYBCDI gene cluster encodes the phosphotransferase systems and enzymes responsible for the uptake and metabolism of @entity5 and @entity6 in @entity2 . In some strains of @entity2 , particularly the common @entity4 strain, a portion of this cluster is missing because of a site-specific recombination event that occurred between sites in agaW and agaA. Strains that have undergone this recombination event have lost the ability to utilize either @entity5 or @entity6 as sole sources of @entity1 . Divergently transcribed from this gene cluster is the gene agaR encoding a transcriptional repressor belonging to the DeoR/GlpR family of transcriptional regulators. Promoters upstream of agaR, agaZ and agaS were characterized. All three promoters had elevated activity in the presence of @entity5 or @entity6 , were regulated in vivo by AgaR and possessed specific DNA-binding sites for AgaR upstream from the start sites of transcription as determined by DNase I footprinting. In vivo analysis and DNase I footprinting indicated that the promoter specific for agaZ also requires activation by @entity0 -CRP. Previous work with GlpR and other members of the DeoR/GlpR family have identified highly conserved @entity3 residues that function in DNA-binding or response to inducer. These residues of AgaR were targeted for site-directed mutagenesis and yielded variants of AgaR that were either negatively dominant or non-inducible. The apparent ability to produce negatively dominant and non-inducible variants of proteins of the DeoR/GlpR family of currently unknown function will likely facilitate screening for function.

title: Application of AgaR repressor and dominant repressor variants for verification of a gene cluster involved in @entity5 metabolism in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The agaZVWEFASYBCDI gene cluster encodes the phosphotransferase systems and enzymes responsible for the uptake and metabolism of @entity5 and @entity6 in @entity2 . In some strains of @entity2 , particularly the common @entity4 strain, a portion of this cluster is missing because of a site-specific recombination event that occurred between sites in agaW and agaA. Strains that have undergone this recombination event have lost the ability to utilize either @entity5 or @entity6 as sole sources of @entity1 . Divergently transcribed from this gene cluster is the gene agaR encoding a transcriptional repressor belonging to the DeoR/GlpR family of transcriptional regulators. Promoters upstream of agaR, agaZ and agaS were characterized. All three promoters had elevated activity in the presence of @entity5 or @entity6 , were regulated in vivo by AgaR and possessed specific DNA-binding sites for AgaR upstream from the start sites of transcription as determined by DNase I footprinting. In vivo analysis and DNase I footprinting indicated that the promoter specific for agaZ also requires activation by @entity0 -CRP. Previous work with GlpR and other members of the DeoR/GlpR family have identified highly conserved @entity3 residues that function in DNA-binding or response to inducer. These residues of AgaR were targeted for site-directed mutagenesis and yielded variants of AgaR that were either negatively dominant or non-inducible. The apparent ability to produce negatively dominant and non-inducible variants of proteins of the DeoR/GlpR family of currently unknown function will likely facilitate screening for function.

title: Application of AgaR repressor and dominant repressor variants for verification of a gene cluster involved in XXXX metabolism in @entity4 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many sequenced bacterial genomes harbor phage-like elements or cryptic prophages. These elements have been implicated in pathogenesis, serotype conversion and phage immunity. The e14 element is a defective lambdoid prophage element present at 25 min in the @entity1 genome. This prophage encodes important functional genes such as lit (T4 exclusion), mcrA (modified @entity3 restriction activity) and pin (recombinase). RESULTS: Bioinformatic analysis of the e14 prophage sequence shows the modular nature of the e14 element which shares a large part of its sequence with the @entity4 phage @entity2 . Based on this similarity, the regulatory region including the repressor and Cro proteins and their binding sites were identified. The protein product of b1149 was found to be a fusion of a replication protein and a terminase. The genes b1143, b1151 and b1152 were identified as putative pseudogenes. A number of duplications of the stfE tail fibre gene of the e14 are seen in plasmid p15B. A protein based comparative approach using the COG database as a starting point helped detect lambdoid prophage like elements in a representative set of completely sequenced genomes. CONCLUSIONS: The e14 element was characterized for the function of its encoded genes, the regulatory regions, replication origin and homology with other phage and bacterial sequences. Comparative analysis at @entity0 and protein levels suggest that a number of important phage related functions are missing in the e14 genome including parts of the early left operon, early right operon and late operon. The loss of these genes is the result of at least three major deletions that have occurred on e14 since its integration. A comparative protein level approach using the COG database can be effectively used to detect defective lambdoid prophage like elements in bacterial genomes.

title: Analysis of the lambdoid prophage element e14 in the XXXX genome.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Nearly one quarter million Americans die with or of advanced @entity2 ( @entity2 ) each year. Many @entity0 die after a prolonged functional decline that is accompanied by much suffering. Though difficult prognostically and emotionally, anticipation of @entity1 opens the door to planning and preparing for terminal care. Epidemiologists have begun to identify characteristics of @entity2 @entity0 who are most likely to die within 6-12 months, including severe, irreversible airflow obstruction, severely impaired and declining exercise capacity and performance status, older age, concomitant cardiovascular or other co-morbid disease, and a history of recent hospitalizations for acute care. Clinicians are encouraged to raise the difficult subject of planning for @entity1 when many of these characteristics apply. @entity0 with @entity3 are often receptive to the recommendation of a dual agenda: "Hope for and expect the best, and prepare for the worst." Medical advance planning is best pursued in an out- @entity0 office during a prescheduled, 3-way conversation between @entity0 , health care proxy, and physician. An advance directive can be written after the meeting to summarize the conversation. Clinicians should consider recommending hospice care when a @entity2 @entity0 is at high risk of @entity4 from the next @entity5 and in need of frequent or specialized home care. Preparation for @entity1 should include a realistic appraisal of the prospects for dying peacefully at home and a contingency plan for terminal hospitalization, should the need arise.

title: XXXX : the last year of life.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Primary pulmonary @entity2 is a rare disease that is thought to belong to a category of @entity2 arising from @entity3 ( @entity3 ). We presented 2 cases of @entity3 . Case 1: In a 39-year-old @entity0 , an abnormal shadow was detected in chest radiography in the left S3. The diagnosis was @entity4 in consequence of the further examination. One year after an growing abnormal shadow was detected again, we performed the @entity1 resection with the thoracoscopy in the possibility of @entity1 . The pathological diagnosis was @entity3 . Case 2: In a 70-year-old @entity0 , @entity5 was detected in chest radiography. As a result of the bronchial biopsy, the lesion was suspected of @entity3 . Right middle lobectomy was performed, and the @entity1 was diagnosed as a @entity3 histologically. He underwent an effective postoperative radiotherapy and has had no evidence of recurrence.

title: [Mucosa-associated XXXX ; report of two cases].

answer: @entity2


abstract: The aim of this paper was to assess long-term results of transperitoneal laparoscopic fenestration in the treatment of symptomatic simple @entity2 . Fifteen consecutive @entity0 (7 @entity0 , 8 @entity0 ), with a mean age of 51 years (range, 36-79 years), underwent transperitoneal fenestration of simple @entity2 (SRC) at our institution from 1994 to 2001. Data were collected by reviewing @entity0 ' clinical files, conducting telephone interviews regarding symptoms, and followup renal ultrasonography (US). There were 15 symptomatic cysts (10 parenchymal, 5 peripelvic) ranging in diameter from 3.5 to 20 cm (mean, 8 cm). All @entity0 had @entity3 and in four (26.6%) the collecting system was compressed by the cysts. Fenestration was carried out laparoscopically in all @entity0 . There was no mortality and no @entity4 were recorded. No @entity1 were detected at final histopathology. Mean length of stay was 2.5 days. All @entity0 were available for long-term followup. At a mean of 60 months (range, 22-93 months) from surgery, three @entity0 (20%) complained of slight discomfort in the lumbar area not requiring any analgesic. No recurrence of the cysts was seen on US. Two asymptomatic @entity0 (13.3%) developed additional cysts originating from sites different than the one operated on. Laparoscopic fenestration of SRC is safe and effective in the long term to relieve @entity0 from symptoms.

title: Long-term results of transperitoneal laparoscopic fenestration in the treatment of simple XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: AIM: True @entity4 are rarely encountered in childhood. Etiological factors are varied and often indeterminable. There is a paucity of literature detailing the surgical techniques used to repair pediatric @entity3 . METHODS: Three @entity0 aged 21 months, 19 months and 5 years with true @entity4 underwent surgical repair in our unit. The clinical details, surgical technique, histological review, hospital outcome and short term follow-up is discussed. RESULTS: Two @entity0 underwent repair of their @entity3 by means of the @entity6 technique, and 1 @entity0 underwent repair using the @entity3 resection and linear plication technique. Histological examination revealed @entity2 to be the etiological factor in one @entity0 , while a non-specific @entity5 was present in the other 2 @entity0 . Immediate postoperative course was uneventful and all 3 @entity0 were discharged from hospital within one week. Two @entity0 were recatheterized during follow-up visits. All @entity0 were asymptomatic at 1 year follow-up. Echocardiography demonstrated good left ventricular function with disappearance of preoperative @entity1 . CONCLUSION: @entity4 may be successfully repaired using standard operative techniques. These techniques render excellent short-term RESULTS: Longer follow-up is needed to fully evaluate the outcome of these @entity0 .

title: True acquired XXXX in childhood.

answer: @entity4


abstract: To investigate protein synthesis during @entity1 oocyte maturation in vitro, oocytes were put in culture with 35S- @entity2 for 4 hr periods from time zero to 28 hr. Pools of 10 oocytes were then prepared for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). For each time interval, three gels were obtained, digitalized, and analyzed to detect proteins. Then, the gel containing the most proteins was chosen as the reference gel and compared with the others. An averaged gel was created with proteins present in at least two gels of the three. Our results indicate that the rate of protein synthesis is higher at the beginning of maturation until the appearance of @entity0 ( @entity0 , 8-12 hr) and then it decreases and stays relatively constant. Percentages of initial proteins (0-4 hr) and remaining present during the progression decrease progressively from 100% to 53%. In contrast, when we compare proteins synthesized from the 4 to 8 hr period with proteins from the 8 to 12 or the 12 to 16 hr intervals, percentages of overall protein matching are stable with values of 81 and 79%, respectively. Comparison of proteins from 20 to 24 hr with proteins from 16 to 20 or 24 to 28 hr intervals also gives stable percentages of overall protein matching with values of 83 and 84%, respectively. Furthermore, a higher number of new proteins is observed at 4-8 hr (n=130) and 16-20 hr (n=136) of maturation. Thus, three major patterns of protein synthesis were observed during @entity1 oocyte maturation in vitro: one at the beginning of maturation (0-4 hr), another one in the middle (4-16 hr), and the last one after the completion of @entity0 stage (16-28 hr).

title: Study of newly synthesized proteins during XXXX oocyte maturation in vitro using image analysis of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

answer: @entity1


abstract: This is a 3-year retrospective study of 107 cases presenting with @entity4 detected either on prenatal ultrasound scan, or after birth. These @entity4 are @entity2 , and can be isolated, syndromic, or associated with multiple @entity2 . Cases were ascertained through the prenatal diagnosis center, the pediatrics department, and the feto-pathology department. Several criteria were analyzed including sex ratio, prenatal diagnosis, karyotype, termination of pregnancies, clinical or pathological examination, pediatric or surgical and/or genetic assessment, and whether or not a diagnosis was made. @entity1 and syndactyly were excluded. @entity4 were detected prenatally in 45% of the cases, and a diagnosis was made in 78%, including isolated, syndromic, or @entity3 . Sixty-one per cent of the @entity0 had follow-up, either pediatric, surgical, or genetic. Prenatal multidisciplinary assessment is fundamental to assist with counseling, as is the post-natal follow-up of the @entity0 . The diagnosis, if made, will obviously influence the information that will be given to the parents and the management of the @entity2 . If the pregnancy is terminated, feto-pathological examination is essential to help make a diagnosis, and guide recurrence risks. We are currently undertaking a prospective study, and we will develop a protocol of investigations in the future, depending on the type of the @entity2 identified.

title: Pre- and postnatal diagnosis of XXXX : a series of 107 cases.

answer: @entity4


abstract: In Viet @entity4 , health workers conducted focus groups with @entity0 seeking pregnancy termination at 2 rural district hospitals in Thai Binh Province and at 2 urban district hospitals in Hanoi to learn why contraceptives failed and why some of these @entity0 did not use contraceptive. Researchers used information from the focus groups to design questions for a July-September 1991 survey of 2088 @entity0 seeking an abortion at all 9 rural district hospitals in Thai Binh Province and at 5 district hospitals in Hanoi. 85.3% of the @entity0 were married and lived with their husbands. Most @entity0 were eligible for menstrual regulation (53.7% in Hanoi and 64.9% in Thai Binh). 50% of all @entity0 (52.8% in Hanoi and 47.4% in Thai Binh) had had at last 1 prior pregnancy termination (1.6 pregnancy terminations/ @entity0 ), suggesting that induced abortion is being used as a substitute for family planning methods. Effective modern contraceptive use by 50% of these @entity0 would have reduced the number of abortions during the 3 months by 25%. 36.8% (54.7% in Hanoi and 19.9% in Thai Binh) used traditional family planning methods. 38.3% (25.7% in Hanoi and 49.9% in Thai Binh) did not use any method. The leading reason for not using oral contraceptives (OCs) were personal health problems, unavailability, and the perception that contraceptives were bad for one's health. For IUDs, they were @entity2 , lumbago, @entity1 , loss of energy, and @entity3 . For condoms, reasons for nonuse were disliked by one spouse and unavailability. @entity0 's fear and husband's disapproval were key reasons for not choosing sexual sterilization. Reasons for failure of condoms, IUDs, and OCs were irregular use (62.6%) and poor quality (27.9), retained but still missed menstruation (74.3%), and used irregularly (23/28), respectively. The researchers recommended using these findings to develop an IEC campaign and training curricula for health workers.

title: Pregnancy termination and contraceptive failure in Viet XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: 69.1% of @entity0 of childbearing age in Qinzhou City, China, are currently using IUDs. A sample survey of 474 @entity0 had shown that the level of failure of this contraceptive method was undesirably high. 26.16% of the survey respondents experienced @entity1 expulsion. The highest was among @entity0 in the 25-29 age group (29.15%). It was believed that reported expulsions were most probably user-initiated removals because most @entity0 in this age group had already had a @entity0 , and they would want to have another @entity0 , especially if the 1st @entity0 was a @entity0 . The study also showed that the expulsion rate was higher among those @entity0 who had had and @entity1 inserted at a young age. The expulsion rate of @entity0 who had the insertion when they were 20-24 was 1.59 times higher than those in the 25-29 age group, and 2.02 times higher than those in 30-35 age group. This suggested that the uterine cavities of younger @entity0 with low parity might be more sensitive to foreign objects. Analysis by types of institution where @entity1 insertion was provided showed that expulsion was over 3 times higher among those who had had an @entity1 inserted in village clinics than in hospitals at county level and above. This suggested that the skill of service providers and medical facilities may be correlated with @entity1 expulsion. Village rural doctors usually received less training and may have limited supplies of different sizes of IUDs which contributed to higher rates of @entity1 expulsion of their @entity0 . A number of recommendations are made for improving the effectiveness of the @entity1 . It is necessary to strengthen population education among @entity0 to increase their commitment to fertility control. Service providers should receive proper training before they can perform @entity1 insertions. Medical professionals having good attitudes and outstanding performance should be rewarded. Those who helped remove IUDs illegally should be subjected to discipline or legal procedures. Regular examination after @entity1 insertion should be emphasized to ensure its effectiveness.

title: [Analyzing the cause of XXXX dropped].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Between 1982-87, shape memory @entity4 alloy clips were employed for female sterilization by minilaparotomy in 1002 cases. This clip was noncorrosive and had high histocompatibility. The clip was designed to open in ice water between 0 degrees-4 degrees Celsius and close a t between 30 degrees-40 degrees Celsius spontaneously. It was placed vertically over the isthmus 3 cm away from the uterine cornus to avoid blood vessels in the mesosalpinx. Clip application was @entity3 . On followup, only 6.3% had mild @entity6 . The failure rate was 0.89%. Midluteal @entity5 (P) and @entity1 (E2) were determined in 91 clip @entity0 ; 21 normal worn and 27 tubal ligation cases served as controls. The serum P levels were similar in cases and normal controls. There were significant differences in serum P between clip and tubal ligation groups, scanning electron microscopy examination of @entity2 tube with clip showed limited destruction of the tubal mucosa with normal cilia and cells at the border. The clip produced little disturbances in the ovarian blood supply and the least destruction of the tubal mucosa. (author's modified)

title: [Shape memory XXXX alloy clip for female sterilization].

answer: @entity4


abstract: The conclusion of the discussion of factors affecting childbearing @entity2 is that both a micro and a macro perspective must be included in an empirical analysis which would be useful for policy decisions. Micro factors tend to the economic function of the family, the economic value of @entity0 , cost of labor training, @entity0 's occupation, social security, household consumption, and education level. Attention to micro factors is important in the link between individual interests and state family planning (FP) policy. Macro factors tend to be ignored, but also impact on childbearing decisions. Macro factors are economic conditions, social and political factors, culture, and environmental factors such as ecology, natural resources, employment, economic development, and education. Macro factors affect the population as a whole and indirectly impact on individuals and the family. @entity1 in FP policy have been identified as a reduction of 200 million @entity0 , a shift in the population reproduction cycle downwards, increased standard of living, reduction in the burden of working @entity0 , and stabilization of macro factors. Successful policy should not rely on forced implementation. The past and present policies were successful not because of forced implementation, but because of awareness of macro and micro factors and voluntary use of FP. The voluntary nature of acceptance of FP suggests support for the FP policies. The current focus is on rural areas, and farmers in particular who are only aware of their needs and may feel state policy may interfere with their own interests. Implementation of FP among the rural population would be enhanced with an emphasis on their concerns such as social security in old age, the practical issues of having only daughters, and educational status. Educational campaigns promoting awareness of population pressure are needed and will benefit all the @entity0 . Social democratic doctrines can be introduced only from the outside. FP has been successful in Yingshan County in Hubei Province because education was given a priority and @entity3 about population was raised.

title: Micro and macro factors affecting childbearing XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Combination therapy using existing anti-malarials together with @entity5 ( @entity7 ) has been advocated as a method to slow the spread of drug resistance. We assessed the effect on @entity6 transmissibility of the addition of @entity7 to @entity4 (CQ) in an area of The Gambia where resistance to CQ is increasing. METHODS: Gambian @entity0 with acute uncomplicated @entity6 @entity1 were treated with either CQ monotherapy (n=120) or the combination of CQ plus three doses of @entity7 ( @entity7 ; n=352). Post-treatment @entity3 was assessed during a 4-week follow-up period. Experimental infections of @entity2 s.s. mosquitoes were performed with blood from @entity0 who were carrying gametocytes 7 days after starting treatment (n=69). RESULTS: The addition of @entity7 significantly reduced post-treatment prevalence and mean density of gametocytes in the first 14 days (day 7: 43.7% vs. 12.4%, 62.4/microl vs. 6.2/microl; day 14: 32.9% vs. 3.7%; 21.9/microl vs. 5.2/microl; CQ vs. @entity7 ), although by day 28 the benefits of the combination were substantially less marked (40.5% vs. 21.8%; 23.0/microl vs. 63.1/microl; CQ vs. @entity7 ). The duration of gametocyte carriage over the study period was significantly lower in the @entity7 group (5.2 days vs. 1.5 days; CQ vs. @entity7 ). The estimated infectious proportion of @entity0 at day 7 was also lower in the combination group (19.2% vs. 3.4%; CQ vs. @entity7 ), as were the proportion of mosquitoes infected and mean oocyst density (11.5% vs. 0.9%; 0.3 vs. 0.01; CQ vs. @entity7 ). Treatment failure was associated with threefold and twofold higher gametocyte carriage rates during follow-up in CQ and @entity7 groups, respectively (P<0.001 in both cases), and 26-fold and 2.3-fold higher intensity of infection at day 7 among CQ- and @entity7 -treated @entity0 , respectively (P=0.002 and 0.30, respectively). CONCLUSION: The benefits of adding @entity7 to CQ monotherapy in lowering gametocyte prevalence and density were transient, suggesting that the addition of @entity7 delayed, but did not prevent, the emergence of gametocytes. This is consistent with our finding that treatment failure, and thus the presence of CQ-resistant parasites, was significantly associated with a higher gametocyte carriage rate in both treatment groups. At day 7, CQ monotherapy significantly favoured transmission of resistant infections, which showed an 11-fold greater intensity of transmission compared with infections that were successfully treated. In contrast, the combination of @entity7 did not significantly favour resistant infections at day 7. We conclude that significant transmission-reduction is achieved by the combination but is not maintained because of the recrudescence of CQ-resistant parasites.

title: Addition of @entity5 to @entity4 for treatment of XXXX @entity1 in Gambian @entity0 causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Combination therapy using existing anti-malarials together with @entity5 ( @entity7 ) has been advocated as a method to slow the spread of drug resistance. We assessed the effect on @entity6 transmissibility of the addition of @entity7 to @entity4 (CQ) in an area of The Gambia where resistance to CQ is increasing. METHODS: Gambian @entity0 with acute uncomplicated @entity6 @entity1 were treated with either CQ monotherapy (n=120) or the combination of CQ plus three doses of @entity7 ( @entity7 ; n=352). Post-treatment @entity3 was assessed during a 4-week follow-up period. Experimental infections of @entity2 s.s. mosquitoes were performed with blood from @entity0 who were carrying gametocytes 7 days after starting treatment (n=69). RESULTS: The addition of @entity7 significantly reduced post-treatment prevalence and mean density of gametocytes in the first 14 days (day 7: 43.7% vs. 12.4%, 62.4/microl vs. 6.2/microl; day 14: 32.9% vs. 3.7%; 21.9/microl vs. 5.2/microl; CQ vs. @entity7 ), although by day 28 the benefits of the combination were substantially less marked (40.5% vs. 21.8%; 23.0/microl vs. 63.1/microl; CQ vs. @entity7 ). The duration of gametocyte carriage over the study period was significantly lower in the @entity7 group (5.2 days vs. 1.5 days; CQ vs. @entity7 ). The estimated infectious proportion of @entity0 at day 7 was also lower in the combination group (19.2% vs. 3.4%; CQ vs. @entity7 ), as were the proportion of mosquitoes infected and mean oocyst density (11.5% vs. 0.9%; 0.3 vs. 0.01; CQ vs. @entity7 ). Treatment failure was associated with threefold and twofold higher gametocyte carriage rates during follow-up in CQ and @entity7 groups, respectively (P<0.001 in both cases), and 26-fold and 2.3-fold higher intensity of infection at day 7 among CQ- and @entity7 -treated @entity0 , respectively (P=0.002 and 0.30, respectively). CONCLUSION: The benefits of adding @entity7 to CQ monotherapy in lowering gametocyte prevalence and density were transient, suggesting that the addition of @entity7 delayed, but did not prevent, the emergence of gametocytes. This is consistent with our finding that treatment failure, and thus the presence of CQ-resistant parasites, was significantly associated with a higher gametocyte carriage rate in both treatment groups. At day 7, CQ monotherapy significantly favoured transmission of resistant infections, which showed an 11-fold greater intensity of transmission compared with infections that were successfully treated. In contrast, the combination of @entity7 did not significantly favour resistant infections at day 7. We conclude that significant transmission-reduction is achieved by the combination but is not maintained because of the recrudescence of CQ-resistant parasites.

title: Addition of @entity5 to XXXX for treatment of @entity6 @entity1 in Gambian @entity0 causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Combination therapy using existing anti-malarials together with @entity5 ( @entity7 ) has been advocated as a method to slow the spread of drug resistance. We assessed the effect on @entity6 transmissibility of the addition of @entity7 to @entity4 (CQ) in an area of The Gambia where resistance to CQ is increasing. METHODS: Gambian @entity0 with acute uncomplicated @entity6 @entity1 were treated with either CQ monotherapy (n=120) or the combination of CQ plus three doses of @entity7 ( @entity7 ; n=352). Post-treatment @entity3 was assessed during a 4-week follow-up period. Experimental infections of @entity2 s.s. mosquitoes were performed with blood from @entity0 who were carrying gametocytes 7 days after starting treatment (n=69). RESULTS: The addition of @entity7 significantly reduced post-treatment prevalence and mean density of gametocytes in the first 14 days (day 7: 43.7% vs. 12.4%, 62.4/microl vs. 6.2/microl; day 14: 32.9% vs. 3.7%; 21.9/microl vs. 5.2/microl; CQ vs. @entity7 ), although by day 28 the benefits of the combination were substantially less marked (40.5% vs. 21.8%; 23.0/microl vs. 63.1/microl; CQ vs. @entity7 ). The duration of gametocyte carriage over the study period was significantly lower in the @entity7 group (5.2 days vs. 1.5 days; CQ vs. @entity7 ). The estimated infectious proportion of @entity0 at day 7 was also lower in the combination group (19.2% vs. 3.4%; CQ vs. @entity7 ), as were the proportion of mosquitoes infected and mean oocyst density (11.5% vs. 0.9%; 0.3 vs. 0.01; CQ vs. @entity7 ). Treatment failure was associated with threefold and twofold higher gametocyte carriage rates during follow-up in CQ and @entity7 groups, respectively (P<0.001 in both cases), and 26-fold and 2.3-fold higher intensity of infection at day 7 among CQ- and @entity7 -treated @entity0 , respectively (P=0.002 and 0.30, respectively). CONCLUSION: The benefits of adding @entity7 to CQ monotherapy in lowering gametocyte prevalence and density were transient, suggesting that the addition of @entity7 delayed, but did not prevent, the emergence of gametocytes. This is consistent with our finding that treatment failure, and thus the presence of CQ-resistant parasites, was significantly associated with a higher gametocyte carriage rate in both treatment groups. At day 7, CQ monotherapy significantly favoured transmission of resistant infections, which showed an 11-fold greater intensity of transmission compared with infections that were successfully treated. In contrast, the combination of @entity7 did not significantly favour resistant infections at day 7. We conclude that significant transmission-reduction is achieved by the combination but is not maintained because of the recrudescence of CQ-resistant parasites.

title: Addition of XXXX to @entity4 for treatment of @entity6 @entity1 in Gambian @entity0 causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Combination therapy using existing anti-malarials together with @entity5 ( @entity7 ) has been advocated as a method to slow the spread of drug resistance. We assessed the effect on @entity6 transmissibility of the addition of @entity7 to @entity4 (CQ) in an area of The Gambia where resistance to CQ is increasing. METHODS: Gambian @entity0 with acute uncomplicated @entity6 @entity1 were treated with either CQ monotherapy (n=120) or the combination of CQ plus three doses of @entity7 ( @entity7 ; n=352). Post-treatment @entity3 was assessed during a 4-week follow-up period. Experimental infections of @entity2 s.s. mosquitoes were performed with blood from @entity0 who were carrying gametocytes 7 days after starting treatment (n=69). RESULTS: The addition of @entity7 significantly reduced post-treatment prevalence and mean density of gametocytes in the first 14 days (day 7: 43.7% vs. 12.4%, 62.4/microl vs. 6.2/microl; day 14: 32.9% vs. 3.7%; 21.9/microl vs. 5.2/microl; CQ vs. @entity7 ), although by day 28 the benefits of the combination were substantially less marked (40.5% vs. 21.8%; 23.0/microl vs. 63.1/microl; CQ vs. @entity7 ). The duration of gametocyte carriage over the study period was significantly lower in the @entity7 group (5.2 days vs. 1.5 days; CQ vs. @entity7 ). The estimated infectious proportion of @entity0 at day 7 was also lower in the combination group (19.2% vs. 3.4%; CQ vs. @entity7 ), as were the proportion of mosquitoes infected and mean oocyst density (11.5% vs. 0.9%; 0.3 vs. 0.01; CQ vs. @entity7 ). Treatment failure was associated with threefold and twofold higher gametocyte carriage rates during follow-up in CQ and @entity7 groups, respectively (P<0.001 in both cases), and 26-fold and 2.3-fold higher intensity of infection at day 7 among CQ- and @entity7 -treated @entity0 , respectively (P=0.002 and 0.30, respectively). CONCLUSION: The benefits of adding @entity7 to CQ monotherapy in lowering gametocyte prevalence and density were transient, suggesting that the addition of @entity7 delayed, but did not prevent, the emergence of gametocytes. This is consistent with our finding that treatment failure, and thus the presence of CQ-resistant parasites, was significantly associated with a higher gametocyte carriage rate in both treatment groups. At day 7, CQ monotherapy significantly favoured transmission of resistant infections, which showed an 11-fold greater intensity of transmission compared with infections that were successfully treated. In contrast, the combination of @entity7 did not significantly favour resistant infections at day 7. We conclude that significant transmission-reduction is achieved by the combination but is not maintained because of the recrudescence of CQ-resistant parasites.

title: Addition of @entity5 to @entity4 for treatment of @entity6 XXXX in Gambian @entity0 causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Combination therapy using existing anti-malarials together with @entity5 ( @entity7 ) has been advocated as a method to slow the spread of drug resistance. We assessed the effect on @entity6 transmissibility of the addition of @entity7 to @entity4 (CQ) in an area of The Gambia where resistance to CQ is increasing. METHODS: Gambian @entity0 with acute uncomplicated @entity6 @entity1 were treated with either CQ monotherapy (n=120) or the combination of CQ plus three doses of @entity7 ( @entity7 ; n=352). Post-treatment @entity3 was assessed during a 4-week follow-up period. Experimental infections of @entity2 s.s. mosquitoes were performed with blood from @entity0 who were carrying gametocytes 7 days after starting treatment (n=69). RESULTS: The addition of @entity7 significantly reduced post-treatment prevalence and mean density of gametocytes in the first 14 days (day 7: 43.7% vs. 12.4%, 62.4/microl vs. 6.2/microl; day 14: 32.9% vs. 3.7%; 21.9/microl vs. 5.2/microl; CQ vs. @entity7 ), although by day 28 the benefits of the combination were substantially less marked (40.5% vs. 21.8%; 23.0/microl vs. 63.1/microl; CQ vs. @entity7 ). The duration of gametocyte carriage over the study period was significantly lower in the @entity7 group (5.2 days vs. 1.5 days; CQ vs. @entity7 ). The estimated infectious proportion of @entity0 at day 7 was also lower in the combination group (19.2% vs. 3.4%; CQ vs. @entity7 ), as were the proportion of mosquitoes infected and mean oocyst density (11.5% vs. 0.9%; 0.3 vs. 0.01; CQ vs. @entity7 ). Treatment failure was associated with threefold and twofold higher gametocyte carriage rates during follow-up in CQ and @entity7 groups, respectively (P<0.001 in both cases), and 26-fold and 2.3-fold higher intensity of infection at day 7 among CQ- and @entity7 -treated @entity0 , respectively (P=0.002 and 0.30, respectively). CONCLUSION: The benefits of adding @entity7 to CQ monotherapy in lowering gametocyte prevalence and density were transient, suggesting that the addition of @entity7 delayed, but did not prevent, the emergence of gametocytes. This is consistent with our finding that treatment failure, and thus the presence of CQ-resistant parasites, was significantly associated with a higher gametocyte carriage rate in both treatment groups. At day 7, CQ monotherapy significantly favoured transmission of resistant infections, which showed an 11-fold greater intensity of transmission compared with infections that were successfully treated. In contrast, the combination of @entity7 did not significantly favour resistant infections at day 7. We conclude that significant transmission-reduction is achieved by the combination but is not maintained because of the recrudescence of CQ-resistant parasites.

title: Addition of @entity5 to @entity4 for treatment of @entity6 @entity1 in Gambian XXXX causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity3 -based combination therapy (ACT) is one strategy recommended to increase cure rates in @entity1 and to contain resistance to @entity5 . In the Maheba refugee settlement, @entity0 aged 5 years or younger with a confirmed diagnosis of uncomplicated falciparum @entity1 are treated with the combination of @entity4 (1 day) and @entity2 (3 days). To measure treatment adherence, home visits were carried out the day after the last treatment dose. @entity0 who had any treatment dose left were considered certainly non-adherent. Other @entity0 ' classification was based on the answers to the questionnaire: @entity0 whose caretakers stated the @entity0 had received the treatment regimen exactly as prescribed were considered probably adherent; all other @entity0 were considered probably non-adherent. Reasons for non-adherence were assessed. We found 21.2% (95% CI [15.0-28.4]) of the @entity0 to be certainly non-adherent, 39.4% (95% CI [31.6-47.6]) probably non-adherent, and 39.4% (95% CI [31.6-47.6]) probably adherent. Insufficient explanation by the dispenser was identified as an important reason for non-adherence. When considering the use of ACT, the issue of @entity0 adherence remains challenging. However, it should not be used as an argument against the introduction of ACT. For these treatment regimens to remain efficacious on a long-term basis, specific and locally adapted strategies need to be implemented to ensure completion of the treatment.

title: Adherence to the combination of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and XXXX in the Maheba refugee settlement, Zambia.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify @entity0 with @entity1 (PWE) in our Zambian catchment area of 55,000 @entity0 . METHODS: A nine-item, previously validated screening instrument for detecting @entity1 in developing countries was forward-and-back translated into Chitonga. Early piloting indicated poor specificity among @entity0 , so three questions were added. Local census data were used to estimate the population at risk. Community health workers conducted screening interviews with household heads. All positive screens were referred for physician assessment. A blinded neurologist assessed a randomly selected subset (100 positives, 50 negatives) to determine screening instrument characteristics. RESULTS: We identified 799 @entity0 with possible @entity1 (unadjusted prevalence 14.5/1000). The adapted instrument exhibited 86% specificity (adjusted prevalence 12.5/1000). False positives occurred primarily among @entity0 who had experienced multiple @entity2 -associated @entity3 . Age-specific rates were highest for @entity0 aged 5-15 years (26.2/1000) and for @entity0 over 65 years (15.9/1000). Males were disproportionately represented (55.8%vs. 44.2%, P<0.05), although this trend reversed after childbearing age. CONCLUSION: Even using a relatively conservative definition, we identified almost 700 PWE. Use of the recommended epidemiological definitions would likely have yielded higher prevalence rates. The age-specific prevalence did not follow patterns described where @entity4 is the commonest cause of @entity1 . Trends in age- and gender-specific prevalence may offer a clue to the aetiology of @entity1 in this region.

title: XXXX prevalence in rural Zambia: a door-to-door survey.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We studied the @entity1 transmission dynamics in Kassena Nankana district (KND), a site in northern Ghana proposed for testing @entity1 vaccines. Intensive mosquito sampling for 1 year using @entity0 landing catches in three micro-ecological sites (irrigated, lowland and rocky highland) yielded 18 228 mosquitoes. @entity2 s.l. and @entity3 constituted 94.3% of the total collection with 76.8% captured from the irrigated communities. Other species collected but in relatively few numbers were Anopheles pharoensis (5.4%) and Anopheles rufipes (0.3%). Molecular analysis of 728 An. gambiae.s.l. identified @entity2 s.s. as the most dominant sibling species (97.7%) of the An. gambiae complex from the three ecological sites. Biting rates of the vectors (36.7 bites per @entity0 per night) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the irrigated area than in the non-irrigated lowland (5.2) and rocky highlands (5.9). @entity4 sporozoite rates of 7.2% (295/4075) and 7.1% (269/3773) were estimated for An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus, respectively. Transmission was highly seasonal, and the heaviest transmission occurred from June to October. The intensity of transmission was higher for @entity0 in the irrigated communities than the non-irrigated ones. An overall annual entomological inoculation rate (EIR) of 418 infective bites was estimated in KND. There were micro-ecological variations in the EIRs, with values of 228 infective bites in the rocky highlands, 360 in the lowlands and 630 in the irrigated area. Approximately 60% of @entity1 transmission in KND occurred indoors during the second half of the night, peaking at daybreak between 04.00 and 06.00 hours. Vaccine trials could be conducted in this district, with timing dependent on the seasonal patterns and intensity of transmission taking into consideration the micro-geographical differences and vaccine trial objectives.

title: Malaria transmission dynamics at a site in northern Ghana proposed for testing XXXX vaccines.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The antifolate drugs @entity14 and @entity9 are used for treatment of @entity5 -resistant @entity8 in Africa. Resistance to @entity9 has been associated with point mutations in the @entity11 -gene and resistance to @entity14 with mutations in the @entity15 -gene. There is concern that the use of the antifolates @entity2 and @entity3 for treatment of other @entity1 will result in the selection of @entity4 parasites with mutations in these genes. In Guinea-Bissau, where @entity10 and @entity2 -containing drugs have been used extensively, we decided to assess the prevalence of mutations in the @entity11 -and @entity15 -gene in @entity8 isolated from @entity0 suffering from @entity13 and to assess the resistance patterns to @entity2 / @entity3 in @entity6 isolated from the same @entity0 . A thick film and a blood sample for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained from 100 @entity0 attending the Bandim Health Centre in Bissau with symptoms compatible with @entity4 . Furthermore, a stool sample was collected from the same @entity0 and cultured for @entity6 . Of the cultured @entity6 , 67% were resistant both to @entity12 and @entity2 , 4% to @entity12 alone, 3% to @entity2 alone while 26% were fully sensitive to both drugs. PCR was successfully performed in 97 blood samples. Of these, 41% had triple mutations at the @entity11 -gene (at codons 51, 59 and 108), and 15% had triple mutations plus mutation at codon 437 in the @entity15 -gene. Only 45% harboured the wild-type @entity11 -gene. Thus both bacterial resistance and mutations in the parasitic genes were common, but not linked in the individual @entity0 . As @entity7 has only been used as a second line treatment for @entity5 resistant @entity4 in Guinea-Bissau for a few years, it is worrying to find a high prevalence of mutations in the parasitic genes coding for resistance to these drugs. Therefore, restricting the use of @entity7 for the treatment of @entity5 resistant @entity4 might not be sufficient to prevent the development of resistance in the parasites as long as antifolate drugs are used extensively.

title: Genetic markers of resistance to @entity9 and XXXX in @entity8 parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of @entity6 from the same @entity0 in Guinea-Bissau.

answer: @entity12


abstract: The antifolate drugs @entity14 and @entity9 are used for treatment of @entity5 -resistant @entity8 in Africa. Resistance to @entity9 has been associated with point mutations in the @entity11 -gene and resistance to @entity14 with mutations in the @entity15 -gene. There is concern that the use of the antifolates @entity2 and @entity3 for treatment of other @entity1 will result in the selection of @entity4 parasites with mutations in these genes. In Guinea-Bissau, where @entity10 and @entity2 -containing drugs have been used extensively, we decided to assess the prevalence of mutations in the @entity11 -and @entity15 -gene in @entity8 isolated from @entity0 suffering from @entity13 and to assess the resistance patterns to @entity2 / @entity3 in @entity6 isolated from the same @entity0 . A thick film and a blood sample for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained from 100 @entity0 attending the Bandim Health Centre in Bissau with symptoms compatible with @entity4 . Furthermore, a stool sample was collected from the same @entity0 and cultured for @entity6 . Of the cultured @entity6 , 67% were resistant both to @entity12 and @entity2 , 4% to @entity12 alone, 3% to @entity2 alone while 26% were fully sensitive to both drugs. PCR was successfully performed in 97 blood samples. Of these, 41% had triple mutations at the @entity11 -gene (at codons 51, 59 and 108), and 15% had triple mutations plus mutation at codon 437 in the @entity15 -gene. Only 45% harboured the wild-type @entity11 -gene. Thus both bacterial resistance and mutations in the parasitic genes were common, but not linked in the individual @entity0 . As @entity7 has only been used as a second line treatment for @entity5 resistant @entity4 in Guinea-Bissau for a few years, it is worrying to find a high prevalence of mutations in the parasitic genes coding for resistance to these drugs. Therefore, restricting the use of @entity7 for the treatment of @entity5 resistant @entity4 might not be sufficient to prevent the development of resistance in the parasites as long as antifolate drugs are used extensively.

title: Genetic markers of resistance to @entity9 and @entity12 in XXXX parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of @entity6 from the same @entity0 in Guinea-Bissau.

answer: @entity8


abstract: The antifolate drugs @entity14 and @entity9 are used for treatment of @entity5 -resistant @entity8 in Africa. Resistance to @entity9 has been associated with point mutations in the @entity11 -gene and resistance to @entity14 with mutations in the @entity15 -gene. There is concern that the use of the antifolates @entity2 and @entity3 for treatment of other @entity1 will result in the selection of @entity4 parasites with mutations in these genes. In Guinea-Bissau, where @entity10 and @entity2 -containing drugs have been used extensively, we decided to assess the prevalence of mutations in the @entity11 -and @entity15 -gene in @entity8 isolated from @entity0 suffering from @entity13 and to assess the resistance patterns to @entity2 / @entity3 in @entity6 isolated from the same @entity0 . A thick film and a blood sample for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained from 100 @entity0 attending the Bandim Health Centre in Bissau with symptoms compatible with @entity4 . Furthermore, a stool sample was collected from the same @entity0 and cultured for @entity6 . Of the cultured @entity6 , 67% were resistant both to @entity12 and @entity2 , 4% to @entity12 alone, 3% to @entity2 alone while 26% were fully sensitive to both drugs. PCR was successfully performed in 97 blood samples. Of these, 41% had triple mutations at the @entity11 -gene (at codons 51, 59 and 108), and 15% had triple mutations plus mutation at codon 437 in the @entity15 -gene. Only 45% harboured the wild-type @entity11 -gene. Thus both bacterial resistance and mutations in the parasitic genes were common, but not linked in the individual @entity0 . As @entity7 has only been used as a second line treatment for @entity5 resistant @entity4 in Guinea-Bissau for a few years, it is worrying to find a high prevalence of mutations in the parasitic genes coding for resistance to these drugs. Therefore, restricting the use of @entity7 for the treatment of @entity5 resistant @entity4 might not be sufficient to prevent the development of resistance in the parasites as long as antifolate drugs are used extensively.

title: Genetic markers of resistance to XXXX and @entity12 in @entity8 parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of @entity6 from the same @entity0 in Guinea-Bissau.

answer: @entity9


abstract: The antifolate drugs @entity14 and @entity9 are used for treatment of @entity5 -resistant @entity8 in Africa. Resistance to @entity9 has been associated with point mutations in the @entity11 -gene and resistance to @entity14 with mutations in the @entity15 -gene. There is concern that the use of the antifolates @entity2 and @entity3 for treatment of other @entity1 will result in the selection of @entity4 parasites with mutations in these genes. In Guinea-Bissau, where @entity10 and @entity2 -containing drugs have been used extensively, we decided to assess the prevalence of mutations in the @entity11 -and @entity15 -gene in @entity8 isolated from @entity0 suffering from @entity13 and to assess the resistance patterns to @entity2 / @entity3 in @entity6 isolated from the same @entity0 . A thick film and a blood sample for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained from 100 @entity0 attending the Bandim Health Centre in Bissau with symptoms compatible with @entity4 . Furthermore, a stool sample was collected from the same @entity0 and cultured for @entity6 . Of the cultured @entity6 , 67% were resistant both to @entity12 and @entity2 , 4% to @entity12 alone, 3% to @entity2 alone while 26% were fully sensitive to both drugs. PCR was successfully performed in 97 blood samples. Of these, 41% had triple mutations at the @entity11 -gene (at codons 51, 59 and 108), and 15% had triple mutations plus mutation at codon 437 in the @entity15 -gene. Only 45% harboured the wild-type @entity11 -gene. Thus both bacterial resistance and mutations in the parasitic genes were common, but not linked in the individual @entity0 . As @entity7 has only been used as a second line treatment for @entity5 resistant @entity4 in Guinea-Bissau for a few years, it is worrying to find a high prevalence of mutations in the parasitic genes coding for resistance to these drugs. Therefore, restricting the use of @entity7 for the treatment of @entity5 resistant @entity4 might not be sufficient to prevent the development of resistance in the parasites as long as antifolate drugs are used extensively.

title: Genetic markers of resistance to @entity9 and @entity12 in @entity8 parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of XXXX from the same @entity0 in Guinea-Bissau.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The antifolate drugs @entity14 and @entity9 are used for treatment of @entity5 -resistant @entity8 in Africa. Resistance to @entity9 has been associated with point mutations in the @entity11 -gene and resistance to @entity14 with mutations in the @entity15 -gene. There is concern that the use of the antifolates @entity2 and @entity3 for treatment of other @entity1 will result in the selection of @entity4 parasites with mutations in these genes. In Guinea-Bissau, where @entity10 and @entity2 -containing drugs have been used extensively, we decided to assess the prevalence of mutations in the @entity11 -and @entity15 -gene in @entity8 isolated from @entity0 suffering from @entity13 and to assess the resistance patterns to @entity2 / @entity3 in @entity6 isolated from the same @entity0 . A thick film and a blood sample for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained from 100 @entity0 attending the Bandim Health Centre in Bissau with symptoms compatible with @entity4 . Furthermore, a stool sample was collected from the same @entity0 and cultured for @entity6 . Of the cultured @entity6 , 67% were resistant both to @entity12 and @entity2 , 4% to @entity12 alone, 3% to @entity2 alone while 26% were fully sensitive to both drugs. PCR was successfully performed in 97 blood samples. Of these, 41% had triple mutations at the @entity11 -gene (at codons 51, 59 and 108), and 15% had triple mutations plus mutation at codon 437 in the @entity15 -gene. Only 45% harboured the wild-type @entity11 -gene. Thus both bacterial resistance and mutations in the parasitic genes were common, but not linked in the individual @entity0 . As @entity7 has only been used as a second line treatment for @entity5 resistant @entity4 in Guinea-Bissau for a few years, it is worrying to find a high prevalence of mutations in the parasitic genes coding for resistance to these drugs. Therefore, restricting the use of @entity7 for the treatment of @entity5 resistant @entity4 might not be sufficient to prevent the development of resistance in the parasites as long as antifolate drugs are used extensively.

title: Genetic markers of resistance to @entity9 and @entity12 in @entity8 parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of @entity6 from the same XXXX in Guinea-Bissau.

answer: @entity0