abstract: 1. Disposition kinetics of @entity2 were studied in @entity1 @entity3 following intravenous and/or intramuscular injection in a single dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. In addition, the tissue distribution and residual pattern of the drug were determined in diseased @entity0 . 2. The maximum serum concentration of @entity2 in control healthy and infected @entity0 was reached 1 hour after intramuscular injection but the peak concentration in control @entity0 was higher than in infected birds. 3. The volume of distribution, total body clearance and systemic bioavailability were higher in infected @entity0 than in control birds 5.15 l/kg, 10.24 ml/kg/min and 73.03% respectively. Data relating to intravenous injection were analysed using a 2 compartment open model curve fit. 4. @entity2 was not detected in the serum of infected @entity0 on the 7th day following intramuscular administration of 30 mg/kg body weight twice daily for 5 successive days but was detected in kidney, bile and liver.

title: Pharmacokinetics of XXXX in normal and Pasteurella-infected @entity3 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: 1. Disposition kinetics of @entity2 were studied in @entity1 @entity3 following intravenous and/or intramuscular injection in a single dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. In addition, the tissue distribution and residual pattern of the drug were determined in diseased @entity0 . 2. The maximum serum concentration of @entity2 in control healthy and infected @entity0 was reached 1 hour after intramuscular injection but the peak concentration in control @entity0 was higher than in infected birds. 3. The volume of distribution, total body clearance and systemic bioavailability were higher in infected @entity0 than in control birds 5.15 l/kg, 10.24 ml/kg/min and 73.03% respectively. Data relating to intravenous injection were analysed using a 2 compartment open model curve fit. 4. @entity2 was not detected in the serum of infected @entity0 on the 7th day following intramuscular administration of 30 mg/kg body weight twice daily for 5 successive days but was detected in kidney, bile and liver.

title: Pharmacokinetics of @entity2 in normal and Pasteurella-infected XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To estimate the extent to which changes in blood pressure, smoking, and serum @entity2 concentration explain the observed increase in socioeconomic differences in mortality from @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in Finland during the past 20 years. DESIGN: Predicted changes in mortality from @entity3 were calculated using logistic regression models with the risk factor levels assessed by cross sectional population surveys conducted in 1972, 1977, 1982, and 1987. The subjects included @entity1 workers and farmers. The predicted changes were compared with the observed mortality changes in the same socioeconomic groups in the total population of the same geographical area. SETTING: North Karelia and Kuopio provinces, eastern Finland. @entity0 : 16,741 @entity0 and 16,389 @entity0 aged 30-59 randomly drawn from the population registers of the study areas. Mortality data were obtained from the total population in the same areas. MAIN RESULTS: In @entity0 , the changes in diastolic blood pressure, total serum @entity2 , and smoking predicted a 28% decline in the mortality from @entity3 among @entity1 , a 30% decline among blue collar workers, and a 33% decline in farmers. Observed declines in the same socioeconomic groups were 61%, 40%, and 37%, respectively. In @entity0 , the predicted decline was 41% among @entity1 , 35% among blue collar workers, and 39% among farmers. The respective observed declines were 57%, 43%, and 20%. CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of the decline in @entity3 mortality among white collar @entity0 was explained by the risk factor changes, while they explained 75% of the decline among blue collar @entity0 and 89% of the decline among male farmers. Changes in risk factors did not explain the increasing difference in @entity3 mortality between the socioeconomic groups, especially among @entity0 .

title: Do changes in cardiovascular risk factors explain the increasing socioeconomic difference in mortality from XXXX in Finland?

answer: @entity3


abstract: The susceptibility of three anopheline mosquitoes, Anopheles minimus Theobald, An. sinensis Wiedemann, and An. saperoi Bohart _ Ingram, from the Ryukyu Archipelago to the rodent @entity1 , @entity2 nigeriense was examined to find new vectors other than An. stephensi Liston for rodent @entity1 studies in the laboratory. The survival rate of the mosquitoes after feeding on @entity0 infected with P. y. nigeriense was also examined. The Beech strain of An. stephensi from India was compared with An. minimus from Ishigaki Island, and An. sinensis and An. saperoi from Okinawa Island. Oocysts were first found on day 3 after feeding on @entity0 infected with P. y. nigeriense in An. stephensi, on day 4 in An. minimus and An. saperoi, and day 6 in An. sinensis. From 8 to 14 d after feeding on @entity1 -positive @entity0 , oocysts were present in 97.2-100% of An. stephensi, 85.7-100% of An. saperoi, 20-74.1% of An. minimus, and 12.5-13.3% of An. sinensis. The duration of oocyst occurrence in An. saperoi was 55 d, the longest among the anopheline mosquitoes used in this study. On day 8 after feeding, sporozoites were found in the salivary glands and heads of all the mosquitoes tested. From the 10th to 16th d, sporozoites were present in the salivary glands of 14.9% (range, 9.1-28.0%) of An. minimus, 47.3% (40.7-58.1) of An. saperoi, and 96.2% (94.1-97.2) of An. stephensi, but were absent in An. sinensis. Anopheles saperoi could be an excellent vector of P. y. nigeriense because it has comparatively high susceptibility and high longevity even after feeding on infected @entity0 .

title: Susceptibility of the mosquitoes Anopheles minimus, An. sinensis, and An. saperoi (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, to the rodent @entity1 XXXX nigeriense.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The susceptibility of three anopheline mosquitoes, Anopheles minimus Theobald, An. sinensis Wiedemann, and An. saperoi Bohart _ Ingram, from the Ryukyu Archipelago to the rodent @entity1 , @entity2 nigeriense was examined to find new vectors other than An. stephensi Liston for rodent @entity1 studies in the laboratory. The survival rate of the mosquitoes after feeding on @entity0 infected with P. y. nigeriense was also examined. The Beech strain of An. stephensi from India was compared with An. minimus from Ishigaki Island, and An. sinensis and An. saperoi from Okinawa Island. Oocysts were first found on day 3 after feeding on @entity0 infected with P. y. nigeriense in An. stephensi, on day 4 in An. minimus and An. saperoi, and day 6 in An. sinensis. From 8 to 14 d after feeding on @entity1 -positive @entity0 , oocysts were present in 97.2-100% of An. stephensi, 85.7-100% of An. saperoi, 20-74.1% of An. minimus, and 12.5-13.3% of An. sinensis. The duration of oocyst occurrence in An. saperoi was 55 d, the longest among the anopheline mosquitoes used in this study. On day 8 after feeding, sporozoites were found in the salivary glands and heads of all the mosquitoes tested. From the 10th to 16th d, sporozoites were present in the salivary glands of 14.9% (range, 9.1-28.0%) of An. minimus, 47.3% (40.7-58.1) of An. saperoi, and 96.2% (94.1-97.2) of An. stephensi, but were absent in An. sinensis. Anopheles saperoi could be an excellent vector of P. y. nigeriense because it has comparatively high susceptibility and high longevity even after feeding on infected @entity0 .

title: Susceptibility of the mosquitoes Anopheles minimus, An. sinensis, and An. saperoi (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, to the rodent XXXX @entity2 nigeriense.

answer: @entity1


abstract: SETTING: The Hong Kong Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong. OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in the rate and clinical manifestations of @entity2 in Hong Kong. DESIGN: Notification rates of @entity2 during the past five decades were obtained from the Hong Kong Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong. In addition, all @entity0 registered with the Chest Service for treatment of @entity2 in 1996 were studied. RESULTS: The rate of @entity2 during the past five decades was consistently higher in @entity0 than in @entity0 , irrespective of age group. The sex difference in rates was highest among those aged over 60 years. In 1996, a higher proportion of @entity0 had @entity3 than @entity0 ; the main site of involvement was the lymph nodes. More @entity0 completed treatment at 12 months and fewer @entity0 missed treatment appointments. A higher proportion of @entity0 had @entity1 that was more extensive, a history of previous default from treatment and co-morbid illnesses. CONCLUSION: There are sex differences in the rates and clinical manifestations of @entity2 in Hong Kong. Study of sex differences is essential for targeting prevention programmes at groups at higher risk.

title: Sex differences in XXXX in Hong Kong.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the clinical features in @entity0 presenting with @entity6 after the fifth decade and to analyze laboratory findings in comparison to @entity2 history and clinical data. DESIGN: Prospective consecutive observational case series. METHODS: A prospective clinical analysis of 27 consecutive @entity0 older than 50 years of age with primary or recurrent @entity6 was performed during a period of 8 years. These cases account for 12% of all @entity6 cases irrespective of age indexed in our institution during the same period. Paired serum and @entity5 samples were tested for anti- @entity3 gondii IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies. The presence of @entity3 DNA in @entity5 was determined by polymerase chain reaction followed by DNA hydridization method. RESULTS: Although similar in age, two groups were distinguished clinically: 12 @entity0 (44%) presented with usual forms of retinochoroiditis (mean +/- SD, 1.6 +/- 0.5 disk areas [DA] in size); 15 @entity0 (56%) presented with @entity1 , greater than 3 DA in size (mean +/- SD, 5.0 +/- 2.0 DA). The second group showed a higher rate of complications (P =.028) and a poorer visual outcome (P =.015). Twenty-four @entity0 (89%) had intraocular IgG production, 17 (63%) had intraocular IgA production, 3 (11%) had intraocular IgM production, and 12 (44%) had a positive @entity3 DNA detection. CONCLUSIONS: After the fifth decade, @entity6 remains an important cause of posterior @entity2 . The combination of antibody detection by immunocapture tests with @entity3 DNA detection, both in @entity5 , allowed the diagnosis of toxoplasmic infection in the atypical cases with @entity4 .

title: XXXX after the fifth decade.

answer: @entity6


abstract: This investigation addresses the question whether @entity0 with mild to moderate @entity2 ( @entity2 ) show @entity1 in real-life settings. Therefore, a "search through"-locomotor task incorporating basic features of both the radial arm maze and the Morris water maze paradigms was used. The @entity0 had to find and remember five out of twenty hidden locations within a completely controlled environment. Different spatial memory errors and inter-response intervals were recorded automatically. Fourteen @entity0 with idiopathic @entity2 and fourteen healthy controls matched for age, sex, handedness, and education were investigated. @entity0 and controls were widely comparable with respect to intelligence, verbal memory, and executive functions. Results show that performance deteriorated in about half of the @entity0 if the starting position was moved by 90 degrees and the proximal cues were deleted simultaneously. This deficit was systematically related to specific measures of attention. Moreover, @entity0 were less able to update their locomotor strategies towards a more effective strategy. Results are discussed with respect to the @entity0 's inability to generate rules which can be flexibly used in changing environments, especially if proximal cues are removed. It is concluded that deficits in spatial behaviour can be elicited even in near-to-real-life situations if appropriate testing procedures are used.

title: Spatial behaviour is driven by proximal cues even in mildly XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: the clinical course of @entity7 associated with craniocervical @entity2 is variable. About half of the unoperated @entity0 have benign course. This is difficult to explain on the basis of the present pathogenetic theories. Therefore, to understand the mechanism of syrinx progression better, we studied the value of syrinx size, syrinx morphology, and the syrinx/spinal cord size ratio in predicting the rate of progression and the severity of @entity5 in these @entity0 . METHODS: 103 adult @entity0 with @entity7 associated with Chiari 1 @entity4 and/or radiographic signs of underdeveloped posterior cranial fossa were clinically and MRI examined. @entity0 were subdivided according to the type of disease progression. Severity of @entity1 , and MRI features (the extent of @entity3 , anteroposterior diameter of cavities, the spinal cord and cyst/cord ratio and the shape of cavities) were measured. RESULTS: a significant relationship was found between the mid-sagittal diameter of the syrinxes and the type of disease course; @entity0 with short duration and rapid progression had the largest diameters of cavities, whereas @entity0 with longer duration as well as with slow rate of progression had smaller diameters (chi(2)=28.90, P<0.05; chi(2)=29.89, P<0.01; r=-0.24, P<0.05). In addition, a correlation was found between the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal cord and cyst/cord ratio and the disease duration (r=0.52, P<0.05 and r=0.48, P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: the initial years for the development of symptomatic @entity7 associated with CCJ malformations are characterized by relatively rapid clinical progression accompanied with distended cavities. In the later periods of unoperated @entity7 , some @entity0 show delay in the progress of syrinxes accompanied with @entity6 , probably either due to a spontaneous formation of drainage between the syrinx and the subarachnoidal space, or due to the restoration of abnormal CSF dynamics at the CCJ level.

title: Syrinx size and duration of symptoms predict the pace of progressive XXXX : retrospective analysis of 103 unoperated cases with @entity4 and @entity7 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: the clinical course of @entity7 associated with craniocervical @entity2 is variable. About half of the unoperated @entity0 have benign course. This is difficult to explain on the basis of the present pathogenetic theories. Therefore, to understand the mechanism of syrinx progression better, we studied the value of syrinx size, syrinx morphology, and the syrinx/spinal cord size ratio in predicting the rate of progression and the severity of @entity5 in these @entity0 . METHODS: 103 adult @entity0 with @entity7 associated with Chiari 1 @entity4 and/or radiographic signs of underdeveloped posterior cranial fossa were clinically and MRI examined. @entity0 were subdivided according to the type of disease progression. Severity of @entity1 , and MRI features (the extent of @entity3 , anteroposterior diameter of cavities, the spinal cord and cyst/cord ratio and the shape of cavities) were measured. RESULTS: a significant relationship was found between the mid-sagittal diameter of the syrinxes and the type of disease course; @entity0 with short duration and rapid progression had the largest diameters of cavities, whereas @entity0 with longer duration as well as with slow rate of progression had smaller diameters (chi(2)=28.90, P<0.05; chi(2)=29.89, P<0.01; r=-0.24, P<0.05). In addition, a correlation was found between the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal cord and cyst/cord ratio and the disease duration (r=0.52, P<0.05 and r=0.48, P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: the initial years for the development of symptomatic @entity7 associated with CCJ malformations are characterized by relatively rapid clinical progression accompanied with distended cavities. In the later periods of unoperated @entity7 , some @entity0 show delay in the progress of syrinxes accompanied with @entity6 , probably either due to a spontaneous formation of drainage between the syrinx and the subarachnoidal space, or due to the restoration of abnormal CSF dynamics at the CCJ level.

title: Syrinx size and duration of symptoms predict the pace of progressive @entity5 : retrospective analysis of 103 unoperated cases with @entity4 and XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: the clinical course of @entity7 associated with craniocervical @entity2 is variable. About half of the unoperated @entity0 have benign course. This is difficult to explain on the basis of the present pathogenetic theories. Therefore, to understand the mechanism of syrinx progression better, we studied the value of syrinx size, syrinx morphology, and the syrinx/spinal cord size ratio in predicting the rate of progression and the severity of @entity5 in these @entity0 . METHODS: 103 adult @entity0 with @entity7 associated with Chiari 1 @entity4 and/or radiographic signs of underdeveloped posterior cranial fossa were clinically and MRI examined. @entity0 were subdivided according to the type of disease progression. Severity of @entity1 , and MRI features (the extent of @entity3 , anteroposterior diameter of cavities, the spinal cord and cyst/cord ratio and the shape of cavities) were measured. RESULTS: a significant relationship was found between the mid-sagittal diameter of the syrinxes and the type of disease course; @entity0 with short duration and rapid progression had the largest diameters of cavities, whereas @entity0 with longer duration as well as with slow rate of progression had smaller diameters (chi(2)=28.90, P<0.05; chi(2)=29.89, P<0.01; r=-0.24, P<0.05). In addition, a correlation was found between the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal cord and cyst/cord ratio and the disease duration (r=0.52, P<0.05 and r=0.48, P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: the initial years for the development of symptomatic @entity7 associated with CCJ malformations are characterized by relatively rapid clinical progression accompanied with distended cavities. In the later periods of unoperated @entity7 , some @entity0 show delay in the progress of syrinxes accompanied with @entity6 , probably either due to a spontaneous formation of drainage between the syrinx and the subarachnoidal space, or due to the restoration of abnormal CSF dynamics at the CCJ level.

title: Syrinx size and duration of symptoms predict the pace of progressive @entity5 : retrospective analysis of 103 unoperated cases with XXXX and @entity7 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate safety and efficacy of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) creation for hepatic hydrothorax (HHyd). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one @entity0 underwent @entity2 creation for HHyd. A prospective @entity2 database and medical records were reviewed. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were recorded as complete (symptom/effusion resolution), partial (improved symptoms/effusion), or none. Data patterns were examined with chi(2) tests and Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: @entity0 included 12 @entity0 and nine @entity0 , with a mean age of 56 years, all with @entity0 class B (n = 7) or C (n = 14) disease. The technical success rate was 100%. Mean follow-up was 223 days. Twenty-nine percent (six of 21) died within 30 days of @entity2 creation, 10% (two of 21) underwent transplantation within 30 days, and 62% (13 of 21) survived beyond 30 days. Data were incomplete in two @entity0 . Clinical response was classified as complete in 63% (12 of 19), partial in 11% (two of 19), and none in 26% (five of 19). Radiographic response was classified as complete in 30% (six of 20), partial in 50% (10 of 20), and none in 20% (four of 20). Nonresponders had @entity1 , and all but one died within 30 days. However, of the 13 @entity0 surviving longer than 30 days, 10 (77%) had a complete clinical response. CONCLUSION: @entity2 is a relatively safe and effective method of controlling HHyd. The majority of @entity0 experienced improvement or resolution of clinical symptoms with a variable reduction in the quantity of pleural fluid. There was a tendency among nonresponders to die within 30 days.

title: Safety and efficacy of XXXX creation for the treatment of hepatic hydrothorax.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to establish the clinical, genetic, metabolic, and immunologic risk factors for the progression of the albumin excretion rate (AER) in normoalbuminuric @entity8 @entity0 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We recruited 108 @entity8 @entity0 with normal AER after a @entity1 duration of 9 years to participate in a prospective 9-year follow-up. In addition to conventional clinical and metabolic variables, we assessed microvascular ( @entity6 , @entity2 , @entity3 ) and macrovascular ( @entity4 , @entity7 ) @entity9 , genetic markers (HLA genotypes), and organ-specific autoimmune markers, including islet cell antibodies. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors of progression of AER. RESULTS: A total of 21 @entity0 (19%) died during the follow-up. There was an overrepresentation of @entity0 (61 vs. 39%; P = 0.044) and smokers (55 vs. 27%; P = 0.01) in @entity0 who progressed to micro- or macroalbuminuria versus those who did not progress. In addition, progressors had higher fasting plasma @entity5 (P = 0.002) and @entity10 (P = 0.0002) concentrations at baseline than did nonprogressors. @entity3 was more often seen in progressors than in nonprogressors at baseline (53 vs. 16%; P = 0.0004). Frequency of HLA genotypes and autoimmune markers did not differ between progressors and nonprogressors. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, @entity10 (P = 0.0005) and a history of smoking (P = 0.011) were independent predictors of progression of AER. CONCLUSIONS: This study reemphasizes the importance of poor glycemic control and smoking as independent risk factors for progression of AER. Furthermore, development of micro- or macroalbuminuria in @entity8 was associated with @entity3 and male sex.

title: Predictors of progression from normoalbuminuria to microalbuminuria in XXXX .

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the surgical findings and subsequent therapeutic implications of posterior fossa reexploration for persistent or recurrent @entity4 ( @entity4 ) or hemifacial @entity2 (HFS) after failed microvascular decompression (MVD). METHODS: Between December 1975 and October 1996, the senior author performed 31 reexplorations for failure or recurrence after MVD: 23 for @entity4 and 8 for HFS. Records were analyzed retrospectively for evidence of @entity3 in primary and secondary operations, other pertinent intraoperative findings, intraoperative therapeutic interventions, and postoperative results and complications. RESULTS: The previously placed @entity5 foam (Ivalon sponge; Unipoint Industries, High Point, NC) or Teflon implant (Teflon felt; CR Bard, Inc., Bard Implants Division, Billerica, MA) was found to be in good position in 100% of the @entity0 (31 of 31 @entity0 ). New @entity3 from an arterial source was found in three @entity0 during posterior fossa reexploration: one with @entity4 and two with HFS. New @entity3 from a venous source was observed in one @entity0 with HFS. A scarred Ivalon sponge or Teflon implant with apparent mass effect on the nerve root was identified in seven reexplorations. One bony source of compression was seen. No new compressive elements or other sources of root irritation were appreciated in 61% of reexplorations. Partial sensory trigeminal rhizotomy was performed in 83% of reexplorations for persistent or recurrent @entity4 . Of eight @entity0 undergoing reexploration for persistent or recurrent HFS, six sustained complications. CONCLUSION: Recurrent @entity3 was seldom identified during posterior fossa reexploration for failed MVD in @entity0 with persistent or recurrent @entity4 or HFS. The previously placed Ivalon sponge or Teflon implant was consistently found to be in good position. Partial sensory trigeminal rhizotomy is an often effective alternative in cases of recurrent @entity1 is not identified. However, because of the relatively high incidence of complications associated with reexploration, we recommend other ablative or medical treatments for most @entity0 after failed MVD for @entity4 or HFS.

title: Posterior fossa reexploration for persistent or recurrent XXXX or hemifacial @entity2 : surgical findings and therapeutic implications.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the surgical findings and subsequent therapeutic implications of posterior fossa reexploration for persistent or recurrent @entity4 ( @entity4 ) or hemifacial @entity2 (HFS) after failed microvascular decompression (MVD). METHODS: Between December 1975 and October 1996, the senior author performed 31 reexplorations for failure or recurrence after MVD: 23 for @entity4 and 8 for HFS. Records were analyzed retrospectively for evidence of @entity3 in primary and secondary operations, other pertinent intraoperative findings, intraoperative therapeutic interventions, and postoperative results and complications. RESULTS: The previously placed @entity5 foam (Ivalon sponge; Unipoint Industries, High Point, NC) or Teflon implant (Teflon felt; CR Bard, Inc., Bard Implants Division, Billerica, MA) was found to be in good position in 100% of the @entity0 (31 of 31 @entity0 ). New @entity3 from an arterial source was found in three @entity0 during posterior fossa reexploration: one with @entity4 and two with HFS. New @entity3 from a venous source was observed in one @entity0 with HFS. A scarred Ivalon sponge or Teflon implant with apparent mass effect on the nerve root was identified in seven reexplorations. One bony source of compression was seen. No new compressive elements or other sources of root irritation were appreciated in 61% of reexplorations. Partial sensory trigeminal rhizotomy was performed in 83% of reexplorations for persistent or recurrent @entity4 . Of eight @entity0 undergoing reexploration for persistent or recurrent HFS, six sustained complications. CONCLUSION: Recurrent @entity3 was seldom identified during posterior fossa reexploration for failed MVD in @entity0 with persistent or recurrent @entity4 or HFS. The previously placed Ivalon sponge or Teflon implant was consistently found to be in good position. Partial sensory trigeminal rhizotomy is an often effective alternative in cases of recurrent @entity1 is not identified. However, because of the relatively high incidence of complications associated with reexploration, we recommend other ablative or medical treatments for most @entity0 after failed MVD for @entity4 or HFS.

title: Posterior fossa reexploration for persistent or recurrent @entity4 or hemifacial XXXX : surgical findings and therapeutic implications.

answer: @entity2


abstract: To understand the factors specifically affecting tRNA nuclear export, we adapted in situ hybridization procedures to locate endogenous levels of individual tRNA families in wild-type and mutant @entity1 cells. Our studies of tRNAs encoded by genes lacking introns show that nucleoporin @entity5 affects both poly(A) RNA and tRNA export, whereas @entity4 affects only poly(A) RNA export. @entity6 is similar to exportin-t, which facilitates vertebrate tRNA export. A @entity6 deletion mutation affects tRNA but not poly(A) RNA export. The data support the notion that @entity6 and exportin-t are functional homologues. Because @entity6 is nonessential, tRNA export in vertebrate and @entity1 cells likely involves factors in addition to exportin-t. Mutation of @entity2 , which encodes RanGAP, causes nuclear accumulation of tRNAs and poly(A) RNA. Many @entity1 mutants, including those with the @entity3 mutation, affect both pre-tRNA splicing and RNA export. Our studies of the location of intron-containing pre-tRNAs in the @entity3 mutant rule out the possibility that this results from tRNA export occurring before splicing. Our results also argue against @entity0 causing defects in pre-tRNA splicing. Rather, the data support "feedback" of nucleus/cytosol exchange to the pre-tRNA splicing machinery.

title: tRNA nuclear export in XXXX : in situ hybridization analysis.

answer: @entity1


abstract: To confirm whether sex-linked genes of the @entity3 are dosage compensated or not, we investigated three RAPDs and one RFLP marker which have been mapped to the Z chromosome as candidate genes to test for dosage compensation. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that one of the RAPDs, T15.180a, is transcribed into several mRNAs in the embryo, midgut, Malpighian tubule, testis and ovary. Southern blot analysis revealed that T15.180a is present at one copy in the genome. Sequence data showed that T15.180a contained two open-reading frames (ORFs) separated by an intron of 605 bp. These ORFs encoded a possible polypeptide of 445 @entity2 containing the @entity1 cluster. These results suggested that T15.180a is part of a functional gene on the Z chromosome of the @entity3 . We have called this gene T15, and compared its transcriptional level between males and females. Northern blot analysis showed that the level of T15 mRNA in males was twice that of females. For a more precise analysis, the levels of transcription from both alleles of T15 ( @entity4 , @entity5 ) were measured by the single- @entity0 primer extension (SNuPE) assay. The results indicated that the amount of transcription from each T15 allele in both sexes (male, @entity4 / @entity5 ; female, @entity4 /W) was equivalent. All the results suggest that sex-linked genes in the @entity3 are not dosage compensated.

title: Absence of dosage compensation at the transcription level of a sex-linked gene in a female heterogametic insect, XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Profound @entity11 is used for @entity8 during cardiovascular operations. Cold retrograde cerebral perfusion enhances cerebral protection during @entity8 . This study examines the results of @entity8 under moderate systemic @entity11 and cold retrograde cerebral perfusion. METHODS: @entity8 under moderate systemic @entity11 (nasopharyngeal temperatures of 19 degrees to 28 degrees C, mean of 23 degrees C) and cold (10 degrees C) retrograde cerebral perfusion were employed in 104 consecutive @entity0 for operation on the proximal aorta (103 @entity0 ) or for a @entity1 invading the heart (1 @entity0 ). Aortic operations consisted of replacement of the entire transverse arch in 49 @entity0 , hemiarch in 16, ascending aorta in 37, and an extraanatomic aortic bypass in 1. Most @entity0 (83%) also had other procedures such as coronary artery bypass or an aortic valve operation. Sixteen @entity0 had had previous aortic operations. The mean @entity8 time was 27 minutes (range, 6 to 105 minutes). RESULTS: There were eight in-hospital deaths. @entity9 , @entity7 , and previous aortic operations were independent predictors of operative mortality. There were eight @entity3 ; clinical assessment and computed tomographic scans of the brain suggested that the @entity3 were embolic in 6 @entity0 . @entity6 /laminated thrombi in the aorta and the duration of @entity8 were independent predictors of @entity3 . Four @entity0 had @entity4 without @entity2 . No @entity0 had development of @entity5 or @entity10 . CONCLUSIONS: Systemic @entity11 of 23 degrees C (nasopharyngeal) and cold retrograde cerebral perfusion (10 degrees C) appear to be safe for @entity8 times of less than 30 minutes. This strategy of cerebral protection may also be adequate for longer @entity8 times.

title: @entity8 under moderate systemic XXXX and cold retrograde cerebral perfusion.

answer: @entity11


abstract: BACKGROUND: Profound @entity11 is used for @entity8 during cardiovascular operations. Cold retrograde cerebral perfusion enhances cerebral protection during @entity8 . This study examines the results of @entity8 under moderate systemic @entity11 and cold retrograde cerebral perfusion. METHODS: @entity8 under moderate systemic @entity11 (nasopharyngeal temperatures of 19 degrees to 28 degrees C, mean of 23 degrees C) and cold (10 degrees C) retrograde cerebral perfusion were employed in 104 consecutive @entity0 for operation on the proximal aorta (103 @entity0 ) or for a @entity1 invading the heart (1 @entity0 ). Aortic operations consisted of replacement of the entire transverse arch in 49 @entity0 , hemiarch in 16, ascending aorta in 37, and an extraanatomic aortic bypass in 1. Most @entity0 (83%) also had other procedures such as coronary artery bypass or an aortic valve operation. Sixteen @entity0 had had previous aortic operations. The mean @entity8 time was 27 minutes (range, 6 to 105 minutes). RESULTS: There were eight in-hospital deaths. @entity9 , @entity7 , and previous aortic operations were independent predictors of operative mortality. There were eight @entity3 ; clinical assessment and computed tomographic scans of the brain suggested that the @entity3 were embolic in 6 @entity0 . @entity6 /laminated thrombi in the aorta and the duration of @entity8 were independent predictors of @entity3 . Four @entity0 had @entity4 without @entity2 . No @entity0 had development of @entity5 or @entity10 . CONCLUSIONS: Systemic @entity11 of 23 degrees C (nasopharyngeal) and cold retrograde cerebral perfusion (10 degrees C) appear to be safe for @entity8 times of less than 30 minutes. This strategy of cerebral protection may also be adequate for longer @entity8 times.

title: XXXX under moderate systemic @entity11 and cold retrograde cerebral perfusion.

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND: Catheter-induced @entity2 is a well-recognized complication of invasive monitoring, but the risk has not diminished. Although commonly associated with cardiopulmonary bypass, @entity1 also occur in intensive care. Definitive proof requires pulmonary angiography or autopsy. Many cases are never reported, and @entity1 are probably under-diagnosed. METHODS: Seven cases fulfilling accepted diagnostic criteria discovered over 2 years are described in four groups illustrating the common modes of presentation: hemoptysis with @entity3 , @entity5 , delayed recurrent @entity4 , and @entity4 with cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: One @entity0 had a planned elective operation deferred. Four @entity0 were being monitored in intensive care. Two of them died of @entity2 . Two other @entity0 had @entity4 on weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. One settled with conservative treatment, the other survived after extracorporeal life support. Recognition and management are discussed, emphasizing means of avoiding pulmonary resection. CONCLUSIONS: Catheter-induced @entity2 is unavoidable. Constant awareness is essential. A plan of management is presented. Extracorporeal life support may help to avoid pulmonary resection. Early pulmonary angiography is advocated for accurate diagnosis and to enable treatment by embolization.

title: Recognition and management of catheter-induced XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The risk of @entity2 surgery in @entity0 of advanced age, i.e. 75 years or older, was analysed by reviewing 119 consecutive @entity0 from August 1986 to May 1998 with @entity3 (n = 87), pulmonary @entity1 (n = 22), @entity7 and @entity5 (n = 7) and mediastinal or chest wall @entity2 (n = 3). Repeated surgery in one case of @entity3 and in another of @entity1 gave a total of 124 operations. Of the @entity0 , 22 were 80 years or older (21%) and 32% were female. The median age was 77 years (range 75-87 years). Six fatalities occurred within 30 days or during hospitalization. This corresponds to a 4.8% mortality for the whole series and 6.8% for the subgroup of @entity3 . The causes of @entity4 were surgical complications in two @entity0 , one died from @entity6 after simultaneous combined coronary artery bypass grafting and left lower lobectomy 2 hours after the operation from @entity6 refractory to resuscitation. With this exception all these @entity0 had stage II (n = 2) or stage III A (n = 3) @entity3 . It is concluded that @entity2 surgery in the elderly is safe provided appropriate selection is observed. Indications should be very restrictive for advanced @entity2 and for pneumonectomy.

title: XXXX surgery in the elderly.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Although laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a safe and minimally invasive alternative to open surgery, the long-term disease-free outcome of this procedure has not been reported. We evaluated our experience with the laparoscopic management of @entity3 to assess the clinical efficacy of this surgical modality. METHODS: Between February 1991 and June 1997, 157 @entity0 at five institutions were retrospectively identified who had clinically localized, pathologically confirmed, @entity3 and had undergone laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. Operative and clinical records were reviewed to determine morbidity, disease-free status, and @entity2 -specific survival. Of the @entity0 followed up for at least 12 months (n = 101), 75% had an abdominal computed tomography scan at their last visit. RESULTS: The mean age at surgery was 61 years (range 27 to 92) and all @entity0 were clinical Stage T1-2,NO,MO. Fifteen @entity0 (9.6%) had perioperative complications. During a mean follow-up of 19.2 months (range 1 to 72; 51 @entity0 with 2 years or more of follow-up), no @entity0 developed a laparoscopic port site or renal fossa @entity2 recurrence. Four @entity0 developed @entity1 , and 1 @entity0 developed a local recurrence. The 5-year actuarial disease-free rate was 91%+/-4.8 (SE). At last follow-up, there were no @entity2 -specific mortalities. CONCLUSIONS: The laparoscopic surgical management of @entity3 is feasible. Short-term results indicate that laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is not associated with an increased risk of port site or retroperitoneal recurrence. Longer follow-up is necessary to compare long-term survival and disease-free rates with those of open surgery.

title: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for XXXX : evaluation of efficacy and safety: a multicenter experience.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Many @entity0 with negative prostate biopsies and persistently elevated serum total @entity3 (tPSA) values will have @entity1 detected on a repeated biopsy. An important issue is whether the @entity1 would have been detected on the initial biopsy had more biopsy samples been obtained. The objective of our study was to retrospectively characterize the clinical and pathologic @entity1 features associated with @entity0 who underwent sextant core biopsies compared with @entity0 who needed more than six core biopsies during one or more biopsy sessions to detect @entity2 . Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-estimated prostatic volume was evaluated to determine whether the number of biopsy cores needed for @entity2 detection was influenced by gland size. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the number of biopsy core samples obtained in 185 @entity0 (mean age 63+/-6 years) enrolled in our PSA-based screening study for @entity2 who were found to have @entity2 and elected radical prostatectomy as treatment. Correlation coefficients were calculated and univariate analyses were performed to evaluate clinical (age, tPSA, TRUS volume, PSA density) and pathologic (Gleason score, pathologic weight, organ confinement, "possibly harmless" @entity1 ) characteristics associated with @entity0 who required more biopsy cores to detect the @entity1 . RESULTS: Of the 185 @entity0 , 103 (56%) had 6 or fewer total biopsy cores taken and 82 (44%) had more than 6 cores (44 [24%] of 185 had 7 to 12 cores and 38 [20%] of 185 had 13 or more cores). There was a positive correlation between age, serum tPSA, TRUS-determined prostate volume, and pathologic specimen weight and an increasing number of total cores (all P values < 0.05). The number of biopsy cores was not associated with PSA density, Gleason score, @entity1 volume, organ confinement, or "possibly harmless" @entity1 (all P values > 0.05). @entity0 with a TRUS volume 30 cc or less (46%) required a mean of 8 total cores to detect the @entity1 compared with a mean of 11 cores (P = 0.003) in @entity0 with a TRUS volume greater than 30 cc (54%). A greater percentage of @entity0 with a TRUS prostate volume greater than 30 cc compared with @entity0 whose volume was 30 cc or less would have had their @entity1 missed with only a six-core biopsy (64% versus 46%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Sextant core biopsies may be @entity2 in some @entity0 . These data support the performance of more than six core biopsies to detect clinical @entity2 . A prospective trial using TRUS-determined prostate volume to determine the number of cores to take is needed to accurately assess this issue.

title: Clinical and pathologic @entity1 characteristics of XXXX as a function of the number of biopsy cores: a retrospective study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Many @entity0 with negative prostate biopsies and persistently elevated serum total @entity3 (tPSA) values will have @entity1 detected on a repeated biopsy. An important issue is whether the @entity1 would have been detected on the initial biopsy had more biopsy samples been obtained. The objective of our study was to retrospectively characterize the clinical and pathologic @entity1 features associated with @entity0 who underwent sextant core biopsies compared with @entity0 who needed more than six core biopsies during one or more biopsy sessions to detect @entity2 . Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-estimated prostatic volume was evaluated to determine whether the number of biopsy cores needed for @entity2 detection was influenced by gland size. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the number of biopsy core samples obtained in 185 @entity0 (mean age 63+/-6 years) enrolled in our PSA-based screening study for @entity2 who were found to have @entity2 and elected radical prostatectomy as treatment. Correlation coefficients were calculated and univariate analyses were performed to evaluate clinical (age, tPSA, TRUS volume, PSA density) and pathologic (Gleason score, pathologic weight, organ confinement, "possibly harmless" @entity1 ) characteristics associated with @entity0 who required more biopsy cores to detect the @entity1 . RESULTS: Of the 185 @entity0 , 103 (56%) had 6 or fewer total biopsy cores taken and 82 (44%) had more than 6 cores (44 [24%] of 185 had 7 to 12 cores and 38 [20%] of 185 had 13 or more cores). There was a positive correlation between age, serum tPSA, TRUS-determined prostate volume, and pathologic specimen weight and an increasing number of total cores (all P values < 0.05). The number of biopsy cores was not associated with PSA density, Gleason score, @entity1 volume, organ confinement, or "possibly harmless" @entity1 (all P values > 0.05). @entity0 with a TRUS volume 30 cc or less (46%) required a mean of 8 total cores to detect the @entity1 compared with a mean of 11 cores (P = 0.003) in @entity0 with a TRUS volume greater than 30 cc (54%). A greater percentage of @entity0 with a TRUS prostate volume greater than 30 cc compared with @entity0 whose volume was 30 cc or less would have had their @entity1 missed with only a six-core biopsy (64% versus 46%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Sextant core biopsies may be @entity2 in some @entity0 . These data support the performance of more than six core biopsies to detect clinical @entity2 . A prospective trial using TRUS-determined prostate volume to determine the number of cores to take is needed to accurately assess this issue.

title: Clinical and pathologic XXXX characteristics of @entity2 as a function of the number of biopsy cores: a retrospective study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: AIMS: To ascertain if a relationship between @entity6 ( @entity7 ) and @entity4 proteins exists in sporadic @entity2 . METHODS: Fifty consecutive colectomy specimens for @entity2 in @entity0 over the age of 50 and with no family history of @entity1 in the bowel were examined for immunoexpression of @entity7 and @entity4 proteins. These findings were then related to clinicopathological findings. Commercially available monoclonal antibodies to @entity7 and @entity4 were used on @entity3 -fixed, @entity5 -embedded tissue. RESULTS: The most intense @entity7 immunoexpression was detected in well-differentiated, @entity1 . On the other hand, @entity4 expression was most intense in poorly differentiated, @entity1 . No statistically significant associations were noted with immunoexpression and age, gender or site of lesion. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that there is an inverse relationship between @entity7 and @entity4 protein expression in a proportion of sporadic @entity2 . Twelve @entity1 which showed low levels of @entity7 showed high levels of @entity4 protein. Similarly, seven @entity1 with high @entity7 levels displayed low @entity4 expression. In terms of immunohistochemical profile, @entity4 -high/ @entity7 -low @entity1 tended to be poorly differentiated and have advanced stage @entity1 .

title: @entity6 and XXXX protein expression in sporadic @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: AIMS: To ascertain if a relationship between @entity6 ( @entity7 ) and @entity4 proteins exists in sporadic @entity2 . METHODS: Fifty consecutive colectomy specimens for @entity2 in @entity0 over the age of 50 and with no family history of @entity1 in the bowel were examined for immunoexpression of @entity7 and @entity4 proteins. These findings were then related to clinicopathological findings. Commercially available monoclonal antibodies to @entity7 and @entity4 were used on @entity3 -fixed, @entity5 -embedded tissue. RESULTS: The most intense @entity7 immunoexpression was detected in well-differentiated, @entity1 . On the other hand, @entity4 expression was most intense in poorly differentiated, @entity1 . No statistically significant associations were noted with immunoexpression and age, gender or site of lesion. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that there is an inverse relationship between @entity7 and @entity4 protein expression in a proportion of sporadic @entity2 . Twelve @entity1 which showed low levels of @entity7 showed high levels of @entity4 protein. Similarly, seven @entity1 with high @entity7 levels displayed low @entity4 expression. In terms of immunohistochemical profile, @entity4 -high/ @entity7 -low @entity1 tended to be poorly differentiated and have advanced stage @entity1 .

title: @entity6 and @entity4 protein expression in sporadic XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: AIMS: To ascertain if a relationship between @entity6 ( @entity7 ) and @entity4 proteins exists in sporadic @entity2 . METHODS: Fifty consecutive colectomy specimens for @entity2 in @entity0 over the age of 50 and with no family history of @entity1 in the bowel were examined for immunoexpression of @entity7 and @entity4 proteins. These findings were then related to clinicopathological findings. Commercially available monoclonal antibodies to @entity7 and @entity4 were used on @entity3 -fixed, @entity5 -embedded tissue. RESULTS: The most intense @entity7 immunoexpression was detected in well-differentiated, @entity1 . On the other hand, @entity4 expression was most intense in poorly differentiated, @entity1 . No statistically significant associations were noted with immunoexpression and age, gender or site of lesion. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that there is an inverse relationship between @entity7 and @entity4 protein expression in a proportion of sporadic @entity2 . Twelve @entity1 which showed low levels of @entity7 showed high levels of @entity4 protein. Similarly, seven @entity1 with high @entity7 levels displayed low @entity4 expression. In terms of immunohistochemical profile, @entity4 -high/ @entity7 -low @entity1 tended to be poorly differentiated and have advanced stage @entity1 .

title: XXXX and @entity4 protein expression in sporadic @entity2 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: We studied the role of @entity9 C isoform @entity5 in @entity2 ( @entity10 ) formation, as well as in the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway induced by anticancer drugs in @entity0 ( @entity0 ) cells. @entity3 and @entity1 induced @entity10 formation and apoptosis in @entity5 -positive LNCaP and DU145 cells but not in @entity5 -negative LN-TPA or @entity0 -3 cells. In contrast, these drugs induced mitotic cell cycle arrest in all @entity0 cell lines. Treatment with @entity8 , a specific @entity5 inhibitor, significantly inhibited drug-induced @entity10 formation and apoptosis in LNCaP cells, as did overexpression of dominant negative-type @entity5 . Overexpression of wild-type @entity5 had an opposite effect in @entity0 -3 cells. Notably, @entity3 induced biphasic @entity10 formation in LNCaP cells. The early and transient @entity10 increase resulted from de novo @entity10 synthesis, while the late and sustained @entity10 accumulation was derived from @entity4 hydrolysis by @entity11 ( @entity11 ). @entity10 , in turn, induced mitochondrial translocation of @entity5 and stimulated the activity of this kinase, promoting @entity6 release and @entity7 activation. Furthermore, the specific @entity7 inhibitor LEHD-fmk significantly inhibited @entity3 -induced @entity11 activation, @entity10 accumulation, and @entity5 mitochondrial translocation. These results indicate that @entity5 plays a crucial role in activating anticancer drug-induced apoptosis signaling by amplifying the @entity10 -mediated mitochondrial amplification loop.

title: @entity9 Cdelta amplifies XXXX formation via mitochondrial signaling in @entity0 cells.

answer: @entity2


abstract: We studied the role of @entity9 C isoform @entity5 in @entity2 ( @entity10 ) formation, as well as in the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway induced by anticancer drugs in @entity0 ( @entity0 ) cells. @entity3 and @entity1 induced @entity10 formation and apoptosis in @entity5 -positive LNCaP and DU145 cells but not in @entity5 -negative LN-TPA or @entity0 -3 cells. In contrast, these drugs induced mitotic cell cycle arrest in all @entity0 cell lines. Treatment with @entity8 , a specific @entity5 inhibitor, significantly inhibited drug-induced @entity10 formation and apoptosis in LNCaP cells, as did overexpression of dominant negative-type @entity5 . Overexpression of wild-type @entity5 had an opposite effect in @entity0 -3 cells. Notably, @entity3 induced biphasic @entity10 formation in LNCaP cells. The early and transient @entity10 increase resulted from de novo @entity10 synthesis, while the late and sustained @entity10 accumulation was derived from @entity4 hydrolysis by @entity11 ( @entity11 ). @entity10 , in turn, induced mitochondrial translocation of @entity5 and stimulated the activity of this kinase, promoting @entity6 release and @entity7 activation. Furthermore, the specific @entity7 inhibitor LEHD-fmk significantly inhibited @entity3 -induced @entity11 activation, @entity10 accumulation, and @entity5 mitochondrial translocation. These results indicate that @entity5 plays a crucial role in activating anticancer drug-induced apoptosis signaling by amplifying the @entity10 -mediated mitochondrial amplification loop.

title: @entity9 Cdelta amplifies @entity2 formation via mitochondrial signaling in XXXX cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: We studied the role of @entity9 C isoform @entity5 in @entity2 ( @entity10 ) formation, as well as in the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway induced by anticancer drugs in @entity0 ( @entity0 ) cells. @entity3 and @entity1 induced @entity10 formation and apoptosis in @entity5 -positive LNCaP and DU145 cells but not in @entity5 -negative LN-TPA or @entity0 -3 cells. In contrast, these drugs induced mitotic cell cycle arrest in all @entity0 cell lines. Treatment with @entity8 , a specific @entity5 inhibitor, significantly inhibited drug-induced @entity10 formation and apoptosis in LNCaP cells, as did overexpression of dominant negative-type @entity5 . Overexpression of wild-type @entity5 had an opposite effect in @entity0 -3 cells. Notably, @entity3 induced biphasic @entity10 formation in LNCaP cells. The early and transient @entity10 increase resulted from de novo @entity10 synthesis, while the late and sustained @entity10 accumulation was derived from @entity4 hydrolysis by @entity11 ( @entity11 ). @entity10 , in turn, induced mitochondrial translocation of @entity5 and stimulated the activity of this kinase, promoting @entity6 release and @entity7 activation. Furthermore, the specific @entity7 inhibitor LEHD-fmk significantly inhibited @entity3 -induced @entity11 activation, @entity10 accumulation, and @entity5 mitochondrial translocation. These results indicate that @entity5 plays a crucial role in activating anticancer drug-induced apoptosis signaling by amplifying the @entity10 -mediated mitochondrial amplification loop.

title: XXXX Cdelta amplifies @entity2 formation via mitochondrial signaling in @entity0 cells.

answer: @entity9


abstract: BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) following blunt @entity1 is still unknown. Accordingly, in this prospective study in a regional @entity1 center we investigated the acute and long-term clinical significance of @entity2 . METHODS: One-hundred eighteen @entity0 with manifest or suspected blunt @entity1 were evaluated for @entity3 . Initial assessment was based on results of electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and serial enzyme measurements. A follow-up (FU) assessment conducted at 3 and 12 months, respectively, was performed using electrocardiography, echocardiography, and a bicycle ergometry exercise test. RESULTS: Of the 118 @entity0 in the total sample, 67 (56.8%) required admission to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) because of the severity of their noncardiac injuries. Fourteen @entity0 of the total sample (11.8%) were diagnosed with @entity2 and 13 of these (92.9%) belonged to the intensive care admissions, thus representing an incidence of 19.4% in this @entity0 group. During the hospitalization period none of the @entity0 with @entity2 experienced acute @entity3 . Eighty-six @entity0 (72.0%) were assessed at FU. No new pathologies were found except in one @entity0 . Exercise testing revealed no ECG abnormalities and none of the @entity0 experienced limitations on the bicycle ergometer due to a cardiac cause. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of 19.7% of @entity2 in our @entity0 with blunt @entity4 requiring intensive care treatment indicates that this condition is frequent in polytraumatized @entity0 . Outcome and prognosis in @entity0 with @entity2 is favorable and, thus, routine cardiac work-up is not indicated. Specific diagnostic and therapeutic measures should be limited to cases where @entity3 develop.

title: Acute and long-term clinical significance of XXXX following blunt @entity1 : results of a prospective study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) following blunt @entity1 is still unknown. Accordingly, in this prospective study in a regional @entity1 center we investigated the acute and long-term clinical significance of @entity2 . METHODS: One-hundred eighteen @entity0 with manifest or suspected blunt @entity1 were evaluated for @entity3 . Initial assessment was based on results of electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and serial enzyme measurements. A follow-up (FU) assessment conducted at 3 and 12 months, respectively, was performed using electrocardiography, echocardiography, and a bicycle ergometry exercise test. RESULTS: Of the 118 @entity0 in the total sample, 67 (56.8%) required admission to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) because of the severity of their noncardiac injuries. Fourteen @entity0 of the total sample (11.8%) were diagnosed with @entity2 and 13 of these (92.9%) belonged to the intensive care admissions, thus representing an incidence of 19.4% in this @entity0 group. During the hospitalization period none of the @entity0 with @entity2 experienced acute @entity3 . Eighty-six @entity0 (72.0%) were assessed at FU. No new pathologies were found except in one @entity0 . Exercise testing revealed no ECG abnormalities and none of the @entity0 experienced limitations on the bicycle ergometer due to a cardiac cause. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of 19.7% of @entity2 in our @entity0 with blunt @entity4 requiring intensive care treatment indicates that this condition is frequent in polytraumatized @entity0 . Outcome and prognosis in @entity0 with @entity2 is favorable and, thus, routine cardiac work-up is not indicated. Specific diagnostic and therapeutic measures should be limited to cases where @entity3 develop.

title: Acute and long-term clinical significance of @entity2 following blunt XXXX : results of a prospective study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Femoral caput @entity1 is an actual therapeutic problem, because it appears mainly in mid-aged @entity0 . The @entity1 focus is most often localized in the proximal and ventral parts of the femoral bone capitulum, which, from the biomechanical point of view is the most loaded part. These cases can be possibly treated by transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy. By means of this operation we rotate the @entity1 focus to the less loaded part of the joint in correlation with the acetabulum. PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to inform about a rarely performed operation after Sugioka: transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy in coincidence with @entity4 of the femoral bone caput. We would like to point to the possibility of a joint-saving operation, which enables to postpone implantation of total endoprosthesis to older age. METHODS: We analyzed the operational therapy performed at our department in the period 1998-2000, focusing especially on joint-saving operations due to femoral caput @entity1 . We turned our attention to transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy after Sugioka. In four casuistics, we describe the results of these operations. RESULTS: @entity3 was performed in 12 @entity0 . The treatment is described in four casuistics. The results after 1-3 years are good. The illness has not progressed in any of @entity0 , @entity2 has regressed, mobility improved and it was not necessary to implant total endoprosthesis. CONCLUSION: We consider the transtrochanteric rotational osteootomy, section after Sugioka, as one of the possible treatments in mid-aged @entity0 . Our effort is to perform joint-saving operations in order to postpone the implantation of total endoprosthesis. (Fig. 10, Ref. 13.)

title: XXXX , section after Sugioka.

answer: @entity3


abstract: We studied the natural history of extruded lumbar intervertebral discs using MRI. Forty-nine @entity0 with @entity2 were included in this study. Ages ranged from 19 to 57. On the T2-weighted sagittal MR image, the signal intensity in the herniated mass was measured and the ratio to that in the original nucleus (i.e., nucleus pulposus from which they extruded) was calculated (signal intensity ratio; SIR). The relationship with SIR and duration of illness was evaluated. In ten @entity0 who were re-examined by MRI after conservative treatment, the size of the herniation measured by T1-weighted axial MR image was compared before and after treatment. The signal intensity of HNP became higher than that of the original nucleus immediately following herniation and thereafter decreased with time, suggesting that initial hydration of the HNP occurred shortly after herniation followed by @entity3 . The size of the HNP with a SIR value of 1.2 and higher on T2-weighted MR images decrease with time, however, the HNP with a SIR below 1.2 did not show any size reduction. The SIR of 1.2 and higher is a good indicator predicting @entity1 . @entity3 in the HNP may play an important role in the reduction of the @entity2 .

title: Natural history of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is being increasingly used in general practice. There is at present little published evidence regarding the clinical utility of ABPM in the care of @entity0 with established @entity1 in this setting. We examined this issue by undertaking ABPM in a group of @entity0 with established @entity1 . 40 @entity0 (aged 33-60 years) currently being treated for @entity1 were randomly selected from a general practice list and underwent a single 24-hour ABPM study. ABPM values were compared with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) values obtained on the day of monitoring together with previous readings taken by the general practitioner (GP). In the case of mean arterial pressure, 24-hour, awake and asleep ABPM values were found to underestimate @entity2 values by 14 mmHg (95% confidence interval 11-16 mmHg), 9 mmHg (95% C16-12 mmHg) and 24 mmHg (95% CI 21-27 mmHg), respectively. When used to classify blood pressure control, ABPM values produced equivalent results to @entity2 except by the criterion of BP load, for which 24-hour ABPM showed a higher rate of unsatisfactory control. 5 @entity0 classified by @entity2 to have satisfactory BP control according to current international guidelines were found to have unsatisfactory BP control by ABPM. This study demonstrates the potential value of ABPM in @entity0 with essential @entity1 in a general practice setting. ABPM provided information over and above that obtained by @entity2 in a substantial proportion of @entity0 .

title: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for XXXX in general practice.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity0 with @entity3 complain of physical and mental @entity2 that is worsened by exertion. It was predicted that the cognitive and motor responses to vigorous exercise in @entity0 with @entity3 would differ from those in @entity1 and healthy controls. METHODS: Ten @entity0 with @entity3 , 10 with @entity1 , and 10 healthy controls completed cognitive and muscle strength testing before and after a treadmill exercise test. Measures of cardiovascular functioning and perceived effort, @entity2 , and mood were taken during each stage of testing. RESULTS: Depressed @entity0 performed worst on cognitive tests at baseline. During the treadmill test, @entity0 with @entity3 had higher ratings of perceived effort and @entity2 than both control groups, whereas @entity0 with @entity1 reported lower mood. After exertion, @entity0 with @entity3 showed a greater decrease than healthy controls on everyday tests of focused (p=0.02) and sustained (p=0.001) attention, as well as greater deterioration than @entity1 @entity0 on the focused attention task (p=0.03). No between group differences were found in cardiovascular or symptom measures taken during the cognitive testing. CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 with @entity3 show a specific sensitivity to the effects of exertion on effortful cognitive functioning. This occurs despite subjective and objective evidence of effort allocation in @entity3 , suggesting that @entity0 have reduced working memory capacity, or a greater demand to monitor cognitive processes, or both. Further insight into the pathophysiology of the core complaints in @entity3 is likely to be realised by studying the effects of exercise on other aspects of everyday functioning.

title: Effects of exercise on cognitive and motor function in @entity3 and XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity0 with @entity3 complain of physical and mental @entity2 that is worsened by exertion. It was predicted that the cognitive and motor responses to vigorous exercise in @entity0 with @entity3 would differ from those in @entity1 and healthy controls. METHODS: Ten @entity0 with @entity3 , 10 with @entity1 , and 10 healthy controls completed cognitive and muscle strength testing before and after a treadmill exercise test. Measures of cardiovascular functioning and perceived effort, @entity2 , and mood were taken during each stage of testing. RESULTS: Depressed @entity0 performed worst on cognitive tests at baseline. During the treadmill test, @entity0 with @entity3 had higher ratings of perceived effort and @entity2 than both control groups, whereas @entity0 with @entity1 reported lower mood. After exertion, @entity0 with @entity3 showed a greater decrease than healthy controls on everyday tests of focused (p=0.02) and sustained (p=0.001) attention, as well as greater deterioration than @entity1 @entity0 on the focused attention task (p=0.03). No between group differences were found in cardiovascular or symptom measures taken during the cognitive testing. CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 with @entity3 show a specific sensitivity to the effects of exertion on effortful cognitive functioning. This occurs despite subjective and objective evidence of effort allocation in @entity3 , suggesting that @entity0 have reduced working memory capacity, or a greater demand to monitor cognitive processes, or both. Further insight into the pathophysiology of the core complaints in @entity3 is likely to be realised by studying the effects of exercise on other aspects of everyday functioning.

title: Effects of exercise on cognitive and motor function in XXXX and @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Prenatal exposure to @entity6 ( @entity7 ) has been associated with the subsequent development of reproductive tract abnormalities, including poor reproductive outcome and @entity1 , in experimental animals and @entity0 . Experimental animal studies with chemical carcinogens have raised the possibility that adverse effects of @entity7 may be transmitted to succeeding generations. To evaluate this possibility and to determine if there is a sensitive window of developmental exposure, outbred @entity5 @entity2 were treated with @entity7 during three stages of development: group 1 was treated on days 9-16 of gestation (2.5, 5 or 10 microg/kg maternal body wt), the time of major organogenesis; group II was treated once on day 18 of gestation (1000 microg/kg maternal body wt) just prior to birth; group III was treated on days 1-5 of neonatal life (0.002 microg/pup/day). Female @entity2 (F1) in each group were raised to sexual @entity4 and bred to control males. As previously reported, fertility of the F1 @entity7 -exposed females was decreased in all groups. Female offspring ( @entity7 lineage or F2) from these matings were raised to @entity4 and housed with control males for 20 weeks. The fertility of these @entity7 lineage female @entity2 was not affected by @entity7 exposure of their 'grandmothers'. @entity7 lineage @entity2 were killed at 17-19 and 22-24 months of age. An increased incidence of @entity1 , including uterine @entity3 , was seen in @entity7 lineage @entity2 but not in corresponding controls; the range and prevalence of @entity1 increased with age. Because uterine @entity3 were seen in all three @entity7 groups, all developmental exposure periods were considered susceptible to the adverse effects of @entity7 . These data suggest that the reduced fertility observed in the @entity7 F1 female @entity2 was not transmitted to their descendants; however, increased susceptibility to @entity1 formation is apparently transmitted to subsequent generations.

title: Increased @entity1 but uncompromised fertility in the female descendants of @entity2 exposed developmentally to XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Prenatal exposure to @entity6 ( @entity7 ) has been associated with the subsequent development of reproductive tract abnormalities, including poor reproductive outcome and @entity1 , in experimental animals and @entity0 . Experimental animal studies with chemical carcinogens have raised the possibility that adverse effects of @entity7 may be transmitted to succeeding generations. To evaluate this possibility and to determine if there is a sensitive window of developmental exposure, outbred @entity5 @entity2 were treated with @entity7 during three stages of development: group 1 was treated on days 9-16 of gestation (2.5, 5 or 10 microg/kg maternal body wt), the time of major organogenesis; group II was treated once on day 18 of gestation (1000 microg/kg maternal body wt) just prior to birth; group III was treated on days 1-5 of neonatal life (0.002 microg/pup/day). Female @entity2 (F1) in each group were raised to sexual @entity4 and bred to control males. As previously reported, fertility of the F1 @entity7 -exposed females was decreased in all groups. Female offspring ( @entity7 lineage or F2) from these matings were raised to @entity4 and housed with control males for 20 weeks. The fertility of these @entity7 lineage female @entity2 was not affected by @entity7 exposure of their 'grandmothers'. @entity7 lineage @entity2 were killed at 17-19 and 22-24 months of age. An increased incidence of @entity1 , including uterine @entity3 , was seen in @entity7 lineage @entity2 but not in corresponding controls; the range and prevalence of @entity1 increased with age. Because uterine @entity3 were seen in all three @entity7 groups, all developmental exposure periods were considered susceptible to the adverse effects of @entity7 . These data suggest that the reduced fertility observed in the @entity7 F1 female @entity2 was not transmitted to their descendants; however, increased susceptibility to @entity1 formation is apparently transmitted to subsequent generations.

title: Increased XXXX but uncompromised fertility in the female descendants of @entity2 exposed developmentally to @entity6 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Prenatal exposure to @entity6 ( @entity7 ) has been associated with the subsequent development of reproductive tract abnormalities, including poor reproductive outcome and @entity1 , in experimental animals and @entity0 . Experimental animal studies with chemical carcinogens have raised the possibility that adverse effects of @entity7 may be transmitted to succeeding generations. To evaluate this possibility and to determine if there is a sensitive window of developmental exposure, outbred @entity5 @entity2 were treated with @entity7 during three stages of development: group 1 was treated on days 9-16 of gestation (2.5, 5 or 10 microg/kg maternal body wt), the time of major organogenesis; group II was treated once on day 18 of gestation (1000 microg/kg maternal body wt) just prior to birth; group III was treated on days 1-5 of neonatal life (0.002 microg/pup/day). Female @entity2 (F1) in each group were raised to sexual @entity4 and bred to control males. As previously reported, fertility of the F1 @entity7 -exposed females was decreased in all groups. Female offspring ( @entity7 lineage or F2) from these matings were raised to @entity4 and housed with control males for 20 weeks. The fertility of these @entity7 lineage female @entity2 was not affected by @entity7 exposure of their 'grandmothers'. @entity7 lineage @entity2 were killed at 17-19 and 22-24 months of age. An increased incidence of @entity1 , including uterine @entity3 , was seen in @entity7 lineage @entity2 but not in corresponding controls; the range and prevalence of @entity1 increased with age. Because uterine @entity3 were seen in all three @entity7 groups, all developmental exposure periods were considered susceptible to the adverse effects of @entity7 . These data suggest that the reduced fertility observed in the @entity7 F1 female @entity2 was not transmitted to their descendants; however, increased susceptibility to @entity1 formation is apparently transmitted to subsequent generations.

title: Increased @entity1 but uncompromised fertility in the female descendants of XXXX exposed developmentally to @entity6 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform a cost analysis of different strategies of long term antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous @entity2 (SBP) in @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 . The study involved a cost analysis using a decision analysis model and @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 who are at risk for developing SBP. METHODS: Two different strategies of antibiotic prophylaxis were compared with a "no prophylaxis" strategy in @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 using a decision analysis model. In strategy I, antibiotic prophylaxis was administered in all @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 and in strategy II, @entity0 were stratified into a low risk and a high risk group on the basis of serum @entity3 and ascitic fluid protein levels; only @entity0 in the high risk group received antibiotic prophylaxis. The cost per @entity0 treated for 1 yr was the outcome measure compared in the different strategies. Clinical input probabilities and ranges used were obtained by searching the MEDLINE database for English language articles. Cost estimates were obtained from a university hospital setting. Cost analysis was done with a societal perspective, and only direct costs were taken into account. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of variations in the key clinical probabilities and cost estimates ranging from a best case to a worst case scenario on the outcome measure. RESULTS: The estimated cost per @entity0 treated in strategy I, strategy II, and strategy III (the strategy of "no prophylaxis") were  1311,  1123, and  3509, respectively. Over a broad range of clinical and cost variables, the strategy of risk stratification and restriction of antibiotic prophylaxis to the subgroup of @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 who were at high risk for SBP (as identified by serum @entity3 >2.5 mg/dl and ascitic fluid protein <1 g/dl) was the most favored strategy. However, when the cost of prophylaxis was low or the probability of a primary episode of SBP was at the lower end of the range reported in the literature, administering antibiotic prophylaxis to all @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 was the least costly strategy. CONCLUSION: This cost analysis indicates that antibiotic prophylaxis particularly when restricted to a subgroup of @entity0 who, by simple laboratory parameters, are identified to be at high risk for SBP, is very cost-effective in the prevention of SBP in @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 .

title: A cost analysis of long term antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous @entity2 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform a cost analysis of different strategies of long term antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous @entity2 (SBP) in @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 . The study involved a cost analysis using a decision analysis model and @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 who are at risk for developing SBP. METHODS: Two different strategies of antibiotic prophylaxis were compared with a "no prophylaxis" strategy in @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 using a decision analysis model. In strategy I, antibiotic prophylaxis was administered in all @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 and in strategy II, @entity0 were stratified into a low risk and a high risk group on the basis of serum @entity3 and ascitic fluid protein levels; only @entity0 in the high risk group received antibiotic prophylaxis. The cost per @entity0 treated for 1 yr was the outcome measure compared in the different strategies. Clinical input probabilities and ranges used were obtained by searching the MEDLINE database for English language articles. Cost estimates were obtained from a university hospital setting. Cost analysis was done with a societal perspective, and only direct costs were taken into account. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of variations in the key clinical probabilities and cost estimates ranging from a best case to a worst case scenario on the outcome measure. RESULTS: The estimated cost per @entity0 treated in strategy I, strategy II, and strategy III (the strategy of "no prophylaxis") were  1311,  1123, and  3509, respectively. Over a broad range of clinical and cost variables, the strategy of risk stratification and restriction of antibiotic prophylaxis to the subgroup of @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 who were at high risk for SBP (as identified by serum @entity3 >2.5 mg/dl and ascitic fluid protein <1 g/dl) was the most favored strategy. However, when the cost of prophylaxis was low or the probability of a primary episode of SBP was at the lower end of the range reported in the literature, administering antibiotic prophylaxis to all @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 was the least costly strategy. CONCLUSION: This cost analysis indicates that antibiotic prophylaxis particularly when restricted to a subgroup of @entity0 who, by simple laboratory parameters, are identified to be at high risk for SBP, is very cost-effective in the prevention of SBP in @entity0 with @entity1 and @entity4 .

title: A cost analysis of long term antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous XXXX in @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Recordings were made in the peroneal nerve of healthy volunteer subjects from @entity1 ( @entity1 ) nociceptors (n=25) with their receptive fields in the skin on the dorsum of the foot. The investigation focused on afferent single @entity3 activity induced by short (200 ms) high-intensity @entity2 -laser light pulses projected to localized spots of the skin. Cutaneous heat stimulation with the @entity2 laser, 2-3 times the activation threshold, induced inter-burst spike frequencies in the nerve, reaching 50 Hz, while mechanical stimulation 10-20 times threshold only evoked frequencies reaching 10 Hz. The decrease in conduction velocity of action potentials in the @entity3 afferents following mechanical and heat stimulation was closely related to the degree of activation. Following a laser pulse of 200 ms, a spike pattern with highly reproducible inter-spike intervals was evoked with a fast saturation. On the contrary, a high variability in the number of action potentials evoked by both heat and mechanical stimuli was found, depending on the location of stimuli within the receptive field. A relation between the conduction velocity and the peak firing within the spike train following laser stimulation was detected. Heat and mechanical stimulation activated single C-fibers in matching spots within the same skin areas, in line with the assumption that the two modalities in the @entity1 -fibers share matching morphological cutaneous substrates. No correlation was found in thresholds or excitability to mechanical and heat stimulation, respectively. This suggests that subsets of receptors exist within nerve endings of the cutaneous receptive fields, with the ability to generate action potentials independent of heat and mechanical stimuli. Unexpectedly, no signs of sensitization or other inflammatory responses were observed after repeated laser pulses; on the contrary, a rapidly developing fatigue was observed when single spots were repeatedly stimulated. However, no fatigue was observed if neighboring spots were stimulated, indicating a localized generator of the fatigue. In each subject, a good correlation was observed between the reported @entity0 sensation and the activity evoked in the afferent C-fibers by the laser. However, the magnitude of the reported @entity0 sensation to comparable degrees of @entity3 activation showed a high variability between different subjects. A fairly good subjective estimate of the afferent-fiber activation was observed when skin spots from 3- down to 1-mm diameter were stimulated. In a few individuals, no @entity0 sensation was reported when the stimulated spots were reduced to 1-mm diameter, despite the occurrence of multiple spikes in single @entity3 afferents, amplifying the importance of spatial summation in the perception of @entity0 .

title: Recordings of polymodal single @entity3 nociceptive afferents following mechanical and XXXX -laser heat stimulation of human skin.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Recordings were made in the peroneal nerve of healthy volunteer subjects from @entity1 ( @entity1 ) nociceptors (n=25) with their receptive fields in the skin on the dorsum of the foot. The investigation focused on afferent single @entity3 activity induced by short (200 ms) high-intensity @entity2 -laser light pulses projected to localized spots of the skin. Cutaneous heat stimulation with the @entity2 laser, 2-3 times the activation threshold, induced inter-burst spike frequencies in the nerve, reaching 50 Hz, while mechanical stimulation 10-20 times threshold only evoked frequencies reaching 10 Hz. The decrease in conduction velocity of action potentials in the @entity3 afferents following mechanical and heat stimulation was closely related to the degree of activation. Following a laser pulse of 200 ms, a spike pattern with highly reproducible inter-spike intervals was evoked with a fast saturation. On the contrary, a high variability in the number of action potentials evoked by both heat and mechanical stimuli was found, depending on the location of stimuli within the receptive field. A relation between the conduction velocity and the peak firing within the spike train following laser stimulation was detected. Heat and mechanical stimulation activated single C-fibers in matching spots within the same skin areas, in line with the assumption that the two modalities in the @entity1 -fibers share matching morphological cutaneous substrates. No correlation was found in thresholds or excitability to mechanical and heat stimulation, respectively. This suggests that subsets of receptors exist within nerve endings of the cutaneous receptive fields, with the ability to generate action potentials independent of heat and mechanical stimuli. Unexpectedly, no signs of sensitization or other inflammatory responses were observed after repeated laser pulses; on the contrary, a rapidly developing fatigue was observed when single spots were repeatedly stimulated. However, no fatigue was observed if neighboring spots were stimulated, indicating a localized generator of the fatigue. In each subject, a good correlation was observed between the reported @entity0 sensation and the activity evoked in the afferent C-fibers by the laser. However, the magnitude of the reported @entity0 sensation to comparable degrees of @entity3 activation showed a high variability between different subjects. A fairly good subjective estimate of the afferent-fiber activation was observed when skin spots from 3- down to 1-mm diameter were stimulated. In a few individuals, no @entity0 sensation was reported when the stimulated spots were reduced to 1-mm diameter, despite the occurrence of multiple spikes in single @entity3 afferents, amplifying the importance of spatial summation in the perception of @entity0 .

title: Recordings of polymodal single XXXX nociceptive afferents following mechanical and @entity2 -laser heat stimulation of human skin.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Individual case reports of accidental injection with @entity2 appear in the literature and seem to represent the worst case scenarios. We present a case series of 28 exposures to @entity2 via autoinjector. METHOD: All accidental parenteral injections of @entity2 by autoinjector reported to two regional poison information centers over a 2-year period were included. RESULTS: Injection sites included digits (23 cases), @entity3 (4 cases), and thigh (1 case). Symptoms included swelling, pallor, @entity1 , and erythema. Four @entity0 reported no effect, and 9 required no treatment. Ten @entity0 obtained relief with warm soaks, 1 @entity0 had massage only, and 2 @entity0 were lost to follow-up. Fourteen were examined in the emergency department, and 14 were treated at home. CONCLUSION: Although some injection injuries must be treated in an emergency facility, many can be treated at home. Immediate referral to a health care facility is not needed in all cases and at times is unwarranted.

title: Accidental injection of XXXX from an autoinjector: invasive treatment not always required.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Transient @entity4 ( @entity7 or transient @entity6 ) occurs in approximately 10% of newborn @entity0 with Down syndrome. The disorder is characterized by the presence of megakaryoblasts in the peripheral blood; most cases resolve spontaneously within the first 3 months of life, and the @entity0 is well thereafter. However, there are cases in which a severe, potentially lethal form of disease develops, manifesting as @entity3 or @entity1 . Hitherto, the incidence of these severe forms of the disease has not been reported. A prospective study of @entity7 was conducted by the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG Study 9481) in which 48 @entity0 with @entity7 were identified. Life-threatening disease occurred in nine @entity0 (19%); seven had @entity3 and two had @entity1 . Five @entity0 died of the disease within the first 3 months of life, none of whom received antileukemic therapy. One @entity0 died on day 31 after receiving minimal therapy within 1 day of @entity2 . Three @entity0 received low-dose @entity5 ( @entity5 ) (0.4-1.5 mg/kg every 12 hours for 5 or 7 days). In all these @entity0 , the disease resolved. It is concluded that potentially lethal disease is relatively common in @entity7 , and the available evidence suggests that these diseases are responsive to low-dose @entity5 therapy.

title: Incidence and treatment of potentially lethal diseases in transient XXXX of Down syndrome: Pediatric Oncology Group Study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many surveys throughout the world have evaluated the smoking behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of medical students, but no information is available from Albania. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey in classroom settings using a self-administered questionnaire was performed at the University of Tirana during October 2000. RESULTS: In the first and fifth years of medical school, 149 (68.5% @entity0 ) and 185 (55% @entity0 ) students, respectively, completed the questionnaire, with overall response rates of 82 and 92%. @entity1 smoking prevailed among males. The smoking rates among first-year medical students were 34% among @entity0 and 5% among @entity0 . Among fifth-year students, 55% of the @entity0 and 34% of the @entity0 smoked. The percentages of occasional smokers were 29 and 49%, respectively, among the first- and fifth-year students who smoked. Most medical students reported knowing the health hazards of @entity1 . Most students in both groups believed that smoking should be restricted in hospitals. Slightly more than half of the students stated that they will regularly advise smokers against smoking in their future jobs. CONCLUSION: @entity1 smoking is common among medical students in Albania. Targeted antismoking training should be mandatory for medical students in Albania.

title: XXXX smoking habits, beliefs, and attitudes among medical students in Tirana, Albania.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Nonphysician health care providers are in an optimal position to provide @entity1 prevention and screening services. METHODS: We conducted a survey of primary care physicians to determine physician use and amenability to use of nonphysician health care providers to perform @entity2 screening in comparison with other @entity1 screening examinations. RESULTS: A total of 1,363 eligible physicians completed the survey. Of these, 631 physicians (46%) reported a nurse practitioner or physician assistant performing at least one type of @entity1 screening examination on their @entity0 . Twenty-nine and 22% of all physicians reported nurse practitioners or physician assistants performing @entity2 screening, respectively. Family physicians were more likely to use nurse practitioners and physician assistants to perform these @entity1 screening examinations than internists (chi(2) test, P = 0.001 for each examination). Skin examinations were performed less frequently by nurse practitioners and physician assistants than all other @entity1 screening examinations. A total of 73-79% of family physicians and 60-70% of internists were amenable to having a nonphysician health care provider perform one or more of these examinations. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care physicians are currently utilizing nonphysician health care providers to perform @entity1 screening examinations and the majority of those surveyed are amenable to the use of these providers for such examinations. This suggests that one possible strategy for increasing @entity2 screening is through an expanded role of nonphysician health care providers.

title: Use of nonphysician health care providers for XXXX screening in the primary care setting.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The concomitant intake of drugs, which is frequently needed, may be associated with drug interactions. We report results on the screening of ADRs responsible for hospital admissions involving @entity2 . This investigation was part of a BfArM pilot project with the objective of monitoring and reporting ADRs. METHOD: Beginning in 1997, a trained medical staff member of the Pharmacovigilance Center, Rostock, prospectively screened all hospital admissions to the Departments of Internal Medicine of the 2 hospitals in Rostock (40,000 hospital admissions). ADRs leading to hospital admission were registered, evaluated and reported. RESULTS: A total of 1,441 ADRs were recorded by the Pharmacovigilance Center Rostock in the period up to December 2000. 12% (n = 173) of all ADRs involve the cardiovascular system; 83 @entity0 (5.7% of all ADRs) suffered from @entity2 . @entity2 was the most frequent cardiovascular ADR observed. Of these @entity0 , 88% were receiving 3 - 10 different drugs. Drugs suspected of causing @entity2 were: digitalis (n = 62), beta-blockers (n = 47), @entity1 channel blockers with negative chronotropic effect (n = 45), and antiarrhythmic drugs (n = 3). 54 @entity0 had received more than I of these drugs concomitantly as outpatients, increasing the risk of drug interactions: 18 @entity0 received digitalis + @entity1 channel blocker; 14 @entity0 digitalis + beta-blocker; 7 @entity0 beta-blocker + @entity1 channel blocker; 12 cases digitalis + beta-blocker + @entity1 channel blocker. CONCLUSION: The results show that special attention should be given to @entity0 who receive more than 1 drug when there is a high risk of @entity2 . Drug combinations which may cause drug interactions should be avoided, especially when other equivalent therapeutic options are available.

title: Results of a systematic adverse drug reaction (ADR)-screening concerning XXXX caused by drug interactions in departments of internal medicine in Rostock.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Several studies have shown that when purified from a @entity1 , certain @entity5 proteins (HSPs) can function as effective vaccines against the same @entity1 by virtue of their ability to bind @entity1 -specific peptides. However, only a small fraction of the associated peptides would be expected to be immunogenic, in addition to which, the clinical application of this vaccine requires the availability of a surgical specimen of sufficient quantity for purification of the HSP. The present study describes a new approach for the development of natural HSP vaccines that do not have these limitations. This approach uses a recombinant HSP that is noncovalently bound to a recombinant @entity1 protein antigen by @entity5 . HSP110 has been selected for this purpose, because it has been shown to be a highly efficient molecular chaperone in binding to large protein substrates. We show that a "natural chaperone complex" between HSP110 and the @entity7 ( @entity7 ) of @entity0 @entity6 protein ( @entity6 )/neu is formed by @entity5 . This HSP110- @entity7 vaccine elicited both @entity4 (+) and @entity3 (+) T-cell responses against @entity7 as determined by an antigen-specific @entity2 production in an enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT). In vivo depletion studies revealed that the @entity4 (+) T-cell response was independent of @entity3 (+) T-cell help. The HSP110- @entity7 complex also significantly enhanced @entity7 -specific antibody responses relative to that seen with @entity7 alone. No @entity4 (+) T cell or antibody response was detected against HSP110. The use of recombinant HSP110 to form natural chaperone complexes with large protein antigens represents a new and powerful approach for the design of protein-targeted @entity1 vaccines.

title: Development of a recombinant HSP110- XXXX /neu vaccine using the chaperoning properties of HSP110.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is generally accepted that the prognosis of @entity0 with proximal @entity3 (PGC) is worse than that of @entity0 with more @entity3 . STUDY DESIGN: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical features and outcomes of PGC with those of middle- and distal-third @entity3 . A total of 646 primary @entity3 was analyzed as a retrospective study. RESULTS: Proximal @entity3 occurred in 21.8% of the 646 @entity2 analyzed, and approximately 21% of PGCs had esophageal invasion. The 5-year survival rate for @entity0 with PGC was significantly lower than that of @entity0 with more @entity2 . When the PGC group was divided into @entity0 with esophageal invasion and without esophageal invasion, @entity0 with esophageal invasion had significantly worse outcomes. When corrected for depth of invasion, lesions with esophageal invasion had significantly worse outcomes than those of other sites in T2 curative @entity2 . Proximal @entity3 with esophageal invasion was characterized by a larger @entity2 , deeper penetration, and a higher incidence of lymph node @entity1 compared with @entity2 in other sites, and in multivariate analysis of all curative cases, these variables were independent prognostic factors for survival. The frequency of positive proximal margins of @entity4 was higher than those of other sites. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively poor prognosis associated with PGC is mainly from advanced @entity2 stages of esophageal invasion. Early detection is the most important strategy to improve the survival of @entity0 with PGC. In addition, aggressive lymph node dissection and chemotherapy for esophageal invasion should be considered even if the @entity2 invasion is moderate (T2 @entity2 ), and a @entity2 -free margin is important.

title: Characteristics and clinical outcome of proximal-third XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Truthful disclosure of @entity1 diagnosis is still uncommon in some cultures. In Lebanon, legislation is permissive of non-disclosure. Physicians choose the recourse most agreeable to them. This study's goal was to determine the proportion of Lebanese physicians who choose truthful diagnosis disclosure to @entity1 @entity0 and to identify factors affecting their choice. A survey of a random sample of Lebanese physicians was conducted to determine the proportion of those who prefer truthful diagnosis disclosure to @entity1 @entity0 and to identify factors affecting that choice. The survey involved 268 @entity0 representing 10% of all physicians practicing in specialties with potential contact with @entity1 cases in the Greater Beirut area. It was completed by 212 (79%), of whom 47% would usually tell the @entity0 about @entity1 . Disclosure preference was not associated with gender, location of medical training, rate of @entity0 contact or teaching activities. It was associated with longer clinical practice and with specialties outside primary care. Most @entity0 were open to changing their policies and considered the @entity0 's desire to know, compliance with treatment and the @entity0 's profession as a physician as most influencing in their choice of disclosure. Exploring the Lebanese public predicament regarding disclosure seems necessary.

title: XXXX truth disclosure by Lebanese doctors.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) inhibits the proliferation of many @entity0 cells. However, @entity0 cells frequently become resistant to this inhibitory effect due to the absence of TGF-beta receptor (TbetaR) expression. This study reports the nature of TGF-beta sensitivity in an aggressive @entity1 @entity4 cell line, Renca, investigated in a series of experiments. The growth of Renca cells, in tissue culture, was not sensitive to the inhibitory effect of @entity2 with doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 ng./ml., nor was this cell line sensitive to the effect of @entity2 in inducing the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-I. Renca cells expressed @entity2 mRNA and protein, as determined by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The level of @entity2 production by Renca cells was moderate, thus eliminating the possibility that endogenous @entity2 production might be masking the effect of TGF-beta sensitivity. Furthermore, Renca cells expressed @entity6 mRNA, but did not express @entity5 mRNA, suggesting that the absence of this receptor may be the cause of TGF-beta insensitivity. Additionally, a vector containing the @entity5 cDNA was transiently transfected into Renca cells. The inhibitory effect of @entity2 was introduced in Renca cells after transfection with this receptor. At the same time, the growth rate of these cells diminished significantly when compared with that of the wild type Renca cells, as judged by the rate of @entity3 incorporation in the absence of any exogenous @entity2 . These observations demonstrated that Renca cells lack the functional @entity5 and suggest that their aggressive growth pattern is due, at least in part, to their insensitivity to TGF-beta.

title: Absence of expression of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor is associated with an aggressive growth pattern in a @entity1 XXXX cell line, Renca.

answer: @entity4