abstract: Anterior pituitary cells from euthyroid and @entity4 male @entity1 have been cultured as monolayers for 3 days with or without 5 nM T3 and stimulated with either @entity0 pancreatic GH-releasing factor 1-40 (hpGRF), @entity3 , or the @entity2 channel ionophore @entity5 . Basal GH secretion was reduced in the @entity4 (P less than 0.001) and basal TSH secretion increased (P less than 0.001). Culture with T3 increased GH secretion and intracellular GH content in euthyroid and @entity4 but suppressed TSH secretion with no effect on intracellular TSH content in either euthyroid or @entity4 . hpGRF released more GH from euthyroid [3.52 +/- 0.2 (SE) micrograms/6 h X 10(5) cells] than @entity4 of (0.17 +/- 0.01 micrograms/6 h X 10(5) cells, P less than 0.001) without a change in ED50 (approximately 0.02 nM). The reduction in hpGRF-induced GH release remained significant when corrected for the reduced intracellular GH content in the @entity4 . hpGRF-induced GH release also declined relative to @entity5 -induced GH release in @entity4 . Culture with 5 nM T3 doubled maximum hpGRF-induced GH release in euthyroid cultures and increased maximum release 10-fold in @entity4 without altering the ED50 of hpGRF action. In contrast, T3 suppressed @entity3 -induced TSH release in euthyroid cultures but was without effect on @entity3 -induced TSH release in the @entity4 . T3 did not effect the ED50 of @entity3 action (2-5 nM). In summary, @entity4 @entity1 anterior pituitary cells in culture have a reduced maximal GH response to hpGRF, but the same ED50. hpGRF activity can be partially restored by physiological concentrations of T3 in vitro.

title: The effects of thyroid hormone deprivation in vivo and in vitro on growth hormone (GH) responses to XXXX pancreatic (tumor) GH-releasing factor (1-40) by dispersed @entity1 anterior pituitary cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Anterior pituitary cells from euthyroid and @entity4 male @entity1 have been cultured as monolayers for 3 days with or without 5 nM T3 and stimulated with either @entity0 pancreatic GH-releasing factor 1-40 (hpGRF), @entity3 , or the @entity2 channel ionophore @entity5 . Basal GH secretion was reduced in the @entity4 (P less than 0.001) and basal TSH secretion increased (P less than 0.001). Culture with T3 increased GH secretion and intracellular GH content in euthyroid and @entity4 but suppressed TSH secretion with no effect on intracellular TSH content in either euthyroid or @entity4 . hpGRF released more GH from euthyroid [3.52 +/- 0.2 (SE) micrograms/6 h X 10(5) cells] than @entity4 of (0.17 +/- 0.01 micrograms/6 h X 10(5) cells, P less than 0.001) without a change in ED50 (approximately 0.02 nM). The reduction in hpGRF-induced GH release remained significant when corrected for the reduced intracellular GH content in the @entity4 . hpGRF-induced GH release also declined relative to @entity5 -induced GH release in @entity4 . Culture with 5 nM T3 doubled maximum hpGRF-induced GH release in euthyroid cultures and increased maximum release 10-fold in @entity4 without altering the ED50 of hpGRF action. In contrast, T3 suppressed @entity3 -induced TSH release in euthyroid cultures but was without effect on @entity3 -induced TSH release in the @entity4 . T3 did not effect the ED50 of @entity3 action (2-5 nM). In summary, @entity4 @entity1 anterior pituitary cells in culture have a reduced maximal GH response to hpGRF, but the same ED50. hpGRF activity can be partially restored by physiological concentrations of T3 in vitro.

title: The effects of thyroid hormone deprivation in vivo and in vitro on growth hormone (GH) responses to @entity0 pancreatic (tumor) GH-releasing factor (1-40) by dispersed XXXX anterior pituitary cells.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The FSH activity in @entity3 (e) FSH, eLH, eCG, and ovine LH were examined and compared to that in the standard reference preparation NIH FSH-S13 by three types of assay: the FSH radioreceptor assay with @entity0 testicular homogenate and the stimulation of plasminogen activator production and steroidogenic activity in granulosa cells from @entity4 ( @entity5 )- or eCG-primed donor @entity0 . The difference in the two types of granulosa cells was that the eCG-primed cells have already acquired significant aromatase activity. With the exception of oLH, which showed very little FSH activity (approximately 0.03-0.08 X NIH FSH-S13) throughout the three assays, the @entity3 gonadotropins exhibited great variations in activity with respect to each assay. eFSH, the most active molecule in these assays, had an activity of 44 X NIH FSH-S13 in the receptor binding assay, 8.75 X NIH FSH-S13 in plasminogen activator production, and 4-5 X NIH FSH-S13 in @entity1 production when assayed in the DES-primed granulosa cells. In the eCG-primed cells, eFSH showed an activity of 4.2 X NIH FSH-S13 in plasminogen activator production and 8.2 X NIH FSH-S13 in @entity2 production. eLH had an activity of 10 X NIH FSH-S13 in FSH radioreceptor assay, but showed very little activity and behaved like oLH in stimulation of the cellular responses of DES-primed granulosa cells. However, when eLH was assayed in the eCG-primed cells, it did show stimulating activity with respect to the production of plasminogen activator and @entity2 ; however, the dose-response curves were not parallel to those of eFSH and eCG. eCG had much less FSH receptor-binding activity (0.29 X NIH FSH-S13) than eLH. It behaved like a LH molecule in DES-primed granulosa cells, but did show activity (approximately 1 X NIH FSH-S13) in stimulating the production of plasminogen activator and @entity2 in eCG-primed granulosa cells. From these results, we conclude that under our culture conditions, neither eLH nor eCG was active in the DES-primed granulosa cells, but both were active in the eCG-primed cells, and that the choice of assay conditions and reference standards is very important. Different types of assay may give rise to completely different comparisons for the same molecules. The @entity3 gonadotropins provide a particularly dramatic example of such differences.

title: Priming procedure and hormone preparations influence XXXX granulosa cell response.

answer: @entity0


abstract: T cell activity is controlled in large part by the T cell receptor (TCR). The TCR detects the presence of foreign pathogens and activates the T cell-mediated immune reaction. Numerous intracellular signaling pathways downstream of the TCR are involved in the process of T cell activation. Negative regulation of these pathways helps prevent excessive and deleterious T cell responses. Two homologous proteins, @entity5 and @entity6 , have been shown to function as critical negative regulators of TCR signaling. The @entity4 mutase-like domain of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) has a potent phosphatase activity that contributes to the suppression of TCR signaling. The function of @entity6 ( @entity5 ) as a phosphatase has been less clear, principally because its intrinsic enzyme activity has been difficult to detect. Here, we demonstrate that @entity6 regulates the level of @entity1 phosphorylation on targets within T cells, among them the critical T cell @entity1 kinase @entity3 . Utilizing new phosphorylated substrates, we demonstrate that @entity6 ( @entity5 ) has clear, albeit weak, phosphatase activity. We further pinpoint @entity6 residues @entity0 -481, Ser-552, and Ser-582 as specificity determinants, in that an @entity6 ( @entity5 ) triple mutant in which these three @entity2 are altered to their counterparts in @entity5 has substantially increased activity. Our results suggest that the phosphatase activities of both suppressor of TCR signaling homologues cooperate in a similar but independent fashion to help set the threshold for TCR-induced T cell activation.

title: @entity6 is a phosphatase that negatively regulates XXXX and T cell receptor signaling pathways.

answer: @entity3


abstract: T cell activity is controlled in large part by the T cell receptor (TCR). The TCR detects the presence of foreign pathogens and activates the T cell-mediated immune reaction. Numerous intracellular signaling pathways downstream of the TCR are involved in the process of T cell activation. Negative regulation of these pathways helps prevent excessive and deleterious T cell responses. Two homologous proteins, @entity5 and @entity6 , have been shown to function as critical negative regulators of TCR signaling. The @entity4 mutase-like domain of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) has a potent phosphatase activity that contributes to the suppression of TCR signaling. The function of @entity6 ( @entity5 ) as a phosphatase has been less clear, principally because its intrinsic enzyme activity has been difficult to detect. Here, we demonstrate that @entity6 regulates the level of @entity1 phosphorylation on targets within T cells, among them the critical T cell @entity1 kinase @entity3 . Utilizing new phosphorylated substrates, we demonstrate that @entity6 ( @entity5 ) has clear, albeit weak, phosphatase activity. We further pinpoint @entity6 residues @entity0 -481, Ser-552, and Ser-582 as specificity determinants, in that an @entity6 ( @entity5 ) triple mutant in which these three @entity2 are altered to their counterparts in @entity5 has substantially increased activity. Our results suggest that the phosphatase activities of both suppressor of TCR signaling homologues cooperate in a similar but independent fashion to help set the threshold for TCR-induced T cell activation.

title: XXXX is a phosphatase that negatively regulates @entity3 and T cell receptor signaling pathways.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The traditional methods of pharmacotherapy of the @entity4 do not frequently allow one to achieve the desired clinical effect. The fundamentally new approach for the treatment of severe @entity2 is provided by the methods of biological medicine, in particular, transplantation of a complex of fetal tissues. Cell-based therapy was used to treat @entity0 with @entity1 ; ante-, intra- and postnatal lesions; consequences of hemorrhagic and @entity3 apoplexies; @entity11 of @entity10 ; @entity8 ; @entity5 ; @entity6 ; @entity7 and other types of pathologic process. The source material for obtaining a suspension of cells was the fetuses of allogenic origin. The suspension of brain cells in amounts of up to 1.5 x 10(8) cells and vitality not less than 40% was administered to the @entity0 into liquor spaces using the method of endolumbar puncture. The total number of transplantations was 1900. Practically in all the cases FT was tolerated well. Positive clinical and immunologic changes were observed in the majority of the @entity0 , thus, remission induction (in the @entity0 with the progressive course of @entity1 ) for a period over 12 months was registered in 87.5% of the cases. Noteworthy that considerable changes were observed in immunograms: depression of antibody levels to brain-specific proteins, native and denatured DNA; quantitative and qualitative improvement of lymphocyte subpopulation indices, positive changes in the immunoregulatory index. Clinically, in 69% of the cases there was an improvement in more than one @entity2 and a change in the values of the Kurtzke scale towards a decrease by 2-3 points. The conduct of cell therapy with the @entity1 @entity0 under the acute process conditions after liquorosorption allowed the arresting of clinical manifestations and the creation of preconditions for further restoration. The retrobulbar transplantations provided a quick arrest of the @entity12 clinical symptoms and in one case an almost complete restoration of vision in the @entity0 with @entity9 ( @entity9 ). The remission duration has a marked direct dependence on the number of courses of endolumbar transplantations. Thus, the method of cell therapy with the use of @entity0 tissue transplantations is safe and can be used for different @entity4 of the central nervous system. The high efficacy of the method suggests the possibility and necessity of using this method as an alternative of classical pharmacological therapy. An important element of cell therapy is the control after the state of the @entity0 's immunity system.

title: Cell-based therapy of chronic XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The effects of acute severe illness on pituitary-gonadal function were determined in 35 @entity0 and 19 @entity0 , including 12 who were postmenopausal. Seventeen @entity0 and 5 @entity0 had @entity3 which resulted in @entity7 . Twelve postmenopausal and 2 premenopausal @entity0 had @entity9 . Eleven @entity0 had @entity6 , while 7 @entity0 underwent elective surgery. Serial plasma samples were examined for @entity4 ( @entity0 ), percentage of ultrafiltrable @entity4 ( @entity0 ), @entity2 ( @entity0 ), sex hormone-binding globulin, LH, and FSH. In @entity0 , mean @entity4 levels fell by 271 +/- 72 (+/- SE), 202 +/- 63 and 195 +/- 75 ng/dl within 24 h of @entity10 , @entity6 , or elective surgery, representing decreases of 55%, 43%, and 58%. Further declines occurred in the first and third groups to mean nadirs of 93 +/- 16 and 117 +/- 5 ng/dl, respectively. During recovery of neurological function there was no correlation between the @entity4 level and the degree of @entity1 ; @entity4 levels eventually returned to normal (627 +/- 77 ng/ml). The percentage of ultrafiltrable @entity4 and sex hormone-binding globulin did not change in any group. Although significant decreases in mean immunoreactive LH and FSH levels were found after @entity5 , and decreases in FSH were found in the @entity0 after surgery, these changes occurred after the decline in @entity4 . Despite the fall in basal gonadotropin levels in the @entity5 group, there were no significant differences in the gonadotropin responses to @entity8 (100 micrograms) in 4 @entity0 during their acute illness or recovery. LH, FSH, and @entity2 levels in the premenopausal @entity0 were significantly lower on the second day of @entity10 (LH, 10.3 +/- 4.7 vs. 3.5 +/- 0.6 mIU/ml; FSH, 3.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.8 mIU/ml, @entity2 , 200 +/- 41 vs. 102 +/- 16 pg/ml) and remained suppressed for 7 days. Gonadotropin levels also fell in the postmenopausal @entity0 within 24 h; reductions in LH of 74% and in FSH of 62% were present by day 7 of study. We conclude that both @entity0 and @entity0 who are critically ill uniformly develop @entity11 regardless of their illness. In @entity0 , it is manifested by low @entity4 levels, while a comparable decrease in @entity2 is present in @entity0 . The low @entity4 concentrations are not due to reduced sex hormone-binding capacity. Based upon our data in postmenopausal @entity0 , @entity12 also occurs in the presence of nonfunctioning gonads. Although our studies do not completely establish the pathophysiology of this disorder, they suggest a suprapituitary origin.

title: Transient XXXX caused by critical illness.

answer: @entity12


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore an effective method of surgical management of @entity3 . SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty @entity0 with @entity3 had @entity1 ectomy. There were 29 males and 21 females, ranging in age from 15 to 56 years (mean 34.1 years). MR imaging showed that the @entity1 were located in the superior sellar region in 24 cases, in superior sella region and extended into the third ventricular floor in 19 cases, into parasella in 3 cases and down to intrasella in 4 cases. @entity1 were found in 5 cases, while the partial @entity1 in 24 cases and complete solid @entity1 in 21 cases. Pterional approach was used in 48 @entity0 and subfrontal approach in 2 @entity0 . Great attention was paid to the preservation of the perforating arteries from the carotid, posterior and anterior communicating and anterior choroidal arteries to the hypothalamic structures. The clinical outcome was evaluated according to the GOS scale. RESULTS: Of the 50 @entity0 surgically treated, 47 @entity0 obtained @entity1 and 3 @entity0 with the secondary surgery had subtotal ectomy of the @entity1 . The pituitary stalk was preserved in 29 (58%) @entity0 , severed in 14 @entity0 and unidentified in 7 @entity0 . Forty-six @entity0 regained a normal life; one @entity0 needed assist in life. Of the 3 deaths, one @entity0 died of @entity6 , one of inhalation @entity5 , and another one of water and @entity4 disorders. CONCLUSION: Avoidance of the @entity2 in the third ventricular floor and preservation of the perforating arteries to hypothalamus are the key to achieve good surgical results in treating @entity3 .

title: Preservation of the hypothalamic structures in the total resection of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: It has been suggested that the different degrees of fade induced by nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents in repetitive muscular contractions may be due to the varying affinities or binding kinetics of presynaptic nicotinic receptors. We compared the degree of fade induced by mivacurium, @entity1 , and @entity2 in the cat muscular compound action potential ( @entity5 ). METHODS: In 21 @entity0 , mCAPs of the gastrocnemius muscle were evoked by paired (conditioning and test stimuli) and 2 Hz @entity3 ( @entity3 ) sciatic nerve stimulation. The interval between the paired stimuli was changed stepwise from 7 to 1000 ms. The ratios of the amplitude evoked by test stimulus to that evoked by the conditioning stimulus (M2/M1 ratios) and @entity3 ratios were measured. After baseline variables had been obtained, the cat received either mivacurium (0.08 mg x kg(-1), n = 7), @entity1 (0.05 mg x kg(-1), n = 7), or @entity2 (0.5 mg x kg(-1), n = 7). A series of M2/M1 ratios and @entity3 ratios were measured at various levels of partial block during recovery. RESULTS: At 10% of baseline amplitude, all agents significantly depressed the M2/M1 ratios (i.e., fade) at relatively longer intervals of paired stimuli (mivacurium, > or = 100 ms; @entity1 . > or = 40 ms; and @entity2 , > or = 20 ms), when compared with baseline. The order of activity to produce fade was mivacurium < @entity1 < @entity2 . A similar result was obtained in @entity3 ratios measured at various levels of @entity4 . CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that mivacurium shows a lesser degree of fade during partial @entity4 than @entity1 and @entity2 .

title: Comparative fading responses induced by mivacurium, @entity1 , and XXXX in the evoked muscular compound action potentials of the cat.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: It has been suggested that the different degrees of fade induced by nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents in repetitive muscular contractions may be due to the varying affinities or binding kinetics of presynaptic nicotinic receptors. We compared the degree of fade induced by mivacurium, @entity1 , and @entity2 in the cat muscular compound action potential ( @entity5 ). METHODS: In 21 @entity0 , mCAPs of the gastrocnemius muscle were evoked by paired (conditioning and test stimuli) and 2 Hz @entity3 ( @entity3 ) sciatic nerve stimulation. The interval between the paired stimuli was changed stepwise from 7 to 1000 ms. The ratios of the amplitude evoked by test stimulus to that evoked by the conditioning stimulus (M2/M1 ratios) and @entity3 ratios were measured. After baseline variables had been obtained, the cat received either mivacurium (0.08 mg x kg(-1), n = 7), @entity1 (0.05 mg x kg(-1), n = 7), or @entity2 (0.5 mg x kg(-1), n = 7). A series of M2/M1 ratios and @entity3 ratios were measured at various levels of partial block during recovery. RESULTS: At 10% of baseline amplitude, all agents significantly depressed the M2/M1 ratios (i.e., fade) at relatively longer intervals of paired stimuli (mivacurium, > or = 100 ms; @entity1 . > or = 40 ms; and @entity2 , > or = 20 ms), when compared with baseline. The order of activity to produce fade was mivacurium < @entity1 < @entity2 . A similar result was obtained in @entity3 ratios measured at various levels of @entity4 . CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that mivacurium shows a lesser degree of fade during partial @entity4 than @entity1 and @entity2 .

title: Comparative fading responses induced by mivacurium, XXXX , and @entity2 in the evoked muscular compound action potentials of the cat.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Reexpansion @entity6 is an uncommon @entity4 following rapid reexpansion of the lungs. The risk increases with a prolonged duration of @entity3 , the amount of drained liquid or air, and with decreased time of draining. Treatment is supportive. In general, the prognosis is favorable. A nine-year-old @entity0 was presented with @entity2 , cough, and @entity5 . @entity1 and left-sided @entity7 were determined and a chest tube was emplaced. Clinical deterioration occurred in just a few minutes following chest tube insertion. His chest radiography revealed a @entity6 in the left lung. Despite mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, and diuretic treatment, no significant improvement occurred. Acute @entity5 and multiple organ dysfunctions developed in the follow-up. The @entity0 died on day 5 of hospitalization. In this report, a complicated reexpansion @entity6 with a lathal outcome in a 9-year-old @entity0 is presented.

title: Bilateral reexpansion XXXX associated with @entity7 : a case report.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Reexpansion @entity6 is an uncommon @entity4 following rapid reexpansion of the lungs. The risk increases with a prolonged duration of @entity3 , the amount of drained liquid or air, and with decreased time of draining. Treatment is supportive. In general, the prognosis is favorable. A nine-year-old @entity0 was presented with @entity2 , cough, and @entity5 . @entity1 and left-sided @entity7 were determined and a chest tube was emplaced. Clinical deterioration occurred in just a few minutes following chest tube insertion. His chest radiography revealed a @entity6 in the left lung. Despite mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, and diuretic treatment, no significant improvement occurred. Acute @entity5 and multiple organ dysfunctions developed in the follow-up. The @entity0 died on day 5 of hospitalization. In this report, a complicated reexpansion @entity6 with a lathal outcome in a 9-year-old @entity0 is presented.

title: Bilateral reexpansion @entity6 associated with XXXX : a case report.

answer: @entity7


abstract: A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the quantitation of @entity2 in @entity0 plasma after nasal spray application was developed and validated. @entity4 was used as internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted by a liquid-liquid procedure and separated on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C(18) column with a mobile phase composed of 2 mM aqueous @entity5 pH 3.2 and @entity1 (55:45). Selected reaction monitoring was performed using the transitions m/z 435  >  415 and m/z 393  >  373 to quantify @entity3 and @entity4 , respectively. Calibration curve was constructed over the range of 20-2000 pg/ml for @entity3 . The lower limit of quantitation was 20 pg/ml. The mean RSD values were 4.6% and 5.7% for the intra-run and inter-run precision, respectively. The mean accuracy value was 98.5% and a recovery rate corresponding to 97.5% was achieved. No matrix effect was detected in the samples. The validated method was successfully applied to determine the plasma concentrations of @entity3 in healthy volunteers, in a pharmacokinetic study with nasal spray formulation.

title: Determination of XXXX in @entity0 plasma by a sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method: application for a pharmacokinetic study using nasal spray formulation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the quantitation of @entity2 in @entity0 plasma after nasal spray application was developed and validated. @entity4 was used as internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted by a liquid-liquid procedure and separated on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C(18) column with a mobile phase composed of 2 mM aqueous @entity5 pH 3.2 and @entity1 (55:45). Selected reaction monitoring was performed using the transitions m/z 435  >  415 and m/z 393  >  373 to quantify @entity3 and @entity4 , respectively. Calibration curve was constructed over the range of 20-2000 pg/ml for @entity3 . The lower limit of quantitation was 20 pg/ml. The mean RSD values were 4.6% and 5.7% for the intra-run and inter-run precision, respectively. The mean accuracy value was 98.5% and a recovery rate corresponding to 97.5% was achieved. No matrix effect was detected in the samples. The validated method was successfully applied to determine the plasma concentrations of @entity3 in healthy volunteers, in a pharmacokinetic study with nasal spray formulation.

title: Determination of @entity2 in XXXX plasma by a sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method: application for a pharmacokinetic study using nasal spray formulation.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is associated with enhanced noradrenergic activity. Animal and @entity0 studies demonstrate that noradrenergic stimulation augments consolidation of fear learning. Retrieval of well-established memories by presenting a learned fear cue triggers reconsolidation processes during which memories may be updated, weakened, or strengthened. We previously reported that noradrenergic blockade in the @entity1 amygdala impairs reconsolidation of fear memories. Here we investigated the effects of noradrenergic enhancement on reconsolidation of learned fear. METHODS: Using auditory fear conditioning in @entity1 , we tested the effects of postretrieval intraamygdala infusion of the b-adrenergic receptor agonist @entity4 or the antagonist @entity3 on conditioned fear in the amygdala. RESULTS: A single intraamygdala infusion of @entity4 following a retrieval of a well-consolidated memory enhanced fear memory elicited by the learned fear stimulus and impaired extinction of this memory 48   hr later. Intraamygdala infusion of the b-adrenergic receptor antagonist @entity3 following a consecutive retrieval trial blocked the enhancing effects of @entity4 on fear memory. CONCLUSIONS: Postretrieval b-adrenergic stimulation in the amygdala enhances reconsolidation of fear memories, making them resistant to extinction. Noradrenergic augmentation during retrieval of fear memories may thus contribute to persistence and severity of traumatic memories. Reconsolidation may be a useful tool in understanding the pathology of @entity2 and may thus help in developing new and in modifying existing treatments of traumatic memories.

title: Noradrenergic enhancement of reconsolidation in the amygdala impairs extinction of conditioned fear in @entity1 --a possible mechanism for the persistence of traumatic memories in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is associated with enhanced noradrenergic activity. Animal and @entity0 studies demonstrate that noradrenergic stimulation augments consolidation of fear learning. Retrieval of well-established memories by presenting a learned fear cue triggers reconsolidation processes during which memories may be updated, weakened, or strengthened. We previously reported that noradrenergic blockade in the @entity1 amygdala impairs reconsolidation of fear memories. Here we investigated the effects of noradrenergic enhancement on reconsolidation of learned fear. METHODS: Using auditory fear conditioning in @entity1 , we tested the effects of postretrieval intraamygdala infusion of the b-adrenergic receptor agonist @entity4 or the antagonist @entity3 on conditioned fear in the amygdala. RESULTS: A single intraamygdala infusion of @entity4 following a retrieval of a well-consolidated memory enhanced fear memory elicited by the learned fear stimulus and impaired extinction of this memory 48   hr later. Intraamygdala infusion of the b-adrenergic receptor antagonist @entity3 following a consecutive retrieval trial blocked the enhancing effects of @entity4 on fear memory. CONCLUSIONS: Postretrieval b-adrenergic stimulation in the amygdala enhances reconsolidation of fear memories, making them resistant to extinction. Noradrenergic augmentation during retrieval of fear memories may thus contribute to persistence and severity of traumatic memories. Reconsolidation may be a useful tool in understanding the pathology of @entity2 and may thus help in developing new and in modifying existing treatments of traumatic memories.

title: Noradrenergic enhancement of reconsolidation in the amygdala impairs extinction of conditioned fear in XXXX --a possible mechanism for the persistence of traumatic memories in @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the surgical route of colorectal resection for @entity1 is a determinant factor for fertility. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Tertiary-care university hospital. @entity0 (S): Fifty-two @entity0 with @entity1 were randomly assigned to laparoscopic or open surgery. INTERVENTION(S): Laparoscopically assisted vs. open colorectal resection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Evaluation of fertility outcomes spontaneously and after assisted reproductive therapy. RESULT(S): The mean follow-up was 29 months. Among the 28 @entity0 wishing to conceive, 11 (39.3%) became pregnant. Overall cumulative pregnancy rate at 52 months for these @entity0 was 45.1%. For @entity0 with or without @entity2 , the cumulative pregnancy rate was 37.6% and 55.6%, respectively, and the cumulative spontaneous pregnancy rate 13.3% and 36.5%, respectively. All the spontaneous pregnancies were observed in the laparoscopy group. CONCLUSION(S): This study demonstrates that spontaneous pregnancy is more frequent after laparoscopy compared with open surgery for colorectal @entity1 .

title: Fertility after colorectal resection for XXXX : results of a prospective study comparing laparoscopy with open surgery.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 leading to @entity6 results in widespread tissue @entity4 , anaerobic metabolism, and production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative molecules injurious to the vascular endothelium. Although @entity2 -related endothelial cell pathophysiology has been extensively studied, very little is known regarding gene transcriptional changes that occur during the event, particularly in endothelia. Thus, we employed fluorescent microarray analysis of gene transcription to elucidate critical pathways and gene products involved in @entity3 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A @entity6 /shock (T-H/S) model mimicking the physiologic changes seen in @entity0 @entity2 was performed on 10 Yorkshire @entity8 , consisting of 35% blood volume @entity6 followed by 6 h of full resuscitation. Aortic endothelium was analyzed by microarray and functional clusters were identified through the use of Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) software. RESULTS: Injured @entity8 developed profound @entity5 , @entity7 , massive resuscitative fluid requirements, and microscopic changes of @entity1 /reperfusion injury. While 1007 transcripts were down-regulated, 529 transcripts were up-regulated. DAVID functional clustering analysis revealed 21 significantly altered biological processes that were grouped into 12 distinct functional categories. The transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) family of genes was the most interrelated. In addition, @entity9 ( @entity9 ) signaling members and leukocyte chemoattractants were also altered. CONCLUSIONS: Our model identified two major signaling pathways, TGFb and @entity9 , which undergo early transcriptional changes in injured endothelial cells. Our results suggest that TGFb and @entity9 may play a crucial role in the development of @entity2 leading to increased vascular permeability during shock- @entity2 .

title: Microarray and functional cluster analysis implicates transforming growth factor beta1 in endothelial cell dysfunction in a @entity8 XXXX model.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 leading to @entity6 results in widespread tissue @entity4 , anaerobic metabolism, and production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative molecules injurious to the vascular endothelium. Although @entity2 -related endothelial cell pathophysiology has been extensively studied, very little is known regarding gene transcriptional changes that occur during the event, particularly in endothelia. Thus, we employed fluorescent microarray analysis of gene transcription to elucidate critical pathways and gene products involved in @entity3 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A @entity6 /shock (T-H/S) model mimicking the physiologic changes seen in @entity0 @entity2 was performed on 10 Yorkshire @entity8 , consisting of 35% blood volume @entity6 followed by 6 h of full resuscitation. Aortic endothelium was analyzed by microarray and functional clusters were identified through the use of Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) software. RESULTS: Injured @entity8 developed profound @entity5 , @entity7 , massive resuscitative fluid requirements, and microscopic changes of @entity1 /reperfusion injury. While 1007 transcripts were down-regulated, 529 transcripts were up-regulated. DAVID functional clustering analysis revealed 21 significantly altered biological processes that were grouped into 12 distinct functional categories. The transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) family of genes was the most interrelated. In addition, @entity9 ( @entity9 ) signaling members and leukocyte chemoattractants were also altered. CONCLUSIONS: Our model identified two major signaling pathways, TGFb and @entity9 , which undergo early transcriptional changes in injured endothelial cells. Our results suggest that TGFb and @entity9 may play a crucial role in the development of @entity2 leading to increased vascular permeability during shock- @entity2 .

title: Microarray and functional cluster analysis implicates transforming growth factor beta1 in endothelial cell dysfunction in a XXXX @entity6 model.

answer: @entity8


abstract: Precursors of activated killer (AK) cells cytotoxic for @entity0 noncultured metastatic melanoma and @entity1 were characterized. These cells required 3 days incubation with recombinant @entity2 ( @entity4 ) and DNA synthesis for the induction of AK activity. Both negative and positive cell purification methods were used to identify the subpopulation of cells containing AK precursors. By complement-mediated cell depletion studies, AK precursors were largely present in the Leu-11+ fraction, and to a much lesser extent in the @entity3 + and Leu-2a+ fractions; they were absent in Leu-3a+ and Leu-4+ cells. Lymphocyte subpopulations were then purified with a cell sorter to positively select for the subset containing AK precursors. Leu-11+ cells had the highest level of AK activity and proliferative response when cultured for 3 days with @entity4 as well as the highest level of NK activity before culture. @entity3 + cells had neither AK activity nor a proliferative response when cultured with @entity4 , although they still possessed high NK activity. The same levels of AK and NK activity were found in Leu-2a+ and Leu-2a- fractions, but both activities were absent among Leu-4+ and Leu-3a+ cells. Further fractionation with a two-step sorting technique showed that the highest AK activity resided in the @entity3 -Leu-11+ cell fraction. Morphologically, this subfraction was granular lymphocytes. Titration experiments or @entity4 -responsive cells showed that the number of cells required to achieve a comparable level of @entity4 proliferative response were as follows: 35 X 10(3) cells from unseparated PBL, 10 X 10(3) cells from Leu-11+ cells, 3.3 X 10(3) from @entity3 -Leu-11+ cells, and 640 X 10(3) cells from @entity3 + cells. These results indicate that the lymphocyte subpopulation that proliferates in the presence of @entity4 and then develops AK activity was a subpopulation of Leu-11+ granular lymphocytes, which also possessed the highest NK activity. These Leu-11+ cells lacked the antigens defined by the @entity3 , Leu-3a, or Leu-4 antibodies. Although @entity3 + cells did not respond to @entity4 by themselves, they may play a role in the induction of AK activity.

title: Leu-11+ lymphocytes with natural killer (NK) activity are precursors of recombinant XXXX ( @entity4 )-induced activated killer (AK) cells.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Precursors of activated killer (AK) cells cytotoxic for @entity0 noncultured metastatic melanoma and @entity1 were characterized. These cells required 3 days incubation with recombinant @entity2 ( @entity4 ) and DNA synthesis for the induction of AK activity. Both negative and positive cell purification methods were used to identify the subpopulation of cells containing AK precursors. By complement-mediated cell depletion studies, AK precursors were largely present in the Leu-11+ fraction, and to a much lesser extent in the @entity3 + and Leu-2a+ fractions; they were absent in Leu-3a+ and Leu-4+ cells. Lymphocyte subpopulations were then purified with a cell sorter to positively select for the subset containing AK precursors. Leu-11+ cells had the highest level of AK activity and proliferative response when cultured for 3 days with @entity4 as well as the highest level of NK activity before culture. @entity3 + cells had neither AK activity nor a proliferative response when cultured with @entity4 , although they still possessed high NK activity. The same levels of AK and NK activity were found in Leu-2a+ and Leu-2a- fractions, but both activities were absent among Leu-4+ and Leu-3a+ cells. Further fractionation with a two-step sorting technique showed that the highest AK activity resided in the @entity3 -Leu-11+ cell fraction. Morphologically, this subfraction was granular lymphocytes. Titration experiments or @entity4 -responsive cells showed that the number of cells required to achieve a comparable level of @entity4 proliferative response were as follows: 35 X 10(3) cells from unseparated PBL, 10 X 10(3) cells from Leu-11+ cells, 3.3 X 10(3) from @entity3 -Leu-11+ cells, and 640 X 10(3) cells from @entity3 + cells. These results indicate that the lymphocyte subpopulation that proliferates in the presence of @entity4 and then develops AK activity was a subpopulation of Leu-11+ granular lymphocytes, which also possessed the highest NK activity. These Leu-11+ cells lacked the antigens defined by the @entity3 , Leu-3a, or Leu-4 antibodies. Although @entity3 + cells did not respond to @entity4 by themselves, they may play a role in the induction of AK activity.

title: Leu-11+ lymphocytes with natural killer (NK) activity are precursors of recombinant @entity2 ( XXXX )-induced activated killer (AK) cells.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze the electroclinical features of @entity0 with benign infantile @entity2 with mild @entity3 and demonstrate the benign nature of this entity. From 30 @entity0 who were included in the study, five were excluded (two with @entity1 , one with @entity4 and two lost during follow-up). Twenty-five @entity0 who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for benign infantile @entity2 with mild @entity3 were assessed and followed at the Pediatric Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Southern Region, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia, between January 2004 and January 2009. The median age at presentation was 10.4 months. Of the @entity0 , 14 were females and 11 were males. @entity2 were focal tonic or clonic in eight (32%) @entity0 , focal with secondary generalisation in three (12%), generalised tonic-clonic in nine (36%) and consisted of staring only with no motor components in five (20%). Interictal electroencephalograms and brain imaging were normal for all @entity0 . No @entity0 required treatment with antiepileptic drugs. All the @entity0 were found to have normal psychomotor development and neurological examination after a follow-up period of between 15 and 56 months. The limitations of this study are the relatively small sample size, relatively short study period and the fact that the study was conducted in a tertiary referral hospital. The prevalence of this entity may be more common at the level of primary health centres. Increasing the awareness of clinicians regarding the existence of this syndrome and its benign nature in @entity0 will limit unnecessary investigations. [Published with video sequences].

title: Electroclinical features of benign infantile XXXX with mild @entity3 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze the electroclinical features of @entity0 with benign infantile @entity2 with mild @entity3 and demonstrate the benign nature of this entity. From 30 @entity0 who were included in the study, five were excluded (two with @entity1 , one with @entity4 and two lost during follow-up). Twenty-five @entity0 who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for benign infantile @entity2 with mild @entity3 were assessed and followed at the Pediatric Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Southern Region, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia, between January 2004 and January 2009. The median age at presentation was 10.4 months. Of the @entity0 , 14 were females and 11 were males. @entity2 were focal tonic or clonic in eight (32%) @entity0 , focal with secondary generalisation in three (12%), generalised tonic-clonic in nine (36%) and consisted of staring only with no motor components in five (20%). Interictal electroencephalograms and brain imaging were normal for all @entity0 . No @entity0 required treatment with antiepileptic drugs. All the @entity0 were found to have normal psychomotor development and neurological examination after a follow-up period of between 15 and 56 months. The limitations of this study are the relatively small sample size, relatively short study period and the fact that the study was conducted in a tertiary referral hospital. The prevalence of this entity may be more common at the level of primary health centres. Increasing the awareness of clinicians regarding the existence of this syndrome and its benign nature in @entity0 will limit unnecessary investigations. [Published with video sequences].

title: Electroclinical features of benign infantile @entity2 with mild XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: From around year 2000, impetigo caused by @entity2 -resistant @entity1 was observed in countries of Northern Europe. The bacteria were found to represent a clone, the epidemic European @entity2 -resistant impetigo clone (EEFIC). This study reports longitudinal data on the incidence and bacteriology of impetigo in a Norwegian island community during the years 2001-09. @entity0 AND METHODS: All encounters with general practitioners regarding impetigo were registered. Bacterial swabs were taken in a high percentage of cases. Annual incidence was calculated. Phenotypic characteristics of the bacteria were determined for the whole period, and in 2008 and 2009 we also performed PFGE and spa typing. RESULTS: Outbreaks of impetigo were observed in 2002, 2003 and 2004, but since then the incidence decreased greatly. @entity1 was cultured from the impetigo site in the majority of cases. The proportion of @entity1 isolates resistant to @entity2 decreased from 80% in 2002-04 to 45% in 2008-09. For 28 @entity1 isolates analysed by molecular methods in 2008-09, we found that nearly all cases of @entity2 resistance were due to the presence of the EEFIC. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 resistance to @entity2 in relation to impetigo is now less frequent in this population than at the start of the century. At present, most @entity1 bacteria resistant to @entity2 in impetigo belong to the EEFIC.

title: Impetigo in a population over 8.5 years: incidence, XXXX resistance and molecular characteristics.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity5 plaster (in 5 cm2, 10 cm2 or 20 cm2 sizes) was applied to 12 @entity0 with @entity2 , @entity4 and exercise-induced @entity1 reactions in the course of a simple-blind trial with intra-individual crossover in a randomized sequence over one week each. A 15 cm2 plaster served as a placebo. In the placebo phase the mean number of @entity4 attacks was 9.3 per week. It decreased to 6.2 with the 10 cm2 plaster (P less than 0.05), to 2.6 per week with the 20 cm2 plaster (P less than 0.001). The @entity1 reaction in the exercise ECG (sum of @entity3 ), recorded on day 7 of the treatment phase, was improved three hours after plaster application, dependent on the size of the plaster: placebo 6.0 +/- 1.2 mm; 5 cm2 plaster 5.1 +/- 1.0 mm; 10 cm2 4.6 +/- 1.0 mm (P less than 0.05); 20 cm2 3.4 +/- 0.9 mm (P less than 0.001). The @entity4 -free period during ergometry showed dose-dependent improvement 3 and 24 hours after application. Arterial blood pressure was decreased only after 20 cm2 plaster by 8% after three hours, as compared with the placebo (P less than 0.05). There was no effect on heart rate, at rest or on exercise, after any plaster. The results indicate that significant decrease in @entity1 reaction occurred with a plaster of 10 cm2 or larger. A 24-hour effect was demonstrable only with respect to the duration of symptom-free exercise.

title: [Anti-anginal effect of transdermally applied XXXX as dependent on the size of the plaster].

answer: @entity5


abstract: Different regimens of total parenteral nutrition were evaluated in 64 growing @entity0 , during a 10-day period. Thirty-two @entity0 were kept at a low energy regimen (270 kcal/kg body weight per day), and the remaining @entity0 were infused with a high energy solution (350 kcal/kg/day). At each energy level, four fat/ @entity5 ( @entity2 ) nonprotein energy ratios were tested: 0% fat/100% @entity2 (no fat); 6% fat/94% @entity2 (low fat); 30% fat/70% @entity2 (medium fat); 60% fat/40% @entity2 (high fat). A daily supply of 0.9 g @entity4 /kg of a well balanced @entity3 solution was administered to all @entity0 . Growth, @entity4 balance, net @entity4 utilization, and blood status were evaluated. Carcass, liver, and muscle composition were investigated with respect to protein, fat, and water content. @entity1 was similar between groups at the same energy level. At the higher energy level the fat deposition was increased. At the low energy level, @entity0 from no fat and low fat groups lost weight during the first 3 days of the experimental period. The medium fat groups showed the highest weight gain at each energy level. This suggests the importance of the presence of fat in total parenteral nutrition programs. During the last days of the experimental period, all @entity0 gained weight, and showed a positive @entity4 balance. All groups given 350 kcal/kg/day gained weight more rapidly and showed a better @entity4 balance and utilization than the corresponding group given 270 kcal/kg/day. This study emphasizes that a well-balanced proportion of energy and substrates is important.

title: Total parenteral nutrition with different ratios of fat/ XXXX at two energy levels: an animal study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The formation and release of circulating chemoattractants has been considered to be responsible for the @entity2 and subsequent @entity6 seen with @entity9 . @entity0 radicals released from granulocytes can produce these factors. Our purpose was (1) to determine whether chemotaxins are released with @entity9 and whether the lung is the source of these factors and (2) if there is a cause and effect relationship between the release of chemoattractants and the @entity4 . Lung lymph flow, QL, lymph protein clearance, and vascular pressures were used to monitor lung vascular integrity. @entity3 endotoxin was infused into 12 @entity5 . Six @entity5 were pretreated with @entity11 ( @entity11 ), a scavenger of @entity8 ion radicals. Chemotactic activity (CA) of plasma and lung lymph was determined during baseline, the pulmonary @entity1 phase, and the permeability phase of the @entity4 . It was found that @entity9 was associated with generation of a granulocyte chemotactic factor in plasma but not in lung lymph. The peak increase in plasma CA occurred after the early pulmonary @entity10 . Pretreatment with @entity11 eliminated the increased CA but had no effect on the initial @entity7 or the @entity4 . It was concluded that (1) the lung is not the major source of increased CA after endotoxin and (2) increased plasma CA occurs but does not appear to be causative of the @entity2 or the granulocyte-induced @entity4 .

title: Chemotactic activity of plasma and lung lymph in @entity5 with XXXX : effect of hydroxyl radical scavengers.

answer: @entity9


abstract: The formation and release of circulating chemoattractants has been considered to be responsible for the @entity2 and subsequent @entity6 seen with @entity9 . @entity0 radicals released from granulocytes can produce these factors. Our purpose was (1) to determine whether chemotaxins are released with @entity9 and whether the lung is the source of these factors and (2) if there is a cause and effect relationship between the release of chemoattractants and the @entity4 . Lung lymph flow, QL, lymph protein clearance, and vascular pressures were used to monitor lung vascular integrity. @entity3 endotoxin was infused into 12 @entity5 . Six @entity5 were pretreated with @entity11 ( @entity11 ), a scavenger of @entity8 ion radicals. Chemotactic activity (CA) of plasma and lung lymph was determined during baseline, the pulmonary @entity1 phase, and the permeability phase of the @entity4 . It was found that @entity9 was associated with generation of a granulocyte chemotactic factor in plasma but not in lung lymph. The peak increase in plasma CA occurred after the early pulmonary @entity10 . Pretreatment with @entity11 eliminated the increased CA but had no effect on the initial @entity7 or the @entity4 . It was concluded that (1) the lung is not the major source of increased CA after endotoxin and (2) increased plasma CA occurs but does not appear to be causative of the @entity2 or the granulocyte-induced @entity4 .

title: Chemotactic activity of plasma and lung lymph in XXXX with @entity9 : effect of hydroxyl radical scavengers.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The pattern of liver function test abnormalities was examined during total parenteral nutrition (TPN), using both dextrose and fat emulsions as caloric sources, in 92 @entity0 with @entity1 . Seventy-two @entity0 had completely normal tests before TPN while 20 had one or more abnormal liver function tests before TPN was started. Serum @entity3 levels were normal in all @entity0 before TPN; within 2 weeks on TPN, 25% of @entity0 had elevated @entity3 levels. Serum alkaline phosphatase rose to values above normal in 25% of @entity0 with normal starting values but did not change in those with abnormal baseline liver function tests. Elevations of SGPT were characteristically more pronounced than were elevation of SGOT. After 2 weeks of TPN, mean serum SGOT rose from 15 to 26 IU per liter (p less than 0.01) in @entity0 with normal baseline values and from 28 to 50 IU per liter in those with abnormal baseline values. Elevations of serum SGPT were most common, affecting 25% of @entity0 with normal baseline. The mean SGPT value rose from 13 to 38 IU per liter (p less than 0.01) at 1 week of TPN. In @entity0 with abnormal tests before TPN, the mean SGPT value rose from 45 to 102 IU per liter (p less than 0.05). Liver biopsies performed in four @entity0 with substantial elevations of aminotransferases revealed only minor nonspecific changes and no @entity4 . Elevated liver function tests promptly returned to baseline after TPN was discontinued, and progressive @entity2 was not observed in any @entity0 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Pattern and prognosis of liver function test abnormalities during parenteral nutrition in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the functional trajectory in the last year of life in @entity1 managed without dialysis. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study of functional status over time and toward death. SETTING: Three renal units in the United Kingdom. @entity0 : @entity0 with @entity2 managed conservatively (without dialysis). MEASUREMENTS: The main outcome measure was functional status, measured using the Karnofsky Performance Scale. RESULTS: Seventy-five @entity0 (mean age 80.7, 62% response rate) recruited and followed up monthly for up to 2 years (median 8-month follow-up, range 1-23 months). Forty-nine (66%) died during follow-up. Those who died had similar distribution of age, ethnicity, primary renal pathology, and comorbidity as those still alive at study end. Analysis according to time before death revealed that functional status remained stable during the last year of life but declined steeply in the last month of life. CONCLUSION: This distinctive renal trajectory, reported here for the first time, contrasts with that previously described in other conditions. This has important clinical implications-the steep functional decline indicates that healthcare services need to be rapidly responsive to changing needs in this population as function declines in the last months and weeks of life.

title: XXXX : a new trajectory of functional decline in the last year of life.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We examined central venous catheter (CVC) @entity1 in newborn surgical @entity0 , as this group appeared to have a higher incidence of this complication. During a 3-year period 79 @entity0 on the surgical service required a tunneled, cuffed, Broviac CVC. Nineteen @entity0 (24% or 9.9 episodes per 1000 catheter days) had proven @entity1 and 8 (10% or 1.9/1000 catheter days) had suspected @entity1 . An intestinal stoma was definitely related to @entity2 ( p<0.001). Other risk factors included lower gestational age, more operations, and younger age at first stoma. Temperature, white blood cell (WBC) count, and platelet count did not correlate with @entity2 . We found no better indicator of @entity2 than the presentation of an ill @entity0 . Certainly temperature, WBC, and platelet count are not reliable indicators. Surgeons have little control over the factors that were found to be related to @entity2 . It would appear reasonable from these results to maintain a high index of suspicion in the high-risk groups, to use peripherally inserted central catheters (PIC lines) as the first line of long-term vascular access, and to bring CVCs out of a nonabdominal site, perhaps the scalp, in @entity0 with stomas.

title: Central XXXX in surgical newborns.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The complications of autogenous bone grafting cause spinal surgeons to seek alternative methods for cervical spinal fusion. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rectangular @entity2 cages as compared to the widely performed iliac crest autograft fusion. Thirty-six @entity0 with @entity4 in whom an anterior cervical approach was indicated for discectomy were included in a prospective controlled study protocol with 1-year follow-up. The first 18 consecutive @entity0 received iliac crest autograft, while the next 18 received rectangular @entity2 cages. According to Odom's criteria, 15 of 18 (83%) @entity0 in both groups experienced good to excellent functional recovery. According to the @entity0 satisfaction index, 17 of 18 (94%) in both groups were satisfied. There were no significant differences in neck or arm @entity1 . Fusion was present after 1 year in 16 of 18 (89%) @entity0 in the iliac crest autograft group and 15 of 18 (83%) in the rectangular @entity2 cage group. In the autograft group, one case of @entity3 was present, and marked @entity1 was observed in four @entity0 . There were no implant-related complications in the cage group. The authors conclude that @entity2 cages in anterior cervical discectomy constitute a safe and efficient alternative to iliac crest bone autograft.

title: A prospective clinical comparison of rectangular XXXX cages and iliac crest autografts in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The development of esophageal varices in cirrhotic @entity0 carries a significant risk of @entity2 and associated morbidity/mortality. Universal endoscopic screening, however, is invasive and expensive. Conversely, cirrhotic @entity0 often have imaging findings which suggest portal @entity1 . The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of CT and/or @entity4 to detect esophageal varices compared to EGD. METHODS: Medical records from 2000 to 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. CT and/or @entity4 images were included if performed within 90 days of EGD. Two blinded, experienced radiologists were asked to review images for the presence of esophageal varices, as well as other findings associated with portal @entity1 . Sensitivity, specificity, @entity3 and NPV were calculated using EGD findings as the gold standard. RESULTS: A total of 195 @entity0 and 142 @entity0 met criteria for @entity4 , respectively. The sensitivity of CT to detect EGD varices was 58-89%, but increased to 65-100% when specifically looking at large endoscopic varices. Overall specificity was 68-82%, but increased to 97-100% when applying >= 4 mm varices criteria. CT was superior to @entity4 in the detection of endoscopic varices; the addition of other portal @entity1 stigmata did not improve results. CONCLUSIONS: The exclusion of large endoscopic varices by CT, using standardized criteria, may obviate the need or frequency of EGD screening in select @entity0 populations. Alternatively, CT findings highly suggestive of esophageal varices in cirrhotic @entity0 may warrant further investigation and/or treatment. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.

title: Detection of esophageal varices using CT and XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence suggests that intervertebral disc (IVD) cells derived from degenerative tissue are unable to respond to physiologically relevant mechanical stimuli in the 'normal' anabolic manner, but instead respond by increasing matrix catabolism. Understanding the nature of the biological processes which allow disc cells to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli (a process termed 'mechanotransduction') is important to ascertain whether these signalling pathways differ with disease. The aim here was to investigate the involvement of @entity1 and @entity5 in the response of annulus fibrosus (AF) cells derived from nondegenerative and degenerative tissue to cyclic tensile strain to determine whether cytokine involvement differed with @entity4 . METHODS: AF cells were isolated from nondegenerative and degenerative @entity0 IVDs, expanded in monolayers and cyclically strained in the presence or absence of the cytokine inhibitors @entity1 receptor antagonist ( @entity2 ) or @entity5 receptor antibody (IL-4RAb) with 10% strain at 1.0 Hz for 20 minutes using a Flexcell strain device. Total RNA was extracted from the cells at time points of baseline control and 1 or 24 hours poststimulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse the gene expression of matrix proteins (aggrecan and type I collagen) and enzymes ( @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif 4 ( @entity6 )). RESULTS: Expression of catabolic genes ( @entity3 and @entity6 ) decreased in AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue in response to 1.0-Hz stimulation, and this decrease in gene expression was inhibited or increased following pretreatment of cells with @entity2 or IL-4RAb respectively. Treatment of AF cells derived from degenerative tissue with an identical stimulus (1.0-Hz) resulted in reduced anabolic gene expression (aggrecan and type I collagen), with @entity2 or IL-4RAb pretreatment having no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity1 and @entity5 are involved in the response of AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue to 1.0-Hz cyclic tensile strain. Interestingly, the altered response observed at 1.0-Hz in AF cells from degenerative tissue appears to be independent of either cytokine, suggesting an alternative mechanotransduction pathway in operation.

title: The involvement of @entity1 and XXXX in the response of @entity0 annulus fibrosus cells to cyclic tensile strain: an altered mechanotransduction pathway with degeneration.

answer: @entity5


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence suggests that intervertebral disc (IVD) cells derived from degenerative tissue are unable to respond to physiologically relevant mechanical stimuli in the 'normal' anabolic manner, but instead respond by increasing matrix catabolism. Understanding the nature of the biological processes which allow disc cells to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli (a process termed 'mechanotransduction') is important to ascertain whether these signalling pathways differ with disease. The aim here was to investigate the involvement of @entity1 and @entity5 in the response of annulus fibrosus (AF) cells derived from nondegenerative and degenerative tissue to cyclic tensile strain to determine whether cytokine involvement differed with @entity4 . METHODS: AF cells were isolated from nondegenerative and degenerative @entity0 IVDs, expanded in monolayers and cyclically strained in the presence or absence of the cytokine inhibitors @entity1 receptor antagonist ( @entity2 ) or @entity5 receptor antibody (IL-4RAb) with 10% strain at 1.0 Hz for 20 minutes using a Flexcell strain device. Total RNA was extracted from the cells at time points of baseline control and 1 or 24 hours poststimulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse the gene expression of matrix proteins (aggrecan and type I collagen) and enzymes ( @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif 4 ( @entity6 )). RESULTS: Expression of catabolic genes ( @entity3 and @entity6 ) decreased in AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue in response to 1.0-Hz stimulation, and this decrease in gene expression was inhibited or increased following pretreatment of cells with @entity2 or IL-4RAb respectively. Treatment of AF cells derived from degenerative tissue with an identical stimulus (1.0-Hz) resulted in reduced anabolic gene expression (aggrecan and type I collagen), with @entity2 or IL-4RAb pretreatment having no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity1 and @entity5 are involved in the response of AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue to 1.0-Hz cyclic tensile strain. Interestingly, the altered response observed at 1.0-Hz in AF cells from degenerative tissue appears to be independent of either cytokine, suggesting an alternative mechanotransduction pathway in operation.

title: The involvement of XXXX and @entity5 in the response of @entity0 annulus fibrosus cells to cyclic tensile strain: an altered mechanotransduction pathway with degeneration.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence suggests that intervertebral disc (IVD) cells derived from degenerative tissue are unable to respond to physiologically relevant mechanical stimuli in the 'normal' anabolic manner, but instead respond by increasing matrix catabolism. Understanding the nature of the biological processes which allow disc cells to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli (a process termed 'mechanotransduction') is important to ascertain whether these signalling pathways differ with disease. The aim here was to investigate the involvement of @entity1 and @entity5 in the response of annulus fibrosus (AF) cells derived from nondegenerative and degenerative tissue to cyclic tensile strain to determine whether cytokine involvement differed with @entity4 . METHODS: AF cells were isolated from nondegenerative and degenerative @entity0 IVDs, expanded in monolayers and cyclically strained in the presence or absence of the cytokine inhibitors @entity1 receptor antagonist ( @entity2 ) or @entity5 receptor antibody (IL-4RAb) with 10% strain at 1.0 Hz for 20 minutes using a Flexcell strain device. Total RNA was extracted from the cells at time points of baseline control and 1 or 24 hours poststimulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse the gene expression of matrix proteins (aggrecan and type I collagen) and enzymes ( @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif 4 ( @entity6 )). RESULTS: Expression of catabolic genes ( @entity3 and @entity6 ) decreased in AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue in response to 1.0-Hz stimulation, and this decrease in gene expression was inhibited or increased following pretreatment of cells with @entity2 or IL-4RAb respectively. Treatment of AF cells derived from degenerative tissue with an identical stimulus (1.0-Hz) resulted in reduced anabolic gene expression (aggrecan and type I collagen), with @entity2 or IL-4RAb pretreatment having no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity1 and @entity5 are involved in the response of AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue to 1.0-Hz cyclic tensile strain. Interestingly, the altered response observed at 1.0-Hz in AF cells from degenerative tissue appears to be independent of either cytokine, suggesting an alternative mechanotransduction pathway in operation.

title: The involvement of @entity1 and @entity5 in the response of XXXX annulus fibrosus cells to cyclic tensile strain: an altered mechanotransduction pathway with degeneration.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: The relationship between the volumetric and histologic responses of metastatic cervical nodes to radiotherapy or chemotherapy in the oral and maxillofacial region is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between the initial volume and regression rate of metastatic nodes with their histologic response to preoperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy. @entity0 AND METHODS: The volume of 54 metastatic nodes in 32 @entity0 with @entity2 in the oral and maxillofacial region was measured by ultrasonography before and after preoperative therapy, and the rate of the volume change was calculated. All surgically removed nodes were histologically classified as poor, good, or complete response according to their histologic features. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in initial volume among the 3 response groups. Good and complete response nodes showed a significant increase in regression rate compared with poor response nodes. All 11 nodes showing no regression were poor response nodes, and 7 with a regression rate of more than 90% were good or complete response nodes. The remaining 36 nodes (regression rate, 0% to 90%) represented all 3 types of histologic response. Of these, 7 of 9 complete response nodes were found in 5 @entity0 who received combination chemotherapy consisting of @entity3 , @entity4 , and @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The initial nodal volume before therapy is not a good indicator for the response to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. A regression rate of more than 90% may be a useful predictor of the effectiveness of preoperative treatments, but it was difficult to define the cutoff values in regression rates for differentiating types of histologic response.

title: Volumetric and histologic responses to radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy of metastatic cervical lymph nodes of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes in serologic variables and clinical disease activity following B lymphocyte depletion in 22 @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ). METHODS: B lymphocyte depletion was attained using combination therapy based on the monoclonal anti- @entity4 antibody rituximab. Levels of a serologic indicator of @entity1 , @entity3 ( @entity3 ), of antimicrobial antibodies, of autoantibodies including IgA-, IgM-, and IgG-class rheumatoid factors (RF), and of antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) were assayed. RESULTS: The majority of @entity0 showed a marked clinical improvement after treatment with rituximab, with benefit lasting up to 33 months. Levels of total serum immunoglobulins fell, although the mean values each remained within the normal range. Whereas the IgM-RF response paralleled the changes in total serum IgM levels, the levels of IgA-RF, IgG-RF, and IgG and anti-CCP antibodies decreased significantly more than did those of their corresponding total serum immunoglobulin classes. The kinetics for the reduction in @entity3 levels also paralleled the decreases in autoantibody levels. In contrast, levels of antimicrobial antibodies did not change significantly. B lymphocyte return occurred up to 21 months posttreatment. The time to relapse after B lymphocyte return was often long and unpredictable (range 0-17 months). Relapse was, however, closely correlated with rises in the level of at least one autoantibody. Increased autoantibody levels were rarely observed in the absence of clinical change. CONCLUSION: Following B lymphocyte depletion in @entity0 with @entity2 , a positive clinical response occurred in correlation with a significant drop in the levels of @entity3 and autoantibodies. Antibacterial antibody levels were relatively well maintained. B lymphocyte return preceded relapse in all @entity0 . There was also a temporal relationship between clinical relapse and rises in autoantibody levels. Although these observations are consistent with a role for B lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of @entity2 , the precise mechanisms involved remain unclear.

title: Serologic changes following B lymphocyte depletion therapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is popular with @entity0 , yet how @entity0 use CAM in relation to orthodox medicine (OM) is poorly understood. AIM: To explore how @entity0 integrate CAM and OM when self-managing @entity1 . DESIGN OF STUDY: Qualitative analysis of interviews. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals attending private CAM practices in the UK, who had had a chronic benign condition for 12 months and were using CAM alongside OM for more than 3 months. @entity0 were selected to create a maximum variation sample. The interviews were analysed using framework analysis. RESULTS: Thirty five @entity0 interviews were conducted and seven categories of use were identified: using CAM to facilitate OM use; using OM to support long-term CAM use; using CAM to reduce OM; using CAM to avoid OM; using CAM to replace OM; maximising relief using both CAM and OM; and returning to OM. @entity0 described initiating CAM use following a perceived lack of suitable orthodox treatment. @entity0 rejecting OM for a specific condition never totally rejected OM in favour of CAM. CONCLUSION: @entity0 utilise CAM and OM in identifiably different ways, individualising and integrating both approaches to manage their chronic conditions. To support @entity0 and prevent potential adverse interactions, open dialogue between @entity0 , OM practitioners, and CAM practitioners must be improved.

title: Integrated medicine in the management of XXXX : a qualitative study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is classified as a negative risk factor due to the inverse relationship between elevated levels of HDL @entity0 and @entity2 . The mechanism by which HDL can mediate protection from @entity2 is complex and multifactorial. The primary role of reverse @entity0 transport in the reduction of risk for @entity1 is supported by a considerable amount of experimental data. HDL is able to interact with and remove @entity0 from the lipid-laden foam cells in the peripheral vasculature with subsequent transportation to the liver for excretion. However, HDL has multiple other physiologic effects that may play a significant role in protection from @entity2 . HDL has been demonstrated to exhibit multiple beneficial effects on the coagulation system. Platelet function is improved by both direct and indirect mechanisms. HDL has a complex interaction with the protein C and protein S system. Thrombolytic balance is also improved by HDL. HDL has been demonstrated to have a significant natural antioxidant effect that inhibits the oxidative step required for low-density lipoprotein uptake by the macrophage. Additionally, HDL has also been demonstrated to exert multiple beneficial effects on endothelial function, including decreased apoptosis and endothelial repair.

title: Evolving concepts of the role of high-density lipoprotein in protection from XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity2 by @entity6 induces the classic @entity3 of aquariums and swimming pools. The histopathological signs have been described primarily in small series of typical cases, generally with no bacteriological evidence. In a national survey of proven infection with @entity6 detailed data was collected for 63 @entity0 . The aim of this new study was to describe microscopic signs of the infection based upon biopsies taken from these @entity0 . @entity0 AND METHODS: Unstained slides from 32 biopsies of the skin (n=24) or synovial biopsies (n=8) were prepared; they originated from 27 @entity0 . They were examined after standard staining and after Ziehl-Neelsen staining, without knowledge of the clinical data. RESULTS: All biopsies were taken from the upper limb of 18 @entity0 and nine @entity0 of mean age 48 years. Tubercular @entity3 were observed in only 60% of cases. The largest and most numerous were seen in the synovial samples. Due to their palisade appearance, they were occasionally impossible to distinguish from @entity5 . In 20% of cases, neutrophil collections were seen without @entity3 and in remaining 20% of cases, relatively non-specific infiltrate was observed. Epidermal changes consisted in psoriasiform or @entity4 , particularly at the edges of ulcerated areas; invasion of the dermo-epidermal junction was seen in five cases. Follicular @entity1 was observed in four cases with lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates remote from the @entity3 being seen in 22 biopsies. Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed no bacilli. DISCUSSION: The originality of this series consists of bacteriological proof of @entity6 infection and the absence of biopsy selection based on clinical criteria. It shows that the typical @entity3 are in fact present in less than two third of cases, and that these may be confused with @entity5 . The chief characteristic of these lesions is the very low concentration of microorganisms present, in contrast with other forms of @entity6 , making them difficult to see; routine confirmation cannot thus be expected from specific staining procedures. In one case out of five, the infiltrate suggested no infectious origin, although deep skin biopsies and synovial biopsies provided more information. For all forms of @entity1 , whether or not accompanied by collections of neutrophils, a culture should be carried out in a specific medium, even in the absence of microscopic evidence of bacilli.

title: [Histopathological study of XXXX infection].

answer: @entity6


abstract: Eighty adult @entity0 with @entity4 herniation verified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical findings corresponding to the radiological level underwent microscopic disc removal to evaluate the outcome of perioperatively given corticosteroids in a prospective randomized double-blind study. In the treatment group the @entity0 received 250 mg Solu-Medrol intravenously and 160 mg Depo-Medrol intramuscularly. Before closure of the wound, a free fat transplant soaked in 80 mg Depo-Medrol was placed on the dural sac. In the control group the same procedure was performed, but @entity5 was given instead of Depo-Medrol. All @entity0 underwent a clinical examination before surgery and at 2, 6, 12, 26, 52 and 104 weeks postoperatively, rating their @entity2 with the visual analog scale (VAS) and function with the Disability Rating Index (DRI). The postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter (P=0.01) in the treatment group (1.7 days) compared to the control group (2.3 days). Time taken to return to full-time work was also significantly shorter in the treatment group (P=0.003). VAS-W (Worst @entity2 during last week) was significantly lower in the treatment group (P=0.02). @entity1 occurred in one @entity0 in the control group and no adverse corticosteroids effect was seen. Our study shows that perioperatively given corticosteroids improve the outcome of microscopic disc surgery in terms of length of hospital stay and time taken to return to full-time work. The results also indicate that @entity3 treatment reduces @entity2 and improves functional outcome.

title: The effect of perioperative corticosteroids on the outcome of microscopic XXXX surgery.

answer: @entity4


abstract: We present a case report involving the flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL) tendon which travels through a fibro-osseous tunnel together with the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) tendon, causing a stenosing @entity4 . The @entity0 was admitted with posteromedial ankle @entity1 and diagnosed clinically as @entity4 . We found two tendons in the tunnel during hindfoot endoscopy. The @entity2 was relieved by endoscopic debridement. After the operation, we checked the MRI images and observed two tendons. We concluded that the accessory tendon was the FDAL. Two years later the @entity0 was admitted with the same symptoms. We excised the FDAL muscle and the @entity0 's symptoms resolved. The FDAL muscle is a cause of @entity4 . Because of its variability and mostly asymptomatic nature, it may not be noticed it on an MRI scan. Hindfoot endoscopy is a safe tool for the diagnosis of this condition and curative treatment is afforded by excision of the FDAL muscle.

title: Hindfoot endoscopy for accessory flexor digitorum longus and XXXX @entity4 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: We present a case report involving the flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL) tendon which travels through a fibro-osseous tunnel together with the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) tendon, causing a stenosing @entity4 . The @entity0 was admitted with posteromedial ankle @entity1 and diagnosed clinically as @entity4 . We found two tendons in the tunnel during hindfoot endoscopy. The @entity2 was relieved by endoscopic debridement. After the operation, we checked the MRI images and observed two tendons. We concluded that the accessory tendon was the FDAL. Two years later the @entity0 was admitted with the same symptoms. We excised the FDAL muscle and the @entity0 's symptoms resolved. The FDAL muscle is a cause of @entity4 . Because of its variability and mostly asymptomatic nature, it may not be noticed it on an MRI scan. Hindfoot endoscopy is a safe tool for the diagnosis of this condition and curative treatment is afforded by excision of the FDAL muscle.

title: Hindfoot endoscopy for accessory flexor digitorum longus and @entity3 XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the @entity2 ( @entity2 ) status of our @entity8 ( @entity7 ) population and to compare the frequency of @entity5 in @entity0 with @entity1 requiring corticosteroids with that in @entity0 with inactive disease who are not receiving corticosteroids. METHODS: Medical charts of all @entity0 diagnosed as having juvenile @entity7 at our institution between 1989 and 1999 were reviewed for demographic and clinical data, including disease activity and duration of corticosteroid therapy. @entity2 measurements of the lumbar spine (L1-L4) were performed using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Z scores were calculated from the @entity2 data for comparison with published normative data. RESULTS: A total of 15 @entity0 were assessed: 10 with @entity1 , and 5 with inactive disease who had not taken corticosteroids for an average of 6.0 years (range 3.4-8.1 years). Baseline @entity2 measurements demonstrated @entity5 or @entity3 in the majority of @entity0 , including 6 of the 10 @entity0 with @entity1 and 4 of the 5 @entity0 whose disease was in remission. Fourteen @entity0 had serial @entity2 measurements. Persistent or worsening @entity5 was documented in all @entity0 who had ongoing @entity1 , except for 3 @entity0 who had been treated with @entity4 because of @entity6 . CONCLUSION: @entity5 is common in @entity0 with juvenile @entity7 , and it usually worsens with @entity1 . It can persist for many years after the disease enters remission. Bisphosphonates appeared to beneficially affect bone mineralization in our @entity0 . Treatment to prevent the long-term complications of @entity3 in @entity0 with juvenile @entity7 should be considered and requires further study.

title: Bone mineral density in XXXX : assessment using dual x-ray absorptiometry.

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe the spectrum of axillary artery pathology seen in high-performance overhead athletes and the outcomes of current treatment. METHODS: A retrospective review of @entity0 that had undergone management of @entity5 in a specialized center for @entity6 ( @entity6 ). Treatment outcomes were assessed with respect to arterial pathology and operative management. RESULTS: Nine male athletes were referred for @entity13 in the dominant arm between January 2000 and August 2010, representing 1.6% of 572 @entity0 treated for @entity6 (19% of 47 @entity0 treated for arterial @entity6 ). Seven were elite baseball pitchers (six professional, one collegiate), and two were professional baseball coaches with practice pitching responsibilities, with a mean age of 30.9    2.9 years. Presenting symptoms included arm fatigue (five), finger @entity10 (four), cold @entity1 /Raynaud's (two), @entity2 (one), and cutaneous fingertip @entity8 (one). Three @entity0 underwent transcatheter thrombolysis prior to referral, including one with angioplasty and stenting. At angiography and surgical exploration 2.5    0.8 weeks after symptom presentation (range, 1-8 weeks), six @entity0 had occlusion of the distal axillary artery opposite the humeral head either at rest (three) or with arm elevation (three), one had axillary @entity12 with positional occlusion, and two had @entity7 of circumflex humeral artery @entity4 . Five @entity0 had embolic @entity3 distal to the elbow. Treatment included segmental axillary artery repair with saphenous vein (n = 7; five interposition bypass grafts and two patch angioplasties), ligation/excision of circumflex humeral artery @entity4 (n = 2), and distal artery thrombectomy/thrombolysis (n = 2). Mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.8    0.5 days, and the time until resumption of unrestricted overhead throwing was 10.8    2.7 weeks. At a median follow-up of 15 months (range, 3-123 months), primary-assisted patency was 89%, and secondary patency was 100%. All nine @entity0 had continued careers in professional baseball, although one retired during long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Repetitive positional compression of the axillary artery can cause a spectrum of pathology in the overhead athlete, including focal intimal @entity11 , @entity4 formation, segmental dissection, and branch vessel @entity4 . Prompt recognition of these rare lesions is crucial given their propensity toward @entity7 and @entity8 , with positional arteriography necessary for diagnosis. Full functional recovery can usually be anticipated within several months of surgical treatment, consisting of mobilization and segmental reconstruction of the diseased axillary artery or ligation/excision of @entity4 , as well as concomitant management of distal @entity9 .

title: Positional compression of the axillary artery causing upper extremity @entity7 and XXXX in the elite overhead throwing athlete.

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe the spectrum of axillary artery pathology seen in high-performance overhead athletes and the outcomes of current treatment. METHODS: A retrospective review of @entity0 that had undergone management of @entity5 in a specialized center for @entity6 ( @entity6 ). Treatment outcomes were assessed with respect to arterial pathology and operative management. RESULTS: Nine male athletes were referred for @entity13 in the dominant arm between January 2000 and August 2010, representing 1.6% of 572 @entity0 treated for @entity6 (19% of 47 @entity0 treated for arterial @entity6 ). Seven were elite baseball pitchers (six professional, one collegiate), and two were professional baseball coaches with practice pitching responsibilities, with a mean age of 30.9    2.9 years. Presenting symptoms included arm fatigue (five), finger @entity10 (four), cold @entity1 /Raynaud's (two), @entity2 (one), and cutaneous fingertip @entity8 (one). Three @entity0 underwent transcatheter thrombolysis prior to referral, including one with angioplasty and stenting. At angiography and surgical exploration 2.5    0.8 weeks after symptom presentation (range, 1-8 weeks), six @entity0 had occlusion of the distal axillary artery opposite the humeral head either at rest (three) or with arm elevation (three), one had axillary @entity12 with positional occlusion, and two had @entity7 of circumflex humeral artery @entity4 . Five @entity0 had embolic @entity3 distal to the elbow. Treatment included segmental axillary artery repair with saphenous vein (n = 7; five interposition bypass grafts and two patch angioplasties), ligation/excision of circumflex humeral artery @entity4 (n = 2), and distal artery thrombectomy/thrombolysis (n = 2). Mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.8    0.5 days, and the time until resumption of unrestricted overhead throwing was 10.8    2.7 weeks. At a median follow-up of 15 months (range, 3-123 months), primary-assisted patency was 89%, and secondary patency was 100%. All nine @entity0 had continued careers in professional baseball, although one retired during long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Repetitive positional compression of the axillary artery can cause a spectrum of pathology in the overhead athlete, including focal intimal @entity11 , @entity4 formation, segmental dissection, and branch vessel @entity4 . Prompt recognition of these rare lesions is crucial given their propensity toward @entity7 and @entity8 , with positional arteriography necessary for diagnosis. Full functional recovery can usually be anticipated within several months of surgical treatment, consisting of mobilization and segmental reconstruction of the diseased axillary artery or ligation/excision of @entity4 , as well as concomitant management of distal @entity9 .

title: Positional compression of the axillary artery causing upper extremity XXXX and @entity8 in the elite overhead throwing athlete.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of two kinds homogenous assays for direct determination of high-density lipoprotein @entity0 (HDL-C) based on the principle of polyanion polymer/detergent (PPD method) and @entity5 -modified enzyme (PEGME) method. METHODS: The two homogenous methods were compared with the precipitation method ( @entity4 -Mg2+ method), their precision, accuracy, specificity and interference were also analyzed. RESULTS: Both homogenous HDL-C assays were precise, having a within-run CV < 3%, day-to-day CV < 3% and total CV < 4%. The HDL-C values measured by the two homogenous methods correlated well with those by @entity4 -Mg2+ method (X): Y = 0.9316 X + 0.1063, r = 0.9762 for PPD method (Y); and Y = 0.9106 X + 0.1368, r = 0.9894 for PEGME method (Y). The linearity studies showed the two homogenous methods to be linear up to 4.14 mmol/L. The lowest detectable concentration of the two methods was apparently 0.08 mmol/L. Recoveries of the two methods were 94.1%-106.2%. Hemoglobin did not interfere with the HDL-C results in the two homogenous methods, whereas icteric samples with total @entity3 > 200 mg/L showed discrepancies. @entity1 up to @entity2 concentration of 17.0 mmol/L did not interfere with the two homogenous HDL-C assays. CONCLUSIONS: The two new homogenous HDL-C assays meet the requirements for accuracy, precision, ease of handling with massive sample, allow full automation, and are clinically useful.

title: [Clinical evaluation of two kinds homogenous assays for determination of high-density lipoprotein XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: In mammals, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a process in which one of the two X chromosomes is silenced, following @entity2 expression. @entity1 female pluripotent stem cells do not express @entity3 , and harbor two active X chromosomes. However, analysis of XCI in @entity0 embryonic stem cells (hESCs), mainly based on @entity2 expression, was not conclusive. Here, we studied XCI in hESCs by meta-analysis of the expression of the entire set of genes on the X chromosome in 21 female hESC lines. Thus, we could divide the ES cell lines into three categories: lines with no XCI, lines with full XCI, and lines with partial XCI. The partial inactivation of the X chromosome always involved the middle of the chromosome, surrounding the @entity2 transcription site. The status of XCI in some of the cell lines was validated by either allelic-specific expression or DNA methylation analysis. Interestingly, analysis of 10 female @entity0 -induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines demonstrated similar heterogeneity in the inactivation of X chromosome and could also be classified into the same three categories detected in hESCs. Thus, we could show that in some hiPSC lines, the X chromosome was activated on reprogramming. Based on our analysis, we propose a model of the dynamics of XCI in pluripotent stem cells.

title: Meta-analysis of the heterogeneity of X chromosome inactivation in XXXX pluripotent stem cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: AIM: To assess the acceptability, feasibility and results of day-case laparoscopic fundoplication for @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in an university tertiary care center. METHODS: Day-case surgery for @entity3 was proposed routinely to all @entity0 with proven asymptomatic, uncomplicated @entity3 fulfilling predetermined inclusion criteria from September 2003 and January 2007. All @entity0 underwent standard anesthetic, surgical, analgesic and antiemetic protocols. @entity0 had a 360   Nissen-Rosetti laparoscopic fundoplication. Evaluation, according to intent-to-treat analysis, included inclusion criteria, admission to conventional hospital facilities, unplanned post-operative consultation or readmission, complication and reoperation rates as well as @entity0 satisfaction at 12 months, using the validated Visick score and Gastro-Intestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) questionnaire. RESULTS: Of 152 @entity0 undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication for @entity3 during the study period, 49 (32.2%) had day-case procedures. Forty @entity0 (81.6%) were discharged 6 to 8h after operation. Nine @entity0 were converted to in- @entity0 hospitalization because of @entity4 (n=5), inadequate @entity2 control (n=3) or @entity1 (n=1), seven (77.8%) of these were discharged within 23h. Unplanned consultation or hospitalization was necessary in 14.3% and 4.1% of cases respectively, mainly for @entity5 . The postoperative complication rate was 6.1%. At 12 months, 89.6% of @entity0 were Visick 1 to 3 (excellent to satisfactory results). Reoperation was needed in three cases. @entity0 quality of life, evaluated by GIQLI, was significantly enhanced by surgery (88.9  27.3 preoperatively versus 111.2  24.0 postoperatively, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Day-case laparoscopic fundoplication for @entity3 is feasible and well tolerated in selected @entity0 .

title: Outcome of day-case laparoscopic fundoplication for XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical course and duration of therapy in 28 @entity0 with @entity3 rheumatica (PMR) and/or @entity1 ( @entity1 ) for identifying factors that influence prolonged steroid use and relapses. METHODS: 28 cases of PMR and/or @entity1 diagnosed from 1992 to 2001 were retrospectively studied in PUMC hospital. @entity0 were grouped according to the absence or presence of corticosteroid resistant and relapses. RESULTS: Of 28 @entity0 , 22 had pure PMR, 3 had both PMR and @entity1 and 3 had pure @entity1 . 15 @entity0 received corticosteroid therapy and 13 had both corticosteroid and immunosuppressor therapy. The median duration was (25.5 +/- 24.0) months. Increase of white blood cell level and higher baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were significant risk factors associated with corticosteroid resistant (P < 0.01). Quicker reduction of @entity2 dose was associated with relapse (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 with increase of white blood cell level and higher baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are more likely to be resistant to corticosteroid therapy. Quicker reduction in corticosteroid is more likely to relapse. Immunosuppressor therapy should be added to @entity0 who has corticosteroid resistant, and relapse or PMR associated with @entity1 .

title: [Follow-up studies in @entity3 rheumatica and XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical course and duration of therapy in 28 @entity0 with @entity3 rheumatica (PMR) and/or @entity1 ( @entity1 ) for identifying factors that influence prolonged steroid use and relapses. METHODS: 28 cases of PMR and/or @entity1 diagnosed from 1992 to 2001 were retrospectively studied in PUMC hospital. @entity0 were grouped according to the absence or presence of corticosteroid resistant and relapses. RESULTS: Of 28 @entity0 , 22 had pure PMR, 3 had both PMR and @entity1 and 3 had pure @entity1 . 15 @entity0 received corticosteroid therapy and 13 had both corticosteroid and immunosuppressor therapy. The median duration was (25.5 +/- 24.0) months. Increase of white blood cell level and higher baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were significant risk factors associated with corticosteroid resistant (P < 0.01). Quicker reduction of @entity2 dose was associated with relapse (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 with increase of white blood cell level and higher baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are more likely to be resistant to corticosteroid therapy. Quicker reduction in corticosteroid is more likely to relapse. Immunosuppressor therapy should be added to @entity0 who has corticosteroid resistant, and relapse or PMR associated with @entity1 .

title: [Follow-up studies in XXXX rheumatica and @entity1 ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate if @entity3 or insulin resistance could predict the @entity2 in non-diabetic adults. METHODS: One hundred and seventy non-diabetic adults (NGT 107, IGT 63) were included based on the screen by OGTT in 1986. Height, weight, blood pressure were measured. Plasma @entity1 and insulin concentration at 0.60 and 120 min during OGTT were determined at baseline. All the subjects were followed for six years with blood pressure and plasma @entity1 examined at the end of the study. Subjects worsening to @entity0 were excluded. Insulin area under-curve (INSAUC) and insulin sensitivity index [IAI = (1/FINS x FPG)] were calculated. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of INSAUC and insulin sensitivity to the @entity2 . RESULTS: Both @entity5 and @entity6 levels at the end of the study were increased with increased INSAUC baseline. The @entity5 were (119.5 +/- 2.3), (122.1 +/- 2.5), (129.4 +/- 2.4) and (128.3 +/- 2.6) mmHg, and the @entity6 were (78.6 +/- 1.6), (79.7 +/- 1.7), (85.2 +/- 1.4) and (84.0 +/- 1.0) mmHg from the lowest to the highest quartiles of INSAUC respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed Age, @entity5 , @entity6 , BMI, FINS, INS1h, INSAUC at baseline were positively correlated to blood pressure levels at the end of the study. After the adjustment of Age, sex, BMI, smoking, @entity4 h and blood pressure at baseline, the INSAUC was significantly correlated to blood pressure six years later, while the insulin sensitivity index was not. CONCLUSION: The compensated @entity3 based on selective insulin resistance rather than insulin resistance to @entity1 per se could predict the @entity2 in nondiabetic adults.

title: [Compensated XXXX based on selective insulin resistance predicts @entity2 in non-diabetic adults].

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate if @entity3 or insulin resistance could predict the @entity2 in non-diabetic adults. METHODS: One hundred and seventy non-diabetic adults (NGT 107, IGT 63) were included based on the screen by OGTT in 1986. Height, weight, blood pressure were measured. Plasma @entity1 and insulin concentration at 0.60 and 120 min during OGTT were determined at baseline. All the subjects were followed for six years with blood pressure and plasma @entity1 examined at the end of the study. Subjects worsening to @entity0 were excluded. Insulin area under-curve (INSAUC) and insulin sensitivity index [IAI = (1/FINS x FPG)] were calculated. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of INSAUC and insulin sensitivity to the @entity2 . RESULTS: Both @entity5 and @entity6 levels at the end of the study were increased with increased INSAUC baseline. The @entity5 were (119.5 +/- 2.3), (122.1 +/- 2.5), (129.4 +/- 2.4) and (128.3 +/- 2.6) mmHg, and the @entity6 were (78.6 +/- 1.6), (79.7 +/- 1.7), (85.2 +/- 1.4) and (84.0 +/- 1.0) mmHg from the lowest to the highest quartiles of INSAUC respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed Age, @entity5 , @entity6 , BMI, FINS, INS1h, INSAUC at baseline were positively correlated to blood pressure levels at the end of the study. After the adjustment of Age, sex, BMI, smoking, @entity4 h and blood pressure at baseline, the INSAUC was significantly correlated to blood pressure six years later, while the insulin sensitivity index was not. CONCLUSION: The compensated @entity3 based on selective insulin resistance rather than insulin resistance to @entity1 per se could predict the @entity2 in nondiabetic adults.

title: [Compensated @entity3 based on selective insulin resistance predicts XXXX in non-diabetic adults].

answer: @entity2