abstract: A syndrome of distal common bile duct obstruction secondary to the fibrotic effects of chronic @entity4 has been recognized for some time. A group of ten characteristic @entity0 , seven of whom have undergone surgery, is discussed. The diagnostic techniques and surgical procedures are presented, and the results are analyzed. Three @entity0 with the syndrome were not operated upon and one improved spontaneously. The typical @entity0 was a male alcoholic, average age 48 years, with a history of chronic, relapsing @entity4 and @entity2 . The most consistently abnormal laboratory value is a markedly elevated alkaline phosphates level. Endoscopic retrograde pancreaticocholangiography and transhepatic cholangiography are the most useful diagnostic procedures. Fifteen per cent of the most useful diagnostic procedures. Fifteen per cent of the @entity0 operated upon required emergent surgery for @entity3 and @entity1 . Another 29 per cent required prompt intervention for progressive @entity5 secondary to @entity6 . The authors advocate an aggressive approach to establish biliary drainage in the presence of @entity3 or @entity6 . If a dilated pancreatic duct can be demonstrated and @entity2 is the principal problem a direct procedure on the pancreas is needed.

title: Biliary obstruction in chronic XXXX : indications for surgical intervention.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Evidence linking marginal intakes of the trace elements, @entity9 , @entity6 , @entity3 and @entity10 , with abnormal lipid metabolism and ultimately @entity1 is accumulating from both animal and @entity0 studies. @entity9 supplementation of normal adult @entity0 , as well as diabetics, has been reported to increase high density lipoprotein @entity2 and decrease @entity8 and total @entity2 . Subjects with the highest total @entity2 and @entity8 usually respond the most to supplemental @entity9 . Improvements in lipid metabolism, as well as those in @entity5 metabolism, appear to be related to improvements in insulin efficiency due likely to increased receptor number. Animal studies also indicate that improvements in serum @entity2 , aortic lipids and plaque formations due to supplemental @entity9 are associated with decreased circulating insulin. Insufficient dietary @entity6 also leads to elevated lipid levels and @entity4 . Animal studies indicate an obvious degradation of the heart muscles. @entity3 appears to function in @entity1 primarily via its antagonism with @entity6 . @entity10 may also affect @entity1 since @entity10 is postulated to be involved in @entity7 . These data demonstrate that the trace elements, @entity9 , @entity6 , and @entity10 , have beneficial effects on risk factors associated with @entity1 suggesting that a decreased risk of @entity1 may be achieved by adequate intake of trace elements.

title: Trace elements and XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Intraoperative mapping with a hand-held, roving electrode requires a sustained rhythm lasting 5 to 10 minutes. To overcome this limitation, a computerized mapping system that records from 60 epicardial electrodes simultaneously was used to study 16 @entity0 with @entity3 . A sock containing 6 rows of electrodes arranged concentrically from base to apex was place over the ventricles. The total time from placing the sock to analyzing the most basal row of electrode recordings was 5 minutes. @entity4 44-mm plaque containing 56 electrodes was than placed across the atrioventricular (AV) groove for detailed simultaneous mapping of the ventricle and atrium in the preexcited region identified from the most basal row of sock electrodes. During plaque placement and recording, the remaining sock recordings were analyzed and a complete isochronal epicardial map was drawn. The plaque recordings were then analyzed. This technique rapidly detects early activation at the AV groove as do other computer systems using only a band of electrodes around the AV groove. Also, complete epicardial mapping supplied important additional information. One @entity0 with a posterior paraseptal accessory pathway had ventricular epicardial breakthrough below the strip recorded by the AV band. When more than 1 early activation site was present along the AV groove, complete maps allowed multiple pathways to be differentiated from normal activation fronts ascending from the bundle branches. Complete epicardial maps allowed the study of rapidly changing or short-lived electrical events including isolated premature impulses, initiation and termination of reciprocating @entity1 by pacing, entrainment and changing degrees of fusion created by pacing during reciprocating @entity1 , and ventricular responses during @entity2 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Computer-assisted intraoperative mapping of the entire ventricular epicardium in the XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Previous uncontrolled studies suggest that exercise rehabilitation reduces recurrence rates in post- @entity3 @entity0 . Six hundred and ten consecutive post-coronary @entity0 referred to an exercise rehabilitation programme have been followed for an average of 36.5 months (1-8 years). @entity2 amounted to 36 (1.89% p.a.) of which 23 were @entity2 , with an annual death rate averaging only 0.85% after the first year of conditioning had been completed. There were also a total of 21 non-fatal recurrences of @entity4 . comparison has been made with 700 @entity0 enrolled in the Health Insurance Plan of New York. On the basis of smoothed probabilities for the risk factors reported in the New York series, we should have seen 89 deaths (P less than 0.001). Correcting for differences between the two groups (age and number of @entity1 ) gives a predicted mortality for the Toronto series of 63.5 deaths (3.42% p.a.). This discrepancy in favour of the exercised group is significant in terms of an infinitely large control population (P less than 0.001) and also sample sizes of 610 exercised and 700 control @entity0 (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.001). Unfortunately, formally to prove such a 45% reduction in mortality by way of a randomised control trial would be extremely costly, possibly prohibitively so.

title: Prognosis in XXXX --the benefits of exercise as seen in non-randomised trials.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy alone or in combination with radical hysterectomy remains a potentially curative treatment for @entity6 . Late urological complications after curative radiotreatment are rare but often present difficult problems of management due to the progressive nature of radiogenic tissue damage. We reviewed all cases of radiogenic urologic complications after radiotherapy for @entity6 treated at our institution over the past 10 years. @entity0 AND METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, out of all female @entity0 treated for @entity7 (n = 543), 93 @entity0 with @entity7 occurring after curative treatment for gynecological @entity1 were identified. The most frequent cause was progressive disease (n = 55); 30 @entity0 without recurrence had severe radiogenic urological complications (study population). RESULTS: Out of 30 @entity0 with a mean age of 44.9 years at the time of treatment for @entity1 , 6 had undergone primary radiotherapy and 24 had received adjuvant radiotreatment after radical hysterectomy. The observed late urological complications were: distal ureteral stenoses (bilateral in 4 cases, unilateral in 15 cases), distal @entity2 (n = 1), bilateral ureteral reflux (n = 3), vesico-vaginal fistulae (n = 5), @entity9 (n = 1), severe @entity3 shrinkage (n = 6) and @entity8 (n = 2). Marked signs of radiogenic @entity5 were observed in almost all @entity0 . The mean latency time between radiotherapy and manifestation of severe radiogenic urological sequelae was 19.4 years (range 0.5-41.5). Primary treatment of urological complications consisted in temporary urinary diversion by percutaneous nephrostomies or insertion of internal ureteral stents. Permanent treatment for radiogenic @entity4 in all @entity0 with sufficient general health consisted of surgical or endourological urinary diversion or reconstruction. However, the majority of @entity0 were managed by permanent endourological measures. Lower tract fistulae were treated by distal ureteral occlusion and diversion. CONCLUSIONS: Although severe late urological sequelae of curative radiotherapy for @entity6 are rare they represent major complications, result in considerable distress for the @entity0 , and often present difficult therapeutic problems for the urologist. As these urological complications can have extremely long latency times, focussed follow-up for early detection may be advisable.

title: Manifestation, latency and management of late urological complications after curative radiotherapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Botulinum neurotoxin (Botox) for elimination of pharyngeal constrictor muscle @entity1 in tracheoesophageal voice restoration. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was made of 62 @entity0 between 1991 and 2002 who had Botox as the initial treatment for pharyngeal constrictor muscle @entity1 . METHODS: One hundred units of Botox properly diluted in 3 mL saline was instilled unilaterally under electromyographic guidance after fluoroscopic identification and marking of the contracted pharyngeal constrictor muscles. The @entity0 were divided into three groups based on their response to the first Botox injection: group I, complete relaxation of the pharyngeal constrictors resulting in fluent voice, intratracheal phonation pressure of 20 to 40 cm @entity2 , and the ability to say 15 to 20 uninterrupted syllables; group II, @entity3 or incomplete relaxation of the pharyngeal constrictors resulting in intratracheal phonation pressure of 45 to 70 cm @entity2 and the ability to say 7 or 8 syllables; and group III, failure to produce relaxation of the pharyngeal constrictors. RESULTS: After the first injection of Botox, 49 (79%) @entity0 were in group I or II (41 in group I and 8 in group II) and group III consisted of 13 @entity0 . Thirty-four @entity0 (55%) had group I (28) or II (6) responses for greater than 6 months. A second Botox injection enabled 6 of the 13 failures to move into group I. In all, 8 pharyngeal constrictor muscle myotomies (13%) were ultimately required in the 62 @entity0 . The group I speaker for the longest period has enjoyed 11 years of fluency and successful daily use of a tracheostoma valve after two Botox injections. CONCLUSION: Botox relaxation of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles has proven to be effective, has replaced secondary pharyngeal myotomy for the initial treatment of pharyngeal muscle @entity1 , and is the only treatment in @entity0 who are not candidates for elective surgery. Radiographic assessment, electromyographically monitored injection, and the number of Botox units appear to be important to successful outcomes.

title: Botulinum neurotoxin for pharyngeal constrictor muscle XXXX in tracheoesophageal voice restoration.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to compare the surgical options for treatment of @entity2 to determine the appropriate indications for conservative and aggressive management. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective review of 160 @entity0 with a diagnosis of @entity2 treated by the two senior authors (w.l. and h.f.b.) between 1973 and 2001. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 124 male and 36 female @entity0 with an average age of 56 years. The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 16 years (mean, 5.2 years). Seventy-eight @entity0 (49%) had undergone prior surgery. Lateral rhinotomy was performed in 112 @entity0 (70%), with a recurrence rate of 18%. Conservative removal was performed in 41 @entity0 (26%), including 30 (19%) endoscopic approaches, with a recurrence rate of 12%. The remaining @entity0 underwent @entity3 , osteoplastic approach, or craniofacial resection. The rate of malignant transformation was 7%. CONCLUSION: We present the largest personal series of cases of @entity2 to date. Our data suggest that conservative approaches, especially endoscopic removal, can be performed on selected lesions with recurrence rates that are comparable to those of more aggressive techniques. Those @entity2 that recur after treatment may represent a subset of lesions with an inherent @entity1 , for which optimal treatment has yet to be determined.

title: Treatment outcomes in the management of XXXX : an analysis of 160 cases.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity7 in @entity0 most frequently involves the penoscrotal area. The uncertainty of the outcome and of the relationship to the underlying @entity3 and associated internal @entity1 still exists. From 1982 to 2001, 33 @entity0 with penoscrotal extramammary @entity6 were treated and followed up. Therapeutic modalities included @entity4 laser ablation (two @entity0 ) and local wide excision (31 @entity0 ). Split-thickness skin graft (22 @entity0 ), @entity5 (six @entity0 ), and primary closure (three @entity0 ) were utilized to reconstruct the @entity2 after local wide excision. An underlying @entity3 occurred in seven of 33 @entity0 (21.2 percent). The incidence of associated internal @entity1 was 9.1 percent (three of 33 @entity0 ), including one concurrently and two nonconcurrently associated @entity1 . Eight of 33 @entity0 had local recurrence, representing an incidence of 24.2 percent. Three @entity0 (9.1 percent) had distant metastasis and ultimately died of @entity3 . Of these @entity0 , 31 were grouped according to the degrees of involvement: limited to the epidermis (group 1, n = 14), involvement of the adnexal gland and/or hair follicle (group 2, n = 10), and the presence of an underlying @entity3 (group 3, n = 7). Local wide excision with subsequent reconstruction by split-thickness skin graft was favored in this series. @entity0 with an underlying @entity3 or pathological invasion of the dermis (group 2 or 3) had a worse prognosis than @entity0 without. From this study, it is difficult to address the particular relationship between the outcome and the associated internal @entity1 .

title: Penoscrotal extramammary XXXX : a review of 33 cases in a 20-year experience.

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity1 is a synthetic @entity0 compound whose main advantages over @entity0 are increased oral absorption, prolonged serum half-life and decreased gastrointestinal side-effects. The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of @entity1 in gingival fluid and blood after oral administration. 4 volunteers were given doses of 100 mg @entity1 every 12 h on the first day of antibiotic administration followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg per day for an additional 4 days. 3 of these volunteers were also given @entity0 every 6 h for 5 days either 1 month before or after @entity1 administration to compare gingival fluid levels of these 2 @entity0 compounds. Gingival fluid was sampled from 4 gingival sites in each volunteer at hourly intervals from hours 0 to 6, 9, 24, 27, 48 to 54, 57, 72, 75, 96 to 102 and 105. Blood was sampled by finger puncture at hours 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, 54, 72, 96 and 102. Antibiotic levels in gingival fluid and blood were measured using an agar diffusion assay method. The results demonstrated that @entity1 achieved much higher levels in the gingival fluid than in blood and yielded comparable gingival fluid levels to those achieved by @entity0 . @entity1 levels in gingival fluid ranged between 1.2 micrograms/ml and 8.1 micrograms/ml in the first 24 h and generally achieved 3-10 micrograms/ml after 48 h. Blood levels after 48 h ranged between 2.1 micrograms/ml and 2.9 micrograms/ml. @entity0 in gingival fluid after 48 h was generally in the range of 4 micrograms/ml-10 micrograms/ml with blood levels between 2.2 micrograms/ml and 3.4 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Concentration of XXXX in human gingival fluid.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity9 produces chronic sequelae in the legs and occasional immediate mortality due to @entity8 . Because it occurs in certain high risk situations (for example, after surgery) its prevention is a practical proposition. This has been attempted using many different approaches. Administration of low dose heparin with or without @entity11 to enhance venous return has been one of the most widely tested regimens. There is little doubt that this can prevent, in many @entity0 groups, postoperative @entity7 and @entity8 , with a low incidence of adverse reactions. Some particularly high risk postoperative @entity0 groups (for example, those undergoing hip surgery) warrant more aggressive measures to prevent @entity4 . Surveys have shown that increasing use is being made of this approach, and it is hoped that all surgeons will adopt a policy that will reduce postoperative @entity1 and @entity8 . A reduction in the incidence of @entity9 in large acute @entity3 is achieved by low dose heparin, although early mobilization is important. In addition, many of the @entity0 at risk merit full dose anticoagulation to prevent intracardiac @entity6 . Established @entity1 is treated effectively by intravenous heparin, followed by @entity10 to keep the prothrombin time at 1.2 to 1.5 times control, as assessed using @entity2 thromboplastin; most @entity0 need three months of treatment. Anticoagulation is warranted for @entity8 , with fibrinolytic therapy reserved for @entity0 with massive @entity5 and hemodynamic compromise. Embolectomy is a heroic measure, which may occasionally be lifesaving.

title: Preventive and therapeutic approach to XXXX and @entity8 --can death from @entity8 be prevented?

answer: @entity9


abstract: @entity9 produces chronic sequelae in the legs and occasional immediate mortality due to @entity8 . Because it occurs in certain high risk situations (for example, after surgery) its prevention is a practical proposition. This has been attempted using many different approaches. Administration of low dose heparin with or without @entity11 to enhance venous return has been one of the most widely tested regimens. There is little doubt that this can prevent, in many @entity0 groups, postoperative @entity7 and @entity8 , with a low incidence of adverse reactions. Some particularly high risk postoperative @entity0 groups (for example, those undergoing hip surgery) warrant more aggressive measures to prevent @entity4 . Surveys have shown that increasing use is being made of this approach, and it is hoped that all surgeons will adopt a policy that will reduce postoperative @entity1 and @entity8 . A reduction in the incidence of @entity9 in large acute @entity3 is achieved by low dose heparin, although early mobilization is important. In addition, many of the @entity0 at risk merit full dose anticoagulation to prevent intracardiac @entity6 . Established @entity1 is treated effectively by intravenous heparin, followed by @entity10 to keep the prothrombin time at 1.2 to 1.5 times control, as assessed using @entity2 thromboplastin; most @entity0 need three months of treatment. Anticoagulation is warranted for @entity8 , with fibrinolytic therapy reserved for @entity0 with massive @entity5 and hemodynamic compromise. Embolectomy is a heroic measure, which may occasionally be lifesaving.

title: Preventive and therapeutic approach to @entity9 and XXXX --can death from @entity8 be prevented?

answer: @entity8


abstract: @entity9 produces chronic sequelae in the legs and occasional immediate mortality due to @entity8 . Because it occurs in certain high risk situations (for example, after surgery) its prevention is a practical proposition. This has been attempted using many different approaches. Administration of low dose heparin with or without @entity11 to enhance venous return has been one of the most widely tested regimens. There is little doubt that this can prevent, in many @entity0 groups, postoperative @entity7 and @entity8 , with a low incidence of adverse reactions. Some particularly high risk postoperative @entity0 groups (for example, those undergoing hip surgery) warrant more aggressive measures to prevent @entity4 . Surveys have shown that increasing use is being made of this approach, and it is hoped that all surgeons will adopt a policy that will reduce postoperative @entity1 and @entity8 . A reduction in the incidence of @entity9 in large acute @entity3 is achieved by low dose heparin, although early mobilization is important. In addition, many of the @entity0 at risk merit full dose anticoagulation to prevent intracardiac @entity6 . Established @entity1 is treated effectively by intravenous heparin, followed by @entity10 to keep the prothrombin time at 1.2 to 1.5 times control, as assessed using @entity2 thromboplastin; most @entity0 need three months of treatment. Anticoagulation is warranted for @entity8 , with fibrinolytic therapy reserved for @entity0 with massive @entity5 and hemodynamic compromise. Embolectomy is a heroic measure, which may occasionally be lifesaving.

title: Preventive and therapeutic approach to @entity9 and @entity8 --can death from XXXX be prevented?

answer: @entity8


abstract: We investigated the effect of proteolytic enzyme treatment on the course of passive @entity5 (PHN). PHN was induced by intravenous injection of Heymann antibody into @entity1 . Protease-treated @entity1 received intraperitoneal chymopapain and subtilisin. In @entity1 given subnephritogenic doses of Heymann antibody (5 or 10 mg, insufficient to cause @entity3 ), @entity0 were assessed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. In @entity1 given 5 mg Heymann antibody and treated with protease in the heterologous phase of the disease (days 1-7), fewer animals were positive for rabbit IgG and rat IgG, as determined by immunofluorescence on day 12, compared with controls (p less than 0.01). @entity1 given 10 mg Heymann antibody and treated on days 1-5 were less frequently positive for rabbit IgG on day 5 than controls (p less than 0.05). When treatment was given on days 6-12 (autologous phase), fewer @entity1 had glomerular @entity2 and rat IgG compared with controls (p less than 0.025). Protease treatment of @entity1 given nephritogenic doses of Heymann antibody (greater than or equal to 40 mg, causing @entity3 ) did not result in significant differences in immunofluorescence deposits. However, protease treatment significantly reduced the number of electron dense deposits at all doses of antibody (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, @entity1 given 60 mg Heymann antibody followed by enzyme treatment in the heterologous phase (days 1-7) or throughout the autologous phase (days 6-18) had significantly reduced protein excretion during the autologous phase compared with control @entity1 (p less than 0.05). After onset of significant @entity3 on day 15 in @entity1 given 40 mg Heymann antibody and treated from day 15 until day 25, there was significantly less (p less than 0.05) @entity3 on days 21-22 and 24-25 than in control @entity1 ; thus, enzymes could reverse @entity3 . In normal @entity1 , administration of proteases did not have significant effects on urinary protein excretion, serum @entity4 , or renal morphology, nor did protease affect anti-rabbit IgG antibody production in @entity1 injected with Heymann antibody. The overall results indicate that proteolytic enzyme treatment can prevent or remove @entity0 and can prevent or reverse @entity3 .

title: Proteolytic enzyme treatment reduces XXXX and @entity3 in passive @entity5 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: We investigated the effect of proteolytic enzyme treatment on the course of passive @entity5 (PHN). PHN was induced by intravenous injection of Heymann antibody into @entity1 . Protease-treated @entity1 received intraperitoneal chymopapain and subtilisin. In @entity1 given subnephritogenic doses of Heymann antibody (5 or 10 mg, insufficient to cause @entity3 ), @entity0 were assessed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. In @entity1 given 5 mg Heymann antibody and treated with protease in the heterologous phase of the disease (days 1-7), fewer animals were positive for rabbit IgG and rat IgG, as determined by immunofluorescence on day 12, compared with controls (p less than 0.01). @entity1 given 10 mg Heymann antibody and treated on days 1-5 were less frequently positive for rabbit IgG on day 5 than controls (p less than 0.05). When treatment was given on days 6-12 (autologous phase), fewer @entity1 had glomerular @entity2 and rat IgG compared with controls (p less than 0.025). Protease treatment of @entity1 given nephritogenic doses of Heymann antibody (greater than or equal to 40 mg, causing @entity3 ) did not result in significant differences in immunofluorescence deposits. However, protease treatment significantly reduced the number of electron dense deposits at all doses of antibody (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, @entity1 given 60 mg Heymann antibody followed by enzyme treatment in the heterologous phase (days 1-7) or throughout the autologous phase (days 6-18) had significantly reduced protein excretion during the autologous phase compared with control @entity1 (p less than 0.05). After onset of significant @entity3 on day 15 in @entity1 given 40 mg Heymann antibody and treated from day 15 until day 25, there was significantly less (p less than 0.05) @entity3 on days 21-22 and 24-25 than in control @entity1 ; thus, enzymes could reverse @entity3 . In normal @entity1 , administration of proteases did not have significant effects on urinary protein excretion, serum @entity4 , or renal morphology, nor did protease affect anti-rabbit IgG antibody production in @entity1 injected with Heymann antibody. The overall results indicate that proteolytic enzyme treatment can prevent or remove @entity0 and can prevent or reverse @entity3 .

title: Proteolytic enzyme treatment reduces @entity0 and @entity3 in passive XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: We investigated the effect of proteolytic enzyme treatment on the course of passive @entity5 (PHN). PHN was induced by intravenous injection of Heymann antibody into @entity1 . Protease-treated @entity1 received intraperitoneal chymopapain and subtilisin. In @entity1 given subnephritogenic doses of Heymann antibody (5 or 10 mg, insufficient to cause @entity3 ), @entity0 were assessed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. In @entity1 given 5 mg Heymann antibody and treated with protease in the heterologous phase of the disease (days 1-7), fewer animals were positive for rabbit IgG and rat IgG, as determined by immunofluorescence on day 12, compared with controls (p less than 0.01). @entity1 given 10 mg Heymann antibody and treated on days 1-5 were less frequently positive for rabbit IgG on day 5 than controls (p less than 0.05). When treatment was given on days 6-12 (autologous phase), fewer @entity1 had glomerular @entity2 and rat IgG compared with controls (p less than 0.025). Protease treatment of @entity1 given nephritogenic doses of Heymann antibody (greater than or equal to 40 mg, causing @entity3 ) did not result in significant differences in immunofluorescence deposits. However, protease treatment significantly reduced the number of electron dense deposits at all doses of antibody (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, @entity1 given 60 mg Heymann antibody followed by enzyme treatment in the heterologous phase (days 1-7) or throughout the autologous phase (days 6-18) had significantly reduced protein excretion during the autologous phase compared with control @entity1 (p less than 0.05). After onset of significant @entity3 on day 15 in @entity1 given 40 mg Heymann antibody and treated from day 15 until day 25, there was significantly less (p less than 0.05) @entity3 on days 21-22 and 24-25 than in control @entity1 ; thus, enzymes could reverse @entity3 . In normal @entity1 , administration of proteases did not have significant effects on urinary protein excretion, serum @entity4 , or renal morphology, nor did protease affect anti-rabbit IgG antibody production in @entity1 injected with Heymann antibody. The overall results indicate that proteolytic enzyme treatment can prevent or remove @entity0 and can prevent or reverse @entity3 .

title: Proteolytic enzyme treatment reduces @entity0 and XXXX in passive @entity5 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 of the skull base are rare. Therefore, no single center treats enough @entity0 to accumulate significant numbers for meaningful analysis of outcomes after @entity5 ( @entity5 ). The current report was based on a large cohort that was analyzed retrospectively by an International Collaborative Study Group. METHODS: One thousand three hundred seven @entity0 who underwent @entity5 in 17 institutions were analyzable for outcome. The median age was 54 years (range, 1-98 years). Definitive treatment prior to @entity5 had been administered in 59% of @entity0 and included radiotherapy in 367 @entity0 (28%), chemotherapy in 151 @entity0 (12%), and surgery in 523 @entity0 (40%). The majority of @entity1 (87%) involved the anterior cranial fossa. @entity4 (29%) and @entity3 (16%) were the most common histologic types. The margins of surgical resection were reported close/positive in 412 @entity0 (32%). Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy was received by 510 @entity0 (39%), and chemotherapy was received by 57 @entity0 (4%). RESULTS: @entity2 were reported in 433 @entity0 (33%), with local wound complications the most common (18%). The postoperative mortality rate was 4%. With a median follow-up of 25 months, the 5-year overall, disease-specific, and recurrence-free survival rates were 54%, 60%, and 53%, respectively. The histology of the @entity1 , its intracranial extent, and the status of surgical margins were independent predictors of overall, disease-specific, and recurrence-free survival on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5 is a safe and effective treatment option for @entity0 with @entity1 . The histology of the @entity1 , its intracranial extent, and the status of surgical margins are independent determinants of outcome.

title: Craniofacial surgery for XXXX : report of an international collaborative study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: High-dose chemotherapy with BCNU, melphalan, or both, followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) has been reported to produce response rates in excess of 60% in @entity0 with advanced @entity4 . We tested doses of BCNU associated with reversible @entity3 and acceptable extramedullary @entity2 without the use of ABMT in 19 @entity0 with a diagnosis of advanced @entity4 . All @entity0 were evaluable for @entity2 and 18 were evaluable for response; one @entity0 had a new @entity1 . The @entity0 population had a median age of 44 years (range, 16 to 71) and a median Karnofsky performance status of 80 (range, 50 to 100). Ten were @entity0 and nine were @entity0 , all had visceral dominant disease, and none had received previous chemotherapy. Our purpose was to test the feasibility of treatment without ABMT, its @entity2 and efficacy, and the possibility of administering sequential repeated courses of therapy. @entity5 was added to the regimen to potentially increase efficacy. Treatment consisted of BCNU (750 mg/m2) and @entity5 (2 mg days 1 and 8). Six @entity0 who recovered bone marrow function received melphalan (60 mg/m2) and @entity5 (2 mg days 1 and 8). Twenty-two percent (95% confidence limits, 3% to 39%) of @entity0 had remissions (all partial) and these were of short duration. @entity2 was substantial with 16% early lethality and 29% incidence of lethal drug-related complications. Two @entity0 (11%) died toxic after a second course of BCNU. Our results suggest that there is no practical role for high-dose BCNU in the treatment of @entity4 .

title: High-dose chemotherapy without autologous bone marrow transplantation in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of lung lobectomy in the @entity0 of @entity1 with lung metastases. METHODS: A total of 45 cases of @entity6 with pulmonary metastases treated by lung lobectomy from 1985-2002 at PUMC hospital was retrospectively analyzed. Seven cases were diagnosed as invasive mole and thirty-eight as @entity5 . RESULTS: Lung lobectomy was performed in all of these @entity0 after several courses of chemotherapy. Seven cases of invasive mole reached complete remission. Eleven cases of @entity5 with stage IIIa had received average 13 courses of chemotherapy, 10 of them reached complete remission. Seventeen cases of @entity5 with stage IIIb had received average 14.3 courses of chemotherapy, 11 of them reached complete remission. Ten cases of @entity5 with stage IV had received average 15 courses of chemotherapy, six of them reached complete remission. In the 45 @entity0 , histologic examination disclosed haemorrhagic @entity2 tissue in 27 @entity0 , 17 of them reached complete remission (63%). Histologic examination also revealed @entity3 around the focus in 16 @entity0 , 14 of them reached complete remission (88%). @entity4 was found in 2 @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Although the development of effective chemotherapy has resulted in improved survival of @entity0 with @entity6 , lung lobectomy remains an important adjunct treatment in a selected subset of @entity0 . Pathological examinations can help to estimate the prognosis.

title: [Evaluation of surgical resection of XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: A prospective randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural @entity5 for @entity3 relief after lumbar laminectomy. Thirty-three male @entity0 were studied in two groups. At the end of surgery, Group 1 @entity0 (15) received 2 mg @entity5 in 5 ml saline through an epidural catheter. Doses were repeated on demand. Group 2 @entity0 (18) received 10 mg @entity5 intramuscularly on request in the postoperative period. @entity3 was assessed at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively by the linear analog of @entity3 scale. There was significantly greater @entity3 relief in Group 1 than in Group 2 after 2, 6, and 12 hours, respectively. Furthermore, Group 2 received larger doses of @entity5 than Group 1. There was no @entity1 detected in @entity0 in either group. Nine @entity0 in Group 1 and five @entity0 in Group 2 had transient postoperative urinary retention that required catheterization. Only one @entity0 in Group 1 had mild @entity2 and three @entity0 in Group 2 had @entity4 .

title: Epidural @entity5 for XXXX relief after lumbar laminectomy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A prospective randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural @entity5 for @entity3 relief after lumbar laminectomy. Thirty-three male @entity0 were studied in two groups. At the end of surgery, Group 1 @entity0 (15) received 2 mg @entity5 in 5 ml saline through an epidural catheter. Doses were repeated on demand. Group 2 @entity0 (18) received 10 mg @entity5 intramuscularly on request in the postoperative period. @entity3 was assessed at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively by the linear analog of @entity3 scale. There was significantly greater @entity3 relief in Group 1 than in Group 2 after 2, 6, and 12 hours, respectively. Furthermore, Group 2 received larger doses of @entity5 than Group 1. There was no @entity1 detected in @entity0 in either group. Nine @entity0 in Group 1 and five @entity0 in Group 2 had transient postoperative urinary retention that required catheterization. Only one @entity0 in Group 1 had mild @entity2 and three @entity0 in Group 2 had @entity4 .

title: Epidural XXXX for @entity3 relief after lumbar laminectomy.

answer: @entity5


abstract: A case of cystic @entity2 in a @entity0 with localized left groin @entity1 , normal distal pulses, and normal arteriographic findings is reported. This @entity0 was first treated with evacuation and cyst excision. Recurrence was noted after 20 months, and an excision of the cyst and a segment of the common femoral artery with graft interposition was required. At gross examination, the cyst was unilocular and contained gelatinous material. The cyst appeared to be situated in the tunica adventitia and did not communicate with the vascular lumen. No synovial lining was present. Histologically, it was similar to a ganglion cyst with contents rich in hyaluronic acid. A review of the literature was undertaken to determine the results of treating this lesion. The disease is rare. All senior authors of case reports were contacted to construct follow-up information. A high incidence of recurrence was noted in @entity0 treated by evacuation and cyst excision. We believe that total cyst excision with the involved artery and graft interposition at the femoral site can be done easily, safely, and with virtually no chance for recurrence.

title: Cystic XXXX : is evacuation and cyst excision worthwhile as a definitive therapy?

answer: @entity2


abstract: The pressure within @entity0 cardiac and renal allografts has been observed to rise during rejection. We wished to see if this pressure rise could be prevented or reversed with immunosuppression. Transplants were performed from Lewis or DA donors to Lewis recipients. The @entity0 received either a heterotopic cardiac transplant or an orthotopic renal transplant and were then treated with different immunosuppressive protocols. Intramyocardial pressure was recorded using a fine-gauge needle connected to an air pressure manometer. In the case of the renal transplants, a pressure transducer was used as well and the two methods compared. Intramyocardial and intrarenal pressures rose dramatically in unimmunosuppressed recipients of DA allografts. No such rise was seen in isografted organs, although the pressures recorded remained significantly higher than those found in untransplanted hearts and kidneys. @entity1 20 mg/kg/day was effective in suppressing rejection in both models, and inhibited any rise in intraorgan pressure. @entity1 10 mg/kg/day was less effective, and with 2 mg/kg/day allograft function was considerably impaired, one-third of the cardiac grafts being rejected by 16 days. In both models intraorgan pressures became raised. The addition of @entity2 16 mg/kg i.p. on days 7 and 8 to this low dose regimen of @entity1 2 mg/kg/day rapidly reversed the rise in pressure and restored graft function to normal. Intraorgan pressure levels therefore accurately reflected the state of function of transplanted hearts and kidneys. When a manometer and a transducer were compared as a means of measuring the pressure in the renal transplants, the manometer method was found to be superior.

title: The relevance of pressure changes in transplanted hearts and kidneys in immunosuppressed XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Because of the influence of @entity4 on functional independence, quality of life, and @entity2 and all-cause mortality, tremendous interest has been directed towards describing the age-related change in maximal @entity1 consumption (VO(2max)). Current evidence supports a 10% per decade decline in VO(2max) in @entity0 and @entity0 regardless of activity level. High-intensity exercise may reduce this loss by up to 50% in young and middle-aged @entity0 , but not older @entity0 , if maintained long term. Middle-aged and older @entity0 do not appear to be able to reduce loss rates in VO(2max) to less than 10% per decade, which may be related to @entity3 status. However, maintaining high-intensity training seems limited to approximately one decade at best and to a select few individuals. While the factors limiting the ability to maintain high-intensity training are not completely known, aging most likely plays a role as studies have demonstrated that training maintenance becomes more difficult with advancing age. Age-related loss of VO(2max) seems to occur in a non-linear fashion in association with declines in physical activity. In sedentary individuals, this non-linear decline generally occurs during the twenties and thirties whereas @entity5 individuals demonstrate a non-linear decline upon decreasing or ceasing training. Non-linear loss rates are also demonstrated in individuals over the age of 70 years. The decline in VO(2max) seems to be due to both central and peripheral adaptations, primarily reductions in maximal heart rate (HR(max)) and lean body mass (LBM). Exercise training does not influence declines in HR(max), while LBM can be maintained to some degree by exercise. Recommendations for exercise training should include aerobic activities utilising guidelines established by the American College of Sports Medicine for improving CV fitness and health, as well as strength training activities for enhancing LBM.

title: Rate and mechanism of maximal XXXX consumption decline with aging: implications for exercise training.

answer: @entity1


abstract: There is great need for an oral agent that could be used to treat pulmonary exacerbations in @entity0 with @entity4 . In this study, the use of oral @entity6 as sole therapy was evaluated in 18 @entity0 with 39 @entity2 episodes; 13 episodes were classified as severe, 19 were classified as moderate, and seven were classified as mild. @entity0 ranged in age from eight to 36 years (mean, 23 years). Dosage varied according to severity of disease, body size, and the susceptibility of the Pseudomonas isolate to @entity6 ; the dose ranged from 750 to 2,250 mg daily (mean, 1,800 mg). Ten @entity0 received one course of @entity6 , and eight received repeated courses. The overall clinical response rate was 82 percent. There was a response to the initial treatment course in 96 percent of the @entity0 . Those in whom therapy failed had been re-treated with @entity6 and were severely ill. Failure to respond correlated poorly with pretreatment @entity5 ( @entity5 ) values (0.6 microgram/ml for failures versus 0.4 microgram/ml for responses). Pseudomonas could not be eradicated from the sputum of any of the @entity0 , although there was a marked reduction in purulence and bacterial counts. In general, @entity0 who did not require re-treatment for three months would again have susceptible organisms. When organisms became resistant to @entity6 ( @entity5 greater than 2 micrograms/ml), they showed no concomitant new @entity9 or @entity8 resistance. No serious @entity1 occurred in any of the 39 episodes of treatment. In seven @entity0 treated with combination therapy ( @entity7 or @entity10 ), the infecting organisms were reduced in number, but eradication of Pseudomonas generally could not be achieved. Increases in @entity5 occurred during combination therapy. @entity6 is a major advance in the treatment of @entity3 in @entity0 with @entity4 .

title: @entity6 therapy in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: There is great need for an oral agent that could be used to treat pulmonary exacerbations in @entity0 with @entity4 . In this study, the use of oral @entity6 as sole therapy was evaluated in 18 @entity0 with 39 @entity2 episodes; 13 episodes were classified as severe, 19 were classified as moderate, and seven were classified as mild. @entity0 ranged in age from eight to 36 years (mean, 23 years). Dosage varied according to severity of disease, body size, and the susceptibility of the Pseudomonas isolate to @entity6 ; the dose ranged from 750 to 2,250 mg daily (mean, 1,800 mg). Ten @entity0 received one course of @entity6 , and eight received repeated courses. The overall clinical response rate was 82 percent. There was a response to the initial treatment course in 96 percent of the @entity0 . Those in whom therapy failed had been re-treated with @entity6 and were severely ill. Failure to respond correlated poorly with pretreatment @entity5 ( @entity5 ) values (0.6 microgram/ml for failures versus 0.4 microgram/ml for responses). Pseudomonas could not be eradicated from the sputum of any of the @entity0 , although there was a marked reduction in purulence and bacterial counts. In general, @entity0 who did not require re-treatment for three months would again have susceptible organisms. When organisms became resistant to @entity6 ( @entity5 greater than 2 micrograms/ml), they showed no concomitant new @entity9 or @entity8 resistance. No serious @entity1 occurred in any of the 39 episodes of treatment. In seven @entity0 treated with combination therapy ( @entity7 or @entity10 ), the infecting organisms were reduced in number, but eradication of Pseudomonas generally could not be achieved. Increases in @entity5 occurred during combination therapy. @entity6 is a major advance in the treatment of @entity3 in @entity0 with @entity4 .

title: XXXX therapy in @entity4 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity1 to food colors have been known since 1958. Reactions to @entity13 , our example, include generalized @entity3 , @entity2 , @entity4 , @entity7 , @entity6 , @entity8 , @entity11 and @entity12 , coughing, @entity10 . Many @entity0 who are allergic to antiinflammatory drugs such as @entity5 and @entity9 show cross-reaction to @entity13 . Doses producing these reactions range from minimal amounts up to 750 mg. Symptoms appear after periods of time ranging from minutes to 6 to 14 hours. In view of these facts (some of which represent a threat to the @entity0 's life), additives, colouring matter, etc, do not usually appear in product labels or specifications, or in handbooks or catalogues used in practice. We drew up a list of drugs which may contain food dyes and coloring matter, yellow No. 5. A letter was written to 233 laboratories of which 159 (68%) replied. 72 (45%) in the affirmative and 87 (55%) in the negative, 74 (32%) did not reply.

title: [Pharmaceutical preparations which contain XXXX ].

answer: @entity13


abstract: Previous clinical studies of the combination of local intravesical @entity4 with cytostatic drugs for the treatment of Superficial Transitional Cell @entity3 (STCCB) showed encouraging results both in reducing recurrence rate to 20-30% within 2 years and in ablative success rate of 79%. Our objectives were to evaluate bladder tissue and adjacent organs during and following @entity4 treatment. An intravesical catheter equipped with a radio-frequency antenna (Synergo SB-TS 101.1 System) was used for @entity4 and intravesical chemotherapy ( @entity7 ) was instilled in vivo for 60 min in two anaesthetized @entity6 . Thirteen to fifteen thermocouples were sewn surgically on the internal and external surfaces of the bladder wall and on adjacent organs to monitor the temperature during the treatment. We expected the intravesical temperature to be under 46 degrees C and the external layers below 45 degrees C. The bladder was filled with 50 mL of chemotherapeutic solution (400 micro g/mL of @entity7 in distilled water). The @entity6 were sacrificed at the end of the treatment. Three other @entity6 , which underwent thoracic surgery, served as control group. Histological changes in both groups showed foci of @entity1 and @entity5 with @entity2 in the lamina propria and serosa. Foci of desquamation of the epithelium were noticed in the treated @entity6 . Histological analysis of the treated group showed no significant differences from the control group. The control group showed similar changes, some less pronounced. The combined treatment of @entity4 with @entity7 did not cause major @entity8 or adjacent organs. All changes were superficial and reversible, and the control group showed similar changes, some less pronounced. Although this is an experimental model based on one single session treatment, rather than repeated treatments, it suggests that the approach may be useful in future studies both in models and @entity0 .

title: Combined intravesical XXXX and mitomycin chemotherapy: a preliminary in vivo study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The @entity1 of the mucosa of the ethmoid was reported in all domestic animals but specially in @entity2 and @entity3 in India. The @entity0 mass extended from the ethmoid to the nasal cavity and obturated the respiratory tract hence the clinical manifestation reported. Retropharyngeal and parotidal lymphnodes showed by metastases. The tumoral transformation was observed in the cells of the ethmoid mucosa. An early diagnosis could be done by sampling of cells in the nasal mucus. The disease was reproduced by instillation of cellular extracts. Several viruses have been isolated from the @entity0 tissue. In @entity3 there was a correlation between the incidence of @entity0 and the use of @entity4 contaminated feed. This was an enzootical problem for the herd but neither genetics or microbial factors are determined. Various attempts were made to control the @entity0 growth.

title: XXXX of the mucosa of the ethmoid in domestic animals.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Over the past 27 years cavernous @entity5 has been diagnosed in 12 nonoperated @entity0 and in 16 @entity0 who had resection of the lesion at Strong Memorial Hospital. In almost all @entity0 the diagnosis was suggested by an imaging procedure. In the 12 nonoperated @entity0 the average size of the @entity1 was 4.7 cm (range: 3-8 cm). No problems related to the @entity1 occurred during the follow-up period. The average size of the resected lesion was 10 cm (range: 4-32 cm). The usual indication for resection was @entity2 , mass, or a combination of these manifestations. Five lobectomies, five left lateral segmentectomies, two trisegmentectomies, two segmentectomies, and two enucleations were performed. There were no postoperative deaths. Review of the literature indicates that although rapid growth of the lesion occurred during pregnancy in one @entity0 , the effects of pregnancy or contraceptive drugs on growth are inconsistent. @entity6 occurs infrequently, and the potential for @entity4 should not constitute an indication for resection, which should be performed selectively. Intraoperative @entity3 may be appreciable, but a mortality rate near 0% has been reported in all institutional series.

title: Cavernous XXXX . A single institution report of 16 resections.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Progress has been made in the design of bioabsorbable implants, with reduced complication rates and slower degradation times. PURPOSE: To report on complications related to use of @entity5 implants after arthroscopic shoulder stabilization procedures. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Between 1997 and 1999, 52 @entity0 underwent arthroscopic stabilization at one institution with an average of 2.2 @entity5 tacks. Ten @entity0 (19%), with an average age of 30 years, developed delayed onset of symptoms at an average of 8 months after surgery, including @entity3 in all 10 and progressive stiffness in 6. The @entity0 underwent magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopic evaluation and debridement. RESULTS: Nine @entity0 had gross implant debris. Evidence of @entity4 was seen arthroscopically in all 10 @entity0 . Three @entity0 had significant full-thickness chondral damage on the humeral head. All preexisting @entity1 were healed. One year after arthroscopic debridement, @entity6 , and synovectomy, seven @entity0 reported no or minimal @entity3 and full return of motion. Two @entity0 continued to have persistent @entity3 and stiffness, and one @entity0 reported discomfort with overhand throwing; all three had @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 with symptoms of delayed @entity3 and progressive stiffness after arthroscopic stabilization with @entity5 implants should be evaluated for @entity4 and @entity2 . Arthroscopic treatment provides a significant decrease in symptoms and increased range of motion.

title: @entity5 tack XXXX after arthroscopic stabilization of the shoulder.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Progress has been made in the design of bioabsorbable implants, with reduced complication rates and slower degradation times. PURPOSE: To report on complications related to use of @entity5 implants after arthroscopic shoulder stabilization procedures. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Between 1997 and 1999, 52 @entity0 underwent arthroscopic stabilization at one institution with an average of 2.2 @entity5 tacks. Ten @entity0 (19%), with an average age of 30 years, developed delayed onset of symptoms at an average of 8 months after surgery, including @entity3 in all 10 and progressive stiffness in 6. The @entity0 underwent magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopic evaluation and debridement. RESULTS: Nine @entity0 had gross implant debris. Evidence of @entity4 was seen arthroscopically in all 10 @entity0 . Three @entity0 had significant full-thickness chondral damage on the humeral head. All preexisting @entity1 were healed. One year after arthroscopic debridement, @entity6 , and synovectomy, seven @entity0 reported no or minimal @entity3 and full return of motion. Two @entity0 continued to have persistent @entity3 and stiffness, and one @entity0 reported discomfort with overhand throwing; all three had @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 with symptoms of delayed @entity3 and progressive stiffness after arthroscopic stabilization with @entity5 implants should be evaluated for @entity4 and @entity2 . Arthroscopic treatment provides a significant decrease in symptoms and increased range of motion.

title: XXXX tack @entity4 after arthroscopic stabilization of the shoulder.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To develop a modified technique for stenting the @entity4 in the treatment of @entity0 with a failing Fontan operation or @entity2 . SETTING: Two tertiary referral centres. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective collaborative clinical study. @entity0 AND METHODS: A stent was mounted on a standard valvoplasty balloon catheter which was constricted to a predefined diameter by a loop created from a temporary pacing wire. @entity3 created a diabolo shaped stent configuration. The technique was employed in 12 consecutive @entity0 to relieve symptoms of a failing Fontan circulation (n = 6) or severe @entity2 (n = 6). RESULTS: Ex vivo studies confirmed that a diabolo shaped stent configuration could be achieved using the above technique. Transcatheter stent implantation was successful in all 12 @entity0 . All six Fontan @entity0 showed significant clinical improvement. Right atrial pressure decreased from (mean (SD)) 16.8 (2.5) to 13.7 (1.9) mm Hg (p < 0.05), and arterial @entity1 saturation from 92.8 (1.8)% to 82.7 (3.8)% (p < 0.01). Six @entity0 underwent successful stent fenestration for treatment of @entity2 . All stents were patent and stable at the most recent follow up (mean 1.75 (1.05) years). No early or late stent related complications were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: This new technique allows placement of a diabolo shaped stent with a predefined diameter across the @entity4 . The diabolo shape increases stent stability, facilitates recrossing of the stent during future catheter interventions, and ensures medium term stent patency.

title: Modified technique of stent fenestration of the XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The result of a two year, double blind, controlled trial of Transfer Factor (TF) in the treatment of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) were reported in 1980. It was demonstrated that TF significantly reduced the rate of progression of the disability but the benefit of therapy was not apparent until 18 months after its commencement. After the completion of the trial, TF treatment was offered to all the trial @entity0 . Forty-five of these @entity0 accepted TF as treatment and have been followed for the subsequent three years. The twenty-three @entity0 who had received TF during the trial, and continued on TF after the trial, consistently had a slower rate of progression of their @entity1 . Although the twenty-two @entity0 initially on placebo had a significantly faster rate of progression during the trial, this slowed with commencement of TF treatment. After 3 years of TF, the rate of progression of disease was similar to that of the group receiving TF continuously for 5 years. In addition, 470 @entity0 with clinically definite @entity1 are being treated in New South Wales in an open study of TF. The rate of progression of the disease is being monitored by neurological assessments and appears to be similar to that of @entity0 who had received TF in the original trial. The follow-up study of the 1980 TF trial @entity0 and the open study of 470 @entity1 @entity0 confirm the original observation that TF has some effect on slowing the course of @entity1 .

title: Transfer factor as a therapy for XXXX : a follow-up study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment regimens ideally are selected on the basis of efficacy, safety, and cost. This review evaluates current, selected literature on antibiotic prophylaxis for colorectal surgery, presumptive antibiotic administration following penetrating @entity8 , and treatment of @entity7 . Single-drug regimens with the newer, broad-spectrum agents are assessed and compared with combination regimens; specific regimens are recommended. Colorectal procedures require an antimicrobial agent with activity against both aerobes and anaerobes. @entity0 undergoing elective colorectal procedures can be adequately protected with an orally administered three-dose regimen of @entity13 / @entity9 . Parenteral antibiotic administration is generally not necessary, but, @entity10 is recommended for nonelective colorectal surgery. The risk of potential @entity1 following penetrating @entity8 without @entity3 is less than with @entity3 ; however, antibiotic therapy that includes activity against aerobes and anaerobes is recommended for all types of penetrating @entity8 . Although @entity15 , @entity14 , or @entity10 alone may be used in @entity8 without perforation of the colon, only @entity10 is recommended as a single-drug alternative to the standard @entity12 / @entity4 regimen in trauma with @entity3 . Single-drug therapy with @entity10 or @entity11 can be used successfully as alternatives to the standard regimens of @entity12 / @entity4 or @entity5 / @entity4 in many @entity0 with @entity2 . Single-drug regimens reduce the risk of developing adverse effects and are cost-effective. However, if resistant organisms are suspected, or if the @entity0 has been hospitalized for a prolonged period or has @entity6 , it may be necessary to supplement @entity10 therapy with an antibiotic that will enhance coverage against gram-negative aerobes.

title: Antimicrobial prophylaxis of gastrointestinal surgical procedures and treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity1 caused by @entity4 ( @entity7 ) has been documented. Clinical experiences have shown preservation injury further potentiates @entity7 nephrotoxicity. This study examined the mechanism of nephrotoxicity defined by changes in protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, and @entity8 decarboxylase activity in an in vitro model. Initial results showed that @entity7 inhibited @entity5 kidney epithelium cell (MDCK) replication at a dose of 200 ng after 24 hr (P less than .01) and 100 ng after 48 hr (P less than .01). Protein synthesis was inhibited with 100 ng after 24 and 48 hr (P less than .01). There was a reduction in ODC activity with 200 ng @entity7 (P less than .05). Methods for simulating transplant-related @entity3 were then developed. Under ischemic conditions, 18 hr were required before a synergistic effect with @entity7 produced a reduction in replication (P less than .05). Incubation of MDCK cells in preservative solution at 4 degrees C under @entity6 conditions resulted in a time-dependent reduction in synthetic and replicative capacity that plateaued at 24 hr (P less than .01). The next step was to simulate the clinical situation by combining treatments. MDCK cells were incubated for 24 hr in preservative solution under @entity6 conditions at 4 degrees C, and then @entity7 was added at defined intervals. The addition of @entity7 before 24 hr resulted in a significant decrease in cell replication (P less than .05) compared with @entity7 addition after 48 hr. Similar results were obtained with cells incubated for 48 hr in preservative solution with @entity6 . These data suggest that @entity1 from @entity2 and cold storage requires a period of cellular repair and replication. Administration of @entity7 before this period results in further @entity1 . Our analysis offers an explanation of @entity7 nephrotoxicity seen in the @entity0 situation and, therefore, may provide a model for studying @entity0 nephrotoxicity.

title: An in vitro model for analyzing the nephrotoxicity of XXXX and preservation injury.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Explants derived from @entity0 @entity1 have been characterized with respect to their cellular outgrowth pattern after 1-22 weeks in culture. A mat of cells which were fibronectin (FN)-positive and @entity2 ( @entity2 )-negative (hereafter designated FN+ cells) with a polygonal, flat morphology covered the growth substrate in a swirling pattern for a mean diameter of 9.2 mm around FN+ explants. FN+ cells showed ruffled plasmalemma, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulin (RDR), and extracellular filamentous strands. Rare desmosomes were compatible with at most minor leptomeningeal components or differentiation. FN+ cells predominated in six of seven cultures at passage 2, and their features were the same from various high-grade @entity1 and @entity3 . Around other explants, @entity4 cells which were @entity2 + and FN- grew in a netlike pattern with little cell-to-cell contact. These @entity2 + cells surrounded explants at a mean diameter of 2 mm, substantially less than FN+ cells (P less than 0.005), and they grew more slowly than FN+ cells around explants. @entity2 + cells had an area/perimeter ratio which was less than that of FN+ cells. @entity2 + cells contained abundant intracellular filaments, rare desmosomes, and narrow RER cisternae. In mixed explants, @entity2 + cells often grew on top of FN+ cells. Individual cells which stained for both @entity2 and FN were evident only from one @entity1 (8% doubly positive). Cells negative for both proteins resembled FN+ cells morphologically. Frozen sections of original @entity1 tissue showed FN+ vessel walls and @entity2 + parenchyma. Results are evidence for very early overgrowth of a preexistent FN+ cell type distinct from the @entity2 + parenchymal cell. The features of this distinct cell type are mesenchymal and resemble the proliferating vascular elements of @entity1 in situ. The tendency for @entity2 + cells to grow on top of these FN+ cells suggests a feeder layer interaction. More knowledge of the origins and interactions of these two cell types may increase our understanding of the mechanism of antigenic changes in @entity1 and may provide clues to improved therapeutic approaches.

title: Products of cells cultured from XXXX . VI. Immunofluorescent, morphometric, and ultrastructural characterization of two different cell types growing from explants of @entity0 @entity1 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Explants derived from @entity0 @entity1 have been characterized with respect to their cellular outgrowth pattern after 1-22 weeks in culture. A mat of cells which were fibronectin (FN)-positive and @entity2 ( @entity2 )-negative (hereafter designated FN+ cells) with a polygonal, flat morphology covered the growth substrate in a swirling pattern for a mean diameter of 9.2 mm around FN+ explants. FN+ cells showed ruffled plasmalemma, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulin (RDR), and extracellular filamentous strands. Rare desmosomes were compatible with at most minor leptomeningeal components or differentiation. FN+ cells predominated in six of seven cultures at passage 2, and their features were the same from various high-grade @entity1 and @entity3 . Around other explants, @entity4 cells which were @entity2 + and FN- grew in a netlike pattern with little cell-to-cell contact. These @entity2 + cells surrounded explants at a mean diameter of 2 mm, substantially less than FN+ cells (P less than 0.005), and they grew more slowly than FN+ cells around explants. @entity2 + cells had an area/perimeter ratio which was less than that of FN+ cells. @entity2 + cells contained abundant intracellular filaments, rare desmosomes, and narrow RER cisternae. In mixed explants, @entity2 + cells often grew on top of FN+ cells. Individual cells which stained for both @entity2 and FN were evident only from one @entity1 (8% doubly positive). Cells negative for both proteins resembled FN+ cells morphologically. Frozen sections of original @entity1 tissue showed FN+ vessel walls and @entity2 + parenchyma. Results are evidence for very early overgrowth of a preexistent FN+ cell type distinct from the @entity2 + parenchymal cell. The features of this distinct cell type are mesenchymal and resemble the proliferating vascular elements of @entity1 in situ. The tendency for @entity2 + cells to grow on top of these FN+ cells suggests a feeder layer interaction. More knowledge of the origins and interactions of these two cell types may increase our understanding of the mechanism of antigenic changes in @entity1 and may provide clues to improved therapeutic approaches.

title: Products of cells cultured from @entity1 . VI. Immunofluorescent, morphometric, and ultrastructural characterization of two different cell types growing from explants of @entity0 XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Explants derived from @entity0 @entity1 have been characterized with respect to their cellular outgrowth pattern after 1-22 weeks in culture. A mat of cells which were fibronectin (FN)-positive and @entity2 ( @entity2 )-negative (hereafter designated FN+ cells) with a polygonal, flat morphology covered the growth substrate in a swirling pattern for a mean diameter of 9.2 mm around FN+ explants. FN+ cells showed ruffled plasmalemma, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulin (RDR), and extracellular filamentous strands. Rare desmosomes were compatible with at most minor leptomeningeal components or differentiation. FN+ cells predominated in six of seven cultures at passage 2, and their features were the same from various high-grade @entity1 and @entity3 . Around other explants, @entity4 cells which were @entity2 + and FN- grew in a netlike pattern with little cell-to-cell contact. These @entity2 + cells surrounded explants at a mean diameter of 2 mm, substantially less than FN+ cells (P less than 0.005), and they grew more slowly than FN+ cells around explants. @entity2 + cells had an area/perimeter ratio which was less than that of FN+ cells. @entity2 + cells contained abundant intracellular filaments, rare desmosomes, and narrow RER cisternae. In mixed explants, @entity2 + cells often grew on top of FN+ cells. Individual cells which stained for both @entity2 and FN were evident only from one @entity1 (8% doubly positive). Cells negative for both proteins resembled FN+ cells morphologically. Frozen sections of original @entity1 tissue showed FN+ vessel walls and @entity2 + parenchyma. Results are evidence for very early overgrowth of a preexistent FN+ cell type distinct from the @entity2 + parenchymal cell. The features of this distinct cell type are mesenchymal and resemble the proliferating vascular elements of @entity1 in situ. The tendency for @entity2 + cells to grow on top of these FN+ cells suggests a feeder layer interaction. More knowledge of the origins and interactions of these two cell types may increase our understanding of the mechanism of antigenic changes in @entity1 and may provide clues to improved therapeutic approaches.

title: Products of cells cultured from @entity1 . VI. Immunofluorescent, morphometric, and ultrastructural characterization of two different cell types growing from explants of XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Antagonism of ten @entity2 spp., five of which produce antibiotics, to the plant pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae was studied. Antibiotic activity was detected in culture for the five antibiotic producers. @entity2 , @entity3 . geldanus, and S. noursei produced wide zones of inhibition to R. solani and P. megasperma var. sojae. Similar activity was found for S. reticuli var. protomycicus to P. megasperma var. sojae. S. cellulosae reduced Rhizoctonia root rot on @entity1 when sterile soil was infested simultaneously with the antagonist and R. solani. @entity3 gave almost complete disease control when the streptomycete was added 7 days prior to infesting the soil with R. solani. Several of the @entity2 spp. reduced Phytophthora root rot on @entity0 when the streptomycetes were added to soil at the same time as P. megasperma var. sojae or 7 days prior to adding the pathogen. S. herbaricolor and S. coeruleofuscus gave the most consistent control. No relationship was found between reported antibiotic activity or antagonism on agar media and reduction in disease severity. Only @entity3 . geldanus gave both control of Rhizoctonia root rot and large zones of inhibition on agar media when the streptomycetes were preincubated in soil for 7 days.

title: Importance of antibiotic production in antagonism of selected XXXX species to two soil-borne plant pathogens.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Numerous investigators endeavored to make clear pathophysiological changes in a traumatic spinal cord lesion. The development of neuroscience contributed to have an influence on methods of these researches. This study was undertaken to assess electrophysiological changes resulting from variable periods of experimental @entity4 or @entity0 by using the evoked spinal cord potentials. Experiments were performed on @entity1 . Following laminectomies at Th7-9 and L3-4 levels under anesthesia, @entity3 were produced at the lower thoracic level by inflation of an extradurally placed balloon which produced slow graded compression of cord dorsum. Evoked spinal cord potentials to sciatic nerve stimulation were recorded from bipolar electrodes in the midline dorsal subdural space at the operative sites. The normal wave forms of two responses consisted of initially positive triphasic potentials (P1, N1, P2). The conduction velocity of the ascending afferent from the leg was found on the average to be 54.8 +/- 9.7 m/sec between lumbar and dorsal cord. On the basis of the conduction velocities and the responses to stimulus intensities, the afferent volley recorded in the present experiments might reflect synaptic cord afferent pathways originated without Group I fibers in the cord dorsum which were situated ipsilateral to the stimulated nerve. After inflation of the balloon with 0.1 cc of water, spinal canal narrowing rate increased to 14.3 +/- 2.9%. The evoked spinal cord potentials in the lead rostral to the site of compression began to decrease in amplitude. When more water was added into the balloon up to 0.4 - 0.6 cc, spinal canal narrowing rate was enhanced to 42.5 - 77.7% in which potentials were abolished. P2 wave was the first to be abolished and subsequently N1, P1 disappeared in order. On the other hand, the potentials reappeared after decompression in the reverse of their disappearance in order. Responses in @entity1 with complete recovery from @entity2 returned to the precompression wave pattern both in the amplitude and in latency. On the contrary, in @entity1 with @entity5 , the recovery of wave form was shown as P1, N1 or P1, N1 with depressed P2. Despite this variability, the evoked response from animals with reversible @entity3 were discernible in the early period of spinal shock phase. The degree of recovery varied and had no linear relationship to the recovery grade of clinical symptoms. The experimental cord @entity0 was made by inflation of a balloon catheter which was inserted from femoral artery into the upper thoracic aorta. The evoked spinal cord potentials were recorded at the midthoracic and lumbar level. Changes of wave form resulting from the ischemic period of 30 minutes were first the amplitude loss of N1 and subsequently that of P2, P1. On the other hand, the responses gradually returned to their pre-ischemic characteristic about 30 minutes after circulatory reestablishment...

title: [Clinical application of the evoked spinal cord potentials. Part 1. Neurophysiological assessment of the evoked spinal cord potentials in experimental cord trauma - with reference to XXXX and @entity0 (author's transl)].

answer: @entity4


abstract: Numerous investigators endeavored to make clear pathophysiological changes in a traumatic spinal cord lesion. The development of neuroscience contributed to have an influence on methods of these researches. This study was undertaken to assess electrophysiological changes resulting from variable periods of experimental @entity4 or @entity0 by using the evoked spinal cord potentials. Experiments were performed on @entity1 . Following laminectomies at Th7-9 and L3-4 levels under anesthesia, @entity3 were produced at the lower thoracic level by inflation of an extradurally placed balloon which produced slow graded compression of cord dorsum. Evoked spinal cord potentials to sciatic nerve stimulation were recorded from bipolar electrodes in the midline dorsal subdural space at the operative sites. The normal wave forms of two responses consisted of initially positive triphasic potentials (P1, N1, P2). The conduction velocity of the ascending afferent from the leg was found on the average to be 54.8 +/- 9.7 m/sec between lumbar and dorsal cord. On the basis of the conduction velocities and the responses to stimulus intensities, the afferent volley recorded in the present experiments might reflect synaptic cord afferent pathways originated without Group I fibers in the cord dorsum which were situated ipsilateral to the stimulated nerve. After inflation of the balloon with 0.1 cc of water, spinal canal narrowing rate increased to 14.3 +/- 2.9%. The evoked spinal cord potentials in the lead rostral to the site of compression began to decrease in amplitude. When more water was added into the balloon up to 0.4 - 0.6 cc, spinal canal narrowing rate was enhanced to 42.5 - 77.7% in which potentials were abolished. P2 wave was the first to be abolished and subsequently N1, P1 disappeared in order. On the other hand, the potentials reappeared after decompression in the reverse of their disappearance in order. Responses in @entity1 with complete recovery from @entity2 returned to the precompression wave pattern both in the amplitude and in latency. On the contrary, in @entity1 with @entity5 , the recovery of wave form was shown as P1, N1 or P1, N1 with depressed P2. Despite this variability, the evoked response from animals with reversible @entity3 were discernible in the early period of spinal shock phase. The degree of recovery varied and had no linear relationship to the recovery grade of clinical symptoms. The experimental cord @entity0 was made by inflation of a balloon catheter which was inserted from femoral artery into the upper thoracic aorta. The evoked spinal cord potentials were recorded at the midthoracic and lumbar level. Changes of wave form resulting from the ischemic period of 30 minutes were first the amplitude loss of N1 and subsequently that of P2, P1. On the other hand, the responses gradually returned to their pre-ischemic characteristic about 30 minutes after circulatory reestablishment...

title: [Clinical application of the evoked spinal cord potentials. Part 1. Neurophysiological assessment of the evoked spinal cord potentials in experimental cord trauma - with reference to @entity4 and XXXX (author's transl)].

answer: @entity0


abstract: Feedback control in our injury device allowed the impactor to be sensitive to the biomechanical characteristics of the spinal cord and produce mechanically predictable @entity2 . We tested the hypotheses that (i) extracellular @entity4 [( @entity3 ]e) in the @entity0 spinal cord recovers with a time course dependent on the magnitude of injury intensity, (ii) [ @entity3 ]e is initially depressed at the @entity2 to the same degree independent of injury severity, and (iii) acute (less than 3.0 h) recovery of [ @entity3 ]e to normal values occurs in that group of animals that shows only transient @entity1 in the postinjury period. Three levels of injury (light, intermediate, and heavy) were produced by controlling spinal displacement during the injury process. After injury, [ @entity3 ]e at the injury site decreased to values less than 0.1 mM and then recovered during the next 3 h. Incomplete recoveries occurred in the intermediate- and heavy-injury groups (0.72 +/- 0.01 and 0.58 +/- 0.01 mM, respectively). [ @entity3 ]e activity in the lightly injured group recovered to normal values by 3 h. @entity2 protocols therefore resulted in reproducible responses in the cellular microenvironment. Behavioral recovery could be predicted from mechanical impact parameters. Animals in the light-injury group had transient @entity1 in some behavioral tests (open-field walking) with no alteration in others (inclined-plane analysis). Neurologic tests that required coordination between fore and hind limbs (grid walking) did not reveal significant deficiencies until 14 days postinjury. Those animals in the intermediate and heavy groups showed initial and continuing neurological effects in all behavioral measures. It is therefore probable that acute mechanical descriptors and hypocalcia transients are predictive of the ongoing and subsequent pathology of @entity5 .

title: Functional analysis of an electromechanical XXXX device.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity2 is a rare @entity1 of @entity3 known since biblical times. The rarer form ( @entity4 ) occurs in about 1 in 30,000 males and there are about 900 @entity0 in the U.K. at present. Biochemically, @entity0 either lack or have a defective protein (called factor IX) which is needed for the clotting of blood in response to injury. Only males get the disease. However, females can carry the trait in a latent form and transmit the disease to their offspring. Untreated, the disease leads to internal bleeding into muscles and joints and is life-threatening. In the U.K. and in countries with effective health care programmes, @entity0 are treated by periodic injection of factor IX concentrate, a drug isolated from the pooled plasma derived from many blood donors. This drug replaces their own absent or defective factor IX and allow them to enjoy a relatively normal lifestyle. I have reviewed recent studies on the molecular genetics of @entity4 which started with the isolation of the gene coding the factor IX protein from normal individuals in 1984. Following this, it has been possible firstly to produce factor IX artificially in the laboratory from cloned copies of the messenger RNA of the factor IX gene. Secondly, it has been possible to improve the diagnosis of 'carriers'. Carrier females often wish to know whether they are carriers or not before they have @entity0 . If they are positively identified as carriers, the risk and implications of having a haemophiliac son can be discussed and therapeutic abortion considered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The molecular pathology of XXXX . Fourth Wellcome Trust lecture.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Differential pulse voltammetry used in combination with an electrochemically treated @entity1 fiber electrode allowed to detect @entity2 (AA) and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) in the striatum of unanaesthetized freely moving @entity0 . @entity1 fiber electrodes were implanted under light @entity4 anaesthesia. When the @entity0 recovered from anaesthesia, voltammograms were recorded every 2.5 min for about 5 h. During the last 3 h the signals corresponding to AA and @entity6 appeared stable and reproducible, allowing comparisons between control and pharmacological experiments. After the in vivo experiments, the electrodes were calibrated in AA and @entity6 solutions. Striatal AA and @entity6 levels were thus estimated to be 306 and 17.7 microM respectively. @entity6 signals were increased by @entity5 and @entity10 , decreased by @entity8 and suppressed by @entity7 . In pargyline pretreated @entity0 the @entity9 signal slightly re-appeared after @entity8 injections. This signal was attributed to @entity3 (DA) and estimated to a concentration less than 50 nM DA. The AA current recorded in the striatum was not modified when dopaminergic terminals selectively degenerated. The AA signal was decreased by @entity10 or @entity4 anaesthesia and increased by @entity8 injections. This latter effect depended on the presence of dopaminergic terminals. This shows that the increasing current effect of @entity8 , previously observed by non-selective techniques, should be attributed to AA rather than DA. These results confirm that the @entity9 compound electrochemically detected in the striatum is the direct metabolite of the DA, i.e. @entity6 , and support the thesis of a functional relationship between AA levels and dopaminergic neurotransmission.

title: Voltammetry in the striatum of chronic freely moving @entity0 : detection of catechols and XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Differential pulse voltammetry used in combination with an electrochemically treated @entity1 fiber electrode allowed to detect @entity2 (AA) and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) in the striatum of unanaesthetized freely moving @entity0 . @entity1 fiber electrodes were implanted under light @entity4 anaesthesia. When the @entity0 recovered from anaesthesia, voltammograms were recorded every 2.5 min for about 5 h. During the last 3 h the signals corresponding to AA and @entity6 appeared stable and reproducible, allowing comparisons between control and pharmacological experiments. After the in vivo experiments, the electrodes were calibrated in AA and @entity6 solutions. Striatal AA and @entity6 levels were thus estimated to be 306 and 17.7 microM respectively. @entity6 signals were increased by @entity5 and @entity10 , decreased by @entity8 and suppressed by @entity7 . In pargyline pretreated @entity0 the @entity9 signal slightly re-appeared after @entity8 injections. This signal was attributed to @entity3 (DA) and estimated to a concentration less than 50 nM DA. The AA current recorded in the striatum was not modified when dopaminergic terminals selectively degenerated. The AA signal was decreased by @entity10 or @entity4 anaesthesia and increased by @entity8 injections. This latter effect depended on the presence of dopaminergic terminals. This shows that the increasing current effect of @entity8 , previously observed by non-selective techniques, should be attributed to AA rather than DA. These results confirm that the @entity9 compound electrochemically detected in the striatum is the direct metabolite of the DA, i.e. @entity6 , and support the thesis of a functional relationship between AA levels and dopaminergic neurotransmission.

title: Voltammetry in the striatum of chronic freely moving XXXX : detection of catechols and @entity2 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The effect of @entity5 metabolism on the energetic parameters and intracellular pH of the isolated perfused @entity1 liver from fed @entity1 was studied by @entity7 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allowed us to analyze nondestructively and in real time the role of low @entity0 tension on the possible injurious effect of @entity5 on the liver cells. A quantitative analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance data recorded on a perfused @entity1 liver within a 30 mm diameter probe has been performed at 80.9 MHz. Under normoxic and normothermic conditions, the levels of phosphorylated metabolites detected by nuclear magnetic resonance were 2.8, 0.3 and 2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight for @entity3 , @entity4 and inorganic @entity6 , respectively. The cytosolic pH was 7.25 +/- 0.05. During a period of 4 min of @entity2 induced by reducing the perfusion flow rate to 25% of its initial value (i.e., from 12 ml to 3 ml per min per 100 gm body weight), the level of @entity3 dropped to 2.2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Concomitantly, @entity4 and inorganic @entity6 increased to 0.6 and 3.3 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Cytosolic pH fell to 7.02 +/- 0.05. Perfusion of the liver with a Krebs medium containing 70 mM (0.4%) @entity5 induced a sharp decrease in intracellular inorganic @entity6 to reach 1.3 mumole per gm liver wet weight and after a lag time of 4 to 6 min, a decrease in @entity3 level (2.15 mumoles per gm liver wet weight). A large increase in phosphomonoesters (mainly @entity8 ) up to 6 mumoles per gm liver wet weight was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hepatic metabolism during acute @entity5 administration: a @entity7 nuclear magnetic resonance study on the perfused @entity1 liver under normoxic or XXXX conditions.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The effect of @entity5 metabolism on the energetic parameters and intracellular pH of the isolated perfused @entity1 liver from fed @entity1 was studied by @entity7 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allowed us to analyze nondestructively and in real time the role of low @entity0 tension on the possible injurious effect of @entity5 on the liver cells. A quantitative analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance data recorded on a perfused @entity1 liver within a 30 mm diameter probe has been performed at 80.9 MHz. Under normoxic and normothermic conditions, the levels of phosphorylated metabolites detected by nuclear magnetic resonance were 2.8, 0.3 and 2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight for @entity3 , @entity4 and inorganic @entity6 , respectively. The cytosolic pH was 7.25 +/- 0.05. During a period of 4 min of @entity2 induced by reducing the perfusion flow rate to 25% of its initial value (i.e., from 12 ml to 3 ml per min per 100 gm body weight), the level of @entity3 dropped to 2.2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Concomitantly, @entity4 and inorganic @entity6 increased to 0.6 and 3.3 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Cytosolic pH fell to 7.02 +/- 0.05. Perfusion of the liver with a Krebs medium containing 70 mM (0.4%) @entity5 induced a sharp decrease in intracellular inorganic @entity6 to reach 1.3 mumole per gm liver wet weight and after a lag time of 4 to 6 min, a decrease in @entity3 level (2.15 mumoles per gm liver wet weight). A large increase in phosphomonoesters (mainly @entity8 ) up to 6 mumoles per gm liver wet weight was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hepatic metabolism during acute @entity5 administration: a XXXX nuclear magnetic resonance study on the perfused @entity1 liver under normoxic or @entity2 conditions.

answer: @entity7


abstract: The effect of @entity5 metabolism on the energetic parameters and intracellular pH of the isolated perfused @entity1 liver from fed @entity1 was studied by @entity7 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allowed us to analyze nondestructively and in real time the role of low @entity0 tension on the possible injurious effect of @entity5 on the liver cells. A quantitative analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance data recorded on a perfused @entity1 liver within a 30 mm diameter probe has been performed at 80.9 MHz. Under normoxic and normothermic conditions, the levels of phosphorylated metabolites detected by nuclear magnetic resonance were 2.8, 0.3 and 2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight for @entity3 , @entity4 and inorganic @entity6 , respectively. The cytosolic pH was 7.25 +/- 0.05. During a period of 4 min of @entity2 induced by reducing the perfusion flow rate to 25% of its initial value (i.e., from 12 ml to 3 ml per min per 100 gm body weight), the level of @entity3 dropped to 2.2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Concomitantly, @entity4 and inorganic @entity6 increased to 0.6 and 3.3 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Cytosolic pH fell to 7.02 +/- 0.05. Perfusion of the liver with a Krebs medium containing 70 mM (0.4%) @entity5 induced a sharp decrease in intracellular inorganic @entity6 to reach 1.3 mumole per gm liver wet weight and after a lag time of 4 to 6 min, a decrease in @entity3 level (2.15 mumoles per gm liver wet weight). A large increase in phosphomonoesters (mainly @entity8 ) up to 6 mumoles per gm liver wet weight was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hepatic metabolism during acute XXXX administration: a @entity7 nuclear magnetic resonance study on the perfused @entity1 liver under normoxic or @entity2 conditions.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The effect of @entity5 metabolism on the energetic parameters and intracellular pH of the isolated perfused @entity1 liver from fed @entity1 was studied by @entity7 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allowed us to analyze nondestructively and in real time the role of low @entity0 tension on the possible injurious effect of @entity5 on the liver cells. A quantitative analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance data recorded on a perfused @entity1 liver within a 30 mm diameter probe has been performed at 80.9 MHz. Under normoxic and normothermic conditions, the levels of phosphorylated metabolites detected by nuclear magnetic resonance were 2.8, 0.3 and 2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight for @entity3 , @entity4 and inorganic @entity6 , respectively. The cytosolic pH was 7.25 +/- 0.05. During a period of 4 min of @entity2 induced by reducing the perfusion flow rate to 25% of its initial value (i.e., from 12 ml to 3 ml per min per 100 gm body weight), the level of @entity3 dropped to 2.2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Concomitantly, @entity4 and inorganic @entity6 increased to 0.6 and 3.3 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Cytosolic pH fell to 7.02 +/- 0.05. Perfusion of the liver with a Krebs medium containing 70 mM (0.4%) @entity5 induced a sharp decrease in intracellular inorganic @entity6 to reach 1.3 mumole per gm liver wet weight and after a lag time of 4 to 6 min, a decrease in @entity3 level (2.15 mumoles per gm liver wet weight). A large increase in phosphomonoesters (mainly @entity8 ) up to 6 mumoles per gm liver wet weight was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hepatic metabolism during acute @entity5 administration: a @entity7 nuclear magnetic resonance study on the perfused XXXX liver under normoxic or @entity2 conditions.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Eight @entity0 representing @entity1 associated with @entity4 are reviewed. Seven cases had @entity4 and one had congenital communicating @entity4 . We found five cases of defects in @entity1 : (1) inferior @entity5 with inferior nasal quadrantanopia in the opposite eye; (2) inferior binasal quadrantanopia; (3) @entity2 ; (4) unilateral temporal defect; (5) bilateral central scotoma. In these cases CT demonstrated moderate or marked symmetrical dilatation of the third and lateral ventricles. Four out of five cases showed bulging of the third ventricle anteriorly into the sella turcica on CT or ventriculography. Other three @entity0 had @entity5 . Characteristic asymmetrical dilatation of the lateral ventricles was noted in all three cases. The more enlarged lateral ventricles were ipsilateral with the affected visual pathways. The sites of lesion responsible for these field defects seemed to be optic tract in one case and optic radiation in two cases. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed in five out of seven cases. Impaired visual field improved in three @entity0 after shunt insertion. A 28-year-old female who had history of blurred vision fos 14 days showed improvement in visual acuity and field when the enlarged ventricles became slit-like by shunting. In the other two @entity0 defects in visual fields improved in spite of consistent @entity4 . These facts suggested that not only the mechanical forces with distended third ventricle but also @entity3 played an important role in producing @entity1 in hydrocephalic @entity0 .

title: [Visual field defects in XXXX ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity10 ( @entity11 ) was administered to 34 full-term and premature @entity0 aged 0-27 days with various @entity6 in a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg by intravenous bolus injection, and plasma concentrations and urinary recovery rates in these subjects during recovery periods were studied. Because of the small number of the cases recruited, neonates were not divided into the full-term and the premature group, but into 3 groups based on day-age: 0-3 days, 4-7 days, and 8 days or older. Concentrations and rates of transfer of @entity11 into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined in 2 cases, and biliary concentrations in another case. A clinical evaluation of @entity11 was performed in 12 male and 6 female @entity0 aged 1 day to 4 months and 19 days, including 2 each with @entity4 , @entity1 and @entity7 , 3 with @entity3 , 1 each with @entity3 suspected, @entity2 , @entity9 , @entity8 , staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome, and @entity5 and 3 for prophylactic use. Plasma concentrations and urinary recovery rates of @entity11 The intravenous bolus injection at 10 mg/kg. Peak plasma concentrations of @entity11 were obtained at the first collection (30 minutes) of blood samples or 1 hour in all 3 groups, ranging from 23.3 to 26.9 micrograms/ml with no significant variations, plasma concentrations then slowly decreased, and were still 6.04-9.88 micrograms/ml even at 6 hours after the administration. The half-lives of @entity11 in plasma tended to be shorter in older day-age neonates, with mean half-lives being 3.59, 2.50 and 2.50 hours for the youngest. The intravenous bolus injection at 20 mg/kg. Peak concentrations were obtained at the first collection of blood samples in all 3 groups (0-3 days: 15 minutes, the others: 30 minutes), being 54.8, 39.9 and 43.8 micrograms/ml, respectively, then slowly decreased and were still 10.4-15.7 micrograms/ml even at 6 hours after the administration. Inter-age differences in half-lives were marked, i.e., 3.6 hours in 0-3-day group, 3.48 hours in 4-7-day group and 2.75 hours in 8-day or older group. Urinary recovery rates were about 40-60% without reference to day-age neonates. CSF concentrations About 50 mg/kg of @entity11 was given to each of 2 cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Fundamental and clinical studies on XXXX in neonates and premature @entity0 ].

answer: @entity10


abstract: @entity10 ( @entity11 ) was administered to 34 full-term and premature @entity0 aged 0-27 days with various @entity6 in a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg by intravenous bolus injection, and plasma concentrations and urinary recovery rates in these subjects during recovery periods were studied. Because of the small number of the cases recruited, neonates were not divided into the full-term and the premature group, but into 3 groups based on day-age: 0-3 days, 4-7 days, and 8 days or older. Concentrations and rates of transfer of @entity11 into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined in 2 cases, and biliary concentrations in another case. A clinical evaluation of @entity11 was performed in 12 male and 6 female @entity0 aged 1 day to 4 months and 19 days, including 2 each with @entity4 , @entity1 and @entity7 , 3 with @entity3 , 1 each with @entity3 suspected, @entity2 , @entity9 , @entity8 , staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome, and @entity5 and 3 for prophylactic use. Plasma concentrations and urinary recovery rates of @entity11 The intravenous bolus injection at 10 mg/kg. Peak plasma concentrations of @entity11 were obtained at the first collection (30 minutes) of blood samples or 1 hour in all 3 groups, ranging from 23.3 to 26.9 micrograms/ml with no significant variations, plasma concentrations then slowly decreased, and were still 6.04-9.88 micrograms/ml even at 6 hours after the administration. The half-lives of @entity11 in plasma tended to be shorter in older day-age neonates, with mean half-lives being 3.59, 2.50 and 2.50 hours for the youngest. The intravenous bolus injection at 20 mg/kg. Peak concentrations were obtained at the first collection of blood samples in all 3 groups (0-3 days: 15 minutes, the others: 30 minutes), being 54.8, 39.9 and 43.8 micrograms/ml, respectively, then slowly decreased and were still 10.4-15.7 micrograms/ml even at 6 hours after the administration. Inter-age differences in half-lives were marked, i.e., 3.6 hours in 0-3-day group, 3.48 hours in 4-7-day group and 2.75 hours in 8-day or older group. Urinary recovery rates were about 40-60% without reference to day-age neonates. CSF concentrations About 50 mg/kg of @entity11 was given to each of 2 cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Fundamental and clinical studies on @entity10 in neonates and premature XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: Eight previously treated and four untreated @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity7 ) received 20 X 10(6) U/m2 recombinant leukocyte interferon clone A (rIFN-alpha A) intramuscularly three times a week for 8 weeks. None of the eight @entity0 who had received prior chemotherapy exhibited objective evidence of @entity1 regression. Two of the four previously untreated @entity0 responded with transient (90%) decreases in absolute lymphocyte counts lasting for 2 and 7 months. @entity2 was moderate, with all @entity0 experiencing @entity6 requiring a 50% dose reduction. Half of the @entity0 exhibited @entity5 , @entity4 , and a drop in performance status. The two responders had normal serum immunoglobulin levels prior to treatment, whereas 80% of non-responders had depressed levels. Treatment with rIFN-alpha A was associated with a @entity3 of nonspecific and specific humoral immunity in assays employing cryopreserved autologous pretherapy @entity7 cells. No consistent effects were demonstrable in cytolytic assays with purified peripheral blood T cells as effector cells, including one that utilized autologous @entity7 target cells. rIFN-alpha A has limited antitumor activity in @entity7 which is restricted to untreated @entity0 with an early stage of disease. With the assays employed it was not possible to demonstrate that rIFN-alpha A could augment autologous antitumor immunity.

title: Recombinant leukocyte A interferon in B-cell XXXX : in vivo effects on autologous antitumor immunity.

answer: @entity7