abstract: The advantages of dual antiplatelet therapy over monotherapy in preventing recurrent @entity1 events are examined. @entity9 is an insidious systemic process involving multiple vascular beds, including the cerebral, coronary, and peripheral arteries. @entity9 rupture is one of the inciting events in the progression of platelet activation, aggregation, and @entity8 formation. @entity0 with any clinical manifestation of @entity9 are vulnerable to others in different vascular beds since the disease develops throughout the vasculature, and different vascular events have common predisposing risk factors. @entity6 and @entity3 are two of the three most frequent causes of @entity5 in the United States. The efficacy of @entity4 in the secondary prevention of @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and @entity2 has been demonstrated in numerous trials. While @entity13 has not been linked with a greater odds reduction than @entity4 in the development of @entity7 , @entity2 , and @entity5 , @entity10 and @entity11 have been associated with a greater reduction in the development of @entity7 , @entity2 , and @entity5 than @entity4 . Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of combination antiplatelet therapy in the prevention of recurrent @entity1 events are ongoing. The rationale for using a combination of two mechanistically different antiplatelet agents is supported by ex vivo and clinical studies. Inhibition of @entity12 and @entity8 formation is enhanced with dual antiplatelet therapy. Combination antiplatelet regimens with different mechanisms of action to inhibit multiple sites in the thrombotic pathway may further improve long-term clinical outcomes. Dual antiplatelet therapy may have advantages over monotherapy in the prevention of recurrent @entity1 events.

title: Dual antiplatelet therapy for prevention of recurrent XXXX events.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Advances in physiology and molecular genetics have promoted greater understanding of the various clinical manifestations of @entity1 . For example, @entity11 or profound @entity3 may be observed in @entity5 channel disease (e.g., @entity12 or @entity9 @entity4 ), depending on the specific channel defect or with slight changes in membrane potential. Observed effects of anesthetic techniques have been essential to elucidating the primary muscular nature of @entity11 . Commonly used anesthetic medications have potentially lethal (e.g., @entity10 ) or serious (e.g., @entity8 ) adverse effects. Conversely, @entity7 or @entity6 may have therapeutic benefit for @entity0 with skeletal muscle @entity5 channel disorders. Additional investigation is required to improve our understanding of how age, gender, or other factors determine the phenotypic expression of malignant @entity2 . Future research holds the promise for more accurate pre-anesthetic identification of @entity0 with heritable @entity1 , especially those who are asymptomatic. Enhanced awareness of multiple organ system involvement in @entity8 is essential for planning perioperative care. @entity0 with @entity4 require that we know factors that incite or inhibit the development of their attacks. Advances in bench research and detailed clinical studies will further improve our ability to provide optimal care for @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: Malignant hyperthermia and XXXX .

answer: @entity12


abstract: Recent independent studies undertaken in Britain have demonstrated s tatistically for the first time the increased risk of @entity2 dis ease among @entity0 taking oral contraceptives. The Royal College of General Practitioners study suggests that the risk is increased about 6-fold by pregnancy and about 3-fold by oral contraceptives. The Statistical Research Unit of the M.R.C. listed 29 @entity0 with @entity3 or @entity4 of whom 14 had been taking oral contraceptives. Of 36 controls with other conditions only 3 were using the pill. The Committee on Safety of Drugs study reports 378 @entity1 in married @entity0 aged 15-44 during 1966; in 261 @entity2 was mentioned on the death certificate. @entity5 was not associated but @entity6 and @entity4 were possibly related to use of oral contraceptives. Deaths attributable to oral contraceptive use were approximately 3 per 100,000 users per year. In England and Wales the annual death rate for full-term pregnancies is 12 per 100,000 population. Death rate following abortions for unwanted pregnancies is higher. Advantages of oral contraceptives are, for many @entity0 , greater than the risks of iatrogenic morbidity or mortality. However, safer contraceptives must be sought as well as means of discovering which @entity0 may be at greatest risk from @entity2 .

title: Oral contraceptives and XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: Although many studies have focused on clinical risk factors for prognosis of @entity0 with surgically treated @entity3 , little information is available regarding the timing of recurrent @entity2 . The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that are predictive of early and late recurrences after gastrectomy. @entity0 AND METHODS: We reviewed the hospital records of @entity0 with hisotological proof of @entity3 who were admitted to Sendai National Hospital during the period from 1985 to 1995. A total of 923 records were examined, and 251 @entity0 with recurrent disease were identified. The @entity0 were divided into an "early recurrence group" consisting of 195 @entity0 (died within one year after surgery) and a "late recurrence group" of 56 @entity0 (died two years or more after surgery). Clinicopathological characteristics were examined, and independent risk factors influencing the timing of recurrence were determined by a multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean @entity2 size of early recurrence cases was larger than that of late recurrence cases (p=0.0294). @entity2 penetrating the serosa with direct invasion to continuous structures were found more frequently in the early recurrence group than in the late recurrence group. The @entity0 with early recurrence showed a higher tendency to have nodal involvement, lymphatic invasion and @entity4 . The relative risks of early and late recurrences associated with different variables were estimated by a multiple logistic regression method. The following variables were found to be significant risk factors for early recurrence: male gender (p=0.0382), lymph node @entity1 (p=0.0016), and @entity4 (p=0.0006). CONCLUSION: Male @entity0 who have node-positive @entity3 with @entity4 have a high risk of early recurrence.

title: Early and late recurrences after gastrectomy for XXXX : a multiple logistic regression analysis.

answer: @entity3


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: An experimental study of motor and sensory function and @entity5 in subjects with @entity2 . OBJECTIVES: To characterize @entity2 in terms of @entity6 and @entity5 and to compare subjects with higher and lesser levels of @entity4 and disability. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Motor @entity7 , sensory @entity0 , and @entity5 are present in chronic @entity1 ( @entity1 ), but little is known of such factors in the acute stage of injury. As higher levels of @entity4 and disability in acute @entity1 are accepted as signs of poor outcome, further characterization of this group from those with lesser symptoms is important. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Motor function (cervical range of movement [ROM], joint position error [JPE]; activity of the superficial neck flexors [EMG] during a test of cranio-cervical flexion), quantitative sensory testing (pressure, thermal @entity4 thresholds, and responses to the brachial plexus provocation test), and @entity5 (GHQ-28, TAMPA, IES) were measured in 80 @entity8 subjects ( @entity1 II or III) within 1 month of injury, as were 20 control subjects. RESULTS: Three subgroups were identified in the cohort using cluster analysis based on the Neck Disability Index: those with mild, moderate, or severe @entity4 and disability. All @entity8 groups demonstrated decreased ROM and increased EMG compared with the controls (all P < 0.01). Only the moderate and severe groups demonstrated greater JPE and generalized @entity0 to all sensory tests (all P < 0.01). The three @entity8 subgroups demonstrated evidence of @entity5 , although this was greater in the moderate and severe groups. Measures of @entity5 did not impact on between group differences in motor or sensory tests. CONCLUSIONS: Acute @entity8 subjects with higher levels of @entity4 and disability were distinguished by sensory @entity0 to a variety of stimuli, suggestive of @entity3 occurring soon after injury. These responses occurred independently of @entity5 . These findings may be important for the differential diagnosis of @entity2 and could be one reason why those with higher initial @entity4 and disability demonstrate a poorer outcome.

title: Characterization of acute XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: Soft contact lenses may be used as a bandage after corneal refractive surgery. @entity4 hydrogel contact lenses offer the advantage of increased @entity1 permeability over conventional hydrogel lenses for this application. To evaluate a @entity4 hydrogel contact lens as a continuous wear bandage applied after laser-assisted sub-epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK). METHODS: We conducted a prospective, open-label, non-randomized clinical trial involving thirty @entity0 treated with unilateral LASEK. @entity0 were fitted with a lotrafilcon A (Focus NIGHT _ DAY; CIBA Vision, Duluth, GA) @entity4 hydrogel soft contact lens that was worn continuously for 3 to 4 days post-operatively. Lens movement and slitlamp evaluations of @entity5 1, 2, and 3 days after surgery (DAS) were recorded, as was the condition of the corneal epithelium after lens removal. Subjective comfort was rated by the @entity0 along with the presence of symptoms or @entity2 . RESULTS: Post-blink lens movement was evaluated by investigators as "very good" or "good" in 87% of eyes at 1 DAS, in 73% at 2 DAS, and in 60% at 3 DAS. Conjunctival @entity3 was assessed as normal or trace in 96% of eyes at 1 DAS, in 76% at 2 DAS, and in 67% at 3 DAS. An average of 80% of eyes showed normal or trace @entity5 during the trial. The condition of the corneal epithelium after contact lens removal was rated as "very good" in 13% or "good" in 73% of eyes. An average of 77% of subjects reported "very good" or "good" comfort during the trial. Symptoms or @entity2 were rated as "absent" or "mild" by all subjects at 1 DAS and 2 DAS and by 96% at 3 DAS. An average of 99% rated symptoms or @entity2 as either "absent" or "mild" during the trial. CONCLUSIONS: The lotrafilcon A lens was found to be an effective and well-tolerated bandage lens after LASEK.

title: Therapeutic use of a lotrafilcon A XXXX hydrogel soft contact lens as a bandage after LASEK surgery.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of potentially treatment-related mortality in long-term survivors of @entity4 treated by orchiectomy and radiation therapy (XRT). @entity0 AND METHODS: From all 477 @entity0 with stage I or II @entity4 treated at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson @entity1 Center (Houston, TX) with post-orchiectomy megavoltage XRT between 1951 and 1999, 453 never sustained relapse of their disease. Long-term survival for these 453 @entity0 was evaluated with the @entity0 -years method to determine the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). SMRs were calculated for all causes of @entity2 , @entity2 , and @entity1 deaths using standard US data for males. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 13.3 years, the 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-year actuarial survival rates were 93%, 79%, 59%, and 26%, respectively. The all-cause SMR over the entire observation interval was 1.59 (99% CI, 1.21 to 2.04). The SMR was not excessive for the first 15 years of follow-up: SMR, 1.30 (95% CI, 0.93 to 1.77); but beyond 15 years the SMR was 1.85 (99% CI, 1.30 to 2.55). The overall cardiac-specific SMR was 1.61 (95% CI, 1.21 to 2.24). The cardiac SMR was significantly elevated only beyond 15 years (P <.01). The overall @entity1 -specific SMR was 1.91 (99% CI, 1.14 to 2.98). The @entity1 SMR was also significant only after 15 years of follow-up (P <.01). An increased mortality was evident in @entity0 treated with and without mediastinal XRT. CONCLUSION: Long-term survivors of @entity4 treated with post-orchiectomy XRT are at significant excess risk of @entity2 as a result of @entity3 or second @entity1 . Management strategies that minimize these risks but maintain the excellent hitherto observed cure rates need to be actively pursued.

title: Mortality after cure of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Ninety-seven @entity0 with supratentorial @entity2 who received postoperative radiation therapy and chemotherapy at the University of California, San Francisco, from 1977 through 1984 showed improvement in their follow-up computerized tomography (CT) scans. Twenty-one of these 97 "CT responders" were designated "complete responders" because on serial CT scans they had @entity1 mass and contrast enhancement, which had been present postoperatively. In the remaining 76 @entity0 , CT scans showed reduction in the size, but not disappearance, of the lesions, and these were designated "partial responders." Fifty-eight partial responders had @entity3 ( @entity3 ); their median survival time was 72 weeks. The median survival time for the 11 complete responders with @entity3 has not yet been achieved, but survival at the 53rd percentile is 172 weeks. Among @entity0 with highly anaplastic astrocytoma, the median survival time was 211 weeks for the 10 complete responders and 125 weeks for the 18 partial responders. Eleven of the 21 complete responders are alive at a median postoperative follow-up time of 163 weeks (range 114 to 470 weeks). Eighteen of these @entity0 had subtotal resection of @entity1 ; three @entity0 had gross total @entity1 resections, but postoperative CT scans showed evidence of residual or possibly recurrent @entity1 within 1.5 to 4.5 months. Resolution of the @entity1 mass and contrast enhancement took 9 to 151 weeks; the time to resolution did not depend upon the configuration of the remaining @entity1 mass and contrast enhancement after surgery. In this study, @entity0 with @entity2 whose CT scans eventually showed sustained @entity1 mass and contrast enhancement had a more favorable prognosis than did @entity0 whose CT scans showed improvement, but not complete disappearance, of the @entity1 . These CT findings may prove useful in determining the prognosis of @entity0 with @entity2 .

title: Computerized tomography in the prognosis of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The injection of small doses of local anesthetic solutions through pencil-point directional needles and maintaining the lateral decubitus position for 15 to 30 minutes after the injection have been suggested to facilitate the unilateral distribution of spinal anesthesia. We evaluated the effects of hypobaric and hyperbaric @entity1 in attempting to achieve unilateral spinal anesthesia for @entity0 undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery. METHODS: Fifty @entity0 were randomly allocated into 2 groups to receive either 1.5 mL hyperbaric @entity1 0.5% (7.5 mg; n = 25) or 4.2 mL hypobaric @entity1 0.18% (7.5 mg; n = 25). Drugs were administered at the @entity2 interspace with the @entity0 in the lateral position. @entity0 remained in this position for 15 minutes before turning supine for the operation. Spinal block was assessed by pinprick and modified Bromage scale on both sides. RESULTS: Unilateral spinal block was observed in 20 @entity0 in the hyperbaric group (80%) and in 19 @entity0 in the hypobaric group (76%) while in the lateral position. However, 15 minutes after @entity0 were turned supine, unilateral spinal anesthesia decreased to 68% of cases in the hyperbaric group and 24% of cases in the hypobaric group (P <.05). The motor block was more intense during the first 5 and 10 minutes (P <.05), but at the end of operation there was no difference between the groups. The hemodynamic changes were similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: As a result, unilateral spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric and hypobaric @entity1 provided a rapid motor and sensory recovery and good hemodynamic stability, but more unilateral spinal block was achieved in @entity0 in the hyperbaric group when compared with @entity0 in the hypobaric group.

title: A low-dose XXXX : a comparison of hyperbaric and hypobaric solutions for unilateral spinal anesthesia.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The midfemoral @entity4 (MF) is a new technique that has been used for postoperative @entity2 after knee surgery. The aim of the present study was to compare efficacy, performance time, and @entity0 acceptance of the midfemoral approach to that of the lateral approach at the level of the popliteal fossa (popliteal block [PB]). METHODS: Sixty-three @entity0 were enrolled in this prospective, randomized study. Thirty-two @entity0 received a lateral sciatic @entity1 (group PB) and 31 @entity0 a @entity1 (group MF). @entity3 0.5% (30 mL) was used in both groups. RESULTS: The quality of nerve blockade was comparable in both groups. Onset of sensory block for peroneal and tibial nerves was significantly shorter in group MF than in group PB, 5 (1-20) minutes and 5 (1-20) minutes versus 10 (1-40) minutes and 10 (1-45) minutes, respectively. Onset of motor block in both territories was also shorter in group MF compared with PB, 6 (2-35) minutes and 5 (2-55) minutes versus 15 (2-60) minutes and 15 (2-60) minutes, respectively (P <.05). There was no difference in duration of sensory and motor blockade, 16 (7-32) hours versus 16 (6-43) hours and 16 (8-32) hours versus 16 (6-25) hours. There was no significant difference between both groups with respect to @entity1 performance. @entity0 discomfort during needle puncture was also similar. CONCLUSIONS: The midfemoral @entity4 for ankle and foot surgery resulted in a reliable anesthetic, comparable to that of the lateral popliteal approach. This technique is simple, safe, and provides postoperative @entity2 as effective as that obtained with the lateral approach.

title: A comparison of lateral popliteal versus lateral midfemoral sciatic nerve blockade using XXXX 0.5%.

answer: @entity3


abstract: We have investigated virus-lymphocyte interactions by using cloned subpopulations of @entity1 -dependent effector lymphocytes maintained in vitro. Cloned lines of H-2-restricted hapten- or virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and alloantigen-specific CTL were resistant to productive @entity4 virus (VSV). In contrast, cloned lines of natural killer (NK) cells were readily and persistently infected by VSV, a virus which is normally highly cytolytic. VSV-infected NK cells continued to proliferate, express viral surface antigen, and produce infectious virus. Furthermore, persistently infected NK cells showed no marked alteration of normal cellular morphology and continued to lyse NK-sensitive target cells albeit at a slightly but significantly reduced level. The persistence of VSV in NK cells did not appear to be caused by the generation of temperature-sensitive viral mutants, defective interfering particles, or interferon. Consequently, studies comparing the intracellular synthesis and maturation of VSV proteins in infected NK and @entity0 L cells were conducted. In contrast to @entity0 , in which host cell protein synthesis was essentially totally inhibited by infection, the infection of NK cells caused no marked diminution in the synthesis of host cell proteins. @entity3 - @entity2 gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitates of viral proteins from infected cells showed that the maturation rate and size of VSV surface G glycoprotein were comparable in @entity0 and NK cells. Nucleocapsid (N) protein synthesis also appeared to be unaffected in NK cells. In contrast, the viral proteins NS and M appeared to be selectively degraded in NK cell extracts. Mixing experiments suggested that a protease in NK cells was responsible for the selective breakdown of VSV NS protein. Finally, VSV-infected NK cells were resistant to lysis by virus-specific CTL, suggesting that persistently infected NK cells may harbor virus and avoid cell-mediated immune destruction in an immunocompetent host.

title: Persistence of @entity4 virus in cloned XXXX -dependent natural killer cell lines.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We have investigated virus-lymphocyte interactions by using cloned subpopulations of @entity1 -dependent effector lymphocytes maintained in vitro. Cloned lines of H-2-restricted hapten- or virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and alloantigen-specific CTL were resistant to productive @entity4 virus (VSV). In contrast, cloned lines of natural killer (NK) cells were readily and persistently infected by VSV, a virus which is normally highly cytolytic. VSV-infected NK cells continued to proliferate, express viral surface antigen, and produce infectious virus. Furthermore, persistently infected NK cells showed no marked alteration of normal cellular morphology and continued to lyse NK-sensitive target cells albeit at a slightly but significantly reduced level. The persistence of VSV in NK cells did not appear to be caused by the generation of temperature-sensitive viral mutants, defective interfering particles, or interferon. Consequently, studies comparing the intracellular synthesis and maturation of VSV proteins in infected NK and @entity0 L cells were conducted. In contrast to @entity0 , in which host cell protein synthesis was essentially totally inhibited by infection, the infection of NK cells caused no marked diminution in the synthesis of host cell proteins. @entity3 - @entity2 gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitates of viral proteins from infected cells showed that the maturation rate and size of VSV surface G glycoprotein were comparable in @entity0 and NK cells. Nucleocapsid (N) protein synthesis also appeared to be unaffected in NK cells. In contrast, the viral proteins NS and M appeared to be selectively degraded in NK cell extracts. Mixing experiments suggested that a protease in NK cells was responsible for the selective breakdown of VSV NS protein. Finally, VSV-infected NK cells were resistant to lysis by virus-specific CTL, suggesting that persistently infected NK cells may harbor virus and avoid cell-mediated immune destruction in an immunocompetent host.

title: Persistence of XXXX virus in cloned @entity1 -dependent natural killer cell lines.

answer: @entity4


abstract: AIM: To study the technique and utility of virtual bronchoscopy (virtual reality endobronchial simulation, VRES) as a tool to evaluate post-tracheostomy tracheal stenoses and to correlate the findings of virtual and invasive bronchoscopy and to follow-up treated lesions or those currently under treatment that were initially diagnosed with VRES. METHODOLOGY: This prospective study comprised nine @entity0 in the age group 13 to 65 years presenting with breathlessness and stridor following one or multiple tracheostomies. They underwent plain CT using a multidetector CT (MDCT) scanner (Siemens Volume Zoom) using narrow (1 mm) collimation. These thin slice images were post-processed using an Irix-based workstation with a ' @entity1 -Through' endoscopy application. These @entity0 also underwent a rigid (three @entity0 ) or fiberoptic (six @entity0 ) bronchoscopy. RESULTS: Of the nine @entity0 that underwent VRES, five were found to have stenoses, three had obstructing granulation tissue, one had an obstructing membrane and one had @entity3 . The invasive bronchoscopic findings supported the VRES diagnosis in all but one case of @entity2 , one of granulation tissue and the case with @entity3 . Membranes and @entity3 were relatively difficult to diagnose without the corresponding axial and multiplanar images. VRES achieved a higher sensitivity, while invasive bronchoscopy a higher specificity. CONCLUSIONS: VRES proved to be comparable to invasive bronchoscopy in the depiction of post-tracheostomy tracheal stenoses, with a notable advantage in critical stenoses in that the airway distal to the @entity2 could be assessed with VRES but not with invasive bronchoscopy. A preliminary VRES was found to be of assistance in the selection of @entity0 for the more invasive therapeutic procedures such as laser ablation of granulation tissue and its follow-up.

title: Role of multidetector CT virtual bronchoscopy in the evaluation of post-tracheostomy tracheal XXXX --a preliminary study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: During acute occlusion of an epicardial vessel collaterals preserve the microvascular perfusion and limit the extent of @entity1 . Pressure-derived collateral flow index ( @entity5 ) assessed by intracoronary pressure measurement allow us to quantify collateral vessel development. The angiographic @entity1 ( @entity1 ) scores, based on the contrast dye density and washout in the infarcted @entity4 , provide important information about microvascular perfusion after @entity2 ( @entity2 ). In this study we assessed the microvascular perfusion with @entity1 and studied the relation between @entity5 in @entity0 with @entity2 who treated with thrombolytic therapy and TIMI grade III flow restored in the @entity3 related artery (IRA). Forty-one @entity0 with @entity2 who were treated with thrombolytic therapy and underwent stent implantation (mean of 3 days after @entity2 ) to the IRA were included in this study. After angiography, @entity5 was calculated as the ratio of simultaneously measured coronary wedge pressure--central venous pressure (Pv) to mean aortic pressure--Pv. Myocardial blush was graded densitometrically based on visual assessment of the relative contrast opacification of the myocardial territory subtended by the @entity3 vessel. There was a statistically significant correlation between @entity5 and post-stent @entity1 grades (P < 0.01, r = 0.70). There was a significant difference in mean @entity5 among @entity1 grades implying that higher @entity5 is associated with better @entity1 (0.39 +/- 0.11 in grade 3, 0.32 +/- 0.10 in grade 2, 0.24 +/- 0.09 in grade 1, and 0.16 +/- 0.08 in grade 0, P < 0.01). Well developed collaterals can limit microvascular damage by preserving microvascular perfusion. A higher pressure-derived collateral flow index is associated with better tissue level perfusion as evidenced by the higher @entity1 score.

title: Relationship between collateral blood flow and microvascular perfusion after reperfused XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Clinical trials have reported the beneficial effects of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) on major @entity3 (MACE) in @entity0 presenting with @entity8 or @entity4 . A number of studies have documented the significant superiority of low-molecular-weight heparins, especially enoxaparin, over unfractionated heparin in the treatment of @entity6 . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different LMWHs, enoxaparin and nadroparin, accompanied by platelet @entity7 /IIIa inhibition on MACE in high-risk @entity8 . The study was designed as an open-label and observational study. Sixty-eight @entity0 presenting with @entity8 associated with high-risk criteria were randomly assigned to treatment with enoxaparin plus tirofiban (36 @entity0 , mean age 57 +/- 11) or nadroparin plus tirofiban (32 @entity0 , mean age: 58 +/- 8). In-hospital MACE including @entity4 ( @entity4 ), recurrent @entity5 , @entity2 , @entity1 , and urgent revascularization were compared between the study groups. @entity0 characteristics and durations of LMWH and tirofiban treatments were not different between the study groups. Coronary artery risk factors, except family history (which was observed more frequently in the @entity9 group, P = 0.02), were also similar. MACE between the enoxaparin and @entity10 groups including @entity4 (5.5%, 6%), recurrent @entity5 (19%, 12%), @entity2 (0%, 3%), @entity1 (was not observed in either group), urgent revascularization (14%, 12%) and total MACE (19%, 15%) were not different. @entity9 and nadroparin, accompanied by @entity7 /IIIa inhibitor therapy, have similar effects on the development of major @entity3 in @entity0 presenting with @entity8 and high-risk characteristics.

title: Effects of enoxaparin and nadroparin on major XXXX in high-risk @entity8 treated with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Clinical trials have reported the beneficial effects of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) on major @entity3 (MACE) in @entity0 presenting with @entity8 or @entity4 . A number of studies have documented the significant superiority of low-molecular-weight heparins, especially enoxaparin, over unfractionated heparin in the treatment of @entity6 . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different LMWHs, enoxaparin and nadroparin, accompanied by platelet @entity7 /IIIa inhibition on MACE in high-risk @entity8 . The study was designed as an open-label and observational study. Sixty-eight @entity0 presenting with @entity8 associated with high-risk criteria were randomly assigned to treatment with enoxaparin plus tirofiban (36 @entity0 , mean age 57 +/- 11) or nadroparin plus tirofiban (32 @entity0 , mean age: 58 +/- 8). In-hospital MACE including @entity4 ( @entity4 ), recurrent @entity5 , @entity2 , @entity1 , and urgent revascularization were compared between the study groups. @entity0 characteristics and durations of LMWH and tirofiban treatments were not different between the study groups. Coronary artery risk factors, except family history (which was observed more frequently in the @entity9 group, P = 0.02), were also similar. MACE between the enoxaparin and @entity10 groups including @entity4 (5.5%, 6%), recurrent @entity5 (19%, 12%), @entity2 (0%, 3%), @entity1 (was not observed in either group), urgent revascularization (14%, 12%) and total MACE (19%, 15%) were not different. @entity9 and nadroparin, accompanied by @entity7 /IIIa inhibitor therapy, have similar effects on the development of major @entity3 in @entity0 presenting with @entity8 and high-risk characteristics.

title: Effects of enoxaparin and nadroparin on major @entity3 in high-risk XXXX treated with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor.

answer: @entity8


abstract: Ubiquitin has been found to be soluble in @entity5 and @entity3 as the @entity6 or @entity4 salt. When the effect of @entity0 on the structure of ubiquitin is examined, two reversible conformational transitions are observed. Upon lowering the dielectric constant of aqueous @entity0 solutions of ubiquitin from 80 to 45, the native structure of ubiquitin is converted to a form consistent with 50% helical structure. This conformational change results in a change in exposure to solvent of the single @entity2 and the single @entity1 residues of ubiquitin. In agreement with crystallographic results, these residues are buried in the native conformation but become fully exposed to solvent upon undergoing this transition. Further lowering of the dielectric constant to 20 results in the accumulation of a conformation with almost complete helical structure. Thus, hydrophobic interactions cause facile conformational changes in the ubiquitin structure. These results are discussed in terms of a preferential solvation model. It is shown that the results obtained with different @entity3 can be normalized by the use of a dielectric constant scale. This normalization corrects for the different molar volumes of different @entity3 , allows comparison of results obtained with different @entity3 , and should be useful in studying this phenomenon with different proteins.

title: XXXX -induced conformational changes of ubiquitin.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A 20-year-old single @entity0 suffers from severe @entity4 , unresponsive to analgesic medication. Findings for gynecological examination were normal. Her mother died of @entity1 at the age of 47. This @entity1 was diagnosed at age 42 while she was taking oral contraceptives. The @entity0 in question, and @entity6 sisters, had been warned against taking oral contraceptives. Now it is suggested that her @entity4 might respond to contraceptive therapy. The question is asked regarding the use of oral contraceptives. In response, a diagnostic laparoscopy is recommended to determine if @entity2 is present. If @entity2 is found, @entity7 may be used for @entity3 , but ovulation may continue to be suppressed for 12-18 months after discontinuing this medication. @entity5 is also effective in treating @entity2 and @entity4 but has no estrogenic effect. Available data do not show an increased incidence of @entity1 in users of oral contraceptives.

title: Is oral contraceptive therapy advisable in XXXX with family history of breast cancer?

answer: @entity0


abstract: Persistent @entity9 , an uncommon sequela of oral contraceptive (OC) use, would not be a major problem except for the fact that an estimated 50 million @entity0 worldwide use OCs. Following OC use, @entity0 often experience some delay in resuming normal menses, but according to most studies, fewer than 1% fail to begin menstruating regularly within 6 months. In about 1/2 of this small percentage of @entity0 , failure to resume normal menses within 6 months is caused by an identifiable underlying disorder. The remaining 1/2 are considered to have "postpill @entity9 ," the result of a disruption of the normal hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian feeding mechanism, which may be reversible with appropriate treatment. In evaluating @entity0 with postpill @entity9 , it is important to rule out @entity17 , @entity13 , @entity6 , and @entity15 before arriving at a diagnosis of @entity9 . Prior to 6 months, detailed laboratory evaluation is not indicated, but after 6 months of @entity9 , the history and physical status should again be carefully evaluated. Any history of weight change, @entity16 , @entity12 , @entity1 , or "hot flashes" should be noted. On examination, evidence of @entity12 , virilization, expressible @entity16 , or @entity10 should be sought. The presence of any of these findings warrants laboratory testing. Pregnancy should always be excluded before further testing. If the @entity0 shows no clinical evidence of @entity17 , @entity13 , @entity7 , or @entity15 , or if laboratory evaluation fails to confirm clinical suspicions, it is appropriate to wait another 6 months before further evaluation. These disorders may be differentiated from @entity9 by measuring serum levels of gonadotropins, @entity3 , @entity5 , and prolactin and by sella polytomography. It is important to define whether the treatment objective is resumption of a normal menstrual pattern or restoration of fertility, or both, for therapy will differ depending upon the objective. Ovulation can be induced with @entity14 or @entity11 in 50-75% of @entity0 . Rarely, @entity0 menopausal gonadotropin and @entity0 chorionic gonadotropin may be needed. If fertility is not an issue, cyclic @entity4 and @entity8 may be useful to maintain adequate @entity4 effects but will obviously continue to suppress the @entity2 .

title: Management of post-pill XXXX .

answer: @entity9


abstract: The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths 1997 to 1999 finds that @entity1 , and suicide in particular, is the leading cause of @entity2 . Suicide accounted for 28% of maternal deaths. @entity0 also died from other complications of @entity1 and a significant minority from substance misuse. Some of the findings of the Confidential Enquiry confirm long established knowledge about postpartum @entity1 . The findings highlight the severity and early onset of serious postpartum @entity3 and of the risk of recurrence following childbirth faced by @entity0 with a previous history of serious @entity3 either following childbirth or at other times. These findings led to the recommendation that all @entity0 should be asked early in their pregnancy about a previous history of serious @entity1 and that management plans should be in place with regard to the high risk of recurrence following delivery. Other findings of the Enquiry were new and challenged some of the accepted wisdoms of obstetrics and psychiatry. It is likely that the suicide rate following delivery is not significantly different to other times in @entity0 's lives and for the first 42 days following delivery may be elevated. This calls into question the so-called 'protective effect of maternity'. The overwhelming majority of the suicides died violently, contrasting with the usual finding that @entity0 are more likely to die from an @entity4 of medication. Compared to other causes of @entity2 , the suicides were older and socially advantaged. The Enquiry findings suggest that the risk profile for @entity0 at risk of suicide following delivery may be different to that in @entity0 at other times and in @entity0 . None of the @entity0 who died had been admitted at any time to a Mother and Baby Unit and their @entity1 care had been undertaken by General Adult Services. None of the @entity0 who died had had a previous episode correctly identified and none had had adequate plans for their proactive care. The conclusion is that there is a need for both Psychiatry and Obstetrics to acknowledge the substantial risk that @entity0 with a previous @entity1 history of serious @entity3 face following delivery.

title: XXXX : a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality.

answer: @entity1


abstract: AIM: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single dose @entity4 in preterm and term @entity0 on the first day of life. METHODS: Neonates were stratified by gestational age. Preterm (< 37 weeks) and term (37-41 weeks) @entity0 received a single dose of @entity4 in the first 24 hours of life when they had minor, painful procedures or as additional treatment in @entity0 receiving opioids. Blood samples were taken from an arterial line, and @entity1 was evaluated by a multidimensional @entity1 scale. Results were reported as mean (SD). Student's t and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the groups. RESULTS: Thirty neonates were included, 10 of which were term infants. Serum half life was 277 (143) minutes in the preterm @entity0 and 172 (59) minutes in the term @entity0 (p < 0.05). Clearance was 0.116 (0.08) litre/kg/h in the preterm @entity0 and 0.170 (0.06) litre/kg/h in the term @entity0 (p < 0.05). Gestational age correlated with serum half life (r = -0.46). No effect of sex or administration of prenatal @entity2 was found on the pharmacokinetics of @entity3 . In neonates who only received @entity4 (n = 15), the level of analgesia seemed to be associated with the therapeutic (> 5 mg/l) level. CONCLUSIONS: A correlation was found between gestational age and the serum half life of @entity4 . The maturational trend of clearance and half life in preterm and term neonates is in line with data on the pharmacokinetics of @entity4 beyond the newborn period.

title: Pharmacokinetics of single dose intravenous XXXX in neonates: effect of gestational age.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although metaphyseal radiolucent changes are often seen in @entity0 with Legg-Calv  -Perthes disease, the pathogenesis of these changes remains controversial. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence and histopathological characteristics of these metaphyseal radiolucent changes in a piglet model of @entity2 @entity1 of the capital femoral epiphysis. METHODS: @entity1 of the right femoral head was produced in fifty piglets by surgically placing a ligature tightly around the femoral neck. The contralateral, left hip of each animal was used as a control. Radiographs and histological sections of the femoral heads were examined at two, four, and eight weeks. The radiographs were used to measure the femoral neck length in order to assess growth disturbance. RESULTS: Thirteen of the fifty animals were found to have radiolucent changes in the proximal femoral metaphysis on the side of the infarcted femoral head. These changes were observed in none of the twelve animals that were evaluated at two weeks, in one of the fourteen animals that were evaluated at four weeks, and in twelve of the twenty-four animals that were evaluated at eight weeks. The radiolucent changes ranged from a focal @entity4 to a diffuse area of radiolucency around the proximal femoral physis. Three distinct types of histological changes were observed in the metaphysis. Type-I changes were characterized by focal thickening of the physeal cartilage extending down into the metaphysis. Some of these lesions demonstrated @entity3 . Type-II changes were characterized by central disruption of the physis and resorption and replacement of the metaphyseal bone in the region by fibrovascular tissue. Type-III changes were characterized by diffuse resorption of the physeal cartilage and resorption of the adjacent metaphyseal and epiphyseal bone. The mean femoral neck length on the infarcted side in animals with metaphyseal radiolucent changes was significantly shorter than that in animals without metaphyseal radiolucent changes (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Metaphyseal radiolucent changes frequently were observed in this piglet model at eight weeks after the induction of @entity2 . The metaphyseal radiolucent changes were associated with histopathological lesions of the physis. The present study suggests that the presence of metaphyseal lesions can result in a greater growth disturbance of the proximal femoral physis than is seen in the absence of metaphyseal lesions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The present study supports the clinical observation that the presence of diffuse metaphyseal radiolucent changes may be associated with substantial growth disturbance of the proximal part of the femur in @entity0 with Legg-Calv  -Perthes disease. The study provides a histopathological basis for proximal femoral physeal growth disturbance that has not been clearly demonstrated in the past. These findings also may provide a histopathological basis for the fluidfilled metaphyseal cysts that sometimes are observed on the magnetic resonance imaging scans of these @entity0 .

title: Pathogenesis of metaphyseal radiolucent changes following XXXX @entity1 of the capital femoral epiphysis in immature pigs. A preliminary report.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although metaphyseal radiolucent changes are often seen in @entity0 with Legg-Calv  -Perthes disease, the pathogenesis of these changes remains controversial. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence and histopathological characteristics of these metaphyseal radiolucent changes in a piglet model of @entity2 @entity1 of the capital femoral epiphysis. METHODS: @entity1 of the right femoral head was produced in fifty piglets by surgically placing a ligature tightly around the femoral neck. The contralateral, left hip of each animal was used as a control. Radiographs and histological sections of the femoral heads were examined at two, four, and eight weeks. The radiographs were used to measure the femoral neck length in order to assess growth disturbance. RESULTS: Thirteen of the fifty animals were found to have radiolucent changes in the proximal femoral metaphysis on the side of the infarcted femoral head. These changes were observed in none of the twelve animals that were evaluated at two weeks, in one of the fourteen animals that were evaluated at four weeks, and in twelve of the twenty-four animals that were evaluated at eight weeks. The radiolucent changes ranged from a focal @entity4 to a diffuse area of radiolucency around the proximal femoral physis. Three distinct types of histological changes were observed in the metaphysis. Type-I changes were characterized by focal thickening of the physeal cartilage extending down into the metaphysis. Some of these lesions demonstrated @entity3 . Type-II changes were characterized by central disruption of the physis and resorption and replacement of the metaphyseal bone in the region by fibrovascular tissue. Type-III changes were characterized by diffuse resorption of the physeal cartilage and resorption of the adjacent metaphyseal and epiphyseal bone. The mean femoral neck length on the infarcted side in animals with metaphyseal radiolucent changes was significantly shorter than that in animals without metaphyseal radiolucent changes (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Metaphyseal radiolucent changes frequently were observed in this piglet model at eight weeks after the induction of @entity2 . The metaphyseal radiolucent changes were associated with histopathological lesions of the physis. The present study suggests that the presence of metaphyseal lesions can result in a greater growth disturbance of the proximal femoral physis than is seen in the absence of metaphyseal lesions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The present study supports the clinical observation that the presence of diffuse metaphyseal radiolucent changes may be associated with substantial growth disturbance of the proximal part of the femur in @entity0 with Legg-Calv  -Perthes disease. The study provides a histopathological basis for proximal femoral physeal growth disturbance that has not been clearly demonstrated in the past. These findings also may provide a histopathological basis for the fluidfilled metaphyseal cysts that sometimes are observed on the magnetic resonance imaging scans of these @entity0 .

title: Pathogenesis of metaphyseal radiolucent changes following @entity2 XXXX of the capital femoral epiphysis in immature pigs. A preliminary report.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We report two resected cases of advanced @entity2 with peritoneal dissemination after successful treatment with TS-1 plus low-dose CDDP. @entity0 1 presented with @entity5 and underwent laparotomy with diagnosis of type 4 @entity2 by gastrointestinal fiberscopy. However, the @entity1 was judged to be unresectable due to peritoneal dissemination, and chemotherapy was performed. At the completion of course 1, he underwent laparotomy again. Although the @entity1 involved the body of the pancreas and transverse colon, there was no peritoneal dissemination. Therefore, a total gastrectomy was performed with distal pancreatectomy, partial colectomy, cholecystectomy, and D2 lymph node dissection. @entity0 2 presented with @entity3 and was diagnosed with type 3 @entity2 by gastrointestinal fiberscopy. CT revealed the @entity1 was unresectable due to peritoneal dissemination, and so chemotherapy was performed. He underwent laparotomy at the completion of course 3. There was no peritoneal dissemination, so a total gastrectomy was performed with cholecystectomy and D2 lymph node dissection. Both @entity0 remain alive and in @entity4 without any signs of recurrence after surgery.

title: [Two resected cases of advanced XXXX with peritoneal dissemination after successful treatment with TS-1 plus low-dose CDDP].

answer: @entity2


abstract: The normal hematocrit is not a random number, but one that maximizes @entity0 delivery. While the feedback loop wherein tissue @entity0 pressure determines the production of @entity3 , which further drives the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, explains how the hematocrit is generated, it does not speak to how the hematocrit is regulated. The regulation of the hematocrit requires the coordination of the plasma volume and the red cell mass. By controlling red cell mass via @entity3 and plasma volume through excretion of salt and water, the kidney is able to generate the hematocrit. It is hypothesized that the kidney functions as a critmeter by sensing the relative volumes of each component of the blood through the common signal of tissue @entity0 tension. The kidney's unique ability to sense ECF volume through tissue @entity0 signal allows it to coordinate these two volumes to produce the normal hematocrit. Hence, it may be the kidneys ability to report a measure of ECF volume as a tissue @entity0 signal and thus to regulate the hematocrit that establishes it as the logical site of @entity3 production. The critmeter is proposed to be a functional unit located at the tip of the cortical labyrinth at the juxta-medullary region of the kidney where @entity3 is made physiologically. Renal vasculature and nephron segment heterogeneity in @entity4 reabsorption likely provides the anatomical construct to generate the marginal tissue @entity0 pressure required to trigger the production of @entity3 . The balance of @entity0 consumption for @entity4 reabsorption and @entity0 delivery is reflected by the tissue @entity0 pressure. This balance hence determines RBC mass adjusted to plasma volume. Factors that affect blood supply and @entity4 reabsorption in a discordant manner may modulate the critmeter, e.g. @entity5 . The objective of this work is to describe the hypothesis of the kidney's function as a critmeter, including the anatomical and physiological components, and the role of the renin-angiotensin system in modulating @entity3 . Clinical examples of the dysregulation of the critmeter may be found in the @entity2 of @entity1 and in @entity2 .

title: Why is XXXX made in the kidney? The kidney functions as a 'critmeter' to regulate the hematocrit.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The purpose of this review is to find the evidence that a disproportionate pulmonary vasoconstriction persisting for days, weeks and years during residence at high altitude is the common pathophysiologic mechanism of @entity8 ( @entity8 ), @entity9 and @entity9 . A recent finding in early @entity8 suggests that transmission of excessively elevated pulmonary artery pressure to the pulmonary capillaries leading to @entity4 as the pathophysiologic mechanism of @entity8 . The elevated incidence of @entity8 in Indian soldiers led the Indian Army to extend the acclimatization period from a few days to 5 weeks. Using this protocol, @entity8 was prevented, but after several weeks of residence at an altitude of 6000m @entity6 , @entity0 and @entity7 developed. Clinical examination revealed severe congestive @entity5 . This condition has been previously described in long-term high altitude residents of the Himalaya and the Andes. In @entity1 , smooth muscle cells appear in normally non-muscular arterioles within days of simulated altitude. Rapid remodeling of the small precapillary arteries may prevent @entity8 but increase pulmonary vascular resistance leading to @entity2 in long-term high altitude residents. Symptoms and signs of @entity8 , @entity9 and @entity9 reverse completely after residents are transfered to low altitude. In conclusion, these findings strongly suggest that @entity2 at high altitude, which could be named "high @entity2 ", is the principal and common pathogenic factor of all three cardio-pulmonary manifestations of high @entity3 . Accordingly, @entity9 and @entity9 could be renamed in "acute-" and "chronic @entity5 of high altitude", respectively.

title: Cardio-pulmonary interactions at high altitude. XXXX as a common denominator.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The onset of inflammatory gene expression is driven by the transcription factor NF-kappaB, whose transcriptional activity is regulated at multiple levels. First, NF-kappaB activity is regulated by cytoplasmic degradation of the IkappaB inhibitor and nuclear translocation. Second, the nuclear @entity3 transactivation potential can be further influenced by posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation and/or acetylation. The @entity3 phosphorylation is a process highly regulated by both cell- and stimulus-dependent activating kinases. Ser276 phosphorylation seems to be highly important considering its crucial role in the interaction with and the engagement of the cofactor @entity4 . We have identified @entity6 as an acting kinase in the TNF-signalling pathway, where it is responsible for @entity3 phosphorylation at Ser276, as well as for H3 phosphorylation of Ser10 in IL-6 promoter-associated chromatin (Fig. 1) (Saccani et al., 2002; Vermeulen et al., 2002, 2003). To our knowledge, this was the first report that identifies one particular kinase involved in transcription factor phosphorylation and histone modification at the level of a single promoter in order to establish gene activation. The question of which element takes the initial step to recruit and to assemble the activated transcription complex still remains unanswered (Vanden Berghe et al., 2002). @entity2 negatively interferes with inflammatory gene expression by up-regulation of the cytoplasmic inhibitor molecule @entity1 , thus establishing an autoregulatory loop (Fig. 1). This induction takes place in the absence of a PPRE, but requires the presence of NF-kappaB and @entity0 elements in the @entity1 promoter sequence as well as @entity5 cofactors. The detailed mechanism how @entity2 can activate genes in a non-DNA-binding way needs further investigation; moreover, it is at present not clear whether this upregulation, unlike the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids, is a cell type- or a @entity2 -specific phenomenon.

title: A paradigm for gene regulation: inflammation, NF-kappaB and XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Nineteen @entity0 with persistent @entity3 were investigated to evaluate their clinical and laboratory status a long time after treatment was ended. The risk of persistent disease and need for extensive surgery for cure, i.e. more than two neck operations, or mediastinal exploration, was also evaluated. DESIGN: The medical records of 896 consecutive @entity0 operated on for @entity3 were scrutinised at follow-up, a mean of 10.3 Years after surgery. Data on state of health, medication, @entity2 and other diagnoses were collected by use of a questionnaire. There were 600 @entity0 still alive, among whom 13 had persistent disease and they were compared with 509 @entity0 who were cured and without any suspicion of recurrent disease, according to laboratory examination. RESULTS: Serum @entity4 and @entity5 values had with few exceptions remained stable over the Years. In five patients, serum @entity4 levels were within the normal range at follow-up. Still, all 19 @entity0 were considered @entity6 . They had substantial @entity1 , and their state of health was not as good as that of the @entity0 who were surgically cured. After one operation, 5.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.0-7.2%) had persistent disease, and 2.1% after reoperation. Extensive surgery for cure was performed in 2% of the @entity0 (95% CI 1.1-3.2%). CONCLUSIONS: We found that the state of health was significantly better for @entity0 with cured @entity3 than for @entity0 with persistent disease, but serious deterioration of laboratory values was uncommon. The result of the present study supports surgical treatment.

title: Persistent disease after surgery for XXXX : the long-term outcome.

answer: @entity3


abstract: DNA topoisomerase II was purified from @entity0 thymus nuclei by a simple and fast four-step procedure: selective @entity6 precipitation, chromatography on blue-Sepharose and @entity2 , followed by ultracentrifugation on a @entity1 gradient. Starting from 300 g thymus glands, this procedure yields 0.7 mg of homogeneous topoisomerase II. The final product is free of any nucleolytic, proteolytic or topoisomerase I activity. Dodecylsulfate/ @entity7 gel electrophoresis reveals two bands with apparent molecular masses of 175 and 150 kDa. Analytical gel filtration and sedimentation on isokinetic sucrose gradients were used to determine the Stokes' radius as 6.4 nm and the sedimentation coefficient as 9.5 S, indicating a dimeric structure for the native enzyme. The purified topoisomerase II is strictly dependent on @entity3 or @entity9 , the Km values of which were 0.14 mM and 0.5 mM, respectively. @entity4 is an essential cofactor for the reaction at concentrations between 0.5-8 mM, with an optimum at 4 mM. @entity4 can be substituted by @entity8 at concentrations between 0.2-0.4 mM. Both the relaxation and the catenation reaction exhibit a salt optimum at 130 mM @entity5 . At concentrations below 30 mM and above 200 mM, the enzyme is inactive. The pH is optimal between 8 and 9.5 using Tris buffers.

title: Purification and characterization of DNA topoisomerase II from XXXX thymus associated with polypeptides of 175 and 150 kDa.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A mutagenesis approach was initiated in order to examine further the folding behavior of the alpha-subunit of the @entity0 @entity3 synthase. A random single base pair saturation mutagenesis procedure (Myers, R.M., Lerman, L.S., and Maniatis, T. (1985) Science 229, 242-247) was applied in vitro to subcloned fragments of the trpA gene, which codes for this polypeptide. Mutagenesis plasmid vectors were constructed containing three fragments of the trpA gene which together code for about half of the total @entity1 residues of the alpha-subunit. The vectors were constructed such that each strand of each trpA fragment could be altered. These trpA fragments were mutagenized in vitro (using @entity6 , @entity4 , @entity5 , and @entity7 ), and several thousands of mutants have been isolated. Thirty-two mutants, contained within the first two trpA fragments (which encompass the first 206 base pairs of the trpA gene and encode the first 63 residues of the alpha-subunit) have been sequenced. Of these, 20 (63%) contained single base pair alterations, 12 (37%) contained multiple alterations, and 17 (53%) of these base pair alterations resulted in single @entity1 substitutions. Selected mutant trpA fragments were subcloned into an overexpression vector in which the trpA gene is controlled by the tac promoter and is inducible by @entity2 . The kinetics and extent of induction show that after 22 h of induction, the wild-type alpha-subunit constituted about 30% of the total protein. A simple one-step purification procedure for the alpha-subunit is described in which 15 mg of alpha-subunit can be obtained from 200 ml of fully induced cultures. The mutant trpA genes were induced for mutant alpha-subunit expression, and an initial examination of their properties in crude extracts was performed. Of the 17 mutant proteins examined, most were overproduced to levels comparable to that for the wild-type alpha-subunit. An analysis of the apparent stability, beta 2-subunit-activating activity, and intrinsic activity of this group of mutant alpha-subunits suggests that many @entity1 alterations have no apparent effect; there is a variety of novel functional defects; and a sequence located near residues 28 through 54 may be particularly critical for the normal folding of the polypeptide.

title: In vitro mutagenesis and overexpression of the XXXX trpA gene and the partial characterization of the resultant @entity3 synthase mutant alpha-subunits.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A mutagenesis approach was initiated in order to examine further the folding behavior of the alpha-subunit of the @entity0 @entity3 synthase. A random single base pair saturation mutagenesis procedure (Myers, R.M., Lerman, L.S., and Maniatis, T. (1985) Science 229, 242-247) was applied in vitro to subcloned fragments of the trpA gene, which codes for this polypeptide. Mutagenesis plasmid vectors were constructed containing three fragments of the trpA gene which together code for about half of the total @entity1 residues of the alpha-subunit. The vectors were constructed such that each strand of each trpA fragment could be altered. These trpA fragments were mutagenized in vitro (using @entity6 , @entity4 , @entity5 , and @entity7 ), and several thousands of mutants have been isolated. Thirty-two mutants, contained within the first two trpA fragments (which encompass the first 206 base pairs of the trpA gene and encode the first 63 residues of the alpha-subunit) have been sequenced. Of these, 20 (63%) contained single base pair alterations, 12 (37%) contained multiple alterations, and 17 (53%) of these base pair alterations resulted in single @entity1 substitutions. Selected mutant trpA fragments were subcloned into an overexpression vector in which the trpA gene is controlled by the tac promoter and is inducible by @entity2 . The kinetics and extent of induction show that after 22 h of induction, the wild-type alpha-subunit constituted about 30% of the total protein. A simple one-step purification procedure for the alpha-subunit is described in which 15 mg of alpha-subunit can be obtained from 200 ml of fully induced cultures. The mutant trpA genes were induced for mutant alpha-subunit expression, and an initial examination of their properties in crude extracts was performed. Of the 17 mutant proteins examined, most were overproduced to levels comparable to that for the wild-type alpha-subunit. An analysis of the apparent stability, beta 2-subunit-activating activity, and intrinsic activity of this group of mutant alpha-subunits suggests that many @entity1 alterations have no apparent effect; there is a variety of novel functional defects; and a sequence located near residues 28 through 54 may be particularly critical for the normal folding of the polypeptide.

title: In vitro mutagenesis and overexpression of the @entity0 trpA gene and the partial characterization of the resultant XXXX synthase mutant alpha-subunits.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The anterior pituitary is active mitotically and apoptotically under basal conditions and in response to a variety of physiological and pathophysiological stimuli. @entity3 in @entity0 is associated with a modest but very occasionally dramatic increase in overall pituitary size. The mechanisms underlying this reversible phenomenon remain obscure. In the present study we have examined young adult @entity1 anterior pituitary following surgical thyroidectomy and subsequent @entity6 treatment and withdrawal using an extremely accurate system for quantifying directly identified mitotic and apoptotic events. Despite the expected increase in the number and/or proportion of immunohistochemically identifiable thyrotrophs three weeks after thyroidectomy, mitotic and apoptotic activity remained unchanged, as did pituitary wet weight, in comparison with sham-operated and intact controls. In contrast, mitotic but not apoptotic activity was enhanced by treatment of thyroidectomized animals with @entity7 ( @entity4 (T3) and @entity5 (T4) 1.8 microg and 3.6 microg/100 g body weight per day respectively), and once again declined to levels seen in intact animals within 72 h of subsequent @entity6 withdrawal. @entity6 -induced enhancement of mitotic activity was also seen in intact @entity1 treated with similar doses of thyroid hormones for 7 days and in thyroidectomized @entity1 treated for a similar period with very low dose @entity6 replacement at a level that had no effect on raised hypothalamic @entity2 - or pituitary TSHbeta-transcript prevalence (0.018 microg T3 plus 0.036 microg T4/100 g body weight per day). Thus changes in mitotic and apoptotic activity are unlikely to be the principle mechanism for the apparent increase in thyrotrophs up to 4 weeks after thyroidectomy. In contrast, the data indicate that thyroid hormones have a permissive effect on anterior pituitary mitotic activity in thyroidectomized male @entity1 . @entity6 -induced enhancement of mitotic activity in intact @entity1 further suggests that in euthyroid @entity1 , ambient @entity6 levels are a limiting factor for anterior pituitary mitotic activity. In summary, this time course study of young, male @entity1 has shown for the first time that thyroidectomy, @entity6 replacement and subsequent withdrawal has no significant effect on anterior pituitary apoptotic activity. Secondly, it has shown that the anterior pituitary mitotic response to thyroidectomy is blocked by complete @entity6 deprivation, but can be restored by very low level @entity6 replacement, and thirdly that in intact animals @entity6 levels significantly limit anterior pituitary mitotic activity.

title: Permissive effects of thyroid hormones on XXXX anterior pituitary mitotic activity.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In this study the utility of operative ultrasound in the surgical management of 98 consecutive @entity0 with @entity2 was assessed. All @entity0 had preoperative work-up including ultrasound study of the liver as well as selective hepatic arteriography (50 @entity0 ) and computerized tomography of the liver (45 @entity0 ). At surgery, inspection and palpation of the liver as well as operative ultrasound examination were performed in all cases. Fifty-six @entity0 were known to have @entity2 before operation, while 42 @entity0 had their liver examined as part of the treatment of a primary @entity4 . @entity2 were found in 58 @entity0 , all of whom were confirmed histologically. Eighteen nodules unsuspected before operation were found at surgery--nine by inspection and palpation of the liver, and nine others that were nonpalpable were found by operative ultrasound only. Eighteen lesions that were missed by all diagnostic modalities were found as secondary lesions on pathologic examination of the resected specimens. In addition to diagnostic applications, operative ultrasound was useful in localizing nodules and permitting guided biopsies @entity3 . In eight cases, segmental resections were performed with operative ultrasound to localize the plane of section and to catheterize the intrahepatic portal vein branch afferent to the @entity1 in order to perform balloon catheter occlusion of the vessel for control of @entity5 . Operative ultrasound was found to be important in the surgical management of 19 of 98 @entity0 (19%).

title: Utility of operative ultrasound in the surgical management of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: Secure venous access with multiple lumens is necessary for the care of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. The outcomes associated with simultaneous bilateral tunneled internal jugular infusion catheter placement in the HSCT recipient population were investigated in an attempt to determine whether simultaneous introduction of these catheters compounds or magnifies the risks ( @entity2 , @entity1 ) associated with tunneled catheters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity0 undergoing HSCT and receiving bilateral tunneled infusion catheters in a single procedure were identified using a quality assurance data base. Medical records for the duration of catheterization were reviewed; 43 @entity0 were included in the study (mean age, 42 years; range, 22-56). Diagnoses included @entity4 (n = 4), @entity10 (n = 8), @entity8 (n = 2), @entity6 (n = 17), @entity5 (n = 1), @entity3 (n = 1), @entity9 (n = 4), @entity11 (n = 2), and @entity7 (n = 4). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to determine differences in @entity2 rates between dual- and triple-lumen catheters. RESULTS: Forty-three pairs of catheters were placed. All met venous access needs for HSCT recipient care. Complete follow-up was achieved for 77 of 87 (89%) catheters. The overall @entity2 rate was 0.25 per 100 catheter-days. The rate was 0.19 and 0.33 for dual- and triple-lumen catheters, respectively (P =.15). Mechanical failure did not differ between catheter types (dual: 0.14 episodes per 100 days, triple: 0.05 per 100 days, P =.2). CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral multilumen tunneled infusion catheter placement in a single procedure using imaging guidance is safe with acceptable outcomes and meets venous access needs for HSCT. There is a trend toward higher @entity2 rates, with more lumens and more mechanical failure with dual-lumen catheters.

title: Do simultaneous bilateral tunneled infusion catheters in XXXX undergoing bone marrow transplantation increase catheter-related complications?

answer: @entity0


abstract: Falls are a dramatic consequence of the age-related @entity2 . There are few prospective studies on falls predictive of the biomechanical features of gait. According to the literature, there are similarities between the gait observed in older @entity0 and in @entity1 subjects. The objective of this study was to apply multiparametric gait analysis to demonstrate changes of the neuromotor gait pattern connected with falls. This prospective study included two groups of 16 subjects aged more than 60 years, who had not fallen during the previous year. One group included 16 minimally disabled @entity1 @entity0 off drugs, and the other group 16 healthy @entity0 . Gait recordings were obtained with a three-dimensional optoelectronic movement analysis system coupled with 2 force platforms in all @entity0 who were followed for 1 year to collect data on all new events, particularly falls. Data analysis concerned spatiotemporal stride and three-dimensional power peaks developed in each lower limb joint. Cluster analysis of the 32 @entity0 was used to determine various infraclinic neuromotor gait patterns. A post hoc analysis of variance was then applied to identify discriminating parameters. Three groups of subjects were identified with 3 different neuromotor gait patterns, independently of the presence of @entity1 . There were no fallers in first group (n=18). The second group (n=8) had 20 p.cent fallers and the third group (n=4) 100 p.cent fallers. The groups differed by 4 spatiotemporal parameters and 3 joint power peaks in the sagittal plane. Functional capacity was good in the first group with no falls recorded. This group of subjects had characteristics reported in the literature corresponding to a category of @entity0 who compensate well for the phenomena of aging. Functional capacity was intermediary in the second group (20 p. cent were fallers). The kinematic pattern appeared to be less successful, revealing a tendency for stiff posture. The third group (100 p. cent fallers) exhibited inferior functional capacity. In this group, the kinematic pattern appeared to be disrupted. The subjects were unable to adapt satisfactorily to situations other than by stereotypical neuromotor reactions. In conclusion this study demonstrated a close determinism between physiological neuromotor aging and @entity1 . The prospective follow-up demonstrated that falls that occurred were related to changes in neuromotor gait patterns. Three phases of gait pattern were also identified from minimal to major risk of falls.

title: [ XXXX as a model of aging: prospective analysis of gait discorders].

answer: @entity1


abstract: The effects of the putative 'anxiogenic' compound @entity3 ( @entity3 ) were studied on non-suppressed and suppressed responding of @entity0 . Responding was maintained under a fixed-interval 2 min schedule of food presentation (non-suppressed responding) and a fixed-interval 2 min schedule of food presentation where each 10th response produced a 3-5 mA footshock (suppressed responding). Rates of suppressed responding were 60-90% lower than those for non-suppressed responding. beta-CCE reliably decreased non-suppressed responding over the range of 0.03-0.3 mg/kg (ED50 approximately 0.04 mg/kg) while consistent decreases in suppressed responding were not obtained in all animals until doses of 1-3 mg/kg (ED50 approximately 2 mg/kg) were given. Doses of beta-CCE greater than 0.01 mg/kg slightly increased blood pressure, moderately increased heart rate and greatly increased plasma ACTH levels for both types of response. In contrast, @entity1 increased suppressed responding without affecting non-suppressed responding at low doses (0.3-1 mg/kg), while higher doses were required to decrease suppressed responding. @entity1 had little effect on blood pressure or mean heart rate. @entity2 (1 mg/kg) blocked the rate-decreasing effects of beta-CCE on non-suppressed responding, suggesting the decrease is mediated via a benzodiazepine recognition site. These results show that under conditions where relatively low doses of @entity1 have an anxiolytic effect (i.e. selectively increase rates of suppressed responding), relatively low doses of beta-CCE selectively decrease non-suppressed responding, questioning current notions of how to define an anxiogenic drug effect.

title: Effects of XXXX on suppressed and non-suppressed responding in the @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The effects of the putative 'anxiogenic' compound @entity3 ( @entity3 ) were studied on non-suppressed and suppressed responding of @entity0 . Responding was maintained under a fixed-interval 2 min schedule of food presentation (non-suppressed responding) and a fixed-interval 2 min schedule of food presentation where each 10th response produced a 3-5 mA footshock (suppressed responding). Rates of suppressed responding were 60-90% lower than those for non-suppressed responding. beta-CCE reliably decreased non-suppressed responding over the range of 0.03-0.3 mg/kg (ED50 approximately 0.04 mg/kg) while consistent decreases in suppressed responding were not obtained in all animals until doses of 1-3 mg/kg (ED50 approximately 2 mg/kg) were given. Doses of beta-CCE greater than 0.01 mg/kg slightly increased blood pressure, moderately increased heart rate and greatly increased plasma ACTH levels for both types of response. In contrast, @entity1 increased suppressed responding without affecting non-suppressed responding at low doses (0.3-1 mg/kg), while higher doses were required to decrease suppressed responding. @entity1 had little effect on blood pressure or mean heart rate. @entity2 (1 mg/kg) blocked the rate-decreasing effects of beta-CCE on non-suppressed responding, suggesting the decrease is mediated via a benzodiazepine recognition site. These results show that under conditions where relatively low doses of @entity1 have an anxiolytic effect (i.e. selectively increase rates of suppressed responding), relatively low doses of beta-CCE selectively decrease non-suppressed responding, questioning current notions of how to define an anxiogenic drug effect.

title: Effects of @entity3 on suppressed and non-suppressed responding in the XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: A total of 16 @entity0 with advanced germ cell @entity1 underwent initial chemotherapy that was followed by a delayed orchiectomy for an unrecognized primary in 3 and for life-threatening distant metastatic @entity1 in 13. Of these @entity0 13 had a complete and 3 had a partial remission at the time of the delayed orchiectomy. Of the former 13 @entity0 3 (23 per cent) had persistent viable @entity1 in the @entity4 . To date all 3 @entity0 have remained free of disease for more than 12, 20 and 30 months, respectively, without further therapy. One early relapse (1 month) was found in the remaining 10 @entity0 with a complete remission and without viable disease in the @entity4 . Of the 3 @entity0 with a partial remission 1 had @entity2 in the @entity4 and disease progressed despite further therapy. There was no evidence of @entity1 in the @entity4 in the other 2 @entity0 . These data document the presence of a differential response of germ cell @entity1 in the primary and metastatic sites. Post-chemotherapy orchiectomy for a suspicious @entity1 of the @entity4 is necessary because of the risk of persistent @entity3 . The post-chemotherapy pathological findings in the resected @entity1 do not reflect the systemic response.

title: Orchiectomy in advanced germ cell XXXX following intensive chemotherapy: a comparison of systemic to testicular response.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Data from the annual statistical report on @entity1 for 1990 and the results of research from 1985 and 1990 were utilized and compared with the trends of urbanization observed in the 1969 work of Z. Siemek on @entity1 . In 1990, @entity1 had about 56.5 million @entity0 with an average annual natural growth rate of 2.6% and an unemployment rate of 16%. The rural population made up 41% of the total populace. Urbanization was on the increase, from 47% in 1980, to 55% in 1985, and 59% in 1990. Urbanization in Ankara, because of its location in the center of @entity1 , was particularly active in the regions of Anatolia, although it was still isolated in terms of intensified development. Istanbul's The population of Istanbul numbered 6,754,000 @entity0 in 1990. It is the major industrial center of the country with about 20% of industrial plants and 17% of the work force in the manufacturing industry. The largest degree of urbanization was demonstrated by Ankara: in 1927 its population numbered only 74,500 @entity0 , in 1965 about 902,000 inhabitants, and in 1990 about 2,837,000 @entity0 . During the period 1985-90, only 2 out of 73 provinces experienced a decline of the urban population: Kirikkale from 70.4% to 69.7% (because of the dynamic development of the Central region) and Istanbul from 95.4% to 92.4%. During this same period, Kirikkale's urban population, compared with the nation's total urban population, also declined from 0.9% to 0.7% because of immigration of both urban and rural @entity0 to other, more attractive provinces. The growth of urban population in the province of Istanbul varied from 1% to 10% during the period and made up 20.3% of the entire urban population. The Central region underwent a large degree of urbanization characterized by industrial-agricultural development. The city of Sivas became a center of communication. In the Central and Kurd regions, urbanization proceeded fast owing to the development of the Black Sea region and the immigration of Kurds from Iraq and Iran.

title: [The urbanization rate in XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the early function of the @entity2 jugular vein (BJV) when used for right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction during the Ross procedure. METHODS: Seventeen consecutive @entity0 (median age, 12 years; range, 30 days to 40 years) who had undergone a Ross procedure with RVOT reconstruction using a BJV were reviewed. Nine @entity0 had @entity3 (n = 6) and/or surgical aortic valvotomy (n = 4). Additional procedures included a reduction-plasty of the ascending aorta (5 @entity0 ), a Konno procedure (2 @entity0 ), a mitral valve repair/replacement (2 @entity0 ), and others (3 @entity0 ). The size of the BJV ranged from 12 to 22 mm (median, 20 mm). RESULTS: There were no early or late deaths. None of the @entity0 encountered any significant @entity1 . The neo-aortic valve showed good function in all @entity0 with no more than trivial insufficiency. At a median follow-up period of 11 months, the frequency of freedom from BJV graft dysfunction/reintervention/reoperation was 100%. One @entity0 had moderate insufficiency of the BJV in a perioperative examination that regressed to mild insufficiency during follow-up. Overall, none of the @entity0 had more than mild insufficiency at follow-up. Four @entity0 showed a flow acceleration of more than 250 cm/s (equivalent to a gradient of 25 mm Hg) across the BJV, and the remaining @entity0 had lower gradients. CONCLUSIONS: The BJV, when used to replace the pulmonary valve in the Ross procedure, showed excellent function in the early phase. The large size range and easy availability of this valved conduit are particularly attractive. Further followup is needed to determine the long-term results of its use.

title: Early results of using the XXXX jugular vein for right ventricular outflow reconstruction during the Ross procedure.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A new "less invasive" technique avoiding @entity5 has be en tested for suitability as a routine procedure for cardiac anesthesia. Early postoperative extubation is an important step in this fasttrack procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive @entity0 (n = 547; age, 35-82 years; mean age, 64 year s; male to female ratio, 3.5) underwent general anesthesia with ultra-short-acting opiates and then underwent coronary surgery (n = 465), valve surgery (n = 38), or combined and other procedures (n = 44) a r;. In 51.4% cases, coronary artery bypass grafting was performed off pump. The percentage of @entity0 extubated within 10 minutes after skin closure was the primary end point. In addition, we attempted to identify the limiting factors of the procedure tested. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Of the 547 @entity0 , 499 (91%) were extubated within 10 minutes after skin closure. Early extubation failed in 48 (9%) of the @entity0 . The mortality rate was 1.5%. One (0.2%) of the @entity0 needed early reintubation because of pneumothorax. Postoperative @entity3 was recorded in 10 (1.8%) of the @entity0 . Ninetysix (17.5%) of the @entity0 were treated pharmacologically for newly developed @entity4 . None of the @entity0 needed hemodialysis. Transient @entity1 were recorded in 10 (1.8%) of the @entity0 . The early extubation failure group showed statistically significantly higher rates of preoperative @entity2 , use of extracorporeal circulation, administration of inotropic drugs in the operating room, and statistically significantly longer duration of surgery. CONCLUSION: Early extubation proved suitable as a routine procedure for the vast majority of @entity0 . With a good postoperative analgetic protocol, there is no need for @entity5 . Such avoidance of @entity5 is a further step in minimizing invasiveness in cardiac surgery.

title: Less invasive cardiac anesthesia: an ultra-fast-track procedure avoiding XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Excessive @entity2 following coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with adverse outcome. The present study was designed to assess the extent of @entity2 after conventional coronary artery bypass grafting with @entity3 (ONCAB) compared with @entity4 ( @entity4 ). METHODS: Measurements of serum cardiac troponin T ( @entity5 ) were obtained in 137 consecutive, unselected @entity0 who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Serial blood sampling was performed at 3 time intervals after surgery: immediately postoperatively, 6 to 12 hours postoperatively, and 18 to 24 hours postoperatively. RESULTS: ONCAB @entity0 totaled 122, and @entity4 @entity0 numbered 15. Ten @entity0 in the ONCAB group suffered perioperative complications, compared with no @entity0 in the @entity4 group. At each time point examined, @entity4 @entity0 exhibited significantly less release of @entity5 than ONCAB @entity0 (immediately postoperative @entity5 , 1.99 +/- 4.75 ng/mL versus 0.20 +/- 0.32 ng/mL, P =.004; 6- to 12-hour @entity5 , 2.28 +/- 3.66 ng/mL versus 0.37 +/- 0.32 ng/mL, P =.001; and 18- to 24-hour @entity5 1.59 +/- 3.49 ng/mL versus 0.30 +/- 0.32 ng/mL, P =.01). When ONCAB @entity0 with perioperative @entity1 complications were excluded, the differences between the 2 groups remained. The @entity4 @entity0 still demonstrated less @entity5 release, typically 5- to 6-fold less than for ONCAB @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: The nearly 6-fold reduction of postoperative @entity5 associated with @entity4 suggests that off-pump surgery may offer superior cardioprotection than coronary artery bypass grafting with conventional cardiopulmonary bypass. \par

title: Off-pump coronary bypass grafting is associated with less XXXX than coronary bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The @entity1 @entity8 gene codes for a mitochondrial glutaredoxin involved in the synthesis of @entity0 / @entity2 clusters. Its absence prevents respiratory growth and causes the accumulation of @entity0 inside cells and constitutive oxidation of proteins. Null Deltagrx5 mutants were used as an example of continuously oxidized cells, as opposed to situations in which oxidative stress is instantaneously caused by addition of external oxidants. Whole transcriptome analysis was carried out in the mutant cells. The set of genes whose expression was affected by the absence of @entity8 does not significantly overlap with the set of genes affected in respiratory petite mutants. Many @entity5 -dependent genes involved in @entity0 utilization that are up-regulated in a frataxin mutant were also up-regulated in the absence of @entity8 . @entity9 is another @entity5 -dependent gene induced both upon @entity0 deprivation and in Deltagrx5 cells; this links @entity0 and @entity3 metabolism. Other genes are specifically affected under the oxidative conditions generated by the @entity8 mutation. One of these is @entity6 , which codes for a homologue of the @entity4 kinase. Cells lacking @entity6 and @entity8 are hypersensitive to oxidative stress caused by external agents and exhibit increased protein oxidation in relation to single mutants. This in turn points to a role for @entity6 in protection against oxidative stress. The genes of the @entity7 regulon, which are involved in respiratory metabolism, are down-regulated in Deltagrx5 cells. This effect is suppressed by @entity7 overexpression. Inhibition of respiratory metabolism during continuous moderately oxidative conditions could be a protective response by the cell.

title: XXXX glutaredoxin 5-deficient cells subjected to continuous oxidizing conditions are affected in the expression of specific sets of genes.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recognition of the synergy between health and poverty is now apparent in the development strategies of many low-income countries, and markers are needed to monitor progress towards poverty-relevant goals. @entity2 has been proposed as a possible candidate but evidence is lacking on the link with poverty at the level of individuals. We introduce a new approach to exploring the relation--the familial technique. METHODS: We used data from 11 household surveys in ten developing countries to create percentage distributions of @entity0 according to their poverty-related characteristics and survival status (alive, non- @entity1 , @entity1 ). These @entity0 were identified as the sisters of the adult female respondents in the surveys, and were assigned the same poverty status as their respondent sibling. FINDINGS: The analysis showed significant associations, across a diverse set of countries, between @entity0 's poverty status (proxied by educational level, source of water, and type of toilet and floor) and survival. These associations indicated a gradient within and across the survival categories. With increasing poverty, the proportion of @entity0 dying of non-maternal causes generally increased, and the proportion dying of maternal causes increased consistently. Further analysis reported here for one of the countries--Indonesia, revealed that about 32-34% of the maternal @entity1 occurred among @entity0 from the poorest quintile of the population. The risk of @entity1 in this country was around 3-4 times greater in the poorest than the richest group. INTERPRETATION: This new method makes efficient use of existing survey data to explore the relation between maternal mortality and poverty, and has wider potential for examining the poor-rich gap.

title: The familial technique for linking XXXX with poverty.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Stretching the stomach wall in young healthy subjects causes an increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity and in blood pressure, the gastrovascular reflex. We compared healthy elderly subjects with healthy young subjects to find out whether the gastrovascular reflex attenuates in normal ageing and we studied whether there was a difference in autonomic function or gastric compliance that could explain this possible attenuation. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity, finger blood pressure and heart rate were continuously recorded during stepwise isobaric @entity1 using a barostat in eight healthy young (6 @entity0 and 2 @entity0 , 27 +/- 3.2 years, mean +/-s.e.m.) and eight healthy elderly subjects (7 @entity0 and 1 @entity0 , 76 +/- 1.5 years). Changes in cardiac output and total peripheral arterial resistance were calculated from the blood pressure signal. The baseline mean arterial pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity were higher in the elderly group (both P < 0.05) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity increase during the cold pressor test was lower in the elderly group (P = 0.005). During stepwise @entity1 , the elderly subjects showed an attenuated increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity compared to the young subjects (P < 0.01). The older group tended to show a higher increase in mean arterial pressure (P = 0.08), heart rate (P = 0.06) and total peripheral arterial resistance (P = 0.09) The cardiac output rose slightly in both groups without significant difference between groups. The fundic compliance did not differ between groups. We conclude that stepwise @entity1 caused an increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity in both groups, but the increase in the elderly was attenuated.

title: Effect of XXXX on cardiovascular parameters: gastrovascular reflex is attenuated in the elderly.

answer: @entity1


abstract: A Demographic and Health Survey was conducted in 1992 in @entity1 among 6503 @entity0 aged 15-49 years and 1570 husbands. This brief summary of results indicated that cumulative fertility remained high at 7.4 @entity0 per @entity0 . High fertility was explained by early marriage, adolescent childbearing, low contraceptive usage, and desires for a large family. About 50% of @entity0 were married by the age of 15 years. @entity0 aged 15-49 years desired 8 @entity0 , and husbands desired over 12 @entity0 . 1 in 3 @entity0 under the age of 5 years was chronically malnourished (stunted), and 1 in 6 was wasted. @entity0 mortality in rural areas was 347/1000, and @entity0 mortality among illiterate mothers is 334/1000. @entity0 mortality was 123/1000. Mothers with a primary education had a @entity0 mortality rate of 208/1000. Only 17% of @entity0 aged 12-23 months had been immunized. @entity2 occurred among 1 in 3 reproductive age @entity0 . Only 30% of births were to @entity0 with prenatal care, and only 15% of @entity0 received assistance at delivery from a health professional.

title: Fertility and childhood mortality in XXXX among the highest in the world.

answer: @entity1


abstract: A large majority of the world's soldiers are young, away from home, of low rank, and of low educational level. Many consume large quantities of @entity1 and other drugs to cope. This combination of factors leads many soldiers to have sex with prostitutes and other casual partners, placing them at high risk of contracting and transmitting @entity3 . The worldwide incidence of STD for the US Army in 1978 was 98 per 1000 soldiers. The authors reviewed the records of STD cases treated in the Indian armed forces during the period 1938-78 to find that there was a decline in @entity3 in the Indian Army from 5.22 per 1000 in 1895 to 2.12 per 1000 in 1978. There was, however, an increase in the incidence of STD during war in the Indian Army, albeit marginal compared to global figures. The incidence of STD in the Indian Armed Forces has been much lower than in any other country. Chancroid was the most common STD, affecting most commonly soldiers aged 21-30 years. Prostitutes remained the most common source of @entity2 . Better education appears to decrease the incidence of @entity2 , there was no homosexuality recorded, marital status had little impact upon the risk of contracting STD, prophylactic measures were taken by only 6% of individuals, and 5% of infected soldiers in 1965 and 7% in 1971 were repeat @entity0 . 60% of the @entity0 contracted their STD while on leave just prior to entering the theater of war. The rapid expansion of armed forces which results in relaxed recruiting standards, individual separation from sources of moral influence, the lack of disciplinary and moral control by superiors, the uncertainty of survival, emotional strains, illiteracy, and the lack of adequate recreational facilities support the increased incidence of STD during war. Reasons for the comparatively low incidence of STD among Indian soldiers include good management and discipline, religious faith, social customs, fear of social stigmatization upon contracting STD, close surveillance by military police of soldiers' movements, limited @entity1 and drug consumption, patriotic motivation to be as physically and mentally strong as possible for combat, regular medical check-ups, and racial factors.

title: Wars and XXXX in the Indian Army.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The labeling of the Avanti @entity3 condom selling in 10 Western states makes misleading claims about protection from pregnancy and @entity4 ( @entity4 ) according to officials at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Avanti is sold in a foil package printed with the claim that it is effective against pregnancy, @entity1 , and @entity4 . However, @entity3 condoms have not undergone clinical efficacy testing for contraception or @entity4 , according to officials. The manufacturer of the condom refuted this allegation, stating that latex condoms have the same claims on them. In early 1995 the FDA met with the manufacturer and other companies developing plastic condoms, and concluded that these condoms could not make such claims, nor any claims about slippage and breakage rates. Despite warnings in 1993 to the manufacturer of Avanti about labeling restrictions, the company printed pregnancy and STD efficacy claims on the boxes and individual packages. The FDA later worked out a compromise with the firm in which only the boxes had to be reprinted with the generic label. The FDA had to weigh the risk of the public health cost of delaying sale of the condom, which is the first impermeable condom proven safe for @entity0 with @entity2 . In 1991 the FDA was defining standards for clinical testing and labeling of @entity3 condoms under congressional mandate, but the manufacturer of Avanti began mass production based on a preliminary approval determining that the condom was equivalent to latex condoms already on the market. 7000 Avanti condoms were subsequently tested in five countries, but these user tests did not compare Avanti to latex condoms and did not test for pregnancy and STD protection. Test results submitted to the FDA by the company indicated that, although Avanti is more than 1/3 less elastic than latex condoms, it did not break more frequently in an in-use study involving 187 couples.

title: FDA: XXXX condom carries "extremely misleading" label. Federal agency allows distribution for public health's sake.

answer: @entity3


abstract: CONTEXT: Identification of the type of @entity8 ) by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing to determine coinfection or superinfection (by more than 1 HPV type) and other molecular events have not been reported in a series of @entity0 exhibiting the morphologic spectrum of recurrent @entity13 progressing to @entity1 . DESIGN: Four cases of @entity12 recurrent @entity13 progressing to @entity1 (no history of smoking or irradiation in 2 cases) were studied. Morphologically distinct foci ( @entity10 , @entity2 , @entity11 subjacent to @entity1 , and @entity4 ) were subjected to laser capture microdissection and polymerase chain reaction amplification using general primers in addition to type-specific primers for HPV types 16 and 18. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products identified the type of HPV. The tissue sections were immunostained using antibodies to @entity3 , @entity7 , @entity6 ( @entity6 ), and @entity5 proteins with a semiquantitative assessment. RESULTS: @entity8 11 was the only type of HPV identified in all lesions of all cases associated with recurrent @entity13 . There was a marked increase in @entity3 protein expression in foci of @entity9 and @entity1 as compared to @entity10 and @entity2 . An inverse correlation between @entity3 and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) protein expression was noted in all lesions. @entity7 protein expression increased from the benign to the malignant end of the spectrum. @entity5 protein was expressed in all lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Infection by HPV-11 may be an early event associated with progression of recurrent @entity13 to @entity1 . Increased expression of @entity3 and @entity7 proteins and a reduced expression of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) protein appear to be significant subsequent events.

title: Molecular events in the progression of recurrent @entity13 to XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: CONTEXT: Identification of the type of @entity8 ) by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing to determine coinfection or superinfection (by more than 1 HPV type) and other molecular events have not been reported in a series of @entity0 exhibiting the morphologic spectrum of recurrent @entity13 progressing to @entity1 . DESIGN: Four cases of @entity12 recurrent @entity13 progressing to @entity1 (no history of smoking or irradiation in 2 cases) were studied. Morphologically distinct foci ( @entity10 , @entity2 , @entity11 subjacent to @entity1 , and @entity4 ) were subjected to laser capture microdissection and polymerase chain reaction amplification using general primers in addition to type-specific primers for HPV types 16 and 18. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products identified the type of HPV. The tissue sections were immunostained using antibodies to @entity3 , @entity7 , @entity6 ( @entity6 ), and @entity5 proteins with a semiquantitative assessment. RESULTS: @entity8 11 was the only type of HPV identified in all lesions of all cases associated with recurrent @entity13 . There was a marked increase in @entity3 protein expression in foci of @entity9 and @entity1 as compared to @entity10 and @entity2 . An inverse correlation between @entity3 and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) protein expression was noted in all lesions. @entity7 protein expression increased from the benign to the malignant end of the spectrum. @entity5 protein was expressed in all lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Infection by HPV-11 may be an early event associated with progression of recurrent @entity13 to @entity1 . Increased expression of @entity3 and @entity7 proteins and a reduced expression of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) protein appear to be significant subsequent events.

title: Molecular events in the progression of recurrent XXXX to @entity1 .

answer: @entity13