abstract: Expression of calbindin D28k (CB) immunoreactivity by putative Renshaw cells is substantially downregulated by sciatic motoneuron axotomy in the adult @entity0 . The present study investigated the effect of median and @entity4 at different ages on ventral horn CB immunoreactivity 7 days after the injury to see whether similar results were obtained in the cervical cord and during development. Two major differences were observed. First, axotomy induced CB immunoreactivity in some motoneurons, confirmed by retrograde labeling of the injured neurons with fast blue (FB). Observation of fluorescent phagocytic microglia revealed that some @entity2 occurred following lesions at postnatal day 2 (P2) and P7, but not at P21 or P63. A significantly higher proportion of remaining FB labeled motoneurons expressed CB following lesion at P2 (mean 33% +/- 7.6 SD) and P7 (30.6% +/- 5.2) than at P28 (14.0% +/- 1.9). Second, CB expression by putative Renshaw cells was not significantly downregulated @entity1 . CB immunofluorescent putative Renshaw cells were counted in sections containing FB labeled motoneurons. No consistent differences in the numbers of Renshaw cells ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion were found at any age. To confirm that these neurons really were Renshaw cells, the mediators of recurrent inhibition to cholinergic motoneurons, we employed double-immunofluorescence labeling with confocal microscopy. The group of CB immunopositive neurons located among the converging ventral roots in the cervical cord were closely apposed by many axon terminals immunoreactive for (i) vesicular @entity3 transporter and (ii) cholera toxin B localized to motor axon collaterals by injection of this tracer into a distal forelimb muscle. We conclude that motoneuron axotomy need not always downregulate CB expression in associated Renshaw cells. In addition, some @entity5 respond to axotomy by expressing CB.

title: The effect of a peripheral nerve lesion on calbindin D28k immunoreactivity in the cervical ventral horn of developing and adult XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The effects of @entity0 by the bird cherry-oat aphid (BCA), (Rhopalosiphum padi L) and the Russian @entity2 aphid (RWA) (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko) on callose deposition and transcription of genes related to @entity5 accumulation were investigated in @entity1 ( @entity1 . cv. Clipper). The BCA, which gives no visible symptoms, induced very limited callose deposition, even after 14 days of @entity0 . In contrast, RWA, which causes @entity3 , white and yellow streaking and leaf rolling, induced callose accumulation already after 24 h in longitudinal leaf veins. The deposition was pronounced after 72 h, progressing during 7 and 14 days of @entity0 . In RWA-infested source leaves, callose was also induced in longitudinal veins basipetal to the aphid-infested tissue, whereas in sink leaves, more callose deposition was found above the feeding sites. Eight putative callose synthase genes were identified in a database search, of which seven were expressed in the leaves, but with similar transcript accumulation in control and aphid-infested tissue. Five out of 12 examined beta-1,3-glucanases were expressed in the leaves. All five were upregulated in RWA-infested tissue, but only two in BCA-infested tissue, and to a lesser extent than by RWA. The results suggest that callose accumulation may be partly responsible for the symptoms resulting from @entity4 and that a callose-inducing signal may be transported in the phloem. Furthermore, it is concluded that the absence of callose deposition in BCA-infested leaves is not because of a stronger upregulation of callose-degrading beta-1,3-glucanases in this tissue, as compared to RWA-infested leaves.

title: Stronger induction of callose deposition in XXXX by Russian @entity2 aphid than bird cherry-oat aphid is not associated with differences in callose synthase or beta-1,3-glucanase transcript abundance.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The effects of @entity0 by the bird cherry-oat aphid (BCA), (Rhopalosiphum padi L) and the Russian @entity2 aphid (RWA) (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko) on callose deposition and transcription of genes related to @entity5 accumulation were investigated in @entity1 ( @entity1 . cv. Clipper). The BCA, which gives no visible symptoms, induced very limited callose deposition, even after 14 days of @entity0 . In contrast, RWA, which causes @entity3 , white and yellow streaking and leaf rolling, induced callose accumulation already after 24 h in longitudinal leaf veins. The deposition was pronounced after 72 h, progressing during 7 and 14 days of @entity0 . In RWA-infested source leaves, callose was also induced in longitudinal veins basipetal to the aphid-infested tissue, whereas in sink leaves, more callose deposition was found above the feeding sites. Eight putative callose synthase genes were identified in a database search, of which seven were expressed in the leaves, but with similar transcript accumulation in control and aphid-infested tissue. Five out of 12 examined beta-1,3-glucanases were expressed in the leaves. All five were upregulated in RWA-infested tissue, but only two in BCA-infested tissue, and to a lesser extent than by RWA. The results suggest that callose accumulation may be partly responsible for the symptoms resulting from @entity4 and that a callose-inducing signal may be transported in the phloem. Furthermore, it is concluded that the absence of callose deposition in BCA-infested leaves is not because of a stronger upregulation of callose-degrading beta-1,3-glucanases in this tissue, as compared to RWA-infested leaves.

title: Stronger induction of callose deposition in @entity1 by Russian XXXX aphid than bird cherry-oat aphid is not associated with differences in callose synthase or beta-1,3-glucanase transcript abundance.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the @entity2 imported by immigrants visiting friends and relatives in their countries of origin. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study of all imported @entity2 among adult @entity0 between 01/2001-12/2008. The study population was classified in 3 groups: a) immigrants visiting friends and relatives; b) tourists, and c) non-travelling immigrants. Diseases were classified as (a) cosmopolitan or (b) tropical endemic, and, according to their severity as (a) mild, (b) serious, and (c) potentially lethal. RESULTS: A total of 761 @entity0 were analyzed. The mean age was 31.7 (SD: 12.4) years. Of these, there were 90 immigrants visiting friends and relatives, 269 tourists and 402 non-travelling immigrants. Immigrants visiting friends and relatives attended International Health Centres prior to travel significantly less than tourists (32.2% vs. 57.2%; p <0.001) and more frequently travelled to sub-Saharan Africa (33.3% vs. 20.4%; p=0.01). @entity1 considered as potentially lethal were more likely among immigrants visiting friends and relatives than tourists [OR=5.16 (95%CI: 2.08-12.8)] and non-travelling immigrants [OR=7.17 (95%CI: 2.82-18.2)]. CONCLUSIONS: Immigrants visiting friends and relatives travelled more to sub-Saharan Africa and more frequently imported potentially lethal @entity3 .

title: [Imported XXXX associated with international trips by adult immigrants to visit family and friends].

answer: @entity2


abstract: The extent of adult stem cell involvement in embryonic growth is often unclear, as reliable markers or assays for whether a cell is derived from an adult stem cell, such as the melanocyte stem cell (MSC), are typically not available. We have previously shown that two lineages of melanocytes can contribute to the larval @entity0 pigment pattern. The embryo first develops an ontogenetic pattern that is largely composed of @entity1 -independent, direct-developing melanocytes. This population can be replaced during regeneration by an @entity1 -dependent MSC-derived population following melanocyte ablation. In this study, we developed a melanocyte differentiation assay used together with drugs that ablate the MSC to investigate whether MSC-derived melanocytes contribute to the ontogenetic pattern. We found that essentially all melanocytes that develop before 3 dpf arise from the @entity1 -independent, direct-developing population. Similarly, late-developing (after 3 dpf) melanocytes of the head are also @entity1 independent. In contrast, the melanocytes that develop after 3 days postfertilization in the lateral and dorsal stripe are sensitive to @entity1 inhibitor, indicating that they are derived from the MSC. We show that melanocyte regeneration mutants kit(j1e99) and @entity2 (j24e1) that are grossly normal for the overall ontogenetic pattern also lack the MSC-derived contribution to the lateral stripe. This result suggests that the underlying regeneration defect of these mutations is a defect in MSC regulation. We suggest that the regulative functions of the MSC may serve quality control roles during larval development, in addition to its established roles in larval regeneration and growth and homeostasis in the adult.

title: Differential contribution of direct-developing and stem cell-derived melanocytes to the XXXX larval pigment pattern.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The effects of ventricular fluid osmolality on the bulk flow of nascent fluid into the cerebral ventricles of anesthetized @entity0 was measured during ventriculocisternal perfusion. This nascent fluid consists of both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and fluid which results from an osmotic gradient between ventricular fluid and the blood and/or brain. Perfusions were carried out with both mock CSF and with solutions containing either @entity1 , @entity2 , or @entity3 . Differences between the normal bulk flow rate of nascent CSF and bulk flow rate measured during perfusion with anisotonic solutions were linearly related to corresponding differences in osmolality of the effluent fluid from the ventricles. The coefficients of somotic flow using @entity1 (0.231 mul/min per @entity5 ) and @entity3 (0.224) were similar, and greater than that using @entity2 (0.156). During perfusion with @entity1 when effluent osmolality increased by 200 @entity5 (63% of normal), bulk flow rate of nascent fluid increased by 50 mul/min (200% of normal). Flow was undetectable when the effluent osmolality was 190 @entity5 (decrease of 135 @entity5 ), although osmotically active particles continued to enter the ventricular system. Intravenous injection of @entity4 reduced these coefficients to similar values of 0.0963 for @entity3 , and 0.0955 for @entity2 . In all experimental conditions no changes were found in cerebral water content. These results suggest that the increased bulk flow which occurs during perfusion with hypertonic solutions originates from the choroid plexus.

title: The effects of ventricular fluid osmolality on bulk flow of nascent fluid into the cerebral ventricles of XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Due to their specific position in the nasal cavity, the cells of olfactory neuroepithelium can be damaged by exposure to environmental airborne chemicals. However, few studies have been focused on selective damage, i.e. olfactory sensory neurons, basal cells, supporting and duct cells. As solvents are known to induce critical effects on olfactory neuroepithelium (OE), this study was designed to characterize histological and immunohistological effects induced by @entity1 exposure on OE in @entity0 . Behavioral tests were conducted to evaluate olfactory sensitivity. Moreover, olfactory neuroepithelium was examined to evaluate the thickness and the total number of cells. Finally, different markers, @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and @entity2 ( @entity2 ), were used to characterize respectively olfactory sensory neurons and basal cells, and secondly to evaluate the dynamic of the tissue turnover. Results showed structural modifications, since the thickness and the number of cells in the OE were modified according to the time course of the exposure. Additionally, no changes for @entity3 -positive cells were observed whereas significant differences appeared for the density of @entity2 -positive cells in relation to their location (main-body or basal layer of OE). These findings indicate that @entity1 exposure induces selective damage in olfactory neuroepithelium.

title: Inhalation exposure to XXXX induces selective damage on olfactory neuroepithelium in @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Due to their specific position in the nasal cavity, the cells of olfactory neuroepithelium can be damaged by exposure to environmental airborne chemicals. However, few studies have been focused on selective damage, i.e. olfactory sensory neurons, basal cells, supporting and duct cells. As solvents are known to induce critical effects on olfactory neuroepithelium (OE), this study was designed to characterize histological and immunohistological effects induced by @entity1 exposure on OE in @entity0 . Behavioral tests were conducted to evaluate olfactory sensitivity. Moreover, olfactory neuroepithelium was examined to evaluate the thickness and the total number of cells. Finally, different markers, @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and @entity2 ( @entity2 ), were used to characterize respectively olfactory sensory neurons and basal cells, and secondly to evaluate the dynamic of the tissue turnover. Results showed structural modifications, since the thickness and the number of cells in the OE were modified according to the time course of the exposure. Additionally, no changes for @entity3 -positive cells were observed whereas significant differences appeared for the density of @entity2 -positive cells in relation to their location (main-body or basal layer of OE). These findings indicate that @entity1 exposure induces selective damage in olfactory neuroepithelium.

title: Inhalation exposure to @entity1 induces selective damage on olfactory neuroepithelium in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the intergenerational effects of @entity1 and reduced intrauterine growth. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTINGS: Mother-first-born offspring pairs recorded in the Swedish Medical Birth Registry. POPULATION: @entity0 born before 2001 to 38 720 @entity0 born in 1973-75. METHODS: The relationships between the mother's and the @entity0 's birth characteristics were estimated using logistic regression analysis. Adjustments were made for smoking habits, body mass index (BMI), and current and childhood socio-economic conditions. Analyses were performed on all mother-offspring pairs and on the pairs for which information on neither of the included background variables was missing (n= 24 520). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preterm birth (<37 weeks of gestation) and small for gestational age (SGA) (<-2 SD of the Swedish standard). RESULTS: Mothers who themselves had been born preterm were not significantly more likely to deliver their own @entity0 preterm, compared with those who had been born at term (adjusted OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.95-1.62). Also, @entity1 in the mothers did not influence the occurrence of SGA in the @entity0 . However, the odds ratio for giving birth to SGA and preterm @entity0 , respectively, was higher among SGA mothers (OR 2.68, 95% CI 2.11-3.41 and OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.61). Mothers whose intrauterine growth was moderately reduced but who did not meet the criterion of being born SGA were also at higher risk of giving birth to both preterm and SGA @entity0 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed evidence of intergenerational effects of reduced intrauterine growth even when socio-economic factors as well as BMI and smoking were adjusted for. There was, however, no consistent intergenerational effect of @entity1 .

title: Intergenerational effects of XXXX and reduced intrauterine growth: a population-based study of Swedish mother-offspring pairs.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and @entity1 (UAE) for treatment of symptomatic uterine @entity2 . DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTING: A district general hospital and two private hospitals in the southeast of England. POPULATION: @entity0 with symptomatic @entity2 who had been offered surgical options for treatment. METHODS: Postal questionnaire follow up at 5-7 years to assess long-term clinical effects among @entity0 who had undergone UAE. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The questionnaire was subdivided into sections dealing with menstrual flow, @entity3 and menopause, fibroid-related symptoms, fertility, vaginal discharge, sexual function, subsequent treatments for @entity2 and satisfaction with the procedure. RESULTS: A total of 258 @entity0 were identified as being between 5 and 7 years post-UAE and suitable for long-term follow up in October 2004. One hundred seventy-two completed questionnaires were analysed (67% response rate). Seventy-five percent of @entity0 still had either a return to normal or an improvement in menstrual flow compared with how they were prior to UAE. More than 80% of fibroid-related symptoms were still resolved or improved. Sixteen percent of @entity0 required further treatment for @entity2 . @entity4 directly following UAE occurred in only one @entity0 in the study group. Eighty-eight percent of @entity0 were satisfied with the outcome of the procedure at 5-7 years and would choose it again or recommend it to others. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that UAE is of benefit to @entity0 wishing to avoid hysterectomy and it carries a low risk of complications.

title: Long-term follow up of uterine artery embolisation--an effective alternative in the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity6 is a rare @entity1 caused by the @entity7 mutation in the @entity4 gene. We identified all known @entity0 with this mutation to delineate their clinical phenotype and devise a clinical algorithm to facilitate molecular diagnosis. We ascertained 23 males with the @entity7 mutation in @entity4 from 9 previously reported @entity6 families and 1 new family. Six @entity0 are reviewed in detail. These 23 @entity0 were compared with 48 @entity4 mutation-negative @entity0 , who had the clinical diagnosis of @entity6 . Traits that best discriminated between these two groups were chosen to develop an algorithm with high sensitivity and specificity for the @entity7 @entity4 mutation. @entity6 has a recognizable dysmorphic phenotype with a high incidence of @entity2 . A family history of @entity5 , deceased male @entity0 , and/or multiple fetal losses was documented in all families. The algorithm identifies the @entity7 @entity4 mutation-positive group with 100% sensitivity and 90% specificity. The clinical phenotype of @entity6 defines a recognizable pattern of @entity3 and @entity1 . This algorithm can assist the clinician in selecting the @entity0 for testing who are most likely to have the recurrent @entity7 @entity4 mutation.

title: @entity6 , an XXXX : the clinical phenotype and an algorithm for diagnostic testing.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity6 is a rare @entity1 caused by the @entity7 mutation in the @entity4 gene. We identified all known @entity0 with this mutation to delineate their clinical phenotype and devise a clinical algorithm to facilitate molecular diagnosis. We ascertained 23 males with the @entity7 mutation in @entity4 from 9 previously reported @entity6 families and 1 new family. Six @entity0 are reviewed in detail. These 23 @entity0 were compared with 48 @entity4 mutation-negative @entity0 , who had the clinical diagnosis of @entity6 . Traits that best discriminated between these two groups were chosen to develop an algorithm with high sensitivity and specificity for the @entity7 @entity4 mutation. @entity6 has a recognizable dysmorphic phenotype with a high incidence of @entity2 . A family history of @entity5 , deceased male @entity0 , and/or multiple fetal losses was documented in all families. The algorithm identifies the @entity7 @entity4 mutation-positive group with 100% sensitivity and 90% specificity. The clinical phenotype of @entity6 defines a recognizable pattern of @entity3 and @entity1 . This algorithm can assist the clinician in selecting the @entity0 for testing who are most likely to have the recurrent @entity7 @entity4 mutation.

title: XXXX , an @entity3 : the clinical phenotype and an algorithm for diagnostic testing.

answer: @entity6


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recent research indicates a close connection of @entity2 and @entity1 as presumed by Virchow in 1893. The growing understanding of cellular signalling and regulatory pathways reveals multiple links between @entity2 and @entity1 . This study was designed to evaluate the influence of the anti-inflammatory drug @entity4 and the antioxidant @entity5 on oxidative induced DNA damage, a major factor in the development of @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Miniorgan cultures (MOC) of fresh biopsied @entity0 nasal mucosa were used to keep cells in their microenvironment and thus to mimic in vivo conditions. MOC were pretreated with @entity4 and @entity5 in different concentrations on 1 or on 5 days before oxidative DNA damage was introduced by @entity3 . The effect of these substances on DNA damage was evaluated using the alkaline single cell microgel electrophoresis (Comet Assay). RESULTS: @entity4 induced slight, but considerable DNA fragmentation by itself. It effectively protected cells from @entity3 induced DNA damage, leading to a maximum decrease of about 45% when preincubated on 5 days at 20 microM. @entity5 most effectively reduced oxidative DNA fragmentation by about 38% when MOC were pretreated 5 days at 20 microM. DISCUSSION: Our experimental data clearly shows the DNA protective action of @entity4 and @entity5 with regard to oxidatively induced DNA damage, a major pathogenetic factor that @entity2 and @entity1 have in common.

title: Chemopreventive action of @entity4 and XXXX in oxidative stressed cells.

answer: @entity5


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recent research indicates a close connection of @entity2 and @entity1 as presumed by Virchow in 1893. The growing understanding of cellular signalling and regulatory pathways reveals multiple links between @entity2 and @entity1 . This study was designed to evaluate the influence of the anti-inflammatory drug @entity4 and the antioxidant @entity5 on oxidative induced DNA damage, a major factor in the development of @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Miniorgan cultures (MOC) of fresh biopsied @entity0 nasal mucosa were used to keep cells in their microenvironment and thus to mimic in vivo conditions. MOC were pretreated with @entity4 and @entity5 in different concentrations on 1 or on 5 days before oxidative DNA damage was introduced by @entity3 . The effect of these substances on DNA damage was evaluated using the alkaline single cell microgel electrophoresis (Comet Assay). RESULTS: @entity4 induced slight, but considerable DNA fragmentation by itself. It effectively protected cells from @entity3 induced DNA damage, leading to a maximum decrease of about 45% when preincubated on 5 days at 20 microM. @entity5 most effectively reduced oxidative DNA fragmentation by about 38% when MOC were pretreated 5 days at 20 microM. DISCUSSION: Our experimental data clearly shows the DNA protective action of @entity4 and @entity5 with regard to oxidatively induced DNA damage, a major pathogenetic factor that @entity2 and @entity1 have in common.

title: Chemopreventive action of XXXX and @entity5 in oxidative stressed cells.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: A computer-assisted microvessel analysis system was developed to evaluate correlations between the architecture of biopsy specimen microvessels and the outcome for @entity0 with @entity2 treated with chemoradiotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Biopsy specimens from 51 @entity0 with @entity2 (T(2-3), any N, M0) treated with chemoradiotherapy were immunostained with an anti- @entity3 antibody and quantified using computerized image analysis. We evaluated the association of several microvessel factors with overall survival, including the ratio of total microvessel perimeter to total @entity1 area (TP/TA), the @entity1 hypoxic ratio, and the ratio of total microvessel number to total @entity1 area ( @entity4 /TA). Results from traditional manual microvessel density (MVD) hotspot count and computerized hotspot count were compared and the relation between hotspot MVD count and survival rate was evaluated. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 32 months. Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that computer-counted hotspot MVD and @entity4 /TA and TP/TA ratios correlated significantly with the outcome of chemoradiotherapy. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that @entity0 with high computer-counted hotspot MVDs and high @entity4 /TA and TP/TA ratios had better overall survival rate than @entity0 with low MVDs or ratios (P = 0.025, 0.008, and 0.031, respectively). Combining computer-counted MVD or @entity4 /TA ratio with TP/TA ratio proved more predictive than any single factor. Two researcher-counted hotspot MVDs had no significant relation with outcome. CONCLUSION: Computer-assisted @entity1 microvessel analysis is a powerful tool in predicting the outcome for @entity0 with @entity2 treated with chemoradiotherapy because intraobserver and interobserver variability is minimized.

title: Computer-assisted analysis of biopsy specimen microvessels predicts the outcome of XXXX treated with chemoradiotherapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Ligands for the epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB1, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and @entity3 ( @entity3 ), negatively regulate synaptic maturation of GABAergic neurons in the developing neocortex. Here, we evaluated the effects of these ligands in vivo on developing inhibitory neurons in the dentate gyrus. Hippocampal slices were prepared from postnatal @entity0 repeatedly challenged with EGF or from @entity0 overexpressing @entity3 . We monitored paired pulse @entity1 of field population spikes evoked by perforant path stimulation to estimate the strength of local inhibition. Administration of EGF increased the paired pulse ratio, suggesting a reduction of inhibitory strength. A similar reduction was observed in @entity3 @entity0 . Monitoring miniature and evoked synaptic currents, we estimated EGF effects on synaptic input and output of GABAergic neurons. EGF treatment diminished the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the GABAergic neurons without affecting their miniature EPSCs. EGF also affected output strength of the GABAergic neurons: The frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and the evoked IPSC/evoked EPSC ratio were decreased in granule cells. In parallel, EGF down-regulated the protein level of vesicular @entity2 transporter. Thus, ErbB1 ligands influence GABAergic inhibitory synaptic transmission in the developing dentate gyrus.

title: Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB1 attenuates inhibitory synaptic development in XXXX dentate gyrus.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Epidemiology of paediatric @entity4 allows the approach to causal and preventive risk factors by studying groups or sub groups of @entity0 in different locations and under different conditions. This is, however, complicated by the lack of consensus on disease definitions, which renders comparisons between studies difficult. Atopy is usually defined by the presence of positive skin tests (wheal size of at least a mean diameter > or = 3 mm), by the presence of specific IgE, or by the presence of increased total IgE (> or = 100 UI/mL). @entity2 is not well defined, complicated by the high prevalence of @entity7 ; one thus questions between wheezing or wheezy @entity6 . Prevalence is high: among early wheezers, two populations will be defined by the medium term evolution: transient wheezers and persistent wheezers. Risk factors for these two conditions are different. @entity2 may be defined by the diagnosis of @entity2 (specific but fairly non-sensitive), by asthmatic symptoms (wheezing, waking by an attack of @entity3 ) (sensitive but not very specific), or by the combination of symptoms and airway hyperresponsiveness. The ISAAC study has standardised a questionnaire to assess the prevalence of @entity2 . The preliminary results show that there are wide variations across the world. The prevalence is low in Africa and Asia, intermediate in Europe, and high in Anglo-Saxon countries. The prevalence of @entity2 has gradually increased over the past 20 years in developed countries. @entity2 and @entity1 are closely associated in @entity0 . Risk factors are genetic, associated with sex and environmental factors. Among these, allergic sensitisation is associated with the degree of exposure to allergens. Westernization of way of life is associated with increased prevalence of @entity1 , @entity5 and @entity2 . Atopy seems inversely correlated to certain infections. Passive smoking is clearly associated with early wheezing. This and atmospheric pollution aggravate childhood @entity2 . However, the inducing role of pollution on @entity2 is still controversial.

title: [Epidemiology of XXXX in @entity0 ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: Epidemiology of paediatric @entity4 allows the approach to causal and preventive risk factors by studying groups or sub groups of @entity0 in different locations and under different conditions. This is, however, complicated by the lack of consensus on disease definitions, which renders comparisons between studies difficult. Atopy is usually defined by the presence of positive skin tests (wheal size of at least a mean diameter > or = 3 mm), by the presence of specific IgE, or by the presence of increased total IgE (> or = 100 UI/mL). @entity2 is not well defined, complicated by the high prevalence of @entity7 ; one thus questions between wheezing or wheezy @entity6 . Prevalence is high: among early wheezers, two populations will be defined by the medium term evolution: transient wheezers and persistent wheezers. Risk factors for these two conditions are different. @entity2 may be defined by the diagnosis of @entity2 (specific but fairly non-sensitive), by asthmatic symptoms (wheezing, waking by an attack of @entity3 ) (sensitive but not very specific), or by the combination of symptoms and airway hyperresponsiveness. The ISAAC study has standardised a questionnaire to assess the prevalence of @entity2 . The preliminary results show that there are wide variations across the world. The prevalence is low in Africa and Asia, intermediate in Europe, and high in Anglo-Saxon countries. The prevalence of @entity2 has gradually increased over the past 20 years in developed countries. @entity2 and @entity1 are closely associated in @entity0 . Risk factors are genetic, associated with sex and environmental factors. Among these, allergic sensitisation is associated with the degree of exposure to allergens. Westernization of way of life is associated with increased prevalence of @entity1 , @entity5 and @entity2 . Atopy seems inversely correlated to certain infections. Passive smoking is clearly associated with early wheezing. This and atmospheric pollution aggravate childhood @entity2 . However, the inducing role of pollution on @entity2 is still controversial.

title: [Epidemiology of @entity4 in XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: Covered self-expanding metal stents (CSEMS) have been used for palliation of @entity1 . Occlusion of the cystic duct by CSEMS may be complicated by @entity3 . This potentially could be prevented by placement of a @entity2 stent ( @entity2 ). @entity0 AND METHODS: Between 11/2006 and 10/2007, a total of 73 @entity0 (50 male) aged 65 +/- 14 years underwent CSEMS placement for palliation of @entity4 . In cases where CSEMS placement caused occlusion of the cystic duct, a 7 French transpapillary pigtail @entity2 ( @entity2 ) was inserted to prevent @entity3 . RESULTS: Of the 73 @entity0 , 18 had a prior cholecystectomy; 34 had the CSEMS placed below the cystic duct insertion. In 19 out of the 21 @entity0 who had a CSEMS covering the cystic duct ostium, @entity2 placement was attempted, which was successful in 11 individuals (58%). An attempt to access the @entity2 was complicated by wire perforation of the cystic duct in three @entity0 ; one @entity0 requiring emergent cholecystostomy tube placement. None of the @entity0 who underwent successful @entity2 placement developed @entity3 . One @entity2 dislodged and was repositioned. @entity3 occurred in two (20%) of the ten @entity0 without @entity2 who had a CSEMS covering the cystic duct. CONCLUSIONS: The ideal placement of a CSEMS is below the cystic duct insertion. Should the cystic duct ostium be occluded, placement of a @entity2 should be considered to minimize the risk of @entity3 .

title: Gallbladder stent placement for prevention of @entity3 in @entity0 receiving covered metal stent for XXXX : a feasibility study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: Covered self-expanding metal stents (CSEMS) have been used for palliation of @entity1 . Occlusion of the cystic duct by CSEMS may be complicated by @entity3 . This potentially could be prevented by placement of a @entity2 stent ( @entity2 ). @entity0 AND METHODS: Between 11/2006 and 10/2007, a total of 73 @entity0 (50 male) aged 65 +/- 14 years underwent CSEMS placement for palliation of @entity4 . In cases where CSEMS placement caused occlusion of the cystic duct, a 7 French transpapillary pigtail @entity2 ( @entity2 ) was inserted to prevent @entity3 . RESULTS: Of the 73 @entity0 , 18 had a prior cholecystectomy; 34 had the CSEMS placed below the cystic duct insertion. In 19 out of the 21 @entity0 who had a CSEMS covering the cystic duct ostium, @entity2 placement was attempted, which was successful in 11 individuals (58%). An attempt to access the @entity2 was complicated by wire perforation of the cystic duct in three @entity0 ; one @entity0 requiring emergent cholecystostomy tube placement. None of the @entity0 who underwent successful @entity2 placement developed @entity3 . One @entity2 dislodged and was repositioned. @entity3 occurred in two (20%) of the ten @entity0 without @entity2 who had a CSEMS covering the cystic duct. CONCLUSIONS: The ideal placement of a CSEMS is below the cystic duct insertion. Should the cystic duct ostium be occluded, placement of a @entity2 should be considered to minimize the risk of @entity3 .

title: Gallbladder stent placement for prevention of XXXX in @entity0 receiving covered metal stent for @entity4 : a feasibility study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: Covered self-expanding metal stents (CSEMS) have been used for palliation of @entity1 . Occlusion of the cystic duct by CSEMS may be complicated by @entity3 . This potentially could be prevented by placement of a @entity2 stent ( @entity2 ). @entity0 AND METHODS: Between 11/2006 and 10/2007, a total of 73 @entity0 (50 male) aged 65 +/- 14 years underwent CSEMS placement for palliation of @entity4 . In cases where CSEMS placement caused occlusion of the cystic duct, a 7 French transpapillary pigtail @entity2 ( @entity2 ) was inserted to prevent @entity3 . RESULTS: Of the 73 @entity0 , 18 had a prior cholecystectomy; 34 had the CSEMS placed below the cystic duct insertion. In 19 out of the 21 @entity0 who had a CSEMS covering the cystic duct ostium, @entity2 placement was attempted, which was successful in 11 individuals (58%). An attempt to access the @entity2 was complicated by wire perforation of the cystic duct in three @entity0 ; one @entity0 requiring emergent cholecystostomy tube placement. None of the @entity0 who underwent successful @entity2 placement developed @entity3 . One @entity2 dislodged and was repositioned. @entity3 occurred in two (20%) of the ten @entity0 without @entity2 who had a CSEMS covering the cystic duct. CONCLUSIONS: The ideal placement of a CSEMS is below the cystic duct insertion. Should the cystic duct ostium be occluded, placement of a @entity2 should be considered to minimize the risk of @entity3 .

title: Gallbladder stent placement for prevention of @entity3 in XXXX receiving covered metal stent for @entity4 : a feasibility study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Psychosis with first onset after the age of 60 arising in the absence of @entity2 or primary @entity4 is thought to affect 2-4% of older @entity0 . Up to half will not respond fully to medication.The subjective experience of living with late-onset @entity3 (LOP) has not yet been considered and this study represents a preliminary attempt to explore the subjective experience and psychological features of older @entity0 living with LOP. METHOD: The study was conducted in Ireland. Seven @entity0 between the ages of 67 and 87 years who met diagnostic criteria for very late-onset @entity1 -like @entity3 were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule. @entity0 spoke about previous life experiences as well as the experience of developing and living with LOP. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to identify common themes within their accounts. RESULTS: Four themes emerged which reflected @entity0 ' subjective experiences of earlier life stages as well as their current experiences of LOP. Three interrelated themes described @entity0 ' experiences of social isolation, a solitary coping style and the experience of the self as 'different'. A final theme reflected @entity0 ' attempts to explain and find meaning in their @entity3 experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Results support the view that the experience of LOP emerges in the context of psychosocial vulnerabilities combined with adversities associated with the experience of ageing.

title: 'Not of this world': the subjective experience of late-onset XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: Most @entity0 with acute @entity2 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) are still treated with pharmacological reperfusion, which is not always successful. That is the reason for searching possibilities for a better success of reperfusion with adding new antiplatelet drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate weather addition of @entity7 as a second antiplatelet drug, improves the patency of the @entity5 after @entity6 . METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 65 @entity0 , 29-72 years old, hospitalized due to the first @entity6 within 6 hours after the on-set of a @entity3 . They were treated with a fibrinolytic agent (streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator--tPA), @entity1 , and low molecular heparin (enoxaparin). A group of 50 @entity0 , beside this therapy, received @entity7 . Coronary angiography was performed between 5th and 10th day of hospitalization to assess for late patency of the @entity5 . @entity5 was considered as patent if thrombolysis in @entity2 (TIMI) flow grade was 2 or 3, and as occluded if TIMI flow grade was 0 or 1. RESULTS: In the group of @entity0 who received double antiplatelet therapy ( @entity1 and @entity7 ), @entity5 was occluded in 3 cases (6%); in the group of @entity0 without @entity7 , @entity5 was occluded in 4 @entity0 (26.7%),p < 0.05. There were less frequency of @entity4 (6% vs 13.3%), and rarer necessity for rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (4% vs. 13.3%) in the first group, but without statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Adding of @entity7 to the standard reperfusion pharmacotherapy, as a second antiplatelet drug, increases the number of @entity0 with patent @entity5 and the success of reperfusion.

title: [Influence of the double antiplatelet therapy on patency of the occluded artery after acute XXXX with @entity6 ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: Most @entity0 with acute @entity2 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) are still treated with pharmacological reperfusion, which is not always successful. That is the reason for searching possibilities for a better success of reperfusion with adding new antiplatelet drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate weather addition of @entity7 as a second antiplatelet drug, improves the patency of the @entity5 after @entity6 . METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 65 @entity0 , 29-72 years old, hospitalized due to the first @entity6 within 6 hours after the on-set of a @entity3 . They were treated with a fibrinolytic agent (streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator--tPA), @entity1 , and low molecular heparin (enoxaparin). A group of 50 @entity0 , beside this therapy, received @entity7 . Coronary angiography was performed between 5th and 10th day of hospitalization to assess for late patency of the @entity5 . @entity5 was considered as patent if thrombolysis in @entity2 (TIMI) flow grade was 2 or 3, and as occluded if TIMI flow grade was 0 or 1. RESULTS: In the group of @entity0 who received double antiplatelet therapy ( @entity1 and @entity7 ), @entity5 was occluded in 3 cases (6%); in the group of @entity0 without @entity7 , @entity5 was occluded in 4 @entity0 (26.7%),p < 0.05. There were less frequency of @entity4 (6% vs 13.3%), and rarer necessity for rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (4% vs. 13.3%) in the first group, but without statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Adding of @entity7 to the standard reperfusion pharmacotherapy, as a second antiplatelet drug, increases the number of @entity0 with patent @entity5 and the success of reperfusion.

title: [Influence of the double antiplatelet therapy on patency of the occluded artery after acute @entity2 with XXXX ].

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinicians' impression of adolescents' @entity1 or drug involvement may underestimate substance-related pathology. OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of adolescents presenting to the pediatric emergency department due to @entity2 and to determine whether physicians can reliably identify these @entity0 . METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of all @entity0 aged 12-18 years presenting to a pediatric emergency department between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2006 for whom a urine drug screen or @entity3 blood levels was ordered. According to departmental protocol, urine drug screen and @entity3 levels are taken for specific indications. Based on the history and clinical findings the pediatrician in the ED assessed on a 5-point likelihood scale the possibility that the @entity0 ' symptoms were related to @entity2 . RESULTS: Of the 139 @entity0 in the study group 40 (30%) tested positive for @entity3 or drugs of abuse. The median age was 16. Compared with @entity0 who tested negative, there were more @entity0 with decreased level of consciousness among @entity0 who tested positive for @entity3 or drugs (5% vs. 33% respectively, P < 0.001). The median physician estimate for the likelihood of @entity2 was 5 in @entity0 who tested positive and 2 in @entity0 who tested negative (P< 0.001). The likelihood of a positive drug/ @entity3 test was not affected by age or gender. CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of @entity2 is higher in @entity0 presenting with a low level of consciousness, Physicians may accurately assess the likelihood of @entity2 in these @entity0 .

title: Illicit drug and XXXX users admitted to the pediatric emergency department.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity9 is a rare entity, determining huge digestive @entity5 with a very poor prognostic most often. We present the case of a @entity0 with @entity9 of unknown origin, treated successfully in the Center of Surgery and Liver Transplantation from Fundeni Clinical Institute. A young @entity0 , 21 years old, was admitted in our clinic from another hospital for repetitive severe @entity4 , with @entity12 and melena, pale, @entity8 , without any @entity2 ; the @entity5 stopped when he was admitted. The upper digestive endoscopy and esophago-gastro-duodenal radioscopy with barium did not show any lesion. During the 7th day the @entity0 presents @entity11 with @entity7 ; during the surgery we found two subcardial @entity6 (stress @entity6 ?) for which we have done excision and suture which temporary stopped the @entity5 . After 14 days, the @entity0 had another massive @entity5 ; the upper endoscopy shows 28 cm far from the dental arch a protrusive formation of 6-7 mm with a @entity13 aspect and with a white spot (possibly a central ulceration); 1 ml pure @entity3 was injected inside it with temporary @entity5 ceasing. After 3 days the @entity0 is @entity5 again, with marked decrease in blood pressure; a Blakemore tube stopped the @entity5 until surgery was performed. During the intervention an @entity10 is detected; we made the excision of the fistula with simple suture of the aorta, subtotal esophagectomy, cervico-stoma and gastrostomy, with good postoperative evolution. After 4 months the digestive transit is restored by esophagoplasty with tubulized stomach placed behind the sternum. The diagnostic and @entity1 encountered in these kind of cases need to consider also an @entity9 diagnosis, especially for the cases with Chiari triad (mild @entity2 , sentinel digestive @entity5 and exsanguination). The Blakemore tube can save @entity0 's life by ensuring temporary hemostasis and allowing the time for a definitive surgical intervention. The subtotal esophagectomy with cervicostoma and feeding gastrostomy, followed after few months by a esophageal reconstruction , is a solution for this extreme severe cases.

title: [Severe XXXX of a rare cause: @entity9 successfully treated].

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity9 is a rare entity, determining huge digestive @entity5 with a very poor prognostic most often. We present the case of a @entity0 with @entity9 of unknown origin, treated successfully in the Center of Surgery and Liver Transplantation from Fundeni Clinical Institute. A young @entity0 , 21 years old, was admitted in our clinic from another hospital for repetitive severe @entity4 , with @entity12 and melena, pale, @entity8 , without any @entity2 ; the @entity5 stopped when he was admitted. The upper digestive endoscopy and esophago-gastro-duodenal radioscopy with barium did not show any lesion. During the 7th day the @entity0 presents @entity11 with @entity7 ; during the surgery we found two subcardial @entity6 (stress @entity6 ?) for which we have done excision and suture which temporary stopped the @entity5 . After 14 days, the @entity0 had another massive @entity5 ; the upper endoscopy shows 28 cm far from the dental arch a protrusive formation of 6-7 mm with a @entity13 aspect and with a white spot (possibly a central ulceration); 1 ml pure @entity3 was injected inside it with temporary @entity5 ceasing. After 3 days the @entity0 is @entity5 again, with marked decrease in blood pressure; a Blakemore tube stopped the @entity5 until surgery was performed. During the intervention an @entity10 is detected; we made the excision of the fistula with simple suture of the aorta, subtotal esophagectomy, cervico-stoma and gastrostomy, with good postoperative evolution. After 4 months the digestive transit is restored by esophagoplasty with tubulized stomach placed behind the sternum. The diagnostic and @entity1 encountered in these kind of cases need to consider also an @entity9 diagnosis, especially for the cases with Chiari triad (mild @entity2 , sentinel digestive @entity5 and exsanguination). The Blakemore tube can save @entity0 's life by ensuring temporary hemostasis and allowing the time for a definitive surgical intervention. The subtotal esophagectomy with cervicostoma and feeding gastrostomy, followed after few months by a esophageal reconstruction , is a solution for this extreme severe cases.

title: [Severe @entity4 of a rare cause: XXXX successfully treated].

answer: @entity9


abstract: PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To test an adapted end-of-life conceptual model of the geriatric @entity1 experience and provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the model for use in practice and research. DESIGN: Nonexperimental and cross-sectional using baseline data collected within 24-72 hours of admission to hospice. SETTING: Two hospices in the southeastern United States. SAMPLE: 403 hospice homecare @entity0 ; 56% were @entity0 and 97% were Caucasian with a mean age of 77.7 years. METHODS: Confirmatory factor analyses using structural equation modeling with AMOS statistical software. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Clinical status; physiologic, psychological, and spiritual variables; and quality of life (QOL). FINDINGS: A three-factor model with QOL as an outcome variable showed that 67% of the variability in QOL is explained by the @entity0 's symptom and spiritual experiences. CONCLUSIONS: As symptoms and associated severity and distress increase, the @entity0 's QOL decreases. As the spiritual experience increases (the expressed need for inspiration, spiritual activities, and religion), QOL also increases. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: The model supports caring for the physical and metaphysical dimensions of the @entity0 's life. It also highlights a need for holistic care inclusive of physical, emotional, and spiritual domains.

title: The geriatric XXXX experience at the end of life: testing an adapted model.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present the authors' experience in surgical treatment of @entity0 with @entity5 ( @entity5 ) with intraneural vessels. METHODS: The study included three @entity0 with @entity5 and an intraneural artery ( @entity1 ) and eight @entity0 with @entity5 and an intraneural vein. The @entity0 underwent microvascular decompression (MVD) procedures. The intraneural arteries were wrapped by a thin piece of Teflon sponge. The intraneural veins all were coagulated and divided. Clinical outcomes and @entity3 were analyzed. RESULTS: Eight @entity0 were free of @entity2 soon after surgery, achieving excellent outcomes; two @entity0 had good outcomes; and one @entity0 had a failed first operation but experienced @entity2 relief after reoperation, achieving an excellent outcome. Three @entity0 had postoperative @entity4 because the trigeminal nerves were impaired owing to coagulation or mechanical injury. However, no dense @entity4 or loss of corneal reflex occurred. CONCLUSIONS: If the intraneural vessel is an artery, it can be decompressed by wrapping techniques. Otherwise, intraneural veins should be coagulated and divided. Most @entity0 can achieve excellent or @entity2 relief with this approach; @entity4 is uncommon.

title: Management of intraneural vessels during microvascular decompression surgery for XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Covalent and reversible post-translational modifications of proteins are a common theme in signaling. Ubiquitin conjugation was originally described to target proteins to proteasomal degradation by ubiquitin polymerization involving @entity4 (K) 48 residues. Differently linked polymers of polyubiquitin have been found that modify proteins without targeting to proteasomal degradation. Instead this pathway creates docking sites for signaling scaffolds that are key to control the @entity6 ( @entity6 ) pathway. Indeed @entity8 , @entity7 , and @entity9 are E3 ubiquitin ligases that form K63-linked ubiquitin polymers. Therefore signaling via TNF family receptors, IL1R, IL-18R, T-cell receptor (TCR), and Toll-like receptors (TLR) use this type of post-translational modification. Specific enzymes exist (DUBs) that deactivate this system, degrading K63 polyubiquitin chains. Interestingly, @entity1 deficient in these deubiquitinases develop @entity5 and @entity2 . In @entity3 , the K63 polyubiquitin pathway is possibly critical for @entity0 . The pathway is also critically involved in costimulation of @entity0 immunity/immunotherapy as well as in the biology of malignant cells themselves. The elements of this new signaling paradigm offer the opportunity for therapeutic exploitation and drug discovery.

title: @entity4 63 polyubiquitination in immunotherapy and in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Covalent and reversible post-translational modifications of proteins are a common theme in signaling. Ubiquitin conjugation was originally described to target proteins to proteasomal degradation by ubiquitin polymerization involving @entity4 (K) 48 residues. Differently linked polymers of polyubiquitin have been found that modify proteins without targeting to proteasomal degradation. Instead this pathway creates docking sites for signaling scaffolds that are key to control the @entity6 ( @entity6 ) pathway. Indeed @entity8 , @entity7 , and @entity9 are E3 ubiquitin ligases that form K63-linked ubiquitin polymers. Therefore signaling via TNF family receptors, IL1R, IL-18R, T-cell receptor (TCR), and Toll-like receptors (TLR) use this type of post-translational modification. Specific enzymes exist (DUBs) that deactivate this system, degrading K63 polyubiquitin chains. Interestingly, @entity1 deficient in these deubiquitinases develop @entity5 and @entity2 . In @entity3 , the K63 polyubiquitin pathway is possibly critical for @entity0 . The pathway is also critically involved in costimulation of @entity0 immunity/immunotherapy as well as in the biology of malignant cells themselves. The elements of this new signaling paradigm offer the opportunity for therapeutic exploitation and drug discovery.

title: XXXX 63 polyubiquitination in immunotherapy and in @entity0 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although individuals vulnerable to @entity0 show brain @entity1 , structural alterations underlying different probabilities for later transition are unknown. The present study addresses this issue by means of voxel-based morphometry (VBM). METHOD: We investigated grey matter volume (GMV) abnormalities by comparing four neuroleptic-free groups: individuals with first episode of @entity0 (FEP) and with @entity2 ( @entity4 ), with either long-term ( @entity4 -LT) or short-term @entity4 ( @entity4 ), compared to the healthy control (HC) group. Using three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we examined 16 FEP, 31 @entity4 , clinically followed up for on average 3 months ( @entity4 , n=18) and 4.5 years ( @entity4 -LT, n=13), and 19 HC. RESULTS: The @entity4 group showed less GMV in the right and left insula compared to the @entity4 -LT (Cohen's d 1.67) and FEP groups (Cohen's d 1.81) respectively. These GMV differences were correlated positively with global functioning in the whole @entity4 group. Insular alterations were associated with negative symptomatology in the whole @entity4 group, and also with @entity3 in the @entity4 and @entity4 -LT subgroups. We found a significant effect of previous antipsychotic medication use on GMV abnormalities in the FEP group. CONCLUSIONS: GMV abnormalities in subjects at high clinical risk for @entity0 are associated with negative and positive @entity0 , and global functioning. Alterations in the right insula are associated with a higher risk for transition to @entity0 , and thus may be related to different transition probabilities.

title: Insular XXXX associated with different transition probabilities to @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although individuals vulnerable to @entity0 show brain @entity1 , structural alterations underlying different probabilities for later transition are unknown. The present study addresses this issue by means of voxel-based morphometry (VBM). METHOD: We investigated grey matter volume (GMV) abnormalities by comparing four neuroleptic-free groups: individuals with first episode of @entity0 (FEP) and with @entity2 ( @entity4 ), with either long-term ( @entity4 -LT) or short-term @entity4 ( @entity4 ), compared to the healthy control (HC) group. Using three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we examined 16 FEP, 31 @entity4 , clinically followed up for on average 3 months ( @entity4 , n=18) and 4.5 years ( @entity4 -LT, n=13), and 19 HC. RESULTS: The @entity4 group showed less GMV in the right and left insula compared to the @entity4 -LT (Cohen's d 1.67) and FEP groups (Cohen's d 1.81) respectively. These GMV differences were correlated positively with global functioning in the whole @entity4 group. Insular alterations were associated with negative symptomatology in the whole @entity4 group, and also with @entity3 in the @entity4 and @entity4 -LT subgroups. We found a significant effect of previous antipsychotic medication use on GMV abnormalities in the FEP group. CONCLUSIONS: GMV abnormalities in subjects at high clinical risk for @entity0 are associated with negative and positive @entity0 , and global functioning. Alterations in the right insula are associated with a higher risk for transition to @entity0 , and thus may be related to different transition probabilities.

title: Insular @entity1 associated with different transition probabilities to XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The surgical treatment of low @entity1 commonly includes low pelvic anastomoses with coloanal or ultralow colorectal anastomoses. @entity3 rates in low pelvic anastomoses range from 4 to 26%. Many surgeons opt to routinely create a diverting ostomy to reduce the extent of morbidity should an @entity3 occur. The intent of our study was to determine if our policy of selected diversion is safe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 66 @entity1 @entity0 who underwent proctectomy and low pelvic anastomoses -- less than 6 cm from anal verge, with or without a diverting ostomy -- was undertaken. Temporary diverting stomas were utilized at the discretion of the attending surgeon primarily based on subjective criteria. The main outcome was @entity2 . RESULTS/FINDINGS: Forty-nine @entity0 (78% preoperatively irradiated) were treated with a one-stage operation, whereas 17 (53% preoperatively irradiated) underwent reconstruction with proximal diversion. The mean anastomotic height for @entity0 with a single stage procedure was 3.8 cm above the anal verge versus 2.6 for @entity0 with a two-stage procedure (p = 0.076). Complication rates were lower in @entity0 who did not undergo diversion (29% vs 47%, p = 16). With regard to anastomotic-associated complications for single stage versus two stage, complication rates were 8% versus 18%, respectively (p = 0.27). INTERPRETATION/CONCLUSION: Low pelvic anastomoses in @entity1 @entity0 can be safely performed as a single-stage procedure, reserving the use of diversion for select cases.

title: Selective treatment of XXXX with single-stage coloanal or ultralow colorectal anastomosis does not adversely affect morbidity and mortality.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Stabilisation of @entity1 with an intramedullary nail is a widespread technique in the treatment of femoral shaft @entity1 in adults. To ream or not to ream is still debated. The primary objective of this study was to determine the incidence of non-union following unreamed intramedullary stabilisation of femoral @entity1 . Secondary objectives were intra- and @entity2 and implant failure. METHODS: Between March 1995 and June 2005, 125 @entity0 with 129 traumatic femoral shaft @entity1 were treated with as unreamed femoral nail. From this retrospective single centre study, 18 @entity0 were excluded due to insufficient follow up data, including 1 @entity0 who died within 2 days after severe @entity4 . Sixty-six @entity0 had suffered @entity5 . 21 @entity1 were open. According to the AO classification, there were 54 type A, 42 type B, and 14 type C @entity1 . Dynamic proximal locking was performed in 44 cases (36 type A and 8 type B @entity1 ). RESULTS: Non-union occurred in two @entity0 (1.9%; one type B and one type C @entity1 ). Intra-operative complications were seen in three @entity0 (2.8%). @entity2 occurred in 29 @entity0 (27%). Local superficial @entity3 occurred in two @entity0 (1.9%), there were no cases of @entity3 . Implant failure occurred in three @entity0 (2.8%): nail breakage was seen in two @entity0 . CONCLUSION: In this study, the incidence of non-union following unreamed intramedullary nailing is low (1.9%) and comparable with the best results of reamed nailing in the literature.

title: The incidence of non-union following unreamed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively evaluate the outcomes in adults who were born with @entity3 ( @entity3 ), to assess the relationships between the major types of ARM and outcomes, and to examine the relationships between bowel and urinary function and sexual well-being, as advances in surgical treatment for @entity3 have led to more @entity0 surviving into adult life, and adult data on urinary and bowel function are scant, with even less known about the effect of diagnosis and treatment on @entity2 . @entity0 AND METHODS: In all, 74 adult @entity0 with a diagnosis of ARM confirmed by review of paediatric medical records completed a series of validated questionnaires on urinary and bowel function, body esteem, sexual well being, fertility and overall quality of life. RESULTS: There were high levels of urinary and bowel @entity1 for both @entity0 and @entity0 . A high ARM was associated with a greater degree of @entity1 . Both @entity0 and @entity0 scored more poorly than controls on the body esteem, sexual well-being and quality-of-life assessments. Urinary and bowel @entity1 was associated with poorer sexual well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Bowel and urinary outcomes in adults appear to be worse than suggested in paediatric reports, with high levels of both urinary and fecal @entity1 . Poorer outcomes appeared to affect sexual well-being adversely. To date, attention to issues during transition from childhood to adulthood, particularly concerns about sexual function and well-being, has been conspicuous by its absence. @entity0 -focused multidisciplinary care during this transition must address these issues, which are central to an acceptable quality of life.

title: XXXX : what happens in adulthood?

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: We have previously found that the developmental time frame of @entity1 onset influences adult personality traits and subsequent adjustment to intractable @entity3 . In the same cohort of @entity0 we now investigate the influence of these factors on psychosocial outcome after surgical treatment. METHODS: Fifty-seven adult @entity0 with @entity5 were prospectively assessed before and after surgery. Measures of psychosocial outcome included mood, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and psychosocial adjustment, collected longitudinally at 1-, 3-, and 12-months after surgery. RESULTS: @entity0 with high @entity4 and low extraversion were predisposed to greater @entity2 after surgery. More than 70% of @entity0 with high @entity4 also reported disrupted family dynamics and difficulties adjusting to @entity3 freedom. The latter was associated with changes in self-identity that increased over time. @entity0 with @entity1 onset before or during the self-defining period of adolescence reported the greatest perceived self-change after surgery that had positive effects for HRQOL. DISCUSSION: Psychosocial outcome after @entity1 surgery appears intrinsically linked to a change in self and a transition from chronically sick to well. The development of personality traits and self-identity in the context of habitual @entity3 can impact psychosocial outcome and the extent of self-change reported after surgery, and paradoxically, can concur more beneficial effects.

title: Profiles of psychosocial outcome after XXXX surgery: the role of personality.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: While antipsychotic (AP) medications are frequently used in long-term care, current evidence suggests that the risks may offset the benefits, necessitating periodic reassessment of their use. The aims of this present study were: (1) to assess rates of AP use five years after our first intervention to determine the long-term impact; and (2) to implement an updated AP reduction educational intervention program at the same center five years later in order to determine whether AP use could be further reduced. METHODS: @entity0 were residents with @entity2 receiving AP medication. The educational program component included separate lectures on pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment of @entity1 ( @entity1 ). Completion of the Nursing Home Behavior Problems Scale (NHBPS), physician interviews concerning AP treatment plans for subjects with @entity2 , and AP administration and dose assessment occurred both at baseline and again between four to five months after the educational program. RESULTS: Of 308 long-term residents with @entity2 , 53 (17.2%) were receiving regular APs, primarily for @entity4 , @entity1 , other @entity1 and @entity3 . Of these, six died and one was transferred, leaving 46 @entity0 . At five months, ten (21.7%) residents were no longer receiving APs and seven (15.2%) were on a lower dose; thus, 17 (37.0%) were either discontinued or on a lower dose. There was no worsening of NHBPS scores. CONCLUSION: Despite the low prevalence (17.2%) of AP users at the beginning of the current study compared to that observed five years prior (30.5%), it is still possible to further decrease the proportion of users.

title: A long-term care center interdisciplinary education program for antipsychotic use in XXXX : program update five years later.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term effects of anatomic and functional changes after the surgical treatment of the optic disc pit @entity1 in a retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six @entity0 with unilateral optic disc pit @entity1 were included in this study. Four were females and 2 males, age ranged from 13 to 35 years (mean, 26 years). All @entity0 underwent the pars plana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling and the intraocular tamponade with the air-gas mixture. These 6 @entity0 were divided into two groups: group A, the surgical treatment without aimed argon laser photocoagulation, and group B, the surgical treatment with aimed argon laser photocoagulation during 2 months after the pars plana vitrectomy. The follow-up period ranged from 41 to 73 months (mean, 53.3 months). RESULTS: In the group A, the best-corrected visual acuity improved by 2 and more lines (Snellen optotype) in all 3 @entity0 . In the group B, the improvement by 2 and more lines was found out in 2 @entity0 and the decrease by 2 lines was observed in one @entity0 . The recurrence of the @entity1 occurred in 2 @entity0 from the group A. In the group B, the recurrence of the @entity1 was recorded in one @entity0 53 months after pars plana vitrectomy and aimed argon photocoagulation. CONCLUSION: The surgical intervention by pars plana vitrectomy for the optic disc pit @entity1 improves the anatomic and functional prognosis. The suitable aimed argon laser photocoagulation after the surgical treatment in selected @entity0 improves outcome and reduce the recurrence of the optic disc pit @entity1 .

title: [Surgical treatment of the optic disc pit XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: The Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein PAF inhibits polar growth and induces apoptosis in @entity5 . We report here that two signalling cascades are implicated in its antifungal activity. PAF activates the @entity1 /protein kinase A (Pka) signalling cascade. A pkaA deletion mutant exhibited reduced sensitivity towards PAF. This was substantiated by the use of pharmacological modulators: PAF aggravated the effect of the activator @entity4 and partially relieved the repressive activity of @entity3 . Furthermore, the Pkc/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Mpk) signalling cascade mediated basal resistance to @entity2 , which was independent of the small GTPase RhoA. Non-functional mutations of both genes resulted in @entity0 towards PAF. PAF did not increase MpkA phosphorylation or induce enzymes involved in the remodelling of the cell wall, which normally occurs in response to activators of the cell wall integrity pathway. Notably, PAF exposure resulted in actin gene repression and a deregulation of the chitin deposition at hyphal tips of A. nidulans, which offers an explanation for the morphological effects evoked by PAF and which could be attributed to the interconnection of the two signalling pathways. Thus, PAF represents an excellent tool to study signalling pathways in this model organism and to define potential fungal targets to develop new antifungals.

title: The antifungal protein PAF interferes with PKC/MPK and XXXX /PKA signalling of @entity5 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein PAF inhibits polar growth and induces apoptosis in @entity5 . We report here that two signalling cascades are implicated in its antifungal activity. PAF activates the @entity1 /protein kinase A (Pka) signalling cascade. A pkaA deletion mutant exhibited reduced sensitivity towards PAF. This was substantiated by the use of pharmacological modulators: PAF aggravated the effect of the activator @entity4 and partially relieved the repressive activity of @entity3 . Furthermore, the Pkc/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Mpk) signalling cascade mediated basal resistance to @entity2 , which was independent of the small GTPase RhoA. Non-functional mutations of both genes resulted in @entity0 towards PAF. PAF did not increase MpkA phosphorylation or induce enzymes involved in the remodelling of the cell wall, which normally occurs in response to activators of the cell wall integrity pathway. Notably, PAF exposure resulted in actin gene repression and a deregulation of the chitin deposition at hyphal tips of A. nidulans, which offers an explanation for the morphological effects evoked by PAF and which could be attributed to the interconnection of the two signalling pathways. Thus, PAF represents an excellent tool to study signalling pathways in this model organism and to define potential fungal targets to develop new antifungals.

title: The antifungal protein PAF interferes with PKC/MPK and @entity1 /PKA signalling of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Scant literature investigates potential outcome differences between Level I @entity1 centers. We compared overall survival and survival after @entity2 ( @entity2 ) in @entity0 admitted to American College of Surgeons (ACS)-verified versus state-verified Level I @entity1 centers. Using the National @entity1 Data Bank Version 7.0, incident codes associated with admission to an ACS-verified facility were extracted and compared with the group admitted to state-verified centers. Overall, there were 382,801 (73.7%) @entity0 admitted to ACS and 136,601 (26.3%) admitted to state centers. There was no adjusted survival advantage after admission to either type (4.9% for ACS vs 4.8% for state centers; 1.014 [95% CI, 0.987 to 1.042], P = 0.311). However, in the 3,088 cases of @entity2 , mortality for admission to the ACS centers was 20.3 per cent (451 of 2,220) versus 27.1 per cent (235 of 868) for state centers. Adjusting for injury severity and facility size, admission to an ACS center was associated with a significantly greater survival after @entity2 (0.75 [0.654 to 0.860]; P < 0.001). Level I verification does not necessarily imply similar outcomes in all subgroups. Federal oversight may become necessary to ensure uniformity of care, maximizing outcomes across all United States @entity1 systems. Further study is needed.

title: Are all level I XXXX centers created equal? A comparison of American College of Surgeons and state-verified centers.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Between 2003 and 2004 the largest epidemic of @entity3 in Colombia (2,810 cases, with the highest incidence of 6,202 x 100,000 in 2004) occurred in the sub-Andean rural area of the municipalities of Chaparral and San Antonio in the department of Tolima. OBJECTIVE: The present study was carried out to identify suspected vectors and to establish the knowledge that the inhabitants have about sand flies in order to use this information for vector control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 46 houses were sampled with CDC light traps set up indoors to establish the sand @entity1 species composition, abundance and the percentage of @entity2 . Houses were examined during daylight to identify endophagy. A questionnaire was applied in order to estimate the knowledge about sand flies, their role in transmission and the sites and seasons of highest abundance. RESULTS: Three anthropophilic sand @entity1 species of possible epidemiological importance were found. L. longiflocosa was the dominant sand @entity1 species accounting for 81.7% (192 / 235) of all catches and infested the highest number of houses (41.7%). The other two species were L. columbiana and L. nuneztovari, with relative abundances of 3.4% and 2.1%, respectively, and house infestations of 13.0% and 6.5%, respectively. There was no evidence of endophilic behavior. Inhabitants recognized sand flies and their role in transmission. They identified the houses and the dry season as the site and time period of highest sand @entity1 abundance. CONCLUSIONS: Based on its high anthropophily, predominance and apparent endophagic behavior, L. longiflocosa is the most probable vector of @entity0 indoors. L. columbiana and L. nuneztovari could be involved as secondary vectors outdoors. The importance of these findings on sand @entity1 control is discussed.

title: [Lutzomyia longiflocosa as suspected vector of @entity3 in a focus of XXXX on the sub-andean region of Tolima department, Colombia, and the knowledge on sandflies by the inhabitants].

answer: @entity3


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Between 2003 and 2004 the largest epidemic of @entity3 in Colombia (2,810 cases, with the highest incidence of 6,202 x 100,000 in 2004) occurred in the sub-Andean rural area of the municipalities of Chaparral and San Antonio in the department of Tolima. OBJECTIVE: The present study was carried out to identify suspected vectors and to establish the knowledge that the inhabitants have about sand flies in order to use this information for vector control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 46 houses were sampled with CDC light traps set up indoors to establish the sand @entity1 species composition, abundance and the percentage of @entity2 . Houses were examined during daylight to identify endophagy. A questionnaire was applied in order to estimate the knowledge about sand flies, their role in transmission and the sites and seasons of highest abundance. RESULTS: Three anthropophilic sand @entity1 species of possible epidemiological importance were found. L. longiflocosa was the dominant sand @entity1 species accounting for 81.7% (192 / 235) of all catches and infested the highest number of houses (41.7%). The other two species were L. columbiana and L. nuneztovari, with relative abundances of 3.4% and 2.1%, respectively, and house infestations of 13.0% and 6.5%, respectively. There was no evidence of endophilic behavior. Inhabitants recognized sand flies and their role in transmission. They identified the houses and the dry season as the site and time period of highest sand @entity1 abundance. CONCLUSIONS: Based on its high anthropophily, predominance and apparent endophagic behavior, L. longiflocosa is the most probable vector of @entity0 indoors. L. columbiana and L. nuneztovari could be involved as secondary vectors outdoors. The importance of these findings on sand @entity1 control is discussed.

title: [Lutzomyia longiflocosa as suspected vector of XXXX in a focus of @entity3 on the sub-andean region of Tolima department, Colombia, and the knowledge on sandflies by the inhabitants].

answer: @entity3


abstract: The total visualization of the intestinal surface through wireless capsule endoscopy has furnished new insights for the diagnosis of @entity13 . The length, difficulty of access and particular morphology of this region makes a correct diagnosis of @entity6 associated with @entity9 possible only in 5% of cases. Our study was aimed at assessing the clinical impact and diagnostic outcomes of wireless capsule endoscopy through analysis of the first 50 cases observed in our Endoscopy and Coloproctology Unit. Fifty @entity0 aged 23-85 years (mean age: 43.5) were selected for wireless endoscopy. The main indications were @entity0 with a suspected or established diagnosis of @entity2 or @entity15 , @entity8 , chronic @entity5 and obscure @entity9 . @entity0 with a clinical or radiological diagnosis of @entity6 , @entity16 , or @entity14 were excluded from the study. In 2 out of 8 @entity0 with @entity8 , erosions of the intestinal wall were detected, while in the only @entity0 with @entity7 a neoplastic lesion of the right colon was accidentally diagnosed. As far as @entity2 is concerned, in all the cases of established diagnosis of @entity4 no small bowel lesions were visible at wireless endoscopy, while all the cases with silent @entity3 of the terminal ileum were confirmed. No cases of @entity10 of the small bowel were recorded in our series either in @entity12 @entity0 or in @entity0 with @entity11 . In @entity12 @entity0 (N = 24) wireless capsule endoscopy allowed accurate definition of the extent of the @entity1 . On the basis of our preliminary experience wireless capsule endoscopy would appear to warrant an important role in the management of @entity0 with small bowel diseases, supplementing information obtained with other diagnostic techniques.

title: [The role of capsule endoscopy in the study of XXXX . Critical analysis and observation of the first 50 cases].

answer: @entity13


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Percutaneous coronary intervention for @entity1 of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) remains a complex procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a method of treatment that we have termed the floating-stent approach. METHODS: The study involved 71 @entity0 with @entity1 who underwent implantation of a drug-eluting stent in the LAD, which totally or partially covered the ostium of the circumflex artery. No further interventions were planned. Intravascular ultrasound was performed both at baseline and after treatment in 49 @entity0 . All were followed up clinically (16+/-12 months). RESULTS: Angiography of the LAD demonstrated an immediate success rate of 100%. However, significant focal damage was observed in the circumflex ostium in 7 (10%) @entity0 , three of whom needed treatment. The mean protrusion of the stent over the origin of the circumflex artery was 2.48+/-0.91 mm. The only predictor of circumflex @entity2 identified in the study was the carina having a spiky appearance on intravascular ultrasound, visible in the longitudinal view. We termed this feature the "eyebrow sign". Carina displacement was responsible for the focal damage in 13 of the 14 @entity0 with this feature. Overall, the major cardiac adverse event rate during follow-up was 4%. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the floating-stent technique for treating @entity1 was straightforward and gave excellent medium-term RESULTS: Intravascular ultrasound showed that @entity0 who had a carina with specific vulnerable anatomical features were predisposed to circumflex @entity3 .

title: Vulnerable carina anatomy and XXXX in the left anterior descending coronary artery after floating-stent treatment.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The observation that taller @entity0 experience an increased risk of selected @entity1 is largely restricted to Caucasian cohorts. These associations may plausibly differ in Asian populations. For the first time, we make direct comparison in the same analyses of the associations between height and a series of @entity1 in Australasian (Caucasian) and Asian populations. METHODS: Analyses were based on the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration of 506 648 study @entity0 (408 381 Asia, 98 267 Australasia) drawn from 38 population-based cohort studies. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the relationship between height and @entity1 rates. RESULTS: A total of 3 272 600 @entity0 -years of follow-up gave rise to 7497 @entity1 deaths (4415 in Asia; 3082 in Australasia). After multiple adjustments and left censoring, taller individuals experienced increased rates of @entity2 of the intestine ( @entity0 and @entity0 ); all @entity1 , @entity3 , breast, 'other' @entity1 (all @entity0 ); and @entity1 of the prostate and bladder ( @entity0 ). No consistent regional (Asia versus Australasia) or sex differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, taller @entity0 and @entity0 had an elevated risk of selected @entity1 . These associations did not differ appreciably between Asian and Caucasian populations.

title: Adult height and XXXX mortality in Asia: the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: Controversy remains about the treatment of @entity0 with mild @entity1 (90 min < emptying half-time [T(1/2)] < 180 min) who undergo antireflux surgery. This retrospective, nonrandomized study reviewed the records of @entity0 treated from January 1996 through October 2003, during which time we applied two treatment algorithms for @entity0 with mild @entity1 . The goal of this study was to determine whether the most recent treatment algorithm was effective in reducing the need for a concomitant gastric drainage procedure, pyloroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen @entity0 with mild @entity1 underwent antireflux surgery plus pyloroplasty (group A) before 2001, and 13 @entity0 with mild @entity1 underwent antireflux surgery plus gastric decompression with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement (group B) starting in 2001. We reviewed indications for the procedure, complications, and outcomes. Primary outcome measures for this study were recurrence of @entity3 symptoms and need for pyloroplasty. RESULTS: The average T(1/2) was similar for both groups A and B: 129 min and 123 min, respectively. Eleven of 13 @entity0 (85%) in group B experienced resolution of @entity3 symptoms, improved gastric emptying times, or both; only 1 @entity0 (8%) underwent subsequent pyloroplasty for treatment failure. Only one serious percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy-related event occurred (tube migration), and no @entity0 died. Significantly fewer @entity0 in group B required total pyloroplasty (8% vs. 56% in group A; P < 0.008), and significantly fewer required pyloroplasty for symptomatic control (15% vs. 56% in group A; P < 0.03). CONCLUSION: A treatment algorithm incorporating percutaneous @entity2 placement at the time of antireflux surgery for gastric decompression successfully managed antireflux surgery @entity0 with mild @entity1 . This approach allows for a more selective use of pyloroplasty.

title: XXXX in patients undergoing antireflux surgery: analysis of a treatment algorithm.

answer: @entity1


abstract: AIM: To investigate the value of virtual cystoscopy using contrast material to fill the bladder during routine abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) examinations for the detection of @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three consecutive @entity0 (25 @entity0 and eight @entity0 ; are range 51-82 years; mean age+/-SD, 65+/-7 years) who had painless macroscopic haematuria and were suspected to have @entity1 were prospectively evaluated with virtual cystoscopy. After intravenous injection of contrast medium, the contrast material-filled bladders were examined with single-detector helical CT with 2-mm section thicknesses. Source CT data were transferred to a workstation for interactive navigation using surface rendering. All the @entity0 also underwent conventional cystoscopy. RESULTS: The results of virtual cystoscopy were compared with the findings from the conventional cystoscopy. Seventy-one of 78 @entity1 detected with conventional cystoscopy in 28 @entity0 were also shown on virtual images. The bladders of five @entity0 appeared normal on both conventional cystoscopy and virtual cystoscopy. On virtual cystoscopy, seven of the 12 lesions that were < or =5 mm in diameter could be identified. The following statistical values for the identification of bladder lesions using virtual cystoscopy were calculated: sensitivity 94%, specificity 90%, positive predictive value 87%, negative predictive value 93%, and accuracy 93%. CONCLUSION: CT virtual cystoscopy is a noninvasive technique that can be used successfully for detection of @entity1 >5 mm in selected cases during daily routine abdominopelvic work.

title: Comparison of CT virtual cystoscopy of the contrast material-filled bladder with conventional cystoscopy in the diagnosis of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possibility of extended transsphenoidal approach for removing the giant and invasive @entity2 . METHODS: The clinical data of 64 cases with giant and invasive @entity2 treated by extended transsphenoidal approach were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: Among 64 @entity0 , 51 had total resection and 13 had subtotal resection. 26 @entity0 occurred transient @entity4 , 5 @entity0 with @entity3 and 1 @entity0 occurred acute @entity5 postoperatively. There were no death or @entity1 . After operation, 8 @entity0 get radiotherapy, 6 @entity0 receive medicine treatment. Postoperative follow-up period was 3 months to 6 years. No regrowth or recurrence was seen. CONCLUSION: The extended transsphenoidal approach has been proved to a safe and effective method to remove the giant and invasive @entity2 . @entity0 who got subtotal resection need be close followed-up and receive radiotherapy or medicine treatment it necessary.

title: [Extended transsphenoidal operation for giant and invasive XXXX ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a need to generate data from India on relative frequencies of specific @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in different regions and their relation to the choice of commonly used generic highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. OBJECTIVES: To document the prevailing prevalence pattern of @entity3 both before and after HAART, to look for reduction in @entity3 following HAART, to assess the risk of developing new @entity3 within 6 months of HAART initiation and to see if there is any difference in the risk of developing a new @entity6 within 6 months of HAART initiation, for those on Efavirenz (EFV)-based regimens and @entity4 ( @entity7 )-based regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective observational cohort study conducted in South India involving 108 ART-naive @entity2 @entity0 , different pathogens were isolated and identified using standard laboratory techniques. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 16.0). Risk of developing an @entity6 after HAART initiation was assessed using the likelihood ratio test from Cox regression models. RESULTS: @entity1 (53.4%), @entity5 (14.7%) were the common infections seen. There was a drastic reduction of 96.59% in @entity6 events after 6 months of HAART. The risk of developing an @entity6 within 6 months of HAART initiation was 5.56%. Time to development of an @entity6 in the first 6 months of HAART was shorter for the @entity7 -based regimens than with EFV-based regimens, but this difference was not statistically significant (HR=0.891, 95% CI: 0.179-4.429; P=0.888). CONCLUSION: @entity1 is the most important @entity6 before initiation of HAART. Both EFV and @entity7 -based regimens are equally efficacious in controlling @entity3 .

title: @entity3 in relation to antiretroviral status among XXXX @entity0 from south India.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a need to generate data from India on relative frequencies of specific @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in different regions and their relation to the choice of commonly used generic highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. OBJECTIVES: To document the prevailing prevalence pattern of @entity3 both before and after HAART, to look for reduction in @entity3 following HAART, to assess the risk of developing new @entity3 within 6 months of HAART initiation and to see if there is any difference in the risk of developing a new @entity6 within 6 months of HAART initiation, for those on Efavirenz (EFV)-based regimens and @entity4 ( @entity7 )-based regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective observational cohort study conducted in South India involving 108 ART-naive @entity2 @entity0 , different pathogens were isolated and identified using standard laboratory techniques. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 16.0). Risk of developing an @entity6 after HAART initiation was assessed using the likelihood ratio test from Cox regression models. RESULTS: @entity1 (53.4%), @entity5 (14.7%) were the common infections seen. There was a drastic reduction of 96.59% in @entity6 events after 6 months of HAART. The risk of developing an @entity6 within 6 months of HAART initiation was 5.56%. Time to development of an @entity6 in the first 6 months of HAART was shorter for the @entity7 -based regimens than with EFV-based regimens, but this difference was not statistically significant (HR=0.891, 95% CI: 0.179-4.429; P=0.888). CONCLUSION: @entity1 is the most important @entity6 before initiation of HAART. Both EFV and @entity7 -based regimens are equally efficacious in controlling @entity3 .

title: XXXX in relation to antiretroviral status among @entity2 @entity0 from south India.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a need to generate data from India on relative frequencies of specific @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in different regions and their relation to the choice of commonly used generic highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. OBJECTIVES: To document the prevailing prevalence pattern of @entity3 both before and after HAART, to look for reduction in @entity3 following HAART, to assess the risk of developing new @entity3 within 6 months of HAART initiation and to see if there is any difference in the risk of developing a new @entity6 within 6 months of HAART initiation, for those on Efavirenz (EFV)-based regimens and @entity4 ( @entity7 )-based regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective observational cohort study conducted in South India involving 108 ART-naive @entity2 @entity0 , different pathogens were isolated and identified using standard laboratory techniques. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 16.0). Risk of developing an @entity6 after HAART initiation was assessed using the likelihood ratio test from Cox regression models. RESULTS: @entity1 (53.4%), @entity5 (14.7%) were the common infections seen. There was a drastic reduction of 96.59% in @entity6 events after 6 months of HAART. The risk of developing an @entity6 within 6 months of HAART initiation was 5.56%. Time to development of an @entity6 in the first 6 months of HAART was shorter for the @entity7 -based regimens than with EFV-based regimens, but this difference was not statistically significant (HR=0.891, 95% CI: 0.179-4.429; P=0.888). CONCLUSION: @entity1 is the most important @entity6 before initiation of HAART. Both EFV and @entity7 -based regimens are equally efficacious in controlling @entity3 .

title: @entity3 in relation to antiretroviral status among @entity2 XXXX from south India.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Early @entity4 with low-risk pathological features can be successfully treated by surgery alone. External beam radiotherapy added to surgery has been investigated in several small trials, which have mainly included @entity0 at intermediate risk of recurrence. In these trials, postoperative radiotherapy has been shown to reduce the risk of isolated local recurrence but there is no evidence that it improves recurrence-free or overall survival. We report the findings from the ASTEC and EN.5 trials, which investigated adjuvant external beam radiotherapy in @entity0 with @entity1 and pathological features suggestive of intermediate or high risk of recurrence and @entity3 from @entity4 . METHODS: Between July, 1996, and March, 2005, 905 (789 ASTEC, 116 EN.5) @entity0 with intermediate-risk or high-risk @entity1 from 112 centres in seven countries (UK, Canada, Poland, Norway, New Zealand, Australia, USA) were randomly assigned after surgery to observation (453) or to external beam radiotherapy (452). A target dose of 40-46 Gy in 20-25 daily fractions to the pelvis, treating five times a week, was specified. Primary outcome measure was overall survival, and all analyses were by intention to treat. These trials were registered ISRCTN 16571884 (ASTEC) and NCT 00002807 (EN.5). FINDINGS: After a median follow-up of 58 months, 135 @entity0 (68 observation, 67 external beam radiotherapy) had died. There was no evidence that overall survival with external beam radiotherapy was better than observation, hazard ratio 1.05 (95% CI 0.75-1.48; p=0.77). 5-year overall survival was 84% in both groups. Combining data from ASTEC and EN.5 in a meta-analysis of trials confirmed that there was no benefit in terms of overall survival (hazard ratio 1.04; 95% CI 0.84-1.29) and can reliably exclude an absolute benefit of external beam radiotherapy at 5 years of more than 3%. With brachytherapy used in 53% of @entity0 in ASTEC/EN.5, the local recurrence rate in the observation group at 5 years was 6.1%. INTERPRETATION: Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy cannot be recommended as part of routine treatment for @entity0 with intermediate-risk or high-risk early-stage @entity4 with the aim of improving survival. The absolute benefit of external beam radiotherapy in preventing isolated local recurrence is small and is not without @entity2 .

title: Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of XXXX (MRC ASTEC and NCIC CTG EN.5 randomised trials): pooled trial results, systematic review, and meta-analysis.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The @entity8 ( @entity8 ), also known as @entity9 , has been shown previously to regulate T-cell function and is produced by T cells and endothelial cells. It was reported recently to be elevated in mild @entity6 @entity0 during @entity5 . The @entity9 gene encodes several splice products: L (long), V (short) and s (soluble). A cohort of 38 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and mild @entity6 ( @entity6 ) were evaluated using a secreted soluble @entity9 (sST2) ELISA. The RNA expression of @entity9 was evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR using @entity0 ' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vitro using @entity0 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to sera from @entity6 @entity0 . @entity7 @entity0 had higher levels of serum sST2, @entity1 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity2 ), @entity3 and @entity4 compared with @entity6 @entity0 and normal healthy control individuals. However, viraemia was indistinguishable between mild and severe cases. No changes in @entity9 mRNA expression were found in PBMCs from these two groups of @entity6 @entity0 . In vitro, sST2 was elevated in HUVECs treated with @entity0 sera. Neutralization of @entity2 in @entity0 sera by pre-treatment with a @entity2 antibody inhibited the upregulation of sST2 expression in HUVECs. These results implicate serum @entity2 in the modulation of expression of sST2 in an in vitro system, and indicate that sST2 could be associated with the severity of disease. Further studies to determine whether sST2 levels are predictive of the severe form of the disease and the role of sST2 in immune regulation are warranted.

title: Levels of soluble @entity9 in serum associated with severity of XXXX due to @entity1 necrosis factor alpha stimulation.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The @entity8 ( @entity8 ), also known as @entity9 , has been shown previously to regulate T-cell function and is produced by T cells and endothelial cells. It was reported recently to be elevated in mild @entity6 @entity0 during @entity5 . The @entity9 gene encodes several splice products: L (long), V (short) and s (soluble). A cohort of 38 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and mild @entity6 ( @entity6 ) were evaluated using a secreted soluble @entity9 (sST2) ELISA. The RNA expression of @entity9 was evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR using @entity0 ' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vitro using @entity0 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to sera from @entity6 @entity0 . @entity7 @entity0 had higher levels of serum sST2, @entity1 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity2 ), @entity3 and @entity4 compared with @entity6 @entity0 and normal healthy control individuals. However, viraemia was indistinguishable between mild and severe cases. No changes in @entity9 mRNA expression were found in PBMCs from these two groups of @entity6 @entity0 . In vitro, sST2 was elevated in HUVECs treated with @entity0 sera. Neutralization of @entity2 in @entity0 sera by pre-treatment with a @entity2 antibody inhibited the upregulation of sST2 expression in HUVECs. These results implicate serum @entity2 in the modulation of expression of sST2 in an in vitro system, and indicate that sST2 could be associated with the severity of disease. Further studies to determine whether sST2 levels are predictive of the severe form of the disease and the role of sST2 in immune regulation are warranted.

title: Levels of soluble XXXX in serum associated with severity of @entity6 due to @entity1 necrosis factor alpha stimulation.

answer: @entity9


abstract: The @entity8 ( @entity8 ), also known as @entity9 , has been shown previously to regulate T-cell function and is produced by T cells and endothelial cells. It was reported recently to be elevated in mild @entity6 @entity0 during @entity5 . The @entity9 gene encodes several splice products: L (long), V (short) and s (soluble). A cohort of 38 @entity0 with @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and mild @entity6 ( @entity6 ) were evaluated using a secreted soluble @entity9 (sST2) ELISA. The RNA expression of @entity9 was evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR using @entity0 ' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vitro using @entity0 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to sera from @entity6 @entity0 . @entity7 @entity0 had higher levels of serum sST2, @entity1 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity2 ), @entity3 and @entity4 compared with @entity6 @entity0 and normal healthy control individuals. However, viraemia was indistinguishable between mild and severe cases. No changes in @entity9 mRNA expression were found in PBMCs from these two groups of @entity6 @entity0 . In vitro, sST2 was elevated in HUVECs treated with @entity0 sera. Neutralization of @entity2 in @entity0 sera by pre-treatment with a @entity2 antibody inhibited the upregulation of sST2 expression in HUVECs. These results implicate serum @entity2 in the modulation of expression of sST2 in an in vitro system, and indicate that sST2 could be associated with the severity of disease. Further studies to determine whether sST2 levels are predictive of the severe form of the disease and the role of sST2 in immune regulation are warranted.

title: Levels of soluble @entity9 in serum associated with severity of @entity6 due to XXXX necrosis factor alpha stimulation.

answer: @entity1