abstract: Meta-analysis has demonstrated survival benefit for @entity0 with stage IIIB @entity6 treated with sequential chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone. The introduction of chemotherapy as part of a multimodality approach has improved the outcome in this poor prognostic subset of @entity1 @entity0 . In the present phase II study we evaluated the safety and activity of a new @entity5 -based three-drug regimen consisting of @entity7 / @entity8 / @entity5 (VIP) followed by curative @entity10 irradiation in 28 @entity0 with stage IIIB @entity6 . @entity0 received @entity7 25 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, @entity8 3 g/m2 on day 1 (with mesna), and @entity5 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks. After three courses of induction chemotherapy, @entity0 with objective response or stable disease were eligible for @entity10 radiotherapy. Twenty-six of the 28 @entity0 received at least three courses of chemotherapy and were evaluable for response. The response rate to induction VIP was 58% (15 of 26 @entity0 ; one complete response and 14 partial responses). Seven @entity0 had disease stabilization and four progressed during chemotherapy. Radiation treatment started from 4 to 6 weeks after the end of chemotherapy with standard fractionation (200 cGy/day, 5 fractions/wk/6 wk). Eighteen of 22 @entity0 started @entity10 irradiation; 14 completed the treatment plan, reaching the total dose of 60 Gy. The most relevant acute and late @entity4 of radiotherapy were grade 3 @entity9 and @entity2 in two @entity0 and grade 3 lung @entity3 in six @entity0 . By comparing the @entity1 volumes before and after radiation treatment we observed six clinical remissions, three stable diseases, and five local progressions. The first site of recurrence was local in 10 of 18 @entity0 (56%), distant in seven @entity0 (38.8%), and both local and distant in one @entity0 . Median progression-free survival and overall survival for the @entity0 treated with radiotherapy (18 @entity0 ) were 14 months (range, 4 to 36 months) and 26 months (range, 7 to 54+ months), respectively; the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 61% and 52%. Curative @entity10 radiotherapy was well tolerated after VIP induction chemotherapy; it reduced residual @entity1 volume in six @entity0 .

title: Sequential chemoradiation therapy with @entity7 , @entity8 , and XXXX in stage IIIB @entity6 : a phase II study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Meta-analysis has demonstrated survival benefit for @entity0 with stage IIIB @entity6 treated with sequential chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone. The introduction of chemotherapy as part of a multimodality approach has improved the outcome in this poor prognostic subset of @entity1 @entity0 . In the present phase II study we evaluated the safety and activity of a new @entity5 -based three-drug regimen consisting of @entity7 / @entity8 / @entity5 (VIP) followed by curative @entity10 irradiation in 28 @entity0 with stage IIIB @entity6 . @entity0 received @entity7 25 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, @entity8 3 g/m2 on day 1 (with mesna), and @entity5 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks. After three courses of induction chemotherapy, @entity0 with objective response or stable disease were eligible for @entity10 radiotherapy. Twenty-six of the 28 @entity0 received at least three courses of chemotherapy and were evaluable for response. The response rate to induction VIP was 58% (15 of 26 @entity0 ; one complete response and 14 partial responses). Seven @entity0 had disease stabilization and four progressed during chemotherapy. Radiation treatment started from 4 to 6 weeks after the end of chemotherapy with standard fractionation (200 cGy/day, 5 fractions/wk/6 wk). Eighteen of 22 @entity0 started @entity10 irradiation; 14 completed the treatment plan, reaching the total dose of 60 Gy. The most relevant acute and late @entity4 of radiotherapy were grade 3 @entity9 and @entity2 in two @entity0 and grade 3 lung @entity3 in six @entity0 . By comparing the @entity1 volumes before and after radiation treatment we observed six clinical remissions, three stable diseases, and five local progressions. The first site of recurrence was local in 10 of 18 @entity0 (56%), distant in seven @entity0 (38.8%), and both local and distant in one @entity0 . Median progression-free survival and overall survival for the @entity0 treated with radiotherapy (18 @entity0 ) were 14 months (range, 4 to 36 months) and 26 months (range, 7 to 54+ months), respectively; the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 61% and 52%. Curative @entity10 radiotherapy was well tolerated after VIP induction chemotherapy; it reduced residual @entity1 volume in six @entity0 .

title: Sequential chemoradiation therapy with @entity7 , @entity8 , and @entity5 in stage IIIB XXXX : a phase II study.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Meta-analysis has demonstrated survival benefit for @entity0 with stage IIIB @entity6 treated with sequential chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone. The introduction of chemotherapy as part of a multimodality approach has improved the outcome in this poor prognostic subset of @entity1 @entity0 . In the present phase II study we evaluated the safety and activity of a new @entity5 -based three-drug regimen consisting of @entity7 / @entity8 / @entity5 (VIP) followed by curative @entity10 irradiation in 28 @entity0 with stage IIIB @entity6 . @entity0 received @entity7 25 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, @entity8 3 g/m2 on day 1 (with mesna), and @entity5 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks. After three courses of induction chemotherapy, @entity0 with objective response or stable disease were eligible for @entity10 radiotherapy. Twenty-six of the 28 @entity0 received at least three courses of chemotherapy and were evaluable for response. The response rate to induction VIP was 58% (15 of 26 @entity0 ; one complete response and 14 partial responses). Seven @entity0 had disease stabilization and four progressed during chemotherapy. Radiation treatment started from 4 to 6 weeks after the end of chemotherapy with standard fractionation (200 cGy/day, 5 fractions/wk/6 wk). Eighteen of 22 @entity0 started @entity10 irradiation; 14 completed the treatment plan, reaching the total dose of 60 Gy. The most relevant acute and late @entity4 of radiotherapy were grade 3 @entity9 and @entity2 in two @entity0 and grade 3 lung @entity3 in six @entity0 . By comparing the @entity1 volumes before and after radiation treatment we observed six clinical remissions, three stable diseases, and five local progressions. The first site of recurrence was local in 10 of 18 @entity0 (56%), distant in seven @entity0 (38.8%), and both local and distant in one @entity0 . Median progression-free survival and overall survival for the @entity0 treated with radiotherapy (18 @entity0 ) were 14 months (range, 4 to 36 months) and 26 months (range, 7 to 54+ months), respectively; the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 61% and 52%. Curative @entity10 radiotherapy was well tolerated after VIP induction chemotherapy; it reduced residual @entity1 volume in six @entity0 .

title: Sequential chemoradiation therapy with @entity7 , XXXX , and @entity5 in stage IIIB @entity6 : a phase II study.

answer: @entity8


abstract: Meta-analysis has demonstrated survival benefit for @entity0 with stage IIIB @entity6 treated with sequential chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone. The introduction of chemotherapy as part of a multimodality approach has improved the outcome in this poor prognostic subset of @entity1 @entity0 . In the present phase II study we evaluated the safety and activity of a new @entity5 -based three-drug regimen consisting of @entity7 / @entity8 / @entity5 (VIP) followed by curative @entity10 irradiation in 28 @entity0 with stage IIIB @entity6 . @entity0 received @entity7 25 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, @entity8 3 g/m2 on day 1 (with mesna), and @entity5 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks. After three courses of induction chemotherapy, @entity0 with objective response or stable disease were eligible for @entity10 radiotherapy. Twenty-six of the 28 @entity0 received at least three courses of chemotherapy and were evaluable for response. The response rate to induction VIP was 58% (15 of 26 @entity0 ; one complete response and 14 partial responses). Seven @entity0 had disease stabilization and four progressed during chemotherapy. Radiation treatment started from 4 to 6 weeks after the end of chemotherapy with standard fractionation (200 cGy/day, 5 fractions/wk/6 wk). Eighteen of 22 @entity0 started @entity10 irradiation; 14 completed the treatment plan, reaching the total dose of 60 Gy. The most relevant acute and late @entity4 of radiotherapy were grade 3 @entity9 and @entity2 in two @entity0 and grade 3 lung @entity3 in six @entity0 . By comparing the @entity1 volumes before and after radiation treatment we observed six clinical remissions, three stable diseases, and five local progressions. The first site of recurrence was local in 10 of 18 @entity0 (56%), distant in seven @entity0 (38.8%), and both local and distant in one @entity0 . Median progression-free survival and overall survival for the @entity0 treated with radiotherapy (18 @entity0 ) were 14 months (range, 4 to 36 months) and 26 months (range, 7 to 54+ months), respectively; the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 61% and 52%. Curative @entity10 radiotherapy was well tolerated after VIP induction chemotherapy; it reduced residual @entity1 volume in six @entity0 .

title: Sequential chemoradiation therapy with XXXX , @entity8 , and @entity5 in stage IIIB @entity6 : a phase II study.

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7 are considered to be the most serious @entity6 in female adolescents, with a multifactorial etiology and severe medical complications. It is interesting to investigate the specific relationships of these @entity2 , coping mechanisms and biofeedback mitigation. METHODS: The study comprised 76 @entity1 and 27 anorectic @entity0 , as well as 35 healthy @entity0 as a control group. Psychological assessment was performed using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Emotional Profile Index, General Anxiety Scale, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and Cornell Medical Index. The therapy was multimodal, including a biofeedback relaxation system based on electrodermal response (EDR). RESULTS: Scores obtained from psychometric instruments, in particular concerning basic @entity3 , intrafamily conflicts, self-defense and @entity4 , showed that @entity7 and @entity9 are specifically stress related. Personality characteristics and the environment, as models for habits, modified the manner of coping with stress differently for @entity5 and @entity9 . The EDR biofeedback was shown to be an effective support for mitigation of @entity6 in preadolescents, with better results for anorectic @entity0 . The correlated difference in personality profiles suggested the use of specific animated sequences. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirmed the hypothesis that @entity1 could be related to different @entity8 and coping mechanisms, and accordingly be differently mediated by biofeedback technique.

title: Psychological characteristics and biofeedback mitigation in preadolescents with XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: Treatment of locally advanced @entity2 (LARC) often involves exenterative surgery, which can be associated with high perioperative morbidity and mortality. To assist in @entity0 selection for radical surgery, we sought to determine clinicopathologic factors influencing recurrence and disease-free survival (DFS) of LARC. METHODS: Consecutive @entity0 with LARC undergoing exenterative surgery were retrospectively identified in our institutional database. Factors evaluated included age, sex, primary versus recurrent @entity1 , neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, resection margin status, recurrence, time to recurrence, and survival. The primary outcome was DFS. Secondary outcomes were overall survival and perioperative morbidity. RESULTS: A total of 72 @entity0 were identified; median age was 52 years, and median follow-up time was 30 months. The overall complication rate was 43%; rates were similar among the @entity0 with primary (47%) or recurrent (37%) LARC. Primary or recurrent @entity1 status was the only factor significantly predictive of outcome after exenteration. Local recurrence rates were lower in the primary group (primary 22%, recurrent 52%, P = .05). A significant difference in 5-year DFS was found between primary and recurrent @entity1 (52% vs. 13%; P < .01). The median time to recurrence was longer in the @entity0 with primary LARC (17 months vs. 8 months; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: The complication rates for pelvic exenteration remain high, but the morbidity can typically be managed without a clinically important increase in hospitalization. In primary LARC, an aggressive surgical approach provides most @entity0 5-year DFS. Select @entity0 with recurrent LARC will also benefit from pelvic exenteration.

title: Pelvic exenteration affords safe and durable treatment for locally advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 was induced in 13 Yorkshire @entity6 (4 weeks; 7-10 kg) by endothelial balloon denudation of the aorta and left anterior descending coronary artery and a diet containing 2% (wt/wt) of @entity0 , 8% (wt/wt) of lard fat and 0.5% (wt/wt) of @entity7 . After 8 months 7 animals (group I) were sacrificed to determine the extent to which @entity2 had developed. The other 6 animals (group R) received a diet (no @entity0 , 5% (wt/wt) of lard fat and 5% (wt/wt) of fish oil) for 4 months. In I plasma @entity0 increased from 2.29 to 9.02 mmol l-1 after 8 months and in R it returned to 1.89 mmol l-1 after 12 months. Less marked changes occurred in plasma HDL @entity0 and @entity5 . @entity3 -induced @entity4 and the number of platelets remained constant in I whereas both parameters were reduced in R after 12 months. In the lesions of the abdominal aorta of I, @entity0 , @entity9 , phospholipid and @entity1 contents were 4.97, 2.08, 4.20 and 0.77 micrograms g-1 wet wt, respectively, whereas in R these values (3.02, 0.47, 2.70 and 0.44 micrograms g-1 wet wt, respectively), were close to the values measured in non-abraded vessel wall specimens. The @entity8 -positive area of the aorta was 34 +/- 9% in I and 10 +/- 4% in R (P less than 0.05). Luminal encroachment of the denudated left anterior descending coronary artery was 11 +/- 3% in I and 13 +/- 3% in R (P greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Differential effects of n-3 fatty acids on the regression of @entity2 in coronary arteries and the aorta of the XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity2 was induced in 13 Yorkshire @entity6 (4 weeks; 7-10 kg) by endothelial balloon denudation of the aorta and left anterior descending coronary artery and a diet containing 2% (wt/wt) of @entity0 , 8% (wt/wt) of lard fat and 0.5% (wt/wt) of @entity7 . After 8 months 7 animals (group I) were sacrificed to determine the extent to which @entity2 had developed. The other 6 animals (group R) received a diet (no @entity0 , 5% (wt/wt) of lard fat and 5% (wt/wt) of fish oil) for 4 months. In I plasma @entity0 increased from 2.29 to 9.02 mmol l-1 after 8 months and in R it returned to 1.89 mmol l-1 after 12 months. Less marked changes occurred in plasma HDL @entity0 and @entity5 . @entity3 -induced @entity4 and the number of platelets remained constant in I whereas both parameters were reduced in R after 12 months. In the lesions of the abdominal aorta of I, @entity0 , @entity9 , phospholipid and @entity1 contents were 4.97, 2.08, 4.20 and 0.77 micrograms g-1 wet wt, respectively, whereas in R these values (3.02, 0.47, 2.70 and 0.44 micrograms g-1 wet wt, respectively), were close to the values measured in non-abraded vessel wall specimens. The @entity8 -positive area of the aorta was 34 +/- 9% in I and 10 +/- 4% in R (P less than 0.05). Luminal encroachment of the denudated left anterior descending coronary artery was 11 +/- 3% in I and 13 +/- 3% in R (P greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Differential effects of n-3 fatty acids on the regression of XXXX in coronary arteries and the aorta of the @entity6 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Sympathetic activation increases cardiac performance, and the increased myocardial @entity0 demand is adequately met by an increase in coronary blood flow after metabolic coronary dilation under normal conditions. Distal to a severe @entity6 , however, activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves induces @entity3 by alpha 2-adrenergic coronary constriction. Activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves is one of the autonomous reactions associated with acute @entity1 . Therefore we investigated the effects of acute @entity1 on regional myocardial function distal to a severe @entity6 . In 5 anaesthetized, vagotomized @entity2 activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves was achieved by electrical stimulation of the nervus peronaeus superficialis. To analyse regional myocardial function, myocardial wall thickness was continuously measured by sonomicrometry in the circumflex-perfused posterior and in the anterior (control) myocardium. Under control conditions, nociceptive stimulation increased systolic wall thickening of the posterior myocardium from 10.9 +/- 3.9% to 13.6 +/- 5.0%. With a severe @entity4 on the left circumflex coronary artery, systolic wall thickening was reduced to 7.0 +/- 2.5% and further decreased to 4.6 +/- 2.3% during nociceptive stimulation. Intravenous injection of 27 micrograms/kg @entity5 prevented the deterioration of poststenotic myocardial function during nociceptive stimulation. CONCLUSION: Acute @entity1 can induce @entity3 distal to a severe @entity6 by activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves. @entity5 not only prevents the @entity1 sensation but also poststenotic @entity3 .

title: Poststenotic XXXX induced by peripheral nociceptive stimulation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Postmortem examination serves as a tool for confirmation of clinical diagnosis, "quality" assurance, and education. In Israel, mostly because of religious reasons, most families withhold their permission to perform autopsies. To obtain objective information regarding the @entity2 of soldiers, the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps started in September of 1997 to perform postmortem computed tomographic (PMCT) scans. The purpose of our study is to determine what information can be obtained from the PMCT scans. METHODS: In a period of 16 months, 27 soldiers were killed in low-intensity conflicts and PMCT was obtained in 22 cases. Medical data obtained from the field medical care providers were collected and compared with PMCT results. RESULTS: Several examples of @entity0 whose @entity2 was determined at the scene either before any medical intervention or after initiation of resuscitative treatment are shown in our study and compared with the clinical impression of the treating physician. Two examples of autopsy results are compared with PMCT results. Gas was detected in various parts of the circulatory system in many cases. The significance of this finding, described in our study for the first time, needs further investigation. CONCLUSION: PMCT scanning has limits in detecting superficial injuries and injuries of the extremities and determining the exact route of fragments through body tissues in penetrating @entity1 . It also cannot serve as a tool for examining ammunition or the protection provided by various armors. However, it can provide a substantial amount of evidence that, when reviewed with the clinical information obtained from the physician at the scene, can help in assessing the treatment given at the field and point toward the probable cause of @entity2 .

title: Preliminary experience with postmortem computed tomography in military penetrating XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 ( @entity5 ) is a newly described paramyxovirus that is mainly associated with @entity4 in @entity0 . We sought to describe the epidemiological, virological, and histopathological findings associated with a large outbreak of @entity5 @entity1 in a long-term care facility. METHODS: An investigation of the outbreak was performed by public health authorities, who used standardized questionnaires to collect relevant clinical information from all residents of the facility. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained from a subset of @entity0 who had @entity2 -like illnesses for testing by viral culture and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Lung tissue samples from a @entity0 whose case was fatal were available for molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical testing. RESULTS: A total of 96 (27%) of 364 residents of a long-term care facility presented with respiratory or constitutional symptoms between 1 January 2006 and 15 February 2006. The attack rate in the most affected ward was 72% (31 of 43 @entity0 ), which included 4 of the 6 polymerase chain reaction-confirmed cases of @entity5 @entity1 . In contrast, viral culture results were positive for @entity5 in only 2 of the 5 polymerase chain reaction-positive samples tested. The most reported diagnosis was an @entity3 or an @entity2 -like illness, although 21% of residents in 1 of the 3 wards that had confirmed cases of @entity5 @entity1 had lower respiratory tract @entity1 . The fatality rate was 50% (3 of 6 @entity0 ) among confirmed cases and 9.4% (9 of 96 @entity0 ) among @entity0 with possible cases. A @entity0 with a fatal case had histopathological findings that confirmed the presence of @entity5 RNA and proteins in the bronchiolar epithelium of affected lobes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of 2 distinct strains of @entity5 circulating simultaneously on different wards. CONCLUSION: @entity5 can be associated with important outbreaks of acute @entity3 in elderly institutionalized @entity0 .

title: An outbreak of severe XXXX due to @entity5 in a long-term care facility.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 ( @entity5 ) is a newly described paramyxovirus that is mainly associated with @entity4 in @entity0 . We sought to describe the epidemiological, virological, and histopathological findings associated with a large outbreak of @entity5 @entity1 in a long-term care facility. METHODS: An investigation of the outbreak was performed by public health authorities, who used standardized questionnaires to collect relevant clinical information from all residents of the facility. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained from a subset of @entity0 who had @entity2 -like illnesses for testing by viral culture and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Lung tissue samples from a @entity0 whose case was fatal were available for molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical testing. RESULTS: A total of 96 (27%) of 364 residents of a long-term care facility presented with respiratory or constitutional symptoms between 1 January 2006 and 15 February 2006. The attack rate in the most affected ward was 72% (31 of 43 @entity0 ), which included 4 of the 6 polymerase chain reaction-confirmed cases of @entity5 @entity1 . In contrast, viral culture results were positive for @entity5 in only 2 of the 5 polymerase chain reaction-positive samples tested. The most reported diagnosis was an @entity3 or an @entity2 -like illness, although 21% of residents in 1 of the 3 wards that had confirmed cases of @entity5 @entity1 had lower respiratory tract @entity1 . The fatality rate was 50% (3 of 6 @entity0 ) among confirmed cases and 9.4% (9 of 96 @entity0 ) among @entity0 with possible cases. A @entity0 with a fatal case had histopathological findings that confirmed the presence of @entity5 RNA and proteins in the bronchiolar epithelium of affected lobes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of 2 distinct strains of @entity5 circulating simultaneously on different wards. CONCLUSION: @entity5 can be associated with important outbreaks of acute @entity3 in elderly institutionalized @entity0 .

title: An outbreak of severe @entity3 due to XXXX in a long-term care facility.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Only few anecdotal reports and small series of thalamic cavernous @entity5 have been reported. It follows that the clinical behavior and management are poorly understood; in particular, experiences with the surgical treatment of these lesions are scarce. METHODS: The clinical course, treatment, and outcome of 12 @entity0 (10 females and 2 males, mean age 36 years) with symptomatic cavernous @entity5 of the thalamus are reviewed. Eight @entity0 (66%) presented with @entity9 , one with progressive @entity2 and three with @entity7 / @entity3 ; associated @entity6 were found in three cases. Treatment consisted of radical surgery in four cases with progressive @entity1 or recurrent disabling @entity4 , radiosurgery (one case), evacuation of a chronic satellite @entity8 (one case), ventriculoperitoneal shunt for @entity7 (one case) and observation (five cases). Operative treatment in four cases included transcallosal, trigonal, and occipital interhemispheric approaches. RESULTS: In the surgical group, one @entity0 died, two improved after operation, and one remained the same. Of the @entity0 not operated on radically, one had recurrent @entity4 4 months after radiosurgery, one remains stable 8 years after ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and one 3 years after aspiration of a satellite @entity8 . Five other @entity0 presenting with @entity4 were treated conservatively; recurrent @entity4 occurred in two cases at 1 month and at 2 years, leaving a mild residual deficit in both cases. Overall, rehemorrhage occurred in four cases (50%) at a mean interval of 18 months after the first @entity4 ; the annual @entity4 rate was 6.1%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity10 are more likely to be symptomatic from small @entity4 compared with lesions in the cerebral hemispheres; progressive growth may also occur with third ventricle invasion or caudal extension to the midbrain. Their high-risk location deters heavy-handed management, but they should not be left long untreated. Both surgery and radiosurgery have been used in the management of thalamic cavernomas reported in the literature. Definite surgical indications include progressive @entity1 and recurrent @entity4 abutting the ventricular surface or the posterior incisural space; the complex anatomy of the deep venous system and the association with unexpected @entity6 complicates the removal of these lesions.

title: Thalamic cavernous XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Noninvasive photoacoustic sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping with high spatial resolution has the potential to improve the false negative rate and eliminate the use of radioactive tracers in SLN identification. In addition, the demonstrated high spatial resolution may enable physicians to replace SLN biopsy with fine needle aspiration biopsy, and thus reduce the risk of associated morbidity. The primary goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of high-speed 3D photoacoustic imaging of the uptake and clearance dynamics of @entity2 in SLNs. The photoacoustic imaging system was developed with a 30 MHz ultrasound array and a kHz repetition rate laser system. It acquires one 3D photoacoustic image of 166 B-scan frames in 1 s, with axial, lateral, and elevational resolutions of 25, 70, and 200 microm, respectively. With optic-fiber based light delivery, the entire system is compact and is convenient to use. Upon injection of Evans blue, a blue dye currently used in clinical SLN biopsy, SLNs in @entity0 and @entity1 were accurately and noninvasively mapped in vivo using our imaging system. In our experiments, the SLNs were found to be located at approximately 0.65 mm below the skin surface in @entity0 and approximately 1.2 mm in @entity1 . In some cases, lymph vessels and lymphatic valves were also imaged. The dye dynamics--accumulation and clearance--in SLNs were quantitatively monitored by sequential 3D imaging with temporal resolution of as high as approximately 6 s. The demonstrated capability suggests that high-speed 3D photoacoustic imaging should facilitate the understanding of the dynamics of various dyes in SLNs and potentially help identify SLNs with high accuracy.

title: High-speed dynamic 3D photoacoustic imaging of sentinel lymph node in a XXXX model using an ultrasound array.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The role of @entity4 in blocking the @entity1 tachycardiac response following laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation was evaluated in 45 female @entity0 aged 20-40 yr. The @entity0 belonging to grade I (of American Society of Anaesthesiologists) and undergoing elective surgical procedures under general anaesthesia were allocated in 3 equal groups. @entity0 in the 3 groups received 1.5 mg/kg @entity5 , 0.6 mg/kg @entity4 and 0.12 mg/kg @entity6 , respectively for intubation. There were no @entity3 in any of the groups following endotracheal intubation. There was significant (P less than 0.01) fall in blood pressure following induction prior to intubation in all the three groups. Maximum fall was noted in group II (23.53 +/- 7.21 mmHg in mean arterial pressure). Following endotracheal intubation, blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.01) in all 3 groups. Maximum increase was observed in group I (26.4 +/- 4.95 mmHg in mean arterial pressure and 19.07 +/- 6.54 beats/min in heart rate). Blood pressure and heart rate increases in groups II and III were comparable. Our findings indicate that @entity2 produced by @entity4 through ganglion blockade is not effective in attenuating the cardiovascular responses following endotracheal intubation. It is also possible that increased cardiovascular response following endotracheal intubation may not be due to sympathetic ganglion stimulation.

title: Role of XXXX in suppression of cardiovascular responses following endotracheal intubation.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: Isolated injuries of the internal anal sphincter can cause @entity2 . With the advent of ultrasound, which accurately delineates the anatomy of the anal sphincters, internal sphincter injuries can be diagnosed more precisely. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of direct repair of isolated internal anal sphincter defects. METHODS: Eight @entity0 (6 males; median age, 37 years) with clinically and sonographically proved internal anal sphincter defects were the subject of this study. @entity0 had different degrees of @entity1 that failed to respond to medical treatment. All @entity0 had their sphincters repaired by direct apposition using coated Vicryl 2-0 stitches. A strict postoperative regime that avoided stretch of the sphincter for one month was adopted. RESULTS: At a median follow-up period of 15 months, continence improved in all @entity0 , and two achieved full continence. None of the @entity0 wore pads. Mean continence score improved significantly from 4 to 12 and 11 at 6 and 12 postoperative months, respectively (P < 0.0001, paired t-test). CONCLUSION: Despite the limited number of @entity0 and the short follow-up, the preliminary results of repair of isolated internal sphincter defects are satisfactory.

title: Preliminary experience in management of XXXX caused by internal anal sphincter injury.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to review our overall experience of single-stage proctocolectomy for @entity2 . METHODS: One hundred three @entity0 who underwent single-stage proctocolectomy for @entity2 between 1958 and 1997 were reviewed. Factors affecting the incidence of recurrence were examined using a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Principal indications for proctocolectomy were @entity7 (49 percent), @entity7 (37 percent), and @entity3 (14 percent). The commonest postoperative complication was delayed perineal wound healing (n = 36; 35 percent), followed by @entity6 (17 percent) and stomal complications (15 percent). In 23 @entity0 the perineal wound healed between three and six months after proctocolectomy, whereas in 13 @entity0 the wound remained unhealed for more than six months. There were two hospital deaths (2 percent) caused by @entity5 . The 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year cumulative reoperation rates for small-bowel recurrence were 13, 17, and 25 percent, respectively, after a median follow-up of 18.6 years. From a multivariate analysis, factors affecting reoperation rate for recurrence were gender (male; hazard ratio 2.4 vs. female; P = 0.03) and age at operation (< or =30 years; hazard ratio 2.6 vs. >30 years; P = 0.04). The following factors did not affect the reoperation rate: duration of symptoms, smoking habits, associated perforating disease, coexisting @entity1 , @entity4 , and medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Proctocolectomy for @entity2 is associated with a high incidence of complications, particularly delayed perineal wound healing. Proctocolectomy carries a low recurrence rate in the long term. However, young male @entity0 are at high risk of recurrence.

title: Audit of single-stage proctocolectomy for XXXX : @entity4 and recurrence.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to review our overall experience of single-stage proctocolectomy for @entity2 . METHODS: One hundred three @entity0 who underwent single-stage proctocolectomy for @entity2 between 1958 and 1997 were reviewed. Factors affecting the incidence of recurrence were examined using a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Principal indications for proctocolectomy were @entity7 (49 percent), @entity7 (37 percent), and @entity3 (14 percent). The commonest postoperative complication was delayed perineal wound healing (n = 36; 35 percent), followed by @entity6 (17 percent) and stomal complications (15 percent). In 23 @entity0 the perineal wound healed between three and six months after proctocolectomy, whereas in 13 @entity0 the wound remained unhealed for more than six months. There were two hospital deaths (2 percent) caused by @entity5 . The 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year cumulative reoperation rates for small-bowel recurrence were 13, 17, and 25 percent, respectively, after a median follow-up of 18.6 years. From a multivariate analysis, factors affecting reoperation rate for recurrence were gender (male; hazard ratio 2.4 vs. female; P = 0.03) and age at operation (< or =30 years; hazard ratio 2.6 vs. >30 years; P = 0.04). The following factors did not affect the reoperation rate: duration of symptoms, smoking habits, associated perforating disease, coexisting @entity1 , @entity4 , and medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Proctocolectomy for @entity2 is associated with a high incidence of complications, particularly delayed perineal wound healing. Proctocolectomy carries a low recurrence rate in the long term. However, young male @entity0 are at high risk of recurrence.

title: Audit of single-stage proctocolectomy for @entity2 : XXXX and recurrence.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Open Nissen fundoplication has been the most common surgical treatment of @entity1 ( @entity1 ). The present paper describes the symptomatic result, and quantifies the acid reduction achieved by open Nissen fundoplication combined with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in a consecutive case series. METHODS: A study of 106 @entity0 undergoing open Nissen fundoplication and @entity3 for @entity1 was performed between 1988 and 1996. A history consistent with reflux was obtained and the diagnosis confirmed with ambulatory oesophageal pH studies and endoscopy. Postoperative pH studies were performed, and peri-operative and late complications were recorded. A standard questionnaire was sent out to @entity0 postoperatively to assess the efficacy of surgery. RESULTS: Pre-operative pH studies were performed on 104 (98%) @entity0 , and on 97 (91.5%) following surgery. There was a highly significant improvement in all parameters of the pH study postoperatively. All symptoms, including bloating and @entity2 , improved significantly postoperatively, except flatulence, which was exacerbated. The majority of @entity0 were very satisfied with their outcome, 82% rating the operation from 80 to 100% successful. Complications were rare and there was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Open Nissen fundoplication and @entity3 is an effective method of treating @entity1 , producing an improvement in symptoms and in ambulatory pH studies.

title: Open Nissen fundoplication and @entity3 as a treatment for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Open Nissen fundoplication has been the most common surgical treatment of @entity1 ( @entity1 ). The present paper describes the symptomatic result, and quantifies the acid reduction achieved by open Nissen fundoplication combined with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in a consecutive case series. METHODS: A study of 106 @entity0 undergoing open Nissen fundoplication and @entity3 for @entity1 was performed between 1988 and 1996. A history consistent with reflux was obtained and the diagnosis confirmed with ambulatory oesophageal pH studies and endoscopy. Postoperative pH studies were performed, and peri-operative and late complications were recorded. A standard questionnaire was sent out to @entity0 postoperatively to assess the efficacy of surgery. RESULTS: Pre-operative pH studies were performed on 104 (98%) @entity0 , and on 97 (91.5%) following surgery. There was a highly significant improvement in all parameters of the pH study postoperatively. All symptoms, including bloating and @entity2 , improved significantly postoperatively, except flatulence, which was exacerbated. The majority of @entity0 were very satisfied with their outcome, 82% rating the operation from 80 to 100% successful. Complications were rare and there was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Open Nissen fundoplication and @entity3 is an effective method of treating @entity1 , producing an improvement in symptoms and in ambulatory pH studies.

title: Open Nissen fundoplication and XXXX as a treatment for @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to describe the results of the discrete @entity3 rectocele repair with special emphasis on @entity1 after the operation. METHODS: Sixty-seven @entity0 underwent rectocele repair from October 1997 to January 1999. Repair was limited to reapproximation of discrete defects in the @entity2 when possible and a small perineorrhaphy. Each @entity0 was evaluated as to whether or not a discrete defect was present and the location of the @entity3 . Outcome measures were complications, recurrent prolapse after 3 months, changes in defecation problems and @entity1 after the operation. RESULTS: In 96% (64/67) of the @entity0 a discrete defect was present. Before the operation 40% (27/67) reported problems with evacuation of the rectum and 12% (8/67) @entity1 or problems with intercourse because of the prolapse. The @entity0 were evaluated 3 months after the operation. Only three @entity0 still complained of evacuation problems and only two @entity0 with prior @entity1 still had problems, which were cured after a further 3 months. Two @entity0 had de novo @entity1 but in only one @entity0 was an anatomical defect found. CONCLUSIONS: The discrete defect rectocele repair offers an anatomical correction of the rectocele, which alleviates the symptoms but, most important, does not give the @entity0 @entity1 . Long term results of the operation are awaited.

title: A prospective study of the discrete XXXX rectocele repair.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the @entity3 and efficacy of @entity9 / @entity2 administered every 2 weeks in the first-line treatment of @entity0 . Forty-three chemonaive @entity1 with histologically confirmed metastatic @entity0 were enrolled. @entity1 received @entity9 150 mg/m2 followed by @entity2 2,500 mg/m2, both on day I of a 14-day cycle, for a maximum of eight cycles. Thirty-four @entity1 were evaluable for @entity3 ; 38 were evaluable for efficacy. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 54 years, the median performance status was 90, and the median number of lesions was three. Most @entity1 (71%) had received prior adjuvant therapy. Grade 3 and 4 @entity3 was limited to leukocytes (14% and 18%, respectively). Grade 3 @entity3 (5% each) were @entity7 , @entity4 and @entity5 , elevation of @entity6 transaminase, neurosensory, and @entity8 . One @entity1 had @entity10 and fever. The objective response rate was 68% (21% complete response and 47% partial response); 18% had stable disease and 13% had partial disease. The preliminary evaluation of @entity9 / @entity2 given as a 2-week schedule to @entity1 with untreated advanced @entity0 shows encouraging activity and a favorable @entity3 profile.

title: @entity9 / @entity2 administered every two weeks in XXXX : preliminary results of a phase II trial.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the @entity3 and efficacy of @entity9 / @entity2 administered every 2 weeks in the first-line treatment of @entity0 . Forty-three chemonaive @entity1 with histologically confirmed metastatic @entity0 were enrolled. @entity1 received @entity9 150 mg/m2 followed by @entity2 2,500 mg/m2, both on day I of a 14-day cycle, for a maximum of eight cycles. Thirty-four @entity1 were evaluable for @entity3 ; 38 were evaluable for efficacy. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 54 years, the median performance status was 90, and the median number of lesions was three. Most @entity1 (71%) had received prior adjuvant therapy. Grade 3 and 4 @entity3 was limited to leukocytes (14% and 18%, respectively). Grade 3 @entity3 (5% each) were @entity7 , @entity4 and @entity5 , elevation of @entity6 transaminase, neurosensory, and @entity8 . One @entity1 had @entity10 and fever. The objective response rate was 68% (21% complete response and 47% partial response); 18% had stable disease and 13% had partial disease. The preliminary evaluation of @entity9 / @entity2 given as a 2-week schedule to @entity1 with untreated advanced @entity0 shows encouraging activity and a favorable @entity3 profile.

title: XXXX / @entity2 administered every two weeks in @entity0 : preliminary results of a phase II trial.

answer: @entity9


abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the @entity3 and efficacy of @entity9 / @entity2 administered every 2 weeks in the first-line treatment of @entity0 . Forty-three chemonaive @entity1 with histologically confirmed metastatic @entity0 were enrolled. @entity1 received @entity9 150 mg/m2 followed by @entity2 2,500 mg/m2, both on day I of a 14-day cycle, for a maximum of eight cycles. Thirty-four @entity1 were evaluable for @entity3 ; 38 were evaluable for efficacy. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 54 years, the median performance status was 90, and the median number of lesions was three. Most @entity1 (71%) had received prior adjuvant therapy. Grade 3 and 4 @entity3 was limited to leukocytes (14% and 18%, respectively). Grade 3 @entity3 (5% each) were @entity7 , @entity4 and @entity5 , elevation of @entity6 transaminase, neurosensory, and @entity8 . One @entity1 had @entity10 and fever. The objective response rate was 68% (21% complete response and 47% partial response); 18% had stable disease and 13% had partial disease. The preliminary evaluation of @entity9 / @entity2 given as a 2-week schedule to @entity1 with untreated advanced @entity0 shows encouraging activity and a favorable @entity3 profile.

title: @entity9 / XXXX administered every two weeks in @entity0 : preliminary results of a phase II trial.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The medical treatment of @entity6 is receiving increasing attention. @entity5 and @entity7 are known effective drugs. @entity8 has been tested with interesting results in @entity1 . We evaluated the toxic effects and the antitumor activity of a multiagent regimen that included @entity8 , @entity7 , and @entity5 (TIP) in two different settings: bulky and locally advanced @entity1 and recurrent-persistent disease. Treatment consisted of @entity8 175 mg/m2 given over 3 hours on day 1, @entity5 50 mg/m2 (75 mg/m2 in 24 @entity0 ), @entity7 5 g/m2 and mesna 5 g/m2 given on day 2, and mesna 3 g/m2 given on day 3. In the neoadjuvant setting, the course was repeated every 3 weeks for three courses. Unless there was progression of disease or reason to avoid surgery, all @entity0 were scheduled for radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Thirty-eight @entity0 with locally advanced @entity1 were studied: 11 @entity0 achieved a clinical complete response, 21 had a partial response, five had stable disease, and one had disease progression. Among the 34 @entity0 who underwent surgery, six had a pathologically documented complete response, seven had an optimal partial response (only microscopic @entity2 ), 19 had a suboptimal partial response, and two stable diseases. Grade 3-4 @entity9 was recorded in 71% of @entity0 , grade 3-4 @entity4 in 10.5%, and grade 2 @entity10 in 2.6%. With a median follow-up period of 22 months for the @entity0 who remain alive, 28 @entity0 are alive without recurrence and five are alive with persistent/recurrent disease. Five @entity0 have died of disease. In the salvage setting, 45 @entity0 with persistent-recurrent disease after primary treatment were treated; 31 of these @entity0 had received prior radiation. In the salvage setting we observed 15 clinical complete responses, 15 partial responses, nine stable diseases, and six disease progressions. The objective response rate was 66.6%. Ten complete responders underwent subsequent surgery and seven had pathologic complete response (two in radiated areas). The response rate was 52% in radiated areas and 75% in nonradiated areas. The median survival time is 6 months for the nonresponders, 9+ month for the partial responders, and 13+ months for the complete responders. The most relevant side effect was myelotoxicity, with 91% of @entity0 experiencing grade 3-4 myelotoxicity. One @entity0 had life-threatening @entity3 . This regimen yields a high response rate with acceptable @entity3 and should be prospectively compared with other regimens. The high rate of pathologic complete and optimal responses might impact positively on survival, but only a longer follow-up period will allow objective assessment of this impact. The specific roles of @entity8 and @entity7 in this regimen remain to be fully understood.

title: Chemotherapy with @entity8 , @entity7 , and XXXX for the treatment of squamous cell cervical cancer: the experience of Monza.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The medical treatment of @entity6 is receiving increasing attention. @entity5 and @entity7 are known effective drugs. @entity8 has been tested with interesting results in @entity1 . We evaluated the toxic effects and the antitumor activity of a multiagent regimen that included @entity8 , @entity7 , and @entity5 (TIP) in two different settings: bulky and locally advanced @entity1 and recurrent-persistent disease. Treatment consisted of @entity8 175 mg/m2 given over 3 hours on day 1, @entity5 50 mg/m2 (75 mg/m2 in 24 @entity0 ), @entity7 5 g/m2 and mesna 5 g/m2 given on day 2, and mesna 3 g/m2 given on day 3. In the neoadjuvant setting, the course was repeated every 3 weeks for three courses. Unless there was progression of disease or reason to avoid surgery, all @entity0 were scheduled for radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Thirty-eight @entity0 with locally advanced @entity1 were studied: 11 @entity0 achieved a clinical complete response, 21 had a partial response, five had stable disease, and one had disease progression. Among the 34 @entity0 who underwent surgery, six had a pathologically documented complete response, seven had an optimal partial response (only microscopic @entity2 ), 19 had a suboptimal partial response, and two stable diseases. Grade 3-4 @entity9 was recorded in 71% of @entity0 , grade 3-4 @entity4 in 10.5%, and grade 2 @entity10 in 2.6%. With a median follow-up period of 22 months for the @entity0 who remain alive, 28 @entity0 are alive without recurrence and five are alive with persistent/recurrent disease. Five @entity0 have died of disease. In the salvage setting, 45 @entity0 with persistent-recurrent disease after primary treatment were treated; 31 of these @entity0 had received prior radiation. In the salvage setting we observed 15 clinical complete responses, 15 partial responses, nine stable diseases, and six disease progressions. The objective response rate was 66.6%. Ten complete responders underwent subsequent surgery and seven had pathologic complete response (two in radiated areas). The response rate was 52% in radiated areas and 75% in nonradiated areas. The median survival time is 6 months for the nonresponders, 9+ month for the partial responders, and 13+ months for the complete responders. The most relevant side effect was myelotoxicity, with 91% of @entity0 experiencing grade 3-4 myelotoxicity. One @entity0 had life-threatening @entity3 . This regimen yields a high response rate with acceptable @entity3 and should be prospectively compared with other regimens. The high rate of pathologic complete and optimal responses might impact positively on survival, but only a longer follow-up period will allow objective assessment of this impact. The specific roles of @entity8 and @entity7 in this regimen remain to be fully understood.

title: Chemotherapy with @entity8 , XXXX , and @entity5 for the treatment of squamous cell cervical cancer: the experience of Monza.

answer: @entity7


abstract: The medical treatment of @entity6 is receiving increasing attention. @entity5 and @entity7 are known effective drugs. @entity8 has been tested with interesting results in @entity1 . We evaluated the toxic effects and the antitumor activity of a multiagent regimen that included @entity8 , @entity7 , and @entity5 (TIP) in two different settings: bulky and locally advanced @entity1 and recurrent-persistent disease. Treatment consisted of @entity8 175 mg/m2 given over 3 hours on day 1, @entity5 50 mg/m2 (75 mg/m2 in 24 @entity0 ), @entity7 5 g/m2 and mesna 5 g/m2 given on day 2, and mesna 3 g/m2 given on day 3. In the neoadjuvant setting, the course was repeated every 3 weeks for three courses. Unless there was progression of disease or reason to avoid surgery, all @entity0 were scheduled for radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Thirty-eight @entity0 with locally advanced @entity1 were studied: 11 @entity0 achieved a clinical complete response, 21 had a partial response, five had stable disease, and one had disease progression. Among the 34 @entity0 who underwent surgery, six had a pathologically documented complete response, seven had an optimal partial response (only microscopic @entity2 ), 19 had a suboptimal partial response, and two stable diseases. Grade 3-4 @entity9 was recorded in 71% of @entity0 , grade 3-4 @entity4 in 10.5%, and grade 2 @entity10 in 2.6%. With a median follow-up period of 22 months for the @entity0 who remain alive, 28 @entity0 are alive without recurrence and five are alive with persistent/recurrent disease. Five @entity0 have died of disease. In the salvage setting, 45 @entity0 with persistent-recurrent disease after primary treatment were treated; 31 of these @entity0 had received prior radiation. In the salvage setting we observed 15 clinical complete responses, 15 partial responses, nine stable diseases, and six disease progressions. The objective response rate was 66.6%. Ten complete responders underwent subsequent surgery and seven had pathologic complete response (two in radiated areas). The response rate was 52% in radiated areas and 75% in nonradiated areas. The median survival time is 6 months for the nonresponders, 9+ month for the partial responders, and 13+ months for the complete responders. The most relevant side effect was myelotoxicity, with 91% of @entity0 experiencing grade 3-4 myelotoxicity. One @entity0 had life-threatening @entity3 . This regimen yields a high response rate with acceptable @entity3 and should be prospectively compared with other regimens. The high rate of pathologic complete and optimal responses might impact positively on survival, but only a longer follow-up period will allow objective assessment of this impact. The specific roles of @entity8 and @entity7 in this regimen remain to be fully understood.

title: Chemotherapy with XXXX , @entity7 , and @entity5 for the treatment of squamous cell cervical cancer: the experience of Monza.

answer: @entity8


abstract: Carcinogenesis is a process that converts normal cells from controllable to uncontrollable growth. Coordinate regulation of the rates of cell proliferation and cell death is an important determinant in maintenance of homeostasis. Loss of control of this balance is central to the development of @entity0 . This loss may be due to @entity1 in either growth promoting genes resulting in constitutive activation or negative growth regulating genes such as @entity0 suppressor genes. Recent advances in studying the molecular mechanisms related to the etiology of @entity0 have provided further understanding of these pathways. Earlier studies have been primarily concerned with cell proliferation resulting from activation of oncogenes. However, many recent studies have focused on the induction of cell death. The recognition of the importance of apoptosis, a distinct mode of cell death, in maintenance of genomic stability was further prompted by studying the mechanism of the @entity0 suppressor gene product @entity3 , as well as many other oncogenes and @entity0 suppressor genes. For example, many oncogenes appear to act as potent inducers of apoptosis through activation of @entity3 dependent apoptosis pathways. Therefore, one possible mechanism for @entity0 suppression involves activation of apoptosis pathways in cells at risk of @entity0 . These studies have provided extensive knowledge of the signal transduction pathways in response to genotoxic stress and promoted mechanistic research related to the apoptosis pathways. These studies also provide a perfect explanation that @entity3 is a key element in maintaining genomic stability and loss of the @entity3 function is a common event during @entity2 . This chapter will mainly focus on the role of apoptosis in @entity2 . In particular, I will summarize recent studies related to the mechanisms of @entity3 and its role in this process.

title: Role of @entity3 and apoptosis in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Carcinogenesis is a process that converts normal cells from controllable to uncontrollable growth. Coordinate regulation of the rates of cell proliferation and cell death is an important determinant in maintenance of homeostasis. Loss of control of this balance is central to the development of @entity0 . This loss may be due to @entity1 in either growth promoting genes resulting in constitutive activation or negative growth regulating genes such as @entity0 suppressor genes. Recent advances in studying the molecular mechanisms related to the etiology of @entity0 have provided further understanding of these pathways. Earlier studies have been primarily concerned with cell proliferation resulting from activation of oncogenes. However, many recent studies have focused on the induction of cell death. The recognition of the importance of apoptosis, a distinct mode of cell death, in maintenance of genomic stability was further prompted by studying the mechanism of the @entity0 suppressor gene product @entity3 , as well as many other oncogenes and @entity0 suppressor genes. For example, many oncogenes appear to act as potent inducers of apoptosis through activation of @entity3 dependent apoptosis pathways. Therefore, one possible mechanism for @entity0 suppression involves activation of apoptosis pathways in cells at risk of @entity0 . These studies have provided extensive knowledge of the signal transduction pathways in response to genotoxic stress and promoted mechanistic research related to the apoptosis pathways. These studies also provide a perfect explanation that @entity3 is a key element in maintaining genomic stability and loss of the @entity3 function is a common event during @entity2 . This chapter will mainly focus on the role of apoptosis in @entity2 . In particular, I will summarize recent studies related to the mechanisms of @entity3 and its role in this process.

title: Role of XXXX and apoptosis in @entity2 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The nonspecific cross-reacting antigen-50/90 (NCA-50/90) is a glycoprotein antigen which shares some antigenic determinants with @entity6 ( @entity6 ). No definite clinical value has been established for the measurement of NCA-50/90 in @entity3 @entity1 . METHODS: We established and evaluated a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) specific for NCA-50/90 using two monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: No significant reactivity with 4 purified related antigens including @entity6 was found in the NCA-50/90 CLEIA. Serum samples (n = 572) from @entity1 with malignant (n = 326) as well as from healthy individuals (n = 246) were analyzed by the NCA-50/90 CLEIA and by the established ACCESS @entity6 assay. The average sensitivity of NCA-50/90 for @entity3 was 40.8%, compared to 45.4% of @entity6 . Relatively high positive rates of NCA-50/90 were observed in sera from @entity1 with @entity2 (72.0%), @entity5 (62.5%), @entity7 (47.6%), @entity0 (35.6%), and @entity4 (34.5%). About 15% of @entity1 with @entity3 were positive only for NCA-50/90. The levels of NCA-50/90 and @entity6 in sera from @entity1 with @entity3 correlated only poorly. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that increases in blood levels of NCA-50/90 occur in a population of @entity3 @entity1 which is different from those with elevated levels of @entity6 and that NCA-50/90 might be useful for NCA-50/90-positive, but @entity6 -negative @entity1 .

title: Nonspecific cross-reacting antigen-50/90 (NCA-50/90) as a new XXXX marker.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The natriuretic peptide family is comprised of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), @entity5 ( @entity5 ), @entity6 ( @entity6 ), dendroaspis natriuretic peptide - DNP and urodilatin. They play a role in the diagnosis of @entity1 , especially those involving the cardiovascular system. @entity4 is a complex condition that can lead to @entity2 , shock and @entity3 . The number of @entity0 developing @entity4 is still increasing (approximately 750,000 cases of @entity4 occur annually in the USA). Both ANP and pro-ANP have attracted interest as new markers for @entity4 . Reports indicate that ANP or @entity5 levels are elevated in septic @entity0 . However, many mechanisms are still unexplained. This situation is complicated by the fact that contradictory results have been published. There are several reasons for this controversy including differences in the techniques used to assay natriuretic peptides. Nevertheless, natriuretic peptides might eventually prove useful for the diagnosis and/or the treatment of septic @entity0 .

title: Natriuretic peptides in septic XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The role of HRT and/or @entity6 in the aetiology, progression and prevention of @entity2 is unclear. Various studies have been conducted in cells, animals and @entity0 to better define these relationships. The following is a presentation of data on the role of @entity6 in the two most common @entity4 syndromes @entity3 and @entity5 . This review examines whether there is support for the hypothesis that the use of @entity6 reduces the risk for @entity4 and @entity1 in a variety of experimental models. A literature search was performed using the following key words: @entity6 and @entity4 , @entity6 and Alzheimer, @entity6 and cognition, @entity6 and learning, and @entity6 and memory. The reference lists for the articles identified using these search strategies were examined. The strongest evidence for a beneficial effect comes from cell and animal studies. These suggest that treatment with @entity6 may influence the pathogenetic processes of AD, mainly by affecting the beta-amyloid metabolism, by promoting the activity of the cholinergic system, by reducing oxidative stress or cardiovascular risk. Observational studies give some support to the hypothesis that HRT may be protective for @entity1 and @entity4 in the elderly, but the inherited methodological problems in these studies preclude any conclusions. The treatment trials published thus far have methodological problems that prohibit definite conclusions on the relationship between HRT and @entity1 and @entity4 .

title: HRT and XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Symptoms and signs of @entity4 span all organ systems, including the cardiovascular apparatus. The electrocardiographic QT interval reflects cardiac ventricular repolarization and, if prolonged, increases the risk of malignant @entity2 . QT interval duration is similar in @entity0 and @entity0 during childhood, but shortens in males after puberty and experimental studies suggest that @entity1 is a major contributor to shortening of QT interval in @entity0 . The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the duration of ventricular repolarization in adult males with primary or secondary @entity3 . Standard ECG recordings were performed in 26 @entity0 (mean age 39.2 +/- 2.17 years) with @entity5 and repeated in 15 @entity0 during @entity1 replacement. Twenty-six age-matched control @entity0 were also analysed. Measured QT intervals were corrected for heart rate according to Bazzett's formula (QTc = QT/radical RR interval). The prevalence of prolonged QTc was considerably higher in hypogonadal @entity0 (four of 26 @entity0 ) than in control @entity0 (none, p < 0.05) and in the general, healthy population (<2.5%). QTc interval normalized on hormone replacement therapy in the four @entity0 presenting prolonged QTc in the hypogonadal state. Heart rate and left ventricular mass did not differ among the two groups and no known QT-prolonging factor was apparent in @entity0 with abnormal QTc interval. In conclusion, a high number prolonged QT interval measurements was observed in hypogonadal @entity0 who may therefore be at increased risk for @entity2 . This observation reveals an additional feature of @entity4 , which may benefit from @entity1 replacement therapy.

title: Increased prevalence of prolonged QT interval in males with primary or secondary XXXX : a pilot study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A minimally invasive model using a manual abrader to induce adhesions in the @entity4 's central digit is described. The flexor synovial sheath and the profundus tendon were abraded with access through small flaps at the level of the proximal and distal phalanges of the avian long toes. The birds were divided into two groups according to the severity of the induced @entity1 . Group I birds received an @entity2 and were euthanized to allow biomechanical testing 5 weeks postoperatively. Group II birds had a more severe abrasion and were euthanized similarly and tested 5 weeks after surgery. Results were compared with nonsurgical controls. Long toe function was evaluated weekly by measuring (1) the range of active flexion of each interphalangeal joint, resolved to total angular range; (2) the grasping ability on graded-diameter perches; and (3) the flexion @entity0 . Postmortem biomechanical properties of the adhesions were measured. There was a significant difference between the unoperated controls and @entity3 of both groups in all parameters (p < 0.001). There was, in addition, a marked change in most of the measured parameters between groups I and II. In group I digits the functional and biomechanical deficit was less than group II. In summary, this animal model of long-segment abrasive @entity5 is a simple and reproducible method to generate adhesions and can be used for the evaluation of treatment modalities for adhesion prevention.

title: A new model for experimental tendon adhesions in the XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Mechanisms of protective immunity to @entity2 in the lung remain poorly defined. In this study, T-cell subset expansion and cytokine expression in bronchoalveolar spaces, lung parenchyma, and mediastinal lymph nodes of @entity0 infected intratracheally with @entity4 -Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG) were analyzed in parallel with histopathology and bacterial burden. @entity5 -BCG was cleared rapidly from bronchoalveolar spaces without evidence for persistence. In lung parenchyma bacteria grew during the first 4 wk followed by gradual clearance with less than 0.1% of the original inoculum persisting for more than 8 mo. Clearance of @entity5 -BCG from bronchoalveolar lavage was associated with recruitment of both neutrophils and lymphocytes. Lung CD4(+), CD8(+), and gammadelta T-cell receptor-positive T cells expanded maximally by Week 4, and declined by Week 8 to control values despite bacterial persistence. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lung T cells produced interferon (IFN)-gamma in response to @entity5 -BCG. Four distinct pathologic states of lung parenchymal infection were noted. Early focal sub-bronchial inflammation with transmigration of cells into airways was followed by diffuse peribronchitis, perivasculitis, and @entity6 with activated macrophages, lymphoblasts, and occasional giant cells. The latter stage corresponded to maximal @entity5 -BCG growth. @entity2 consisted of small lymphocytes and foamy macrophages, which coincided with decreasing @entity5 -BCG colony-forming units, T-cell infiltration, and IFN-gamma expression. A final quiescent phase consisted of residual lymphoid aggregates and perivasculitis associated with persistent spontaneous IFN-gamma production. Bacterial dissemination to lymph node and spleen occurred by Week 4 and declined in parallel to lung. In contrast to lung, IFN-gamma secretion was detected only late despite early expansion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. By reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction, IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)-12 p40 messenger RNA (mRNA) in lung paralleled IFN-gamma protein production. Tumor @entity1 factor-alpha, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression was not increased during @entity5 -BCG @entity3 . Thus, protective immunity to @entity5 -BCG in the lung evolved differently in air space, lung, and lymph node.

title: Pulmonary immune responses during primary XXXX - Calmette-Guerin bacillus infection in C57Bl/6 @entity0 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Mechanisms of protective immunity to @entity2 in the lung remain poorly defined. In this study, T-cell subset expansion and cytokine expression in bronchoalveolar spaces, lung parenchyma, and mediastinal lymph nodes of @entity0 infected intratracheally with @entity4 -Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG) were analyzed in parallel with histopathology and bacterial burden. @entity5 -BCG was cleared rapidly from bronchoalveolar spaces without evidence for persistence. In lung parenchyma bacteria grew during the first 4 wk followed by gradual clearance with less than 0.1% of the original inoculum persisting for more than 8 mo. Clearance of @entity5 -BCG from bronchoalveolar lavage was associated with recruitment of both neutrophils and lymphocytes. Lung CD4(+), CD8(+), and gammadelta T-cell receptor-positive T cells expanded maximally by Week 4, and declined by Week 8 to control values despite bacterial persistence. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lung T cells produced interferon (IFN)-gamma in response to @entity5 -BCG. Four distinct pathologic states of lung parenchymal infection were noted. Early focal sub-bronchial inflammation with transmigration of cells into airways was followed by diffuse peribronchitis, perivasculitis, and @entity6 with activated macrophages, lymphoblasts, and occasional giant cells. The latter stage corresponded to maximal @entity5 -BCG growth. @entity2 consisted of small lymphocytes and foamy macrophages, which coincided with decreasing @entity5 -BCG colony-forming units, T-cell infiltration, and IFN-gamma expression. A final quiescent phase consisted of residual lymphoid aggregates and perivasculitis associated with persistent spontaneous IFN-gamma production. Bacterial dissemination to lymph node and spleen occurred by Week 4 and declined in parallel to lung. In contrast to lung, IFN-gamma secretion was detected only late despite early expansion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. By reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction, IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)-12 p40 messenger RNA (mRNA) in lung paralleled IFN-gamma protein production. Tumor @entity1 factor-alpha, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression was not increased during @entity5 -BCG @entity3 . Thus, protective immunity to @entity5 -BCG in the lung evolved differently in air space, lung, and lymph node.

title: Pulmonary immune responses during primary @entity4 - Calmette-Guerin bacillus infection in C57Bl/6 XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: 1. The kinetics of photoresponses to flashes and steps of light of rods, from the retina of the newt @entity4 , were analysed by recording the membrane current with a suction electrode. 2. In dark-adapted conditions the relation between the normalized amplitude of the photoresponse at a fixed time 1 s after the onset of light and the light intensity could be fitted by an exponential or a polynomial relation. In the presence of a steady bright light the same relation could be fitted by a Michaelis-Menten relation. 3. The kinetics of photoresponses to light stimuli was reconstructed using a model in which: (i) three molecules of @entity2 ( @entity3 ) open a light-sensitive channel; (ii) light activates the enzyme phosphodiesterase, which hydrolyses @entity3 , thus closing light-sensitive channels: (iii) @entity0 ions permeate through light-sensitive channels: and (iv) intracellular @entity0 inhibits, in a co-operative way, the enzyme cyclase, which synthesizes @entity3 . 4. The model reproduces the shortening of the time to peak of brief flash photoresponses from about 1080 ms to about 690 ms with brighter lights. The model also explains the shortening of the time to peak to 350 ms observed in the presence of a steady light and the lack of a further acceleration with brighter flashes of lights. 5. The presence in the model of an intracellular @entity1 buffer accounts for the partial reactivation of the photocurrent following a step of light, lasting several seconds. The time course of this reactivation is not accelerated by a steady bright light both experimentally and in the model. 6. After the extinction to a long step of light the photocurrent showed a rapid partial reactivation, which was followed by a slow component of the photoresponse which extinguished with a rate constant of about 0.05 s-1. The model explains the origin of this slow component by assuming that the inactivation of excited rhodopsin is partially reversible. 7. The model is also able to explain the particular changes of kinetics when different amounts of exogenous @entity1 buffers are incorporated into rods (Torre, Matthews _ Lamb, 1986).

title: Kinetics of phototransduction in retinal rods of the newt XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: The quality of life has been greatly influenced and the cost of medical expenses is very high in @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ). The etiology and pathogenesis of @entity3 are still unclear, and the prevention and treatment of this disease still lack of effective methods. OBJECTIVE: To explore and analyze the effects of Tiaohe Ganpi Hexin Decoction (TGHD), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine for regulating the liver and spleen, on @entity3 @entity0 with @entity1 . DESIGN, SETTING, @entity0 AND INTERVENTIONS: All 40 @entity3 @entity0 came from the First Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and were randomly divided into two groups. @entity0 in the treatment group (n=20) were given TGHD, while those in the control group (n=20) were prescribed oral @entity4 with a four-week treatment period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome score, total obviously effective rate, disappearance rate of symptoms, and clinical symptom score in the two groups were evaluated before and after four-week treatment. RESULTS: After the treatment, TCM syndrome scores in both groups were decreased (P<0.01), and the TCM syndrome score in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). There was a significant difference in the total obviously effective rate between the two groups (P<0.01), and the total obviously effective rates in the treatment and control groups were 85%(17/20) and 45%(9/20) respectively. The disappearance rates of @entity2 , abdominal distention, poor stool output, stool frequency, stool character and mucous stool in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The symptom scores of @entity2 , abdominal distention, poor stool output, stool frequency, stool character and mucous stool in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: TGHD can significantly improve the clinical symptoms in @entity3 @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: [Tiaohe Ganpi Hexin Decoction in treatment of @entity3 with XXXX : a randomized controlled trial].

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The quality of life has been greatly influenced and the cost of medical expenses is very high in @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ). The etiology and pathogenesis of @entity3 are still unclear, and the prevention and treatment of this disease still lack of effective methods. OBJECTIVE: To explore and analyze the effects of Tiaohe Ganpi Hexin Decoction (TGHD), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine for regulating the liver and spleen, on @entity3 @entity0 with @entity1 . DESIGN, SETTING, @entity0 AND INTERVENTIONS: All 40 @entity3 @entity0 came from the First Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and were randomly divided into two groups. @entity0 in the treatment group (n=20) were given TGHD, while those in the control group (n=20) were prescribed oral @entity4 with a four-week treatment period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome score, total obviously effective rate, disappearance rate of symptoms, and clinical symptom score in the two groups were evaluated before and after four-week treatment. RESULTS: After the treatment, TCM syndrome scores in both groups were decreased (P<0.01), and the TCM syndrome score in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). There was a significant difference in the total obviously effective rate between the two groups (P<0.01), and the total obviously effective rates in the treatment and control groups were 85%(17/20) and 45%(9/20) respectively. The disappearance rates of @entity2 , abdominal distention, poor stool output, stool frequency, stool character and mucous stool in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The symptom scores of @entity2 , abdominal distention, poor stool output, stool frequency, stool character and mucous stool in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: TGHD can significantly improve the clinical symptoms in @entity3 @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: [Tiaohe Ganpi Hexin Decoction in treatment of XXXX with @entity1 : a randomized controlled trial].

answer: @entity3


abstract: The HSD2 ( @entity5 dehydrogenase-type 2 enzyme) containing neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) become activated during low- @entity3 and high- @entity2 states such as @entity4 . This response may be due to hormonal and/or neural signals. Hormonal signals may activate neurons in the area postrema that innervate the HSD2 neurons. The vagus nerve projects directly to the HSD2 neurons and this could be another route whereby these neurons receive information about systemic @entity3 / @entity2 status. The peripheral sites of origin that contribute to this vagal projection remain unknown, and in the present study, we injected the transganglionic tracer, cholera toxin beta-subunit-horseradish peroxidase (CTb-HRP), into wall of various gastrointestinal organs (stomach, small and large intestine) or liver of @entity0 . Confocal microscopy of brainstem sections stained by a double immunohistochemical procedure was used to analyze whether the HSD2 neurons received axonal contacts from specific @entity1 . The major source of afferents arose from the stomach, mainly from its pyloric antrum, but a weaker input originated from the fundus region. A trace amount originated from the duodenum. The terminal part of the small intestine and large intestine did not to contribute to this projection. Similarly, no afferent inputs from the liver or portal vein were found. In conclusion, HSD2 neurons receive an input mainly from the stomach and these results are considered as potential sites affecting @entity3 intake.

title: Gastric afferents project to the XXXX -sensitive HSD2 neurons of the NTS.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Few prospective studies of mortality among @entity0 in developing countries have been published. Here we quantify and describe mortality and injury morbidity among a cohort of schoolchildren in rural Southeast Asia. @entity3 among a cohort of 40,119 schoolchildren in Thailand were prospectively monitored over a two year period from January 1991. Additionally, data were collected with a questionnaire from a subset of 6,378 @entity0 asking them to recall all @entity1 over a one-year period. There were 40 @entity3 for an annual incidence of 50/100,000. Fifty percent of all @entity3 were due to injury; 25% to @entity2 . Sixty percent of the @entity3 were due to motor vehicles and 35% to drowning. Sixty-six percent of the @entity0 reported one or more accidents. The leading categories of non-fatal @entity1 , in decreasing order, were: animal bite, @entity4 wound, burn, near-drowning, fall from a height. @entity0 experienced more @entity1 than @entity0 for almost every @entity1 . Injuries are replacing @entity2 as the most important cause of @entity3 in developing countries. Additional public health initiatives to reduce childhood accidents may be warranted.

title: Causes of XXXX among schoolchildren in Thailand.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) who had bulky disease ( @entity2 ) at diagnosis had the highest rate of testicular relapse (20%) of any @entity3 subgroup on previous @entity0 's @entity1 Group (CCG) studies in the late 1980s. To limit curative, but sterilizing, testicular irradiation to those with @entity4 , testicular biopsies were performed to detect occult @entity4 within the first 6 months of treatment. Testicular irradiation then was provided to those with occult disease to increase disease-free survival. Identification of those with occult disease was believed to be a factor that would influence ultimate survival in such @entity0 in that era. @entity0 AND METHODS: One hundred ninety-nine @entity0 had bilateral testicular wedge biopsies performed during the first maintenance therapy phase of the four different chemotherapy regimens. @entity0 with positive biopsy results were treated with testicular irradiation and continued on therapy. RESULTS: Eleven of 199 biopsy results (5.5%) were judged positive. @entity0 with positive biopsy results given testicular radiation had a 45% subsequent adverse event rate, compared with 36% for those with a negative biopsy results (P = 0.4). The survival rates for the two groups were similar. The low rate of positive biopsy specimens resulted in discontinuation of the procedure before closure of the study. CONCLUSION: Positive testicular biopsy results early in remission identified @entity0 at a slightly higher risk of subsequent adverse events but did not influence survival. However, because negative biopsy results (94.5%) did not alter the prescribed treatment, the small number of positive biopsy results did not warrant undertaking the procedure in most male @entity0 with @entity3 , and this procedure was abandoned.

title: Early testicular biopsy in males with XXXX : lack of impact on subsequent event-free survival.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Intrathecal @entity6 infusion has demonstrated effectiveness in decreasing @entity5 of spinal origin. Oral antispasticity medication is minimally effective or not well tolerated in @entity1 . This study assessed the effectiveness of intrathecal @entity6 in reducing @entity5 in @entity1 . Candidates were screened by randomized, double-blind, intrathecal injections of @entity6 and placebo. Responders were defined as those who experienced an average reduction of 1.0 in the lower extremities on the Ashworth Scale for @entity5 . Responders received intrathecal @entity6 via the SynchroMed System and were followed for up to 43 months. Fifty-one @entity0 completed screening and 44 entered open-label trials. Lower-extremity @entity5 decreased from an average baseline score of 3.64 to 1.90 at 39 months. A decrease in upper extremity @entity5 was evidenced over the same study period. Forty-two @entity0 reported adverse events. Most common reports were @entity8 , @entity4 (no new onset), @entity7 , and @entity2 or @entity3 . Fifty-nine percent of the @entity0 experienced procedural or system-related events. Spasticity in @entity0 with @entity1 can be treated effectively by continuous intrathecal @entity6 . Adverse events, although common, were manageable.

title: Intrathecal XXXX for management of @entity1 : multicenter trial.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Intrathecal @entity6 infusion has demonstrated effectiveness in decreasing @entity5 of spinal origin. Oral antispasticity medication is minimally effective or not well tolerated in @entity1 . This study assessed the effectiveness of intrathecal @entity6 in reducing @entity5 in @entity1 . Candidates were screened by randomized, double-blind, intrathecal injections of @entity6 and placebo. Responders were defined as those who experienced an average reduction of 1.0 in the lower extremities on the Ashworth Scale for @entity5 . Responders received intrathecal @entity6 via the SynchroMed System and were followed for up to 43 months. Fifty-one @entity0 completed screening and 44 entered open-label trials. Lower-extremity @entity5 decreased from an average baseline score of 3.64 to 1.90 at 39 months. A decrease in upper extremity @entity5 was evidenced over the same study period. Forty-two @entity0 reported adverse events. Most common reports were @entity8 , @entity4 (no new onset), @entity7 , and @entity2 or @entity3 . Fifty-nine percent of the @entity0 experienced procedural or system-related events. Spasticity in @entity0 with @entity1 can be treated effectively by continuous intrathecal @entity6 . Adverse events, although common, were manageable.

title: Intrathecal @entity6 for management of XXXX : multicenter trial.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity3 complex is a disease that affects many organs, including the central nervous system. Nervous system involvement in the form of @entity4 often results in @entity2 . In this study we wanted to determine the outcome of @entity1 in @entity3 and determine whether interictal electroencephalograms (EEGs) and @entity4 as seen with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are predictive of degree of @entity2 control. The study population consisted of 30 @entity0 . For each @entity0 two sets of EEG and MRI data, separated by at least 12 months, and information on @entity2 frequency at time of data collection were obtained. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of various EEG and MRI findings were determined. @entity2 control improved in 20 and worsened in 10 @entity0 . In relation to @entity2 control, the specificity of an abnormal sleep EEG and the positive predictive value of normal sleep EEG were 100%. MRI and EEG background were neither sensitive nor specific for predicting @entity2 control. A majority of @entity0 with @entity3 can achieve good @entity2 control. The sleep EEG is helpful in predicting eventual @entity2 control.

title: XXXX complex and @entity1 : prognostic significance of electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity3 complex is a disease that affects many organs, including the central nervous system. Nervous system involvement in the form of @entity4 often results in @entity2 . In this study we wanted to determine the outcome of @entity1 in @entity3 and determine whether interictal electroencephalograms (EEGs) and @entity4 as seen with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are predictive of degree of @entity2 control. The study population consisted of 30 @entity0 . For each @entity0 two sets of EEG and MRI data, separated by at least 12 months, and information on @entity2 frequency at time of data collection were obtained. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of various EEG and MRI findings were determined. @entity2 control improved in 20 and worsened in 10 @entity0 . In relation to @entity2 control, the specificity of an abnormal sleep EEG and the positive predictive value of normal sleep EEG were 100%. MRI and EEG background were neither sensitive nor specific for predicting @entity2 control. A majority of @entity0 with @entity3 can achieve good @entity2 control. The sleep EEG is helpful in predicting eventual @entity2 control.

title: @entity3 complex and XXXX : prognostic significance of electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Elevated relative regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) reflects the increased microvascularity that is associated with @entity3 . The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of rCBV in the determination of recurrent/residual disease in @entity0 with treated @entity2 . METHODS: Thirty-one rCBV studies were performed in 19 @entity0 with treated @entity2 . All @entity0 also had proton MR spectroscopy and conventional MR imaging. Regions of abnormality were identified on conventional MR images by two neuroradiologists and compared with rCBV and MR spectroscopic data. Metabolites and rCBV were quantified and compared in abnormal regions. RESULTS: In high-grade @entity1 , rCBV values were proportional to @entity4 in regions of @entity1 and nonviable tissue. Although the presence of residual/recurrent disease was often ambiguous on conventional MR images, the rCBV maps indicated regions of elevated vascularity in all low-grade @entity1 and in 12 of 17 grade IV lesions. Regions of elevated and low rCBV corresponded well with spectra, indicating @entity1 and nonviable tissue, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that rCBV maps and MR spectroscopy are complementary techniques that may improve the detection of residual/recurrent @entity1 in @entity0 with treated @entity2 . Compared with the spectra, the rCBV maps may better reflect the heterogeneity of the @entity1 regions because of their higher resolution. The multiple markers of MR spectroscopy enable better discrimination between normal and abnormal tissue than do the rCBV maps.

title: Comparison of relative cerebral blood volume and proton spectroscopy in @entity0 with treated XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Elevated relative regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) reflects the increased microvascularity that is associated with @entity3 . The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of rCBV in the determination of recurrent/residual disease in @entity0 with treated @entity2 . METHODS: Thirty-one rCBV studies were performed in 19 @entity0 with treated @entity2 . All @entity0 also had proton MR spectroscopy and conventional MR imaging. Regions of abnormality were identified on conventional MR images by two neuroradiologists and compared with rCBV and MR spectroscopic data. Metabolites and rCBV were quantified and compared in abnormal regions. RESULTS: In high-grade @entity1 , rCBV values were proportional to @entity4 in regions of @entity1 and nonviable tissue. Although the presence of residual/recurrent disease was often ambiguous on conventional MR images, the rCBV maps indicated regions of elevated vascularity in all low-grade @entity1 and in 12 of 17 grade IV lesions. Regions of elevated and low rCBV corresponded well with spectra, indicating @entity1 and nonviable tissue, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that rCBV maps and MR spectroscopy are complementary techniques that may improve the detection of residual/recurrent @entity1 in @entity0 with treated @entity2 . Compared with the spectra, the rCBV maps may better reflect the heterogeneity of the @entity1 regions because of their higher resolution. The multiple markers of MR spectroscopy enable better discrimination between normal and abnormal tissue than do the rCBV maps.

title: Comparison of relative cerebral blood volume and proton spectroscopy in XXXX with treated @entity2 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are expressed in the @entity0 lung, where they participate in metabolic inactivation and activation of numerous exogenous and endogenous compounds. In this study, the expression pattern of all known xenobiotic-metabolizing CYP genes was characterized in the @entity0 alveolar type II cell-derived A549 @entity2 cell line using qualitative reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the mechanisms of induction by chemicals of members in the @entity8 and @entity10 subfamilies were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of CYPs 1A1, 1B1, 2B6, 2C, 2E1, 3A5, and 3A7 was detected in the A549 cells. The amounts of mRNAs of CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2A7, 2A13, 2F1, 3A4, and 4B1 were below the limit of detection. @entity7 ( @entity7 ) induced @entity8 and @entity9 mRNAs 56-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively. @entity11 was induced 8-fold by @entity3 and 11-fold by @entity1 . @entity10 was not induced by any of the typical @entity10 inducers used. The @entity4 kinase inhibitor @entity5 and the protein kinase C inhibitor @entity6 blocked @entity7 -elicited induction of @entity8 , but they did not affect @entity9 induction. Protein phosphatase inhibitors @entity12 and @entity13 enhanced @entity7 -induction of @entity9 slightly, but had negligible effects on @entity8 induction. These results suggest that @entity8 and @entity9 are differentially regulated in @entity0 pulmonary epithelial cells and give the first indication of the induction of @entity11 by glucocorticoids in @entity0 lung cells. These results establish that having retained several characteristics of @entity0 lung epithelial cell CYP expression, the A549 lung cell line is a valuable model for mechanistic studies on induction of the pulmonary CYP system.

title: Induction and regulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450s in the XXXX A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanisms of mitochondrial apoptosis in @entity2 -reperfusion injury and the effects of Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection preconditioning intervention. METHODS: Sixty Japanese @entity1 were divided into sham-operated group, @entity0 group, @entity0 -reperfusion group (1, 6, 24 and 48 h), and Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection group (1, 6, 24 and 48 h). Clamping the abdominal aorta was used to construct the @entity1 model of @entity2 -reperfusion injury. The @entity1 in the @entity0 -reperfusion group and the Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection group underwent reperfusion for 1, 6, 24, 48 h respectively after fifty-minute @entity0 . The @entity1 in the Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection group were administered with Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection at 9 mg/kg 30 minutes before @entity0 . Rate of apoptotic cells was measured by flow cytometry; contents of caspase-9 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in cytoplasm and serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Compared with the sham-operated group and the @entity0 group, the rates of apoptotic cells, the contents of caspase-9 and AIF in cytoplasm were increased at all time points after reperfusion, and the contents of caspase-9 and AIF in serum were decreased after 1 h and 6 h reperfusion, and increased after 24 h and 48 h reperfusion in the @entity0 -reperfusion group. Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection intervention could decrease the rate of apoptotic cells and the contents of caspase-9 and AIF in cytoplasm and serum as compared with those in the @entity0 -reperfusion group, and the effects appeared after 1 h reperfusion. CONCLUSION: The apoptosis of nerve cells after @entity2 -reperfusion is related to the mitochondrial pathways. Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection can inhibit nerve cell apoptosis by decreasing the contents of caspase-9 and AIF in cytoplasm and serum.

title: [Changes of mitochondrial apoptosis in XXXX -reperfusion injury and the effects of Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection preconditioning intervention in @entity1 ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanisms of mitochondrial apoptosis in @entity2 -reperfusion injury and the effects of Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection preconditioning intervention. METHODS: Sixty Japanese @entity1 were divided into sham-operated group, @entity0 group, @entity0 -reperfusion group (1, 6, 24 and 48 h), and Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection group (1, 6, 24 and 48 h). Clamping the abdominal aorta was used to construct the @entity1 model of @entity2 -reperfusion injury. The @entity1 in the @entity0 -reperfusion group and the Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection group underwent reperfusion for 1, 6, 24, 48 h respectively after fifty-minute @entity0 . The @entity1 in the Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection group were administered with Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection at 9 mg/kg 30 minutes before @entity0 . Rate of apoptotic cells was measured by flow cytometry; contents of caspase-9 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in cytoplasm and serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Compared with the sham-operated group and the @entity0 group, the rates of apoptotic cells, the contents of caspase-9 and AIF in cytoplasm were increased at all time points after reperfusion, and the contents of caspase-9 and AIF in serum were decreased after 1 h and 6 h reperfusion, and increased after 24 h and 48 h reperfusion in the @entity0 -reperfusion group. Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection intervention could decrease the rate of apoptotic cells and the contents of caspase-9 and AIF in cytoplasm and serum as compared with those in the @entity0 -reperfusion group, and the effects appeared after 1 h reperfusion. CONCLUSION: The apoptosis of nerve cells after @entity2 -reperfusion is related to the mitochondrial pathways. Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection can inhibit nerve cell apoptosis by decreasing the contents of caspase-9 and AIF in cytoplasm and serum.

title: [Changes of mitochondrial apoptosis in @entity2 -reperfusion injury and the effects of Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi Injection preconditioning intervention in XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess @entity1 ( @entity1 ) screening mode preferences and correlates of these preferences among US veterans at average risk for @entity1 . METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of VA @entity0 was conducted between January 2005 and December 2006. We report preference distributions for screening modes among 2068 average-risk veterans and across @entity0 subgroups based on personal, behavioral, and environmental factors. Independent predictors of preferences are identified through hierarchical logistic regression models. RESULTS: Colonoscopy (37%) was the most preferred mode followed by fecal occult blood test (FOBT) (29%). The strongest predictors of preferences were previous screening experience, provider recommendation, and use of non-VA healthcare services. @entity0 in higher socioeconomic groups were more likely to choose colonoscopy and less likely to indicate no preference. CONCLUSION: Screening programs that offer only one mode fail to accommodate the preferences of a substantial proportion of @entity0 . Within the VA, adding screening colonoscopy to programs currently offering only FOBT is likely to increase preferences for colonoscopy, as @entity0 incorporate provider recommendations for and personal experience with colonoscopy into their preferences. This is likely to disproportionately benefit lower socioeconomic groups who do not currently have access to non-VA colonoscopy services.

title: XXXX screening mode preferences among US veterans.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The evolution of @entity9 during permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was studied in @entity0 using multiparametric imaging techniques. Regional protein synthesis and the regional tissue content of @entity4 were measured on adjacent cryostat sections at increasing intervals after @entity3 ranging from 1 hour to 3 days. The observed changes were correlated with the expression of the mRNA of @entity2 , @entity11 , @entity10 , and @entity12 , as well as the distribution of DNA double-strand breaks visualized by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity7 - @entity6 nick end labelling (TUNEL). One hour after @entity8 , the tissue volume with suppressed protein synthesis was distinctly larger than that in which @entity4 was depleted. With ongoing @entity1 time, the @entity4 -depleted area gradually expanded and, within 1 day, merged with the region of suppressed protein synthesis. Expression of @entity2 mRNA occurred mainly in the penumbra (defined as the region of suppressed protein synthesis but preserved @entity4 ), peaking at 3 hours after @entity3 . Expression of the immediate-early genes @entity10 , @entity11 , and @entity12 increased both in the penumbra and the periinfarct normal tissue already at 1 hour after @entity3 , with slightly different regional and temporal patterns for each of these genes. DNA fragmentations were clearly confined to neurons; they appeared after 1 day in the @entity5 core (defined as the region of suppressed @entity4 ) and never were detected in the penumbra. The late appearance of TUNEL after @entity5 had reached their final size and the absence in the penumbra points against a major pathogenetic role of apoptosis. @entity8 in @entity0 thus produces a gradually expanding @entity5 , the final size of which is heralded by the early inhibition of protein synthesis.

title: Dynamics of regional brain metabolism and gene expression after XXXX in @entity0 .

answer: @entity8