abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether the computed tomographic (CT) appearances of @entity5 in @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) can help differentiate the potential infectious and neoplastic causes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The thoracic CT scans obtained in 60 @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity5 were reviewed retrospectively by two thoracic radiologists who were blinded to clinical and pathologic data. The scans were evaluated for nodule size, distribution, and morphologic characteristics. CT findings were correlated with final diagnoses. RESULTS: Thirty-six (84%) of 43 @entity0 with @entity3 had a predominance of nodules smaller than 1 cm in diameter, whereas 14 (82%) of 17 @entity0 with a @entity1 had a predominance of nodules larger than 1 cm (P <.001). Of the 43 @entity0 with @entity3 , 28 (65%) had a centrilobular distribution of nodules; only one (6%) of 17 @entity0 with a @entity1 had this distribution (P <.001). Seven (88%) of eight @entity0 with a peribronchovascular distribution had @entity4 (P <.001). CONCLUSION: In @entity0 with @entity2 who have @entity5 at CT, nodule size and distribution are useful in the differentiation of potential causes. Nodules smaller than 1 cm, especially those with a centrilobular distribution, are typically infectious. Nodules larger than 1 cm are often neoplastic. A peribronchovascular distribution is suggestive of @entity4 .

title: @entity5 in XXXX : usefulness of CT in distinguishing among potential causes.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether the computed tomographic (CT) appearances of @entity5 in @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) can help differentiate the potential infectious and neoplastic causes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The thoracic CT scans obtained in 60 @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity5 were reviewed retrospectively by two thoracic radiologists who were blinded to clinical and pathologic data. The scans were evaluated for nodule size, distribution, and morphologic characteristics. CT findings were correlated with final diagnoses. RESULTS: Thirty-six (84%) of 43 @entity0 with @entity3 had a predominance of nodules smaller than 1 cm in diameter, whereas 14 (82%) of 17 @entity0 with a @entity1 had a predominance of nodules larger than 1 cm (P <.001). Of the 43 @entity0 with @entity3 , 28 (65%) had a centrilobular distribution of nodules; only one (6%) of 17 @entity0 with a @entity1 had this distribution (P <.001). Seven (88%) of eight @entity0 with a peribronchovascular distribution had @entity4 (P <.001). CONCLUSION: In @entity0 with @entity2 who have @entity5 at CT, nodule size and distribution are useful in the differentiation of potential causes. Nodules smaller than 1 cm, especially those with a centrilobular distribution, are typically infectious. Nodules larger than 1 cm are often neoplastic. A peribronchovascular distribution is suggestive of @entity4 .

title: XXXX in @entity2 : usefulness of CT in distinguishing among potential causes.

answer: @entity5


abstract: We conducted a randomized trial of dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy ( @entity9 /PE-W) and standard alternating chemotherapy ( @entity9 /PE) in @entity3 ( @entity3 ) @entity0 with good prognostic factors. A total of 76 @entity0 with @entity3 was randomized. The @entity9 /PE-W consisted of 4 alternating cycles of @entity5 : 500 mg/m2, @entity4 : 30 mg/m2, and @entity8 : 1 mg/m2 (day 1) and @entity6 : 50 mg/m2 (day 8) and etoposide: 75 mg/m2 (days 8 and 9). The @entity9 /PE consisted of 2 alternating cycles of @entity5 : 800 mg/m2, @entity4 : 50 mg/m2, and @entity8 : 1.4 mg/m2 (day 1), @entity6 : 100 mg/m2 (day 22) and etoposide: 100 mg/m2 (days 22, 23 and 24). Eligibility criteria were no prior therapy, no active concomitant malignancy, ECOG PS of 0 or 1, age < or =75, adequate hematologic functions and no brain @entity1 . The complete response (CR) rate for @entity9 /PE-W (14/38, 36.8%) was significantly higher than that for @entity9 /PE (6/38, 15.8%, chi2; p=0. 032). However, the response rate in @entity0 on @entity9 /PE-W (36/38, 94. 7%) was not significantly higher than the rate for @entity9 /PE (31/38, 81. 6%, chi2; p=0.076). Progression-free survival for @entity0 on @entity9 /PE-W was significantly longer than that of @entity0 on @entity9 /PE (41.4 weeks vs. 21.3 weeks, log-rank; p=0.0007, generalized Wilcoxon; p=0.0034) as was overall median survival (67.0 weeks vs. 51.2 weeks, log-rank; p=0.028). Actual dose-intensity of @entity9 /PE-W was 1.74 times that of @entity9 /PE. Hematological @entity2 were equally frequent and @entity7 contributes to treatment efficacy by allowing administration of dose-intensive chemotherapy. The @entity9 /PE-W achieved a higher CR rate and longer survival, than the @entity9 /PE.

title: Dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy for @entity0 with XXXX : randomized trial, can it improve survival of @entity0 with good prognostic factors?

answer: @entity3


abstract: We conducted a randomized trial of dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy ( @entity9 /PE-W) and standard alternating chemotherapy ( @entity9 /PE) in @entity3 ( @entity3 ) @entity0 with good prognostic factors. A total of 76 @entity0 with @entity3 was randomized. The @entity9 /PE-W consisted of 4 alternating cycles of @entity5 : 500 mg/m2, @entity4 : 30 mg/m2, and @entity8 : 1 mg/m2 (day 1) and @entity6 : 50 mg/m2 (day 8) and etoposide: 75 mg/m2 (days 8 and 9). The @entity9 /PE consisted of 2 alternating cycles of @entity5 : 800 mg/m2, @entity4 : 50 mg/m2, and @entity8 : 1.4 mg/m2 (day 1), @entity6 : 100 mg/m2 (day 22) and etoposide: 100 mg/m2 (days 22, 23 and 24). Eligibility criteria were no prior therapy, no active concomitant malignancy, ECOG PS of 0 or 1, age < or =75, adequate hematologic functions and no brain @entity1 . The complete response (CR) rate for @entity9 /PE-W (14/38, 36.8%) was significantly higher than that for @entity9 /PE (6/38, 15.8%, chi2; p=0. 032). However, the response rate in @entity0 on @entity9 /PE-W (36/38, 94. 7%) was not significantly higher than the rate for @entity9 /PE (31/38, 81. 6%, chi2; p=0.076). Progression-free survival for @entity0 on @entity9 /PE-W was significantly longer than that of @entity0 on @entity9 /PE (41.4 weeks vs. 21.3 weeks, log-rank; p=0.0007, generalized Wilcoxon; p=0.0034) as was overall median survival (67.0 weeks vs. 51.2 weeks, log-rank; p=0.028). Actual dose-intensity of @entity9 /PE-W was 1.74 times that of @entity9 /PE. Hematological @entity2 were equally frequent and @entity7 contributes to treatment efficacy by allowing administration of dose-intensive chemotherapy. The @entity9 /PE-W achieved a higher CR rate and longer survival, than the @entity9 /PE.

title: Dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy for XXXX with @entity3 : randomized trial, can it improve survival of @entity0 with good prognostic factors?

answer: @entity0


abstract: We conducted a randomized trial of dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy ( @entity9 /PE-W) and standard alternating chemotherapy ( @entity9 /PE) in @entity3 ( @entity3 ) @entity0 with good prognostic factors. A total of 76 @entity0 with @entity3 was randomized. The @entity9 /PE-W consisted of 4 alternating cycles of @entity5 : 500 mg/m2, @entity4 : 30 mg/m2, and @entity8 : 1 mg/m2 (day 1) and @entity6 : 50 mg/m2 (day 8) and etoposide: 75 mg/m2 (days 8 and 9). The @entity9 /PE consisted of 2 alternating cycles of @entity5 : 800 mg/m2, @entity4 : 50 mg/m2, and @entity8 : 1.4 mg/m2 (day 1), @entity6 : 100 mg/m2 (day 22) and etoposide: 100 mg/m2 (days 22, 23 and 24). Eligibility criteria were no prior therapy, no active concomitant malignancy, ECOG PS of 0 or 1, age < or =75, adequate hematologic functions and no brain @entity1 . The complete response (CR) rate for @entity9 /PE-W (14/38, 36.8%) was significantly higher than that for @entity9 /PE (6/38, 15.8%, chi2; p=0. 032). However, the response rate in @entity0 on @entity9 /PE-W (36/38, 94. 7%) was not significantly higher than the rate for @entity9 /PE (31/38, 81. 6%, chi2; p=0.076). Progression-free survival for @entity0 on @entity9 /PE-W was significantly longer than that of @entity0 on @entity9 /PE (41.4 weeks vs. 21.3 weeks, log-rank; p=0.0007, generalized Wilcoxon; p=0.0034) as was overall median survival (67.0 weeks vs. 51.2 weeks, log-rank; p=0.028). Actual dose-intensity of @entity9 /PE-W was 1.74 times that of @entity9 /PE. Hematological @entity2 were equally frequent and @entity7 contributes to treatment efficacy by allowing administration of dose-intensive chemotherapy. The @entity9 /PE-W achieved a higher CR rate and longer survival, than the @entity9 /PE.

title: Dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy for @entity0 with @entity3 : randomized trial, can it improve survival of XXXX with good prognostic factors?

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: The authors report their experiences with the problems encountered during and after stent-graft placement in @entity0 with @entity3 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 1994 and December 2003, stent-graft placement was performed in 60 @entity0 with @entity3 , 9 @entity0 with Stanford type A dissection and 51 @entity0 with type B. Ten @entity0 had acute dissection and 50 @entity0 had chronic dissection. Each @entity0 was followed for 12 to 107 months (mean, 33 mo). All cases were retrospectively reviewed for any problem that occurred during and after the procedure. RESULTS: During the procedure, there were two cases (3%) of stent-graft migration, one case (2%) of stent-graft torsion, two cases (3%) of stent-graft folding due to oversizing, three cases (5%) of persistent thoracic false lumen flow by the appearance of a hidden intimal tear, one case (2%) of new intimal tear that resulted in retrograde type A dissection, and 12 cases (20%) of type I endoleaks on aortograms taken immediately after the procedure. During the follow-up period, one case (2%) of transient @entity4 , six cases (10%) of persistent type I endoleaks, two cases (3%) of @entity2 through the intercostal artery, four cases (7%) with progressive dilatation of abdominal false lumen, six cases (10%) of new intimal tears which resulted in @entity1 (n=4) or new dissections (n=2) on either or both ends of the stent-graft, and two cases (3%) of mechanical failure were observed. Overall, five @entity0 (8%) required surgical conversion, and there were no cases of procedure-related mortality. CONCLUSION: Various problems can occur during and after stent-graft placement in @entity3 . The thorough evaluation of preoperative imaging and close follow-up are mandatory to optimize the management of such problems.

title: Problems encountered during and after stent-graft treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The tolerability, pharmacodynamic effects, and pharmacokinetics of belimumab (LymphoStat-B) were evaluated in @entity3 . Belimumab is a fully human IgG1lambda antibody directed against B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) protein. BLyS is a TNF family member that supports B-lymphocyte maturation and survival and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of @entity2 and B-lymphocyte @entity0 . Belimumab was developed to antagonize BLyS activity in @entity2 and B-lymphocyte @entity0 , where undesirable effects of B-lymphocyte activity may cause or contribute to disease. Pharmacodynamic effects of belimumab were monitored by immunophenotyping of peripheral blood. Pathology end points, including tissue immunophenotyping, are described after 13 and 26 weeks of treatment and after a 34-week treatment-free (recovery) period. Belimumab was safe and well tolerated in repeat-dose toxicology studies at 5-50 mg/kg for up to 26 weeks. Monkeys exposed to belimumab had significant decreases in peripheral blood B lymphocytes by 13 weeks of exposure, continuing into the recovery period, despite total lymphocyte counts similar to the controls. There were concomitant decreases in spleen and lymph node B-lymphocyte representation after 13 or 26 weeks of treatment with belimumab. Microscopically, monkeys treated with belimumab for 13 or 26 weeks had decreases in the number and size of lymphoid follicles in the white pulp of the spleen. All findings were generally reversible within a 34-week recovery period. These data confirm the specific pharmacologic activity of belimumab in reducing B lymphocytes in the @entity3 . The favorable safety profile and lack of treatment-related @entity1 also support continued clinical development of belimumab.

title: Chronic administration of belimumab, a BLyS antagonist, decreases tissue and peripheral blood B-lymphocyte populations in XXXX : pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicologic effects.

answer: @entity3


abstract: During the developmental process of emmetropization evidence shows that visual feedback guides the eye as it approaches a refractive state close to zero, or slightly hyperopic. How this "set-point" is internally defined, in the presence of continuous shifts of the focal plane with different viewing distances and accommodation, remains unclear. Minimizing defocus blur over time should produce similar end-point refractions in different individuals. However, we found that individual @entity1 display considerable variability in their set-point refractive states, despite that they all had the same visual experience. This variability is not random since the refractions in both eyes were highly correlated - even though it is known that they can emmetropize independently. Furthermore, if chicks underwent a period of experimentally induced @entity3 , they returned to their individual set-point refractions during recovery (correlation of the refractions before treatment versus after recovery: n=19 chicks, 38 eyes, left eyes: slope 1.01, R=0.860; right eyes: slope 0.85, R=0.610, p<0.001, linear regression). Also, the induced deprivation @entity2 was correlated in both eyes (n=18 chicks, 36 eyes, p<0.01, orthogonal regression). If chicks were treated with spectacle lenses, the compensatory changes in refraction were, on average, appropriate but individual chicks displayed variable responses. Again, the refractions of both eyes remained correlated (negative lenses, n=18 chicks, 36 eyes, slope 0.89, R=0.504, p<0.01, positive lenses: n=21 chicks, 42 eyes, slope 1.14, R=0.791, p<0.001). The amount of deprivation @entity2 that developed in two successive treatment cycles, with an intermittent period of recovery, was not correlated; only vitreous chamber growth was almost significantly correlated in both cycles (n=7 chicks, 14 eyes; p<0.05). The amounts of @entity3 and vitreous chamber changes induced in two successive cycles of treatment, first with lenses and then with diffusers, were also not correlated, suggesting that the " @entity0 " are different from those in deprivation @entity2 . In summary, (1) there appears to be an endogenous, possibly genetic, definition of the set-point of emmetropization in each individual, which is similar in both eyes, (2) visual conditions that induce @entity3 produce variable changes in refractions, with high correlations between both eyes, (3) overall, the "gain of emmetropization" appears only weakly controlled by endogenous factors.

title: Individual set-point and gain of emmetropization in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity5 in an uncommon entity. The authors report a well documented case of @entity6 . The @entity0 , a 23 years old @entity0 , had a voluminous mass of the left breast without @entity2 . The evolution was rapidly fatal. Physical examination revealed a large painful breast mass with purplish discoloration cutaneous area in front of the lesion. The palpation revealed a thrill. The mammography had shown an area of increased density in the left breast. A complementary ultrasound examination detected a well circumscribed voluminous mass with hypoechogenic heterogenous echostructure. The Doppler examination detected a venous blood flow in the @entity1 . This finding was compatible with @entity1 as @entity4 or @entity6 . The angioscanner showed a peripheral vascular enhancement and a centripetal diffusion of the contrast product. This vascular kinetic is seen commontly in the @entity4 . Magnetic resonance imaging in the T1 and T2 relaxation times detected an intermediate signal mass with @entity3 areas. The @entity0 had had a mastectomy and the histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnostic of @entity6 . The radiological aspacts of @entity5 are discussed depending on the literature data.

title: [ XXXX . About one case].

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity9 ( @entity9 ) caused by more common zygomycetes (e.g., Mucor) is known to cause rapidly fatal @entity5 in immunocompromised @entity0 . Apophysomyces elegans is an emerging zygomycete that has been reported to cause invasive @entity5 in immunocompetent individuals. Limited data exist describing the syndrome of @entity9 caused by A. elegans. We describe a recent case and performed a comprehensive literature review to delineate the clinical characteristics of @entity9 caused by A. elegans. Our case is a 50-year-old @entity0 with @entity1 who presented with @entity4 and @entity7 . Endoscopic sinus sampling revealed A. elegans. He was treated with liposomal @entity8 and multiple debridements, with no disease on 1.5-year follow-up examination. Seven cases were identified on literature review, including the present case. Most @entity0 (86%) were male, with a mean age of 40 years. Most @entity0 (71%) did not have predisposing medical conditions. Three @entity0 had predisposing @entity6 . All presented with @entity4 . All had magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography of the head showing @entity2 . Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and deep tissue culture in all cases. All @entity0 required eye exenteration and extensive surgical debridement, in addition to intravenous @entity8 . Six of the seven @entity0 (86%) recovered. @entity9 caused by A. elegans is rarely reported in the literature. Most such @entity5 occurred in immunocompetent @entity0 , often after facial @entity3 . Survival in @entity9 caused by A. elegans is favorable in reported cases, with prompt surgical debridement and antifungal therapy.

title: XXXX caused by Apophysomyces elegans.

answer: @entity9


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity3 is the leading malignancy in @entity0 today and an increase in detected @entity3 is expected in the years to come. Even though radical prostatectomy is an effective treatment, it is associated with a considerable morbidity in some cases and efforts are made to provide minimally invasive alternative treatment options with equal efficacy but fewer side effects. METHODS: Cryosurgical ablation of the prostate ( @entity4 ), brachytherapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and radiofrequency interstitial @entity1 ablation (RITA) were evaluated after a literature review from a Medline Search (1966-1998). Furthermore, personal experience and latest data from the authors were taken into account. RESULTS: All alternative treatments nowadays make use of sophisticated technology, including the latest ultrasound devices for exact planning and monitoring of treatment, leading to increased safety compared to treatments in the 1960s and 1970s. Five-year results of @entity4 show a PSA <1 ng/ml in 60% of cases whereas brachytherapy is able to achieve PSA <1 ng/ml in 80% of cases in a selected group. Recent outcome data come close to results of radical prostatectomy series. HIFU and RITA are promising new technologies that proved to be able to induce extensive @entity2 , but the follow-up is too short to determine their definite places in the treatment of @entity3 . CONCLUSION: Two alternative treatment options for @entity3 , @entity4 and brachytherapy, have been studied with a sufficient number of @entity0 and an adequate follow-up. The overall results of brachytherapy are favorable when compared to @entity4 and are in the same range as the outcome after radical prostatectomy. HIFU and RITA are relatively new techniques based on sophisticated technology that are very promising at present, but a longer follow-up is mandatory.

title: Current status of minimally invasive treatment options for XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To gain information about the indications for and complications of conventional nephrectomy, also to create standards for future evaluation of nephrectomies performed by minimal invasive techniques. METHODS: We present a historical 20 years' series of 646 consecutive nephrectomies performed in the period of 1978-1997. @entity1 led to the operation in 437 cases, of which 98 were @entity1 in the renal pelvis or ureter. 209 kidneys were removed due to benign conditions. The incidence of nephrectomy for benign conditions has declined from 75 in the first 5-year period to 32 in the last. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: @entity3 occurred in 100 @entity0 (15.5%). Nephrectomy for @entity1 had a significantly higher rate of complications than operations for benign conditions (p<0.001), especially @entity4 complications and @entity2 were more frequent. There were no differences as a result of the operative approach. Reoperation was carried out in 3.0% of the cases. Overall mortality rate (<30 days) was 3.1%.

title: Nephrectomy - indications, complications and postoperative mortality in 646 consecutive XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided sextant biopsy technique, which puts more emphasis on the apical region of the prostate where @entity2 (PCs) develop, with the standard sextant biopsy technique. METHODS: A total of 280 @entity0 with suspected PC were included in this analysis. Twelve biopsy cores were obtained from all @entity0 . Six biopsy cores were taken within a lateral parasagittal plane from each lobe at the apex, middle and basis, with an angle of approximately 45 degrees (technique A), and 6 further biopsy cores were taken from the left to the right lateral margin always penetrating the prostate in the apex with the same angle (socalled fan-shaped technique, technique B). Technique A predominantly samples in the sagittal and technique B samples more in the transversal plane with emphasis on the apical region where most PCs develop. The sensitivity in detecting PCs for both techniques was calculated and correlated to the serum @entity3 (PSA) levels. RESULTS: A total of 72 PCs (25.7%) were diagnosed. We subsequently performed subgroup analysis depending on the serum PSA levels: in @entity0 with a PSA of </=10 ng/ml (n = 27) technique A has a PC sensitivity of 88.8% (p = 0.037) and technique B 96.2% (p = 0.326) as compared to our reference standard of 100% by sampling 12 biopsy cores in the same prostate. The number of positive biopsy cores using technique B was superior in 12 cases as compared to 3 cases with technique A (p = 0.04). In 12 @entity0 the number of positive biopsy cores was identically. In @entity0 with a PSA of >10 ng/ml (n = 45) technique A has a PC sensitivity of 93.3% (p = 0.083) and technique B 88.8% (p = 0.023) as compared to our reference standard. The number of positive core biopsies using technique A was superior in 14 cases as compared to 12 with technique B (p = 0.154). In 19 @entity0 the number of positive biopsies was identical. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that in @entity0 with PSA of </=10 ng/ml technique B bring significant benefit with regard to the number of positive core biopsies, as well as an enhanced PC detection rate which is near the 12-core biopsy. Due to the fact that technique B samples more in the apical region where @entity1 develop, it should be performed in suspected early stage @entity1 of the prostate (PSA</=10 ng/ml).

title: Comparative study of two different TRUS-guided sextant biopsy techniques in detecting XXXX in one biopsy session.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Explore the possibility of an endoscopic urethroplasty with a free graft on a biodegradable, self-reinforced @entity5 spiral stent. METHODS: Urethral strictures, failures of previous urethrotomies, which still can be incised endoscopically are selected. Strong fibrotic strictures which are bad indications for the use of a free graft are excluded. A free graft (skin on mucosa) is sutured around the stent and brought at the place of the endoscopically opened stricture where the graft is fixed with a suture through skin, bulbar muscles and spongiosum. A suprapubic diversion is left for 10 days. The stent keeps the graft in contact with surrounding well vascularized tissue where it can take. Other parts of the graft become @entity1 . The stent hydrolyses in about 3 weeks. MATERIAL AND RESULTS: 10 @entity0 with bulbar strictures from 2 to 4 cm in length and failed previous urethrotomies were treated successfully with this technique. The follow-up varies from 39 to 3 months (mean: 21 months). After 2 years 1 stricture recurred in a @entity0 who underwent regular endoscopies for recurrent @entity2 . All other @entity0 were successful until now. One stent got lost in the bladder during the procedure but could be brought at the right place. Other complications were 1 @entity4 , 1 urosepsis, 1 perineal @entity3 , 1 painful evacuation of a part of the stent 16 days after operation, and 1 difficult micturition. CONCLUSION: The preliminary experiences indicate that this technique is a possible treatment of short bulbar strictures after failure of endoscopic treatment.

title: Endoscopic urethroplasty with a free graft on a biodegradable XXXX spiral stent. A new technique.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity5 cannot stimulate intestinal protein synthesis in healthy individuals but does so in conditions characterized by an altered somatotropic axis such as @entity1 . Only in a state of @entity4 resistance (high @entity4 but low insulin like growth factor [IGF-1] concentrations), extra insulin may acutely reverse the impaired, growth-hormone-induced IGF-1 release, thereby exerting anabolic actions at the intestinal tract. @entity4 resistance can be also found in @entity0 after surgical stress. Therefore, we wanted to test the hypothesis whether @entity5 would stimulate ileal protein synthesis in the latter condition. Mass spectrometry techniques (capillary gas chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry) were used to directly determine the incorporation rate of 1-[(13)C]-leucine into ileal mucosal protein. All subjects had an ileostomy, which allowed easy @entity6 , and consecutive sampling from the same tissue was performed during continuous isotope infusion (0.16 mumol/kg min). Isotopic enrichments and fractional protein synthesis were determined at baseline (period I) and after a 4-hour @entity2 infusion (170 mg/kg/h) or after infusion of saline (control group) (period II). In controls, ileal protein synthesis declined significantly during @entity3 (period I: 1.11 +/- 0.14%/h, period II: 0.39 +/- 0.13%/h, p < .01). In contrast, ileal protein synthesis remained constant during @entity2 infusion (period I: 1.32 +/- 0.35%/h, period II: 1.33 +/- 0.21%/h, n.s. vs period I, but p < .005 vs the corresponding value at the end of period II in the control group). Using the continuous tracer infusion technique, ileal protein synthesis seemingly declines over a short time in control subjects. We found evidence that this artificial decline was due to mass effects of a rapidly turning over mucosa protein pool in which an isotopic plateau was reached during the experiment and of which the size amounted to approximately 4% of the total mixed protein pool. Maintenance of ileal protein synthesis during @entity2 infusion therefore indicates a rise of ileal protein synthesis in a slowly turning over protein pool. This effect in postsurgical @entity0 would be compatible with the concept of intestinal insulin action to depend on the specific clinical state (eg, @entity4 resistance).

title: The effect of XXXX on small-intestinal mucosal protein synthesis in @entity0 after surgical stress.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity5 cannot stimulate intestinal protein synthesis in healthy individuals but does so in conditions characterized by an altered somatotropic axis such as @entity1 . Only in a state of @entity4 resistance (high @entity4 but low insulin like growth factor [IGF-1] concentrations), extra insulin may acutely reverse the impaired, growth-hormone-induced IGF-1 release, thereby exerting anabolic actions at the intestinal tract. @entity4 resistance can be also found in @entity0 after surgical stress. Therefore, we wanted to test the hypothesis whether @entity5 would stimulate ileal protein synthesis in the latter condition. Mass spectrometry techniques (capillary gas chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry) were used to directly determine the incorporation rate of 1-[(13)C]-leucine into ileal mucosal protein. All subjects had an ileostomy, which allowed easy @entity6 , and consecutive sampling from the same tissue was performed during continuous isotope infusion (0.16 mumol/kg min). Isotopic enrichments and fractional protein synthesis were determined at baseline (period I) and after a 4-hour @entity2 infusion (170 mg/kg/h) or after infusion of saline (control group) (period II). In controls, ileal protein synthesis declined significantly during @entity3 (period I: 1.11 +/- 0.14%/h, period II: 0.39 +/- 0.13%/h, p < .01). In contrast, ileal protein synthesis remained constant during @entity2 infusion (period I: 1.32 +/- 0.35%/h, period II: 1.33 +/- 0.21%/h, n.s. vs period I, but p < .005 vs the corresponding value at the end of period II in the control group). Using the continuous tracer infusion technique, ileal protein synthesis seemingly declines over a short time in control subjects. We found evidence that this artificial decline was due to mass effects of a rapidly turning over mucosa protein pool in which an isotopic plateau was reached during the experiment and of which the size amounted to approximately 4% of the total mixed protein pool. Maintenance of ileal protein synthesis during @entity2 infusion therefore indicates a rise of ileal protein synthesis in a slowly turning over protein pool. This effect in postsurgical @entity0 would be compatible with the concept of intestinal insulin action to depend on the specific clinical state (eg, @entity4 resistance).

title: The effect of @entity5 on small-intestinal mucosal protein synthesis in XXXX after surgical stress.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity6 is a known cause of male and female @entity1 . In this retrospective study, we investigated the effect of treatment of asymptomatic @entity2 on pregnancy rates. Twenty-five infertile @entity0 with asymptomatic @entity2 received broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (100 mg @entity5 , 200 mg @entity3 , and 500 mg @entity4 twice a day for 7-10 days). Pregnancy rates and resolution of @entity2 were evaluated 6 months after treatment. Eleven @entity0 (44%) had persistent @entity2 and 16 (64%) had become pregnant within 6 months after treatment. Successful treatment of @entity2 resulted in an increase in the pregnancy rate: 13 of the 14 @entity0 (93%) who were cured of @entity2 became pregnant, while 3 of the 11 (27%) who did not become pregnant were cured (p = 0.002). @entity0 who did not achieve pregnancy were older (p = 0. 002) than those who did. @entity0 who were not cured were also older than those who were (p = 0.014). Our findings suggest that the treatment for @entity2 is less effective for older @entity0 than for younger @entity0 . However, treatment of asymptomatic @entity2 appears to help preserve the fertility of @entity0 with this disease.

title: Implications of asymptomatic endocervical @entity2 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity6 is a known cause of male and female @entity1 . In this retrospective study, we investigated the effect of treatment of asymptomatic @entity2 on pregnancy rates. Twenty-five infertile @entity0 with asymptomatic @entity2 received broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (100 mg @entity5 , 200 mg @entity3 , and 500 mg @entity4 twice a day for 7-10 days). Pregnancy rates and resolution of @entity2 were evaluated 6 months after treatment. Eleven @entity0 (44%) had persistent @entity2 and 16 (64%) had become pregnant within 6 months after treatment. Successful treatment of @entity2 resulted in an increase in the pregnancy rate: 13 of the 14 @entity0 (93%) who were cured of @entity2 became pregnant, while 3 of the 11 (27%) who did not become pregnant were cured (p = 0.002). @entity0 who did not achieve pregnancy were older (p = 0. 002) than those who did. @entity0 who were not cured were also older than those who were (p = 0.014). Our findings suggest that the treatment for @entity2 is less effective for older @entity0 than for younger @entity0 . However, treatment of asymptomatic @entity2 appears to help preserve the fertility of @entity0 with this disease.

title: Implications of asymptomatic endocervical XXXX in @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Since 1996 the classification of @entity2 was replaced by the new World Health Organization nomenclature. Formerly @entity3 are now distinguished between intraductal papillary mucinous @entity1 of the @entity2 (IPMT) and @entity3 . METHODS: We reevaluated the pathological specimen and surgical therapy of 23 consecutive @entity0 and followed up these @entity0 up for 4 years in median. Between 1987 and 1997 we treated 8 @entity0 with IPMT and 15 @entity0 with @entity3 . RESULTS: Eighty-five per cent of all @entity0 were symptomatic. Ultrasonography and computed tomography were the most sensitive diagnostic techniques. In 25%, the entire @entity2 was involved with IPMT; that was not the case in any of the @entity0 with @entity3 . All @entity0 were resected with no perioperative mortality. After dismissal from the hospital, all resected @entity0 are still alive after a median follow-up of 4 years. In no @entity0 with IPMT, but in 1 @entity0 with @entity3 , the @entity1 recurred. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in all @entity1 , and the late outcome of IPMT is as good as for @entity3 .

title: Intraductal @entity1 of the XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Since 1996 the classification of @entity2 was replaced by the new World Health Organization nomenclature. Formerly @entity3 are now distinguished between intraductal papillary mucinous @entity1 of the @entity2 (IPMT) and @entity3 . METHODS: We reevaluated the pathological specimen and surgical therapy of 23 consecutive @entity0 and followed up these @entity0 up for 4 years in median. Between 1987 and 1997 we treated 8 @entity0 with IPMT and 15 @entity0 with @entity3 . RESULTS: Eighty-five per cent of all @entity0 were symptomatic. Ultrasonography and computed tomography were the most sensitive diagnostic techniques. In 25%, the entire @entity2 was involved with IPMT; that was not the case in any of the @entity0 with @entity3 . All @entity0 were resected with no perioperative mortality. After dismissal from the hospital, all resected @entity0 are still alive after a median follow-up of 4 years. In no @entity0 with IPMT, but in 1 @entity0 with @entity3 , the @entity1 recurred. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in all @entity1 , and the late outcome of IPMT is as good as for @entity3 .

title: Intraductal XXXX of the @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The present study investigated the influence of trophic factors on the expression of @entity2 - and @entity3 -regulated transcript peptide (CARTp) in @entity1 cardiac ganglia maintained in explant culture. In acutely isolated @entity0 , <1% of the cholinergic cardiac neurons exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, this number increased to >25% of the cardiac neurons after 72 h in explant culture. This increase in the number of CARTp neurons in cultured @entity0 was accompanied by an increase in CARTp transcript levels as assessed by real time polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of @entity0 with neurturin or glial-derived trophic factor (both at 10 ng/ml) for 72 h prevented the increase in neurons that exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, treatment with @entity4 (50 ng/ml) for 72 h produced a small significant increase in the percentage of CARTp-immunoreactive cardiac neurons and treatment with nerve growth factor (100 ng/ml) had no effect. @entity5 treatment also decreased cardiac neuron CARTp levels after 72 h in explant culture. Cardiac neurons exhibited immunoreactivity to the neurturin receptor GFRalpha2 whereas non-neural cells preferentially exhibited immunoreactivity to the glial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor GFRalpha1 and neurturin transcripts were detected in cardiac tissue extracts. We hypothesize that a target-derived inhibitory factor, very likely neurturin, is a critical factor suppressing the expression of CARTp in @entity1 cardiac neurons. These observations contrast with those reported in sympathetic neurons that suggest up-regulation of trophic factors after axotomy or during explant culture is a key factor contributing to the up-regulation of many neuropeptides.

title: Trophic factor modulation of XXXX - and @entity3 -regulated transcript peptide expression in explant cultured @entity1 cardiac neurons.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The present study investigated the influence of trophic factors on the expression of @entity2 - and @entity3 -regulated transcript peptide (CARTp) in @entity1 cardiac ganglia maintained in explant culture. In acutely isolated @entity0 , <1% of the cholinergic cardiac neurons exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, this number increased to >25% of the cardiac neurons after 72 h in explant culture. This increase in the number of CARTp neurons in cultured @entity0 was accompanied by an increase in CARTp transcript levels as assessed by real time polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of @entity0 with neurturin or glial-derived trophic factor (both at 10 ng/ml) for 72 h prevented the increase in neurons that exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, treatment with @entity4 (50 ng/ml) for 72 h produced a small significant increase in the percentage of CARTp-immunoreactive cardiac neurons and treatment with nerve growth factor (100 ng/ml) had no effect. @entity5 treatment also decreased cardiac neuron CARTp levels after 72 h in explant culture. Cardiac neurons exhibited immunoreactivity to the neurturin receptor GFRalpha2 whereas non-neural cells preferentially exhibited immunoreactivity to the glial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor GFRalpha1 and neurturin transcripts were detected in cardiac tissue extracts. We hypothesize that a target-derived inhibitory factor, very likely neurturin, is a critical factor suppressing the expression of CARTp in @entity1 cardiac neurons. These observations contrast with those reported in sympathetic neurons that suggest up-regulation of trophic factors after axotomy or during explant culture is a key factor contributing to the up-regulation of many neuropeptides.

title: Trophic factor modulation of @entity2 - and XXXX -regulated transcript peptide expression in explant cultured @entity1 cardiac neurons.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The present study investigated the influence of trophic factors on the expression of @entity2 - and @entity3 -regulated transcript peptide (CARTp) in @entity1 cardiac ganglia maintained in explant culture. In acutely isolated @entity0 , <1% of the cholinergic cardiac neurons exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, this number increased to >25% of the cardiac neurons after 72 h in explant culture. This increase in the number of CARTp neurons in cultured @entity0 was accompanied by an increase in CARTp transcript levels as assessed by real time polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of @entity0 with neurturin or glial-derived trophic factor (both at 10 ng/ml) for 72 h prevented the increase in neurons that exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, treatment with @entity4 (50 ng/ml) for 72 h produced a small significant increase in the percentage of CARTp-immunoreactive cardiac neurons and treatment with nerve growth factor (100 ng/ml) had no effect. @entity5 treatment also decreased cardiac neuron CARTp levels after 72 h in explant culture. Cardiac neurons exhibited immunoreactivity to the neurturin receptor GFRalpha2 whereas non-neural cells preferentially exhibited immunoreactivity to the glial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor GFRalpha1 and neurturin transcripts were detected in cardiac tissue extracts. We hypothesize that a target-derived inhibitory factor, very likely neurturin, is a critical factor suppressing the expression of CARTp in @entity1 cardiac neurons. These observations contrast with those reported in sympathetic neurons that suggest up-regulation of trophic factors after axotomy or during explant culture is a key factor contributing to the up-regulation of many neuropeptides.

title: Trophic factor modulation of @entity2 - and @entity3 -regulated transcript peptide expression in explant cultured XXXX cardiac neurons.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To analyze the frequency and risk factors for @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in Italy. METHODS: Eligible for this cross-sectional study were @entity0 aged >/=50 years and @entity0 aged >/=40, randomly identified among registered subjects of a network of general practitioners during the period March-October 1997. All subjects were invited by telephonic interview to determine the presence of @entity3 , reported by the subjects as loss of urine in the last year. The subjects with @entity3 were further questioned at home for evaluation of the type, degree and frequency of @entity3 episodes. RESULTS: Of the 5,488 subjects interviewed (2,767 @entity0 and 2,721 @entity0 ), 92 (3%) @entity0 and 316 (11%) @entity0 reported at least one episode of @entity3 during the year before the interview. The frequence of @entity3 increased with age both in @entity0 and @entity0 , being 2 and 11% in @entity0 and @entity0 , respectively, aged 50-60 years and 7 and 16% in those aged >/=70. Of the subjects with @entity3 identified, 229 @entity0 and 64 @entity0 and a group of 289 subjects without @entity3 were questionned at home using a detailed questionnaire. Six and 55% of @entity0 and @entity0 , respectively, reported @entity4 , 20 and 12% urge @entity3 and 20 and 24% mixed @entity3 . The risk of @entity3 increased with body mass index in @entity0 . A history of recurrent @entity2 was associated with @entity3 in @entity0 and less markedly in @entity0 . No association emerged between education, smoking and @entity1 or coffee consumption and risk of @entity3 . Parity was directly associated with the risk of @entity3 in @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: The study offers a quantitative estimate of the prevalence of @entity3 and its main risk factors in this Italian population.

title: Prevalence and risk factors for XXXX in Italy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: CONTEXT: Molecular and cell biology studies have demonstrated an association between bone and arterial wall disease, but the significance of a population-level association is less clear and potentially confounded by inability to account for shared risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To test population-level associations between @entity6 types and bone integrity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Volumetric trabecular lumbar bone mineral density (vBMD), ankle-brachial index (ABI), @entity3 ( @entity3 ) of the common carotid ( @entity10 ) and internal carotid (ICA- @entity3 ) arteries, and carotid plaque echogenicity. DESIGN, SETTING AND @entity0 : A random subset of @entity0 from the Multi-Ethnic Study of @entity6 (MESA) assessed between 2002 and 2005. RESULTS: 904 post-menopausal female (62.4 years; 62% non-white; 12% @entity11 ; 17% @entity10 >1mm; 33% ICA- @entity3 >1mm) and 929 male (61.4 years; 58% non-white; 6% @entity11 ; 25% @entity10 >1mm; 40% ICA- @entity3 >1mm) were included. In serial, sex-specific regression models adjusting for age, ethnicity, body mass index, @entity8 , @entity2 , smoking, @entity4 consumption, @entity1 , @entity7 , @entity5 , sex hormones, and renal function, lower vBMD was associated with lower ABI in @entity0 (p for trend <0.01) and greater ICA- @entity3 in @entity0 (p for trend <0.02). @entity10 was not associated with vBMD in @entity0 or @entity0 . Carotid plaque echogenicity was independently associated with lower vBMD in both @entity0 (trend p=0.01) and @entity0 (trend p<0.04). In all models, adjustment did not materially affect results. CONCLUSIONS: Lower vBMD is independently associated with structural and functional measures of @entity6 in @entity0 and with more advanced and calcified @entity9 in both sexes.

title: Bone mineral density and @entity6 : the Multi-Ethnic Study of XXXX , Abdominal Aortic Calcium Study.

answer: @entity6


abstract: CONTEXT: Molecular and cell biology studies have demonstrated an association between bone and arterial wall disease, but the significance of a population-level association is less clear and potentially confounded by inability to account for shared risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To test population-level associations between @entity6 types and bone integrity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Volumetric trabecular lumbar bone mineral density (vBMD), ankle-brachial index (ABI), @entity3 ( @entity3 ) of the common carotid ( @entity10 ) and internal carotid (ICA- @entity3 ) arteries, and carotid plaque echogenicity. DESIGN, SETTING AND @entity0 : A random subset of @entity0 from the Multi-Ethnic Study of @entity6 (MESA) assessed between 2002 and 2005. RESULTS: 904 post-menopausal female (62.4 years; 62% non-white; 12% @entity11 ; 17% @entity10 >1mm; 33% ICA- @entity3 >1mm) and 929 male (61.4 years; 58% non-white; 6% @entity11 ; 25% @entity10 >1mm; 40% ICA- @entity3 >1mm) were included. In serial, sex-specific regression models adjusting for age, ethnicity, body mass index, @entity8 , @entity2 , smoking, @entity4 consumption, @entity1 , @entity7 , @entity5 , sex hormones, and renal function, lower vBMD was associated with lower ABI in @entity0 (p for trend <0.01) and greater ICA- @entity3 in @entity0 (p for trend <0.02). @entity10 was not associated with vBMD in @entity0 or @entity0 . Carotid plaque echogenicity was independently associated with lower vBMD in both @entity0 (trend p=0.01) and @entity0 (trend p<0.04). In all models, adjustment did not materially affect results. CONCLUSIONS: Lower vBMD is independently associated with structural and functional measures of @entity6 in @entity0 and with more advanced and calcified @entity9 in both sexes.

title: Bone mineral density and XXXX : the Multi-Ethnic Study of @entity6 , Abdominal Aortic Calcium Study.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Exercise capacity and exercise performance are reduced when the ambient temperature is high. This has mainly been attributed to the large sweat losses which lead to hypohydration, a failure of thermoregulation, and eventually circulatory collapse. Exercising athletes rarely drink enough before or during exercise to replace the ongoing fluid losses, especially in hot conditions. In order to combat @entity4 , @entity0 , and impending circulatory collapse, athletes should drink fluids before, during, and after exercise. Preexercise strategies include attempts to maintain euhydration but also to hyperhydrate. Hyperhydration is relatively easy to achieve, but thermoregulatory benefits during prolonged exercise have not been observed in comparison to euhydration. In prolonged continuous exercise, fluid and @entity3 ( @entity1 ) ingestion has clearly been shown to improve performance, but the evidence is not so clear for high-intensity intermittent exercise over a prolonged period. The general consensus is that fluid ingestion should match sweat losses during exercise and that the drink should contain @entity1 and electrolytes to assist water transport in the intestine and to improve palatability. Postexercise rehydration is essential when the strategies adopted before or during exercise have not been effective. The best postexercise rehydration strategy would be to ingest a large volume of a beverage that contains a @entity1 source and a high @entity2 content.

title: XXXX , rehydration, and exercise in the heat: rehydration strategies for athletic competition.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) results in the rapid @entity2 of cortical tissue at the site of injury. In the ensuing hours and days, secondary injury exacerbates the original damage resulting in significant @entity3 . Recent reports from our lab demonstrate that a bolus injection of the immunosuppressant @entity5 ( @entity7 ) is neuroprotective following @entity4 . @entity7 transiently inhibits the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and maintains @entity6 homeostasis in isolated mitochondria. The present study utilized a unilateral controlled cortical impact model of @entity4 to assess whether the neuroprotective effects of @entity7 could be extended by chronic infusion. Adult @entity1 were subjected to a moderate (2 mm) cortical deformation and the extent of @entity0 was assessed using modern stereological techniques. Animals were administrated a 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal bolus of @entity7 or vehicle 15 min postinjury and osmotic minipumps were implanted subcutaneously to deliver @entity7 (4.5 or 10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle. All animals receiving @entity7 demonstrated a significant reduction in lesion volume, with the highest dose offering the most neuroprotection (74% reduction in lesion volume). These results extend our previous findings and demonstrate that chronic infusion of @entity7 is neuroprotective following @entity4 . These findings also suggest that the mechanisms responsible for tissue @entity2 following @entity4 are amenable to manipulation.

title: Continuous infusion of @entity5 postinjury significantly ameliorates XXXX following traumatic brain injury.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) results in the rapid @entity2 of cortical tissue at the site of injury. In the ensuing hours and days, secondary injury exacerbates the original damage resulting in significant @entity3 . Recent reports from our lab demonstrate that a bolus injection of the immunosuppressant @entity5 ( @entity7 ) is neuroprotective following @entity4 . @entity7 transiently inhibits the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and maintains @entity6 homeostasis in isolated mitochondria. The present study utilized a unilateral controlled cortical impact model of @entity4 to assess whether the neuroprotective effects of @entity7 could be extended by chronic infusion. Adult @entity1 were subjected to a moderate (2 mm) cortical deformation and the extent of @entity0 was assessed using modern stereological techniques. Animals were administrated a 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal bolus of @entity7 or vehicle 15 min postinjury and osmotic minipumps were implanted subcutaneously to deliver @entity7 (4.5 or 10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle. All animals receiving @entity7 demonstrated a significant reduction in lesion volume, with the highest dose offering the most neuroprotection (74% reduction in lesion volume). These results extend our previous findings and demonstrate that chronic infusion of @entity7 is neuroprotective following @entity4 . These findings also suggest that the mechanisms responsible for tissue @entity2 following @entity4 are amenable to manipulation.

title: Continuous infusion of XXXX postinjury significantly ameliorates @entity0 following traumatic brain injury.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 in @entity0 can be treated successfully by the general practitioner. However, little is known about the long-term effects of conservative treatment. AIM: To evaluate the long-term effect of treatment of female @entity1 by the general practitioner (pelvic floor exercises, and bladder training) in female @entity1 . METHOD: A total of 88 @entity0 , aged between 20 and 65, who had participated in a controlled trial between 1987 and 1990, were contacted to participate in a five-year follow-up study. @entity2 and urge @entity1 were treated by means of pelvic floor exercises and bladder training respectively, while a mixed @entity1 was treated by bladder training followed by pelvic floor exercises. The outcome measures were a constructed scale for the severity of the @entity1 , a seven-day bladder chart, and a questionnaire concerning @entity0 ' opinions. All @entity0 were evaluated by an independent researcher. RESULTS: Compared with the one-year follow-up, the number of continent @entity0 remained the same, but a significantly greater number of @entity0 worsened. Forty per cent of the @entity0 stayed in the same category of severity, while 45% moved into the contiguous categories. The weekly frequency of wet episodes increased significantly, with a mean increase of 2.65 episodes. @entity0 with mixed @entity1 were especially prone to relapse in the long-term. Compliance with the exercises had a positive influence on the outcomes, with 67% of the @entity0 expressing satisfaction with the results. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a decline in the effect of conservative treatment in the long-term, the majority of the @entity0 are satisfied with their treatment. @entity0 compliance is the key to long-term success.

title: Long-term effect of treatment of female XXXX in general practice.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The majority of @entity2 are non life-threatening and symptoms will resolve spontaneously. However, some @entity0 require further investigation and many disorders may benefit from specialist treatment it is unclear whether appropriate identification and referral of this group of @entity0 presently occurs. AIM: To review the management of @entity0 with symptoms of @entity3 within primary care. METHOD: A retrospective review of the management of 503 @entity0 who visited their general practitioner (GP) complaining of @entity3 between August 1993 and July 1995. Management was then compared with local criteria. RESULTS: On average, 2.2% of @entity0 per year at the practices studied consulted their GP about @entity3 , amounting to 0.7% of all consultations. The most common GP diagnosis was of an ear, nose, and @entity4 (33.8%). Similarly, many of the 16% referred were directed to ENT (36%) specialists. The proportion of @entity0 referred was significantly higher in those seeing their GP at least twice, those with symptoms lasting a year or more, or where there were additional symptoms associated with the @entity3 , indicative of a cardiac, ENT, or @entity1 . Compared with the local criteria, 17% of management decisions were deemed inappropriate. The major failing was not referring appropriate @entity0 . This group comprised @entity0 with chronic, non-urgent symptoms, and were significantly older than those appropriately referred. CONCLUSION: @entity0 with chronic symptoms of @entity3 , particularly the elderly, are under-referred for specialist consultation and, therefore, do not have access to appropriate treatment regimes. This suggests a need for further training of GPs and evaluation of therapeutic needs of elderly dizzy @entity0 .

title: An analysis of referral patterns for XXXX in the primary care setting.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The frequency and intensity of menopausal symptoms within a given population, as assessed by several tools, may vary and depend on several factors, such as age, menopausal status, chronic conditions and personal and partner socio-demographic profile. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and intensity of menopausal symptoms and related risk factors among middle-aged @entity0 . METHODS: In this cross-sectional study a total of 404 @entity0 aged 40 to 59 years, visiting inpatients at the Enrique C. Sotomayor Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital, Guayaquil, Ecuador, were requested to fill out the @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and a questionnaire containing personal and partner data. RESULTS: Mean age of surveyed @entity0 (n=404) was 48.2+/-5.7 years, 85.1% had 12 or less years of schooling and 44.8% were postmenopausal. None was on hormonal therapy (HT) for the menopause or psychotropic drugs. Regarding their partner, @entity5 was present in 23.8%, @entity7 in 21.2% and 43.5% abused @entity2 . The four most frequently found symptoms of those composing the @entity6 were muscle and joint problems (80%), @entity4 mood (73.5%), physical and mental exhaustion (71.3%) and @entity1 (68%). Mean total @entity6 score was 18+/-10.6 (median 17) and for subscales: 7.2+/-4.5 (somatic); 6.9+/-4.8 (psychological) and 3.9+/-3.4 (urogenital). @entity0 presented severe scores in 53, 36.1, 48.3 and 49.8% for total @entity6 and somatic, psychological and urogenital subscales, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, logistic regression analysis determined that female higher parity and partner @entity7 increased the risk for presenting severe total @entity6 scores (impaired female quality of life), whereas @entity0 who had a positive perception of their health status were at decreased risk. CONCLUSION: In this middle-aged series psychological menopausal symptoms were the most frequent in which severity was associated to parity and partner @entity3 .

title: Severe menopausal symptoms in middle-aged XXXX are associated to female and male factors.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of self-reported @entity2 and pneumococcal vaccination status. DESIGN: Cross-sectional surveys of outpatients aged 65 years or older. SETTING: A Veterans Affairs Medical Center ( @entity3 ) and a community @entity1 ( @entity1 ). Both organizations have organized @entity2 and pneumococcal vaccination programs. SUBJECTS: @entity3 subjects included all elderly respondents to a mailed survey of 500 randomly selected outpatients. @entity1 subjects included all respondents to a telephone survey of 300 randomly selected elderly members of the @entity1 . MEASUREMENTS: The @entity3 survey was conducted following the 1995-1996 @entity2 season while the @entity1 survey was conducted following the 1994-1995 season. Self-report from the mailed survey for @entity3 subjects and from the telephone survey for @entity1 subjects was compared to medical record documentation (paper and computerized combined). RESULTS: The response rate was 77% (n = 369) for the @entity3 subjects of whom 195 (53%) were aged 65 or older. The response rate for the @entity1 subjects was 84% (n = 237). Self-report of @entity2 vaccination had a sensitivity (SENS) of 1.0 and a specificity (SPEC) of .79 with a kappa of .72 (95% CI .58-.86) among @entity3 @entity0 . Among @entity1 @entity0 , self-report of @entity2 vaccination had a SENS of .98 and a SPEC of .71 with kappa of .75 (95% CI .69-.89). Self-report of pneumococcal vaccination status among @entity3 @entity0 had a SENS of .97 and a SPEC of .53 with a kappa of .42 (95% CI .32-.52). Among @entity1 @entity0 , self-report of pneumococcal vaccination had a SENS of .90 and a SPEC of .64 with a kappa of .54 (95% CI .40-.68). A secondary analysis excluding subjects living outside of the @entity3 's catchment area improved the specificity and indices of concordance of self-report of both @entity2 and pneumococcal vaccination. A secondary analysis of @entity1 data which excluded subjects who received a pneumococcal vaccination > 2 years prior to the study also improved concordance and the negative predictive value of self-report. CONCLUSIONS: Self-report of @entity2 vaccination is a highly sensitive and moderately specific measure. Self-report of pneumococcal vaccination is also a highly sensitive but less specific measure of vaccination status. Lower rates of validity for pneumococcal vaccination may reflect both less accurate recall, particularly for more distant vaccination, and less complete documentation in medical records.

title: Validation of self-report of XXXX and pneumococcal vaccination status in elderly outpatients.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The advent and wide application of new technology, especially noninvasive techniques, has enabled physicians to more completely investigate and clarify the etiopathogenic mechanisms of @entity2 . Such data have not been available until recently for Southeastern Europe. In addition, during the last decades, strategies for the modification of risk factors and primary prevention may have changed the prevalence of each subgroup of @entity2 as well. We investigated 1, 042 consecutive @entity0 who had first @entity2 , during a period of 5 years (from June 1992 to May 1997) and classified them prospectively based on etiopathogenic mechanisms. @entity0 with transient @entity1 attacks and @entity3 were excluded. There were 613 male and 429 female @entity0 , with a mean age of 70.2 +/- 11.9 years. Forty-six percent of the @entity0 arrived within 3 h from @entity2 onset. The probable mechanisms were: large-artery @entity4 , 156 (15%); lacunes, 177 (17%); cardioembolic, 335 (32.1%); @entity6 of unknown cause, 182 (17.5%); miscellaneous causes, 35 (3.3%), and @entity7 ( @entity7 ), 157 (15.1%). In the cardioembolic group, nonvalvular @entity5 (NVAF) was the probable cause in 225 @entity0 , especially in @entity0 older than 75 years (65%). The overall hospital mortality was 15.2% (from 0.6% for @entity2 to 34% for @entity7 ). In our population, cardioembolism is the most frequent subtype of @entity2 . NVAF is the most likely source, especially in older @entity0 .

title: The XXXX registry: results of a five-year hospital-based study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A new rapid assay for the @entity4 group of toxins, based on lateral flow immunochromatographic (LFIC) test strips developed by Jellett Rapid Testing Ltd., was assessed on naturally contaminated bivalves from the Portuguese coast. One prototype was evaluated using samples harvested during 2005, extracted with 80% @entity0 , followed by dilution with the running buffer of a methanolic extract after alkaline hydrolysis for @entity3 . The second prototype was assessed using samples harvested during 2006, extracted with 100% @entity0 and, after alkaline hydrolysis, the @entity0 was evaporated by a @entity1 stream followed by re-suspension with the running buffer. The first prototype failed to detect 20% of samples that were positive by LC-MS in the range 160-480 microg kg(-1), and were classified as negative or trace level by LFIC. The presence of @entity0 in the extracts made correct detection of toxins more difficult. The second prototype classified as positive all samples above 160 microg kg(-1), as confirmed by LC-MS. However, in the second prototype, matrix effects were a major drawback and led to 45% false positives, particularly for mussels, due to compounds in shellfish extracts interfering with the antibodies and reducing the test line intensity. Extraction with a higher percentage of @entity0 was thought responsible for these matrix effects. Regarding sample migration, both prototypes needed one hour before reading. In an attempt to speed-up sample preparation, a direct digestion of bivalve tissues with @entity2 was evaluated. Low recoveries for esters were found by LC-MS with this hydrolysis technique compared to conventional hydrolysis of methanolic extracts. While prototype A was not sensitive enough, prototype B had too many false positives to be of use to the shellfish industry or in a monitoring program.

title: Assessment of a new lateral flow immunochromatographic (LFIC) assay for the XXXX group of toxins using naturally contaminated bivalve shellfish from the Portuguese coast.

answer: @entity4


abstract: A model for @entity1 growth, proposed by Kroon and Holzapfel (2007, "A Model for Saccular @entity1 Growth in a @entity0 Middle Cerebral Artery," J. Theor. Biol., 247, pp. 775-787; 2008, "Modeling of @entity2 Growth in a @entity0 Middle Cerebral Artery," ASME J. Biomech. @entity3 ., 130, p. 051012), is further investigated. A @entity0 middle cerebral artery is modeled as a two-layer cylinder where the layers correspond to the media and the adventitia. The immediate loss of media in the location of the @entity2 is taken to be responsible for the initiation of the @entity2 growth. The @entity2 is regarded as a development of the adventitia, which is composed of several distinct layers of collagen fibers perfectly aligned in specified directions. The collagen fibers are the only load-bearing constituent in the @entity2 wall; their production and degradation depend on the stretch of the wall and are responsible for the @entity2 growth. The anisotropy of the surrounding media was modeled using the strain-energy function proposed by Holzapfel et al. (2000, "A New Constitutive Framework for Arterial Wall Mechanics and a Comparative Study of Material Models," J. Elast., 61, pp. 1-48), which is valid for an elastic material with two families of fibers. It was shown that the inclusion of fibers in the media reduced the maximum principal Cauchy stress and the maximum shear stress in the @entity2 wall. The thickness increase in the @entity2 wall due to material growth was also decreased. Varying the fiber angle in the media from a circumferential direction to a deviation of 10 deg from the circumferential direction did, however, only show a little effect. Altering the axial in situ stretch of the artery had a much larger effect in terms of the steady-state shape of the @entity2 and the resulting stresses in the @entity2 wall. The peak values of the maximum principal stress and the thickness increase both became significantly higher for larger axial stretches.

title: Influence of medial collagen organization and axial in situ stretch on XXXX growth.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence and aetiology of @entity1 in the community and presenting to general practitioners. Comparison with incidence and aetiology of cases reaching national laboratory based surveillance. DESIGN: Population based community cohort incidence study, general practice based incidence studies, and case linkage to national laboratory surveillance. SETTING: 70 general practices throughout England. @entity0 : 459 975 @entity0 served by the practices. Community surveillance of 9776 randomly selected @entity0 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of @entity1 in community and reported to general practice. RESULTS: 781 cases were identified in the community cohort, giving an incidence of 19.4/100 @entity0 years (95% confidence interval 18.1 to 20.8). 8770 cases presented to general practice (3.3/100 @entity0 years (2.94 to 3.75)). One case was reported to national surveillance for every 1.4 laboratory identifications, 6.2 stools sent for laboratory investigation, 23 cases presenting to general practice, and 136 community cases. The ratio of cases in the community to cases reaching national surveillance was lower for bacterial pathogens (salmonella 3.2:1, campylobacter 7.6:1) than for viruses (rotavirus 35:1, small round structured viruses 1562:1). There were many cases for which no organism was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Infectious intestinal disease occurs in 1 in 5 @entity0 each year, of whom 1 in 6 presents to a general practitioner. The proportion of cases not recorded by national laboratory surveillance is large and varies widely by microorganism. Ways of supplementing the national laboratory surveillance system for infectious @entity1 should be considered.

title: Study of XXXX in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance. The Infectious Intestinal Disease Study Executive.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Psoriasis lesions accumulate @entity6 ( @entity6 ) with a variable distribution within plaques due to variations in @entity5 causing differences in penetration of cream or light. OBJECTIVES: To study the effects of different keratolytic pretreatments in PpIX-induced fluorescence diagnosis (FDAP) and during photodynamic therapy (PDT). METHODS: Two @entity2 plaques of 10 @entity0 were treated with either topical @entity3 or with a hydrocolloid dressing. The hydrocolloid dressing gave the best results. Subsequently, two different contralateral plaques of eight @entity0 were pretreated with a hydrocolloid dressing or the standard pretreatment, @entity4 in petrolatum, during the 6 weeks of PDT. Biopsies were investigated with respect to stratum corneum thickness, proliferation, differentiation and @entity1 . RESULTS: Irritation and point bleedings were noticed after @entity3 . A hydrocolloid dressing induced the best clinical improvement. Therefore, it was used as alternative pretreatment for @entity2 prior to PDT. We observed significant clinical and immunohistochemical improvement of @entity2 in the @entity4 as well as the hydrocolloid dressing pretreated plaques. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 in petrolatum and a hydrocolloid dressing prior to FDAP and PDT induce improvement of @entity5 . Thus, a hydrocolloid dressing is a good alternative to the current keratolytic pretreatment regime.

title: The effects of keratolytic pretreatment prior to fluorescence diagnosis and photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrins in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: In this prospective, randomized, open-label clinical trial, we compared the efficacy and safety of two antibiotic regimens for severe @entity1 ( @entity1 ). Sixty-two in- @entity0 with @entity1 received either @entity3 / @entity6 ( @entity5 -Tazo, n = 30) (4.5 g intravenously every 8h) or @entity2 / @entity7 ( @entity8 , n = 32) (0.5 g intravenously every 6h). The mean duration of treatment was 21 days for @entity5 -Tazo and 24 days for @entity8 . Twenty-two (73.3%) @entity0 in the @entity5 -Tazo group and 26 (81.2%) @entity0 in the @entity8 group had @entity1 associated with @entity4 . Successful clinical response was seen in 14 (46.7%) @entity0 in the @entity5 -Tazo group and in nine (28.1%) @entity0 in the @entity8 group [relative risk (RR) 1.6 (95% CI 0.84-3.25), p 0.130]. Two @entity0 in the @entity8 group and none in the @entity5 -Tazo group relapsed [RR 2 (0.94-4.24), p 0.058]. Eighty-nine microorganisms were isolated: 38 (43%) Gram-positive and 51(57%) Gram-negative. Among @entity0 with positive culture, 47 (96%) had complete and two (4%) had partial microbiological response. Microbiological response rates were similar in both groups (p 1.000). Amputation was performed in 18 (60%) and 22 (69%) @entity0 in the @entity5 -Tazo and @entity8 groups (p 0.739) respectively. Side effects were more common in the @entity5 -Tazo group (30% vs. 9.4%), but they were generally mild and reversible. In conclusion, although the sample size was small and the results did not reach statistical significance, @entity5 -Tazo produced a better clinical response rate than @entity8 in the treatment of severe @entity1 . There was no significant difference between the treatment groups with respect to microbiological response, relapse and amputation rates.

title: @entity3 / @entity6 versus imipenem/cilastatin for severe XXXX : a prospective, randomized clinical trial in a university hospital.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In this prospective, randomized, open-label clinical trial, we compared the efficacy and safety of two antibiotic regimens for severe @entity1 ( @entity1 ). Sixty-two in- @entity0 with @entity1 received either @entity3 / @entity6 ( @entity5 -Tazo, n = 30) (4.5 g intravenously every 8h) or @entity2 / @entity7 ( @entity8 , n = 32) (0.5 g intravenously every 6h). The mean duration of treatment was 21 days for @entity5 -Tazo and 24 days for @entity8 . Twenty-two (73.3%) @entity0 in the @entity5 -Tazo group and 26 (81.2%) @entity0 in the @entity8 group had @entity1 associated with @entity4 . Successful clinical response was seen in 14 (46.7%) @entity0 in the @entity5 -Tazo group and in nine (28.1%) @entity0 in the @entity8 group [relative risk (RR) 1.6 (95% CI 0.84-3.25), p 0.130]. Two @entity0 in the @entity8 group and none in the @entity5 -Tazo group relapsed [RR 2 (0.94-4.24), p 0.058]. Eighty-nine microorganisms were isolated: 38 (43%) Gram-positive and 51(57%) Gram-negative. Among @entity0 with positive culture, 47 (96%) had complete and two (4%) had partial microbiological response. Microbiological response rates were similar in both groups (p 1.000). Amputation was performed in 18 (60%) and 22 (69%) @entity0 in the @entity5 -Tazo and @entity8 groups (p 0.739) respectively. Side effects were more common in the @entity5 -Tazo group (30% vs. 9.4%), but they were generally mild and reversible. In conclusion, although the sample size was small and the results did not reach statistical significance, @entity5 -Tazo produced a better clinical response rate than @entity8 in the treatment of severe @entity1 . There was no significant difference between the treatment groups with respect to microbiological response, relapse and amputation rates.

title: XXXX / @entity6 versus imipenem/cilastatin for severe @entity1 : a prospective, randomized clinical trial in a university hospital.

answer: @entity3


abstract: In this prospective, randomized, open-label clinical trial, we compared the efficacy and safety of two antibiotic regimens for severe @entity1 ( @entity1 ). Sixty-two in- @entity0 with @entity1 received either @entity3 / @entity6 ( @entity5 -Tazo, n = 30) (4.5 g intravenously every 8h) or @entity2 / @entity7 ( @entity8 , n = 32) (0.5 g intravenously every 6h). The mean duration of treatment was 21 days for @entity5 -Tazo and 24 days for @entity8 . Twenty-two (73.3%) @entity0 in the @entity5 -Tazo group and 26 (81.2%) @entity0 in the @entity8 group had @entity1 associated with @entity4 . Successful clinical response was seen in 14 (46.7%) @entity0 in the @entity5 -Tazo group and in nine (28.1%) @entity0 in the @entity8 group [relative risk (RR) 1.6 (95% CI 0.84-3.25), p 0.130]. Two @entity0 in the @entity8 group and none in the @entity5 -Tazo group relapsed [RR 2 (0.94-4.24), p 0.058]. Eighty-nine microorganisms were isolated: 38 (43%) Gram-positive and 51(57%) Gram-negative. Among @entity0 with positive culture, 47 (96%) had complete and two (4%) had partial microbiological response. Microbiological response rates were similar in both groups (p 1.000). Amputation was performed in 18 (60%) and 22 (69%) @entity0 in the @entity5 -Tazo and @entity8 groups (p 0.739) respectively. Side effects were more common in the @entity5 -Tazo group (30% vs. 9.4%), but they were generally mild and reversible. In conclusion, although the sample size was small and the results did not reach statistical significance, @entity5 -Tazo produced a better clinical response rate than @entity8 in the treatment of severe @entity1 . There was no significant difference between the treatment groups with respect to microbiological response, relapse and amputation rates.

title: @entity3 / XXXX versus imipenem/cilastatin for severe @entity1 : a prospective, randomized clinical trial in a university hospital.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Analysis of base composition has proven important for functional gene analysis. By comparing base composition and codon usage between two specific @entity0 gene families we were able to show a highly conserved @entity2 distribution among the members of one gene family and a significant difference between the two families. The two groups selected for analysis were the @entity0 @entity5 gene family, which represents six secreted @entity0 plasma proteins with functions in immune defense, and a class of four @entity0 @entity1 finger proteins, termed early growth response (EGR) proteins, which represent DNA-binding transcription factors. The @entity2 distribution of each gene family is distinct: members of the @entity5 gene family represent @entity3 -rich genes, displaying an overall @entity3 @entity2 content of 62.8% and a particular preference for A @entity4 (33.9%). In contrast, the EGR genes are GC-rich (55.9%) and C @entity4 are used in 31.2%. This @entity2 difference affects codon usage among synonymous codons and is considered of biological significance, as it affects DNA stability. The codon preference is particularly high at codon position 3, where each family selects for codons which have the preferred @entity2 at this silent third position. At position 3, A @entity4 are preferred by @entity5 genes in 36.3% of the 2, 503 codons analyzed, compared to 10% of the 1,876 codons analyzed for the EGR family. In contrast, C @entity4 are used by the EGR family in 48.1%, compared to 16% of the triplets used by the @entity5 gene family. This comparison of two @entity0 gene families shows that @entity2 distribution and codon usage is not uniform within the @entity0 organism and the described differences most likely represent selection constraints between the polymorphic @entity5 and highly conserved EGR genes.

title: Two @entity0 gene families display preferences for different XXXX and have distinct codon usage patterns.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Analysis of base composition has proven important for functional gene analysis. By comparing base composition and codon usage between two specific @entity0 gene families we were able to show a highly conserved @entity2 distribution among the members of one gene family and a significant difference between the two families. The two groups selected for analysis were the @entity0 @entity5 gene family, which represents six secreted @entity0 plasma proteins with functions in immune defense, and a class of four @entity0 @entity1 finger proteins, termed early growth response (EGR) proteins, which represent DNA-binding transcription factors. The @entity2 distribution of each gene family is distinct: members of the @entity5 gene family represent @entity3 -rich genes, displaying an overall @entity3 @entity2 content of 62.8% and a particular preference for A @entity4 (33.9%). In contrast, the EGR genes are GC-rich (55.9%) and C @entity4 are used in 31.2%. This @entity2 difference affects codon usage among synonymous codons and is considered of biological significance, as it affects DNA stability. The codon preference is particularly high at codon position 3, where each family selects for codons which have the preferred @entity2 at this silent third position. At position 3, A @entity4 are preferred by @entity5 genes in 36.3% of the 2, 503 codons analyzed, compared to 10% of the 1,876 codons analyzed for the EGR family. In contrast, C @entity4 are used by the EGR family in 48.1%, compared to 16% of the triplets used by the @entity5 gene family. This comparison of two @entity0 gene families shows that @entity2 distribution and codon usage is not uniform within the @entity0 organism and the described differences most likely represent selection constraints between the polymorphic @entity5 and highly conserved EGR genes.

title: Two XXXX gene families display preferences for different @entity4 and have distinct codon usage patterns.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The @entity0 @entity2 gene is mainly expressed in pituitary lactotrope cells, but transcription from an alternative, far upstream promoter was detected in lymphoid, placental and mammary cells. We describe the transcriptional activity in @entity1 pituitary cells of the complete region separating the two promoters, using transient transfection experiments. A far upstream activating region was only functional in combination with the @entity2 promoter. DNaseI protection experiments revealed, in addition to binding sites for the pituitary-specific factor @entity4 , sites (e.g. @entity5 ) for several ubiquitous factors and one lymphoid-specific factor (SD4). A single copy of the ubiquitous site @entity5 or the lymphoid-specific site SD4 was unable to activate transcription of a heterologous promoter in pituitary cells. However, @entity5 activated transcription in nonpituitary cells and SD4 was functional specifically in lymphoid cells. Five copies of a distal site (D8) activated transcription in each cell type tested. Gel retardation experiments show that this site binds the specific factor @entity3 in liver and a distinct factor in other cell types. Our results suggest that different elements within this large region direct specific expression from each promoter via a complex interplay between cell-specific and ubiquitous transcription factors.

title: Far upstream sequences regulate the @entity0 XXXX promoter transcription.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The @entity0 @entity2 gene is mainly expressed in pituitary lactotrope cells, but transcription from an alternative, far upstream promoter was detected in lymphoid, placental and mammary cells. We describe the transcriptional activity in @entity1 pituitary cells of the complete region separating the two promoters, using transient transfection experiments. A far upstream activating region was only functional in combination with the @entity2 promoter. DNaseI protection experiments revealed, in addition to binding sites for the pituitary-specific factor @entity4 , sites (e.g. @entity5 ) for several ubiquitous factors and one lymphoid-specific factor (SD4). A single copy of the ubiquitous site @entity5 or the lymphoid-specific site SD4 was unable to activate transcription of a heterologous promoter in pituitary cells. However, @entity5 activated transcription in nonpituitary cells and SD4 was functional specifically in lymphoid cells. Five copies of a distal site (D8) activated transcription in each cell type tested. Gel retardation experiments show that this site binds the specific factor @entity3 in liver and a distinct factor in other cell types. Our results suggest that different elements within this large region direct specific expression from each promoter via a complex interplay between cell-specific and ubiquitous transcription factors.

title: Far upstream sequences regulate the XXXX @entity2 promoter transcription.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of post-operative oral contraceptives (OCs) use on the rate of recurrence after laparoscopic excision of @entity1 . METHODS: In May 2005, we introduced a 'post-operative OC recommendation' for @entity0 treated with laparoscopic excision of @entity2 . That is, at the time of the operation, we provided each @entity0 with information about OC, known and possible benefits and risks and let her decide whether to take OC. A retrospective cohort study included 87 @entity0 who underwent a laparoscopy after May 2005. The @entity2 recurrence rate at 24 months was compared between those who used OC for the entire follow-up period OC (n = 34) and all of the others (n = 53). We also performed logistic regression analysis to identify variables associated with recurrence. A before-after study included another 224 @entity0 who underwent a laparoscopy before May 2005 and compared the recurrence rate before and after introduction of the 'post-operative OC recommendation'. RESULTS: The recurrence rate in those who used OC for the entire period was significantly lower than in the 'others' group (2.9 versus 35.8%, relative risk 0.082, 95% CI 0.012-0.58, P < 0.001). Post-operative OC was determined as an independent variable associated with lower recurrence (OR 0.054, 95% CI 0.007-0.429, P < 0.001). The overall recurrence rate in @entity0 who underwent laparoscopy after the introduction of the 'post-operative OC recommendation' was significantly lower than that in @entity0 who received laparoscopy before the introduction (18.6 versus 33.1%, relative risk 0.56, 95% CI 0.32-0.97, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Post-operative OC use reduces the risk of @entity1 recurrence after laparoscopic excision. This information will help in appropriate planning of pre- and post-operative management.

title: Post-operative oral contraceptive use reduces the risk of XXXX recurrence after laparoscopic excision.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and appearance of changes in the breast on sonography in @entity1 after @entity0 surgery including sentinel lymph node localization using @entity3 dye. METHODS: Three hundred thirty-seven consecutive @entity1 who underwent breast-conserving surgery in 2006 underwent breast sonography during 2 years after surgery. Sentinel lymph node localization using @entity3 dye was selectively performed. We retrospectively analyzed the unexplained focal lesions not at the lumpectomy site on sonography and investigated whether these findings were associated with sentinel lymph node localization. RESULTS: Unexplained focal lesions were identified in 36 (14.1%) of 256 @entity1 who had undergone sentinel lymph node localization. The lesions were in the periareolar region (n = 26; outer in 16, upper in 6, inner in 2, and lower in 2) or the retroareolar region (n = 10). The lesion appeared with a fat @entity2 -like pattern in the subcutaneous fat layer in 24 (66.7%) or as an irregular mass in the glandular layer in 12 (33.3%). The unexplained focal lesions were pathologically proven benign (n = 10) or were improved or stable during 2 years of imaging follow-up after surgery (n = 26). The unexplained focal lesions in 2 (2.5%) of 81 @entity1 without sentinel lymph node localization were in the nonareolar region, and 1 of these was a recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: After sentinel lymph node localization using @entity3 dye, breast sonography can show unexplained focal lesions in the periareolar and retroareolar regions. Although most of the changes suggest fat @entity2 , an irregular parenchymal mass can develop and mimic a recurrence.

title: XXXX dye-related changes in the breast after sentinel lymph node localization.

answer: @entity3


abstract: This study evaluates the 5-year outcome data for the management of advanced @entity2 in the South West of England. Anonymized data for 361 stage III and IV @entity2 registered between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 1998, were obtained from the central gynecological @entity1 database. The following data were identified: age at diagnosis, FIGO stage, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, @entity1 differentiation, treating network and surgeon, amount of @entity3 after debulking surgery, current life status, and date of death if applicable. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier crude survival for univariate analysis, and multivariate analysis was performed by Cox regression. In our data the 5-year survival for @entity0 with stage III was 16% and with stage IV was 10%. Survival analysis demonstrated that @entity0 in whom the disease was debulked to less than 1 cm were more likely to be alive 5 years after diagnosis than those with a 2-cm residuum (P < 0.0001). There was no significant survival difference for those @entity0 operated on by subspecialist surgeons despite these surgeons being twice as likely to achieve optimal debulking. Therefore, there must be other variables influencing survival apart from cytoreductive surgery. While there is near-complete data collection about @entity2 surgery, our database on chemotherapy is incomplete. This is clearly crucial for a complete view of @entity1 care in our region.

title: Stage III and IV XXXX in the South West of England: five-year outcome analysis for cases treated in 1998.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and @entity8 ( @entity8 ) generally respond well to treatment with glucocorticoids (GC). We sought to determine the value of clinical, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic findings and the expression of the @entity10 ( @entity10 ) for discriminating between @entity0 who achieve complete remission, or partial remission, or who do not improve with glucocorticoid treatment. METHODS: We examined biopsies of the temporal artery from 60 @entity0 , of whom 27 had @entity3 , 13 @entity8 , and 20 @entity9 . RESULTS: Of the clinical variables evaluated, @entity2 was correlated with the histologic classification of the biopsies (p < 0.0001). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly higher in @entity0 with @entity8 and @entity3 than in @entity0 with @entity9 (p < 0.0001). There were significant differences between @entity0 with @entity3 versus @entity8 in the numbers of CD3-, @entity5 -, and @entity4 -positive T cells, in @entity6 -positive monocytes (p < 0.0001), and antigen-presenting cells (p < 0.0001). @entity11 -positive and @entity7 -positive cells were absent in @entity0 with @entity8 but present in @entity0 with @entity3 (p < 0.0001). In @entity1 most monocytes and lymphocytes expressed @entity10 (88.9%). The number of @entity6 -positive cells and the extent of @entity10 -staining in chronic @entity1 reflected the success of treatment in logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). @entity10 polymorphism showed that more than 90% of @entity0 had the wild-type (homozygote) of the @entity13 or @entity12 polymorphism. There was no evidence that this polymorphism influenced response to treatment with GC (Fisher's exact test 1.0). CONCLUSION: Expression of @entity10 and the presence of @entity7 -, CD3-, @entity4 -, @entity5 -, @entity6 -, @entity11 -positive cells and antigen-presenting cells differ between @entity3 and @entity8 . The presence of @entity6 -positive cells and the extent of @entity10 -staining in chronic @entity1 are suitable to predict complete remission in @entity3 .

title: Predictors for treatment success and expression of @entity10 in XXXX and @entity8 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and @entity8 ( @entity8 ) generally respond well to treatment with glucocorticoids (GC). We sought to determine the value of clinical, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic findings and the expression of the @entity10 ( @entity10 ) for discriminating between @entity0 who achieve complete remission, or partial remission, or who do not improve with glucocorticoid treatment. METHODS: We examined biopsies of the temporal artery from 60 @entity0 , of whom 27 had @entity3 , 13 @entity8 , and 20 @entity9 . RESULTS: Of the clinical variables evaluated, @entity2 was correlated with the histologic classification of the biopsies (p < 0.0001). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly higher in @entity0 with @entity8 and @entity3 than in @entity0 with @entity9 (p < 0.0001). There were significant differences between @entity0 with @entity3 versus @entity8 in the numbers of CD3-, @entity5 -, and @entity4 -positive T cells, in @entity6 -positive monocytes (p < 0.0001), and antigen-presenting cells (p < 0.0001). @entity11 -positive and @entity7 -positive cells were absent in @entity0 with @entity8 but present in @entity0 with @entity3 (p < 0.0001). In @entity1 most monocytes and lymphocytes expressed @entity10 (88.9%). The number of @entity6 -positive cells and the extent of @entity10 -staining in chronic @entity1 reflected the success of treatment in logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). @entity10 polymorphism showed that more than 90% of @entity0 had the wild-type (homozygote) of the @entity13 or @entity12 polymorphism. There was no evidence that this polymorphism influenced response to treatment with GC (Fisher's exact test 1.0). CONCLUSION: Expression of @entity10 and the presence of @entity7 -, CD3-, @entity4 -, @entity5 -, @entity6 -, @entity11 -positive cells and antigen-presenting cells differ between @entity3 and @entity8 . The presence of @entity6 -positive cells and the extent of @entity10 -staining in chronic @entity1 are suitable to predict complete remission in @entity3 .

title: Predictors for treatment success and expression of @entity10 in @entity3 and XXXX .

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and @entity8 ( @entity8 ) generally respond well to treatment with glucocorticoids (GC). We sought to determine the value of clinical, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic findings and the expression of the @entity10 ( @entity10 ) for discriminating between @entity0 who achieve complete remission, or partial remission, or who do not improve with glucocorticoid treatment. METHODS: We examined biopsies of the temporal artery from 60 @entity0 , of whom 27 had @entity3 , 13 @entity8 , and 20 @entity9 . RESULTS: Of the clinical variables evaluated, @entity2 was correlated with the histologic classification of the biopsies (p < 0.0001). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly higher in @entity0 with @entity8 and @entity3 than in @entity0 with @entity9 (p < 0.0001). There were significant differences between @entity0 with @entity3 versus @entity8 in the numbers of CD3-, @entity5 -, and @entity4 -positive T cells, in @entity6 -positive monocytes (p < 0.0001), and antigen-presenting cells (p < 0.0001). @entity11 -positive and @entity7 -positive cells were absent in @entity0 with @entity8 but present in @entity0 with @entity3 (p < 0.0001). In @entity1 most monocytes and lymphocytes expressed @entity10 (88.9%). The number of @entity6 -positive cells and the extent of @entity10 -staining in chronic @entity1 reflected the success of treatment in logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). @entity10 polymorphism showed that more than 90% of @entity0 had the wild-type (homozygote) of the @entity13 or @entity12 polymorphism. There was no evidence that this polymorphism influenced response to treatment with GC (Fisher's exact test 1.0). CONCLUSION: Expression of @entity10 and the presence of @entity7 -, CD3-, @entity4 -, @entity5 -, @entity6 -, @entity11 -positive cells and antigen-presenting cells differ between @entity3 and @entity8 . The presence of @entity6 -positive cells and the extent of @entity10 -staining in chronic @entity1 are suitable to predict complete remission in @entity3 .

title: Predictors for treatment success and expression of XXXX in @entity3 and @entity8 .

answer: @entity10


abstract: In the authors' institute 1097 @entity0 received treatment for @entity2 between the 1st of January, 1960 and the 31st of December, 1997. 92 of them had @entity3 . In this study the link between ovulation induction therapy and @entity2 was analyzed with retrospective questionnaire. 236 questionnaires were shared out among @entity0 with @entity2 , who were treated between 1990 and 1997. 7 of 113 @entity0 , who gave correct answers to the questions (6.2%) received ovulation induction therapy. @entity2 developed in 2 of the cases during, and in 5 cases just 6-16 years after the @entity5 - @entity4 treatment. None of the 45 @entity0 with granulosa cell @entity1 received induction therapy. The number of @entity0 admitted because of @entity2 before and after the induction therapy was also compared. There was no significant increase in the occurrence of the @entity1 . Since 1986 in the in vitro fertilization program of the clinic nearly 1,500 @entity0 were treated with effected ovulation induction drugs causing superovulation. The authors don't know of any development of @entity2 , and 732 @entity0 have confirmed this fact. The number of @entity0 deceased in consequence of @entity2 in different age groups, and the distribution of the @entity0 population in every age group in Hungary, from the year of 1979 was also analyzed. There was no significant increase found in the number of deceased among the studied age groups, moreover a significant decrease among them could be observed. The link between ovulation induction therapy and @entity2 can neither be strengthen, nor deny by the result of the study, however the close relationship which seemed to be logical can be queried. To give an exact answer for the question a vast, long-term, prospective of retrospective follow-up case-control study is needed.

title: [Ovulation induction therapy and malignant XXXX ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: A wide variety of commercial products can be potentially made from monomeric @entity11 produced by the dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. However, this process is accompanied by side products such as furfural that hinder microbial growth and fermentation. To investigate the mechanism of furfural inhibition, mRNA microarrays of an ethanologenic strain of @entity2 (LY180) were compared immediately prior to and 15 min after a moderate furfural challenge. Expression of genes and regulators associated with the biosynthesis of @entity1 and @entity7 was increased by furfural, consistent with a limitation of these critical metabolites. This was in contrast to a general stringent response and decreased expression of many other biosynthetic genes. Of the 20 @entity6 individually tested as supplements (100 microM each), @entity1 and @entity7 were the most effective in increasing furfural tolerance with @entity3 (precursor of @entity1 ), @entity12 , and @entity0 of lesser benefit. Supplementation with other reduced @entity4 sources such as @entity15 and @entity13 also increased furfural tolerance. In contrast, supplementation with @entity9 , a @entity4 source that requires 3 molecules of @entity5 for @entity4 assimilation, was of no benefit. Furfural tolerance was also increased by inserting a plasmid encoding pntAB, a cytoplasmic @entity8 / @entity5 transhydrogenase. Based on these results, a model is proposed for the inhibition of growth in which the reduction of furfural by YqhD, an enzyme with a low K(m) for @entity5 , depletes @entity5 sufficiently to limit the assimilation of @entity4 into @entity6 ( @entity1 and @entity7 ) by @entity10 IJ ( @entity14 reductase).

title: Furfural inhibits growth by limiting @entity4 assimilation in ethanologenic XXXX LY180.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A wide variety of commercial products can be potentially made from monomeric @entity11 produced by the dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. However, this process is accompanied by side products such as furfural that hinder microbial growth and fermentation. To investigate the mechanism of furfural inhibition, mRNA microarrays of an ethanologenic strain of @entity2 (LY180) were compared immediately prior to and 15 min after a moderate furfural challenge. Expression of genes and regulators associated with the biosynthesis of @entity1 and @entity7 was increased by furfural, consistent with a limitation of these critical metabolites. This was in contrast to a general stringent response and decreased expression of many other biosynthetic genes. Of the 20 @entity6 individually tested as supplements (100 microM each), @entity1 and @entity7 were the most effective in increasing furfural tolerance with @entity3 (precursor of @entity1 ), @entity12 , and @entity0 of lesser benefit. Supplementation with other reduced @entity4 sources such as @entity15 and @entity13 also increased furfural tolerance. In contrast, supplementation with @entity9 , a @entity4 source that requires 3 molecules of @entity5 for @entity4 assimilation, was of no benefit. Furfural tolerance was also increased by inserting a plasmid encoding pntAB, a cytoplasmic @entity8 / @entity5 transhydrogenase. Based on these results, a model is proposed for the inhibition of growth in which the reduction of furfural by YqhD, an enzyme with a low K(m) for @entity5 , depletes @entity5 sufficiently to limit the assimilation of @entity4 into @entity6 ( @entity1 and @entity7 ) by @entity10 IJ ( @entity14 reductase).

title: Furfural inhibits growth by limiting XXXX assimilation in ethanologenic @entity2 LY180.

answer: @entity4