abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of the cerebral cortex in neurally mediated @entity2 , the electroencephalograms (EEG) of @entity0 recorded during head up tilt table test were analysed. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital. @entity0 : 18 @entity0 with @entity2 or near @entity2 underwent head up tilt table test with simultaneous ECG and EEG monitoring. METHODS: Standard 70 degrees tilt table test was done with simultaneous ECG and EEG monitoring. EEG waveforms were analysed by both visual inspection and spectral analysis. RESULTS: 6 of 18 @entity0 (33%) had a positive tilt table test. Before @entity2 slow waves increased in @entity0 with a positive test. In addition, five of six tilt positive @entity0 (83%) had slow wave activity that lateralised to the left side of the brain (mean (SD) 822 (724) v 172 (215) micro V(2), p < 0.05), while none of the tilt negative @entity0 exhibited lateralisation (24 (15) v 26 (19) micro V(2), NS). Spectral analysis showed that the lateralisation occurred in the delta frequency. The lateralisation preceded the event by 5-56 seconds (18 (21) seconds). CONCLUSIONS: EEG activity lateralises to the left hemisphere of the brain before @entity2 . The lateralisation precedes @entity2 and is associated with the onset of @entity3 , @entity1 , and clinical symptoms. These findings suggest that the central nervous system may have a role in neurally mediated @entity2 .

title: New insights into the mechanism of neurally mediated XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity4 is a common @entity3 . Serious outbreaks occur typically in elderly long-term @entity0 , but have also been reported in renal, transplant and oncology units, neonatal intensive care and paediatrics. It is likely that staff- @entity0 @entity3 is common. Prompt diagnosis of an outbreak lies at the heart of an effective @entity4 control programme. This requires effective virological surveillance. There are a variety of strategies that can help to prevent spread of @entity4 in health care settings. @entity2 control should include @entity2 residents, restricting circulation of nursing staff between @entity0 , and restriction of visitors. Annual @entity4 immunization should be offered to elderly @entity0 , subjects with @entity1 , and those in long-term residential or nursing home care. Vaccination of health care workers has been shown to be effective in protecting elderly @entity0 in long-term care. Use of oral @entity5 or @entity6 is an additional possible strategy for prophylaxis or treatment during an outbreak.

title: Nosocomial transmission of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: We investigated the involvement of @entity3 metabolites in basal and @entity4 ( @entity2 ) stimulated prolactin release by GH3 cells, a cloned strain of @entity0 @entity1 cells. GH3 cells spontaneously released 9 and 15 HETEs and the 15 HETE release was greater than that of 9 HETE. When the cells were challenged by 10(-5) M AA, they were able to produce 5, 9, 12 and 15 HETEs. 10(-6) M @entity2 only stimulated the release of the two metabolites synthesized by the basal cells (15 and 9 HETEs). This release depended on the length of stimulation by @entity2 . When both AA and @entity2 were added, there was an increase in 15 and 9 HETE production. In all cases, more 15 HETE was released than other metabolites. In dose-response studies using @entity2 concentrations of 10(-6) M to 10(-12) M, the highest level of 9 HETE release was obtained at 10(-11) M @entity2 and the highest release of 15 HETE was at 10(-9) M @entity2 . PRL secretion by GH3 cells challenged by @entity2 showed the same pattern as 15 HETE release, and the correlation between PRL and 15 HETE was significant (p less than 0.001). These data indicate that 15 HETE is the lipoxygenase metabolite released in the largest amounts by GH3 cells and suggest some physiological interaction between 15 HETE and @entity2 in the control of PRL secretion.

title: @entity3 metabolism in a cloned strain of @entity0 XXXX cells: correlation between 15 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid release and the prolactin secretory process.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We investigated the involvement of @entity3 metabolites in basal and @entity4 ( @entity2 ) stimulated prolactin release by GH3 cells, a cloned strain of @entity0 @entity1 cells. GH3 cells spontaneously released 9 and 15 HETEs and the 15 HETE release was greater than that of 9 HETE. When the cells were challenged by 10(-5) M AA, they were able to produce 5, 9, 12 and 15 HETEs. 10(-6) M @entity2 only stimulated the release of the two metabolites synthesized by the basal cells (15 and 9 HETEs). This release depended on the length of stimulation by @entity2 . When both AA and @entity2 were added, there was an increase in 15 and 9 HETE production. In all cases, more 15 HETE was released than other metabolites. In dose-response studies using @entity2 concentrations of 10(-6) M to 10(-12) M, the highest level of 9 HETE release was obtained at 10(-11) M @entity2 and the highest release of 15 HETE was at 10(-9) M @entity2 . PRL secretion by GH3 cells challenged by @entity2 showed the same pattern as 15 HETE release, and the correlation between PRL and 15 HETE was significant (p less than 0.001). These data indicate that 15 HETE is the lipoxygenase metabolite released in the largest amounts by GH3 cells and suggest some physiological interaction between 15 HETE and @entity2 in the control of PRL secretion.

title: XXXX metabolism in a cloned strain of @entity0 @entity1 cells: correlation between 15 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid release and the prolactin secretory process.

answer: @entity3


abstract: We investigated the involvement of @entity3 metabolites in basal and @entity4 ( @entity2 ) stimulated prolactin release by GH3 cells, a cloned strain of @entity0 @entity1 cells. GH3 cells spontaneously released 9 and 15 HETEs and the 15 HETE release was greater than that of 9 HETE. When the cells were challenged by 10(-5) M AA, they were able to produce 5, 9, 12 and 15 HETEs. 10(-6) M @entity2 only stimulated the release of the two metabolites synthesized by the basal cells (15 and 9 HETEs). This release depended on the length of stimulation by @entity2 . When both AA and @entity2 were added, there was an increase in 15 and 9 HETE production. In all cases, more 15 HETE was released than other metabolites. In dose-response studies using @entity2 concentrations of 10(-6) M to 10(-12) M, the highest level of 9 HETE release was obtained at 10(-11) M @entity2 and the highest release of 15 HETE was at 10(-9) M @entity2 . PRL secretion by GH3 cells challenged by @entity2 showed the same pattern as 15 HETE release, and the correlation between PRL and 15 HETE was significant (p less than 0.001). These data indicate that 15 HETE is the lipoxygenase metabolite released in the largest amounts by GH3 cells and suggest some physiological interaction between 15 HETE and @entity2 in the control of PRL secretion.

title: @entity3 metabolism in a cloned strain of XXXX @entity1 cells: correlation between 15 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid release and the prolactin secretory process.

answer: @entity0


abstract: AIM: The pathogenesis of traumatic @entity1 remains unclear. The generally held view is that @entity1 is caused primarily by @entity2 and that @entity1 plays a relatively minor role in the swelling process. The goal of this study was to examine the roles of cerebral blood volume (CBV) and @entity1 in traumatic @entity1 . @entity0 AND METHODS: Both brain-tissue water and CBV were measured in 76 head-injured @entity0 , and the relative contribution of @entity1 and blood to total @entity1 was determined. Comparable measures of brain-tissue water were obtained in 30 healthy volunteers and CBV in seven volunteers. Brain @entity1 was measured using magnetic resonance imaging, implementing a new technique for accurate measurement of total tissue water. Measurements of CBV in subgroup of 31 head-injured @entity0 were based on consecutive measures of cerebral blood flow (CBF) obtained using stable xenon and calculation of mean transit time by dynamic computerized tomography scanning after a rapid bolus injection of iodinated contrast material. RESULTS: The mean (+/- standard deviation) percentage of swelling due to water was 9.37 +/- 8.7%, whereas that due to blood was -0.8 +/- 1.32%. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that @entity5 is the major fluid component contributing to traumatic @entity1 . Moreover, CBV is reduced in proportion to @entity3 following severe @entity4 .

title: [ XXXX and changes of cerebral blood volume in @entity0 with head injuries].

answer: @entity5


abstract: AIM: The pathogenesis of traumatic @entity1 remains unclear. The generally held view is that @entity1 is caused primarily by @entity2 and that @entity1 plays a relatively minor role in the swelling process. The goal of this study was to examine the roles of cerebral blood volume (CBV) and @entity1 in traumatic @entity1 . @entity0 AND METHODS: Both brain-tissue water and CBV were measured in 76 head-injured @entity0 , and the relative contribution of @entity1 and blood to total @entity1 was determined. Comparable measures of brain-tissue water were obtained in 30 healthy volunteers and CBV in seven volunteers. Brain @entity1 was measured using magnetic resonance imaging, implementing a new technique for accurate measurement of total tissue water. Measurements of CBV in subgroup of 31 head-injured @entity0 were based on consecutive measures of cerebral blood flow (CBF) obtained using stable xenon and calculation of mean transit time by dynamic computerized tomography scanning after a rapid bolus injection of iodinated contrast material. RESULTS: The mean (+/- standard deviation) percentage of swelling due to water was 9.37 +/- 8.7%, whereas that due to blood was -0.8 +/- 1.32%. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that @entity5 is the major fluid component contributing to traumatic @entity1 . Moreover, CBV is reduced in proportion to @entity3 following severe @entity4 .

title: [ @entity5 and changes of cerebral blood volume in XXXX with head injuries].

answer: @entity0


abstract: During the nineteenth century, physicians either discovered or invented a variety of clinical autobiography called "traumatic memory." Freud produced two versions of this memory, the final version in the 1920s. A revolutionary nosology (DSM-III), adopted in 1980, promised to extirpate Freud and the concept of @entity3 from American psychiatry. However, it made a tacit exception for Freud's concept of @entity1 , renaming it "postraumatic @entity0 ." The following decades have been a period of intense clinical and scientific interest in this disorder. An influential research program has investigated @entity1 and its brain through variations in @entity2 excretion. I describe the history of this program, and examine its distinctive knowledge product. its running narrative of its achievements. The narrative's structure is analyzed and found to resemble a crossword puzzle constructed from heterogenous kinds of inference, recalling The Interpretation of Dreams. My conclusion is that, far from extirpating Freud's @entity3 , biological research has secured a place for it in today's post-Freudian psychiatry.

title: Our XXXX and its brain.

answer: @entity1


abstract: 30 @entity6 @entity0 from the andrologic outpatient service of the University-Hospital for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graz, Austria, received a treatment with @entity5 - @entity4 . A doses of 25 mg daily was given for 25 days, followed by a break of 5 days. This treatment cycle was repeated three times, providing a total of 4 months of therapy. Rigid criteria of selection were applied for the @entity0 in this trial, pretreatment serum levels of FSH, LH, @entity2 , prolactin and @entity1 had to be in normal or low-normal range. After treatment FSH, LH and @entity2 were re-evaluated and a semen analysis was performed. Six to eight weeks afterwards another spermiogram was done. A significant raise of sperm density was observed immediately after treatment and at the control 6-8 weeks after therapy. Motility and morphologic quality remained unchanged after the therapeutic course. @entity3 content of seminal plasma raised significantly 6-8 weeks after therapy. FSH, LH and @entity2 increased also on a significant level. 6 pregnancies could be achieved, no negative side effects of treatment had to be registered.

title: [Results of low-dose treatment of XXXX with @entity5 ].

answer: @entity6


abstract: 30 @entity6 @entity0 from the andrologic outpatient service of the University-Hospital for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graz, Austria, received a treatment with @entity5 - @entity4 . A doses of 25 mg daily was given for 25 days, followed by a break of 5 days. This treatment cycle was repeated three times, providing a total of 4 months of therapy. Rigid criteria of selection were applied for the @entity0 in this trial, pretreatment serum levels of FSH, LH, @entity2 , prolactin and @entity1 had to be in normal or low-normal range. After treatment FSH, LH and @entity2 were re-evaluated and a semen analysis was performed. Six to eight weeks afterwards another spermiogram was done. A significant raise of sperm density was observed immediately after treatment and at the control 6-8 weeks after therapy. Motility and morphologic quality remained unchanged after the therapeutic course. @entity3 content of seminal plasma raised significantly 6-8 weeks after therapy. FSH, LH and @entity2 increased also on a significant level. 6 pregnancies could be achieved, no negative side effects of treatment had to be registered.

title: [Results of low-dose treatment of @entity6 with XXXX ].

answer: @entity5


abstract: We analysed case records of 2507 @entity0 with @entity4 treated in the department of onco-urology of Cancer Research Center (Moscow). 1939 of them underwent nephrectomy between 1971 and 1999. The overall incidence of adrenal metastases according to CT and histological findings was 4.7%. Synchronous metastases occurred in 90 and metachronous ones in 30 @entity0 . Radical nephrectomy with adrenalectomy was performed in 18 out of 90 @entity0 with synchronous metastases, palliative nephrectomy in 20 and 52 @entity0 were not considered for surgery. Among 18 @entity0 who underwent complete surgical resection, 12(66%) had either lymph node involvement or distant metastases. A microscopic @entity1 was found on histological examination only in 1 @entity0 with normal CT scan and macroscopically intact adrenal on intraoperative assessment. Mean survival after radical nephrectomy with adrenalectomy in 6 @entity0 with solitary lesions was 57 months compared to the longest survival of 31 months in @entity0 with @entity2 . Solitary metachronous ipsilateral and contralateral adrenal involvement was present in 7 @entity0 . The average interval between nephrectomy and appearance of adrenal @entity1 in this group was 73 months. One @entity0 was lost for follow-up and one died of @entity3 4.3 months after adrenalectomy. One @entity0 underwent a consecutive removal of brain and lung metastases 33 and 38 months following adrenalectomy while the remaining 4 were alive in 15, 16, 26 and 34 months with no evidence of the disease. Thus, ipsilateral adrenalectomy is obligatory only in @entity0 with severe disease as shown by CT scan or at nephrectomy. About one-third of the @entity0 will benefit from the surgery. Adrenalectomy should be performed in case of obvious adrenal involvement. The aggressive surgical approach is justified in solitary metachronous adrenal involvement because of long-term survival expected in some of such @entity0 .

title: [Kidney cancer XXXX to the adrenal gland. Role of adrenalectomy].

answer: @entity1


abstract: The initial events in signal transduction in @entity5 -secreting cells are summarized in FIGURE 8. Both nutrient stimuli, such as @entity1 and @entity4 and the muscarinic agonist @entity6 ( @entity6 ) raise [ @entity0 ]i. Although the rise in [ @entity0 ]i precedes the stimulation of @entity5 release, it is not a moment-to-moment regulator of release. The metabolizable fuel stimuli cause @entity0 influx through voltage-dependent @entity0 channels following depolarization of the membrane potential. In contrast, @entity6 , which does not depolarize, elicits Ptd Ins 4,5-P2 hydrolysis, a reaction catalyzed by phospholipase C. The generation of Ins 1,4,5-P3 in this instance is @entity0 independent, but appears to involve a @entity7 . However, this protein is not a substrate for pertussis toxin. The levels of Ins 1,4,5-P3, which releases @entity0 from an @entity2 -dependent @entity0 pool of the endoplasmic reticulum, are increased prior to the rise in [ @entity0 ]i. The mitochondria may take up @entity0 after large increases in [ @entity0 ]i. A previously proposed second messenger, @entity3 , is much less selective than Ins 1,4,5-P3 in that it releases @entity0 from mitochondria as well as from the endoplasmic reticulum in a slow and irreversible manner. As Ins 1,4,5-P3 is also generated during @entity1 stimulation of islets, albeit in a @entity0 -dependent manner, this metabolite could mediate not only the action of @entity6 but also contribute to amplifying the [ @entity0 ]i rise in response to @entity1 .

title: Signal transduction in XXXX secretion: comparison between fuel stimuli and receptor agonists.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity0 sperm at ejaculation are suspended in the seminal plasma, a heterogeneous mixture deriving from the testicular/epididymal fluid and from secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands. Biochemical characteristics of seminal fluid change along the male reproductive tract when considering its inorganic and organic composition and pH but it is known that in each region of the male genital tract seminal osmolarity is higher than that of serum. It has been previously demonstrated that in invertebrate and vertebrate sperm, seminal plasma osmolarity influences sperm motility and activity, and @entity0 sperm have been shown to possess osmosensitive @entity1 entry pathway that controls important functions such as acrosome reaction and oocyte penetration. In the present study, we have determined seminal plasma osmolarity in a large number of normozoospermic fertile and asthenozoospermic infertile subjects correlating it with sperm motility percentages and kinematic characteristics determined utilizing a computerized motion analysis system. Our results confirm that seminal plasma osmolarity is higher than that of serum (336.1 +/- 20.2 vs. 291.1 +/- 6.9 @entity7 /L, respectively). Normozoospermic subjects show seminal osmolarity values that are significantly lower with respect to asthenozoospermic @entity0 (317.8 +/- 12.2 vs. 345.2 +/- 22.6 @entity7 /L, p<0.001), irrespective of the cause of @entity6 . Seminal plasma osmolarity negatively correlates with sperm progressive motility percentages and kinetic characteristics (curvilinear velocity, linear velocity, linear coefficient and lateral displacements of sperm head). Furthermore, when sperm from fertile subjects were suspended in medium with an osmolarity increasing from 300 to 600 @entity7 , sperm motility percentages and kinetics characteristics were progressively reduced and nearly abolished when medium osmolarity was 600 @entity7 . On the contrary, when sperm from asthenozoospermic subjects with high semen osmolarity were resuspended in medium with lower osmolarity, sperm motility parameters improved significantly. Sperm motility parameters did not correlate with seminal plasma concentrations of @entity3 , @entity2 , @entity4 with a weak correlation only with seminal @entity1 concentration. No correlations are present between seminal plasma osmolarity and ionic composition. In conclusion, the present study confirms and extends the knowledge that, in @entity0 , seminal plasma osmolarity is higher than that of serum and demonstrates that seminal osmolarity influences sperm motility characteristics and then it may contribute to the pathogenesis of some forms of @entity6 and @entity5 .

title: Role of seminal osmolarity in the reduction of XXXX sperm motility.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity0 is an outstanding cellular model for metabolic studies in glycation. Due to its high glycolytic activity, it produces @entity4 , a highly reactive intracellular glycation agent, at a rate of approx. 0.1% of the glycolytic flux. We investigated @entity4 metabolism in @entity0 cells, using haploid null mutants. Growth studies showed that the most sensitive strains to @entity5 were the null mutants for @entity6 and @entity7 , coding for @entity1 synthase I and glyoxalase I respectively. The GRE3 null mutant, lacking @entity3 reductase activity, is as sensitive as the control strain. Kinetic modelling and computer simulation of this type of experiment were also performed, and we concluded that the most important parameters for controlling the intracellular concentration of @entity4 are the activity of glyoxalase I and the @entity2 concentration. Moreover, our model predicts an intracellular steady-state concentration of @entity4 of approx. 2 microM. Our results show that the glyoxalase pathway is the main detoxification pathway for @entity5 in @entity0 , and is likely to be the key enzymatic anti-glycation agent in these cells.

title: Anti-glycation defences in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the results of deep sclerectomy in @entity4 ( @entity4 ) with those in @entity1 ( @entity1 ). METHODS: This consecutive, prospective study comprised 24 @entity4 @entity0 (28 eyes) and 25 @entity1 @entity0 (29 eyes) who underwent deep sclerectomy. Two different implants were used: either an absorbable collagen implant (Aqua-Flow) or a non-absorbable hydrophilic acrylic implant (T-Flux). The number of @entity2 medications, intraocular pressure (IOP) and complications were compared postoperatively. The definition of complete success was IOP below 19 mmHg without therapy. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 19.9 +/- 10.9 months (range 6-36 months) in the @entity4 group and 16.2 +/- 10.0 months (range 6-36 months) in the @entity1 group, complete success was seen in 60.7% and in 37.9% of eyes, respectively (p=0.085). After adjustments for disparities in baseline characteristics, survival analysis demonstrated that success rates were better over time in @entity4 eyes than in @entity1 eyes (p=0.038). At all time-points, except at 24 months, the IOP was lower in the @entity4 group than in the @entity1 group. This difference was statistically significant at 1 week (p=0.050) and 3 months (p=0.006). At 18 months, the mean decrease in number of medications was 77.3% in the @entity4 group and 65.9% in the @entity1 group (not statistically significant). Levelled @entity3 occurred more frequently in @entity4 eyes (35.7%) than in @entity1 eyes (13.8%). CONCLUSION: Capsular @entity2 @entity0 had significantly higher success rates over time than @entity1 @entity0 following deep sclerectomy with implant.

title: Deep sclerectomy in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the results of deep sclerectomy in @entity4 ( @entity4 ) with those in @entity1 ( @entity1 ). METHODS: This consecutive, prospective study comprised 24 @entity4 @entity0 (28 eyes) and 25 @entity1 @entity0 (29 eyes) who underwent deep sclerectomy. Two different implants were used: either an absorbable collagen implant (Aqua-Flow) or a non-absorbable hydrophilic acrylic implant (T-Flux). The number of @entity2 medications, intraocular pressure (IOP) and complications were compared postoperatively. The definition of complete success was IOP below 19 mmHg without therapy. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 19.9 +/- 10.9 months (range 6-36 months) in the @entity4 group and 16.2 +/- 10.0 months (range 6-36 months) in the @entity1 group, complete success was seen in 60.7% and in 37.9% of eyes, respectively (p=0.085). After adjustments for disparities in baseline characteristics, survival analysis demonstrated that success rates were better over time in @entity4 eyes than in @entity1 eyes (p=0.038). At all time-points, except at 24 months, the IOP was lower in the @entity4 group than in the @entity1 group. This difference was statistically significant at 1 week (p=0.050) and 3 months (p=0.006). At 18 months, the mean decrease in number of medications was 77.3% in the @entity4 group and 65.9% in the @entity1 group (not statistically significant). Levelled @entity3 occurred more frequently in @entity4 eyes (35.7%) than in @entity1 eyes (13.8%). CONCLUSION: Capsular @entity2 @entity0 had significantly higher success rates over time than @entity1 @entity0 following deep sclerectomy with implant.

title: Deep sclerectomy in XXXX with @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: From July 1999 to July 2000, 40 @entity0 from the Surgical Oncology and Gastroenterology Departments of Irmandade da Santa @entity5 de Miseric  rdia de Porto Alegre were enrolled in a prospective study in order to find the frequency of @entity3 DNA (HPV-DNA) in @entity4 . They were compared to 10 normal individuals (controls). Digene Inc. (Digene Corporation, Gaithersburg @entity2 , USA) Hybrid Capture II assay, a chemoluminescent method, was used in both groups. The samples were collected from the @entity1 group by endoscopic biopsy in 20 cases, and by surgical specimens in the other 20 cases; the control group all underwent endoscopic biopsies. The cut-off point in the analytical assay for HPV-DNA was 1.0 pg/mL. Digene Corp. Hybrid Capture II assay tests HPV-DNA and differentiates high and low-risk for malignization virus groups. Gender, age, location of the @entity1 in esophagus and degree of differentiation on histology were also analyzed. There was one positive case (1.14 pg/mL), a 2.5% frequency of low-risk HPV-DNA type in the @entity4 group (CI 95%: 0.00-7.34%). This group of @entity0 consisted of 30 male and 10 female individuals, similar to the distribution seen in large series of such @entity0 from the Brazilian population. The mean age was 63 years. Endoscopic samples of 10 @entity0 who underwent endoscopic biopsy procedure for aleatory reasons, with normal looking esophageal mucosa, were tested to detect HPV-DNA, as controls. There was one positive case (1.17 pg/mL) of high-risk HPV-DNA type, resulting in a 10% positive rate. HPV-DNA is rarely found in @entity4 : we found a 2.5% frequency, with confidence interval of 0-7.34%; and this is in the same range of controls (10% frequency, with CI: 9.1-10.9%). Both @entity0 had a viral load quite near the 1.0 pg/mL cut-off point.

title: Association between @entity4 and XXXX detected by Hybrid Capture II assay.

answer: @entity3


abstract: From July 1999 to July 2000, 40 @entity0 from the Surgical Oncology and Gastroenterology Departments of Irmandade da Santa @entity5 de Miseric  rdia de Porto Alegre were enrolled in a prospective study in order to find the frequency of @entity3 DNA (HPV-DNA) in @entity4 . They were compared to 10 normal individuals (controls). Digene Inc. (Digene Corporation, Gaithersburg @entity2 , USA) Hybrid Capture II assay, a chemoluminescent method, was used in both groups. The samples were collected from the @entity1 group by endoscopic biopsy in 20 cases, and by surgical specimens in the other 20 cases; the control group all underwent endoscopic biopsies. The cut-off point in the analytical assay for HPV-DNA was 1.0 pg/mL. Digene Corp. Hybrid Capture II assay tests HPV-DNA and differentiates high and low-risk for malignization virus groups. Gender, age, location of the @entity1 in esophagus and degree of differentiation on histology were also analyzed. There was one positive case (1.14 pg/mL), a 2.5% frequency of low-risk HPV-DNA type in the @entity4 group (CI 95%: 0.00-7.34%). This group of @entity0 consisted of 30 male and 10 female individuals, similar to the distribution seen in large series of such @entity0 from the Brazilian population. The mean age was 63 years. Endoscopic samples of 10 @entity0 who underwent endoscopic biopsy procedure for aleatory reasons, with normal looking esophageal mucosa, were tested to detect HPV-DNA, as controls. There was one positive case (1.17 pg/mL) of high-risk HPV-DNA type, resulting in a 10% positive rate. HPV-DNA is rarely found in @entity4 : we found a 2.5% frequency, with confidence interval of 0-7.34%; and this is in the same range of controls (10% frequency, with CI: 9.1-10.9%). Both @entity0 had a viral load quite near the 1.0 pg/mL cut-off point.

title: Association between XXXX and @entity3 detected by Hybrid Capture II assay.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Activation of T lymphocytes is initiated by receptor ligand interactions at the cell surface leading to the transduction of intracellular signals followed by the de novo synthesis and expression of T cell activation markers (including receptors for @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and @entity1 ), production of @entity5 , and T cell proliferation. This requisite first step for activation of T lymphocytes can be mimicked in certain situations with a variety of stimuli. These include antibodies to certain integral membrane proteins, @entity4 , and plant lectins that act as mitogens. In this paper, we report that at least two classes of @entity0 T cell clones can be distinguished based upon signal requirements necessary to induce proliferation. Although all clones analyzed expressed @entity3 receptors and secreted @entity3 after non-antigenic activation, one subset of clones did not proliferate in response to the same non-antigenic signals. In that subset, complete activation leading to proliferation required interaction of the T cell with specific antigen. The ability to subset these T cell clones into two groups did not correlate with phenotypic differences, source of the clone, nor with magnitude of intracellular @entity2 mobilization. By studying the stimulation requirements of these two subsets of @entity0 T cell clones through the use of specific antigen or antigen-independent stimuli, it was possible to demonstrate that different stimuli varied in their ability to induce steps of T cell activation. Analysis of reactivity of these clones to suboptimal stimulation allowed the definition of intermediate stages of T cell activation. Such intermediate stages might reflect a diversity of intracellular signaling pathways or a complexity of regulatory mechanisms distal to the events that allow intracellular @entity2 mobilization. Thus for the first time, it has been possible to study ordered events of T cell activation in non-transformed, antigen-dependent @entity0 T lymphocytes. The data presented in this paper suggest that T cell activation is not an all or nothing phenomenon, and there is an ordered sequence of events that can be differentiated based upon signal requirements at the T cell membrane.

title: Heterogeneity of signal requirements in T cell activation within a panel of XXXX proliferative T cell clones.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cryptococcal @entity1 that is localized to the lower extremities is very rare. OBJECTIVE: We describe a case of a renal transplant recipient who presented with @entity1 caused by @entity9 fungus that is rarely associated with this disease. METHODS: This is a case report with literature review. RESULTS: The @entity0 was hospitalized, and the site of infection was debrided to the level of the periosteum. Cultures and histopathologic examination of biopsy material revealed an invasive @entity3 with a fungal organism that was consistent with @entity5 . After 21 days on parenteral @entity7 (Ambisome; Er-Kim Pharmaceuticals) treatment, the @entity0 was switched to oral @entity6 (Itraspor; Janssen-Cilag Pharmaceuticals) 200 mg/day. He was discharged after 30 days of hospitalization with his wounds completely healed. He continued on oral @entity8 for a total course of 6 weeks. CONCLUSION: Systemic @entity4 continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. The insidious nature and atypical manifestations of these infections often delay diagnosis and therapy. In immunosuppressed @entity0 , persistent @entity2 that does not respond to antibacterial therapy should alert the physician to the possibility of @entity4 .

title: Cryptococcal XXXX with multiple sites of involvement in the lower extremities.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The relationship between @entity7 and @entity3 in @entity0 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and @entity4 ( @entity4 ) with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) suggests a potential role for cholinomimetic therapy. Initial studies of @entity10 demonstrated cognitive, behavioral, and functional benefits in these populations. 326 @entity0 with @entity8 or @entity4 with @entity2 who completed an initial 12-month trial were treated with @entity10 24 mg/day in a 24-month, open-label extension. This interim analysis was performed at month 12 of the open-label extension (248 completed the trial). @entity10 (up to 24 months total) was well tolerated in both groups. The most frequently reported adverse events, characteristic of older @entity5 @entity0 , included @entity6 , @entity9 , and @entity1 . Gastrointestinal adverse events were less common than initially, indicating declining incidence with long-term therapy. @entity0 taking @entity10 for the entire study demonstrated the least @entity3 on @entity4 Assessment Scale-cog/11: 2.7 points vs. 3.1 points in those given placebo initially (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). The long-term benefits of @entity10 were evident in both groups; cognitive baseline levels were maintained for approximately 21 months in @entity8 @entity0 and for 12 months in @entity0 with @entity4 with @entity2 . Long-term (up to 24 months) @entity10 therapy in @entity0 with @entity8 and @entity4 with @entity2 is well tolerated and associated with prolonged maintenance of cognitive function.

title: Long-term safety and cognitive effects of @entity10 in the treatment of probable @entity8 or @entity4 with XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The relationship between @entity7 and @entity3 in @entity0 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and @entity4 ( @entity4 ) with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) suggests a potential role for cholinomimetic therapy. Initial studies of @entity10 demonstrated cognitive, behavioral, and functional benefits in these populations. 326 @entity0 with @entity8 or @entity4 with @entity2 who completed an initial 12-month trial were treated with @entity10 24 mg/day in a 24-month, open-label extension. This interim analysis was performed at month 12 of the open-label extension (248 completed the trial). @entity10 (up to 24 months total) was well tolerated in both groups. The most frequently reported adverse events, characteristic of older @entity5 @entity0 , included @entity6 , @entity9 , and @entity1 . Gastrointestinal adverse events were less common than initially, indicating declining incidence with long-term therapy. @entity0 taking @entity10 for the entire study demonstrated the least @entity3 on @entity4 Assessment Scale-cog/11: 2.7 points vs. 3.1 points in those given placebo initially (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). The long-term benefits of @entity10 were evident in both groups; cognitive baseline levels were maintained for approximately 21 months in @entity8 @entity0 and for 12 months in @entity0 with @entity4 with @entity2 . Long-term (up to 24 months) @entity10 therapy in @entity0 with @entity8 and @entity4 with @entity2 is well tolerated and associated with prolonged maintenance of cognitive function.

title: Long-term safety and cognitive effects of XXXX in the treatment of probable @entity8 or @entity4 with @entity2 .

answer: @entity10


abstract: The relationship between @entity7 and @entity3 in @entity0 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and @entity4 ( @entity4 ) with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) suggests a potential role for cholinomimetic therapy. Initial studies of @entity10 demonstrated cognitive, behavioral, and functional benefits in these populations. 326 @entity0 with @entity8 or @entity4 with @entity2 who completed an initial 12-month trial were treated with @entity10 24 mg/day in a 24-month, open-label extension. This interim analysis was performed at month 12 of the open-label extension (248 completed the trial). @entity10 (up to 24 months total) was well tolerated in both groups. The most frequently reported adverse events, characteristic of older @entity5 @entity0 , included @entity6 , @entity9 , and @entity1 . Gastrointestinal adverse events were less common than initially, indicating declining incidence with long-term therapy. @entity0 taking @entity10 for the entire study demonstrated the least @entity3 on @entity4 Assessment Scale-cog/11: 2.7 points vs. 3.1 points in those given placebo initially (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). The long-term benefits of @entity10 were evident in both groups; cognitive baseline levels were maintained for approximately 21 months in @entity8 @entity0 and for 12 months in @entity0 with @entity4 with @entity2 . Long-term (up to 24 months) @entity10 therapy in @entity0 with @entity8 and @entity4 with @entity2 is well tolerated and associated with prolonged maintenance of cognitive function.

title: Long-term safety and cognitive effects of @entity10 in the treatment of probable @entity8 or XXXX with @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The relationship between @entity7 and @entity3 in @entity0 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and @entity4 ( @entity4 ) with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) suggests a potential role for cholinomimetic therapy. Initial studies of @entity10 demonstrated cognitive, behavioral, and functional benefits in these populations. 326 @entity0 with @entity8 or @entity4 with @entity2 who completed an initial 12-month trial were treated with @entity10 24 mg/day in a 24-month, open-label extension. This interim analysis was performed at month 12 of the open-label extension (248 completed the trial). @entity10 (up to 24 months total) was well tolerated in both groups. The most frequently reported adverse events, characteristic of older @entity5 @entity0 , included @entity6 , @entity9 , and @entity1 . Gastrointestinal adverse events were less common than initially, indicating declining incidence with long-term therapy. @entity0 taking @entity10 for the entire study demonstrated the least @entity3 on @entity4 Assessment Scale-cog/11: 2.7 points vs. 3.1 points in those given placebo initially (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). The long-term benefits of @entity10 were evident in both groups; cognitive baseline levels were maintained for approximately 21 months in @entity8 @entity0 and for 12 months in @entity0 with @entity4 with @entity2 . Long-term (up to 24 months) @entity10 therapy in @entity0 with @entity8 and @entity4 with @entity2 is well tolerated and associated with prolonged maintenance of cognitive function.

title: Long-term safety and cognitive effects of @entity10 in the treatment of probable XXXX or @entity4 with @entity2 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: AIM: To find an objective method of adjusting sling @entity4 in order to avoid postoperative @entity2 . METHODS: Thirty-five female @entity0 with @entity5 were treated using a sling procedure. @entity6 were implanted in 20 @entity0 and @entity1 patch slings with nylon sutures were implanted in 15 @entity0 . During the procedures the urinary bladder was partially full and the @entity0 , who were under spinal or epidural anesthesia, were asked to cough and strain. The proper @entity4 that effectively prevents urine leakage was selected and the corresponding suture length was marked. An objective new method to adjust sling @entity4 was used. As part of this method, the abdominal bulge index is added to the suture length before tying. RESULTS: Short-term follow-up of 6-12 months showed that 33 of 35 @entity0 reported no @entity3 (94%). Two @entity0 had unsatisfactory urge incontinence. We did not encounter postoperative urinary retention in any @entity0 . No significant post-voiding residual urine was reported. None of our @entity0 in this series have complained of difficulties during micturition or the need to strain during voiding. CONCLUSION: Proper adjustment of sling @entity4 using the abdominal bulge index has eliminated postoperative urinary retention and obstructed urine flow, including any appreciable amount of post-voiding residual urine. This method has been found to be both objective and reproducible.

title: Sling operations in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: how to adjust sling XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Risk assessments include assumptions about sensitive subpopulations, such as the fraction of the general population that is sensitive and the extent that biochemical or physiological attributes influence sensitivity. Uncertainty factors (UF) account for both pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) components, allowing the inclusion of risk-relevant information to replace default assumptions about PK and PD variance (uncertainty). Large numbers of @entity0 organ donor samples and recent advances in methods to extrapolate in vitro enzyme expression and activity data to the intact @entity0 enable the investigation of the impact of PK variability on @entity0 susceptibility. The hepatotoxicity of @entity3 ( @entity4 ) is mediated by acid metabolites formed by @entity5 ( @entity5 ) oxidation, and differences in the @entity5 expression are hypothesized to affect susceptibility to @entity4 's @entity1 . This study was designed specifically to examine the contribution of statistically quantified variance in enzyme content and activity on the risk of @entity2 among adult @entity0 . We combined data sets describing (1) the microsomal protein content of @entity0 liver, (2) the @entity5 content of @entity0 liver microsomal protein, and (3) the in vitro Vmax for @entity4 oxidation by @entity0 . The 5th and 95th percentiles of the resulting distribution ( @entity4 oxidized per minute per gram liver) differed by approximately sixfold. These values were converted to mg @entity4 oxidized/h/kg body mass and incorporated in a @entity0 PBPK model. Simulations of 8-hour inhalation exposure to 50 ppm and oral exposure to 5 micro g @entity4 /L in 2 L drinking water showed that the amount of @entity4 oxidized in the liver differs by 2% or less under extreme values of @entity5 expression and activity (here, selected as the 5th and 95th percentiles of the resulting distribution). This indicates that differences in enzyme expression and @entity4 oxidation among the central 90% of the adult @entity0 population account for approximately 2% of the difference in production of the risk-relevant PK outcome for @entity4 -mediated @entity1 . Integration of in vitro metabolism information into physiological models may reduce the uncertainties associated with risk contributions of differences in enzyme expression and the UF that represent PK variability.

title: The impact of XXXX -dependent metabolic variance on a risk-relevant pharmacokinetic outcome in @entity0 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Risk assessments include assumptions about sensitive subpopulations, such as the fraction of the general population that is sensitive and the extent that biochemical or physiological attributes influence sensitivity. Uncertainty factors (UF) account for both pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) components, allowing the inclusion of risk-relevant information to replace default assumptions about PK and PD variance (uncertainty). Large numbers of @entity0 organ donor samples and recent advances in methods to extrapolate in vitro enzyme expression and activity data to the intact @entity0 enable the investigation of the impact of PK variability on @entity0 susceptibility. The hepatotoxicity of @entity3 ( @entity4 ) is mediated by acid metabolites formed by @entity5 ( @entity5 ) oxidation, and differences in the @entity5 expression are hypothesized to affect susceptibility to @entity4 's @entity1 . This study was designed specifically to examine the contribution of statistically quantified variance in enzyme content and activity on the risk of @entity2 among adult @entity0 . We combined data sets describing (1) the microsomal protein content of @entity0 liver, (2) the @entity5 content of @entity0 liver microsomal protein, and (3) the in vitro Vmax for @entity4 oxidation by @entity0 . The 5th and 95th percentiles of the resulting distribution ( @entity4 oxidized per minute per gram liver) differed by approximately sixfold. These values were converted to mg @entity4 oxidized/h/kg body mass and incorporated in a @entity0 PBPK model. Simulations of 8-hour inhalation exposure to 50 ppm and oral exposure to 5 micro g @entity4 /L in 2 L drinking water showed that the amount of @entity4 oxidized in the liver differs by 2% or less under extreme values of @entity5 expression and activity (here, selected as the 5th and 95th percentiles of the resulting distribution). This indicates that differences in enzyme expression and @entity4 oxidation among the central 90% of the adult @entity0 population account for approximately 2% of the difference in production of the risk-relevant PK outcome for @entity4 -mediated @entity1 . Integration of in vitro metabolism information into physiological models may reduce the uncertainties associated with risk contributions of differences in enzyme expression and the UF that represent PK variability.

title: The impact of @entity5 -dependent metabolic variance on a risk-relevant pharmacokinetic outcome in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To propose terminology to distinguish cycles from episodes in @entity0 and adults with @entity1 ( @entity1 ). METHODS: To examine current definitions of rapid cycling and episodes in both @entity0 and adult @entity1 , an Internet search of the MEDLINE database was conducted. RESULTS: Investigations of rapid cycling in adults used the terms cycle and episode interchangeably to describe discrete periods of @entity2 . Two studies of @entity0 and one study of adults with @entity1 , however, reported cycles occurring daily (ultradian cycling) or every few days (ultrarapid cycling). Without definitions to differentiate cycles from episodes, determining the overall duration of illness in subjects who experience ultrarapid or ultradian cycling is not possible. For example, a @entity0 cycled twice a day, every day, for 365 days (1 year). With the terminology currently in use, it is unclear whether this should be described as a single episode that had a duration of 365 days or as approximately 730 episodes (2 cycles per day x 365 days), each less than 24 hours in duration. Moreover, adults with @entity1 may have more intermittent pathology than @entity0 (e.g., adults may cycle 4 days per week, versus @entity0 may cycle 7 days per week). CONCLUSION: The following definitions are proposed. (1) Episodes will be defined by (a) the duration from onset to offset of a period of at least 2 weeks in length during which only one mood state persists or (b) the duration from onset to offset of a period of ultrarapid or ultradian cycling for at least 2 weeks. (2) Cycles will be defined by mood switches occurring daily or every few days during an episode. Further research will be needed to elucidate potential differences between @entity0 and adult cycling patterns.

title: Definitions of rapid, ultrarapid, and ultradian cycling and of episode duration in pediatric and adult XXXX : a proposal to distinguish episodes from cycles.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of gamma knife (GK) in the treatment of trigeminal @entity4 . METHODS: From June 1994 to June 2000, 38 @entity0 with trigeminal schwannoma treated with GK radiosurgery were reviewed. GK was the primary treatment modality in 30 cases and followed microsurgery in 8 cases. Of the 38 @entity1 , 12 had small cysts within the @entity1 , the rest were solid. The mean diameter of the 38 @entity1 was 32 mm (range: 16 approximately 48 mm) and the @entity1 ranged in volume from 2 to 33 cm(3) (with a mean mean volume of 9 cm(3)). The maximum dose irradiated to @entity1 was 20 to 33 Gy (mean: 26 Gy), the @entity1 margin dose ranged from 11 to 15 Gy (mean: 13 Gy). RESULTS: 35 @entity0 had been followed for 26 to 98 months (mean: 65 months). 20 had been followed more than 60 months. Mild @entity6 or @entity5 relieved completely in 12 @entity0 after GK treatment. Improvement of @entity3 was seen in 11, unchanged dysfunction or slightly worsening of trigeminal nerve deficits in 9. Three @entity0 had mild worsened symptoms at different time because of @entity1 progression. @entity1 growth control: @entity1 disappeared after GK treatment was observed in 5 cases from 18 to 36 months after, a marked decrease in volume was observed in 24 cases, unchange in 2 cases and increase in 3 cases at 5, 26, and 60 months after respectively. One @entity0 with resolved symptom refused to have MRI examination for more than 6 years. Of the three increased @entity1 , one recurrent @entity1 elapsed 26 months after GK treatment. The second was a small @entity1 and started to progress 5 years after, but after second GK treatment, the @entity1 decreased again. The third was large @entity1 and was subtotally removed through surgery because of @entity1 swelling 5 months after. At last follow-up, the @entity2 remained stable. The control rate of the 35 @entity1 was 91% (32/35). CONCLUSION: Small and middle-size trigeminal @entity4 are the best candidates for GK radiosurgery. The control dose is 13 to 14 Gy.

title: [Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal XXXX ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: Type I (insulin dependent) @entity1 is usually believed to present acutely and it is assumed that metabolic decompensation is sudden. In a prospective family study, however, 10 of 13 subjects developing the disease showed progressive or intermittent development of hyperglycaemia over many months and the others had non-specific symptoms over a long period. All were first degree relatives of a @entity0 with @entity3 ; 10 were siblings (aged 5-24) and three were parents (aged 45-58). All possessed HLA-DR4 or DR3, or both, and all but two had been positive for islet cell antibodies for six to 86 months before diagnosis. Ten had non-specific symptoms for two to 14 months before the onset of thirst and @entity4 ; one remained asymptomatic even when insulin became necessary. Six subjects had an oral @entity2 tolerance test before clinical onset, of whom five were @entity1 by World Health Organisation criteria four, four, six, seven, and 21 months before insulin was needed. Nine showed random blood @entity2 concentrations above the 97.5th centile (6.3 mmol/l) six to 34 months (median 12) before diagnosis. Two others had a @entity2 tolerance test result compatible with @entity1 but had not reached the stage of needing insulin. Hyperglycaemia is often of insidious onset in @entity3 , even in @entity0 and young adults. Diagnosis will inevitably be late if considered only when acute symptoms of thirst and @entity4 develop.

title: Type I (insulin dependent) XXXX : a disease of slow clinical onset?

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are well established as the mainstay of @entity2 therapy. A number of ICSs are now available, each with unique pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles and physical characteristics. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the key characteristics of an ideal @entity4 and uses examples of existing agents to indicate the extent to which therapies reach these goals. RESULTS: Improved therapeutic efficacy in an @entity4 may be offset by an increase in systemic effects. The ideal characteristics of an @entity4 include optimal clinical efficacy and no @entity1 in combination with a convenient and easy-to-use inhaler device. To achieve this optimal profile, an @entity4 should have the following: a high affinity for and potency at the @entity3 ; prolonged retention in the lung; minimal or no oral bioavailability (ie, high first-pass inactivation); and rapid, complete systemic inactivation. The formulation and type of inhaler device are also important considerations: they should provide deposition in the lung in both large and small airways with no absorption effects outside the lung. ICSs should be evaluated for administration with several different delivery devices to ensure ease of use by @entity0 of all ages with different @entity2 severities. An @entity4 that can be administered QD is also likely to improve @entity0 adherence by simplifying the treatment regimen. CONCLUSION: An ideal @entity4 should have a large therapeutic margin, be used safely and effectively for long periods, be administered QD, be suitable for use in @entity0 of all ages and @entity2 severities, and offer both control and prevention of @entity2 symptoms and exacerbations.

title: Expected characteristics of an ideal, all-purpose inhaled corticosteroid for the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Newborn @entity0 were administered the neurotoxin @entity2 ( @entity2 ) to determine whether neonatal ablation of the noradrenergic (NE) innervation produces augmented growth (i.e., sprouting) of serotonergic ( @entity1 ) raphe-cortical axons. Following NE denervation at birth, the density of @entity1 axons in motor cortex ( @entity3 ) was determined at 4 days postnatal. Using a computer microscope system, the positions of all @entity1 -positive axons were mapped in radial strips of cortex from treated and control @entity0 . Cumulative axon length, expressed as a function of area inspected, was used as a parameter of innervation density. Following @entity2 , the cumulative length of @entity1 axons in motor cortex increases by 32% (P less than 0.05) while cortical @entity1 levels measured by HPLC concomitantly increase by 29% (P less than 0.005). The combined increases in @entity1 axon density and in neurotransmitter levels indicate that NE denervation produces increased growth of the cortical @entity1 innervation by the 4th postnatal day. The amount of transmitter stored per unit length of @entity1 axons appears unchanged. In @entity2 -treated @entity0 , @entity1 axons exhibit augmented growth in all layers of motor cortex. In the treated @entity0 , the relative density of @entity1 axons in each cortical layer is roughly proportional to the normal innervation density. Accordingly, in motor cortex, the magnitude of @entity1 axon sprouting is greatest in layer VI, which normally receives a dense @entity1 innervation, and is less in layer V, which has a lower innervation density. Qualitative assessment of other cortical areas following @entity2 reveals that @entity1 axon density appears increased in cortical zones that normally receive a dense @entity1 innervation, while the density remains low in zones with sparse innervation. The absence of axonal sprouting is particularly striking in those zones which receive a dense NE innervation but are sparsely innervated by @entity1 axons. Thus, while @entity1 axons undergo sprouting, they do not appear to replace ablated NE terminals in areas with a sparse @entity1 innervation. Hence, normal laminar and regional specificity of @entity1 axons is preserved despite ablation of NE afferents. These data indicate that, while NE denervation may trigger serotonergic sprouting, competition between NE and @entity1 fibers for the same postsynaptic sites is not the main factor that regulates postnatal growth of these axonal projections. The present findings demonstrate that the early development of raphe-cortical projections is influenced by NE cortical innervation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX induces serotonergic axon sprouting in cerebral cortex of newborn @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Newborn @entity0 were administered the neurotoxin @entity2 ( @entity2 ) to determine whether neonatal ablation of the noradrenergic (NE) innervation produces augmented growth (i.e., sprouting) of serotonergic ( @entity1 ) raphe-cortical axons. Following NE denervation at birth, the density of @entity1 axons in motor cortex ( @entity3 ) was determined at 4 days postnatal. Using a computer microscope system, the positions of all @entity1 -positive axons were mapped in radial strips of cortex from treated and control @entity0 . Cumulative axon length, expressed as a function of area inspected, was used as a parameter of innervation density. Following @entity2 , the cumulative length of @entity1 axons in motor cortex increases by 32% (P less than 0.05) while cortical @entity1 levels measured by HPLC concomitantly increase by 29% (P less than 0.005). The combined increases in @entity1 axon density and in neurotransmitter levels indicate that NE denervation produces increased growth of the cortical @entity1 innervation by the 4th postnatal day. The amount of transmitter stored per unit length of @entity1 axons appears unchanged. In @entity2 -treated @entity0 , @entity1 axons exhibit augmented growth in all layers of motor cortex. In the treated @entity0 , the relative density of @entity1 axons in each cortical layer is roughly proportional to the normal innervation density. Accordingly, in motor cortex, the magnitude of @entity1 axon sprouting is greatest in layer VI, which normally receives a dense @entity1 innervation, and is less in layer V, which has a lower innervation density. Qualitative assessment of other cortical areas following @entity2 reveals that @entity1 axon density appears increased in cortical zones that normally receive a dense @entity1 innervation, while the density remains low in zones with sparse innervation. The absence of axonal sprouting is particularly striking in those zones which receive a dense NE innervation but are sparsely innervated by @entity1 axons. Thus, while @entity1 axons undergo sprouting, they do not appear to replace ablated NE terminals in areas with a sparse @entity1 innervation. Hence, normal laminar and regional specificity of @entity1 axons is preserved despite ablation of NE afferents. These data indicate that, while NE denervation may trigger serotonergic sprouting, competition between NE and @entity1 fibers for the same postsynaptic sites is not the main factor that regulates postnatal growth of these axonal projections. The present findings demonstrate that the early development of raphe-cortical projections is influenced by NE cortical innervation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: @entity2 induces serotonergic axon sprouting in cerebral cortex of newborn XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity0 B-cell @entity2 have been established in athymic, BALB/c @entity3 using the EBV-positive @entity5 cell line Namalwa. One-hundred-one of 104 animals (97%) developed @entity2 10-14 days following s.c. injection of a mixture of 20 x 10(6) Namalwa and 5 X 10(6) irradiated @entity0 @entity4 (HT-1080) cells. @entity2 developed at the site of injection and reached approximately 300 mm2 (product of cross-sectional diameters) after 21 days; no @entity1 were found. Histological analysis showed that @entity2 consisted solely of lymphoid cells. Immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that while 85% of the @entity2 cells retained reactivity with the monoclonal B-cell antibody BA-1, 96% retained reactivity with antibody BA-2 and 43% with BA-3. A similar reactivity profile was observed with cultured Namalwa cells. @entity2 were passaged serially 10 times without significant change in BA-1, BA-2, or BA-3 reactivity. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that antibody BA-2 reached @entity2 cells within 2 h following i.p. injection; antigen modulation was not observed. These results demonstrate the suitability of this B-cell model for testing the in vivo efficacy and stability of anti-B-cell immunoconjugates.

title: Establishment of a XXXX B-cell tumor in athymic @entity3 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity0 B-cell @entity2 have been established in athymic, BALB/c @entity3 using the EBV-positive @entity5 cell line Namalwa. One-hundred-one of 104 animals (97%) developed @entity2 10-14 days following s.c. injection of a mixture of 20 x 10(6) Namalwa and 5 X 10(6) irradiated @entity0 @entity4 (HT-1080) cells. @entity2 developed at the site of injection and reached approximately 300 mm2 (product of cross-sectional diameters) after 21 days; no @entity1 were found. Histological analysis showed that @entity2 consisted solely of lymphoid cells. Immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that while 85% of the @entity2 cells retained reactivity with the monoclonal B-cell antibody BA-1, 96% retained reactivity with antibody BA-2 and 43% with BA-3. A similar reactivity profile was observed with cultured Namalwa cells. @entity2 were passaged serially 10 times without significant change in BA-1, BA-2, or BA-3 reactivity. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that antibody BA-2 reached @entity2 cells within 2 h following i.p. injection; antigen modulation was not observed. These results demonstrate the suitability of this B-cell model for testing the in vivo efficacy and stability of anti-B-cell immunoconjugates.

title: Establishment of a @entity0 B-cell tumor in athymic XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Circulatory disturbances may occur during and after the treatment of @entity3 ( @entity3 ). The reasons are: leukemic infiltrations of the heart, @entity2 , @entity1 , @entity4 drugs, especially @entity5 (Atc). The aim of the study was echocardiographic assessment of circulatory system in @entity0 during and 3-5 years after @entity3 therapy in childhood. The study group (group B) consisted of 20 @entity0 , aged 1-16 years, who underwent Atc treatment with cumulative doses 155.8-330 mg/m2 and cardioprotective agent-- @entity6 . In this group echocardiography was performed before the treatment as well as after 1, 6, 12 months and 3 years. The retrospective group (R) consisted of 36 @entity0 aged 12-24 years, examined 3-5 years after the completion of @entity3 treatment, who had undergone the treatment with Atc in doses 148.6-416.7 mg/m2 without cardioprotection. The control group (K) consisted of 28 healthy volunteers, aged 9-25 years. In all subjects echocardiography was performed, standard measurements taken, systolic and diastolic indices of left ventricle (LV) function calculated. In @entity0 during and 3-5 years after the treatment neither LV dilatation nor abnormal wall-thickness was found. The systolic indices remained normal. In the group B echocardiographic indices did not change significantly during 3 years of treatment and did not correlate with growing cumulative Atc doses. In this group isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) was significantly longer, what emphasized the need of further clinical and echocardiographic follow-up.

title: [Echocardiographic assessment of circulation system in XXXX during and 3-5 years after all therapy in childhood].

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the highly selective @entity5 ( @entity5 ) inhibitor @entity6 for the treatment of @entity2 ( @entity2 ). METHODS: A double blind, randomized, placebo and active comparator controlled, 12 week study conducted at 88 US sites. Eligible @entity0 were chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) users with clinical worsening of @entity2 upon withdrawal of prestudy NSAID. @entity0 received either placebo, @entity6 90 mg once daily, or @entity4 500 mg twice daily (2:2:1 allocation ratio). Primary efficacy measures: @entity0 and investigator global assessments of disease activity and direct assessment of @entity3 by counts of tender and swollen joints. Key secondary measures: @entity0 global assessment of @entity1 , the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire, and the percentage of @entity0 both completing the study and meeting the ACR20 criteria. Tolerability was assessed by tabulation of adverse events and routine laboratory evaluations. RESULTS: In all, 816 @entity0 were randomized (placebo = 323, @entity6 = 323, @entity4 = 170), and 448 completed 12 weeks of treatment (placebo = 122, @entity6 = 230, @entity4 = 96). Compared with @entity0 receiving placebo, @entity0 receiving @entity6 and @entity4 showed significant improvements in all efficacy endpoints (p < 0.01). Compared with @entity0 receiving @entity4 , @entity0 receiving @entity6 demonstrated significant improvements (p < 0.05) on all primary endpoints and most other endpoints including ACR20 criteria. The percentage of @entity0 who achieved an ACR20 response and who completed the study was 21%, 53%, and 39% in the placebo, @entity6 and @entity4 groups, respectively. @entity6 and @entity4 were both generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION: In this study, @entity6 90 mg once daily was more effective than either placebo or @entity4 500 mg twice daily for treating @entity0 with @entity2 over 12 weeks. @entity6 90 mg was generally well tolerated in @entity0 with @entity2 .

title: A randomized, controlled, clinical trial of XXXX in the treatment of @entity2 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the highly selective @entity5 ( @entity5 ) inhibitor @entity6 for the treatment of @entity2 ( @entity2 ). METHODS: A double blind, randomized, placebo and active comparator controlled, 12 week study conducted at 88 US sites. Eligible @entity0 were chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) users with clinical worsening of @entity2 upon withdrawal of prestudy NSAID. @entity0 received either placebo, @entity6 90 mg once daily, or @entity4 500 mg twice daily (2:2:1 allocation ratio). Primary efficacy measures: @entity0 and investigator global assessments of disease activity and direct assessment of @entity3 by counts of tender and swollen joints. Key secondary measures: @entity0 global assessment of @entity1 , the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire, and the percentage of @entity0 both completing the study and meeting the ACR20 criteria. Tolerability was assessed by tabulation of adverse events and routine laboratory evaluations. RESULTS: In all, 816 @entity0 were randomized (placebo = 323, @entity6 = 323, @entity4 = 170), and 448 completed 12 weeks of treatment (placebo = 122, @entity6 = 230, @entity4 = 96). Compared with @entity0 receiving placebo, @entity0 receiving @entity6 and @entity4 showed significant improvements in all efficacy endpoints (p < 0.01). Compared with @entity0 receiving @entity4 , @entity0 receiving @entity6 demonstrated significant improvements (p < 0.05) on all primary endpoints and most other endpoints including ACR20 criteria. The percentage of @entity0 who achieved an ACR20 response and who completed the study was 21%, 53%, and 39% in the placebo, @entity6 and @entity4 groups, respectively. @entity6 and @entity4 were both generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION: In this study, @entity6 90 mg once daily was more effective than either placebo or @entity4 500 mg twice daily for treating @entity0 with @entity2 over 12 weeks. @entity6 90 mg was generally well tolerated in @entity0 with @entity2 .

title: A randomized, controlled, clinical trial of @entity6 in the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To check for an association between @entity5 ( @entity6 ) use by the mother during pregnancy and @entity4 (i.e., @entity10 , @entity7 , and @entity8 ) in the @entity0 , as suggested by Sutcliffe et al. (1998), who reported four cases. METHODS: We checked all the cases with these @entity4 for @entity6 use by the mother in the EUROCAT Northern Netherlands dataset, which registers @entity0 with @entity2 and records possible teratogenic exposures (including medication taken by the mother). We also reviewed 13 studies in the literature. RESULTS: The EUROCAT dataset recorded 77 cases of @entity10 , @entity7 , or @entity8 , but none with prenatal exposure to @entity6 . Prenatal @entity6 exposure was recorded in seven other cases without @entity4 . Large studies in the literature on the teratogenic effects of @entity6 (and other antiepileptic drugs), including data from the MADRE database, revealed no association between these @entity4 and prenatal @entity6 exposure. One case reported @entity10 and other @entity1 after prenatal exposure to @entity6 in combination with @entity9 and @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support Sutcliffe's suggestion that prenatal @entity6 exposure may result in @entity4 . However, despite the large population represented, both the low birth prevalence of these @entity4 and the low prevalence of @entity6 exposure during pregnancy make it difficult to exclude an increased relative risk. The many large prospective and retrospective studies in the literature seem to agree with our findings, although there is still uncertainty about the teratogenic effect of @entity6 in polytherapy.

title: Is there an association between maternal @entity5 use during pregnancy and @entity4 in the XXXX ?

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: To check for an association between @entity5 ( @entity6 ) use by the mother during pregnancy and @entity4 (i.e., @entity10 , @entity7 , and @entity8 ) in the @entity0 , as suggested by Sutcliffe et al. (1998), who reported four cases. METHODS: We checked all the cases with these @entity4 for @entity6 use by the mother in the EUROCAT Northern Netherlands dataset, which registers @entity0 with @entity2 and records possible teratogenic exposures (including medication taken by the mother). We also reviewed 13 studies in the literature. RESULTS: The EUROCAT dataset recorded 77 cases of @entity10 , @entity7 , or @entity8 , but none with prenatal exposure to @entity6 . Prenatal @entity6 exposure was recorded in seven other cases without @entity4 . Large studies in the literature on the teratogenic effects of @entity6 (and other antiepileptic drugs), including data from the MADRE database, revealed no association between these @entity4 and prenatal @entity6 exposure. One case reported @entity10 and other @entity1 after prenatal exposure to @entity6 in combination with @entity9 and @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support Sutcliffe's suggestion that prenatal @entity6 exposure may result in @entity4 . However, despite the large population represented, both the low birth prevalence of these @entity4 and the low prevalence of @entity6 exposure during pregnancy make it difficult to exclude an increased relative risk. The many large prospective and retrospective studies in the literature seem to agree with our findings, although there is still uncertainty about the teratogenic effect of @entity6 in polytherapy.

title: Is there an association between maternal XXXX use during pregnancy and @entity4 in the @entity0 ?

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: To check for an association between @entity5 ( @entity6 ) use by the mother during pregnancy and @entity4 (i.e., @entity10 , @entity7 , and @entity8 ) in the @entity0 , as suggested by Sutcliffe et al. (1998), who reported four cases. METHODS: We checked all the cases with these @entity4 for @entity6 use by the mother in the EUROCAT Northern Netherlands dataset, which registers @entity0 with @entity2 and records possible teratogenic exposures (including medication taken by the mother). We also reviewed 13 studies in the literature. RESULTS: The EUROCAT dataset recorded 77 cases of @entity10 , @entity7 , or @entity8 , but none with prenatal exposure to @entity6 . Prenatal @entity6 exposure was recorded in seven other cases without @entity4 . Large studies in the literature on the teratogenic effects of @entity6 (and other antiepileptic drugs), including data from the MADRE database, revealed no association between these @entity4 and prenatal @entity6 exposure. One case reported @entity10 and other @entity1 after prenatal exposure to @entity6 in combination with @entity9 and @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support Sutcliffe's suggestion that prenatal @entity6 exposure may result in @entity4 . However, despite the large population represented, both the low birth prevalence of these @entity4 and the low prevalence of @entity6 exposure during pregnancy make it difficult to exclude an increased relative risk. The many large prospective and retrospective studies in the literature seem to agree with our findings, although there is still uncertainty about the teratogenic effect of @entity6 in polytherapy.

title: Is there an association between maternal @entity5 use during pregnancy and XXXX in the @entity0 ?

answer: @entity4


abstract: In the early stages of @entity0 , development of the disease is dependent on growth factors produced by the host. There are clinical situations associated with an increase in these factors, such as partial resection of metastasized liver. Given the important role of hepatotrophic factors in liver regeneration, we have studied the effect of partial hepatectomy on the development of residual micrometastases in the liver, and on the @entity1 as a whole. We used a @entity2 model in which a rabdomiosarcoma was established by subcutaneous inoculation of syngeneic @entity1 cells in male Wag @entity3 . Subsequently, the @entity1 was resected and/or a 40% hepatectomy was performed. The effect of these two surgical procedures on the @entity1 process was analyzed on the 25th and 35th days post-inoculation, and the percentage of regenerating hepatocytes was assessed. Both the tumorectomy and liver resection, when not combined, produced an increase in regional adenopathies without modifying the evolution of @entity0 in the liver. However, when @entity1 excision and partial hepatectomy were performed simultaneously, there was a net increase in the metastatic process. In addition to a rapid spread of the disease (lung, mediastinum, retroperitoneum), the number of liver metastases increased by 300%. This development coincided with a steep rise in the percentage of regenerating hepatocytes, which nearly doubled that of the group subjected only to liver resection. We conclude that liver resection, alone or combined with excision of the @entity1 , may enhance @entity1 progression, both locally and at the metastasic level.

title: [Effect of hepatic resection on development of liver XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: Significant conformational differences between native and recombinant horseradish peroxidase have been shown by @entity4 planigraphy, which includes a method of thermal activation of @entity4 followed by @entity1 analysis of the protein preparation. Comparison of radioactivity distribution among the @entity1 residues with the theoretical (calculated) accessibility shows that the recombinant enzyme is characterized by high hydrophobicity and compactness of folding. The protective role of oligosaccharides in native enzyme has been confirmed. An unexpected result of the study is a finding on high accessibility of a catalytic @entity2 residue in solution. An effect of low dose (3 Gy) of irradiation on the accessibility of @entity1 residues has been unequivocally demonstrated. The data can be interpreted as swelling of the compact folding and increase in the surface hydrophilicity of the recombinant enzyme. In the case of native enzyme, irradiation does not cause remarkable changes in the accessibility of @entity1 residues indicating the possible extensive radical modification of the native enzyme in the life-course of the cell. The catalytic @entity2 is an exception. It becomes inaccessible after the enzyme irradiation, while its accessibility in the recombinant enzyme increases. An additional observation of a 5-fold decrease in the rate constant towards @entity0 points to the destructive effect of irradiation on the @entity3 bond network in the distal domain of the native enzyme molecule and partial collapse of the active site pocket.

title: Conformational differences between native and recombinant horseradish peroxidase revealed by XXXX planigraphy.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Among 16,401 subjects attending two health screenings, in 1969 and 1971, 176 showed hypercalcaemia on both occasions, i.e. serum @entity1 values above 2.60 mmol l-1. The prevalence of hypercalcaemia increased in @entity0 with advancing age and occurred in close to 3% of those above the age of 60, whilst in @entity0 it was found in less than 0.7% in all age groups. The mean serum @entity1 concentration in @entity0 above the age of 50 was significantly higher than in @entity0 . This observation could at least partly explain why @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is more often diagnosed in females. Only nine @entity0 were initially referred for neck exploration. Most of the others were not even notified of the biochemical disturbance and thus it was possible to study the serum @entity1 values in an unattended cohort until follow-up after 14 years. In the hypercalcaemic @entity0 there was little or no increase in serum @entity1 during these years. In no @entity0 did the serum @entity1 level rise above 3.0 mmol l-1. Altogether, 24 @entity0 from the initial cohort were subsequently operated on for primary @entity2 but there were only two further cases of verified @entity2 , which developed during the follow-up period, in those who had been clearly normocalcaemic at the health surveys. In conclusion, hypercalcaemia, presumably caused by primary @entity2 , is common but apparently develops slowly and with little risk of a progressive rise of serum @entity1 concentrations.

title: Prevalence of hypercalcaemia in a health survey: a 14-year follow-up study of serum XXXX values.

answer: @entity1


abstract: According to recent studies, elevated @entity1 levels are associated with @entity2 performance. This specific effect of @entity1 has been shown in several studies using pharmacological doses of @entity1 . The present study was designed to determine the effects of endogenously stimulated @entity1 secretion on memory performance in healthy middle-aged @entity0 . For psychological stress challenging, we employed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Subjects were assigned to either the TSST or a non-stressful control condition. Declarative and non-declarative memory performance was measured by a combined priming-free-recall-task. No significant group differences were found for memory performance. Post hoc analyses of variance indicated that regardless of experimental condition the subjects with remarkably high @entity1 increase in response to the experimental procedure (high responders) showed increased memory performance in the declarative task compared to subjects with low @entity1 response (low responders). The results suggest that stress-induced @entity1 failed to impair memory performance. The results are discussed with respect to gender-specific effects and modulatory effects of the sympathetic nervous system and psychological variables.

title: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity to psychological stress and memory in middle-aged XXXX : high responders exhibit enhanced declarative memory performance.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The population of Pakistan has been reported to have the highest rate of @entity0 of any Asian population (excluding Jews in Israel) and one of the highest rates of @entity2 worldwide. To explore the contribution that genetic factors make to these high rates, we have conducted a case-control study of 341 case subjects with @entity0 , 120 case subjects with @entity2 , and 200 female control subjects from two major cities of Pakistan (Karachi and Lahore). The prevalence of @entity5 or @entity3 mutations among case subjects with @entity0 was 6.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.1%-9.4%), and that among case subjects with @entity2 was 15.8% (95% CI 9.2%-22.4%). Mutations of the @entity5 gene accounted for 84% of the mutations among case subjects with @entity2 and 65% of mutations among case subjects with @entity0 . The majority of detected mutations are unique to Pakistan. Five @entity5 mutations ( @entity7 , @entity8 , @entity6 , @entity9 , and @entity10 ) and one @entity3 mutation ( @entity11 ) were found in multiple case subjects and represent candidate founder mutations. The penetrance of deleterious mutations in @entity5 and @entity3 is comparable to that of Western populations. The cumulative risk of @entity1 to age 85 years in female first-degree relatives of @entity5 -mutation-positive case subjects was 48% and was 37% for first-degree relatives of the @entity3 -mutation-positive case subjects. A higher proportion of case subjects with @entity0 than of control subjects were the progeny of first-cousin marriages (odds ratio [OR] 2.1; 95% CI 1.4-3.3; P=.001). The effects of consanguinity were significant for case subjects with early-onset @entity0 (age <40 years) (OR=2.7; 95% CI 1.5-4.9; P=.0008) and case subjects with @entity2 (OR=2.4; 95% CI 1.4-4.2; P=.002). These results suggest that recessively inherited genes may contribute to @entity4 risk in Pakistan.

title: Contribution of XXXX and @entity3 mutations to @entity4 in Pakistan.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The population of Pakistan has been reported to have the highest rate of @entity0 of any Asian population (excluding Jews in Israel) and one of the highest rates of @entity2 worldwide. To explore the contribution that genetic factors make to these high rates, we have conducted a case-control study of 341 case subjects with @entity0 , 120 case subjects with @entity2 , and 200 female control subjects from two major cities of Pakistan (Karachi and Lahore). The prevalence of @entity5 or @entity3 mutations among case subjects with @entity0 was 6.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.1%-9.4%), and that among case subjects with @entity2 was 15.8% (95% CI 9.2%-22.4%). Mutations of the @entity5 gene accounted for 84% of the mutations among case subjects with @entity2 and 65% of mutations among case subjects with @entity0 . The majority of detected mutations are unique to Pakistan. Five @entity5 mutations ( @entity7 , @entity8 , @entity6 , @entity9 , and @entity10 ) and one @entity3 mutation ( @entity11 ) were found in multiple case subjects and represent candidate founder mutations. The penetrance of deleterious mutations in @entity5 and @entity3 is comparable to that of Western populations. The cumulative risk of @entity1 to age 85 years in female first-degree relatives of @entity5 -mutation-positive case subjects was 48% and was 37% for first-degree relatives of the @entity3 -mutation-positive case subjects. A higher proportion of case subjects with @entity0 than of control subjects were the progeny of first-cousin marriages (odds ratio [OR] 2.1; 95% CI 1.4-3.3; P=.001). The effects of consanguinity were significant for case subjects with early-onset @entity0 (age <40 years) (OR=2.7; 95% CI 1.5-4.9; P=.0008) and case subjects with @entity2 (OR=2.4; 95% CI 1.4-4.2; P=.002). These results suggest that recessively inherited genes may contribute to @entity4 risk in Pakistan.

title: Contribution of @entity5 and @entity3 mutations to XXXX in Pakistan.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The population of Pakistan has been reported to have the highest rate of @entity0 of any Asian population (excluding Jews in Israel) and one of the highest rates of @entity2 worldwide. To explore the contribution that genetic factors make to these high rates, we have conducted a case-control study of 341 case subjects with @entity0 , 120 case subjects with @entity2 , and 200 female control subjects from two major cities of Pakistan (Karachi and Lahore). The prevalence of @entity5 or @entity3 mutations among case subjects with @entity0 was 6.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.1%-9.4%), and that among case subjects with @entity2 was 15.8% (95% CI 9.2%-22.4%). Mutations of the @entity5 gene accounted for 84% of the mutations among case subjects with @entity2 and 65% of mutations among case subjects with @entity0 . The majority of detected mutations are unique to Pakistan. Five @entity5 mutations ( @entity7 , @entity8 , @entity6 , @entity9 , and @entity10 ) and one @entity3 mutation ( @entity11 ) were found in multiple case subjects and represent candidate founder mutations. The penetrance of deleterious mutations in @entity5 and @entity3 is comparable to that of Western populations. The cumulative risk of @entity1 to age 85 years in female first-degree relatives of @entity5 -mutation-positive case subjects was 48% and was 37% for first-degree relatives of the @entity3 -mutation-positive case subjects. A higher proportion of case subjects with @entity0 than of control subjects were the progeny of first-cousin marriages (odds ratio [OR] 2.1; 95% CI 1.4-3.3; P=.001). The effects of consanguinity were significant for case subjects with early-onset @entity0 (age <40 years) (OR=2.7; 95% CI 1.5-4.9; P=.0008) and case subjects with @entity2 (OR=2.4; 95% CI 1.4-4.2; P=.002). These results suggest that recessively inherited genes may contribute to @entity4 risk in Pakistan.

title: Contribution of @entity5 and XXXX mutations to @entity4 in Pakistan.

answer: @entity3


abstract: 1 The milk excretion of @entity7 ( @entity8 ) was studied from both breasts in @entity0 with @entity5 (n = 12) and healthy volunteers (controls, n = 4) to investigate the hypothesis that milk transfer of @entity8 is higher in mastitic than in non-mastitic breasts. 2 @entity0 were included according to clinical symptoms of @entity5 . Milk (and serum from controls) were sampled 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 h after a single oral dose of 1320 mg @entity8 . @entity1 concentrations in milk and serum were measured by an agar diffusion technique. 3 Maximum milk concentrations (Cmax) of @entity8 in @entity0 were higher (P less than 0.05) in mastitic than in non-mastitic breasts. The latter concentrations were higher (P less than 0.05) than those in breast milk from healthy controls. In milk from the @entity5 @entity0 (both breasts) the Cmax was reached after 2 h with a subsequent rapid decline in concentration. In milk from the healthy controls the @entity8 concentration reached a plateau after 4 h. The area under the milk concentration vs time curve (AUC0-8h) was not different for mastitic vs non-mastitic breast milk in @entity0 nor for mastitic vs control breast milk. This can be explained by higher rates of appearance and disappearance of @entity8 in the breast milk of @entity5 @entity0 compared with healthy controls. In mastitic breast milk there was a moderate (P less than 0.01) increase in @entity6 and albumin compared with non-mastitic milk. However, milk @entity3 , @entity2 and @entity4 values were within normal limits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Milk transfer of @entity7 during puerperal XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: 1 The milk excretion of @entity7 ( @entity8 ) was studied from both breasts in @entity0 with @entity5 (n = 12) and healthy volunteers (controls, n = 4) to investigate the hypothesis that milk transfer of @entity8 is higher in mastitic than in non-mastitic breasts. 2 @entity0 were included according to clinical symptoms of @entity5 . Milk (and serum from controls) were sampled 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 h after a single oral dose of 1320 mg @entity8 . @entity1 concentrations in milk and serum were measured by an agar diffusion technique. 3 Maximum milk concentrations (Cmax) of @entity8 in @entity0 were higher (P less than 0.05) in mastitic than in non-mastitic breasts. The latter concentrations were higher (P less than 0.05) than those in breast milk from healthy controls. In milk from the @entity5 @entity0 (both breasts) the Cmax was reached after 2 h with a subsequent rapid decline in concentration. In milk from the healthy controls the @entity8 concentration reached a plateau after 4 h. The area under the milk concentration vs time curve (AUC0-8h) was not different for mastitic vs non-mastitic breast milk in @entity0 nor for mastitic vs control breast milk. This can be explained by higher rates of appearance and disappearance of @entity8 in the breast milk of @entity5 @entity0 compared with healthy controls. In mastitic breast milk there was a moderate (P less than 0.01) increase in @entity6 and albumin compared with non-mastitic milk. However, milk @entity3 , @entity2 and @entity4 values were within normal limits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Milk transfer of XXXX during puerperal @entity5 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: @entity0 with @entity2 have a poor prognosis and low survival rates. The aim of the present paper was to characterize cellular and molecular properties to provide insight into aspects of @entity1 progression in early compared with advanced @entity2 . METHODS: One hundred and nine graded @entity2 (early or advanced stage, undifferentiated or differentiated type) with paired non- @entity1 tissue were studied to define the correlation between apoptosis (morphology, terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity5 -digoxigenin nick end-labeling), cell proliferation (Ki-67 expression, morphology) and expression and localization of two proteins frequently having altered expression in @entity1 , namely @entity4 and @entity3 . RESULTS: Overall, apoptosis was lower in early stage, differentiated and undifferentiated @entity2 compared with @entity1 . Cell proliferation was comparatively high in all stages. There was a high level of @entity4 positivity in all stages. Only the early- and @entity1 that were @entity4 positive had a significantly higher level of apoptosis (P < 0.05). Cell proliferation was significantly greater (P < 0.05) only in the early undifferentiated @entity1 that had either @entity3 or @entity4 -positivity. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that low apoptosis and high cell proliferation combine to drive @entity2 development. The molecular controls for high cell proliferation of the early stage undifferentiated @entity2 involve overexpression of both @entity4 and @entity3 . Overexpression of @entity4 may also control @entity1 development in that its expression is associated with higher levels of apoptosis in early and late-stage undifferentiated, @entity1 .

title: Apoptosis and cell proliferation in the development of @entity2 : associations with @entity3 and XXXX protein expression.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: @entity0 with @entity2 have a poor prognosis and low survival rates. The aim of the present paper was to characterize cellular and molecular properties to provide insight into aspects of @entity1 progression in early compared with advanced @entity2 . METHODS: One hundred and nine graded @entity2 (early or advanced stage, undifferentiated or differentiated type) with paired non- @entity1 tissue were studied to define the correlation between apoptosis (morphology, terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity5 -digoxigenin nick end-labeling), cell proliferation (Ki-67 expression, morphology) and expression and localization of two proteins frequently having altered expression in @entity1 , namely @entity4 and @entity3 . RESULTS: Overall, apoptosis was lower in early stage, differentiated and undifferentiated @entity2 compared with @entity1 . Cell proliferation was comparatively high in all stages. There was a high level of @entity4 positivity in all stages. Only the early- and @entity1 that were @entity4 positive had a significantly higher level of apoptosis (P < 0.05). Cell proliferation was significantly greater (P < 0.05) only in the early undifferentiated @entity1 that had either @entity3 or @entity4 -positivity. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that low apoptosis and high cell proliferation combine to drive @entity2 development. The molecular controls for high cell proliferation of the early stage undifferentiated @entity2 involve overexpression of both @entity4 and @entity3 . Overexpression of @entity4 may also control @entity1 development in that its expression is associated with higher levels of apoptosis in early and late-stage undifferentiated, @entity1 .

title: Apoptosis and cell proliferation in the development of XXXX : associations with @entity3 and @entity4 protein expression.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: @entity0 with @entity2 have a poor prognosis and low survival rates. The aim of the present paper was to characterize cellular and molecular properties to provide insight into aspects of @entity1 progression in early compared with advanced @entity2 . METHODS: One hundred and nine graded @entity2 (early or advanced stage, undifferentiated or differentiated type) with paired non- @entity1 tissue were studied to define the correlation between apoptosis (morphology, terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity5 -digoxigenin nick end-labeling), cell proliferation (Ki-67 expression, morphology) and expression and localization of two proteins frequently having altered expression in @entity1 , namely @entity4 and @entity3 . RESULTS: Overall, apoptosis was lower in early stage, differentiated and undifferentiated @entity2 compared with @entity1 . Cell proliferation was comparatively high in all stages. There was a high level of @entity4 positivity in all stages. Only the early- and @entity1 that were @entity4 positive had a significantly higher level of apoptosis (P < 0.05). Cell proliferation was significantly greater (P < 0.05) only in the early undifferentiated @entity1 that had either @entity3 or @entity4 -positivity. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that low apoptosis and high cell proliferation combine to drive @entity2 development. The molecular controls for high cell proliferation of the early stage undifferentiated @entity2 involve overexpression of both @entity4 and @entity3 . Overexpression of @entity4 may also control @entity1 development in that its expression is associated with higher levels of apoptosis in early and late-stage undifferentiated, @entity1 .

title: Apoptosis and cell proliferation in the development of @entity2 : associations with XXXX and @entity4 protein expression.

answer: @entity3


abstract: In this study, I have investigated the structure of the @entity0 brain @entity4 during fetal development. There is a progressive decrease in the apparent molecular size of the brain alpha-subunit during development: 130K on day 16 of gestation, 126K at birth, and 120K in the adult. Glycosylation was investigated as a possible reason for the observed differences in the alpha-subunit molecular size. The results show that the developmental decrease in the brain alpha-subunit apparent molecular size is due to a parallel decrease in @entity1 content. This was further confirmed by measuring the retention of autophosphorylated insulin receptors on @entity2 germ agglutinin (WGA)-Sepharose. An inverse correlation between developmental age and retention of @entity3 -labeled insulin receptors on the lectin column was observed. Insulin binding increases 6-fold between 16 and 20 days of gestation [61 +/- 25 (+/- SE) fmol/mg protein and 364 +/- 42 fmol/mg, respectively]. Thereafter, binding in brain membranes decreases to 150 +/- 20 fmol/mg by 2 days after birth, then reaches the adult level of 63 +/- 15 fmol/mg. In addition, the degree of insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation closely parallels the developmental changes in insulin binding. Between 16 and 20 days of fetal life, insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the beta-subunit increases 6-fold. Thereafter, the extent of phosphorylation decreases rapidly, reaching adult values identical with those in 16-day-old fetal brain. These results suggest that the embryonic brain possesses competent insulin receptors whose expression changes markedly during fetal development. This information should be important in defining the role of insulin in the developing nervous system.

title: Developmental aspects of the @entity0 brain XXXX : loss of @entity1 and fluctuation in number characterize fetal development.

answer: @entity4


abstract: In this study, I have investigated the structure of the @entity0 brain @entity4 during fetal development. There is a progressive decrease in the apparent molecular size of the brain alpha-subunit during development: 130K on day 16 of gestation, 126K at birth, and 120K in the adult. Glycosylation was investigated as a possible reason for the observed differences in the alpha-subunit molecular size. The results show that the developmental decrease in the brain alpha-subunit apparent molecular size is due to a parallel decrease in @entity1 content. This was further confirmed by measuring the retention of autophosphorylated insulin receptors on @entity2 germ agglutinin (WGA)-Sepharose. An inverse correlation between developmental age and retention of @entity3 -labeled insulin receptors on the lectin column was observed. Insulin binding increases 6-fold between 16 and 20 days of gestation [61 +/- 25 (+/- SE) fmol/mg protein and 364 +/- 42 fmol/mg, respectively]. Thereafter, binding in brain membranes decreases to 150 +/- 20 fmol/mg by 2 days after birth, then reaches the adult level of 63 +/- 15 fmol/mg. In addition, the degree of insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation closely parallels the developmental changes in insulin binding. Between 16 and 20 days of fetal life, insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the beta-subunit increases 6-fold. Thereafter, the extent of phosphorylation decreases rapidly, reaching adult values identical with those in 16-day-old fetal brain. These results suggest that the embryonic brain possesses competent insulin receptors whose expression changes markedly during fetal development. This information should be important in defining the role of insulin in the developing nervous system.

title: Developmental aspects of the @entity0 brain @entity4 : loss of XXXX and fluctuation in number characterize fetal development.

answer: @entity1