abstract: Two hundred and eighty-six @entity1 presenting with metastatic @entity9 or @entity6 whose primary site was not identified by clinical history, physical examination and chest radiograph have been studied. Median survival from presentation was 22 weeks. Factors independently predicting improved survival were lymph node presentations, good performance status and body weight loss of less than 10 per cent. In 88 (31 per cent) @entity1 the primary @entity3 site was subsequently identified, in 58 (20 per cent) during life. @entity2 was the most frequently identified primary @entity3 , and in only 32 (11 per cent) of the @entity1 was a 'treatable' primary @entity3 (i.e. germ cell, breast, ovarian, prostate, @entity7 or @entity10 ) identified. Among the treatable primary @entity3 were those in eight out of 16 female @entity1 presenting with axillary metastases who were subsequently shown to have primary @entity0 and four of 13 females presenting with @entity11 who were found to have primary @entity4 . @entity8 was confirmed in five out of 13 @entity1 with raised serum acid phosphatase. Of 22 @entity1 with elevated serum alphafoetoprotein (AFP) or beta- @entity1 chorionic gonadotrophin levels (beta HCG) 18 had some features of the 'atypical @entity5 '. Of the total of 32 @entity1 with treatable @entity3 types, 29 (90 per cent) were identified during life. Median survival for @entity1 with treatable @entity3 types identified during life was 104 weeks, compared with 22 weeks for the group as a whole. Retrospective immunocytochemical staining of the original biopsy showed that prostatic specific antigen and antibodies to beta HCG and AFP were diagnostically useful, but a series of organ site non-specific markers of histogenesis or cellular differentiation (carcinoembryonic antigen, secretory component for IgA, peanut lectin binding, epithelial membrane antigen and keratin) showed no significant correlations with identified primary sites, responsiveness to empirical chemotherapy or survival. Metastatic @entity6 or @entity9 from an unknown primary site represents 6.5 per cent of all referrals to the medical oncology unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. We offer guidelines for the rapid identification of the limited number of primary sites for which effective and specific forms of systemic treatment are available.

title: Metastatic adeno or XXXX from an unknown primary site--natural history and guidelines for identification of treatable subsets.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The effect of @entity7 (elevated blood @entity4 level) on the response of a @entity1 @entity0 to irradiation given alone or in combination with @entity3 was studied. @entity0 were early generation isotransplants of a spontaneous C3H/Sed @entity1 @entity6 , FSa-II. Single-cell suspensions were transplanted into the foot, and irradiation was given when each @entity0 reached an average diameter of 7 mm. Following irradiation, the @entity0 growth time to reach 1000 mm3 was studied and the dose-response curve between the @entity0 growth time and radiation dose was fitted. Preadministration of @entity4 increased the size of the @entity5 and chronically @entity5 cell fractions without altering the slope of the dose-response curve where the chronically @entity5 cell fraction is determined as the fraction of cells which were not oxygenated under hyperbaric @entity2 conditions. @entity3 given prior to irradiation enhanced the @entity0 response to irradiation, but simultaneously increased the size of the @entity5 and chronically @entity5 cell fractions. Similar results were observed following @entity3 given after irradiation. When @entity3 at 43.5 degrees C was given 24 h before irradiation, the size of the @entity5 cell fraction increased with increasing treatment time, while a substantial decrease in the chronically @entity5 cell fraction was observed. Administration of @entity4 60 min before @entity3 further increased the size of the @entity5 cell fraction. Possible mechanisms explaining why @entity4 administration increases the @entity5 cell fractions are discussed.

title: The effect of @entity7 on the @entity0 response to irradiation given alone or in combination with XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The effect of @entity7 (elevated blood @entity4 level) on the response of a @entity1 @entity0 to irradiation given alone or in combination with @entity3 was studied. @entity0 were early generation isotransplants of a spontaneous C3H/Sed @entity1 @entity6 , FSa-II. Single-cell suspensions were transplanted into the foot, and irradiation was given when each @entity0 reached an average diameter of 7 mm. Following irradiation, the @entity0 growth time to reach 1000 mm3 was studied and the dose-response curve between the @entity0 growth time and radiation dose was fitted. Preadministration of @entity4 increased the size of the @entity5 and chronically @entity5 cell fractions without altering the slope of the dose-response curve where the chronically @entity5 cell fraction is determined as the fraction of cells which were not oxygenated under hyperbaric @entity2 conditions. @entity3 given prior to irradiation enhanced the @entity0 response to irradiation, but simultaneously increased the size of the @entity5 and chronically @entity5 cell fractions. Similar results were observed following @entity3 given after irradiation. When @entity3 at 43.5 degrees C was given 24 h before irradiation, the size of the @entity5 cell fraction increased with increasing treatment time, while a substantial decrease in the chronically @entity5 cell fraction was observed. Administration of @entity4 60 min before @entity3 further increased the size of the @entity5 cell fraction. Possible mechanisms explaining why @entity4 administration increases the @entity5 cell fractions are discussed.

title: The effect of XXXX on the @entity0 response to irradiation given alone or in combination with @entity3 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: The effect of @entity7 (elevated blood @entity4 level) on the response of a @entity1 @entity0 to irradiation given alone or in combination with @entity3 was studied. @entity0 were early generation isotransplants of a spontaneous C3H/Sed @entity1 @entity6 , FSa-II. Single-cell suspensions were transplanted into the foot, and irradiation was given when each @entity0 reached an average diameter of 7 mm. Following irradiation, the @entity0 growth time to reach 1000 mm3 was studied and the dose-response curve between the @entity0 growth time and radiation dose was fitted. Preadministration of @entity4 increased the size of the @entity5 and chronically @entity5 cell fractions without altering the slope of the dose-response curve where the chronically @entity5 cell fraction is determined as the fraction of cells which were not oxygenated under hyperbaric @entity2 conditions. @entity3 given prior to irradiation enhanced the @entity0 response to irradiation, but simultaneously increased the size of the @entity5 and chronically @entity5 cell fractions. Similar results were observed following @entity3 given after irradiation. When @entity3 at 43.5 degrees C was given 24 h before irradiation, the size of the @entity5 cell fraction increased with increasing treatment time, while a substantial decrease in the chronically @entity5 cell fraction was observed. Administration of @entity4 60 min before @entity3 further increased the size of the @entity5 cell fraction. Possible mechanisms explaining why @entity4 administration increases the @entity5 cell fractions are discussed.

title: The effect of @entity7 on the XXXX response to irradiation given alone or in combination with @entity3 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: A technique is described that characterizes the dynamics of the interjoint coordination of arm reaching movements in healthy subjects (n=10) and in @entity0 who had sustained a left-sided cerebrovascular accident (n=18). All @entity0 were right-handed. Data from the affected right arm of @entity0 with @entity2 were compared with those from the right arm of healthy subjects. Seated subjects made 25 pointing movements in a single session. Movements were made from an initial target located ipsilaterally to the right arm beside the body, to a final target located in front of the subject in the contralateral arm workspace. Kinematic data from the finger, wrist, elbow, both shoulders and sternum were recorded in three dimensions at 200 Hz with an optical tracking system. Analysis of interjoint coordination was based on the patterns of temporal delay between rotations at two adjacent joints (shoulder and elbow). The data were reduced to a single graph (Temporal Coordination or TC index) integrating the essential temporal characteristics of joint movement (the angular displacements, velocities and timing). TC segments, duration and amplitude, were analysed. The analysis was sensitive to the differences in interjoint coordination between healthy subjects and @entity0 with arm motor deficits. In @entity0 , the temporal coordination between elbow and shoulder movements was disrupted from the middle to the end of the reach. More specifically, in mid-reach, all @entity0 had difficulty coordinating elbow flexion with shoulder horizontal adduction. In addition, @entity0 with severe arm @entity3 had difficulty changing elbow movement direction from flexion to extension and in coordinating this change with shoulder movement. At the end of the reach, @entity0 with severe @entity3 had deficits in the execution of elbow extension while all @entity0 had impaired coordination of elbow extension and shoulder horizontal adduction. In addition, active ranges of joint motions were significantly decreased in the @entity2 compared to the healthy subjects. Finally, TC analysis revealed significant relationships between specific aspects of disrupted interjoint coordination and the level of motor impairment, suggesting that it may be a useful tool in the identification of specific movement coordination deficits in @entity1 populations that can be targeted in treatment for arm motor recovery.

title: Interjoint coordination dynamics during reaching in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Over a 1-year period cardiac catheterization was performed in 58 @entity0 , mean age 66 years, who had elevated aortic blood flow velocity (more than 1.7 m/s) by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. Doppler echo signals were initially judged acceptable for quantitative analysis in 95% of @entity0 , usually from the apical transducer position. Cardiac catheterization was performed within a mean of 8 days (60% within 1 day) of the Doppler echo study. The aortic valve mean pressure gradients at catheterization ranged from 0 to 93 mm Hg. The linear correlation coefficient (r value) between the mean pressure gradient determined by Doppler echocardiography and catheterization was 0.87. The correlation was maintained in 15 @entity0 with @entity1 (r = 0.91) and in 16 @entity0 with significant @entity3 (r = 0.93). In the 16 @entity0 with @entity5 (mean 3.2 liters/min, range 2.2 to 3.9) the correlation was 0.81. A strategy for using the Doppler echo-calculated pressure gradient to manage @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity4 ) was derived by investigating the relation of the Doppler echo gradient to the aortic valve area in 35 @entity0 with no @entity1 detected at catheterization. All 12 @entity0 with a Doppler echo mean gradient of less than 30 mm Hg had an aortic valve area of more than 0.75 cm2 and all 11 @entity0 with a Doppler echo mean gradient of more than 50 mm Hg had an aortic valve area of less than 0.75 cm2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Comparison of Doppler-derived pressure gradient to that determined at cardiac catheterization in adults with XXXX : implications for management.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Esophagectomy remains a standard treatment for @entity0 with resectable @entity1 , but the 5-year survival is only 20% to 25%. After complete resection survival is significantly longer than after incomplete resection with microscopic or macroscopic penetration. The purpose of this study was to prospectively identify the factors predictive of complete resection of operable @entity1 . METHODS: Betwen January 1995 and January 2002, 372 @entity0 with @entity1 underwent surgery with curative intent. Complete resection was performed in 304 @entity0 (81.7%), incomplete resection with microscopic penetration in 28 (7.5%), and incomplete resection with macroscopic penetration in 40 (10.8%). Univariate and multivariate analysis included 16 preoperative and operative factors. RESULTS: Factors predictive of complete resection were absence of any modification of the esophageal @entity2 on the barium swallow (p = 0.019) and a partial or complete response to preoperative radiochemotherapy (p = 0.042). Three groups of @entity0 were identified: group 1 had no deviation of the @entity2 on the barium swallow (n = 253); group 2 had deviation of the @entity2 on the barium swallow and partial or complete response to radiochemotherapy (n = 66); and group 3 had deviation of the @entity2 on the barium swallow and no response to radiochemotherapy or no preoperative treatment (n = 53). Rates of complete resection were 90.1%, 74.2%, and 50.9%, and 5-year actuarial survivals were 46%, 37%, and 0%, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Complete resection of @entity1 is predictable. Deviation @entity2 on the barium swallow and morphologic response to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy are variables available for all @entity0 at onset of therapeutic management.

title: Factors predictive of complete resection of operable XXXX : a prospective study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: 59-81% of @entity0 given infliximab for @entity1 will respond. Although now in widespread use, little consensus exists regarding the optimal place in @entity0 care. Recently developed guidelines have identified need for markers that predict response. AIMS: We aimed to identify markers of response to infliximab given for @entity1 . METHODS: Markers of response (defined at 4 weeks) were prospectively assessed in 74 infliximab-treated @entity0 with @entity1 . @entity0 were followed-up to 1 year. RESULTS: Fifty-four of 74 (73%) @entity0 responded. Univariate analysis identified that smokers were less likely to respond than non-smokers [P = 0.005, odds ratio (OR) 0.22]. @entity0 established on immunosuppression (P = 0.034, OR 7.31) and with isolated @entity2 (P = 0.042, OR 3.83) were more likely to respond. Multiple logistic regression confirmed smoking (P = 0.035, OR 0.24) and @entity2 (P = 0.035, OR 4.87) as independent markers of response. One-year relapse rates differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers (100% vs. 39.6%, P = 0.0026, relative risk 3.2) and between @entity0 established on immunomodulators or not (58.0% vs. 92.8%, P = 0.0054, relative risk 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking has a strong adverse effect on the response rates and maintenance of response to infliximab. @entity0 on immunomodulators have a more favourable short- and long-term response. These results have important implications for clinical practice.

title: An analysis of factors influencing short-term and sustained response to infliximab treatment for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: AIMS: To estimate the cost effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) compared with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) for @entity0 using insulin pumps. METHODS: We constructed a Markov model to estimate the costs and outcomes for @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) treated with CSII using an insulin pump compared with @entity3 . Key parameters were obtained from the published scientific literature. The primary outcome was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Monte Carlo simulations were undertaken for 10 000 hypothetical @entity0 over 8 years of monthly cycles (the expected life of a pump). RESULTS: Over an 8-year period an average @entity0 could expect to gain 0.48 [standard deviation (sd) 0.20] QALYs using CSII compared with @entity3 . The additional cost over 8 years for this gain was pounds 5462 (sd pounds 897). The incremental cost per QALY was pounds 11,461 (sd pounds 3656). CSII was most cost-effective in @entity0 who had more than two severe hypoglycaemic events per year and who required admission to hospital at least once every year. Cases where CSII might be not economically viable are cases where @entity1 is well controlled with few severe hypoglycaemic events. Results were most sensitive to the number of hypoglycaemic events per @entity0 and the utility weights used to estimate QALYs. CONCLUSION: CSII is a worthwhile investment when targeted to those who might benefit most.

title: The cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion compared with XXXX for the management of @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: AIMS: To estimate the cost effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) compared with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) for @entity0 using insulin pumps. METHODS: We constructed a Markov model to estimate the costs and outcomes for @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) treated with CSII using an insulin pump compared with @entity3 . Key parameters were obtained from the published scientific literature. The primary outcome was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Monte Carlo simulations were undertaken for 10 000 hypothetical @entity0 over 8 years of monthly cycles (the expected life of a pump). RESULTS: Over an 8-year period an average @entity0 could expect to gain 0.48 [standard deviation (sd) 0.20] QALYs using CSII compared with @entity3 . The additional cost over 8 years for this gain was pounds 5462 (sd pounds 897). The incremental cost per QALY was pounds 11,461 (sd pounds 3656). CSII was most cost-effective in @entity0 who had more than two severe hypoglycaemic events per year and who required admission to hospital at least once every year. Cases where CSII might be not economically viable are cases where @entity1 is well controlled with few severe hypoglycaemic events. Results were most sensitive to the number of hypoglycaemic events per @entity0 and the utility weights used to estimate QALYs. CONCLUSION: CSII is a worthwhile investment when targeted to those who might benefit most.

title: The cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion compared with @entity3 for the management of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: We studied the results in forty-seven knees in thirty-seven @entity0 - ten male and twenty-seven female - who had recurrent @entity8 and were treated by a modified Roux-Goldthwait procedure (lateral retinacular release, medial transfer of the lateral patellar tendon without advancement, plication of the medial retinaculum, and advancement of the vastus medialis). Ten of the female @entity0 had bilateral dislocation. The results were analyzed after follow-ups ranging from 3.0 to 16.3 years (average, 5.8 years). The study confirmed that a tangential radiograph of the patellofemoral joint, made with the knee in 20 degrees of flexion, is reliable in determining patellar displacement. The results were excellent in twelve knees, good in thirty-one, fair in one, and poor in three. The fair and poor ratings were due to @entity2 caused by severe @entity5 patellae. The @entity0 with a fair result had had recurrent dislocations after the Roux-Goldthwait procedure due to a very lax synovial and capsular sac. Reoperation with tightening of the sac medially and laterally eliminated @entity7 in this @entity0 and established straight patellar tracking. There was one serious complication, a large subcutaneous @entity4 with @entity1 of a skin flap. The @entity0 with mild @entity5 improved and showed no progressive @entity3 after simple realignment, while those with severe @entity5 were not improved by shaving, drilling, and realignment. Preliminary results indicated that a modified Maquet procedure, in addition to realignment, may be indicated for @entity0 with severe @entity5 . This study demonstrated that the modified Roux-Goldthwait procedure, without advancement of the tibial attachment of the patellar ligament, can stabilize the patella without increasing patellofemoral compression. The procedure does not relieve the symptoms of severe @entity5 of the patella but realignment is the first step in treatment of any form of patellofemoral @entity6 .

title: Recurrent XXXX treated by the modified Roux-Goldthwait procedure. A prospective study of forty-seven knees.

answer: @entity8


abstract: Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains are deposited as amyloid fibrils in systemic @entity3 (primary) @entity5 , but the underlying @entity2 are often difficult to detect or unquantifiable. The relationships between circulating monoclonal light chains, amyloid load and clinical outcome, and the relative efficacies of chemotherapy regimens aimed at suppressing monoclonal immunoglobulin production, have not been determined. Circulating @entity4 ( @entity4 ) concentration was measured with a sensitive nephelometric immunoassay in 262 @entity0 with @entity3 , and followed serially in 137 @entity0 who received either high-dose chemotherapy or one of two intermediate-dose cytotoxic regimens. Amyloid load was quantified by serum amyloid P component scintigraphy. A monoclonal excess of @entity4 was identified at diagnosis in 98% of @entity0 . Among 86 @entity0 whose abnormal @entity4 concentration fell by more than 50% following chemotherapy, 5-year survival was 88% compared with only 39% among those whose @entity4 did not fall by half (P < 0.0001). @entity1 regressed in 58 @entity0 . The magnitude and duration of the @entity4 responses to intermediate- and high-dose chemotherapy regimens were similar. The @entity4 assay enabled the circulating fibril precursor protein in @entity3 to be quantified and monitored in most @entity0 . Reduction of the amyloidogenic @entity4 by more than 50% was associated with substantial survival benefit, regardless of the type of chemotherapy used. Clinical improvement following chemotherapy in @entity3 is delayed, but treatment strategies can be guided by their early effect on serum @entity4 concentration.

title: Outcome in XXXX in relation to changes in concentration of circulating free immunoglobulin light chains following chemotherapy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow were assessed in newborn @entity3 before and after inducing @entity1 . CBF was measured by xenon washout and autoregulation by the change in CBF after increasing mean arterial pressure (MAP) 30 per cent with 0.02 per cent @entity6 . After surgical preparation, stabilization, and demonstration of the presence of autoregulation, six @entity3 received 10 mg X kg-1 of @entity4 intravenously over 30 minutes. Arterial pH decreased from 7.35 +/- 0.01 (mean +/- SEM) during the control period to 6.96 +/- 0.02 (p less than 0.01) at the end of the @entity4 infusion. Arterial blood gases, MAP's, and heart rates did not change. Prior to @entity4 infusion, CBF before and after raising MAP were 53 +/- 3 ml/100 g/min and 56 +/- 4 ml/100 g/min respectively. After @entity4 infusion, CBF increased from 54 +/- 2 ml/100 g/min to 62 +/- 3 ml/100 g/min (p less than 0.05) following @entity6 induced rise in MAP. Five control @entity3 showed no significant change in any of these variables, including CBF, over the same time periods. These data indicate that @entity2 per se does not alter CBF, but that @entity2 impairs cerebral vascular autoregulation in hyperoxic @entity3 . Similar changes in @entity0 neonates might result in @entity5 .

title: Acidemia impairs autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in newborn XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: To identify and characterize the mutation(s) causing @entity4 in a German extended family. METHODS: Neuronal nicotinic @entity2 receptor (nAChR) subunit genes were screened by direct sequencing. Once a CHRNA4 mutation was identified, its biophysical and pharmacologic properties were characterized by expression experiments in @entity3 oocytes. RESULTS: We report a new CHRNA4 mutation, causing a alpha4- @entity6 @entity1 exchange at the extracellular end of the second transmembrane domain (TM). Functional studies of alpha4- @entity6 revealed an increased ACh sensitivity of the mutated receptors. alpha4- @entity6 is associated with an unusual low penetrance of the @entity0 phenotype. Sequencing of the @entity5 -TM3 parts of the 1 known nAChR subunits did not support a two-locus model involving a second nAChR sequence variation. CONCLUSIONS: nAChR mutations found in @entity0 are not always associated with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. alpha4- @entity6 is the first nAChR allele showing a markedly reduced penetrance consistent with a major gene effect. The low penetrance of the mutation is probably caused by unknown genetic or environmental factors or both.

title: A new Chrna4 mutation with low penetrance in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The purpose of these studies was to examine the growth characteristics and metastatic behavior of freshly isolated @entity0 @entity4 implanted into athymic @entity5 . Four @entity3 lines were derived from primary @entity4 , three lines from hepatic @entity2 , and one line from a @entity2 to a mesenteric lymph node. Subsequent to implantation into the subcutis or the muscularis, @entity3 lines derived from @entity2 grew faster in the @entity5 than did cells isolated from the primary @entity3 . Regardless of the source of the cells, however, little or no visceral organ @entity2 was found. Subsequent to i.v. injection, experimental lung colonies could be produced by some of the cells, but there was no correlation between @entity1 colony formation and the origin of the @entity0 colorectal cells. The intrasplenic injection of @entity4 cells provided a useful procedure to identify @entity0 @entity4 cells with metastatic potential to liver. Extensive @entity3 burdens in the liver were observed as early as 30 days after injection with two of the three liver @entity2 -derived @entity3 lines. No liver @entity2 were found after the intrasplenic injection of cells isolated from the lymph node-derived @entity3 line. Ninety days after the intrasplenic injection of cells from the four primary @entity4 , limited liver @entity2 were observed. We conclude that @entity2 of @entity0 @entity4 can be studied in @entity5 , and its outcome depends upon both the intrinsic metastatic capacity of the @entity0 @entity3 cells and the organ environment of implantation.

title: Metastatic behavior of @entity3 cells isolated from primary and metastatic XXXX @entity4 implanted into different sites in @entity5 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The purpose of these studies was to examine the growth characteristics and metastatic behavior of freshly isolated @entity0 @entity4 implanted into athymic @entity5 . Four @entity3 lines were derived from primary @entity4 , three lines from hepatic @entity2 , and one line from a @entity2 to a mesenteric lymph node. Subsequent to implantation into the subcutis or the muscularis, @entity3 lines derived from @entity2 grew faster in the @entity5 than did cells isolated from the primary @entity3 . Regardless of the source of the cells, however, little or no visceral organ @entity2 was found. Subsequent to i.v. injection, experimental lung colonies could be produced by some of the cells, but there was no correlation between @entity1 colony formation and the origin of the @entity0 colorectal cells. The intrasplenic injection of @entity4 cells provided a useful procedure to identify @entity0 @entity4 cells with metastatic potential to liver. Extensive @entity3 burdens in the liver were observed as early as 30 days after injection with two of the three liver @entity2 -derived @entity3 lines. No liver @entity2 were found after the intrasplenic injection of cells isolated from the lymph node-derived @entity3 line. Ninety days after the intrasplenic injection of cells from the four primary @entity4 , limited liver @entity2 were observed. We conclude that @entity2 of @entity0 @entity4 can be studied in @entity5 , and its outcome depends upon both the intrinsic metastatic capacity of the @entity0 @entity3 cells and the organ environment of implantation.

title: Metastatic behavior of @entity3 cells isolated from primary and metastatic @entity0 XXXX implanted into different sites in @entity5 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The purpose of these studies was to examine the growth characteristics and metastatic behavior of freshly isolated @entity0 @entity4 implanted into athymic @entity5 . Four @entity3 lines were derived from primary @entity4 , three lines from hepatic @entity2 , and one line from a @entity2 to a mesenteric lymph node. Subsequent to implantation into the subcutis or the muscularis, @entity3 lines derived from @entity2 grew faster in the @entity5 than did cells isolated from the primary @entity3 . Regardless of the source of the cells, however, little or no visceral organ @entity2 was found. Subsequent to i.v. injection, experimental lung colonies could be produced by some of the cells, but there was no correlation between @entity1 colony formation and the origin of the @entity0 colorectal cells. The intrasplenic injection of @entity4 cells provided a useful procedure to identify @entity0 @entity4 cells with metastatic potential to liver. Extensive @entity3 burdens in the liver were observed as early as 30 days after injection with two of the three liver @entity2 -derived @entity3 lines. No liver @entity2 were found after the intrasplenic injection of cells isolated from the lymph node-derived @entity3 line. Ninety days after the intrasplenic injection of cells from the four primary @entity4 , limited liver @entity2 were observed. We conclude that @entity2 of @entity0 @entity4 can be studied in @entity5 , and its outcome depends upon both the intrinsic metastatic capacity of the @entity0 @entity3 cells and the organ environment of implantation.

title: Metastatic behavior of XXXX cells isolated from primary and metastatic @entity0 @entity4 implanted into different sites in @entity5 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The purpose of these studies was to examine the growth characteristics and metastatic behavior of freshly isolated @entity0 @entity4 implanted into athymic @entity5 . Four @entity3 lines were derived from primary @entity4 , three lines from hepatic @entity2 , and one line from a @entity2 to a mesenteric lymph node. Subsequent to implantation into the subcutis or the muscularis, @entity3 lines derived from @entity2 grew faster in the @entity5 than did cells isolated from the primary @entity3 . Regardless of the source of the cells, however, little or no visceral organ @entity2 was found. Subsequent to i.v. injection, experimental lung colonies could be produced by some of the cells, but there was no correlation between @entity1 colony formation and the origin of the @entity0 colorectal cells. The intrasplenic injection of @entity4 cells provided a useful procedure to identify @entity0 @entity4 cells with metastatic potential to liver. Extensive @entity3 burdens in the liver were observed as early as 30 days after injection with two of the three liver @entity2 -derived @entity3 lines. No liver @entity2 were found after the intrasplenic injection of cells isolated from the lymph node-derived @entity3 line. Ninety days after the intrasplenic injection of cells from the four primary @entity4 , limited liver @entity2 were observed. We conclude that @entity2 of @entity0 @entity4 can be studied in @entity5 , and its outcome depends upon both the intrinsic metastatic capacity of the @entity0 @entity3 cells and the organ environment of implantation.

title: Metastatic behavior of @entity3 cells isolated from primary and metastatic @entity0 @entity4 implanted into different sites in XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The acquisition of resistance to @entity1 , @entity3 , and @entity5 by @entity6 was examined by exposing growing cells to constant or stepwise increasing concentrations of these compounds. The @entity4 ( @entity4 ) of @entity2 for @entity1 increased from 4-8 to 32    g/ml after growth in the presence of 1.25 or 2.5    g/ml. By stepwise increasing the exposure, an @entity4 of 512    g/ml was reached. This high @entity4 was maintained after removal of the antibiotics, whereas the lesser increase after exposure to low levels was reversed, indicating that the high @entity4 was due to a @entity0 , but the lower one to phenotypic adaptation only. The @entity4 for @entity3 increased from 2    g/ml to maximally 32    g/ml. The @entity4 decreased to control levels in the absence of @entity3 , so no genetic changes seem to have occurred. The @entity4 for @entity5 increased from 0.25    g/ml to maximally 512    g/ml depending on the concentration during growth. These data mostly support the "radical-based" theory that bactericidal antibiotics induce a common mechanism that contributes to cell killing. Our findings indicate that exposure to low levels of antibiotics causes an increase in @entity4 above the concentration that the cells were exposed to. The implication is that exposure to low levels of antibiotics should be prevented as much as possible, because this causes resistance far more than high concentrations that inhibit growth or kill the cell and thus prevent acquisition of resistance.

title: De novo acquisition of resistance to three antibiotics by XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: High grade primary @entity2 hold some of the worst prognoses of any @entity1 , with the vast majority of @entity0 dying within two years of diagnosis, even with aggressive modern treatments. Surgical resection and radiotherapy are cornerstones of treatment when possible. In spite of many years of research, only recently has management with chemotherapy been able to prolong survival in @entity0 with high grade @entity2 , albeit only modestly at best. Topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors target an enzyme critical for DNA replication and cell-cycle progression; they cross the blood-brain barrier and have antitumor activity against @entity5 cells in vitro. The most frequently associated @entity3 are @entity6 and @entity4 , but are often manageable. The two most used agents are @entity7 and topotecan. Due to enhanced cytochrome CY3A4/5 enzyme activity, @entity7 dose must be adjusted with concomitant enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drug usage; the data is less clear regarding the effects on topotecan. Clinical trials in @entity0 with recurrent @entity2 have evaluated TOP1 inhibitors as monotherapy and in combination with other agents. There is evidence for using topotecan with radiotherapy. @entity7 has limited efficacy as monotherapy, but shows promise in combination with other agents, particularly @entity8 and bevacizumab. Newer generation TOP1 inhibitors are currently being evaluated in phase I trials. TOP1 inhibitors show promising activity in @entity0 with primary CNS @entity1 and warrant further study.

title: Topoisomerase I inhibitors in the treatment of primary CNS XXXX : an update on recent trends.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity7 has recently come to international attention as a globally important re-emerging @entity1 . Our case is unusual given the season, location and setting in which @entity7 occurred. According to the New York City Board of Health, there were only two other cases of @entity7 in New York City in the year that our @entity0 was diagnosed. CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old healthy Chinese @entity0 presented to our hospital with @entity5 and @entity2 . The @entity0 did not respond to antibiotics and his @entity2 worsened. His workup did not show any significant findings except for a positive nasopharyngeal swab result for @entity6 . Later the @entity0 developed hemoptysis with evidence of bilateral infiltrates on radiography. His status mildly improved after he was started on @entity4 . Eventually, a microagglutination test confirmed the presence of antibodies against Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. The @entity0 subsequently recovered after a course of intravenous antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The case of fulminant @entity7 presented here should serve to alert health care providers and the general public to the clinical importance of this severe, sometimes fatal, disease. @entity7 should be considered early in the diagnosis of any @entity0 with acute, non-specific @entity3 with multiorgan system involvement or high fever in a returning traveler. In addition, not only should it be considered in tropical and rural areas between late summer to early fall, but also in any location or time if the risk factors are present.

title: Fulminant XXXX (Weil's disease) in an urban setting as an overlooked cause of @entity2 : a case report.

answer: @entity7


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity7 has recently come to international attention as a globally important re-emerging @entity1 . Our case is unusual given the season, location and setting in which @entity7 occurred. According to the New York City Board of Health, there were only two other cases of @entity7 in New York City in the year that our @entity0 was diagnosed. CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old healthy Chinese @entity0 presented to our hospital with @entity5 and @entity2 . The @entity0 did not respond to antibiotics and his @entity2 worsened. His workup did not show any significant findings except for a positive nasopharyngeal swab result for @entity6 . Later the @entity0 developed hemoptysis with evidence of bilateral infiltrates on radiography. His status mildly improved after he was started on @entity4 . Eventually, a microagglutination test confirmed the presence of antibodies against Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. The @entity0 subsequently recovered after a course of intravenous antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The case of fulminant @entity7 presented here should serve to alert health care providers and the general public to the clinical importance of this severe, sometimes fatal, disease. @entity7 should be considered early in the diagnosis of any @entity0 with acute, non-specific @entity3 with multiorgan system involvement or high fever in a returning traveler. In addition, not only should it be considered in tropical and rural areas between late summer to early fall, but also in any location or time if the risk factors are present.

title: Fulminant @entity7 (Weil's disease) in an urban setting as an overlooked cause of XXXX : a case report.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity0 are more frequently diagnosed at an early stage and currently have improved long term outcomes. Late normal tissue complications induced by adjuvant radiotherapy like secondary @entity2 or @entity3 must now be avoided at all cost. Several new breast radiotherapy techniques have been developed and this work aims at comparing the scatter doses of internal organs for those techniques. METHODS: A CT-scan of a typical early stage left @entity0 @entity1 was used to describe a realistic anthropomorphic phantom in the MCNP Monte Carlo code. Dose tally detectors were placed in breasts, the heart, the ipsilateral lung, and the spleen. Five irradiation techniques were simulated: whole breast radiotherapy 50 Gy in 25 fractions using physical wedge or breast IMRT, 3D-CRT partial breast radiotherapy 38.5 Gy in 10 fractions, HDR brachytherapy delivering 34 Gy in 10 treatments, or Permanent Breast 103Pd Seed Implant delivering 90 Gy. RESULTS: For external beam radiotherapy the wedge compensation technique yielded the largest doses to internal organs like the spleen or the heart, respectively 2,300 @entity4 and 2.7 Gy. Smaller scatter dose are induced using breast IMRT, respectively 810 @entity4 and 1.1 Gy, or 3D-CRT partial breast irradiation, respectively 130 @entity4 and 0.7 Gy. Dose to the lung is also smaller for IMRT and 3D-CRT compared to the wedge technique. For multicatheter HDR brachytherapy a large dose is delivered to the heart, 3.6 Gy, the spleen receives 1,171 @entity4 and the lung receives 2,471 @entity4 . These values are 44% higher in case of a balloon catheter. In contrast, breast seeds implant is associated with low dose to most internal organs. CONCLUSIONS: The present data support the use of breast IMRT or virtual wedge technique instead of physical wedges for whole breast radiotherapy. Regarding partial breast irradiation techniques, low energy source brachytherapy and external beam 3D-CRT appear safer than 192Ir HDR techniques.

title: Doses to internal organs for various breast radiation techniques--implications on the risk of secondary @entity2 and XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity0 are more frequently diagnosed at an early stage and currently have improved long term outcomes. Late normal tissue complications induced by adjuvant radiotherapy like secondary @entity2 or @entity3 must now be avoided at all cost. Several new breast radiotherapy techniques have been developed and this work aims at comparing the scatter doses of internal organs for those techniques. METHODS: A CT-scan of a typical early stage left @entity0 @entity1 was used to describe a realistic anthropomorphic phantom in the MCNP Monte Carlo code. Dose tally detectors were placed in breasts, the heart, the ipsilateral lung, and the spleen. Five irradiation techniques were simulated: whole breast radiotherapy 50 Gy in 25 fractions using physical wedge or breast IMRT, 3D-CRT partial breast radiotherapy 38.5 Gy in 10 fractions, HDR brachytherapy delivering 34 Gy in 10 treatments, or Permanent Breast 103Pd Seed Implant delivering 90 Gy. RESULTS: For external beam radiotherapy the wedge compensation technique yielded the largest doses to internal organs like the spleen or the heart, respectively 2,300 @entity4 and 2.7 Gy. Smaller scatter dose are induced using breast IMRT, respectively 810 @entity4 and 1.1 Gy, or 3D-CRT partial breast irradiation, respectively 130 @entity4 and 0.7 Gy. Dose to the lung is also smaller for IMRT and 3D-CRT compared to the wedge technique. For multicatheter HDR brachytherapy a large dose is delivered to the heart, 3.6 Gy, the spleen receives 1,171 @entity4 and the lung receives 2,471 @entity4 . These values are 44% higher in case of a balloon catheter. In contrast, breast seeds implant is associated with low dose to most internal organs. CONCLUSIONS: The present data support the use of breast IMRT or virtual wedge technique instead of physical wedges for whole breast radiotherapy. Regarding partial breast irradiation techniques, low energy source brachytherapy and external beam 3D-CRT appear safer than 192Ir HDR techniques.

title: Doses to internal organs for various breast radiation techniques--implications on the risk of secondary XXXX and @entity3 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity1 treatment on topical and systemic metalloproteinase levels of @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. METHODS: The study included @entity0 undergoing a paranasal sinus operation due to @entity2 . Oral @entity1 therapy was performed on all @entity0 before endoscopic sinus surgery. Endoscopic and radiological evaluation were performed and nasal tissue specimens and venous blood samples were collected before (preop phase) and after @entity1 treatment (periop phase) and also one month after surgery (postop phase). Endoscopic and computed tomography scan findings were scored adequately and all tissue and blood samples were examined cumulatively. RESULTS: The study included 27 @entity0 with inflammatory @entity2 . Preop tissue @entity3 ( @entity3 ) levels were found to be significantly lower than preop and postop concentrations. In contrast, periop serum @entity3 levels were found to be significantly higher than preop and postop concentrations. Periop @entity5 ( @entity5 ) levels were also found to be significantly lower than preop and postop concentrations, similar to @entity3 tissue concentrations. However, there was no statistical difference among tissue @entity4 concentrations of the three phases. In addition, there was also no statistical difference among serum @entity4 levels of the three phases. CONCLUSIONS: Oral @entity1 treatment especially reduces tissue @entity3 , then @entity5 . Severity of @entity2 primarily correlates with increasing tissue @entity3 / @entity5 ratio, then @entity4 / @entity5 . These results suggest that selective inhibition for @entity3 and activation for @entity5 might be a novel therapeutic strategy for @entity0 with @entity2 .

title: The effect of @entity1 on metalloproteinase levels of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity1 treatment on topical and systemic metalloproteinase levels of @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. METHODS: The study included @entity0 undergoing a paranasal sinus operation due to @entity2 . Oral @entity1 therapy was performed on all @entity0 before endoscopic sinus surgery. Endoscopic and radiological evaluation were performed and nasal tissue specimens and venous blood samples were collected before (preop phase) and after @entity1 treatment (periop phase) and also one month after surgery (postop phase). Endoscopic and computed tomography scan findings were scored adequately and all tissue and blood samples were examined cumulatively. RESULTS: The study included 27 @entity0 with inflammatory @entity2 . Preop tissue @entity3 ( @entity3 ) levels were found to be significantly lower than preop and postop concentrations. In contrast, periop serum @entity3 levels were found to be significantly higher than preop and postop concentrations. Periop @entity5 ( @entity5 ) levels were also found to be significantly lower than preop and postop concentrations, similar to @entity3 tissue concentrations. However, there was no statistical difference among tissue @entity4 concentrations of the three phases. In addition, there was also no statistical difference among serum @entity4 levels of the three phases. CONCLUSIONS: Oral @entity1 treatment especially reduces tissue @entity3 , then @entity5 . Severity of @entity2 primarily correlates with increasing tissue @entity3 / @entity5 ratio, then @entity4 / @entity5 . These results suggest that selective inhibition for @entity3 and activation for @entity5 might be a novel therapeutic strategy for @entity0 with @entity2 .

title: The effect of XXXX on metalloproteinase levels of @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Pyostomatitis vegetans (PV) is a rare, chronic @entity4 associated with @entity0 ( @entity0 ). Oral lesions of PV are distinct and present as multiple white or yellow pustules with an erythematous base that coalesce and undergo @entity3 to form a typical "snail tracks" appearance. Two cases of PV associated with @entity0 --one with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and the other with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) are reported. In the first case, adalimumab therapy brought the oral and gastrointestinal manifestations to complete remission. In the second case, the remission was achieved with systemic @entity6 therapy, but the disease relapsed after therapy discontinuation. @entity7 was added leading to sustained remission of PV. Because of persistent active intestinal manifestation of @entity2 , in spite of immunosuppressive therapy, infliximab was introduced. With the therapy remission of intestinal manifestation of @entity2 was achieved as well. Our cases confirm previously reported good experience with immunomodulators and biologics in the treatment of PV. But, before using them we have to exclude an infectious etiology of @entity5 .

title: Pyostomatitis vegetans associated with XXXX --report of two cases.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Malignant change at the site of a @entity7 , a rare condition, is reported in a 45-year-old @entity0 , along with a review of the literature. This @entity0 with a 30-year history of @entity7 of the right femur and an intermittently discharging sinus had a large abscess in the lower thigh. The abscess was drained, and an @entity5 developed at the mouth of the sinus tract. Soon afterward, he sustained a pathologic @entity3 through the lower femur. Biopsy specimens of the @entity5 showed a well-differentiated @entity4 . An amputation was performed at the level of the proximal 10 cm of the femur. The @entity0 remains well 18 months later with no clinical or radiologic evidence of @entity1 . Changes in character of a previously innocuous @entity6 sinus tract should arouse suspicion of @entity2 . Biopsy of various depths of the sinus tract, including the bone marrow, is essential. Early amputation for @entity4 is indicated and offers a good prognosis.

title: XXXX in @entity7 . Report of a case and review of the literature.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Malignant change at the site of a @entity7 , a rare condition, is reported in a 45-year-old @entity0 , along with a review of the literature. This @entity0 with a 30-year history of @entity7 of the right femur and an intermittently discharging sinus had a large abscess in the lower thigh. The abscess was drained, and an @entity5 developed at the mouth of the sinus tract. Soon afterward, he sustained a pathologic @entity3 through the lower femur. Biopsy specimens of the @entity5 showed a well-differentiated @entity4 . An amputation was performed at the level of the proximal 10 cm of the femur. The @entity0 remains well 18 months later with no clinical or radiologic evidence of @entity1 . Changes in character of a previously innocuous @entity6 sinus tract should arouse suspicion of @entity2 . Biopsy of various depths of the sinus tract, including the bone marrow, is essential. Early amputation for @entity4 is indicated and offers a good prognosis.

title: @entity4 in XXXX . Report of a case and review of the literature.

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity5 is a protozoan parasite that infects gastrointestinal epithelial cells and causes @entity1 in @entity0 and animals globally. Pathological changes following @entity5 infection include crypt @entity2 and a modest inflammatory reaction with increased infiltration of lymphocytes into intestinal mucosa. Expression of adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( @entity4 ), on infected epithelial cell surfaces may facilitate adhesion and recognition of lymphocytes at infection sites. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules of 23 @entity3 that negatively regulate protein-coding gene expression via translational suppression or mRNA degradation. We recently reported that microRNA-221 (miR-221) regulates @entity4 translation through targeting the @entity4 3'-untranslated region (UTR). In this study, we tested the role of miR-221 in regulating @entity4 expression in epithelial cells in response to @entity5 infection using an in vitro model of @entity0 @entity7 . Up-regulation of @entity4 at both message and protein levels was detected in epithelial cells following @entity5 infection. Inhibition of @entity4 transcription with @entity6 could only partially block @entity5 -induced @entity4 expression at the protein level. @entity5 infection decreased miR-221 expression in infected epithelial cells. When cells were transfected with a luciferase reporter construct covering the miR-221 binding site in the @entity4 3'-UTR and then exposed to @entity5 , an enhanced luciferase activity was detected. Transfection of miR-221 precursor abolished @entity5 -stimulated @entity4 protein expression. In addition, expression of @entity4 on infected epithelial cells facilitated epithelial adherence of co-cultured Jurkat cells. These results indicate that miR-221-mediated translational suppression controls @entity4 expression in epithelial cells in response to @entity5 infection.

title: MicroRNA-221 controls expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in epithelial cells in response to XXXX infection.

answer: @entity5


abstract: In @entity5 , the majority of symptoms of the disease is caused by the eggs that are trapped in the liver. These eggs elicit an immune reaction that leads to the formation of @entity3 . The eggshell, which is a rigid insoluble structure built from cross-linked proteins, is the site of direct interaction between the egg and the immune system. However, the exact protein composition of the insoluble eggshell was previously unknown. To identify the proteins of the eggshell of @entity1 we performed LC-MS/MS analysis, immunostaining and @entity2 analysis on eggshell fragments. For this, eggshell protein skeleton was prepared by thoroughly cleaning eggshells in a four-step stripping procedure of increasing strength including @entity4 and @entity0 to remove all material that is not covalently linked to the eggshell itself, but is part of the inside of the egg, such as Reynold's layer, von Lichtenberg's envelope and the miracidium. We identified 45 proteins of which the majority are non-structural proteins and non-specific for eggs, but are house-keeping proteins that are present in large quantities in worms and miracidia. Some of these proteins are known to be immunogenic, such as HSP70, GST and enolase. In addition, a number of schistosome-specific proteins with unknown function and no homology to any known annotated protein were found to be incorporated in the eggshell. Schistosome-specific glycoconjugates were also shown to be present on the eggshell protein skeleton. This study also confirmed that the putative eggshell protein p14 contributes largely to the eggshell. Together, these results give new insights into eggshell composition as well as eggshell formation. Those proteins that are present at the site and time of eggshell formation are incorporated in the @entity6 and this cross-linking does no longer occur when the miracidium starts secreting proteins.

title: The proteome of the insoluble XXXX eggshell skeleton.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In recent years, gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has emerged as an important treatment modality in the management of @entity6 . Treatment results after performing GKRS and the complications of this procedure are reviewed. METHODS: Between 1994 and 2002, a total of 78 @entity0 with @entity6 underwent a total of 84 GKRS procedures in our medical center. This @entity0 group comprised 46 @entity0 (59%) and 32 @entity0 (41%). All @entity0 were treated for recurrent or @entity2 after surgery or radiotherapy, with 83% presenting with extensive @entity1 involvement. The cavernous sinus was involved in 75 @entity0 (96%), and 22 @entity0 (28%) had hormone-secreting @entity5 . This latter subset of @entity0 included 12 @entity7 (15%), 6 growth-hormone secreting @entity1 (8%), and 4 adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting @entity1 (5%). The median @entity1 volume was 2.3 cm(3), and the median radiation dose was 15 Gy defined to the 50% isodose line. The mean and median follow-up periods were 41 and 36 months, respectively. RESULTS: GKRS was tolerated well in these @entity0 ; acute @entity4 was uncommon and of no clinical significance. Late @entity4 was noted in three @entity0 (4%) and consisted of VIth @entity3 . In two @entity0 , there was spontaneous resolution of this palsy, and in one @entity0 , it persisted for the entire 3-year duration of follow-up. Of the 15 @entity0 who presented with @entity3 , 8 (53%) experienced complete recovery and 3 (20%) showed major improvement within 12 months of therapy. @entity1 volume reduction was slow, with 30% of @entity0 showing decreased @entity1 volume more than 3 years after undergoing GKRS. None of the 56 @entity0 with nonfunctioning @entity1 showed progression in the treated volume, and 4 (18%) of the 22 hormone-secreting @entity1 relapsed (P = 0.008). Of the four @entity0 with adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting @entity5 , therapy failed in two of them. All six @entity0 with growth hormone-producing @entity1 responded well to therapy. Of the 12 @entity0 with @entity7 10 (83%) had normalization of hormone level and 2 @entity0 experienced increasing prolactin level. Two @entity0 with @entity7 had three normal pregnancies after undergoing GKRS. CONCLUSION: GKRS is a safe and effective therapy in selected @entity0 with @entity6 . None of the @entity0 in our study experienced injury to the optic apparatus. A radiation dose higher than 15 Gy is probably needed to improve control of hormone-secreting @entity5 . Longer follow-up is required for a more complete assessment of late @entity4 and treatment efficacy.

title: Gamma knife radiosurgery for XXXX : early results.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Alterations in multiple functions of the microvasculature occur in response to gamma irradiation and are thought to contribute to radiation-induced end @entity1 by inducing inflammatory responses, particularly leukocyte infiltration into the affected area. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules (ECAMs) mediate leukocyte adhesion and migration. Here, we validate a method to study the effect of Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery on the expression of ECAMs on @entity0 cerebral endothelium at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation. METHODS: A @entity0 brain endothelial cell line (IHEC) was cultured on 12-mm coverslips and subjected to 50 Gy of collimated gamma irradiation with the Leksell gamma knife (Elekta Instruments, Inc., Atlanta, GA). @entity3 dehydrogenase release was measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation and @entity2 at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. ECAM expression was measured at postirradiation intervals of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours by cell enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. We used a cell irradiator composed of two chambers. The upper chamber holds the coverslips firmly in place while they are immersed in media. The lower chamber is connected to a peristaltic pump, which pumps water into the chamber and maintains the media in the upper chamber at 37 degrees C through convection. RESULTS: None of the ECAMs tested was significantly elevated compared with the control basally. Twenty-four hours after irradiation, @entity4 was significantly elevated on brain endothelial cells but there was no significant elevation of @entity5 . @entity6 was increased slightly but not significantly and decreased at 48 hours. At 72 hours, @entity5 expression was significantly increased; @entity4 and @entity6 were not altered relative to sham controls. CONCLUSION: Increased ECAM expression and @entity3 dehydrogenase release support the idea that the cerebral microvasculature undergoes an inflammatory response after Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery.

title: Gamma knife irradiation increases cerebral endothelial expression of XXXX and @entity5 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Alterations in multiple functions of the microvasculature occur in response to gamma irradiation and are thought to contribute to radiation-induced end @entity1 by inducing inflammatory responses, particularly leukocyte infiltration into the affected area. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules (ECAMs) mediate leukocyte adhesion and migration. Here, we validate a method to study the effect of Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery on the expression of ECAMs on @entity0 cerebral endothelium at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation. METHODS: A @entity0 brain endothelial cell line (IHEC) was cultured on 12-mm coverslips and subjected to 50 Gy of collimated gamma irradiation with the Leksell gamma knife (Elekta Instruments, Inc., Atlanta, GA). @entity3 dehydrogenase release was measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation and @entity2 at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. ECAM expression was measured at postirradiation intervals of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours by cell enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. We used a cell irradiator composed of two chambers. The upper chamber holds the coverslips firmly in place while they are immersed in media. The lower chamber is connected to a peristaltic pump, which pumps water into the chamber and maintains the media in the upper chamber at 37 degrees C through convection. RESULTS: None of the ECAMs tested was significantly elevated compared with the control basally. Twenty-four hours after irradiation, @entity4 was significantly elevated on brain endothelial cells but there was no significant elevation of @entity5 . @entity6 was increased slightly but not significantly and decreased at 48 hours. At 72 hours, @entity5 expression was significantly increased; @entity4 and @entity6 were not altered relative to sham controls. CONCLUSION: Increased ECAM expression and @entity3 dehydrogenase release support the idea that the cerebral microvasculature undergoes an inflammatory response after Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery.

title: Gamma knife irradiation increases cerebral endothelial expression of @entity4 and XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Maggot therapy has been in practice for effective debridement, disinfection and healing of chronic wounds. Due to their antiseptic action during wound healing, their metabolites have been investigated in the past for antibacterial activity. They have been particularly useful for treatment of @entity2 with multi-drug resistant @entity0 aureus. Antibiotics, on the other hand, can predispose bacteria to develop resistance. Substances that are able to modulate or delay the occurrence of resistance in bacteria are under investigation by many researchers around the world. In the present study, antibacterial activity in excretions/secretions (ES) from maggots of Lucilia cuprina blowfly was demonstrated. The extracts were also screened in combination with antibiotic, @entity1 . METHODS: L. cuprina blowfly maggots were reared for extraction of its metabolites. The ES extracted was screened against @entity0 , alone and in combination with @entity1 , both for short term and long term exposure analysis. A microchannel-based device and system was used for experiments instead of conventional techniques. RESULTS: The original ES had shown partial bacterial growth inhibition. However, in combination with @entity1 , at sub-inhibitory concentrations, certain combinations revealed anti-staphylococcal activity, with bacterial reduction of up to 50%, after 24 hours. The six day study on @entity0 exposed to ES- @entity1 combination suggested a potential delay in development of adaptive resistance as opposed to when @entity1 was used as single agent. CONCLUSIONS: The combination effect of ES and @entity1 at sub-MIC levels showed enhanced antibacterial activity compared to the effect of ES and @entity1 as single agents. Based on the results of ES- @entity1 combinations, a more effective means of treatment for @entity0 can be proposed.

title: Maggot metabolites and their combinatory effects with antibiotic on XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: As Westernised societies have become more affluent, the attitudes of the population have become more risk-aware. @entity0 are now intolerant of small risks as well as the physical or mental discomforts from @entity3 . Safety and tolerability are now major forces driving the development of new medicines for the treatment of @entity2 and the prevention of increasingly rare events. For example, over the past decades, lower and lower treatment thresholds have been recommended in @entity1 . Public perception of risk strongly influences the acceptability of lifetime treatment, especially for mild @entity1 . This era has also witnessed great advances in the development of antihypertensive drugs that combine efficacy with unsurpassed tolerability. However, the philosophy of Scottish teachers of Materia medica still appears to be followed-'never be the first or the last to prescribe a new drug'. @entity4 ( @entity4 ) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists are as safe and as efficacious as other antihypertensive medications and better tolerated. Large trials (HOT, HOPE, UKPDS and PROGRESS) point to the need for rigorous control of blood pressure particularly in high-risk individuals. Antihypertensive drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system will probably impact significantly on achieving optimal blood pressure levels. Should it not now be accepted that high-risk @entity0 should have @entity4 inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists prescribed as first-line agents? We review the evidence for the use of @entity4 inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists as antihypertensive agents.

title: Why not prescribe the best drugs for XXXX now?

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is the most important genomic region that contributes to the risk of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Matching of @entity4 class I and II genes is essential for the success of transplantation. However, the @entity4 contains additional genes that also contribute to the risk of developing acute @entity3 . It is difficult to identify these genes by genetic association studies alone due to linkage disequilibrium in this region. Therefore, we aimed to identify @entity4 genes and other genes involved in the pathophysiology of @entity3 by mRNA expression profiling. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To reduce the complexity of the task, we used genetically well-defined @entity1 inbred strains and a @entity1 skin explant assay, an in-vitro-model of the graft versus host reaction (GVHR), to analyze the expression of @entity4 , natural killer complex (NKC), and other genes in cutaneous GVHR. We observed a statistically significant and strong up or down regulation of 11 @entity4 , 6 NKC, and 168 genes encoded in other genomic regions, i.e. 4.9%, 14.0%, and 2.6% of the tested genes respectively. The regulation of 7 selected @entity4 and 3 NKC genes was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and in independent skin explant assays. In addition, similar regulations of most of the selected genes were observed in @entity3 -affected @entity2 of transplanted @entity1 and in @entity0 skin explant assays. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We identified @entity1 and @entity0 @entity4 and NKC genes that are regulated during GVHR in skin explant assays and could therefore serve as biomarkers for @entity3 . Several of the respective @entity0 genes, including HLA-DMB, C2, @entity6 , @entity7 , UBD, and @entity5 , are polymorphic. These candidates may therefore contribute to the genetic risk of @entity3 in @entity0 .

title: Expression profiling of major histocompatibility and natural killer complex genes reveals candidates for controlling risk of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 is an inflammatory dysfunction in whose physiopathology the lymphocytes T play an important role in the regulation of the inflammatory process. OBJECTIVE: To determine and to characterize the role of apoptosis of lymphocytes in @entity0 with moderate to severe @entity1 before and after treatment with transfer factor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen @entity0 with moderate to severe @entity1 in a range of age from 5 to 45 were included in the study. Fifteen healthy subjects were taken as a control group. In all subjects it was determined the apoptosis of the lymphocytes by means of annexin and TUNEL techniques, as well as the expression of @entity2 cells. The 15 @entity0 with @entity1 received treatment with transfer factor in stepped dose as follows: 1 U/day/5 doses, 1 U/week/3 doses, 1 U/15 days/2 doses, 1 U/30 days, until completing three months. At the end of this period new determinations were done to measure apoptosis of lymphocytes and PMN. At the beginning and at the end assessments of the severity in relation to the scale SCORAD were made. RESULTS: By means of both techniques no significant difference was found in the percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes between @entity0 and control subjects. Differences of the expression of @entity2 between @entity0 and control subjects before and after treatment were not significant. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) of severity from the beginning to the end of treatment with transfer factor in @entity0 with @entity1 . CONCLUSION: No significant differences of apoptosis of lymphocytes were found in @entity0 with @entity1 who received treatment and control subjects, neither before not after the treatment with transfer factor. It was verified the decrease in the severity of the symptoms related to the treatment with transfer factor.

title: [Lymphocyte apoptosis in XXXX treated with transfer factor].

answer: @entity1


abstract: AIM: Several techniques for radionuclide therapy of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) have been developed. In this overview the available radionuclide treatment modalities for @entity2 are presented, with an emphasis on Yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres. METHODS: We comment on the commercially available products and describe the practical aspects of these treatment modalities. Medical literature was screened for clinical data on these therapies in @entity0 suffering from @entity2 . The most relevant studies are summarized, focusing on @entity0 selection, safety and outcome. DISCUSSION: Randomized trials are still ongoing or recently initialized. These trials will elucidate the role of 90Y-microspheres in relation to biotherapy and chemoembolization for palliative use in @entity0 not amenable to surgery. CONCLUSION: Large retrospective or cohort studies proof the safety of 90Y-microspheres for palliative use in @entity2 @entity0 suffering @entity0 -Pugh A or B7 @entity1 . Future research will yield more information on its efficacy when compared to chemoembolization or @entity3 . Several groups have reported on the use of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) for downstaging @entity0 to surgical curative treatment.

title: Radionuclide therapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The use of adjuvant @entity1 following Kasai porteoenterostomy (KPE) for @entity4 is controversial. The aim of this study was twofold: a systematic review of published literature and an update of the clinical Kings College Hospital series to look for evidence of an effect of age on the outcome in a group of BA @entity0 treated with high-dose @entity1 . This clinical study included @entity0 treated between January 2006 and June 2014 who underwent KPE by day 70 of life and who received high-dose @entity1 (oral @entity2 starting 5  mg/kg/day). They were subdivided into cohorts according to age at which KPE was performed. The outcome measured was clearance of @entity3 (<20    mol/L) by 6  months and native liver survival. R  *  C   (2) analysis and log-rank tests were used, respectively, and P   <=  0.05 was regarded as significant. 104 @entity0 were included with a median age at KPE of 45 (range 12-70) days. 71/104 (67  %) cleared their @entity3 by 6  months of age. Age-cohort analysis showed a trend (P  =  0.03) favouring early KPE (e.g. 100  % of 11 @entity0 operated on <30  days clearing their @entity3 compared to 66  % of those operated on between 61 and 70  days). There was a significant native liver survival benefit for those operated on <45  days (5  year NLS estimate 69 versus 46  %; P  =  0.05). Clearance of @entity3 is related to the age at KPE in @entity0 who receive high-dose @entity1 . Native liver survival appears to be improved as a result of this. This is the first study to show tangible longer-term benefit from high-dose @entity1 in @entity4 .

title: XXXX after the Kasai procedure for @entity4 : the effect of age at Kasai portoenterostomy.

answer: @entity1


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The use of adjuvant @entity1 following Kasai porteoenterostomy (KPE) for @entity4 is controversial. The aim of this study was twofold: a systematic review of published literature and an update of the clinical Kings College Hospital series to look for evidence of an effect of age on the outcome in a group of BA @entity0 treated with high-dose @entity1 . This clinical study included @entity0 treated between January 2006 and June 2014 who underwent KPE by day 70 of life and who received high-dose @entity1 (oral @entity2 starting 5  mg/kg/day). They were subdivided into cohorts according to age at which KPE was performed. The outcome measured was clearance of @entity3 (<20    mol/L) by 6  months and native liver survival. R  *  C   (2) analysis and log-rank tests were used, respectively, and P   <=  0.05 was regarded as significant. 104 @entity0 were included with a median age at KPE of 45 (range 12-70) days. 71/104 (67  %) cleared their @entity3 by 6  months of age. Age-cohort analysis showed a trend (P  =  0.03) favouring early KPE (e.g. 100  % of 11 @entity0 operated on <30  days clearing their @entity3 compared to 66  % of those operated on between 61 and 70  days). There was a significant native liver survival benefit for those operated on <45  days (5  year NLS estimate 69 versus 46  %; P  =  0.05). Clearance of @entity3 is related to the age at KPE in @entity0 who receive high-dose @entity1 . Native liver survival appears to be improved as a result of this. This is the first study to show tangible longer-term benefit from high-dose @entity1 in @entity4 .

title: @entity1 after the Kasai procedure for XXXX : the effect of age at Kasai portoenterostomy.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Ninety-two @entity0 with severe @entity2 submitted to fundoplication from 1979 to 1984 have been studied. Severity of symptoms pre- and postoperatively have been assessed using a symptom score. The mean pre-operative score was 5.39 out of 9. A standard procedure for the fundoplication was used, including a long (5 cm) wrap leaving the wrap in an intrathoracic position when it could not be brought completely into the abdomen. Vagotomy was added in 53 @entity0 . Posterior gastropexy was used in 54 @entity0 . There was a zero incidence of damage to the spleen and a zero mortality. The mean symptom score on follow up was 0.41 out of 9 with 90.5% @entity0 having absent or minimal symptoms. However, only 68% remained satisfied with their overall results. The incidence of sequelae related to the procedure itself including gas bloat (19.6%), dumping (7.6%) @entity1 (6.5%) and development of @entity3 (2.2%) explained this discrepancy. The addition of vagotomy did not improve the results but added its complications especially dumping and @entity1 . There were no differences in clinical results whether the fundoplication had been left in the chest or in the abdomen but there were two hazardous complications of the intrathoracic fundoplication including a perforated gastric fundus and a @entity3 in the thoracic part of the stomach. Posterior gastropexy conferred no benefit to the results. Measures which might improve results include: avoidance of vagotomy, intrathoracic fundoplication and gastropexy; shortening the wrap; and the use of a 50-60 F dilator in the oesophagus during the wrap.

title: Fundoplication for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Protocols for managing @entity0 with out-of-hospital @entity1 (OHCA) may vary due to legal, cultural, or socioeconomic concerns. We sought to assess international variation in policies and protocols related to OHCA. METHODS: A brief survey was developed by consensus. Elicited information included protocols for managing @entity0 with nontraumatic OHCA or traumatic OHCA, policies for using @entity2 ( @entity2 ) during transportation of @entity0 with ongoing resuscitation, and application of terminations of resuscitation (TOR) rules in prehospital settings in the respondent's city or country. The populations of interest were emergency physicians, medical directors of emergency medical services (EMS), and policy makers. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from eight cities in six Asian countries. Only one (12.5%) city applied TOR rules for OHCAs. Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders were valid in prehospital settings in five (62.5%) cities. All cities used @entity2 for nontraumatic OHCAs; seven (87.5%) cities did not routinely use @entity2 for traumatic OHCAs. For nontraumatic OHCAs, four (50%) cities performed 2  minutes of on-scene cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and then transported the @entity0 with ongoing resuscitation to hospitals; three (37.5%) cities performed 4  minutes of on-scene CPR; one (12.5%) city allowed variation in the duration of on-scene CPR. CONCLUSION: International variation in practices and polices related to OHCAs do exist. Concerns regarding prehospital TOR rules include medical evidence, legal considerations, EMS manpower, public perception, medical oversight, education, EMS characteristics, and cost-effectiveness analysis. Further research is needed to achieve consensus regarding management protocols, especially for EMS that perform resuscitation during transportation of OHCA @entity0 .

title: Variation of current protocols for managing out-of-hospital XXXX in prehospital settings among Asian countries.

answer: @entity1


abstract: UNASSIGNED: While the molecular basis for cytokinin action is quite well understood in flowering plants, little is known about the cytokinin signal transduction in early diverging land plants. The genome of the bryophyte @entity3 (Hedw.) B.S. encodes three classical cytokinin receptors, the CHASE domain-containing @entity2 kinases, CHK1, CHK2, and CHK3. In a complementation assay with protoplasts of receptor-deficient @entity0 as well as in cytokinin binding assays, we found evidence that CHK1 and CHK2 receptors can function in cytokinin perception. Using gene targeting, we generated a collection of CHK knockout mutants comprising single (  chk1,   chk2,   chk3), double (  chk1,2,   chk1,3,   chk2,3), and triple (  chk1,2,3) mutants. Mutants were characterized for their cytokinin response and differentiation capacities. While the wild type did not grow on high doses of @entity4 (1   M @entity1 ), the   chk1,2,3 mutant exhibited normal protonema growth. Bud induction assays showed that all three cytokinin receptors contribute to the triggering of budding, albeit to different extents. Furthermore, while the triple mutant showed no response in this bioassay, the remaining mutants displayed budding responses in a diverse manner to different types and concentrations of cytokinins. Determination of cytokinin levels in mutants showed no drastic changes for any of the cytokinins; thus, in contrast to @entity0 , revealing only small impacts of cytokinin signaling on homeostasis. In summary, our study provides a first insight into the molecular action of cytokinin in an early diverging land plant and demonstrates that CHK receptors play an essential role in bud induction and gametophore development.

title: CHASE domain-containing receptors play an essential role in the cytokinin response of the moss XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the correlation between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and histopathology of @entity2 . METHODS: This study is a retrospective noncomparative interventional case series of three consecutive @entity0 with @entity2 . After preoperative MRI, all @entity0 underwent orbitotomy and @entity1 removal. Histopathologic and immunopathologic studies of the excised @entity1 were performed. The main outcome measures were MRI features, histopathology, and their relationship to the @entity1 . RESULTS: The @entity0 ' ages were 56 years ( @entity0 1), 43 years ( @entity0 2), and 18 ( @entity0 3) years. MRI demonstrated that the @entity1 were well-circumscribed, intraconal in @entity0 1, superior extraconal in @entity0 2 and inferotemporal extraconal in @entity0 3. The @entity1 in @entity0 1 had a partly cavitary appearance, while the @entity1 in @entity0 2 and 3 had a solid appearance on MRI. The @entity1 had heterogeneous signal intensity in @entity0 1 and 2 and homogeneous signal intensity in @entity0 3 on T2-weighted images. All @entity0 underwent orbitotomy and @entity1 removal. In @entity0 1 and 2, the @entity1 was gelatinous and fragmented during removal. The fragments were completely excised in @entity0 1 and an incomplete piecemeal @entity1 excision was made in @entity0 2. In @entity0 3, complete excision without fragmentation was performed. Pathologic examination revealed that the @entity1 was of Antoni B pattern in @entity0 1, mixed Antoni A and B patterns in @entity0 2, and marked Antoni A pattern in @entity0 3. At a mean follow-up of 23.7 months (range: 22-26 months) after surgery, all @entity0 retained preoperative visual acuity. @entity0 2 developed recurrence at 21 months follow-up and underwent Kr  nlein orbitotomy for excision of the recurrent @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: MRI is useful in depicting both the anatomic location and internal consistency of @entity1 . Schwannomas with MRI evidence of cavitary change or heterogeneous signal intensity on T2-weighted images were found to have marked Antoni B pattern on histopathology, imparting a friable structure and fragmented excision.

title: XXXX : correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and pathologic findings.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: While inferior to @entity2 injection in both efficacy and safety, orally administered @entity1 has been included in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines for use in the prevention of postpartum @entity3 (PPH) in low-resource settings. This study evaluates the costs and health outcomes of use of oral @entity1 to prevent PPH in settings where injectable uterotonics are not available. METHODS: A cost-consequences analysis was conducted from the international health system perspective, using data from a recent Cochrane systematic review and WHO's Mother-Baby Package Costing Spreadsheet in a hypothetical cohort of 1000 births in a mixed hospital (40  % births)/community setting (60  % births). Costs were estimated based on 2012 US dollars. RESULTS: Using @entity2 in the hospital setting and @entity1 in the community setting in a cohort of 1000 births, instead of @entity2 (hospital setting) and no treatment (community setting), 22 cases of PPH could be prevented. Six fewer @entity0 would require additional uterotonics and four fewer @entity0 a blood transfusion. An additional 130 @entity0 would experience shivering and an extra 42 @entity0 fever. @entity2 / @entity1 was found to be cost saving (US 320) compared to @entity2 /no treatment. If @entity1 is used in both the hospital and community setting compared with no treatment (i.e. @entity2 not available in the hospital setting), 37 cases of PPH could be prevented; ten fewer @entity0 would require additional uterotonics; and six fewer @entity0 a blood transfusion. An additional 217 @entity0 would experience shivering and 70 fever. The cost savings would be US 533. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the results are sensitive to the incidence of PPH-related outcomes, drug costs and the proportion of hospital births. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that, even though @entity1 is not the optimum choice in the prevention of PPH, @entity1 could be an effective and cost-saving choice where @entity2 is not or cannot be used due to a lack of skilled birth attendants, inadequate transport and storage facilities or where a quality assured @entity2 product is not available. These benefits need to be weighed against the large number of additional side effects such as shivering and fever, which have been described as tolerable and of short duration.

title: Prevention of postpartum XXXX : cost consequences analysis of @entity1 in low-resource settings.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: While inferior to @entity2 injection in both efficacy and safety, orally administered @entity1 has been included in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines for use in the prevention of postpartum @entity3 (PPH) in low-resource settings. This study evaluates the costs and health outcomes of use of oral @entity1 to prevent PPH in settings where injectable uterotonics are not available. METHODS: A cost-consequences analysis was conducted from the international health system perspective, using data from a recent Cochrane systematic review and WHO's Mother-Baby Package Costing Spreadsheet in a hypothetical cohort of 1000 births in a mixed hospital (40  % births)/community setting (60  % births). Costs were estimated based on 2012 US dollars. RESULTS: Using @entity2 in the hospital setting and @entity1 in the community setting in a cohort of 1000 births, instead of @entity2 (hospital setting) and no treatment (community setting), 22 cases of PPH could be prevented. Six fewer @entity0 would require additional uterotonics and four fewer @entity0 a blood transfusion. An additional 130 @entity0 would experience shivering and an extra 42 @entity0 fever. @entity2 / @entity1 was found to be cost saving (US 320) compared to @entity2 /no treatment. If @entity1 is used in both the hospital and community setting compared with no treatment (i.e. @entity2 not available in the hospital setting), 37 cases of PPH could be prevented; ten fewer @entity0 would require additional uterotonics; and six fewer @entity0 a blood transfusion. An additional 217 @entity0 would experience shivering and 70 fever. The cost savings would be US 533. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the results are sensitive to the incidence of PPH-related outcomes, drug costs and the proportion of hospital births. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that, even though @entity1 is not the optimum choice in the prevention of PPH, @entity1 could be an effective and cost-saving choice where @entity2 is not or cannot be used due to a lack of skilled birth attendants, inadequate transport and storage facilities or where a quality assured @entity2 product is not available. These benefits need to be weighed against the large number of additional side effects such as shivering and fever, which have been described as tolerable and of short duration.

title: Prevention of postpartum @entity3 : cost consequences analysis of XXXX in low-resource settings.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy with @entity5 (Visudyne; Novartis, B  lach, Switzerland) has been proposed for the treatment of subfoveal @entity4 secondary to pathologic @entity3 . We retrospectively evaluated the effects of @entity5 therapy of subfoveal recurrences of extrafoveal myopic @entity1 previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation. METHODS: Twelve eyes, previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation for extrafoveal @entity4 , received photodynamic therapy with @entity5 for subfoveal recurrence of choroidal new vessels. Thirteen eyes that did not receive photodynamic therapy served as control group. Vision and @entity2 angiography outcomes were analyzed on all study visits (every 3 months) through month 12. Visual acuity was measured in Snellen lines. RESULTS: On average, at the month 12 examination the @entity5 -treated group had gained 2 lines and the untreated group had @entity6 line of vision. Eleven eyes of the @entity5 -treated group compared with nine eyes of the untreated group lost fewer than 3 lines of vision, including four eyes versus none improving at least 1 line of vision. CONCLUSION: Photodynamic therapy with @entity5 might increase the chance of stabilizing or improving vision in @entity0 with subfoveal recurrences of extrafoveal myopic @entity1 previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation. A prospective, randomized study on larger series of @entity0 is mandatory.

title: Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal recurrences after laser photocoagulation of extrafoveal XXXX in pathologic @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy with @entity5 (Visudyne; Novartis, B  lach, Switzerland) has been proposed for the treatment of subfoveal @entity4 secondary to pathologic @entity3 . We retrospectively evaluated the effects of @entity5 therapy of subfoveal recurrences of extrafoveal myopic @entity1 previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation. METHODS: Twelve eyes, previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation for extrafoveal @entity4 , received photodynamic therapy with @entity5 for subfoveal recurrence of choroidal new vessels. Thirteen eyes that did not receive photodynamic therapy served as control group. Vision and @entity2 angiography outcomes were analyzed on all study visits (every 3 months) through month 12. Visual acuity was measured in Snellen lines. RESULTS: On average, at the month 12 examination the @entity5 -treated group had gained 2 lines and the untreated group had @entity6 line of vision. Eleven eyes of the @entity5 -treated group compared with nine eyes of the untreated group lost fewer than 3 lines of vision, including four eyes versus none improving at least 1 line of vision. CONCLUSION: Photodynamic therapy with @entity5 might increase the chance of stabilizing or improving vision in @entity0 with subfoveal recurrences of extrafoveal myopic @entity1 previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation. A prospective, randomized study on larger series of @entity0 is mandatory.

title: Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal recurrences after laser photocoagulation of extrafoveal @entity4 in pathologic XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity0 intestinal spirochetosis (HIS) is a @entity1 , and its clinicopathologic features remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine its characteristics. We histologically reviewed paraffin-embedded section slides made in 2001, 2006, and 2011 at a single institution in Japan. Cases histologically exhibiting a distinct fringe formation were considered to have HIS. Information was obtained from pathology request forms. We identified 85 HIS cases among 4930 @entity0 (7 cases [0.5%) in 2001, 29 [1.7%] in 2006, and 49 [2.8%] in 2011]. Gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in 7.1% of HIS cases. @entity0 intestinal spirochetosis was more frequent in the right-side large intestine than in the left side. Among 224 samples from HIS cases, conventional (tubular, tubulovillous, and villous) @entity3 were found in 148 samples. These @entity3 were more frequent in the right side than in the left side, although neither their size nor morphology differed between the sides. Histopathologic evaluation suggested a year-upon-year increasing prevalence of HIS in Japan. A small number exhibited @entity2 . Both histologic sign of HIS and conventional @entity3 were more frequent in the right-side large intestine. Therefore, a right-side preference may be a characteristic of HIS.

title: XXXX intestinal spirochetosis: right-side preference in the large intestine.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Victims of mild closed- @entity1 who do not require hospitalization frequently are observed at home. The efficacy of home observation for such cases and the extent to which after-care management plans are executed in this setting, however, are unknown. We studied 47 consecutive victims of mild closed- @entity1 discharged from the emergency department for home observation under the care of a responsible individual with a set of written after-care instructions for management. The instructions were reinforced verbally by ED staff before discharge. Followup was performed within 24 hours by telephone, and a questionnaire was sent. Three patterns emerged. Nine @entity0 (19%), Group A, denied having received written after-care instructions despite documentation to the contrary in the medical record. Seventeen @entity0 (36%), Group B, received the instructions alone and were told to convey them to the individual responsible for performing the home management. In the remaining 21 cases (45%), Group C, the instructions were given directly to the individual responsible for providing the home management. Although the after-care management plan specified observing or awakening the @entity0 every two hours, this was done in only two @entity0 (22%) in Group A and in four @entity0 (24%) in Group B (NS). Fourteen @entity0 (67%) in Group C, by comparison, were observed correctly as specified by the after-care instructions (P less than .02). No one in Group A could recall more than two of the eight items in the after-care management plan, and only three individuals (18%) in Group B (NS), could recall more than two items.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Reliability of home observation for victims of mild closed- XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity1 ( @entity1 ) has a documented impact on brain and cognitive development. We demonstrate that engaging spatial selective attention mechanisms may counteract this negative influence of impoverished environments on early learning. We previously used a spatial cueing task to compare target object encoding in the context of basic orienting ("facilitation") versus a spatial selective attention orienting mechanism that engages distractor suppression ("IOR"). This work showed that object encoding in the context of IOR boosted 9-month-old @entity0 ' recognition memory relative to facilitation (Markant and Amso, 2013). Here we asked whether this attention-memory link further interacted with @entity1 in infancy. Results indicated that @entity1 was related to memory but not attention orienting efficacy. However, the correlation between @entity1 and memory performance was moderated by the attention mechanism engaged during encoding. @entity1 predicted memory performance when objects were encoded with basic orienting processes, with @entity0 from low- @entity1 environments showing poorer memory than those from high- @entity1 environments. However, @entity1 did not predict memory performance among @entity0 who engaged selective attention during encoding. Spatial selective attention engagement mitigated the effects of @entity1 on memory and may offer an effective mechanism for promoting learning among @entity0 at risk for poor cognitive outcomes related to @entity1 .

title: Selective attention neutralizes the adverse effects of low socioeconomic status on memory in 9-month-old XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Manikins and simulated @entity0 (SPs) are commonly used in health care education and assessment. SPs appear to offer a more realistic experience for learners than 'plastic' manikins, and might be expected to engender interactions that approximate real clinical practice more closely. The analyses of linguistic patterns and touch are methodologies that could be used to explore this hypothesis. Our research aims were: (1) to compare verbal interactions and the use of procedural touch by @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in scenarios with SPs and with manikins; and (2) to evaluate the methodologies used to inform a large-scale study. METHODS: We conducted a pilot preliminary comparative study on conversations and touch in two scenarios in emergency care training, each performed using an SP and a high-fidelity manikin. The setting was a simulation centre. Two scripted acute-care scenarios ( @entity2 and acute @entity3 ) were performed using both an SP and a high-fidelity manikin. Audiovisual recordings were subsequently analysed. Two teams comprising a clinician (medical student), a senior nurse and a clinical support worker took part in the study. The linguistics research methodology integrated a multimodal corpus-based approach and discourse analysis. Simulated @entity0 appear  to offer  a more realistic experience for  learners than 'plastic' manikins RESULTS: Overall, @entity1 had far more interactions with the SPs than with the manikins, and the utterances and behaviours were more akin to what one would expect in real clinical practice. @entity1 used procedural touch without the @entity0 's permission much more frequently with the manikin. DISCUSSION: These methodologies offer opportunities for further research projects studying interactions with SPs, manikins and real clinical practice.

title: Simulated XXXX versus manikins in acute-care scenarios.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) @entity1 can be acquired through de-novo mutation during @entity1 treatment or through transmission from other individuals with @entity2 . Understanding the balance between these two mechanisms is essential when allocating resources for @entity2 . We aimed to create a dynamic transmission model of an @entity2 epidemic to estimate the contributions of treatment-related acquisition and @entity0 -to- @entity0 transmission of resistance to incident @entity2 cases. METHODS: In this modelling analysis, we constructed a dynamic transmission model of an @entity2 epidemic, allowing for both treatment-related acquisition and @entity0 -to- @entity0 transmission of resistance. We used national @entity1 notification data to inform Bayesian estimates of the proportion of each country's 2013 @entity2 incidence that resulted from MDR transmission rather than treatment-related MDR acquisition. FINDINGS: Global estimates of 3  5% @entity2 prevalence among new @entity1 notifications and 20  5% among re-treatment notifications translate into an estimate that resistance transmission rather than acquisition accounts for a median 95  9% (95% uncertainty range [UR] 68  0-99  6) of all incident @entity2 , and 61  3% (16  5-95  2) of incident @entity2 in previously treated individuals. The estimated proportion of @entity2 resulting from transmission varied substantially with different countries' notification data-ranging from 48% (95% UR 30-75) in Bangladesh to 99% (91-100) in Uzbekistan. Estimates were most sensitive to estimates of the transmissibility of MDR strains, the probability of acquiring MDR during @entity1 treatment, and the responsiveness of @entity2 to first-line treatment. INTERPRETATION: Notifications of MDR prevalence from most high-burden settings are consistent with most incident @entity2 resulting from transmission rather than new treatment-related acquisition of resistance. Merely improving the treatment of drug-susceptible @entity1 is unlikely to greatly reduce future @entity2 incidence. Improved diagnosis and treatment of @entity2 -including new tests and drug regimens-should be highly prioritised. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health and the Bill _ Melinda Gates Foundation.

title: Burden of transmitted multidrug resistance in epidemics of XXXX : a transmission modelling analysis.

answer: @entity1