abstract: OBJECTIVES: To elucidate mechanisms of @entity2 by assessing excitability of alpha-motoneurons innervating right and left soleus muscles in healthy controls and @entity1 ( @entity1 ) @entity0 with @entity2 in the right, left and both legs. METHODS: One group of 45 controls was recruited and 60 @entity1 @entity0 in three groups: @entity2 , predominantly in the right, left and both legs. H-reflex (H) and muscle response (M) were recorded from right and left soleus muscles during stimulations of the posterior tibial nerve at the popliteal fossa while lying and standing. The H/M ratio was taken as an index for motoneuron excitability. RESULTS: Mean H/M ratios were significantly different on the right and left sides, modified by postural changes in controls and @entity1 @entity0 . Analysis of variance showed that in healthy subjects the H/M ratio was: standing>lying (right), lying>standing (left). In right leg @entity2 @entity0 , the H/M ratio was greatest during standing, and smallest during lying. In @entity2 @entity0 , the H/M ratios on the right and left sides were equally independent of posture. In controls, left H/M>right while lying, <right while standing. In right leg @entity2 @entity0 , right H/M>left, but <right in @entity2 @entity0 , independent of posture. There was no side difference in @entity0 with @entity2 in both legs. CONCLUSIONS: (i) motoneuron excitability may show side and postural differences in healthy individuals and @entity1 @entity0 ; (ii) posture may be associated with lateralized motoneuron excitability in these subjects; and (iii) @entity2 may have spinal motor origins.

title: Lateralized a-motoneuron excitabilities during lying and standing of healthy individuals in relation to XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: @entity5 is a rare @entity3 with a 5% mortality rate. The objective of this report was to present @entity13 as a trigger for this syndrome, discuss this disorder, and call attention to the risks of @entity13 . CASE REPORT: A 61-year old female, physical status ASA I, who underwent general anesthesia associated with paravertebral cervical block for arthroscopic repair of a rotator cuff lesion. Physical exam after extubation detected @entity13 . In the post-anesthetic care unit the @entity0 developed @entity11 , @entity4 , @entity2 , and severe @entity14 . After reintubation the @entity0 evolved for @entity9 with electrical activity without a pulse, which was reverted with the administration of adrenaline and external cardiac massage. In the postoperative period the @entity0 presented elevation of the ST segment, increased troponin, and left ventricular medial-apical @entity7 with an estimated ejection fraction of 30%. Cardiac catheterization showed absence of significant @entity1 in the coronary vessels, and severe disruption of the systolic function with inferior and antero-septo-apical @entity7 and compensatory basal hypercontractility. The @entity0 had complete functional recovery with the treatment instituted. CONCLUSIONS: Residual neuromuscular blockade associated with diaphragmatic @entity8 and possible @entity6 leading to @entity10 , @entity12 , and adrenergic discharge triggered the @entity5 with severe clinical repercussion.

title: XXXX secondary to @entity13 . Case report.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: @entity5 is a rare @entity3 with a 5% mortality rate. The objective of this report was to present @entity13 as a trigger for this syndrome, discuss this disorder, and call attention to the risks of @entity13 . CASE REPORT: A 61-year old female, physical status ASA I, who underwent general anesthesia associated with paravertebral cervical block for arthroscopic repair of a rotator cuff lesion. Physical exam after extubation detected @entity13 . In the post-anesthetic care unit the @entity0 developed @entity11 , @entity4 , @entity2 , and severe @entity14 . After reintubation the @entity0 evolved for @entity9 with electrical activity without a pulse, which was reverted with the administration of adrenaline and external cardiac massage. In the postoperative period the @entity0 presented elevation of the ST segment, increased troponin, and left ventricular medial-apical @entity7 with an estimated ejection fraction of 30%. Cardiac catheterization showed absence of significant @entity1 in the coronary vessels, and severe disruption of the systolic function with inferior and antero-septo-apical @entity7 and compensatory basal hypercontractility. The @entity0 had complete functional recovery with the treatment instituted. CONCLUSIONS: Residual neuromuscular blockade associated with diaphragmatic @entity8 and possible @entity6 leading to @entity10 , @entity12 , and adrenergic discharge triggered the @entity5 with severe clinical repercussion.

title: @entity5 secondary to XXXX . Case report.

answer: @entity13


abstract: The present study aimed to assess whether @entity0 with bladder @entity1 can be more objectively stratified into low- and high-risk groups for recurrence and progression using a 2-tired molecular grading scheme, than by subjective histopathological grading alone. Biopsy material from 45 consecutive @entity0 with @entity3 (2 @entity7 of low malignant potentials, 18 pTa, 1 pTis, 19 @entity5 ) was analysed for immunohistochemical Ki-67 and @entity2 expression. Labelling indices were assessed by automated cellular image analysis. UroVysion FISH test results were evaluated by automated signal counting, and DNA ploidy of single nuclei preparations were measured by image cytometry. Sixty-nine percent of cases showed >10% Ki-67 @entity6 , 64% had >10% @entity2 @entity6 , 53% revealed DNA aneuploidy and 56% expressed a high-risk FISH pattern. Based on a combination of single molecular markers, 75% of @entity1 were classified as high molecular grade. @entity1 stage and histopathological grade were significantly associated with FISH pattern, DNA ploidy and @entity4 @entity6 . Stage was also related with molecular grade. Clinical outcome showed a significant correlation with @entity4 @entity6 and molecular grade. @entity2 had neither diagnostic nor prognostic relevance, nor was there any correlation between histological and molecular grade. Our preliminary data strongly suggest that the combination of quantitative biomarkers provides superior and objective prognostic tools in bladder @entity1 compared to classic clinicopathological features and indices.

title: Quantitative molecular grading of bladder tumours: a tool for objective assessment of the biological potential of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity10 ( @entity10 ) affects 11.5 to 53.4 individuals per million of the population in developed countries each year. @entity10 is caused by @entity2 , although it can also result from @entity8 , @entity17 , @entity6 or @entity13 and @entity1 . @entity0 with complete lesions of the spinal cord between spinal cord level T6 and S2, after they recover from spinal shock, generally exhibit @entity9 without sensation, smooth sphincter synergy, but with detrusor striated @entity11 (DESD). Those with lesions above spinal cord level T6 may experience, in addition, smooth @entity11 and @entity18 . DESD is a debilitating problem in @entity0 with @entity10 . It carries a high risk of complications, and even life expectancy can be affected. Nearly half of the @entity0 with untreated DESD will develop deleterious urologic complications, due to high intravesical pressures, resulting in @entity12 , @entity4 ( @entity4 ), @entity14 ( @entity14 ), @entity15 , @entity16 , and @entity3 . The mainstay of treatment is the use of antimuscarinics and catheterization, but in those for whom this is not possible external sphincterotomy has been a last resort option. External sphincterotomy is associated with significant risks, including @entity7 ; @entity5 and the possibility of redo procedures. Over the last decade alternatives have been investigated, such as urethral stents and intrasphincteric botulinum toxin injection. In this review, we will cover neurogenic DESD, with emphasis on definition, classifications, diagnosis and different therapeutic options available.

title: Management of detrusor external XXXX in @entity9 .

answer: @entity11


abstract: @entity10 ( @entity10 ) affects 11.5 to 53.4 individuals per million of the population in developed countries each year. @entity10 is caused by @entity2 , although it can also result from @entity8 , @entity17 , @entity6 or @entity13 and @entity1 . @entity0 with complete lesions of the spinal cord between spinal cord level T6 and S2, after they recover from spinal shock, generally exhibit @entity9 without sensation, smooth sphincter synergy, but with detrusor striated @entity11 (DESD). Those with lesions above spinal cord level T6 may experience, in addition, smooth @entity11 and @entity18 . DESD is a debilitating problem in @entity0 with @entity10 . It carries a high risk of complications, and even life expectancy can be affected. Nearly half of the @entity0 with untreated DESD will develop deleterious urologic complications, due to high intravesical pressures, resulting in @entity12 , @entity4 ( @entity4 ), @entity14 ( @entity14 ), @entity15 , @entity16 , and @entity3 . The mainstay of treatment is the use of antimuscarinics and catheterization, but in those for whom this is not possible external sphincterotomy has been a last resort option. External sphincterotomy is associated with significant risks, including @entity7 ; @entity5 and the possibility of redo procedures. Over the last decade alternatives have been investigated, such as urethral stents and intrasphincteric botulinum toxin injection. In this review, we will cover neurogenic DESD, with emphasis on definition, classifications, diagnosis and different therapeutic options available.

title: Management of detrusor external @entity11 in XXXX .

answer: @entity9


abstract: Current endeavors in @entity1 care focus on helping @entity0 and providers deal successfully with the complexities of the disease by improving the system of care, expanding the reach of interventions, and empowering @entity0 to engage in self-care behaviors. Internet technologies that combine the broad reach of mass media with the interactive capabilities of interpersonal media provide a wide range of advantages over standard modes of delivery. The technical affordances of Web delivery enable individualization or tailoring, appropriately timed reinforcement of educational messages, social support, improved feedback, and increased engagement. In turn, these have been significantly correlated with improved health outcomes.This article is a narrative review of Web-based interventions for managing type 2 @entity1 published from 2000 to 2007 that utilize Web sites, Web portals, electronic medical records, videoconference, interactive voice response, and short messaging systems. The most effective systems link medical management and self-management. @entity0 satisfaction is highest when the Web-based system gives them the ability to track blood @entity2 , receive electronic reminders, schedule physician visits, email their health care team, and interact with other @entity1 @entity0 . However, comprehensive medical and self-management programs have not been implemented widely outside of systems funded by government agencies. The cost of developing and maintaining comprehensive systems continues to be a challenge and is seldom measured in efficacy studies. Lack of reimbursement for Web-based treatments is also a major barrier to implementation. These barriers must be overcome for widespread adoption and realization of subsequent cost savings.

title: A review of web-assisted interventions for XXXX management: maximizing the potential for improving health outcomes.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Recent advances in understanding the complex biology of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway have led to the identification of many potentially 'drugable' targets within this pathway. One such inhibitor, @entity8 (formerly known as @entity8 ), has proven to be an effective reversible inhibitor of the chymotryptic protease in the 26S proteasome. Proteasome inhibitors represent a new approach for the treatment of many forms of @entity1 , especially select @entity7 . The proteasome plays an important role in regulating the availability of different intracellular proteins. While only some of the consequences of inhibiting this activity are understood, a growing amount of data suggests that inhibition of the proteasome is associated with a remarkable panoply of different biological effects that include cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, changes in cell surface adhesion markers, and an increased sensitivity to standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy. @entity8 was recently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple @entity6 . In addition, @entity8 has also shown encouraging results in the treatment of select types of @entity10 ( @entity10 ). Ongoing phase II clinical trials in pretreated @entity0 are exploring @entity8 in different histologies of @entity10 and in combination with conventional chemotherapy. Preliminary data have shown interesting activity, especially in @entity0 with follicular, marginal zone, and @entity5 ; in these populations, durable complete and partial remissions have been reported. The @entity2 profile of this drug, coupled with its unusual mechanism of action, make it a potentially important agent warranting further preclinical and clinical attention. However, many unanswered questions remain regarding how best to employ @entity8 in the conventional treatment of @entity3 . The apparent lack of activity in different subtypes of @entity3 , such as @entity4 and diffuse large @entity9 , as well as a lack of understanding about the best way to combine @entity8 with standard therapies for indolent @entity10 , raises important questions regarding the mechanistic basis for its effects. We will undoubtedly need to understand these effects better in order to fully exploit the potential of this new class of drugs.

title: Mechanistic rationale and clinical evidence for the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors against indolent and XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: There is a common perception that burned @entity0 are at risk for growth deceleration. However, because the prevalence, duration, and degree of this stereotypic growth are poorly described, making informed decisions about treatment is difficult. This article describes the natural history of growth after @entity1 , according to the findings of a retrospective review conducted in a regional pediatric burn center. The study population comprised @entity0 younger than 13 years at the time of injury, who survived burns involving >or=30% TBSA. Main outcome measures were height and weight; values obtained upon admission for @entity1 and at all subsequent hospital admissions were converted to height-for-age and weight-for-age Z scores with use of a reference standard. Z scores were then used to determine whether baseline height and weight status (according to initial admission data) were recouped after @entity1 . Medical records of 159 @entity0 (2910 admissions) were reviewed. @entity0 with massive burns (>or=50% TBSA) had height-for-age Z scores that were significantly below their baseline average for all years studied (mean fall in Z score units of 0.50-0.76; P < .0001). This decline in height-for-age Z scores represented a deficit of 1.6 to 5.8 cm. Seventeen @entity0 (11%) had height-for-age Z scores consistent with stunting. Weight-for-age Z scores were not statistically lower than the reference standard, except for @entity0 with massive burns up to 1.5 years post-burn. In our population of burned @entity0 , only massively burned @entity0 demonstrated a decline in stature. The decline for most was modest.

title: Growth deceleration and restoration after serious XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The main adverse effect of @entity6 is nephrotoxicity. There are few data on polymyxin-associated @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of and risk factors for @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in @entity0 treated with @entity6 . METHODS: The studied population included 114 @entity0 who received at least 3 consecutive days of intravenous @entity6 and had baseline serum @entity4 (SCr) and at least one further SCr measurement during treatment. @entity3 was defined as an SCr increase to 1.8 mg/dL or greater in @entity0 with baseline SCr less than 1.5 mg/dL, or an increase greater than or equal to 50% in baseline SCr when it was already greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL, or need for dialysis. RESULTS: @entity3 developed in 22% of the @entity0 . They were older, had a higher baseline SCr, had a higher frequency of baseline SCr greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL, used other nephrotoxic drugs and @entity5 more often, and required vasoactive drugs and mechanical ventilation more frequently. Progression to @entity2 was significantly more probable when the bacteria were isolated in the abdomen, catheter, or blood. @entity3 @entity0 had a higher mortality rate (92% vs 53%; p < 0.001). Logistic regression identified abnormal baseline SCr (odds ratio [OR] 3.51); need for vasoactive drugs (OR 3.03); and abdomen, blood, or catheter as the infection site (OR 3.82) as independent risk factors for @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 who developed @entity3 had a strikingly elevated mortality rate. @entity6 should be used with extreme caution in @entity0 who have an abnormal baseline SCr; use vasoactive drugs; or have abdomen, blood, or catheter as the infection site.

title: Prevalence and risk factors for @entity3 associated with parenteral XXXX use.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: The main adverse effect of @entity6 is nephrotoxicity. There are few data on polymyxin-associated @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of and risk factors for @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in @entity0 treated with @entity6 . METHODS: The studied population included 114 @entity0 who received at least 3 consecutive days of intravenous @entity6 and had baseline serum @entity4 (SCr) and at least one further SCr measurement during treatment. @entity3 was defined as an SCr increase to 1.8 mg/dL or greater in @entity0 with baseline SCr less than 1.5 mg/dL, or an increase greater than or equal to 50% in baseline SCr when it was already greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL, or need for dialysis. RESULTS: @entity3 developed in 22% of the @entity0 . They were older, had a higher baseline SCr, had a higher frequency of baseline SCr greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL, used other nephrotoxic drugs and @entity5 more often, and required vasoactive drugs and mechanical ventilation more frequently. Progression to @entity2 was significantly more probable when the bacteria were isolated in the abdomen, catheter, or blood. @entity3 @entity0 had a higher mortality rate (92% vs 53%; p < 0.001). Logistic regression identified abnormal baseline SCr (odds ratio [OR] 3.51); need for vasoactive drugs (OR 3.03); and abdomen, blood, or catheter as the infection site (OR 3.82) as independent risk factors for @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 who developed @entity3 had a strikingly elevated mortality rate. @entity6 should be used with extreme caution in @entity0 who have an abnormal baseline SCr; use vasoactive drugs; or have abdomen, blood, or catheter as the infection site.

title: Prevalence and risk factors for XXXX associated with parenteral @entity6 use.

answer: @entity3


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Due to large and increasing numbers of @entity1 survivors, long-term @entity1 -related health issues have become a major focus of attention. This study examined the relation between a high-intensity physical rehabilitation program and return-to-work in @entity1 survivors who had received chemotherapy. METHODS: The intervention group, consisting of 72 @entity1 survivors from one hospital (8 @entity0 and 64 @entity0 , mean age 49 years), followed an 18-weeks rehabilitation program including strength and interval training, and home-based activities. An age-matched control group, consisting of 38 @entity1 survivors (9 @entity0 and 29 @entity0 ), was recruited from two other hospitals. They received only standard medical care. All subjects were evaluated during a telephone interview on employment issues, conducted at   3 years after diagnosis. The main outcomes were change in working hours per week and time until return-to-work. RESULTS: @entity0 in the intervention group showed significant less @entity2 per week [-5.0 h/week vs. -10.8 h/week (P = .03)]. Multivariate analyses showed that the training intervention, the age of @entity0 , and the number of working hours pre-diagnosis could explain the improvement in long-term participation at work. Time until (partial) return-to-work was 11.5 weeks for the intervention group versus 13.2 weeks for the control group (P = .40). On long-term follow-up, 78% of the @entity0 from the intervention group versus 66% from the control group had returned to work on the pre-diagnosis level of working hours (P = .18). CONCLUSION: Rehabilitation using high-intensity physical training is useful for working @entity0 to minimize the decreased ability to work resulting from @entity1 and its treatment.

title: Rehabilitation using high-intensity physical training and long-term return-to-work in XXXX survivors.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Based on the successful use of @entity1 for the treatment of acute @entity3 , we hypothesised that @entity1 would increase gastric emptying and improve tolerance to enteral feeding in the critically ill @entity0 . METHODS: Eleven @entity0 intolerant of enteral feeds due to high gastric aspirates, were randomised to receive a 'study infusion' consisting of either @entity1 (0.4 mg/hr) or 0.9% saline. If, after 12 hours the @entity0 was deemed intolerant of the nasogastric feed, the rate of the 'study infusion' was doubled. Those who remained intolerant after 24 hours of the 'study infusion' were 'crossed-over' and continued on the other infusion for a further 24 hours. Gastric emptying was assessed in each group before and after the infusion by measuring the hourly rates of feed "absorption" [(delivery rate + returned aspirates) - total aspirates] and @entity2 absorption using the area under a time-concentration curve at 120 minutes (AUC120). Differences within and between groups were analysed using Students t test and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Six @entity0 received @entity1 first and 5 received the placebo first. Four of the 6 @entity0 receiving the @entity1 first compared with all of those receiving placebo first required to be 'crossed-over' to the other infusion. While the hourly rates of feed "absorption" were greater for @entity0 receiving @entity1 than for placebo, these differences did not achieve statistical significance. The mean @entity2 AUC120 for all @entity0 who received @entity1 was 3996 mg/min/L while that for placebo was 1929 mg/min/L (p = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that while @entity1 may have a positive effect on gastric emptying and enteral feed absorption in critically ill @entity0 , the results did not reach statistical significance and an adequately powered study will be required to confirm this effect.

title: Does XXXX increase gastric emptying in the critically ill?--results of a pilot study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) have a high mortality and morbidity. This pilot study was undertaken to identify contributors to outcome in the early management of @entity0 with @entity3 and to investigate the feasibility of a larger study. METHODS: Road @entity2 @entity0 who died between January 1 and April 30, 2000 were selected from the Alfred Hospital's Intensive Care @entity3 database. These @entity0 were matched with 2 survivors from the data base during the same period for age, injury severity score (ISS) and severity of @entity8 using the head abbreviated injury score (head AIS). @entity0 injury scoring (using the revised @entity2 score, @entity2 and injury severity score and Glasgow @entity5 score), arterial blood gas analysis, lactate concentration, inspired @entity1 concentration, systolic and mean arterial blood pressure, intracranial pressure, intravenous fluid and blood transfusion volumes, body temperature, haemoglobin, white cell count, INR, APTT, temperature and plasma @entity4 , @entity7 and @entity6 concentrations were recorded for 48 hours from the time of injury. Time periods from the accident to key events (e.g. arrival of ambulance at accident scene, intubation, arrival at the emergency department, insertion of intracranial pressure monitor and primary surgery) were also recorded. RESULTS: Eighteen @entity0 (6 deceased, 12 survivors) were identified. Despite matching, deceased @entity0 had lower initial Glasgow @entity5 Scores (GCS) (3.6 vs. 7.4, P = 0.01) and lower revised @entity2 scores (4.41 vs. 5.75; P = 0.044) compared with survivors. There were no significant differences in other parameters. However, deceased @entity0 tended to have longer times to treatment (P = NS) and experienced @entity2 at night more frequently, and survivors received almost double the volume of fluid resuscitation during the first 12 hours (19.7 +/- 19.1 vs. 11.8 +/- 2.7 mL/kg/hr, P = 0.513). CONCLUSIONS: Both initial GCS and severity of @entity8 should be used to match @entity3 @entity0 for injury severity in future studies. Lower initial GCS in deceased @entity0 was likely due to greater severity of @entity8 , although it is also possible that the lower GCS was due to decreased brain perfusion (perhaps reflecting inadequate resuscitation) in these @entity0 . Volume of early fluid resuscitation, time to definitive therapy, and time of presentation to hospital may also be important determinants of @entity0 outcome. A large case control outcome study is required to extend these observations.

title: Factors contributing to fatal outcome of XXXX : a pilot case control study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Quadrigeminal cistern @entity1 are rare lesions, accounting for 5% to 10% of all intracranial @entity1 and 9% of all supratentorial localizations. We reviewed the @entity0 with quadrigeminal @entity1 (QAC) who were treated with neuroendoscopic intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen @entity0 with QAC had been operated on between 2000 and 2007 in our institution. Four @entity0 had undergone shunting prior to neuroendoscopic surgery. There were nine @entity0 and seven @entity0 with age ranging from 7 days to 17 years (mean, 40 months). All @entity0 had @entity4 . A wide ventriculocystostomy (VC) and endoscopic third ventriculostomy were performed by using rigid neuroendoscopes. An aqueductal stent was also placed in two of the @entity0 . Psychometric evaluation was administered postoperatively when possible. Follow-up of the @entity0 ranged from 6 to 96 months (mean, 51.8 months). RESULTS: Of the 17 @entity0 , 12 underwent endoscopic procedure as the primary surgery. Five @entity0 had been previously shunted. @entity3 were the main symptom and sign in all @entity0 with QAC. Older @entity0 presented with the symptoms and signs of @entity2 . Of the eight @entity0 who were 6 months old or younger, only one did not need a ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt. Endoscopic procedures were successful in all @entity0 older than 6 months of age (P=0.005). CONCLUSION: The @entity0 presenting in their infancy had a @entity3 , and all @entity0 except for one, younger than 6 months of age, needed a VP shunt. Neuroendoscopic procedure is effective particularly in the @entity0 with QAC older than 6 months of age.

title: Endoscopic management of quadrigeminal XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Convection-enhanced delivery using @entity4 in @entity1 models was reported to prolong survival. Functional impairment is of additional importance to evaluate the value of local chemotherapy. We established a neurological scoring system for the @entity2 @entity1 model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 46 male Fisher @entity2 stereotactically 10(5) F-98 cells were implanted at 1.4-mm lateral to midline and at the lambdoid suture using guided screws. Following 4 days local delivery was performed using Alzet pumps (1 microl/h over 7 days) with either vehicle (5% @entity3 ) or @entity4 via one or two cannulas, respectively. All @entity2 were subsequently tested neurologically using a specified neurological score. In 38 animals survival time was recorded. Representative MR imaging were acquired in eight @entity2 , respectively, at day 12 after implantation. HE staining was used to evaluate @entity0 extension. RESULTS: Neurological scoring showed significantly higher impairment in the high dose @entity4 group during the treatment period. Survival was significantly prolonged compared to control animals in the high dose @entity4 -one cannula group as well as in both low dose @entity4 groups (18.6 +/- 3 versus 26.3 +/- 9, 22.8 +/- 2, 23.6 +/- 2 days; p < 0.05). Overall neurological grading correlated with survival time. MR imaging showed a focal contrast enhancing mass in the pontine brainstem, which was less exaggerated after local chemotherapy. Histological slices visualized decreased cellular density in treatment animals versus controls. CONCLUSION: Local chemotherapy in the @entity1 model showed significant efficacy for histological changes and survival. Our neurological grading enables quantification of drug and @entity0 -related morbidity as an important factor for functional performance during therapy.

title: Neurological grading, survival, MR imaging, and histological evaluation in the @entity2 XXXX model.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Convection-enhanced delivery using @entity4 in @entity1 models was reported to prolong survival. Functional impairment is of additional importance to evaluate the value of local chemotherapy. We established a neurological scoring system for the @entity2 @entity1 model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 46 male Fisher @entity2 stereotactically 10(5) F-98 cells were implanted at 1.4-mm lateral to midline and at the lambdoid suture using guided screws. Following 4 days local delivery was performed using Alzet pumps (1 microl/h over 7 days) with either vehicle (5% @entity3 ) or @entity4 via one or two cannulas, respectively. All @entity2 were subsequently tested neurologically using a specified neurological score. In 38 animals survival time was recorded. Representative MR imaging were acquired in eight @entity2 , respectively, at day 12 after implantation. HE staining was used to evaluate @entity0 extension. RESULTS: Neurological scoring showed significantly higher impairment in the high dose @entity4 group during the treatment period. Survival was significantly prolonged compared to control animals in the high dose @entity4 -one cannula group as well as in both low dose @entity4 groups (18.6 +/- 3 versus 26.3 +/- 9, 22.8 +/- 2, 23.6 +/- 2 days; p < 0.05). Overall neurological grading correlated with survival time. MR imaging showed a focal contrast enhancing mass in the pontine brainstem, which was less exaggerated after local chemotherapy. Histological slices visualized decreased cellular density in treatment animals versus controls. CONCLUSION: Local chemotherapy in the @entity1 model showed significant efficacy for histological changes and survival. Our neurological grading enables quantification of drug and @entity0 -related morbidity as an important factor for functional performance during therapy.

title: Neurological grading, survival, MR imaging, and histological evaluation in the XXXX @entity1 model.

answer: @entity2


abstract: This article addresses the problem of real-time @entity1 detection from intracranial EEG (IEEG). One difficulty in creating an approach that can be used for many @entity0 is the heterogeneity of @entity1 IEEG patterns across different @entity0 and even within a @entity0 . In addition, simultaneously maximizing sensitivity and minimizing latency and false detection rates has been challenging as these are competing objectives. Automated machine learning systems provide a mechanism for dealing with these hurdles. Here we present and evaluate an algorithm for real-time @entity1 onset detection from IEEG using a machine-learning approach that permits a @entity0 -specific solution. We extract temporal and spectral features across all intracranial EEG channels. A pattern recognition component is trained using these feature vectors and tested against unseen continuous data from the same @entity0 . When tested on more than 875 hours of IEEG data from 10 @entity0 , the algorithm detected 97% of 67 test @entity1 of several types with a median detection delay of 5 seconds and a median false alarm rate of 0.6 false alarms per 24-hour period. The sensitivity was 100% for 8 of 10 @entity0 . These results indicate that a sensitive, specific, and relatively short-latency detection system based on machine learning can be employed for @entity1 detection from EEG using a full set of intracranial electrodes to individual @entity0 . This article is part of a Supplemental Special Issue entitled The Future of Automated @entity1 Detection and Prediction.

title: An algorithm for XXXX onset detection using intracranial EEG.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 (CaP) is a disease with multifactorial etiology that includes both genetic and environmental components. The knowledge of the genetic basis of CaP has increased over the past years, mainly in the pathways that underlie tumourigenesis, progression and drug resistance. The vast majority of cases of CaP are @entity3 that likely develop through a pre-malignant lesion and @entity6 ( @entity6 ). Histologically, CaP is a heterogeneous disease consisting of multiple, discrete foci of @entity1 and @entity6 that are commonly interspersed with benign glands and stroma. This admixture with benign tissue can complicate genomic analyses in CaP. Specifically, when DNA is bulk-extracted the genetic information obtained represents an average for all of the cells within the sample. RESULTS: To minimize this problem, we obtained DNA from individual foci of @entity6 and CaP by laser capture microdissection (LCM). The small quantities of DNA thus obtained were then amplified by means of multiple-displacement amplification ( @entity5 ), for use in genomic DNA array comparative genomic hybridisation (gaCGH). Recurrent chromosome @entity4 ( @entity4 ) were observed in both @entity6 and CaP. In @entity6 , chromosomal imbalances involving chromosome 8 where common, whilst in CaP additional chromosomal changes involving chromosomes 6, 10, 13 and 16 where also frequently observed. CONCLUSION: An overall increase in chromosomal changes was seen in CaP compared to @entity6 , suggesting a universal breakdown in chromosomal stability. The accumulation of @entity4 , which occurs during this process is non-random and may indicate chromosomal regions important in tumourigenesis. It is therefore likely that the alterations in copy number are part of a programmed cycle of events that promote @entity0 development, progression and survival. The combination of LCM, @entity5 and gaCGH is ideally suited for the identification of @entity4 from small cell clusters and may assist in the discovery of potential genomic markers for early diagnosis, or identify the location of @entity0 suppressor genes (TSG) or oncogenes previously unreported in @entity6 and CaP.

title: The use of whole genome amplification to study chromosomal changes in XXXX : insights into genome-wide signature of preneoplasia associated with @entity0 progression.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 (CaP) is a disease with multifactorial etiology that includes both genetic and environmental components. The knowledge of the genetic basis of CaP has increased over the past years, mainly in the pathways that underlie tumourigenesis, progression and drug resistance. The vast majority of cases of CaP are @entity3 that likely develop through a pre-malignant lesion and @entity6 ( @entity6 ). Histologically, CaP is a heterogeneous disease consisting of multiple, discrete foci of @entity1 and @entity6 that are commonly interspersed with benign glands and stroma. This admixture with benign tissue can complicate genomic analyses in CaP. Specifically, when DNA is bulk-extracted the genetic information obtained represents an average for all of the cells within the sample. RESULTS: To minimize this problem, we obtained DNA from individual foci of @entity6 and CaP by laser capture microdissection (LCM). The small quantities of DNA thus obtained were then amplified by means of multiple-displacement amplification ( @entity5 ), for use in genomic DNA array comparative genomic hybridisation (gaCGH). Recurrent chromosome @entity4 ( @entity4 ) were observed in both @entity6 and CaP. In @entity6 , chromosomal imbalances involving chromosome 8 where common, whilst in CaP additional chromosomal changes involving chromosomes 6, 10, 13 and 16 where also frequently observed. CONCLUSION: An overall increase in chromosomal changes was seen in CaP compared to @entity6 , suggesting a universal breakdown in chromosomal stability. The accumulation of @entity4 , which occurs during this process is non-random and may indicate chromosomal regions important in tumourigenesis. It is therefore likely that the alterations in copy number are part of a programmed cycle of events that promote @entity0 development, progression and survival. The combination of LCM, @entity5 and gaCGH is ideally suited for the identification of @entity4 from small cell clusters and may assist in the discovery of potential genomic markers for early diagnosis, or identify the location of @entity0 suppressor genes (TSG) or oncogenes previously unreported in @entity6 and CaP.

title: The use of whole genome amplification to study chromosomal changes in @entity2 : insights into genome-wide signature of preneoplasia associated with XXXX progression.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have shown that imposing travel restrictions to prevent or delay an @entity1 pandemic may not be feasible. To delay an @entity2 substantially, an extremely high proportion of trips (~99%) would have to be restricted in a homogeneously mixing population. Influenza is, however, strongly influenced by age-dependent transmission dynamics, and the effectiveness of age-specific travel restrictions, such as the selective restriction of travel by @entity0 , has yet to be examined. METHODS: A simple stochastic model was developed to describe the importation of infectious cases into a population and to model local chains of transmission seeded by imported cases. The probability of a local @entity2 , and the time period until a major @entity2 takes off, were used as outcome measures, and travel restriction policies in which @entity0 or adults were preferentially restricted were compared to age-blind restriction policies using an age-dependent next generation matrix parameterized for @entity1 H1N1-2009. RESULTS: Restricting @entity0 from travelling would yield greater reductions to the short-term risk of the @entity2 being established locally than other policy options considered, and potentially could delay an @entity2 for a few weeks. However, given a scenario with a total of 500 imported cases over a period of a few months, a substantial reduction in the probability of an @entity2 in this time period is possible only if the transmission potential were low and assortativity (i.e. the proportion of contacts within-group) were unrealistically high. In all other scenarios considered, age-structured travel restrictions would not prevent an @entity2 and would not delay the @entity2 for longer than a few weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Selectively restricting @entity0 from traveling overseas during a pandemic may potentially delay its arrival for a few weeks, depending on the characteristics of the pandemic strain, but could have less of an impact on the economy compared to restricting adult travelers. However, as long as adults have at least a moderate potential to trigger an @entity2 , selectively restricting the higher risk group ( @entity0 ) may not be a practical option to delay the arrival of an @entity2 substantially.

title: The feasibility of age-specific travel restrictions during XXXX pandemics.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Release of peroxidase from secretory cells of @entity1 lacrimal gland upon cholinergic stimulation was studied in vitro with single lobules and isolated cells (lacrimocytes). Isolated lobules, kept in Eagle's medium, remain structurally intact and reaction product of peroxidase is confined to cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, elements of the Golgi apparatus, and all secretory granules. Morphologically, exocytosis occurs by membrane fusion and discharge of granule content. The highest rate of peroxidase released from lobules is observed at 10(-4) M @entity7 . The specific activity of peroxidase released into the medium is fourfold higher as compared to the lobules. Release of peroxidase is suppressed by @entity5 when added before or after the addition of @entity7 . At 4 degrees C, no peroxidase release occurs upon cholinergic stimulation. The exocytotic release of peroxidase is dependent on energy supply, as indicated by substantial inhibition (at 37 degrees C) under anoxic conditions or in the presence of @entity9 , @entity6 , or @entity10 . Furthermore, the process is sensitive to @entity4 and @entity8 . Isolated lacrimocytes, consiting of 95% secretory acinar cells, are prepared by digestion with collagenase, hyaluronidase, and trypsin. They retain the characteristic polarity of secretory cells in situ, and localization of peroxidase is the same as in lobules. Since isolated lacrimocytes respond to cholinergic stimulation in the same way as lobules, the receptors are not damaged by the isolation procedure and appear to be associated directly with the exocrine cell. @entity0 uptake by isolated lacrimocytes is about 14 nmol O2 X min-1 X 10(-6) cells; it is about doubled by uncoupling with @entity9 . @entity0 uptake rises by 20-30% above the resting rate upon cholinergic stimulation. This additional uptake is suppressed by @entity5 or by added cholinesterase, indicating that continuous receptor occupancy may be required for the energy demand by exocytosis. On the basis of the specific activity of peroxidase in the medium, the energy demand resulting from cholinergic stimulation is estimated to be 0.08 mumol @entity2 (or energy-rich @entity3 bonds) per microgram of protein released from the lacrimocytes.

title: Exocytosis in secretory cells of XXXX lacrimal gland. Peroxidase release from lobules and isolated cells upon cholinergic stimulation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We report four cases of cerebral hemodynamic compromise identified over a five year period. Cerebral hemodynamic compromise is characterized by reversible attacks of regional @entity7 affecting @entity0 with occlusive disease of main arteries supplying blood to the brain. All four of our @entity0 had @entity4 (ICA) often associated with high grade @entity5 or occlusion of the contralateral internal carotid artery and/or major intracranial arteries. All @entity0 developed likely limb shaking transient @entity1 attacks (TIAs) which occur during acute exacerbation of regional @entity6 . These events often trigger EEG testing because of suspicion of @entity3 . Each @entity0 also had focal delta EEG slowing without evidence of noteworthy structural lesions on imaging scans. A discrepancy or mismatch between these testing results occurred. The @entity0 ' focal delta EEG slowing was attributed primarily to resting regional @entity6 . Diagnosis of cerebral hemodynamic compromise may be delayed when limb shaking @entity8 is misdiagnosed as a @entity2 or when regional @entity6 is not considered as a potential cause of focal delta EEG slowing in older @entity0 that have normal structural imaging studies. Our cases are discussed in light of the relevant EEG and clinical characteristics that have been described in reports of limb shaking @entity8 and structural imaging/focal delta EEG slowing mismatches.

title: Cerebral hemodynamic compromise associated with limb shaking XXXX and focal EEG slowing.

answer: @entity8


abstract: @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and affects about 30% of these @entity0 . We have previously localized a @entity3 locus on chromosome 3q with suggestive linkage in Finnish individuals. Linkage to this region has also been reported earlier by several other groups. To fine map this locus, we conducted a multistage case-control association study in @entity1 @entity0 , comprising 1822 cases with @entity2 and 1874 @entity1 @entity0 free of @entity2 , from Finland, Iceland, and the British Isles. At the screening stage, we genotyped 3072 tag SNPs, spanning a 28 Mb region, in 234 @entity0 and 215 controls from Finland. SNPs that met the significance threshold of p < 0.01 at this stage were followed up by a series of sample sets. A genetic variant, @entity4 , in the noncoding region at 3q22 was associated with increased risk of @entity3 (overall p = 7.07 x 10(-6), combined odds ratio [OR] of the allele = 1.33). The estimated genotypic ORs of this variant in all Finnish samples suggested a codominant effect, resulting in significant association, with a p value of 4.7 x 10(-5) (OR = 1.38; 95% confidence interval = 1.18-1.62). Additionally, an 11 kb segment flanked by @entity5 and @entity4 , two strongly correlated variants (r(2) = 0.95), contains three elements highly conserved across multiple species. Independent replication will clarify the role of the associated variants at 3q22 in influencing the risk of @entity3 .

title: Association of genetic variants at 3q22 with XXXX in @entity0 with @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and affects about 30% of these @entity0 . We have previously localized a @entity3 locus on chromosome 3q with suggestive linkage in Finnish individuals. Linkage to this region has also been reported earlier by several other groups. To fine map this locus, we conducted a multistage case-control association study in @entity1 @entity0 , comprising 1822 cases with @entity2 and 1874 @entity1 @entity0 free of @entity2 , from Finland, Iceland, and the British Isles. At the screening stage, we genotyped 3072 tag SNPs, spanning a 28 Mb region, in 234 @entity0 and 215 controls from Finland. SNPs that met the significance threshold of p < 0.01 at this stage were followed up by a series of sample sets. A genetic variant, @entity4 , in the noncoding region at 3q22 was associated with increased risk of @entity3 (overall p = 7.07 x 10(-6), combined odds ratio [OR] of the allele = 1.33). The estimated genotypic ORs of this variant in all Finnish samples suggested a codominant effect, resulting in significant association, with a p value of 4.7 x 10(-5) (OR = 1.38; 95% confidence interval = 1.18-1.62). Additionally, an 11 kb segment flanked by @entity5 and @entity4 , two strongly correlated variants (r(2) = 0.95), contains three elements highly conserved across multiple species. Independent replication will clarify the role of the associated variants at 3q22 in influencing the risk of @entity3 .

title: Association of genetic variants at 3q22 with @entity2 in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and affects about 30% of these @entity0 . We have previously localized a @entity3 locus on chromosome 3q with suggestive linkage in Finnish individuals. Linkage to this region has also been reported earlier by several other groups. To fine map this locus, we conducted a multistage case-control association study in @entity1 @entity0 , comprising 1822 cases with @entity2 and 1874 @entity1 @entity0 free of @entity2 , from Finland, Iceland, and the British Isles. At the screening stage, we genotyped 3072 tag SNPs, spanning a 28 Mb region, in 234 @entity0 and 215 controls from Finland. SNPs that met the significance threshold of p < 0.01 at this stage were followed up by a series of sample sets. A genetic variant, @entity4 , in the noncoding region at 3q22 was associated with increased risk of @entity3 (overall p = 7.07 x 10(-6), combined odds ratio [OR] of the allele = 1.33). The estimated genotypic ORs of this variant in all Finnish samples suggested a codominant effect, resulting in significant association, with a p value of 4.7 x 10(-5) (OR = 1.38; 95% confidence interval = 1.18-1.62). Additionally, an 11 kb segment flanked by @entity5 and @entity4 , two strongly correlated variants (r(2) = 0.95), contains three elements highly conserved across multiple species. Independent replication will clarify the role of the associated variants at 3q22 in influencing the risk of @entity3 .

title: Association of genetic variants at 3q22 with @entity2 in XXXX with @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Traumatic @entity5 ( @entity5 ) permanently alters bladder function in @entity0 . @entity3 and @entity6 occur in both @entity0 @entity5 as well as in rodent models of @entity5 . Others have reported early @entity5 -dependent disruption to bladder uroepithelial integrity that results in increased permeability to urine and urine-borne substances. This can result in @entity6 , or @entity1 of the bladder, an ongoing pathological condition present throughout the chronic phase of @entity5 in @entity0 . The goals of our study were twofold: (1) to begin to examine the inflammatory and molecular changes that occur within the bladder uroepithelium using a clinically-relevant spinal contusion model of injury, and (2) to assess whether these alterations continue into the chronic phase of @entity5 . @entity2 received either moderate @entity5 or sham surgery. Urine was collected from @entity5 and sham subjects over 7 days or at 7 months to assess levels of excreted proteins. @entity1 in the bladder wall was assessed via biochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Bladder tight junction proteins, mediators of uroepithelial integrity, were also measured in both the acute and chronic phases of @entity5 . Urine protein and hemoglobin levels rapidly increase following @entity5 . An @entity5 -dependent elevation in numbers of neutrophils within the bladder wall peaked at 48 h. Bladder tight junction proteins demonstrate a rapid but transient decrease as early as 2 h post- @entity5 . Surprisingly, elevated levels of urine proteins and significant @entity4 proteins could be detected in chronic @entity5 , suggesting that early pathological changes to the bladder may continue throughout the chronic phase of injury.

title: XXXX after spinal contusion injury in the adult @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Traumatic @entity5 ( @entity5 ) permanently alters bladder function in @entity0 . @entity3 and @entity6 occur in both @entity0 @entity5 as well as in rodent models of @entity5 . Others have reported early @entity5 -dependent disruption to bladder uroepithelial integrity that results in increased permeability to urine and urine-borne substances. This can result in @entity6 , or @entity1 of the bladder, an ongoing pathological condition present throughout the chronic phase of @entity5 in @entity0 . The goals of our study were twofold: (1) to begin to examine the inflammatory and molecular changes that occur within the bladder uroepithelium using a clinically-relevant spinal contusion model of injury, and (2) to assess whether these alterations continue into the chronic phase of @entity5 . @entity2 received either moderate @entity5 or sham surgery. Urine was collected from @entity5 and sham subjects over 7 days or at 7 months to assess levels of excreted proteins. @entity1 in the bladder wall was assessed via biochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Bladder tight junction proteins, mediators of uroepithelial integrity, were also measured in both the acute and chronic phases of @entity5 . Urine protein and hemoglobin levels rapidly increase following @entity5 . An @entity5 -dependent elevation in numbers of neutrophils within the bladder wall peaked at 48 h. Bladder tight junction proteins demonstrate a rapid but transient decrease as early as 2 h post- @entity5 . Surprisingly, elevated levels of urine proteins and significant @entity4 proteins could be detected in chronic @entity5 , suggesting that early pathological changes to the bladder may continue throughout the chronic phase of injury.

title: @entity4 after spinal contusion injury in the adult XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to test the usability and effectiveness of a newly-developed virtual reality (VR)-based community living skills training program for @entity0 with acquired @entity4 (ABI). METHOD: A small-sample, pre- and post-quasi experimental design was adopted to initially study the efficacy of the VR-based training program. Its usability was also investigated through interviewing subjects. Outcomes were documented in terms of subjects' skills acquisition, self-efficacy in applying the learnt skills and the transfer ratio of the learnt skills to the real environment. @entity2 and the functional independence level were also assessed. RESULTS: Four subjects with ABI (one @entity3 and three @entity1 subjects) were successfully recruited and received 10 sessions of VR-based community living skills training. All four subjects showed improvement in skills acquisition and memory performance, while three out of four also showed improvement in self-efficacy and demonstrated transfer of skills to the real environment. Usability was initially supported. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results suggested positive changes in ABI subjects. The proposed virtual reality (VR) community living skills training software will be further investigated in a randomized controlled trial.

title: Virtual reality (VR)-based community living skills training for @entity0 with acquired XXXX : A pilot study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to test the usability and effectiveness of a newly-developed virtual reality (VR)-based community living skills training program for @entity0 with acquired @entity4 (ABI). METHOD: A small-sample, pre- and post-quasi experimental design was adopted to initially study the efficacy of the VR-based training program. Its usability was also investigated through interviewing subjects. Outcomes were documented in terms of subjects' skills acquisition, self-efficacy in applying the learnt skills and the transfer ratio of the learnt skills to the real environment. @entity2 and the functional independence level were also assessed. RESULTS: Four subjects with ABI (one @entity3 and three @entity1 subjects) were successfully recruited and received 10 sessions of VR-based community living skills training. All four subjects showed improvement in skills acquisition and memory performance, while three out of four also showed improvement in self-efficacy and demonstrated transfer of skills to the real environment. Usability was initially supported. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results suggested positive changes in ABI subjects. The proposed virtual reality (VR) community living skills training software will be further investigated in a randomized controlled trial.

title: Virtual reality (VR)-based community living skills training for XXXX with acquired @entity4 : A pilot study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 associated with low @entity6 levels in postmenopausal @entity0 , and with @entity4 deprivation therapy in @entity0 with @entity3 , result in an increased incidence of @entity2 . Denosumab has been shown to increase bone mineral density in these two conditions. OBJECTIVES/METHODS: The objective of this evaluation is to review the clinical trials that have studied clinical endpoints in these conditions. RESULTS: FREEDOM (Fracture Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in @entity1 Every 6 Months) was an International Phase III clinical trial that measured the clinical endpoints with denosumab in postmenopausal @entity0 with @entity1 . At 36 months, new @entity2 had occurred in 7.2% of subjects in the placebo group and this was lowered to 2.3% of subjects treated with denosumab. HALT (Denosumab Hormone Ablation Bone Loss Trial) studied the clinical endpoints in @entity0 with non-metastatic @entity3 receiving @entity4 -deprivation therapy. The incidence of @entity2 was significantly lower in the denosumab group (1.5%) than in the placebo group (3.9%). The incidence of adverse effects with denosumab in both clinical trials was low. CONCLUSIONS: Denosumab reduces the incidence of @entity2 in postmenopausal @entity0 with @entity1 and in @entity0 with non-metastatic @entity3 receiving @entity4 -deprivation therapy. Denosumab is well tolerated.

title: Good clinical endpoints with denosumab in XXXX and cancer.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity7 belongs to a group of progressive @entity1 in which the destruction of white matter in the brain is accompanied by the formation of fibrous, eosinophilic deposits known as Rosenthal fibers. @entity2 rarely accompanies this disease. The aim of this report is to present a @entity0 with juvenile-onset @entity7 , who also had progressive @entity6 requiring surgical stabilization. A 13-year-old male presented with @entity3 in both lower extremities and @entity5 . Results of an examination of the spine showed a left @entity4 with prominent left paraspinous prominence and elevation of the ipsilateral shoulder. Spinal fusion with rigid internal stabilizing instrumentation was selected for surgical treatment of the @entity5 . The fusion area was to be from T2 to L4. He was instrumented with pedicle screw fixation system, and he underwent fusion with an allogenous bone graft. Satisfactory correction of the sagittal and @entity2 was achieved, reducing the @entity5 to 14 degrees . At the 5-year follow-up, results of a clinical examination showed a marked improvement in truncal balance and walking ability. The @entity0 had a rapidly progressive @entity5 and severe decompensation requiring surgical stabilization. The @entity5 behaved in a manner similar to that of @entity6 . Therefore, more aggressive treatment was warranted to prevent decompensation. For that reason, posterior long segment (T2-L4) pedicle screw instrumentation and fusion was performed for surgical treatment.

title: A rare cause of @entity6 : XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity7 belongs to a group of progressive @entity1 in which the destruction of white matter in the brain is accompanied by the formation of fibrous, eosinophilic deposits known as Rosenthal fibers. @entity2 rarely accompanies this disease. The aim of this report is to present a @entity0 with juvenile-onset @entity7 , who also had progressive @entity6 requiring surgical stabilization. A 13-year-old male presented with @entity3 in both lower extremities and @entity5 . Results of an examination of the spine showed a left @entity4 with prominent left paraspinous prominence and elevation of the ipsilateral shoulder. Spinal fusion with rigid internal stabilizing instrumentation was selected for surgical treatment of the @entity5 . The fusion area was to be from T2 to L4. He was instrumented with pedicle screw fixation system, and he underwent fusion with an allogenous bone graft. Satisfactory correction of the sagittal and @entity2 was achieved, reducing the @entity5 to 14 degrees . At the 5-year follow-up, results of a clinical examination showed a marked improvement in truncal balance and walking ability. The @entity0 had a rapidly progressive @entity5 and severe decompensation requiring surgical stabilization. The @entity5 behaved in a manner similar to that of @entity6 . Therefore, more aggressive treatment was warranted to prevent decompensation. For that reason, posterior long segment (T2-L4) pedicle screw instrumentation and fusion was performed for surgical treatment.

title: A rare cause of XXXX : @entity7 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Serum @entity1 Tg(RIA) was studied in 161 residents of the Nomane region of New Guinea. The incidence of antithyroglobulin antibodies (ATA) and antimicrosomal antibodies (anti-M) was also studied to assess the role of @entity0 in goitrogenesis. ATA were detected in only 4 sera; these sera were excluded from the study since ATA interfere in the Tg radioimmunoassay. Anti-M antibodies were undetectable in all of 105 subjects whose sera were analyzed. Mean (+/-se) serum Tg(RIA) in the 84 nongoitrous (NG) subjects was 163.1 +/- 17.2 ng/ml, whereas that in 77 goitrous (G) subjects was 208.1 +/- 19.8 ng/ml; both values were much higher (P is less than 0.001) than that (5.1 +/- 0.49 ng/ml) in normal Californian subjects. The mean serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the NG group (12.1 +/- 2.1 muU/ml) was not statistically different from that in the G group (10.1 +/- 1.5 muU/ml). Serum Tg(RIA) correlated positively with log TSH (r equals 0.38 P is less than 0.001). Intrigued by the finding of @entity3 in some residents of an @entity2 region and its absence in other residents exposed to the same environmental factors, we evaluated the possibility that the thyroid glands of subjects who develop @entity3 may be inherently more responsive to any given level of TSH than those of the inhabitants without @entity3 . However, the slope of the correlation between serum Tg(RIA) and log TSH was only slightly (0.1 is less than P is greater than .05) higher in G than in the NG group. These studies suggested that factors other than thyroidal responsiveness to TSH must also be important in goiterogenesis of @entity2 regions. We conclude that 1) serum @entity1 is a sensitive parameter of chronic as well as acute thyroidal stimulation; 2) Thyroid @entity0 and increased thyroidal response to TSH do not explain goiterogenesis in New Guinea and attention should be focused on other possibilities.

title: Serum XXXX in inhabitants of an @entity2 region of New Guinea.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Serum @entity1 Tg(RIA) was studied in 161 residents of the Nomane region of New Guinea. The incidence of antithyroglobulin antibodies (ATA) and antimicrosomal antibodies (anti-M) was also studied to assess the role of @entity0 in goitrogenesis. ATA were detected in only 4 sera; these sera were excluded from the study since ATA interfere in the Tg radioimmunoassay. Anti-M antibodies were undetectable in all of 105 subjects whose sera were analyzed. Mean (+/-se) serum Tg(RIA) in the 84 nongoitrous (NG) subjects was 163.1 +/- 17.2 ng/ml, whereas that in 77 goitrous (G) subjects was 208.1 +/- 19.8 ng/ml; both values were much higher (P is less than 0.001) than that (5.1 +/- 0.49 ng/ml) in normal Californian subjects. The mean serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the NG group (12.1 +/- 2.1 muU/ml) was not statistically different from that in the G group (10.1 +/- 1.5 muU/ml). Serum Tg(RIA) correlated positively with log TSH (r equals 0.38 P is less than 0.001). Intrigued by the finding of @entity3 in some residents of an @entity2 region and its absence in other residents exposed to the same environmental factors, we evaluated the possibility that the thyroid glands of subjects who develop @entity3 may be inherently more responsive to any given level of TSH than those of the inhabitants without @entity3 . However, the slope of the correlation between serum Tg(RIA) and log TSH was only slightly (0.1 is less than P is greater than .05) higher in G than in the NG group. These studies suggested that factors other than thyroidal responsiveness to TSH must also be important in goiterogenesis of @entity2 regions. We conclude that 1) serum @entity1 is a sensitive parameter of chronic as well as acute thyroidal stimulation; 2) Thyroid @entity0 and increased thyroidal response to TSH do not explain goiterogenesis in New Guinea and attention should be focused on other possibilities.

title: Serum @entity1 in inhabitants of an XXXX region of New Guinea.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Intraventricular injections of 192 IgG saporin in 7-day-old @entity0 severely reduced @entity2 as reflected by both decreased acetylcholinesterase staining and immunoreactivity for the p75 neurotrophin receptor. It was determined if this altered the effects of environmental enrichment on spatial learning, hippocampal @entity4 cell cytoarchitecture as reflected by the Golgi stain, and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus as indicated by doublecortin immunoreactivity. At weaning, lesioned and control @entity0 were either group housed in large, environmentally enriched cages or housed two per standard cage for 42 days. When subsequently assessed with a working-memory spatial navigation task, both lesioned and control @entity0 showed enhanced learning as a result of enrichment. Quantitative analysis of Golgi stained sections indicated that enrichment did not affect @entity4 @entity5 or dendritic spine density. However, the lesion reduced the number of apical branches, spine density on intermediate to distal apical dendrites, and the length of basal branches. It also reduced the number of doublecortin immunoreactive neurons in the dentate gyrus and appeared to prevent their increase due to environmental enrichment. It is concluded that developmental cholinergic lesioning does not attenuate neurobehavioral plasticity, at least as reflected by the behavioral consequences of enrichment. It does, however, attenuate neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, like adult-inflicted cholinergic lesions. As previously found for cortical neurons, it also reduces @entity4 pyramidal cell dendritic complexity and spine density in adulthood. The results have implications for the loss of synapses that occurs in both developmental and aging-related @entity1 involving @entity3 .

title: Developmental forebrain cholinergic lesion and environmental enrichment: behaviour, XXXX cytoarchitecture and neurogenesis.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: The lifetime prevalence of domestic violence in @entity0 is 20-25%. There is increasing recognition of the increased vulnerability of @entity1 populations to domestic violence. We therefore aimed to review studies on the prevalence of, and the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions in, @entity1 @entity0 experiencing domestic violence. METHOD: Literature search using Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE applying the following inclusion criteria: English-language papers, data provided on the prevalence of or interventions for domestic violence, adults in contact with mental health services. RESULTS: Reported lifetime prevalence of severe domestic violence among @entity1 in- @entity0 ranged from 30% to 60%. Lower rates are reported for @entity0 when prevalence is reported by gender. No controlled studies were identified. Low rates of detection of domestic violence occur in routine clinical practice and there is some evidence that, when routine enquiry is introduced into services, detection rates improve, but identification of domestic violence is rarely used in treatment planning. There is a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of routine enquiry in terms of morbidity and mortality, and there have been no studies investigating specific domestic violence interventions for @entity1 @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of domestic violence in @entity1 populations but the extent of the increased risk in @entity1 @entity0 compared with other populations is not clear because of the limitations of the methodology used in the studies identified. There is also very limited evidence on how to address domestic violence with respect to the identification and provision of evidence-based interventions in mental health services.

title: Domestic violence and severe XXXX : prevalence and interventions.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Preoperative chemotherapy for hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastases is associated with the development of chemotherapy-associated @entity2 (CASH). This increases the risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. To the authors' knowledge, an animal model for CASH has not been described previously. It has been established that fatty acid @entity5 conjugates (FABACs) prevent the formation of diet-induced @entity2 . The current study was designed to establish an animal model of CASH and to use that model to study the effect of FABACs on its occurrence. METHODS: C57BL/6 @entity0 were given different doses of @entity1 and @entity4 . @entity1 administered once weekly at a dose of 6 mg/kg for a total dose of 24 mg/kg was tolerated best and was associated most consistently with CASH. Thus, that dose was chosen as the induction model for CASH. Subsequently, @entity0 were divided into a control group (no treatment), an @entity1 group, and a CASH-prevention group, which received @entity1 and C20-FABAC at a dose of 150 mg/kg daily. The animals were killed after 28 days. RESULTS: Liver fat content was significantly lower (P < .0001) in the control group (51.63 mg/g) and the prevention group (62.13 mg/g) compared with the @entity1 group (95.35 mg/g). This difference was mainly because of the accumulation of liver @entity3 in the @entity1 group. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicated that C57BL/6 @entity0 receiving weekly @entity1 can be used as a model for CASH. Oral FABAC therapy reduced the development of CASH in animals that received @entity1 . To the authors' knowledge, this report is the first description of a model and a potential preventive treatment for CASH.

title: An animal model for chemotherapy-associated XXXX and its prevention by the oral administration of fatty acid @entity5 conjugate.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Preoperative chemotherapy for hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastases is associated with the development of chemotherapy-associated @entity2 (CASH). This increases the risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. To the authors' knowledge, an animal model for CASH has not been described previously. It has been established that fatty acid @entity5 conjugates (FABACs) prevent the formation of diet-induced @entity2 . The current study was designed to establish an animal model of CASH and to use that model to study the effect of FABACs on its occurrence. METHODS: C57BL/6 @entity0 were given different doses of @entity1 and @entity4 . @entity1 administered once weekly at a dose of 6 mg/kg for a total dose of 24 mg/kg was tolerated best and was associated most consistently with CASH. Thus, that dose was chosen as the induction model for CASH. Subsequently, @entity0 were divided into a control group (no treatment), an @entity1 group, and a CASH-prevention group, which received @entity1 and C20-FABAC at a dose of 150 mg/kg daily. The animals were killed after 28 days. RESULTS: Liver fat content was significantly lower (P < .0001) in the control group (51.63 mg/g) and the prevention group (62.13 mg/g) compared with the @entity1 group (95.35 mg/g). This difference was mainly because of the accumulation of liver @entity3 in the @entity1 group. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicated that C57BL/6 @entity0 receiving weekly @entity1 can be used as a model for CASH. Oral FABAC therapy reduced the development of CASH in animals that received @entity1 . To the authors' knowledge, this report is the first description of a model and a potential preventive treatment for CASH.

title: An animal model for chemotherapy-associated @entity2 and its prevention by the oral administration of fatty acid XXXX conjugate.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the localization of @entity13 ( @entity13 ) in ram sperm and the possible changes during in vitro capacitation (CA) and the ionophore-induced @entity0 ( @entity0 ). Likewise, changes in intracellular @entity2 levels ([ @entity1 ](i)) were also analysed by using flow cytometry. CA was induced in vitro in a medium containing BSA, @entity7 , @entity10 , and @entity0 by the addition of the @entity2 ionophore @entity8 . The acrosomal status was assessed by the @entity12 -fluorescence (CTC) assay. Flow cytometry (FC) analyses were performed by loading samples with @entity9 AM, that emits fluorescence at a high [ @entity1 ](i), combined with @entity6 (PI) that allowed us to discriminate sperm with/without an integral plasma membrane both with high/low [ @entity1 ](i). Immunocytochemistry localized @entity13 to the flagellum, and some sperm also contained @entity13 in the head (equatorial and post-acrosomal regions). CA and @entity0 resulted in a slight increase in the post-acrosomal labelling. The treatment of sperm with increasing concentrations of two @entity13 antagonists, W7 and @entity11 (CZ), accounted for an increase in capacitated and acrosome-reacted CTC-sperm patterns. CZ induced a significant reduction in the content of three protein @entity4 -phosphorylated bands of approximately of 30, 40 and 45kDa. However, W7 showed no significant effect at any of the studied concentrations. Neither of them significantly influenced protein @entity3 and @entity5 phosphorylation. FC analysis revealed that the main subpopulation in the control samples contained 70% of the total sperm with integral plasma membrane and a medium [ @entity1 ](i). After CA, 67.1% of the sperm preserved an integral membrane with a higher [ @entity1 ](i). After @entity0 , only 7.2% of the total sperm preserved intact membranes with a very high [ @entity1 ](i). These results imply that @entity13 appears to be involved in ram sperm capacitation, and both treatments increased its localization in the post-acrosomal region.

title: Changes in XXXX immunocytochemical localization associated with capacitation and acrosomal exocytosis of ram spermatozoa.

answer: @entity13


abstract: @entity3 (lipopolysaccharide), a major constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, regulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts directly or indirectly. This study sought to investigate the functions of the RANK/ @entity4 pathway in @entity3 -induced @entity1 in vivo. Wild-type @entity0 or @entity7 -/- @entity0 were injected @entity3 with or without @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and analyzed histologically. Bone volume was reduced by @entity3 injection in all groups, and @entity6 administration prevented the @entity3 -induced @entity1 regardless of genotypes. @entity3 -induced enhancement of osteoclastogenesis in wild-type @entity0 was blocked by @entity6 administration. @entity3 or @entity6 did not affect osteoclastogenesis in @entity7 -/- @entity0 . Interestingly, osteoblast surface was remarkably reduced in @entity3 -treated @entity7 -/- @entity0 as a result of enhanced osteoblast apoptosis. @entity5 , induced by @entity2 in BMC, triggered apoptosis of primary osteoblast only when @entity7 signal was ablated in vitro. In conclusion, RANK signaling plays a prominent role in osteoclastogenesis downstream of @entity3 . Furthermore, @entity7 regulates bone metabolism through not only the regulation of osteoclast differentiation but also osteoblast survival.

title: The roles of @entity7 in lipopolysaccharide-induced XXXX : dual effects of @entity7 on bone metabolism via osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast survival.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity3 (lipopolysaccharide), a major constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, regulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts directly or indirectly. This study sought to investigate the functions of the RANK/ @entity4 pathway in @entity3 -induced @entity1 in vivo. Wild-type @entity0 or @entity7 -/- @entity0 were injected @entity3 with or without @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and analyzed histologically. Bone volume was reduced by @entity3 injection in all groups, and @entity6 administration prevented the @entity3 -induced @entity1 regardless of genotypes. @entity3 -induced enhancement of osteoclastogenesis in wild-type @entity0 was blocked by @entity6 administration. @entity3 or @entity6 did not affect osteoclastogenesis in @entity7 -/- @entity0 . Interestingly, osteoblast surface was remarkably reduced in @entity3 -treated @entity7 -/- @entity0 as a result of enhanced osteoblast apoptosis. @entity5 , induced by @entity2 in BMC, triggered apoptosis of primary osteoblast only when @entity7 signal was ablated in vitro. In conclusion, RANK signaling plays a prominent role in osteoclastogenesis downstream of @entity3 . Furthermore, @entity7 regulates bone metabolism through not only the regulation of osteoclast differentiation but also osteoblast survival.

title: The roles of XXXX in lipopolysaccharide-induced @entity1 : dual effects of @entity7 on bone metabolism via osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast survival.

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity3 (lipopolysaccharide), a major constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, regulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts directly or indirectly. This study sought to investigate the functions of the RANK/ @entity4 pathway in @entity3 -induced @entity1 in vivo. Wild-type @entity0 or @entity7 -/- @entity0 were injected @entity3 with or without @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and analyzed histologically. Bone volume was reduced by @entity3 injection in all groups, and @entity6 administration prevented the @entity3 -induced @entity1 regardless of genotypes. @entity3 -induced enhancement of osteoclastogenesis in wild-type @entity0 was blocked by @entity6 administration. @entity3 or @entity6 did not affect osteoclastogenesis in @entity7 -/- @entity0 . Interestingly, osteoblast surface was remarkably reduced in @entity3 -treated @entity7 -/- @entity0 as a result of enhanced osteoblast apoptosis. @entity5 , induced by @entity2 in BMC, triggered apoptosis of primary osteoblast only when @entity7 signal was ablated in vitro. In conclusion, RANK signaling plays a prominent role in osteoclastogenesis downstream of @entity3 . Furthermore, @entity7 regulates bone metabolism through not only the regulation of osteoclast differentiation but also osteoblast survival.

title: The roles of @entity7 in lipopolysaccharide-induced @entity1 : dual effects of XXXX on bone metabolism via osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast survival.

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: Only few studies have assessed the relative impact of prenatal and postnatal exposure to @entity1 smoke on the @entity0 's later @entity2 or chronic @entity4 and to our knowledge no studies have elaborated @entity5 and @entity3 in this context. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to @entity1 smoke on respiratory health of Russian school @entity0 . METHODS: We studied a population of 5951 @entity0 (8 to 12 years old) from 9 Russian cities, whose parents answered a questionnaire on their @entity0 's respiratory health, home environment, and housing characteristics. The main health outcomes were @entity2 , @entity3 , chronic @entity4 , chronic @entity6 , and @entity5 . We used adjusted odds ratios (ORs) from logistic regression analyses as measures of effect. RESULTS: Prenatal exposure due to maternal smoking had the strongest effects on @entity2 (adjusted OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.19-5.08), chronic @entity6 (adjusted OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.08-1.96) and @entity4 , such as wheezing (adjusted OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.90-1.89). The associations were weaker for exposure during early-life (adjusted ORs 1.38/1.27/1.15 respectively) and after 2 years of age (adjusted ORs 1.45/1.34/1.18) compared to prenatal exposure and the weakest or non-existent for current exposure (adjusted ORs 1.05/1.09/1.06). @entity5 were associated more strongly with early-life exposure (adjusted OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09-1.42) than with prenatal (adjusted OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.54-1.01) or current exposure (adjusted OR1.05, 95% CI 0.92-1.20). The risk of @entity3 was also related to early life exposure to @entity1 smoke (adjusted OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13-1.42). CONCLUSION: Adverse effects of @entity1 smoke on @entity2 , chronic @entity6 , and chronic @entity4 are strongest when smoking takes place during pregnancy. The relations are weaker for exposure during early-life and after 2 years of age and weakest or non-existent for current exposure.

title: Prenatal and postnatal XXXX smoke exposure and respiratory health in Russian @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Only few studies have assessed the relative impact of prenatal and postnatal exposure to @entity1 smoke on the @entity0 's later @entity2 or chronic @entity4 and to our knowledge no studies have elaborated @entity5 and @entity3 in this context. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to @entity1 smoke on respiratory health of Russian school @entity0 . METHODS: We studied a population of 5951 @entity0 (8 to 12 years old) from 9 Russian cities, whose parents answered a questionnaire on their @entity0 's respiratory health, home environment, and housing characteristics. The main health outcomes were @entity2 , @entity3 , chronic @entity4 , chronic @entity6 , and @entity5 . We used adjusted odds ratios (ORs) from logistic regression analyses as measures of effect. RESULTS: Prenatal exposure due to maternal smoking had the strongest effects on @entity2 (adjusted OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.19-5.08), chronic @entity6 (adjusted OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.08-1.96) and @entity4 , such as wheezing (adjusted OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.90-1.89). The associations were weaker for exposure during early-life (adjusted ORs 1.38/1.27/1.15 respectively) and after 2 years of age (adjusted ORs 1.45/1.34/1.18) compared to prenatal exposure and the weakest or non-existent for current exposure (adjusted ORs 1.05/1.09/1.06). @entity5 were associated more strongly with early-life exposure (adjusted OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09-1.42) than with prenatal (adjusted OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.54-1.01) or current exposure (adjusted OR1.05, 95% CI 0.92-1.20). The risk of @entity3 was also related to early life exposure to @entity1 smoke (adjusted OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13-1.42). CONCLUSION: Adverse effects of @entity1 smoke on @entity2 , chronic @entity6 , and chronic @entity4 are strongest when smoking takes place during pregnancy. The relations are weaker for exposure during early-life and after 2 years of age and weakest or non-existent for current exposure.

title: Prenatal and postnatal @entity1 smoke exposure and respiratory health in Russian XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have previously reported premature, extensive @entity4 in @entity0 with homozygous @entity5 (hmzFH) due to mutations in the @entity6 gene ( @entity6 ). The objective of this study was to measure the degree of @entity4 in heterozygous FH (htzFH) compared to both hmzFH and controls. We hypothesized that the @entity6 gene may contribute to @entity4 in a gene-dosage effect. METHOD: @entity0 with htzFH due to the French Canadian mutation ( @entity8 kb del. null allele) were selected. All @entity0 underwent computed tomographic scan to measure @entity3 . We used 22 hmzFH @entity0 from our previous study and @entity0 undergoing computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy as controls. RESULTS: Mean age for htzFH was 50 +/- 15 years; initial @entity1 level before treatment was 10.45 +/- 1.73 mmol/ @entity7 cardiovascular events occurred in 9 of 17 @entity0 . A strong correlation between age and @entity2 score was found (r = 0.72, P = .0016). There was a strong correlation between the @entity1 -year score (an index of lifelong @entity1 burden) and the aortic @entity2 score (r = 0.62, P = .0105). @entity4 in htzFH subjects occurred later than in hmzFH @entity0 , but much earlier than in controls, suggesting a gene-dosage effect of @entity6 mutations and aortic @entity2 deposition. CONCLUSION: @entity4 was observed in @entity0 with htzFH but presented at a later time and were less extensive than in hmzFH (34 vs 14 years, respectively). Because @entity4 may be partly independent of serum @entity1 levels in @entity0 with @entity5 , implications for screening and the timing of treatment initiation may need reassessment.

title: @entity4 in XXXX : potential role of the @entity6 gene.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have previously reported premature, extensive @entity4 in @entity0 with homozygous @entity5 (hmzFH) due to mutations in the @entity6 gene ( @entity6 ). The objective of this study was to measure the degree of @entity4 in heterozygous FH (htzFH) compared to both hmzFH and controls. We hypothesized that the @entity6 gene may contribute to @entity4 in a gene-dosage effect. METHOD: @entity0 with htzFH due to the French Canadian mutation ( @entity8 kb del. null allele) were selected. All @entity0 underwent computed tomographic scan to measure @entity3 . We used 22 hmzFH @entity0 from our previous study and @entity0 undergoing computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy as controls. RESULTS: Mean age for htzFH was 50 +/- 15 years; initial @entity1 level before treatment was 10.45 +/- 1.73 mmol/ @entity7 cardiovascular events occurred in 9 of 17 @entity0 . A strong correlation between age and @entity2 score was found (r = 0.72, P = .0016). There was a strong correlation between the @entity1 -year score (an index of lifelong @entity1 burden) and the aortic @entity2 score (r = 0.62, P = .0105). @entity4 in htzFH subjects occurred later than in hmzFH @entity0 , but much earlier than in controls, suggesting a gene-dosage effect of @entity6 mutations and aortic @entity2 deposition. CONCLUSION: @entity4 was observed in @entity0 with htzFH but presented at a later time and were less extensive than in hmzFH (34 vs 14 years, respectively). Because @entity4 may be partly independent of serum @entity1 levels in @entity0 with @entity5 , implications for screening and the timing of treatment initiation may need reassessment.

title: @entity4 in @entity5 : potential role of the XXXX gene.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have previously reported premature, extensive @entity4 in @entity0 with homozygous @entity5 (hmzFH) due to mutations in the @entity6 gene ( @entity6 ). The objective of this study was to measure the degree of @entity4 in heterozygous FH (htzFH) compared to both hmzFH and controls. We hypothesized that the @entity6 gene may contribute to @entity4 in a gene-dosage effect. METHOD: @entity0 with htzFH due to the French Canadian mutation ( @entity8 kb del. null allele) were selected. All @entity0 underwent computed tomographic scan to measure @entity3 . We used 22 hmzFH @entity0 from our previous study and @entity0 undergoing computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy as controls. RESULTS: Mean age for htzFH was 50 +/- 15 years; initial @entity1 level before treatment was 10.45 +/- 1.73 mmol/ @entity7 cardiovascular events occurred in 9 of 17 @entity0 . A strong correlation between age and @entity2 score was found (r = 0.72, P = .0016). There was a strong correlation between the @entity1 -year score (an index of lifelong @entity1 burden) and the aortic @entity2 score (r = 0.62, P = .0105). @entity4 in htzFH subjects occurred later than in hmzFH @entity0 , but much earlier than in controls, suggesting a gene-dosage effect of @entity6 mutations and aortic @entity2 deposition. CONCLUSION: @entity4 was observed in @entity0 with htzFH but presented at a later time and were less extensive than in hmzFH (34 vs 14 years, respectively). Because @entity4 may be partly independent of serum @entity1 levels in @entity0 with @entity5 , implications for screening and the timing of treatment initiation may need reassessment.

title: XXXX in @entity5 : potential role of the @entity6 gene.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is conclusive evidence from large clinical trials that thrombolytic therapy reduces mortality and morbidity in @entity2 ( @entity2 ). However, only a small proportion of @entity0 receive thrombolytic treatment. Estimates have varied from 20%-50% in North America and Europe. Data from the Arab Middle East is sparse. The purpose of our study was to determine the use of thrombolytic therapy in our hospital. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 343 @entity0 (358 incidents of @entity2 ), who were either discharged from or died at the coronary care unit of the Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital during the one-year period between June 1994 and May 1995. RESULTS: Our @entity0 were relatively younger (63% were 7lt;55 years) and had a much higher prevalence (44%) of @entity1 compared to European @entity0 . We observed a high rate (62%) of thrombolysis and a lesser shortfall (8%) when compared to that reported for European @entity0 . The main reason for withholding thrombolytic therapy was non-diagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) on initial presentation. @entity0 were less likely to be thrombolyzed than @entity0 (38% vs. 66%, P=0.0001). Older @entity0 (aged >65 years) were also less likely to be thrombolyzed than younger @entity0 (42% vs. 66%; P=0.0006). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the use of thrombolytic therapy in this university hospital in Kuwait is appropriate. However, as observed in other reports as well, the underutilization of thrombolytic therapy in @entity0 and the elderly needs to be addressed in future studies.

title: Thrombolytic therapy in XXXX : Experience at a university hospital in Kuwait.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of this report was to study the sensitivity of indicators used for predicting bile duct stones and their endoscopic removal before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. @entity0 AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 104 @entity0 who successfully underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) before laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Riyadh Medical Complex between 1992 and 1994 (1412H-1414H). Six indicators  @entity2 , @entity1 , stones in bile duct on sonography, dilated bile duct (>7 mm) on ultrasonography, dilated bile duct with deranged liver function test, and deranged liver function test without @entity2  were used for suspecting @entity4 and endoscopic removal before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. RESULTS: Ultrasound correctly predicted bile duct stone in 75%, followed by dilated bile duct with deranged liver function test (46%). @entity2 and @entity1 were equally sensitive indicators (42% each). Sensitivity of only dilated bile duct on ultrasonography in predicting duct stone was 36%. @entity3 without @entity2 was the least sensitive (22%) of the predictors. Overall, these indicators correctly diagnosed bile duct stones in 34% of @entity0 . CONCLUSION: Until laparoscopic exploration of bile duct or a noninvasive technique, such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatogram (MRCP), is widely available, these predictors will help in selecting @entity0 with bile duct stones for preoperative removal. Other workers have suggested combining these indicators to improve the predictive value.

title: Assessment of indicators for predicting XXXX before laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine the relationship between coronary artery @entity5 score (CACS) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) results for predicting the short- and long-term risk of @entity3 . BACKGROUND: The CACS and SPECT results both provide important prognostic information. It is unclear whether integrating these tests will better predict @entity0 outcome. METHODS: We followed-up 1,126 generally asymptomatic subjects without previous @entity1 who had a CACS and stress SPECT scan performed within a close time period (median 56 days). The median follow-up was 6.9 years. End points analyzed were total @entity3 and all-cause @entity6 ( @entity6 ). RESULTS: An abnormal SPECT result increased with increasing CACS from <1% (CACS < or =10) to 29% (CACS >400) (p < 0.001). Total @entity3 and @entity2 / @entity6 also increased with increasing CACS and abnormal SPECT results (p < 0.001). In subjects with a normal SPECT result, CACS added incremental prognostic information, with a 3.55-fold relative increase for any @entity3 (2.75-fold for @entity2 / @entity6 ) when the CACS was severe (>400) versus minimal (< or =10). Separation of the survival curves occurred at 3 years after initial testing for all @entity3 and at 5 years for @entity2 / @entity6 . CONCLUSIONS: The CACS and SPECT findings are independent and complementary predictors of short- and long-term @entity3 . Despite a normal SPECT result, a severe CACS identifies subjects at high long-term cardiac risk. After a normal SPECT result, our findings support performing a CACS in @entity0 who are at intermediate or high clinical risk for @entity4 to better define those who will have a high long-term risk for adverse @entity3 .

title: The coronary artery XXXX score and stress myocardial perfusion imaging provide independent and complementary prediction of cardiac risk.

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: We developed a nomogram predicting the probability of early biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy because early recurrence predisposes to distant @entity1 and @entity2 related mortality. Identifying @entity0 at risk for early recurrence may improve prognosis as early institution of adjuvant therapy may reduce the risk of progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1992 to December 2005, 2,911 @entity0 underwent radical prostatectomy for @entity2 . Cox regression models addressing biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy were used to identify significant predictors. Age, @entity3 , pathological Gleason sum, surgical margin, extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node invasion were considered. A nomogram predicting the probability of biochemical recurrence-free survival within 2 years after radical prostatectomy was developed. Data from an independent center were used for external validation (2,875). RESULTS: In both cohorts combined during the first 2 years 11.0% (639) of all @entity0 experienced relapse which accounted for 58.5% of all observed biochemical recurrence. In the development cohort except for age all covariates represented significant predictors of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Pathological Gleason sum 7 or greater, seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node invasion were the most powerful predictors of biochemical recurrence. The accuracy (c-index) of the nomogram predicting biochemical recurrence-free survival within 2 years after radical prostatectomy was 0.82 in the external validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Two-thirds of all instances of relapse occur during the first 2 years after radical prostatectomy. Those @entity0 can be highly accurately identified with our nomogram. They might benefit the most from adjuvant treatment and could be the ideal candidates for adjuvant treatment trials.

title: Nomogram predicting the probability of early recurrence after radical prostatectomy for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: To determine whether wild @entity0 ( @entity0 ) at Mikura Island, Japan, show asymmetry of eye or flipper use during a social behaviour, we investigated the laterality of flipper-to-body (F-B) rubbing, in which one dolphin ("rubber") rubs the body of another ("rubbee") with its flipper. We analysed 382 episodes of video-recorded F-B rubbings performed by identified individuals (N=111 rubbers). F-B rubbing was conducted significantly more frequently with the left flipper than with the right flipper. The duration of F-B rubbings was also significantly longer with the left flipper than with the right flipper. Of 20 dolphins, nine individuals showed significant @entity1 as the rubber in this behaviour, whereas no dolphins showed significant right-side bias. The results indicate a population-level @entity1 of the rubber in F-B rubbing. An analysis of the swimming configurations during this behaviour suggests that the asymmetry in F-B rubbing was caused not only by the laterality of the rubber, but by a preference for use of the left eye in both dolphins during this behaviour. Dolphins used the left eye significantly more frequently than the right eye during the inquisitive behaviour, while they showed no significant bias in flipper use during the object-carrying behaviour. These facts also suggest that the asymmetry of F-B rubbing is caused by the preference for using the left eye. Significant @entity1 was observed only in F-B rubbings initiated by the rubbee, in which the rubbee determined its position during this behaviour. This suggests that this behavioural asymmetry was enhanced by the rubbees choosing the left side of the rubber to ensure better and longer rubs.

title: Laterality of flipper rubbing behaviour in wild bottlenose dolphins ( XXXX ): caused by asymmetry of eye use?

answer: @entity0