abstract: There is a widespread interest in defining factors and mechanisms that stimulate proliferation of pancreatic islet b-cells. Pregnancy is a special period when the pancreatic islet displays a highly reproducible physiological proliferation. However, the molecular mechanism of b-cell proliferation during pregnancy is unclear. Here, we used cDNA expression array to explore gene expression profiles of islet at various stages of pregnancy in @entity1 . Differentially expressed genes related to islet proliferation were screened by bioinformatics methods, and further verified by real-time PCR, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. Compared with control group, expressions of hundreds of genes were changed during pregnancy. The differentially expressed genes related to islet proliferation were mainly distributed in three groups: genes involved in transcription regulator activity, genes involved in apoptosis or @entity0 , and genes for @entity7 signaling pathway. Among these genes, expressions of @entity6 , @entity4 , @entity5 , b-catenin, and @entity3 mRNA were up-regulated during pregnancy. A prominent expression of @entity6 and @entity4 protein was observed in islets on day 10.5 of pregnancy, i.e., with earlier time phases than proliferation peak. Moreover, we found that @entity2 (PRL) can increase the proliferation of b-cell in vitro, which is accompanied by up-regulation of @entity4 and @entity6 , indicating that they may play a crucial role in PRL-induced pancreatic b-cell growth. In conclusion, our results suggest that the transcription factor @entity6 , @entity4 , and @entity7 pathway may play an important role in adaptive proliferation of pancreatic islets during pregnancy in @entity1 .

title: Molecular mechanism of pancreatic b-cell adaptive proliferation: studies during pregnancy in XXXX and in vitro.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) experience chronic @entity2 as a result of mucus build up within the lungs. @entity2 often cause lung damage and disease. Airway clearance therapies aim to improve mucus clearance, increase sputum production, and improve airway function. The active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT) is an airway clearance method that uses a cycle of techniques to loosen airway secretions including breathing control, thoracic expansion exercises, and the forced expiration technique. OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical effectiveness of ACBT with other airway clearance therapies in @entity3 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity3 Trials Register, compiled from electronic database searches and handsearching of journals and conference abstract books. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews.Last search: 05 August 2010. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled clinical studies, including crossover studies, comparing ACBT with other airway clearance therapies in @entity3 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened each article, abstracted data and assessed the risk of bias of each study. MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-eight studies were identified of which 17 (346 @entity0 ) met the inclusion criteria. Four randomised controlled studies (98 @entity0 ) were included in the meta-analysis; three were of crossover design. The 13 remaining studies were crossover studies with inadequate reports for complete assessment.Included studies compared ACBT to autogenic drainage, airway oscillating devices, high frequency chest compression devices, and conventional chest physiotherapy. @entity0 preference varied: more @entity0 preferred autogenic drainage over ACBT, more preferred ACBT over airway oscillating devices, and more were comfortable with ACBT versus high frequency chest compression. No significant difference was seen in sputum weight between ACBT and autogenic drainage or between ACBT and airway oscillating devices. There was no significant difference in lung function and the number of pulmonary exacerbations between ACBT and ACBT plus conventional chest physiotherapy. All other outcomes were either not measured or had insufficient data for analysis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to support or reject the use of ACBT over any other airway clearance therapy. Four studies, with four different comparators, found that ACBT was comparable to other therapies in outcomes such as @entity0 preference, lung function, sputum weight, @entity1 saturation, and number of pulmonary exacerbations. Longer-term studies are needed to more adequately assess the effects of ACBT on outcomes important for @entity0 such as quality of life and @entity0 preference.

title: Active cycle of breathing technique for XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Diaphragm @entity3 activation plays a key role in modulating sepsis-induced @entity2 . It is also known that double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase ( @entity5 ) is a regulator of @entity3 activation in neural tissue. We tested the hypothesis that the @entity5 pathway modulates sepsis-induced diaphragmatic @entity3 activation. We first evaluated the time course of diaphragm @entity5 activation following endotoxin administration in @entity0 . We then determined whether administration of a @entity5 inhibitor ( @entity4 ) prevents endotoxin-induced diaphragm @entity3 activation and contractile dysfunction in @entity0 . Finally, we investigated if inhibition of @entity5 (using either @entity4 or transfection with dominant-negative @entity5 ) blocks @entity3 activation in cytokine treated C   C       cells. Endotoxin markedly activated diaphragm @entity5 (with increases in both active phospho- @entity5 protein levels, P < 0.03, and directly measured @entity5 activity, P < 0.01) and increased active @entity3 levels (P < 0.01). Inhibition of @entity5 with @entity4 prevented endotoxin-induced diaphragm @entity3 activation (P < 0.01) and @entity1 (P < 0.001). Inhibition of @entity5 with either @entity4 or transfection with dominant-negative @entity5 blocked @entity3 activation in isolated cytokine-treated C   C       cells. These data implicate @entity5 activation as a major factor mediating cytokine-induced skeletal muscle @entity3 activation and @entity1 .

title: Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activation modulates endotoxin-induced XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Simple chromatographic methods were applied to @entity5 resins used as gum bases. Five @entity4 resins, mastic, dammar resin, olibanum, benzoin gum and elemi resin, and two @entity2 resins, rosin and copal resin, were separated with normal-phase TLC. Characteristic patterns were observed for all resins. Different samples of the same resin gave identical patterns. The TLC method is a candidate for a simple identification test for @entity3 resins. Samples were then @entity1 -esterified and analyzed with GC/ @entity0 . All resins exhibited characteristic chromatograms for total ion current. Major constituents of all resins were detected. Unique constituents that can be used as indicators were found in every resin. Therefore, GC/ @entity0 of @entity1 -esterified @entity5 resins is a valuable identification method.

title: [Identification methods of @entity5 gum bases using TLC and GC/ XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: Simple chromatographic methods were applied to @entity5 resins used as gum bases. Five @entity4 resins, mastic, dammar resin, olibanum, benzoin gum and elemi resin, and two @entity2 resins, rosin and copal resin, were separated with normal-phase TLC. Characteristic patterns were observed for all resins. Different samples of the same resin gave identical patterns. The TLC method is a candidate for a simple identification test for @entity3 resins. Samples were then @entity1 -esterified and analyzed with GC/ @entity0 . All resins exhibited characteristic chromatograms for total ion current. Major constituents of all resins were detected. Unique constituents that can be used as indicators were found in every resin. Therefore, GC/ @entity0 of @entity1 -esterified @entity5 resins is a valuable identification method.

title: [Identification methods of XXXX gum bases using TLC and GC/ @entity0 ].

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: The role of chemotherapy in @entity2 ( @entity2 ) remains a matter of debate. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the survival impact of chemotherapy after stratification for prognostic factors. METHODS: Consecutive @entity0 with @entity2 (1995 to 2008) were randomly assigned to a development (n = 171) and a validation cohort (n = 113). We had first identified prognostic factors using the Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods in the development cohort and then validated them in the validation cohort. Then, we analyzed the impact of chemotherapy after stratification for these prognostic factors. The majority of @entity0 had @entity3 (80%). RESULTS: The Cox model has retained 2 prognostic factors only: associated @entity1 (hazard ratio = 2.77, range 1.39-5.54, p = 0.004) and grade 3-4 @entity4 (hazard ratio = 1.44, range 1.08-2.14, p = 0.007). Median survival was 10.9 in @entity0 with 0 (n = 77), 6.2 in those with 1 (n = 65) and 1.8 months in those with 2 prognostic factors (n = 11/171; p = 0.025). The median survival times of the @entity0 with 0, 1 and 2 prognostic factors were 13 versus 9 months (nonsignificant, NS), 6 versus 5 months (NS) and 5 versus 1.3 months (NS) in @entity0 with and without chemotherapy, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that chemotherapy has no significant effect on survival for unselected @entity2 @entity0 , regardless of the prognostic factors we identified.

title: Palliative chemotherapy does not improve survival in metastatic XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The effects of a collagen dressing on hard-to-heal @entity1 ( @entity1 ) were evaluated in this prospective, randomised, controlled study. METHOD: @entity0 with hard-to-heal vlU were included and divided into two groups using the block randomisation method. The first group was treated with a collagen and an alginate dressing (group A), and the second group with an alginate dressing alone (group b). both groups also had a short-stretch compression system applied at every dressing change. The dressings were changed twice a week for 12 weeks or until the ulcer was healed. Granulation tissue improvement, wound size, overall dressing performance and dressing comfort were evaluated and recorded. RESULTS: A total of 40 @entity0 completed the study evaluation period. Group A had a 65% increase in granulation tissue compared to 38% in group b. The mean ulcer area was reduced to 45% in group A compared to 20% in group b at 12 weeks. no significant side effects were detected in either group. @entity0 of both groups were satisfied with their treatment and healing progress. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed the effectiveness and safety of a collagen dressing in hard-to-heal @entity1 as an adjunctive therapy with compression bandaging. These encouraging results may positively affect the quality of life of @entity0 with chronic wounds.

title: The use of a collagen matrix in hard-to-heal XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: We previously purified a potent serum suppressor factor from @entity1 fluid and showed that it had serologic cross-reactivity with E receptor of @entity0 T lymphocytes. We termed this factor "suppressive E receptor factor" (SER). Subsequent studies on SER showed that SER interfered with the production of @entity4 as well as interfering with their activities on target cells. However, SER was not directly cytotoxic to lymphocytes. In this study, we compared the inhibitor of DNA-polymerase (IDP) activity with the suppressive activity on phytohemagglutinin-induced DNA synthesis on intact cells. These two activities were closely correlated (with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.988) even with the whole plasmas derived from @entity1 @entity0 . Fractionation and purification of IDP activity identified it with SER of a similar potency. Therefore, SER appeared to exhibit its potent immunosuppressive effect via its direct interference on DNA-polymerase activity. Furthermore, the DNA-polymerase inhibitory activity of SER appeared to be specific to DNA and it did not affect the RNA-polymerase activity. SER inhibition of DNA polymerase activity with respect to DNA primer as well as with the @entity2 substrate. Direct inhibition on @entity3 activity may be one of the possible mechanisms of action of SER on lymphocyte proliferation.

title: E receptor-related immunosuppressive factor in malignant pleural fluid and plasma: molecular mechanism of action on XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Based on experimental studies, pharmacological augmentation (PA) of @entity2 rehabilitation might be reasonable. Whether PA is beneficial in clinical practice is unclear. METHODS: We performed an observational study on the use of PA in addition to regular rehabilitative therapies in a @entity2 rehabilitation unit. Over 20 months, we systematically observed (1) the utilization rate of PA, (2) possible adverse events, and (3) the functional outcome of @entity0 with versus without PA (non-PA). The primary outcome variable was the increase in abilities in activities of daily living during in-hospital rehabilitation as quantified by the delta 'functional independence measure' ( @entity3 ). RESULTS: Ninety-seven of 249 (39%) @entity0 had PA. L-Dopa was used in 63 (65%), acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in 33 (34%), and selective @entity6 reuptake inhibitors in 31 (32%) PA @entity0 . In 11 (11%) @entity0 , PA was associated with @entity7 (n = 4), @entity5 (n = 4), electrolyte disorders (n = 2), or @entity4 (n = 1). All adverse events were temporary. PA @entity0 did not differ from non-PA @entity0 in age (74 vs. 73 years; p = 0.62), gender ratio, and @entity2 type ( @entity1 85 vs. 82%; p = 0.49). However, compared with non-PA @entity0 , PA @entity0 were more severely affected (median NIH Stroke Scale Score 7 vs. 4; p < 0.001; median @entity3 58 vs. 85; p = 0.01). At discharge, the PA group had a higher median /\ @entity3 compared with non-PA @entity0 (16 vs. 9; p = 0.01). None of the PA @entity0 but 5 (3.3%) of the non-PA @entity0 had died. CONCLUSION: PA of @entity2 rehabilitation was used frequently. The absence of safety concerns suggests that there is scope for benefit from PA in @entity2 rehabilitation. A large randomized controlled trial seems feasible and ethically justified.

title: Safety of pharmacological augmentation of XXXX rehabilitation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are few data on mortality rates in the general elderly living in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to detail three-year mortality rates in a population of rural community-dwelling older adults in northern Tanzania. METHODS: We performed a community-based study of 2232 @entity0 aged 70 years and over living in Hai district, Tanzania. At baseline, @entity0 underwent clinical assessment for disability, @entity1 , @entity3 , @entity4 and @entity5 . At three-year follow-up mortality data were collected. Mortality rates were compared to UK estimates. RESULTS: At follow-up, data were available for 1873 subjects (83.9%). Of those, 208 (11.1%, 95% CI 9.7-12.5) had died. The age-standardised mortality rate was 10.2% (95% CI 8.8-11.6). Age-standardised mortality rates were lower than estimated for the UK (13.9%). In Cox regression analysis, greater age, higher levels of functional disability, use of a walking aid, subjective report of @entity5 , being severely underweight and being normotensive were significant predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Those who survive to old age in Tanzania appear to have relatively low mortality rates. Physical and @entity2 were strongly associated with mortality risk in this elderly community-dwelling population. The association between blood pressure and mortality merits further study.

title: Rates and predictors of three-year mortality in older XXXX in rural Tanzania.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, response to treatment and outcome of Zollinger? @entity4 (ZES)-like gastric acid hypersecretors. METHODS: Over a 20-year period, @entity0 with gastric acid hypersecretion in the absence of ZES were enrolled in an open label prospective trial evaluating the efficacy of @entity5 . Following baseline evaluations, @entity0 were treated with escalating doses of @entity5 based on the results of gastric acid analysis. Following stabilization, @entity0 were followed on a 6 monthly basis with interval history, physical examination, endoscopy with gastric biopsies, gastric acid analysis, and laboratory studies. RESULTS: The study group represented 21 @entity0 (median age 47 years, 86% male, 91% Caucasian). Historically, complicated @entity1 was frequent and symptoms had been present for a median of 10 years before study entry. All @entity0 responded to @entity5 (median dose 90 mg/day) with excellent control of gastric acid hypersecretion. Mucosal relapse was infrequent and no major complications developed while on therapy. CONCLUSIONS: ZES-like gastric acid hypersecretion presents similarly to the @entity2 . @entity5 titrated to gastric acid output is effective in healing @entity3 and preventing relapse.

title: Presentation, response to @entity5 therapy, and outcome of XXXX -like gastric acid hypersecretors.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, response to treatment and outcome of Zollinger? @entity4 (ZES)-like gastric acid hypersecretors. METHODS: Over a 20-year period, @entity0 with gastric acid hypersecretion in the absence of ZES were enrolled in an open label prospective trial evaluating the efficacy of @entity5 . Following baseline evaluations, @entity0 were treated with escalating doses of @entity5 based on the results of gastric acid analysis. Following stabilization, @entity0 were followed on a 6 monthly basis with interval history, physical examination, endoscopy with gastric biopsies, gastric acid analysis, and laboratory studies. RESULTS: The study group represented 21 @entity0 (median age 47 years, 86% male, 91% Caucasian). Historically, complicated @entity1 was frequent and symptoms had been present for a median of 10 years before study entry. All @entity0 responded to @entity5 (median dose 90 mg/day) with excellent control of gastric acid hypersecretion. Mucosal relapse was infrequent and no major complications developed while on therapy. CONCLUSIONS: ZES-like gastric acid hypersecretion presents similarly to the @entity2 . @entity5 titrated to gastric acid output is effective in healing @entity3 and preventing relapse.

title: Presentation, response to XXXX therapy, and outcome of @entity4 -like gastric acid hypersecretors.

answer: @entity5


abstract: AIM: Data on the prognostic factors for survival in @entity0 with locally advanced, node-negative @entity2 are limited. This study aimed to determine which factors might predict survival in @entity0 with Dukes' B (T3 or T4, N0) @entity2 . METHOD: One hundred and eighty (93 male; median age 75 [range, 38-96] years) consecutive @entity0 who had resection of a primary Dukes' B (on final histopathological analysis) @entity2 between 1998 and 2003 were studied. No @entity0 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Multivariate Cox regression modelling was used to assess the prognostic value of variables. Median follow up was 85 (60-125) months. RESULTS: Thirteen (7%) @entity0 had a perforation at presentation. The median distance from @entity1 to the nearest longitudinal resection margin was 6 (0.3-27) cm. One hundred and twenty-four (69%) @entity0 had a lymph node yield of 12 or more nodes. Actual 5-year survival was 59%. On multivariate regression analysis, @entity1 perforation (perforation vs no perforation, 5-year survival, 23%vs 61%; hazard ratio (HR), 3.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6-8.4; P = 0.002), @entity1 -to-margin distance (< 5 cm vs >=  5 cm, 48%vs 65%; HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7; P = 0.039) and older age (>=  75 years vs < 75 years, 45%vs 72%; HR, 3; 95% CI, 1.8-5; P < 0.001) were independent significant variables. CONCLUSION: A lymph node yield of 12 or more nodes is not a significant prognostic factor for survival after resection of Dukes' B @entity2 . @entity0 with @entity1 perforation or limited resection have worse prognosis.

title: Prognostic factors for survival after curative resection of Dukes' B XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: UNASSIGNED: This article describes the quantitative findings of a mixed-methods study that examined the relationship among knowledge, self-efficacy, health promoting behaviors, and @entity2 2 @entity1 self-management among recent Spanish-speaking, limited English proficient immigrants to the US. This population is at risk for both a higher incidence of disease and increased barriers to successful disease management compared to the general US population. Distinguishing aspects of this study compared to the available literature are the comprehensive nature of the data collected, the theoretical component, and the analysis and modeling approach. Social cognitive theory provides the framework for the study design and analysis. An innovative community-based recruiting strategy was used, a broad range of physiological measures related to health were observed, and instruments related to knowledge, self-efficacy, and healthy lifestyle behaviors were administered orally in Spanish to 30 @entity0 . A broad range of statistical analysis methods was applied to the data, including a set of three structural equation models. The study results are consistent with the importance of education, health knowledge, and healthy lifestyle practices for @entity2 2 @entity1 self-management. With the usual cautions associated with applying structural equation modeling to modest sample sizes, multiple elements of the posited theoretical model were consistent with the data collected. The results of the investigation of this under-studied population indicate that, on average, @entity0 were not effectively managing their disease. The results suggest that clinical interventions focused on improving knowledge, nutrition, and physical activity, reducing stress, and leveraging the importance of interpersonal relations could be effective intervention strategies to improve self-management among this population.

title: Type 2 XXXX Self-management Among Spanish-Speaking Hispanic Immigrants.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Nine (5.1%) of 175 @entity0 with advanced disseminated @entity6 presented with renal involvement and were initially treated with combination chemotherapy alone. These @entity0 were classified as having renal involvement based on histologic and radiographic criteria. Five of the nine @entity0 presented with a serum @entity5 level greater than 2.5 mg/dL. Four @entity0 achieved a complete remission of all @entity4 . Eight @entity0 had complete resolution of renal involvement. Two @entity0 later had recurrent @entity1 associated with other sites of recurrence. All five @entity0 who presented with an elevated serum @entity5 level recovered normal renal function; in fact, four @entity0 had normal renal function by the end of the first cycle of therapy. No @entity0 required hemodialysis. Only one @entity0 remains @entity2 at 55 months; five @entity0 have died with disseminated disease; two @entity0 have died without evidence of disease; and one @entity0 was lost to follow-up while in remission. Initial local control of renal involvement including normalization of renal function in diffuse @entity3 can be rapidly achieved by combination chemotherapy alone.

title: Renal involvement in XXXX : results of treatment with combination chemotherapy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: UNASSIGNED: BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of @entity3 ( @entity1 ) and to determine the efficacy of the equipment used in the treatment of this disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 38 @entity0 with @entity1 used the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device (Group 1) and 32 @entity0 with @entity1 refused CPAP device (Group 2). Thirty-six @entity0 did not have @entity1 (Group 3). RESULTS @entity0 age, gender, height, weight, and neck circumference did not differ among groups (p>0.05); and the @entity1 index (AHI) and respiratory disturbance index (RDI) values did not differ between Groups 1 and 2 (p>0.05). Vision and pachymetric values did not differ among groups (p>0.05). The IOP was significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 (p<0.05) but did not differ between Groups 1 and 3 (p>0.05). The fundus C/D ratio was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Group 2 than in the other groups but did not differ between Groups 1 and 3 (p>0.05). In Group 1, 2, and 3, 5.2%, 12.5%, and 0%, respectively, of @entity0 had @entity2 . CONCLUSIONS @entity1 should be considered a significant risk factor for @entity2 . Eye tests may help to identify individuals with undiagnosed @entity1 , and such testing of @entity0 with diagnosed @entity1 may allow early detection of @entity2 and referral of such @entity0 for CPAP therapy to prevent development of complications.

title: Effects of Use of a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Device on XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The study had two primary objectives. The first was to determine whether @entity1 results in a preference for tasks demanding minimal effort. The second was to evaluate the quality of performance when @entity0 , under conditions of @entity1 , have control over task demands. In experiment 1, using a repeated-measures design, 50 undergraduate college students were evaluated, following one night of no @entity1 and one night of @entity1 . The Math Effort Task (MET) presented addition problems via computer. @entity0 were able to select additions at one of five levels of difficulty. Less-demanding problems were selected and more additions were solved correctly when the @entity0 were subject to @entity1 . In experiment 2, 58 undergraduate college students were randomly assigned to a no @entity3 or a @entity3 condition. Sleep-deprived @entity0 selected less-demanding problems on the MET. Percentage correct on the MET was equivalent for both the non-sleep-deprived and sleep-deprived groups. On a task selection question, the sleep-deprived @entity0 also selected significantly less-demanding non-academic tasks. Increased @entity1 , @entity2 , and reaction time were associated with the selection of less difficult tasks. Both groups of @entity0 reported equivalent effort expenditures; sleep-deprived @entity0 did not perceive a reduction in effort. These studies demonstrate that @entity1 results in the choice of low-effort behavior that helps maintain accurate responding.

title: The effect of XXXX on next day effort.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Wheelchairs provide individuals with @entity1 opportunity for independent living within their environment. However, using this device may have psychosocial impacts with consequent influence on the quality of life of the users. The psychosocial impact of wheelchair usage among individuals with @entity2 in a Nigerian community was investigated. METHODS: The study is a descriptive cross-sectional survey. @entity0 who have been independent users of wheelchair for a minimum of six months prior to the study were recruited from centres for @entity0 with disabilities in Ibadan, Nigeria into the study. A profile of their use of the device was documented and the psychosocial impact of wheelchair was assessed using the Psychosocial Impact ofAssistive Devices Scale. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics at p = 0.05. RESULTS: Sixty consenting individuals with @entity2 participated in this study. Their mean age was 38.7 +/- 14.1 years. Majority (90%) were manual wheelchair users and two-thirds (63.3%) had been using the wheelchair for < or = five years. Approximately a third of the @entity0 use their wheelchairs occasionally. There was no significant difference (p=0.26) in the psychosocial impact of wheelchair usage between male and female users. CONCLUSION: The psychosocial impact of wheelchair was similar between male and female users. However, the impact was higher on the self-esteem of male than female users and lower on their competence than that of their female counterparts. This may be due to stigmatization or a culturally-related unwillingness of @entity0 in our environment to be dependent on others.

title: Psychosocial impact of wheelchair usage on individuals with XXXX in Ibadan, Nigeria.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the presence of @entity6 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from @entity0 with @entity8 , and the expression of endothelins (ETs) and their receptors mRNA in cultured cells from @entity0 periodontal tissues. BACKGROUND: ET was originally discovered as a potent vasoconstrictive peptide from endothelial cells. It has been reported that ETs are produced by various cells besides endothelial cells. ETs are related to inflammatory and @entity2 , such as @entity9 and @entity3 . Therefore, ETs may be involved in @entity7 . However, the roles of ETs in development and progression of @entity7 are not clear. METHODS: @entity6 released from the cultured cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. mRNA expressions for ETs and their receptors were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blotting analysis. RESULTS: @entity6 levels in GCF from @entity0 with @entity8 were higher than those from healthy subjects. @entity0 gingival keratinocytes (HGK) expressed mRNA for ETs and their receptors, @entity5 and @entity4 . @entity6 mRNA expression and @entity6 peptide production from HGK were enhanced by interleukin-1beta and @entity1 necrosis factor-alpha. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that @entity6 plays a significant role in @entity7 .

title: Expression of endothelins and their receptors in cells from XXXX periodontal tissues.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: @entity5 is related to @entity1 . Ribozyme is special kind of RNA that can cleave target RNA. The aim of this study was to investigate the characterization of the @entity1 cell line transfected with anti-HPV16E6-ribozyme (HRz) and the effect of ribozyme on proliferation and apoptosis of @entity1 cell. METHODS: Ribozyme targeted on @entity6 E6 mRNA was designed using computer. With the method of lipofectin transfection, the anti-HPV16E6- ribozyme and empty eucaryotic expressing plasmids were transfected into the CaSKi cells, which named as CaSKi-R and CaSKi-P, respectively. The expression of E6 mRNA in the three kinds of cells was examined by Northern blot analysis. Cell cycle was determined using flow cytometry. Cell apoptosis rate was examined using fluorescent (Hoechst) staining and TUNEL (TDT-mediated @entity7 nick end labeling). The expression of certain proteins, including @entity6 E6, @entity2 , @entity3 , @entity4 , and Fas, were also determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS: RNA dot blot analysis demonstrated that HRz mRNA expressed stably in the CaSKi-R cells. Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of E6 mRNA was much lower in the CaSKi-R cells than that in the CaSKi cells, while there was no difference of E6 mRNA levels between the CaSKi cells and the CaSKi-P cells. The apoptosis rate in the CaSKi-R cells was much higher than that in the CaSKi cells and the CaSKi-P cells. The cell cycle was arrested in G2 phase, with decrease in percentage of S phase cells. Anti-HPV16E6-ribozyme can significantly reduce the expression of E6, @entity2 , and @entity3 genes in the CaSKi-R cells, and increase the expression of @entity4 compared with that in Caski cells. This phenomenon was not found in the CaSKi-P cells. The expression of Fas was similar in the three kinds of cells. CONCLUSION: Ribozyme targeted on HPVE6 mRNA can induce apoptosis of @entity0 @entity1 CaSKi cells. The reason may be the decrease of expression of E6 gene, and the successive changes of expression of some genes, including @entity2 , @entity3 , and @entity4 genes.

title: Ribozyme targeted on XXXX E6 mRNA induced apoptosis on @entity0 cervical carcinoma CaSKi cells.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: @entity5 is related to @entity1 . Ribozyme is special kind of RNA that can cleave target RNA. The aim of this study was to investigate the characterization of the @entity1 cell line transfected with anti-HPV16E6-ribozyme (HRz) and the effect of ribozyme on proliferation and apoptosis of @entity1 cell. METHODS: Ribozyme targeted on @entity6 E6 mRNA was designed using computer. With the method of lipofectin transfection, the anti-HPV16E6- ribozyme and empty eucaryotic expressing plasmids were transfected into the CaSKi cells, which named as CaSKi-R and CaSKi-P, respectively. The expression of E6 mRNA in the three kinds of cells was examined by Northern blot analysis. Cell cycle was determined using flow cytometry. Cell apoptosis rate was examined using fluorescent (Hoechst) staining and TUNEL (TDT-mediated @entity7 nick end labeling). The expression of certain proteins, including @entity6 E6, @entity2 , @entity3 , @entity4 , and Fas, were also determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS: RNA dot blot analysis demonstrated that HRz mRNA expressed stably in the CaSKi-R cells. Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of E6 mRNA was much lower in the CaSKi-R cells than that in the CaSKi cells, while there was no difference of E6 mRNA levels between the CaSKi cells and the CaSKi-P cells. The apoptosis rate in the CaSKi-R cells was much higher than that in the CaSKi cells and the CaSKi-P cells. The cell cycle was arrested in G2 phase, with decrease in percentage of S phase cells. Anti-HPV16E6-ribozyme can significantly reduce the expression of E6, @entity2 , and @entity3 genes in the CaSKi-R cells, and increase the expression of @entity4 compared with that in Caski cells. This phenomenon was not found in the CaSKi-P cells. The expression of Fas was similar in the three kinds of cells. CONCLUSION: Ribozyme targeted on HPVE6 mRNA can induce apoptosis of @entity0 @entity1 CaSKi cells. The reason may be the decrease of expression of E6 gene, and the successive changes of expression of some genes, including @entity2 , @entity3 , and @entity4 genes.

title: Ribozyme targeted on @entity6 E6 mRNA induced apoptosis on XXXX cervical carcinoma CaSKi cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To minimize the side-effects of circulatory arrest times and profound @entity4 in @entity0 undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) for @entity2 ( @entity2 ). METHODS: Between March 2000 and June 2002, 30 @entity0 (in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV) were operated for @entity2 using our modified technique. It includes moderate hypothermic (28-32 degrees C), total cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and simultaneous selective antegrade cerebral perfusion and occlusion of the bronchial arteries by introducing an occlusive balloon catheter into the descending aorta. The preoperative pulmonary vascular resistance in the cohort was 873+/-248dynes/s/cm(-5). RESULTS: Mean total CPB, cross-clamp times and duration of anterograde cerebral perfusion were 132+/-40, 98+/-21 and 21+/-10min, respectively. Mean core temperature 29.5+/-1.9 degrees C. The duration of postoperative mechanical ventilatory support was 34+/-44h and the mean stay in the ICU was 5+/-9 days. Seven @entity0 had mild to moderate lung reperfusion injury, one transient @entity1 . Three @entity0 (10%) died during their hospital stay, two for @entity3 and one for persistent @entity2 . All @entity0 had a significant pulmonary hemodynamic improvement and all achieved NYHA class I (P<0.01) status 4 weeks after discharge, remaining stable at a median follow-up time of 16 months (range, 1-29 months) postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: These technical advances improve neurological outcome, control back-bleeding from bronchial arteries and avoid prolonged rewarming phases in @entity0 undergoing PTE.

title: Technical advances of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Blunt traumatic rupture of the innominate artery is uncommon. We reviewed our experience to correlate the impact of @entity0 stability, presence of associated @entity1 and location of the @entity8 with outcome. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of @entity0 admitted between January 1, 1998 and December 17, 2002 with traumatic innominate @entity4 . Injuries were defined as proximal if they were <or=0.5cm from the origin, distal if <or=0.5cm from the bifurcation and middle if in between. RESULTS: Over the 5-year study period, 66 @entity0 were admitted with aortic or great @entity1 , including eight with blunt innominate artery disruption. Of the blunt innominate @entity1 , six involved the origin (five repaired by ascending aortic-innominate artery graft followed by over-sewing of the injury site, one by ligation alone), one middle (treated by interposition graft) and one distal (managed with resection and primary @entity2 ). Four of the @entity0 with proximal @entity1 had evidence of active @entity6 (large expanding @entity6 ) requiring control of the injury site prior to reconstruction. All @entity0 had associated @entity1 (including closed @entity5 in three and @entity10 in two). The only mortality occurred in a @entity0 who presented in shock, and suffered @entity4 and severe blunt @entity3 requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. The remaining @entity0 were stable on presentation. Diagnosis was suspected after chest X-ray demonstrated widened @entity9 and was confirmed with either angiography or computer tomography scan. There were no complications in the survivors. Neither cardiopulmonary bypass nor aorto-carotid shunting was utilized in these cases. CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 with blunt innominate @entity4 who survive to admission are usually stable and the diagnosis is suggested by initial chest radiograph. The @entity1 are usually proximal, requiring aortic-distal innominate bypass. Cardiopulmonary bypass is required only if there is evidence of @entity7 (either before or after partial occlusion of the aorta) or to manage specific associated @entity1 .

title: XXXX of the innominate artery.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity4 produces @entity2 , @entity1 , @entity5 and @entity3 . This study was designed to examine the cardiovascular dynamics involved with restoration of the @entity5 before rewarming. Mixed breed splenectomized adult @entity0 (n = 16) were anesthetized with @entity6 and cooled to a right atrial temperature of 25 degrees C at a rate of 3 degrees C X h-1. The animals were maintained at 25 degrees C for 6 h and rewarmed at 3 degrees C X h-1. Group 1 was given no fluid, Group 2 was given saline (20% of plasma volume infused in 10 min). 2 h after reaching 25 degrees C and Group 3 received saline just prior to rewarming. The hematocrit was elevated in all groups (p less than 0.05) upon cooling, but did not differ between groups even after saline was given. Cardiac output (Co) at 25 degrees C was 35% of precooled values. Group 2 increased their Q by 15% with fluid and this Q was maintained at higher levels than Groups 1 or 3 for the next 4 h. Plasma volume, heart rate, and cardiac contractility returned to control levels upon rewarming, but Q remained low (less than 10%). The level of Q at the start of rewarming did not affect the final level of Q.

title: Fluid replacement during XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Immunofluorescent studies using @entity2 -conjugated mouse anti-allotype antibody were carried out to study the migration pattern and the development of surface Ig (SIg), @entity3 for IgG ( @entity4 ), and complement receptor (CR) or @entity0 bone marrow lymphocytes following intravenous injection into congenic @entity0 . After transfer of bone marrow cells from CSW @entity0 into untreated congenic CWB @entity0 , the absolute number of donor-type SIg-bearing (SIg+) cells and the proportion of either @entity4 - or CR-bearing ( @entity4 + or CR+) cells in donor-type SIg+ cells were evaluated in the recipient spleen and the results were compared with those obtained after the transfer of CSW spleen cells. After injection of donor bone marrow cells, detectable donor-type SIg+ cells, although few initially, increased from day 1 to Day 2 and reached a plateau thereafter. The proportion of @entity4 + cells in donor-type SIg+ cells, although very low in the donor marrow inoculum, increased progressively after 1 day to reach a maximum at Day 5 (90%). On the other hand, following the transfer of spleen cells, the proportion of @entity4 + cells remained at high levels (90%) for 5 days after transfer. Likewise, the proportion of CR+ cells in donor-type SIg+ cells was very low (less than 1%) in the original donor bone marrow cells but high (60%) in the donor spleen cells. However, in transferring bone marrow cells this proportion also increased in the recipient spleen to reach a maximum (49%) at Day 5 although it was lower compared to the percentage of @entity4 + cells in donor SIg+ cells. Furthermore, the ability of functional responsiveness to antigen was also examined in the same system by detecting plaque-forming cells (PFC) from donor origin. In transferring donor bone marrow cells into recipient, the participation of donor cells in the PFC response was very low when the recipients were primed with @entity1 red blood cells at Day 3 after transfer. However, when the recipients were primed at Days 7 to 21 after transfer, increasing numbers of the donor marrow-derived cells were involved in the PFC response. Thus, the present study demonstrates that the bone marrow-derived lymphocytes, albeit lacking both distinctive surface receptors (IgM, @entity4 , CR) and the functional responsiveness to antigen, continue their development along the B-cell lineage after migrating into the spleen, as evidenced by the surface receptor expression and participation in the antibody response.

title: Migration and differentiation of bone marrow lymphocytes: development of surface immunoglobulin, XXXX , complement receptor, and functional responsiveness as studied with anti-allotype serum.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The transcription of mecA, the gene required for @entity2 resistance in staphylococci, was quantified in a collection of 65 geographically and genetically diverse clinical and 8 defined laboratory @entity0 isolates. mecA transcription was measured by real-time reverse transcription-PCR, confirmed by Northern blot analysis, and correlated with the presence and DNA sequence of the two mecA repressors, mecI and blaI. Isolates were first examined that contained mecI and/or blaI with wild-type sequence. BlaI provided significantly more repression of mecA transcription than did MecI, unrelated to blaI genetic location. Both together repressed mecA better than either one alone. In clinical isolates containing only wild-type mecI, mecA transcription repression was 10- to 25-fold less effective than that seen in previously studied constructs derived from strain N315. There was a difference in the mecI @entity1 ( @entity1 ) between the clinical isolates (GGAA) and N315 (GGAG). The GGAA @entity1 was associated with 5.5- to 7.3-fold less mecA repression than GGAG in isogenic constructs. The values generated for wild-type repressors were compared to those in 26 isolates containing mecI mutations. mecA transcription appeared to be repressed only by BlaI in isolates with mecI nonsense and frameshift mutations. In contrast, mecI repression seemed to be partially or fully retained in many of the isolates with mecI and one isolate with blaI missense mutations, providing structure-function correlates with the site and type of mutation. We conclude that mecA repressor activity is highly variable in clinical @entity0 isolates due to mecI mutations, @entity1 polymorphisms, and unidentified genomic adaptations.

title: Quantitation of mecA transcription in XXXX -resistant @entity0 clinical isolates.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The transcription of mecA, the gene required for @entity2 resistance in staphylococci, was quantified in a collection of 65 geographically and genetically diverse clinical and 8 defined laboratory @entity0 isolates. mecA transcription was measured by real-time reverse transcription-PCR, confirmed by Northern blot analysis, and correlated with the presence and DNA sequence of the two mecA repressors, mecI and blaI. Isolates were first examined that contained mecI and/or blaI with wild-type sequence. BlaI provided significantly more repression of mecA transcription than did MecI, unrelated to blaI genetic location. Both together repressed mecA better than either one alone. In clinical isolates containing only wild-type mecI, mecA transcription repression was 10- to 25-fold less effective than that seen in previously studied constructs derived from strain N315. There was a difference in the mecI @entity1 ( @entity1 ) between the clinical isolates (GGAA) and N315 (GGAG). The GGAA @entity1 was associated with 5.5- to 7.3-fold less mecA repression than GGAG in isogenic constructs. The values generated for wild-type repressors were compared to those in 26 isolates containing mecI mutations. mecA transcription appeared to be repressed only by BlaI in isolates with mecI nonsense and frameshift mutations. In contrast, mecI repression seemed to be partially or fully retained in many of the isolates with mecI and one isolate with blaI missense mutations, providing structure-function correlates with the site and type of mutation. We conclude that mecA repressor activity is highly variable in clinical @entity0 isolates due to mecI mutations, @entity1 polymorphisms, and unidentified genomic adaptations.

title: Quantitation of mecA transcription in @entity2 -resistant XXXX clinical isolates.

answer: @entity0


abstract: 1. Recovery of responsiveness of single cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of @entity0 has been determined in both P and I cells. There are three types of recovery curve among P cells; (a) early recovery, (b) early partial recovery followed by @entity1 and then complete recovery, (c) prolonged @entity1 followed by cyclic recovery. Type (c) is by far the commonest recovery curve. In contrast to the spike in a P cell, the synaptic potential recovers to its full amplitude in about 20 msec. All I cells exhibit similar rapid recovery curves after a prolonged @entity1 .2. Conditioning stimuli applied to visual cortex also produce a prolonged @entity1 in most P cells but I cells can be re-excited at short intervals from cortex. Decortication does not prevent the prolonged @entity1 of the multineuronal response produced by optic nerve stimulation.3. A neuronal model is proposed to explain these observations. It is supposed that I cells (interneurones) are innervated by axon collaterals of the P cells (principal cells, projecting to visual cortex) and that the I cells exert an inhibitory influence on the P cells.

title: Recovery of responsiveness of cells of lateral geniculate nucleus of XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Fifteen supracondylar @entity1 of the femur in @entity0 with ipsilateral total knee arthroplasties were treated between 1975 and 1982. Three groups were identified for analyzation of treatment and end result. The average follow-up period after @entity1 was 18 months, with a range of ten to 48 months. Group I had four @entity0 treated by closed reduction, cast immobilization, and early weight-bearing. At follow-up evaluation, three had a decrease in knee rating score, and one required a corrective osteotomy. Group II had eight @entity0 treated by traction followed by cast or cast-brace immobilization. Four @entity0 had a decrease in the knee rating because of malunion or loss of motion, and there was one nonunion requiring surgical treatment. Group III had three @entity0 treated by immediate open reduction and internal fixation of the @entity1 . All three groups had functional arthroplasties following union of the @entity1 . @entity2 are recommended for the initial treatment. Open reduction and internal fixation, when technically feasible, is recommended when closed reduction and skeletal traction cannot maintain satisfactory alignment.

title: Treatment of supracondylar XXXX following prosthetic arthroplasty of the knee.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity0 undergoing EUS usually receive intravenously administered sedative medication. A double-blind, prospective, randomized trial was conducted to compare @entity2 with a placebo for EUS of the esophagus and stomach and to assess @entity0 tolerance and endoscopic feasibility. METHODS: A total of 111 @entity0 were randomized to receive @entity2 or a placebo. @entity0 used a visual analogue scale to score pre-EUS @entity1 and tolerance for the procedure. Endoscopists used a visual analogue scale to score ease of echoendoscope introduction and overall @entity0 cooperation. Subsequent to EUS, @entity0 were asked if they were willing to undergo the procedure under the same conditions. RESULTS: The @entity0 ' visual analogue scale scores indicated that tolerance for the introduction of the echoendoscope and the procedure overall were both significantly better in the @entity2 group. Overall @entity0 tolerance was predicted by sedation (p < 0.001) and pre-EUS @entity1 (p = 0.024). Endoscopists' visual analogue scale scores showed that ease of echoendoscope introduction was significantly better in the @entity2 group. There was no significant difference in overall @entity0 cooperation during the procedure. There were no significant differences in introduction time, total procedure time, or @entity0 ' willingness to undergo the procedure under the same conditions. CONCLUSIONS: EUS of the esophagus and stomach without intravenous sedation is feasible for endoscopists and @entity0 . @entity0 prefer intravenous administration of @entity2 . Assessment of @entity1 before EUS may indicate whether administration of @entity2 can improve tolerance for the individual @entity0 .

title: Conscious sedation for EUS of the esophagus and stomach: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial comparing XXXX with placebo.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The combination of photodynamic therapy and biliary drainage by plastic endoprosthesis insertion has produced promising results in the treatment of nonresectable @entity1 . The feasibility and efficacy of intraductal photodynamic therapy with subsequent biliary drainage by self-expandable metal stent insertion were evaluated in a prospective phase II study. METHODS: Twenty-four @entity0 were treated with photodynamic therapy after sensitization with porfimer @entity3 . A plastic endoprosthesis was inserted immediately thereafter and replaced by a metal stent 4 weeks later. A retrospectively analyzed group of 20 @entity0 treated only with biliary drainage served as a historical control group. RESULTS: In 19 of the 24 @entity0 , insertion of a metal stent was technically feasible. The 30-day and 60-day mortality rates were 0%. A significant decrease in serum @entity2 was noted in all @entity0 and quality of life remained stable throughout follow-up. Mean and median survival were, respectively, 15.9(3.1) and 9.9: 95% CI [6.4, 13.4] months after photodynamic therapy. In the control group, mean and median survival were, respectively, 12.5(3.4) and 5.6: 95% CI [3.7, 7.6] months, which was not statistically significantly different from the photodynamic therapy group. CONCLUSIONS: Photodynamic therapy with consecutive biliary drainage by insertion of a self-expandable metal stent is feasible. With respect to the small benefit in overall survival, randomized controlled trials are warranted.

title: Phase II study of photodynamic therapy and metal stent as palliative treatment for nonresectable XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Single injection, single blood sample, effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) estimated by 131I-orthoiodohippurate can be performed accurately and conveniently without urine collection at the bedside. The purpose of this study was to determine if ERPF early in the course of severe @entity2 ( @entity2 ) predicts recovery of renal function in hemodynamically stable @entity0 . Over 18 months, ERPF was determined in 33 such @entity0 with @entity2 in whom an etiologic diagnosis could be established. Eight @entity0 died within 2 months of onset and while on dialysis, did not have an autopsy, and were not considered further. Six @entity0 (Group A) either remained on dialysis after at least 6 months follow-up or had irreversible @entity1 at autopsy. In Group B (19 @entity0 , 13 of whom were dialyzed), serum @entity3 returned to less than 2.0 mg/dL (n = 16) or was decreasing without dialysis. Peak serum @entity3 (Group A 11.2 +/- 1.4; Group B 10.1 +/- 1.3 mg/dL) did not differ between groups. @entity4 was present in 75% of Group A @entity0 and in 25% of Group B @entity0 . Initial ERPFs differed (p less than 0.001) between Group A (90 +/- 11) and Group B (204 +/- 20 mL/min). Initial ERPF was greater than 125 mL/min in 15 Group B @entity0 but in no Group A @entity0 ; the false-positive rate was 21% and the false-negative rate was 0%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Predictive value of bedside effective renal plasma flow for renal recovery in severe XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity7 or @entity6 ( @entity6 ) is a disfiguring benign lesion commonly seen in the neck and face regions in @entity0 . Extensive neck/face resectional surgery is frequently performed for this condition, often with disappointing results. An attractive alternative to surgery is injection, sclerosing therapy. @entity5 injection therapy has been characterised as a novel treatment of @entity6 since 1987. Since this first report, there have been a number of articles from different institutions reporting variable success rates with its use. This has resulted in uncertainty and @entity4 among physicians, surgeons and parents alike as to in whom, when, and how to treat @entity0 with this modality. METHOD: A prospective study over a five-year period. Thirty-five @entity0 were injected with this agent, 1 to 4 times, depending on response. RESULT: In @entity0 with macrocystic @entity6 , complete regression was achieved in 96 %. @entity0 with microcystic @entity6 responded poorly or not at all. CONCLUSION: The anatomical appearance of the @entity3 on computerised tomography (or sonar) scan is crucial in determining the treatment strategy taken; @entity2 respond almost universally to @entity5 injections, whereas @entity0 with @entity1 generally do not respond and should therefore not be injected with this agent.

title: Guidelines for the successful treatment of @entity6 with XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity7 or @entity6 ( @entity6 ) is a disfiguring benign lesion commonly seen in the neck and face regions in @entity0 . Extensive neck/face resectional surgery is frequently performed for this condition, often with disappointing results. An attractive alternative to surgery is injection, sclerosing therapy. @entity5 injection therapy has been characterised as a novel treatment of @entity6 since 1987. Since this first report, there have been a number of articles from different institutions reporting variable success rates with its use. This has resulted in uncertainty and @entity4 among physicians, surgeons and parents alike as to in whom, when, and how to treat @entity0 with this modality. METHOD: A prospective study over a five-year period. Thirty-five @entity0 were injected with this agent, 1 to 4 times, depending on response. RESULT: In @entity0 with macrocystic @entity6 , complete regression was achieved in 96 %. @entity0 with microcystic @entity6 responded poorly or not at all. CONCLUSION: The anatomical appearance of the @entity3 on computerised tomography (or sonar) scan is crucial in determining the treatment strategy taken; @entity2 respond almost universally to @entity5 injections, whereas @entity0 with @entity1 generally do not respond and should therefore not be injected with this agent.

title: Guidelines for the successful treatment of XXXX with @entity5 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity8 is best described as a @entity3 that involves @entity2 of the pulmonary airways and @entity13 that results in the clinical expression of a lower @entity9 that usually is reversible. Physiologically, @entity13 is documented by decreased bronchial airflow after bronchoprovocation with @entity14 or @entity4 . Other triggers that provoke @entity9 include cold air, exercise, @entity11 , cigarette smoke, and respiratory allergens. Bronchial provocation with allergen induces a prompt early phase @entity18 ( @entity18 )-mediated decrease in bronchial airflow (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) followed in many @entity0 by a late-phase @entity18 -mediated reaction with a decrease in bronchial airflow for 4-8 hours. The gross pathology of @entity6 , smooth @entity12 , @entity19 thickening, @entity1 , epithelial cell sloughing, cilia cell disruption, and mucus gland hypersecretion. Microscopically, @entity8 is characterized by the presence of increased numbers of @entity10 , neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the bronchial tissues, bronchial secretions, and mucus. Initially, there is recruitment of leukocytes from the bloodstream to the airway by activated @entity7 T-lymphocytes. The activated T-lymphocytes also direct the release of inflammatory mediators from @entity10 , mast cells, and lymphocytes. In addition, the subclass 2 helper T-lymphocytes subset of activated T-lymphocytes produces interleukin (IL)-4, @entity5 , and @entity16 . @entity15 in conjunction with @entity16 signals the switch from IgM to @entity18 antibodies. The cross-linkage of two @entity18 molecules by allergen causes mast cells to degranulate, releasing @entity4 , @entity17 , and other mediators that perpetuate the airway @entity2 . @entity5 activates the recruitment and activation of @entity10 . The activated mast cells and @entity10 also generate their cytokines that help to perpetuate the @entity2 . Regardless of the triggers of @entity8 , the repeated cycles of @entity2 in the lungs with injury to the pulmonary tissues followed by repair may produce long-term structural changes ("remodeling") of the airways. This review will discuss in greater detail the relationships of @entity2 and airway hyperresponsiveness to the pathophysiology of @entity8 .

title: Understanding XXXX pathophysiology.

answer: @entity8


abstract: An epidemiologic study of @entity1 in the Leiden Health Care Region was conducted between 1979 and 1983. One hundred and seven cases were diagnosed before 1979 and 150 between 1979 and 1983. Most of the @entity0 had @entity1 (42%), and only 11% had pancolitis. The incidence was 6.8/10(5)/year and was similar in @entity0 and @entity0 . There was no specific age group at additional risk of developing the disease. The prevalence was 58.4/10(5). @entity0 with @entity1 tended to live in country or city areas; @entity0 living in dormitory suburbs were at a reduced risk (chi-square test, p less than 0.001). However, there was a significant difference in incidence between Leiden (10.8/10(5)/year) and Alphen (4.1/10(5)/year) (corrected chi-square = 7.3; p less than 0.001). This was also true for the prevalence in these two cities. The prevalence of the disease in migrants (85.3/10(5)) was not significantly different from that in the indigenous population (58/10(5)).

title: Epidemiology of XXXX in the region of Leiden, The Netherlands. A population study from 1979 to 1983.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to compare intraoperative ultrasound and preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI or 64-MDCT for the depiction of malignant lesions and for prediction of hepatic segments positive and negative for @entity1 in @entity0 undergoing partial hepatic resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 292 @entity0 undergoing hepatic resection for metastatic @entity2 (n = 168), @entity4 (n = 70), or other @entity3 (n = 54) were included. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of intraoperative ultrasound and preoperative cross-sectional imaging were calculated. The mean (   SD) time intervals to surgery were 37.6    26 days for 64-MDCT and 48.1    34 days for MRI. Surgical histopathologic examination was the reference standard. Changes in surgical management were recorded. @entity5 models were used to estimate and compare proportions. RESULTS: For all 561 malignant lesions, the sensitivity of intraoperative ultrasound was 95.1%, compared with 96.8% for 64-MDCT (p = 0.025) and 94.4% for MRI (p = 0.960); 64-MDCT was also more sensitive than intraoperative ultrasound in identifying positive liver segments (p = 0.013). After controlling for @entity0 group and time interval between imaging and surgery, the negative predictive value of 64-MDCT and MRI was higher than that of intraoperative ultrasound (p < 0.001 and p = 0.040, respectively). In only eight cases (2.7%) was surgical management changed after intraoperative ultrasound. CONCLUSION: For @entity0 undergoing partial liver resection for @entity3 , 64-MDCT and MRI have an equivalent or higher sensitivity in identifying hepatic segments with @entity1 , and both 64-MDCT and MRI appear to have a higher predictive value for identifying disease-free segments than does intraoperative ultrasound.

title: Intraoperative ultrasound of the liver in primary and secondary XXXX : comparison with preoperative 1.5-T MRI and 64-MDCT.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) has published guidelines for the management of @entity0 with @entity1 . The management of @entity0 with @entity1 admitted to our local unit under the Paediatric Surgeons has been audited to determine whether or not current practice follows SIGN recommendations. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from the case records of @entity0 admitted between January and December 2007. The SIGN guideline 'Early Management of @entity0 with a @entity1 ' (Guideline 46) was published in 2000 and updated in 2009 (Guideline 110). @entity1 admission practices were audited against both guidelines. RESULTS: The case records of 200 @entity0 were analysed. According to SIGN Guideline 46 (2000), 146 Computed Tomography (CT) scans were indicated but only 24 were performed (16%). The updated Guideline 110 (2009) suggests a CT scan was indicated in 24 @entity0 and should have been considered in a further 87. However, only 12 (50%) and 18 (21%) @entity0 were imaged in these respective groups. Both guidelines indicated neurosurgical review in 13 @entity0 but sought in only 4 (31%). 50 @entity0 were deemed to have suffered a significant @entity1 warranting follow-up, but this was arranged in only 14 (28%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study has identified that management of paediatric @entity1 in our unit is reliant on clinical acumen rather than the SIGN guidelines when making decisions regarding the need for imaging, neurosurgical review and follow-up. We suggest further investigation is required to determine whether greater awareness and closer adherence with the guidelines would alter clinical outcomes.

title: Are we following the guiding SIGN when managing paediatric XXXX ?

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity4 is a common solid @entity2 of infancy and childhood. From 1967 to 1986 we evaluated and treated 58 @entity0 with @entity4 ; in ten (17%) of these @entity0 , symptomatic hepatic @entity1 developed. The ten @entity0 ranged in age from 2 days to 2 years 3 months. The most common symptoms attributable to hepatic @entity1 were abdominal enlargement, @entity3 , @entity5 due to upward pressure on the diaphragm, and obstruction of the inferior vena cava. At the time of initial diagnosis, two @entity0 had stage III disease, three had stage IV disease, and five had stage IV-S disease. Six were initially given chemotherapy; all six of these @entity0 required radiation therapy when hepatic enlargement progressed. In the other four cases, radiation therapy was used alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Irradiation or irradiation plus chemotherapy produced complete resolution of local symptoms in seven cases, and a partial response in one case. The seven @entity0 who had a complete response are alive without evidence of recurrent disease; the remaining three @entity0 died of their @entity2 . The roles of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy in the management of symptomatic hepatic @entity1 from @entity4 are discussed.

title: Hepatic XXXX from @entity4 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity4 is a common solid @entity2 of infancy and childhood. From 1967 to 1986 we evaluated and treated 58 @entity0 with @entity4 ; in ten (17%) of these @entity0 , symptomatic hepatic @entity1 developed. The ten @entity0 ranged in age from 2 days to 2 years 3 months. The most common symptoms attributable to hepatic @entity1 were abdominal enlargement, @entity3 , @entity5 due to upward pressure on the diaphragm, and obstruction of the inferior vena cava. At the time of initial diagnosis, two @entity0 had stage III disease, three had stage IV disease, and five had stage IV-S disease. Six were initially given chemotherapy; all six of these @entity0 required radiation therapy when hepatic enlargement progressed. In the other four cases, radiation therapy was used alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Irradiation or irradiation plus chemotherapy produced complete resolution of local symptoms in seven cases, and a partial response in one case. The seven @entity0 who had a complete response are alive without evidence of recurrent disease; the remaining three @entity0 died of their @entity2 . The roles of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy in the management of symptomatic hepatic @entity1 from @entity4 are discussed.

title: Hepatic @entity1 from XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: INTRODUCTION: To describe clinical features, complications, serotypes and antibiotic resistance in @entity6 in our environment after the generalization of the heptavalent conjugate vaccine ( @entity4 -7) in paediatrics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of episodes of @entity6 , with positive cultures in @entity0 treated in the emergency department from January 2006 to February 2010. RESULTS: We studied 346 episodes in 320 @entity0 , 335 belonged to 309 adult @entity0 , 221 (71.5%) males, median age 68 years (range 16-94), and 11 episodes to @entity0 <15 years. Two-hundred and thirty seven (68.5%) episodes were community acquired. @entity2 was present in 130 (37.6%) cases, with a tendency towards an increased risk in @entity0 < 65 years (OR=1.56, 95% CI 0.96- 2.56, P=.07). Thirteen (3.8%) @entity0 developed @entity7 and 33 (9.5%) @entity1 . The mean age of @entity0 with @entity7 was lower (P=.03). In the multivariate analysis were related to the presence of @entity2 : a history of chronic @entity5 (OR=0.45, 95% CI 0.25-0.81, P=.008), positive urinary antigen (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1 13-3.62, P=.01) and @entity3 (OR=3.86, 95% CI 1.79-8.35, P=.001). Shock was associated with Fine IV-V stage (OR=23.6, 95% CI 4.96-112.82, P<.001), age < 65 years (OR=4.47, 95% CI 1.75-11.39, P=.002) and @entity3 (OR=4.15, 95% CI 1.65 to 10.41, P=.002). Increased mortality risk was associated with presence of any complication (OR=6.6, 95% CI 1.5-27.2, P=.009) and specifically @entity1 (OR=3.3, 95% CI 1.06-10.3, P=.04). Most serotypes obtained were not included in the VNC-7. CONCLUSIONS: @entity6 after generalisation of @entity4 -7 is mainly related to non-vaccine serotypes. Younger @entity0 without @entity5 are at increased risk of @entity2 , @entity7 , and @entity1 , the latter being associated with a higher mortality.

title: [ XXXX in the era of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine].

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluate utilization and diagnosis rates in a self-pay, self-referred screening program for @entity4 . DESIGN: 301 @entity0 self-referred to the clinical laboratory for lipid testing in a two-year period. The @entity0 population that participated was characterized in terms of insurance status, gender, age, and known cardiovascular risk factors. Lipid profiles were characterized as measured by total @entity1 , @entity3 (TGs), low-density lipoprotein @entity1 (LDL), high-density lipoprotein @entity1 (HDL), and total @entity1 to HDL risk factor. SETTING: Clinical laboratory in an academic medical center. @entity0 : Data from all @entity0 that self-selected for screening were included. INTERVENTIONS: Immediate laboratory results with both verbal and written interpretations and recommendations were provided to the @entity0 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age, gender, insurance status, number of known risk factors, and lipid profiles in the subject group. RESULTS: The mean age of @entity0 was 57 years. @entity0 (197) outnumbered @entity0 (104) by almost 2:1; most (94%) had health insurance. At presentation, 44% of the @entity0 had more than one risk factor for @entity2 ( @entity2 ). 151 individuals (50%) had lipid findings that would require at least dietary intervention by NCEP guidelines. CONCLUSION: A self-pay, self-referred screening program for @entity5 is an effective means of improving screening and diagnosis rates. @entity0 with insurance were willing to pay for the convenience offered and @entity0 in particular were more likely to self-refer than @entity0 , independent of previous knowledge of risk factors or @entity5 .

title: XXXX prevalence in a laboratory initiated screening program.

answer: @entity4


abstract: To determine whether endogenous @entity3 contributes to the pathogenesis of endotoxin shock, @entity2 , a specific @entity3 antagonist, was injected i.v. to @entity0 before, simultaneously with or after endotoxin. @entity2 (5 mg/kg i.v.) injected 5 min before the endotoxin completely inhibited endotoxin (15 mg/kg i.v.)-induced @entity1 , and @entity2 (0.05-1 mg/kg i.v.) injected 7-10 min after the endotoxin rapidly reversed endotoxin-induced @entity1 . A combination of @entity2 (10 mg/kg) with endotoxin (5 mg/kg) administered i.v. improved the survival rate for 20 h or more. @entity2 (0.05-1 mg/kg i.v.) rapidly reversed the @entity3 (1 microgram/kg i.v.)-induced @entity1 . These findings strongly suggest that endogenous @entity3 may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of endotoxin shock.

title: Is platelet activating factor ( XXXX ) a mediator of endotoxin shock?

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest a link between gut microbiota and the development of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity2 ( @entity2 ). Our aim was to investigate any quantitative differences in faecal bacterial compositions in @entity1 and @entity2 @entity0 compared to healthy controls, and to identify individual bacterial species that contribute to these differences. METHODS: Faecal microbiota of 13 @entity1 @entity0 , 11 @entity2 @entity0 and 22 healthy volunteers were analysed by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) using universal and @entity4 specific primers. The data obtained were normalized using in-house developed statistical method and interrogated by multivariate approaches. The differentiated bands were excised and identified by sequencing the V3 region of the 16S rRNA genes. RESULTS: Band profiles revealed that number of predominant faecal bacteria were significantly different between @entity1 , @entity2 and control group ( @entity5 ). By assessing the mean band numbers in @entity1 (37    5) and @entity2 (39    6), compared to the controls (45    3), a significant decrease in bacterial species is suggested (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences between @entity2 and @entity1 . Biodiversity of the bacterial species was significantly lower in @entity1 (  = 2.94,    = 0.29) and @entity2 @entity0 (  = 2.90,    = 0.38) than controls (  = 3.25,    = 0.16; p = 0.01). Moreover, similarity indices revealed greater biological variability of predominant bacteria in @entity1 and @entity2 compared to the controls (median Dice coefficients 76.1% (IQR 70.9 - 83.1), 73.8% (IQR 67.0 - 77.5) and 82.9% (IQR 79.1 - 86.7) respectively). DNA sequencing of discriminating bands suggest that the presence of @entity4 , B. ovatus, @entity6 , and Parabacteroides sp. in healthy volunteers distinguishes them from @entity2 and @entity1 @entity0 . DGGE profiles of @entity4 species revealed a decrease of @entity4 community in @entity1 relative to @entity2 and controls. CONCLUSION: Molecular profiling of faecal bacteria revealed @entity3 in @entity1 and @entity2 @entity0 , while different patterns of @entity4 species loss in particular, were associated with @entity1 and @entity2 .

title: XXXX and irritable bowel @entity0 exhibit distinct abnormalities of the gut microbiota.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest a link between gut microbiota and the development of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity2 ( @entity2 ). Our aim was to investigate any quantitative differences in faecal bacterial compositions in @entity1 and @entity2 @entity0 compared to healthy controls, and to identify individual bacterial species that contribute to these differences. METHODS: Faecal microbiota of 13 @entity1 @entity0 , 11 @entity2 @entity0 and 22 healthy volunteers were analysed by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) using universal and @entity4 specific primers. The data obtained were normalized using in-house developed statistical method and interrogated by multivariate approaches. The differentiated bands were excised and identified by sequencing the V3 region of the 16S rRNA genes. RESULTS: Band profiles revealed that number of predominant faecal bacteria were significantly different between @entity1 , @entity2 and control group ( @entity5 ). By assessing the mean band numbers in @entity1 (37    5) and @entity2 (39    6), compared to the controls (45    3), a significant decrease in bacterial species is suggested (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences between @entity2 and @entity1 . Biodiversity of the bacterial species was significantly lower in @entity1 (  = 2.94,    = 0.29) and @entity2 @entity0 (  = 2.90,    = 0.38) than controls (  = 3.25,    = 0.16; p = 0.01). Moreover, similarity indices revealed greater biological variability of predominant bacteria in @entity1 and @entity2 compared to the controls (median Dice coefficients 76.1% (IQR 70.9 - 83.1), 73.8% (IQR 67.0 - 77.5) and 82.9% (IQR 79.1 - 86.7) respectively). DNA sequencing of discriminating bands suggest that the presence of @entity4 , B. ovatus, @entity6 , and Parabacteroides sp. in healthy volunteers distinguishes them from @entity2 and @entity1 @entity0 . DGGE profiles of @entity4 species revealed a decrease of @entity4 community in @entity1 relative to @entity2 and controls. CONCLUSION: Molecular profiling of faecal bacteria revealed @entity3 in @entity1 and @entity2 @entity0 , while different patterns of @entity4 species loss in particular, were associated with @entity1 and @entity2 .

title: @entity1 and irritable bowel XXXX exhibit distinct abnormalities of the gut microbiota.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We examined the records of @entity0 presenting to the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) with @entity1 . We describe frequency, demographics, management and @entity0 outcomes in terms of ambulatory ability, living independence and mortality. METHODS: @entity0 treated for a @entity1 over a 2-year period in Kingston, Ont., were identified. We performed a retrospective hospital record review to distinguish high- versus low-impact injury mechanisms, and to characterize the injury event, @entity3 management and outcomes for @entity0 with @entity1 . RESULTS: Of 132 pelvic @entity1 identified, 77 were @entity1 . @entity0 were predominantly @entity0 (82%) with a mean age of 81 years; 96% had some pre-existing medical comorbidity. The pubic rami were most commonly involved (86%). The median length of stay in the @entity3 was 9.4 hours. Twenty-five @entity0 (32%) were admitted to hospital. Ten @entity0 had surgical stabilization, mostly of the acetabulum. Five @entity0 died in hospital, 4 from pneumonia and 1 from @entity4 . Eight additional @entity0 died within 1 year of injury. At discharge, only 18% lived independently and 16% walked without aids versus 42% and 38%, respectively, before injury. CONCLUSION: @entity1 affect predominantly elderly @entity0 with pre-existing comorbidities. A substantial amount of time and resources in the @entity3 are used during the workup of these @entity0 and while awaiting their disposition from the @entity3 . These injuries are important because they affect independence and seem associated with an increased risk of @entity2 .

title: @entity1 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We examined the records of @entity0 presenting to the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) with @entity1 . We describe frequency, demographics, management and @entity0 outcomes in terms of ambulatory ability, living independence and mortality. METHODS: @entity0 treated for a @entity1 over a 2-year period in Kingston, Ont., were identified. We performed a retrospective hospital record review to distinguish high- versus low-impact injury mechanisms, and to characterize the injury event, @entity3 management and outcomes for @entity0 with @entity1 . RESULTS: Of 132 pelvic @entity1 identified, 77 were @entity1 . @entity0 were predominantly @entity0 (82%) with a mean age of 81 years; 96% had some pre-existing medical comorbidity. The pubic rami were most commonly involved (86%). The median length of stay in the @entity3 was 9.4 hours. Twenty-five @entity0 (32%) were admitted to hospital. Ten @entity0 had surgical stabilization, mostly of the acetabulum. Five @entity0 died in hospital, 4 from pneumonia and 1 from @entity4 . Eight additional @entity0 died within 1 year of injury. At discharge, only 18% lived independently and 16% walked without aids versus 42% and 38%, respectively, before injury. CONCLUSION: @entity1 affect predominantly elderly @entity0 with pre-existing comorbidities. A substantial amount of time and resources in the @entity3 are used during the workup of these @entity0 and while awaiting their disposition from the @entity3 . These injuries are important because they affect independence and seem associated with an increased risk of @entity2 .

title: XXXX in the @entity3 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: A bioassay of @entity9 (a synthetic flavoring agent) for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to F344 @entity2 and B6C3F1 @entity1 . Groups of 50 @entity2 and 50 @entity1 of each sex were fed the test chemical in diets containing 15,000 or 30,000 ppm for 103 weeks and then observed for an additional 2 or 3 weeks. Controls consisted of groups of 50 untreated @entity2 and 50 untreated @entity1 of each sex. All surviving animals were killed and necropsied at 105 to 107 weeks. Mean body weights of the dosed male and female @entity2 and @entity1 were lower than those of the corresponding controls throughout the bioassay, and weight decrements were dose related. Mortality in @entity2 and @entity1 of either sex was not affected by administration of the test chemical. In male @entity2 , @entity4 or @entity7 or @entity5 of the pancreas were found in low incidences in dosed @entity2 but not in control @entity2 . In direct comparisons with matched control groups, the incidences of these @entity0 were not significantly increased; however, because these @entity0 rarely occur spontaneously in aging F344 @entity2 , they were considered to be related to compound administration. Similar @entity6 have not been detected among 634 historical-control male F344 @entity2 at the same laboratory. In the female @entity2 , no @entity0 occurred at incidences that could be clearly related to the administration of the test chemical. In both male and female @entity1 , the @entity3 or @entity5 were dose related (P<0.001) and significant (P</= 0.001) in direct comparisons of dosed and control groups. It was concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay @entity9 was carcinogenic for male and female B6C3F1 @entity1 , inducing @entity3 or @entity5 . The test chemical was also carcinogenic for male F344 @entity2 , inducing low incidences of @entity8 or @entity5 of the pancreas and @entity4 or @entity5 of the renal cortex. @entity9 was not carcinogenic for female F344 @entity2 . Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male @entity2 : Positive Female @entity2 : Negative Male @entity1 : Positive Female @entity1 : Positive

title: Bioassay of XXXX for Possible Carcinogenicity (CAS No. 87-29-6).

answer: @entity9


abstract: BACKGROUND: During intensive chemotherapy for @entity12 , more than 10% of @entity0 die because of treatment complications but not because of progression of their underlying disease. In order to improve supportive care and to decrease mortality, we analysed the causes of @entity3 and their relationship to the cycles of chemotherapy in @entity0 undergoing treatment for @entity12 according to the study @entity12 -BFM 93. RESULTS: Thirty-five (7.4%) of a total of 471 @entity0 treated according to protocol @entity12 -BFM 93 died before or within the first 6 weeks after diagnosis ( @entity3 ). Fourty-nine @entity0 (10%) did not achieve remission, and 18 (4 %) died of therapy-related complications after having achieved remission. In comparison to earlier @entity12 -BFM studies, early mortality was reduced from 13%, 12%, 9% ( @entity12 - @entity13 , 83, 87) to 7% ( @entity12 -BFM 93, p-trend = 0.03). In contrast, mortality of @entity0 in complete continuous remission (CCR) did not change. @entity2 , in particular due to @entity5 , were the main cause of @entity3 . One @entity0 died of @entity8 associated with SIAD. After stem-cell transplantation in first remission, 7 of 51 @entity0 died, mainly because of @entity11 . The incidence of infectious complications decreased with the number of chemotherapy cycles and was highest during induction therapy. @entity6 occurred in one @entity0 during maintenance therapy and in one @entity0 thereafter; both @entity0 were in CCR. Another 14 @entity0 died during intensive therapy (before day 150) mostly with a low percentage of blasts, but no haematologic recovery. The cause of @entity3 in these @entity0 was mainly bacterial @entity4 or @entity1 , but seldom progression of @entity10 . CONCLUSION: This analysis confirmed the high incidence of @entity4 in @entity0 with @entity12 during chemotherapy-induced severe @entity9 . To increase overall survival in @entity0 undergoing therapy for @entity12 , we propose (1) to improve the prophylactic and therapeutic measures for @entity7 and @entity4 , (2) to continue risk-adapted therapy and (3) to treat high-risk @entity0 in specialised centres only.

title: [Analysis of causes of XXXX during intensive chemotherapy according to treatment protocol @entity12 -BFM 93].

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: During intensive chemotherapy for @entity12 , more than 10% of @entity0 die because of treatment complications but not because of progression of their underlying disease. In order to improve supportive care and to decrease mortality, we analysed the causes of @entity3 and their relationship to the cycles of chemotherapy in @entity0 undergoing treatment for @entity12 according to the study @entity12 -BFM 93. RESULTS: Thirty-five (7.4%) of a total of 471 @entity0 treated according to protocol @entity12 -BFM 93 died before or within the first 6 weeks after diagnosis ( @entity3 ). Fourty-nine @entity0 (10%) did not achieve remission, and 18 (4 %) died of therapy-related complications after having achieved remission. In comparison to earlier @entity12 -BFM studies, early mortality was reduced from 13%, 12%, 9% ( @entity12 - @entity13 , 83, 87) to 7% ( @entity12 -BFM 93, p-trend = 0.03). In contrast, mortality of @entity0 in complete continuous remission (CCR) did not change. @entity2 , in particular due to @entity5 , were the main cause of @entity3 . One @entity0 died of @entity8 associated with SIAD. After stem-cell transplantation in first remission, 7 of 51 @entity0 died, mainly because of @entity11 . The incidence of infectious complications decreased with the number of chemotherapy cycles and was highest during induction therapy. @entity6 occurred in one @entity0 during maintenance therapy and in one @entity0 thereafter; both @entity0 were in CCR. Another 14 @entity0 died during intensive therapy (before day 150) mostly with a low percentage of blasts, but no haematologic recovery. The cause of @entity3 in these @entity0 was mainly bacterial @entity4 or @entity1 , but seldom progression of @entity10 . CONCLUSION: This analysis confirmed the high incidence of @entity4 in @entity0 with @entity12 during chemotherapy-induced severe @entity9 . To increase overall survival in @entity0 undergoing therapy for @entity12 , we propose (1) to improve the prophylactic and therapeutic measures for @entity7 and @entity4 , (2) to continue risk-adapted therapy and (3) to treat high-risk @entity0 in specialised centres only.

title: [Analysis of causes of @entity3 during intensive chemotherapy according to treatment protocol XXXX -BFM 93].

answer: @entity12


abstract: @entity6 is a newly recognized platelet coactivator that functions through potentiation of @entity2 -induced platelet activation. However, the possible association between @entity5 and @entity3 ( @entity3 ) has not been systematically investigated up to now; @entity6 signaling mechanisms in platelets still need to be elucidated. In this study, plasma @entity6 levels in healthy subjects and @entity0 with @entity3 were determined, demonstrating that @entity0 with @entity3 and no other congenital risk factors had significantly increased plasma @entity6 levels. Moreover, @entity4 @entity0 demonstrated a higher incidence of @entity3 than the general population. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms for the development of @entity1 , @entity7 signaling during platelet activation was investigated with a focus on @entity2 -stimulated G-protein-regulated signaling pathways. The short isoform of @entity6 receptors was detected on platelets. Signaling through this receptor, although not directly linked to Gq-proteins, substitutes for Gq-protein regulated signaling pathways involved in platelet activation. We identified protein kinase C, a well-established signaling molecule in platelet activation, as a target molecule for @entity6 signaling pathways in @entity0 platelets. Our findings indicate that @entity5 may be an important novel risk factor for @entity3 , suggesting that its thrombogenic effect may be mediated through enhanced platelet reactivity. Revealing the molecular mechanisms of @entity6 signaling will allow the design of new antithrombotic therapies.

title: XXXX signaling during platelet activation.

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess and correlate functional outcomes and surgical results with health-related quality of life after ileal pouch-anal @entity5 (IPAA) in pediatric @entity0 . METHODS: Functional outcome was determined by questionnaire and telephone interview. Surgical results were determined by retrospective chart review. RESULTS: Data were gathered from 26 @entity0 (mean age at IPAA, 12 years; mean follow-up, 3.7 years). Diagnoses were @entity2 in 18, indeterminate @entity11 in 4, and @entity9 in 4. Indications for IPAA included intractability, medication @entity3 , @entity8 , and @entity1 prophylaxis. Short-term complications (5 @entity0 ; 19%) included @entity10 , stomal revision, pouch abscess, and negative exploration. Long-term complications (8 @entity0 ; 31%) were chronic @entity12 and @entity7 . The average number of stools per 24 hours was 3.9. No @entity6 was reported; dietary restrictions were negligible. Although there were minimal differences from population norms, parental @entity4 remained high. Chronic @entity12 correlated negatively with physical summary score. Nocturnal stooling negatively affected psychosocial quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric IPAA resulted in excellent bowel health. Quality of life, physical function, mental health, and self-esteem were equivalent to those of healthy @entity0 . These data may help families and physicians make informed surgical decisions.

title: Pediatric ileal pouch-anal XXXX : functional outcomes and quality of life.

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: Minimally invasive repair has become a popular approach for @entity3 ( @entity3 ). The bar is secured to the thoracic wall and left for approximately 2 years. The authors have noticed an intense @entity1 ( @entity1 ) around some of these bars at removal. A review of @entity0 undergoing bar removal was performed to better understand this @entity1 in relation to bar placement. METHODS: A retrospective review of @entity0 undergoing bar removal after @entity3 repair since January 1998 was performed. Chart review included age at bar insertion and removal, bar insertion position (subcutaneous [SC] v submuscular [SM]), @entity1 on Chest x-ray and at bar removal, operating time, and estimated @entity2 (EBL). RESULTS: Thirty-six @entity0 underwent bar removal during the study period (16 SC and 20 SM). Chest x-ray evaluation was possible in 27 @entity0 (16 SM, 11 SC). No difference existed for length of time the bar was in place or age at insertion/removal between groups. EBL was higher in the SM (18.3 v 8.8 mL, not significant). @entity1 was seen radiographically in 15 SM and 3 SC @entity0 (P <.001). @entity1 was encountered at removal in 19 SM @entity0 and a single SC @entity0 (P <.001). Operating time was statistically longer (P <.01) for the SM group (30.2 v 15.6 min). CONCLUSIONS: Bar position during repair of @entity3 is important. SM positioning virtually always results in @entity1 with increased EBL and statistically longer operating time at removal. Careful placement of the bar in the SC position without violating the fascia should be used to avoid these undesirable effects.

title: Evaluation of pectus bar position and osseous XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Herein we report age differences of in vivo constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in near-term and preterm @entity0 . Two potent nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, @entity1 and @entity2 , were studied in preterm (19th and 20th day) and near-term (21st day) @entity0 , whose gestational period was 21.5 days. The time course of fetal ductus constriction was studied on the 20th (preterm fetus) and the 21st (near-term fetus) days of gestation with @entity1 (1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) and @entity2 (10 mg/kg). In addition, 5 mg/kg of @entity1 was used on the 21st day. Maximal ductal constriction was noticed 8 h after administration. Constriction of the ductus was significantly weaker on the 20th day than on the 21st day in all three studies including @entity1 1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and @entity2 , 10 mg/kg. Dose-response curves were studied at 4 h following administration of @entity1 on the 19th, 20th, and 21st days, and @entity2 on the 20th and 21st days. With both drugs, the ductus constricted more vigorously on the 21st day than on the 20th or 19th day. These studies showed a weaker constrictive response of the ductus to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in the preterm fetus than in the near-term fetus. Twenty-four h after administration of @entity1 on the 20th day, the fetal ductus was dilated, although its plasma @entity1 concentration was high and comparable with that obtained 4 h after administration. These results show that the response of the fetal ductus to @entity1 decreased further at 24 h after administration to preterm @entity0 .

title: In vivo constriction of the ductus arteriosus by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in near-term and preterm fetal XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Activated dendritic cells (DC) initiate immune responses by presenting antigen, including alloantigen from tissue grafts, to T lymphocytes. The potential to deplete or inactivate differentiated-activated DC during allogeneic transplantation represents a new approach to immunosuppression. METHODS: The authors investigated the potential of the monoclonal antibody CMRF-44, which has specificity for a DC-associated differentiation-activation antigen, to induce complement-mediated lysis of activated @entity0 DC. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), or purified DC preparations, were cultured overnight to activate endogenous DC, resulting in the expression of CMRF-44 antigen and @entity4 . These were then treated with CMRF-44 and complement. Depletion of activated DC was monitored by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Eighty-nine percent of activated ( @entity4 +) DC in cultured PBMC were depleted by treatment with CMRF-44 and autologous serum (AS) (complement source; mean percentage of @entity4 +- @entity3 -- @entity2 - cells=0.06%; cf 0.50% for heat-inactivated AS controls, P<0.0005, n=7). Ninety-five percent of cultured purified myeloid DC were depleted by this treatment, compared with only 43% of similarly treated lymphoid DC. Overnight culture also increases CMRF-44 antigen on a proportion of B cells and mononuclears, but only 24% of these cells were depleted. This treatment considerably reduced the ability of PBMC to stimulate allogeneic @entity1 + CD45RA+ T lymphocytes. Similarly, the T-cell proliferative responses to recall and naive antigens were significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS: CMRF-44 may be a suitable candidate for a new selective immunosuppressive strategy, targeting differentiated-activated but not resting DC. It may have applications in preventing GVHD in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and facilitate immunoacceptance of solid organ allografts.

title: CMRF-44 antibody-mediated depletion of activated XXXX dendridic cells: a potential means for improving allograft survival.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that @entity1 centers treating high volumes of severely injured @entity0 produce lower mortality rates than those with low volumes. However, the effect of individual surgeons' @entity1 caseload on outcomes has not been studied. This study compares outcomes between high-volume (HV) @entity1 surgeons admitting many @entity0 with high injury severity, and @entity2 ( @entity2 ) surgeons treating fewer critical @entity0 per year. METHODS: All @entity1 @entity0 admitted to a large Level I @entity1 center over a 12-year period were assigned to either the HV or @entity2 group, depending on the yearly volume of their admitting surgeon. Surgeons treating > 35 severely injured (Injury Severity Score > 15) @entity0 per year were considered HV. Student's t test and chi2 analysis were used to test comparability of @entity2 and HV @entity0 groups and to compare mortality rates. Mortality rates of HV and @entity2 surgeons' @entity0 were compared in six injury patterns selected to represent moderate to severe injury. TRISS methodology (z score) was also used to assess outcomes in the two groups. The inherent bias of the TRISS method in comparing @entity1 outcomes was minimized by the homogeneity of the studied @entity0 population. RESULTS: A total of 16,481 @entity0 were admitted to HV surgeons, and 4,214 @entity0 were admitted to @entity2 surgeons. In all subgroups, HV and @entity2 @entity0 were similar regarding age, sex, physiologic status at admission, injury pattern, and injury severity. Mortality rates for HV and @entity2 surgeons were not significantly different between the two groups in any injury pattern. The z score was 1.88 in the HV @entity0 group versus 0.47 in the @entity2 group. CONCLUSION: Within a single institution, mortality rates for @entity0 treated by surgeons admitting many severely injured @entity0 were not significantly different from @entity2 surgeons' @entity0 , although there was a trend toward higher mortality in the less active surgeons' @entity0 in some subgroups.

title: Does volume matter? The effect of XXXX surgeons' caseload on mortality.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) are increasing in incidence, and accurate staging is important for selecting the appropriate treatment. @entity5 imaging is a promising approach for detecting @entity2 and could help in selecting optimal therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to prospectively determine the clinical utility of @entity5 positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in detecting unknown primary and metastatic @entity2 . @entity0 AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-one @entity0 were enrolled in a prospective study of @entity0 undergoing @entity5 PET/CT, @entity4 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT and multiphasic CT scan, and/or magnetic resonance imaging in a blinded fashion with comprehensive biochemical testing. The primary outcome measure was the detection of lesions by each imaging study. RESULTS: @entity5 PET/CT imaging detected 95.1% of lesions (95% CI, 92.4% to 96.8%) with an average maximum standardized uptake value of 65.4    47 (range, 6.9 to 244), anatomic imaging detected 45.3% of lesions (95% CI, 37.9% to 52.9%), and @entity4 SPECT/CT detected 30.9% of lesions (95% CI, 25.0% to 37.5%), with a significant difference between imaging modalities (P < .001). In four of 14 @entity0 (28.6%), @entity5 PET/CT found a previously unknown @entity1 , and detected primary GEPNET, lymph node, and distant metastases correctly in 72 of 113 lesions (63.7%) when compared with histopathology, with 22.1% and 38.9% detected by using @entity4 SPECT/CT and anatomic imaging, respectively. On the basis of findings with @entity5 PET/CT, 43 of 131 @entity0 (32.8%) had a change in management recommendation. In @entity0 with @entity3 symptoms but negative biochemical testing, @entity5 PET/CT detected lesions in 65.2% of @entity0 , 40% of which were detected neither by anatomic imaging nor by @entity4 SPECT/CT. CONCLUSION: @entity5 PET/CT imaging provides important information for accurate staging of @entity2 and selection of appropriate treatment interventions even in the absence of biochemical evidence of disease in symptomatic @entity0 .

title: Prospective Study of 68Ga-DOTATATE Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Detecting XXXX and Unknown Primary Sites.

answer: @entity2