abstract: BACKGROUND: Challenges in the clinical differentiation of @entity1 lead to the misappropriation of antibiotics and increased healthcare costs. A tool to facilitate rapid and accurate point-of-care (POC) differentiation is needed. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A prospective, single center, blinded, observational clinical trial was conducted at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center from December 2012 to August 2013 to determine the accuracy of a POC immunoassay to identify a clinically significant immune response to viral and/or @entity4 . Sixty @entity0 with @entity1 (19 @entity5 and 41 lower respiratory tract infection [LRTI]) were enrolled. @entity0 provided fingerstick blood for immunoassay testing (myxovirus A [ @entity6 ] and @entity3 [CRP]) and four oropharyngeal samples for viral PCR and routine bacterial cell culture. A venous blood sample was collected. An ELISA was used to measure CRP and @entity6 . Paired serological testing was used to confirm atypical bacteria. A urine sample was provided for Streptococcus and Legionella antigen testing. @entity0 with suspected LRTI had sputum and blood cultures, chest X-ray, and WBC count measured. @entity2 was confirmed if oropharyngeal PCR was positive for viral pathogens. @entity4 was confirmed in positive throat or sputum cultures. Elevated immunoglobulin M antibodies or twofold increase in IgG antibodies between acute and convalescent phase indicated atypical bacteria. Positive Streptococcus or Legionella urine antigen assays also confirmed @entity4 . The immunoassay correctly categorized subjects as 92% (22/24) negative, 80% (16/20) with @entity4 , and 70% (7/10) with @entity2 . CONCLUSIONS: The interplay between an @entity6 value and a semi-quantitative CRP value can aid in the differentiation of infectious etiology. In isolation, neither @entity6 nor CRP alone is sensitive or specific. However, the pattern of results in a rapid immunoassay provides a sensitive and specific method to differentiate @entity1 . This diagnostic information may help reduce antibiotic misuse and resistance and lower healthcare costs.

title: Evaluation of a combined @entity6 and CRP point-of-care immunoassay to identify viral and/or bacterial immune response in XXXX with @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity5 is a paediatric @entity0 , occurs commonly in head and neck region. Adult @entity4 are uncommon and only few cases of lesser sac @entity5 are reported in the literature. We present a case of lesser sac @entity5 in a 26-year-old lady who presented with features of @entity3 . Clinical examination revealed a 10x10 cm firm, non tender, mobile intraabdominal lump in the epigastrium. An upper @entity2 showed possible external compression at the body of the stomach. Ultrasound demonstrated a @entity1 , with internal echoes in one locule. CECT showed a large multiloculated @entity6 with hyper-dense content in the lesser sac extending up to the left lobe of the liver and indenting the stomach, lesser sac, and upper border of pancreas. On surgical exploration, a 10X8 cm multi @entity6 with clear fluid was found in the lesser sac very close to the lesser curvature of stomach. Histopathological examination of the excised lesion showed features of @entity5 . Though very rare, intraabdominal @entity5 should be considered in all atypical cases of @entity3 . A reasonable knowledge about these benign lesions will aid in establishing the diagnosis and surgical management.

title: XXXX of the Lesser Sac in Adult Presenting with Features of Gastric Outlet Obstruction - A Case Report.

answer: @entity6


abstract: It is estimated that 3.4% of @entity0 qualified for cholecystectomy due to @entity4 have a coexisting @entity3 . For decades, endoscopic ascending retrograde cholangiopancreatography has been the golden diagnostic standard in cases of suspected @entity3 . The method is associated with a relatively high rate of complications, including acute @entity1 , the incidence of which is estimated to range between 0.74% and 1.86%. The mechanism of this ERCP-induced complication is not fully understood, although factors increasing the risk of acute @entity1 , such as @entity2 , previous acute @entity1 , narrow bile ducts or difficult catheterization of Vater's ampulla are known. It has been suggested to discontinue the diagnostic endoscopic retrograde ascending cholangiopancreatography and replace it with endoscopic ultrasonography due to possible and potentially dangerous complications. Endoscopic ultrasonography has sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 95% regardless of @entity5 diameter, as opposed to magnetic resonance cholangiography. However, both of these parameters depend on the experience of the performing physician. The use of endoscopic ultrasonography allows to limit the number of performed @entity6 procedures by more than 2/3. Ascending @entity6 combined with an endoscopic incision into the Vater's ampulla followed by a mechanical evacuation of stone deposits from the ducts still remains a golden standard in the treatment of @entity3 . Despite some limitations such as potentially increased treatment costs as well as the necessity of the procedure to be performed by a surgeon experienced in both @entity6 as well as endoscopic ultrasonography, the diagnostic endoscopic ultrasonography followed by a simultaneous @entity6 aimed at @entity5 removal is the most efficient diagnostic and therapeutic management scheme in cases of suspected @entity3 .

title: Choledocholithiasis diagnostics - endoscopic ultrasound or XXXX ?

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: Reconstruction following @entity2 amputation of the external ear remains a unique challenge to the plastic surgeon. The authors report a series of ear reconstructions with @entity4 in @entity0 following @entity2 partial amputation of the ear. Technical points regarding the carving of the cartilage framework and methods of skin coverage are discussed. METHODS: Fifty partial ear reconstructions with @entity4 were performed over a 4-year period. All @entity0 had suffered previous @entity2 amputation of part of the external auricle due to bite injuries (n = 36), road traffic accidents (n = 6), burns (n = 5), or torture (n = 3). A two-stage technique of reconstruction with autologous cartilage graft was used based on Nagata's adaptations of Brent's original technique. In nine cases, skin shortage or extensive scarring required preoperative tissue expansion (n = 4) or a @entity6 (n = 5) to provide adequate coverage of the cartilage framework. RESULTS: Forty-seven @entity0 had a successful surgical outcome without complication. Two @entity0 developed small areas of @entity1 resulting in exposure of the cartilage framework. These healed with conservative management with @entity3 . One case of @entity5 resulted in significant @entity3 of the construct, which required a further surgical procedure with additional costal cartilage graft. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction of the external ear with @entity4 following @entity2 amputation can produce high-quality auricles consistently and is becoming the treatment of choice for such injuries, given access to a specialist center with exposure to a high volume of cases.

title: Reconstruction following XXXX partial amputation of the ear.

answer: @entity2


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: @entity6 is the most @entity6 . The aim of our study is to reflect our experience in the surgical treatment of this @entity1 MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 420 @entity6 operated in our hospital between 1994-2014. We include @entity1 size, preoperative hearing, surgical approaches, definitive facial and hearing functional results, and complications due to surgery. RESULTS: A total of 417 @entity0 with 420 @entity1 were analyzed, 209 female (50.1%) and 208 male (49.9%). Mean age at diagnosis was 49.8  13.2 years. The majority of the @entity1 were resected through a translabyrinthine approach (80.2%). @entity1 removal was achieved in 411 @entity1 (98.3%), and anatomic preservation of facial nerve in 404 (96.2%). Definitive facial nerve outcome was House-Brackmann grade I and II in 69.9%, and was significantly better in @entity1 under 20mm. Surgical complications included @entity5 in 3 @entity0 (0.7%) and retroauricular subcutaneous collection in 16 (3.8%), 5 cases of @entity4 (1.2%), 4 @entity0 with @entity3 (0.9%), and @entity2 in 3 @entity0 (0.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Surgery is the treatment of choice for @entity6 in the majority of @entity0 . In our experience, the complication rate is very low and @entity1 size is the main factor influencing postoperative facial nerve function.

title: Surgical treatment of XXXX . Review of 420 cases.

answer: @entity6


abstract: From December 1993 to December 1994, we inserted 14 biliary endoprostheses (Wallstent) endoscopically in 12 consecutive @entity0 (5 @entity0 and 7 @entity0 ; 55-91 years [mean 69.8 years] of age) with @entity1 . Successful placement of Wallstent was achieved in all 12 @entity0 . Procedure related @entity2 was encountered in one @entity0 (8.3%) who was complicated with @entity7 , combined with a slipping migration of the stent. In 11 of the 12 patients, serum @entity4 levels reduced to less than 2.0 mg/dl. @entity5 , which was defined as the obstruction of the stent within 24 hours after the stent placement, occurred in 2 @entity0 (16.7%). Endoscopic nasal bile drainage (ENBD) following stent placement was performed in 4 @entity0 and @entity5 was not developed in these cases. After endoprosthesis 8 @entity0 were discharged with 6-47 hospital days and the average hospitalized period excluding a case with @entity3 was 12.7 days. Excluding one procedure related @entity2 , 6 @entity0 died of primary malignancy 39-189 days (average 90.7 days) after endoprosthesis and in 2 cases recurrence of @entity6 was observed. The other 4 @entity0 have been alive for 60-174 days (average 102.5 days) without @entity6 . The survival rate of the all @entity0 was 64% for 3 months and 32% for 6 months, respectively. In conclusion, we suggested that the endoscopic Wallstent placement would contribute to the improvement of the quality of life for @entity0 with @entity1 . However, @entity5 may be developed in some cases. For the purpose of managing @entity5 , we recommend ENBD for a few days following the placement of a Wallstent.

title: [Endoscopic placement of self-expandable metallic stents (Wallstent) for @entity1 , with special reference to preventive endoscopic nasal bile drainage against XXXX after stenting].

answer: @entity5


abstract: From December 1993 to December 1994, we inserted 14 biliary endoprostheses (Wallstent) endoscopically in 12 consecutive @entity0 (5 @entity0 and 7 @entity0 ; 55-91 years [mean 69.8 years] of age) with @entity1 . Successful placement of Wallstent was achieved in all 12 @entity0 . Procedure related @entity2 was encountered in one @entity0 (8.3%) who was complicated with @entity7 , combined with a slipping migration of the stent. In 11 of the 12 patients, serum @entity4 levels reduced to less than 2.0 mg/dl. @entity5 , which was defined as the obstruction of the stent within 24 hours after the stent placement, occurred in 2 @entity0 (16.7%). Endoscopic nasal bile drainage (ENBD) following stent placement was performed in 4 @entity0 and @entity5 was not developed in these cases. After endoprosthesis 8 @entity0 were discharged with 6-47 hospital days and the average hospitalized period excluding a case with @entity3 was 12.7 days. Excluding one procedure related @entity2 , 6 @entity0 died of primary malignancy 39-189 days (average 90.7 days) after endoprosthesis and in 2 cases recurrence of @entity6 was observed. The other 4 @entity0 have been alive for 60-174 days (average 102.5 days) without @entity6 . The survival rate of the all @entity0 was 64% for 3 months and 32% for 6 months, respectively. In conclusion, we suggested that the endoscopic Wallstent placement would contribute to the improvement of the quality of life for @entity0 with @entity1 . However, @entity5 may be developed in some cases. For the purpose of managing @entity5 , we recommend ENBD for a few days following the placement of a Wallstent.

title: [Endoscopic placement of self-expandable metallic stents (Wallstent) for XXXX , with special reference to preventive endoscopic nasal bile drainage against @entity5 after stenting].

answer: @entity1


abstract: In order to clarify endocrinological changes before and after living-related renal transplantation in a @entity0 of @entity14 involving @entity2 , serial quantitative determinations of the @entity5 -angiotensin- @entity9 system and 24-hour urinary excretion of @entity13 and kallikrein were performed. A male @entity0 was admitted to hospital because of a pale face and @entity4 at the age of 13 years. He was 126 cm in height (M-3.8SD). Blood pressure was 110/60 mmHg and @entity1 was not observed. Laboratory findings showed that his hematocrit was 22.1%, serum @entity6 2.9 mEq/1, @entity7 clearance was 30.7 ml/min/1.73m2 and @entity11 -microgobulin was elevated to 39.9 mg/1 in urinalysis. Plasma @entity5 activity and @entity9 were remarkably elevated to 24.23 ng/ml/hr and 738 pg/ml, respectively. The kidney biopsy specimen showed @entity3 and @entity8 change of the juxtaglomerular apparatus was also demonstrated. He was diagnosed as @entity14 with @entity4 and @entity2 . At the age of 18, he was introduced on hemodialysis and the living-related renal transplantation was performed the next year. Two weeks after the transplantation, plasma @entity5 activity, @entity10 ,II and @entity9 were markedly changed from 37.8 to 2.3 ng/ml/hr, 2400 to 220 pg/ml, 256 to 17 pg/ml and 3700 to 110 pg/ml, respectively. Urine @entity15 was improved from 860 to 321 ng/day and @entity12 was also changed from 400 to 25.2 micrograms/day. These results indicated that abnormalities of several hormones in @entity14 could be normalized by living-related renal transplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Endocrinological analysis before and after living-related renal transplantation in a @entity0 of XXXX ].

answer: @entity14


abstract: In order to clarify endocrinological changes before and after living-related renal transplantation in a @entity0 of @entity14 involving @entity2 , serial quantitative determinations of the @entity5 -angiotensin- @entity9 system and 24-hour urinary excretion of @entity13 and kallikrein were performed. A male @entity0 was admitted to hospital because of a pale face and @entity4 at the age of 13 years. He was 126 cm in height (M-3.8SD). Blood pressure was 110/60 mmHg and @entity1 was not observed. Laboratory findings showed that his hematocrit was 22.1%, serum @entity6 2.9 mEq/1, @entity7 clearance was 30.7 ml/min/1.73m2 and @entity11 -microgobulin was elevated to 39.9 mg/1 in urinalysis. Plasma @entity5 activity and @entity9 were remarkably elevated to 24.23 ng/ml/hr and 738 pg/ml, respectively. The kidney biopsy specimen showed @entity3 and @entity8 change of the juxtaglomerular apparatus was also demonstrated. He was diagnosed as @entity14 with @entity4 and @entity2 . At the age of 18, he was introduced on hemodialysis and the living-related renal transplantation was performed the next year. Two weeks after the transplantation, plasma @entity5 activity, @entity10 ,II and @entity9 were markedly changed from 37.8 to 2.3 ng/ml/hr, 2400 to 220 pg/ml, 256 to 17 pg/ml and 3700 to 110 pg/ml, respectively. Urine @entity15 was improved from 860 to 321 ng/day and @entity12 was also changed from 400 to 25.2 micrograms/day. These results indicated that abnormalities of several hormones in @entity14 could be normalized by living-related renal transplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Endocrinological analysis before and after living-related renal transplantation in a XXXX of @entity14 ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: The proarrhythmic effects of the @entity2 -sensitive @entity5 channel modulators @entity10 (n = 10; 0.01 to 0.3 mg/kg i.v.), @entity9 (n = 10; 0.3 to 10 mg/kg i.v.) or volume equivalents of vehicle (n = 10) were evaluated in post-infarcted anaesthetised @entity0 . @entity0 were anaesthetised, subjected to an anterior-apical @entity1 , and allowed to recover. At 7.4 +/- 0.7 days post @entity7 , animals were anaesthetised again, electrophysiologic measurements (effective refractory periods, @entity6 and @entity8 thresholds) were taken, and animals were tested for @entity3 using a programmed electrical stimulation protocol. Only animals that did not have programmed electrical stimulation-inducible @entity3 were used. @entity8 thresholds were determined twice, once before the first dose then after the last dose of drug. At the end of the experiment, animals were subjected to ligation of the left circumflex coronary artery and survival was measured over the next two hours. @entity10 significantly increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure. Although @entity10 significantly reduced effective refractory periods, it neither increased electrical dispersion, as determined by the standard deviation or coefficient of variance of the effective refractory period, nor did it enhance inducibility (0 out of 10 in both vehicle and @entity10 treated animals), change @entity8 thresholds, or reduce @entity4 survival relative to vehicle. @entity9 did not increase electrical dispersion, but slightly increased the incidence of programmed electrical stimulation-induced @entity3 (3 out of 10), and lowered @entity8 thresholds values. However, these changes were not statistically significant. @entity9 did not significantly affect survival relative to vehicle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of XXXX or @entity9 on @entity3 and dispersion of refractoriness in chronically infarcted in anesthetized @entity0 .

answer: @entity10


abstract: The proarrhythmic effects of the @entity2 -sensitive @entity5 channel modulators @entity10 (n = 10; 0.01 to 0.3 mg/kg i.v.), @entity9 (n = 10; 0.3 to 10 mg/kg i.v.) or volume equivalents of vehicle (n = 10) were evaluated in post-infarcted anaesthetised @entity0 . @entity0 were anaesthetised, subjected to an anterior-apical @entity1 , and allowed to recover. At 7.4 +/- 0.7 days post @entity7 , animals were anaesthetised again, electrophysiologic measurements (effective refractory periods, @entity6 and @entity8 thresholds) were taken, and animals were tested for @entity3 using a programmed electrical stimulation protocol. Only animals that did not have programmed electrical stimulation-inducible @entity3 were used. @entity8 thresholds were determined twice, once before the first dose then after the last dose of drug. At the end of the experiment, animals were subjected to ligation of the left circumflex coronary artery and survival was measured over the next two hours. @entity10 significantly increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure. Although @entity10 significantly reduced effective refractory periods, it neither increased electrical dispersion, as determined by the standard deviation or coefficient of variance of the effective refractory period, nor did it enhance inducibility (0 out of 10 in both vehicle and @entity10 treated animals), change @entity8 thresholds, or reduce @entity4 survival relative to vehicle. @entity9 did not increase electrical dispersion, but slightly increased the incidence of programmed electrical stimulation-induced @entity3 (3 out of 10), and lowered @entity8 thresholds values. However, these changes were not statistically significant. @entity9 did not significantly affect survival relative to vehicle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of @entity10 or XXXX on @entity3 and dispersion of refractoriness in chronically infarcted in anesthetized @entity0 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: The proarrhythmic effects of the @entity2 -sensitive @entity5 channel modulators @entity10 (n = 10; 0.01 to 0.3 mg/kg i.v.), @entity9 (n = 10; 0.3 to 10 mg/kg i.v.) or volume equivalents of vehicle (n = 10) were evaluated in post-infarcted anaesthetised @entity0 . @entity0 were anaesthetised, subjected to an anterior-apical @entity1 , and allowed to recover. At 7.4 +/- 0.7 days post @entity7 , animals were anaesthetised again, electrophysiologic measurements (effective refractory periods, @entity6 and @entity8 thresholds) were taken, and animals were tested for @entity3 using a programmed electrical stimulation protocol. Only animals that did not have programmed electrical stimulation-inducible @entity3 were used. @entity8 thresholds were determined twice, once before the first dose then after the last dose of drug. At the end of the experiment, animals were subjected to ligation of the left circumflex coronary artery and survival was measured over the next two hours. @entity10 significantly increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure. Although @entity10 significantly reduced effective refractory periods, it neither increased electrical dispersion, as determined by the standard deviation or coefficient of variance of the effective refractory period, nor did it enhance inducibility (0 out of 10 in both vehicle and @entity10 treated animals), change @entity8 thresholds, or reduce @entity4 survival relative to vehicle. @entity9 did not increase electrical dispersion, but slightly increased the incidence of programmed electrical stimulation-induced @entity3 (3 out of 10), and lowered @entity8 thresholds values. However, these changes were not statistically significant. @entity9 did not significantly affect survival relative to vehicle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of @entity10 or @entity9 on XXXX and dispersion of refractoriness in chronically infarcted in anesthetized @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The proarrhythmic effects of the @entity2 -sensitive @entity5 channel modulators @entity10 (n = 10; 0.01 to 0.3 mg/kg i.v.), @entity9 (n = 10; 0.3 to 10 mg/kg i.v.) or volume equivalents of vehicle (n = 10) were evaluated in post-infarcted anaesthetised @entity0 . @entity0 were anaesthetised, subjected to an anterior-apical @entity1 , and allowed to recover. At 7.4 +/- 0.7 days post @entity7 , animals were anaesthetised again, electrophysiologic measurements (effective refractory periods, @entity6 and @entity8 thresholds) were taken, and animals were tested for @entity3 using a programmed electrical stimulation protocol. Only animals that did not have programmed electrical stimulation-inducible @entity3 were used. @entity8 thresholds were determined twice, once before the first dose then after the last dose of drug. At the end of the experiment, animals were subjected to ligation of the left circumflex coronary artery and survival was measured over the next two hours. @entity10 significantly increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure. Although @entity10 significantly reduced effective refractory periods, it neither increased electrical dispersion, as determined by the standard deviation or coefficient of variance of the effective refractory period, nor did it enhance inducibility (0 out of 10 in both vehicle and @entity10 treated animals), change @entity8 thresholds, or reduce @entity4 survival relative to vehicle. @entity9 did not increase electrical dispersion, but slightly increased the incidence of programmed electrical stimulation-induced @entity3 (3 out of 10), and lowered @entity8 thresholds values. However, these changes were not statistically significant. @entity9 did not significantly affect survival relative to vehicle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of @entity10 or @entity9 on @entity3 and dispersion of refractoriness in chronically infarcted in anesthetized XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The repair of bone defects in reconstructive surgery has significant limitations. Donor site morbidity, limited supply of autograft, and risks and complications associated with allografting and synthetic bone substitutes are among the most significant. In an effort to address these problems, the search for an ideal bone replacement has led to the development of a new method of @entity3 ( @entity2 ) foam processing, enabling the production of a biodegradable scaffold with similar porosity to @entity0 trabecular bone. In this study, these scaffolds were evaluated for bone repair in vivo in a femoral critical-sized segmental defect in New Zealand White (NZW) @entity1 . Three groups of nine animals were investigated. In the first group, the critical-sized defects were empty. Scaffolds alone were implanted in the second group, whereas autologous bone marrow cell-loaded scaffolds were implanted in the third group. Animals ambulated freely for 8 weeks after surgery, and bone formation throughout the defects was serially assessed radiographically and quantified using a bone formation index (BFI) measure. Postmortem radiography and histology were also undertaken to examine bone formation. There was a significant effect of applying this technology to the amount of bone formed in the defects as determined by the BFI (F = 3.41, P < 0.05). The mean BFI for the cell-loaded scaffolds was greater than for the control group at all measured time points (2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-week radiographs). This difference was significant for the 2- and 8-week radiographs (P < 0.05). Qualitative histological assessment confirmed these findings. We concluded from these findings that these @entity2 scaffolds loaded with marrow-derived progenitor cells yield significant bone formation in a critical-sized @entity1 femoral defect. This technology comprising a novel scaffold design and autologous cells may provide an alternative to current strategies for reconstruction of bony defects.

title: In vivo bone engineering in a XXXX femur.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of risk factors for @entity2 among elderly @entity0 . DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: A district of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. METHODS: As a part of the Rotterdam Study information about smoking habits, blood pressure, Quetelet index and serum @entity4 of 7,983 responding @entity0 (78%) (3,105 @entity0 and 4,878 @entity0 ) of 55 years and older was obtained by an interview and physical examination during two visits to a research center. RESULTS: Among @entity0 and @entity0 there were 29.7% and 16.7% smokers and 60.1% and 25.9% ex-smokers, respectively. Among @entity0 the proportion of smokers decreased from 31.0% in the age category 55-59 years to 15.9% in de category > or = 85 years, among @entity0 from 28.0% to 2.7%. Systolic blood pressure increased with age in both sexes, while diastolic blood pressure hardly changed. @entity3 (systolic blood pressure 160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure > or = 95 mmHg at a single measurement and/or use of antihypertensive drugs) occurred in 23.3% of @entity0 and 28.0% of @entity0 . In men, total serum @entity4 decreased gradually with age, whereas in @entity0 there was a slight increase up to the category 70-74 years. No evident change in HDL @entity4 with increasing age was observed in @entity0 , but in @entity0 a decrease was observed until the same level was reached as in @entity0 . Thirty-five per cent of @entity0 and 49.5% of @entity0 had an elevated level of serum @entity4 (> or = 6.5 mmol/l). The prevalence of @entity1 (Quetelet index > 25 kg/m2) was about 50% in both @entity0 and @entity0 but was less in the categories from 75 years onwards. Approximately 80% of @entity0 and @entity0 had at least one risk factor, while in almost half of them two or more risk factors were found. CONCLUSION: Risk factors for @entity2 are common among elderly @entity0 .

title: [Risk factors for XXXX in the elderly; the ERGO study (Erasmus Rotterdam Health and the Elderly)].

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the surgical treatment of life-threatening @entity4 following oesophageal perforation or leakage after resection for @entity1 . DESIGN: Descriptive retrospective. SETTING: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Utrecht. METHODS: Between June 1989 and October 1994, 18 @entity0 with severe @entity4 and @entity3 following perforation of the oesophagus or leakage after oesophageal resection for @entity1 were treated with aggressive surgery. (Peri-)anastomotic leakage was the cause of @entity4 and @entity3 in 14 @entity0 , 3 @entity0 perforated during endoscopy and 1 @entity0 suffered a spontaneous perforation. @entity2 surgery consisted of removing the oesophageal replacement from the mediastinum, creating an oesophago-cutaneostomy and a feeding enterostomy and drainage of the mediastinum and interpleural spaces. RESULTS: All @entity0 survived; however, postoperative morbidity was high. The alimentary tract was reconstructed in 15 @entity0 . CONCLUSION: @entity2 surgical treatment of life-threatening @entity4 and @entity3 as described here can save severely ill @entity0 . Because of the high postoperative morbidity level only @entity0 with perforations of the oesophagus and early stages of @entity1 should be operated.

title: [Surgical treatment of life-threatening XXXX following esophageal perforation or leakage after esophagus surgery].

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity1 -induced @entity0 liver microsomes were subjected to @entity3 - and @entity9 -catalyzed lipid peroxidation. The formation of approx. 95 nmol @entity4 /mg protein during 18 min peroxidation at 37 degrees C was observed. @entity6 measured by means of the steady-state fluorescence anisotropy rs of @entity8 increased in parallel with the @entity4 formation. Both the amount of @entity4 and rs remained constant thereafter during incubation of the peroxidized membranes for 2 h. The @entity11 demethylase activity decreased by about 60% upon lipid peroxidation for 18 min, whereas no significant loss of @entity10 demethylase activity within the same time range was observed. A time-dependent formation of protein complexes of high molecular weight, comprising most of the microsomal polypeptides, upon lipid peroxidation was observed in @entity2 - @entity7 gel electrophoresis. The effect of microsomal lipid peroxidation on protein-protein interactions was examined by measuring the rotational mobility of intact @entity5 . Rotational diffusion was measured by observing the decay of flash-induced absorption anisotropy r(t) of the P-450 X CO complex. Analysis was based on a 'rotation-about-membrane normal' model with the equation r(t) = r1exp(-t/ @entity12 ) + r2exp(-t/phi 2). In control microsomes, two classes (rapid and slow) of rotating populations of @entity5 were observed with @entity12 approximately equal to 150 microseconds, fraction r1/(r1 + r2) approximately equal to 40% and phi 2 approximately equal to 2 ms, fraction r2/(r1 + r2) approximately equal to 60%. A relatively small decrease in the rotational mobility of P-450 was observed by a 18-min lipid peroxidation, while a subsequent incubation of peroxidized microsomes for 2 h at 37 degrees C resulted in a dramatic immobilization of P-450 by the increase of both r2/(r1 + r2) approximately equal to 75% and phi 2 approximately equal to 10-25 ms. The decrease in the P-450 mobility during 18-min lipid peroxidation would be due to the rigidification of the lipid bilayer. However, because the lipid fluidity remained unchanged thereafter, the significant immobilization of P-450 by the subsequent 2-h incubation is deduced to be due to formation of protein aggregates.

title: Lipid peroxidation decreases the rotational mobility of XXXX in @entity0 liver microsomes.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity1 -induced @entity0 liver microsomes were subjected to @entity3 - and @entity9 -catalyzed lipid peroxidation. The formation of approx. 95 nmol @entity4 /mg protein during 18 min peroxidation at 37 degrees C was observed. @entity6 measured by means of the steady-state fluorescence anisotropy rs of @entity8 increased in parallel with the @entity4 formation. Both the amount of @entity4 and rs remained constant thereafter during incubation of the peroxidized membranes for 2 h. The @entity11 demethylase activity decreased by about 60% upon lipid peroxidation for 18 min, whereas no significant loss of @entity10 demethylase activity within the same time range was observed. A time-dependent formation of protein complexes of high molecular weight, comprising most of the microsomal polypeptides, upon lipid peroxidation was observed in @entity2 - @entity7 gel electrophoresis. The effect of microsomal lipid peroxidation on protein-protein interactions was examined by measuring the rotational mobility of intact @entity5 . Rotational diffusion was measured by observing the decay of flash-induced absorption anisotropy r(t) of the P-450 X CO complex. Analysis was based on a 'rotation-about-membrane normal' model with the equation r(t) = r1exp(-t/ @entity12 ) + r2exp(-t/phi 2). In control microsomes, two classes (rapid and slow) of rotating populations of @entity5 were observed with @entity12 approximately equal to 150 microseconds, fraction r1/(r1 + r2) approximately equal to 40% and phi 2 approximately equal to 2 ms, fraction r2/(r1 + r2) approximately equal to 60%. A relatively small decrease in the rotational mobility of P-450 was observed by a 18-min lipid peroxidation, while a subsequent incubation of peroxidized microsomes for 2 h at 37 degrees C resulted in a dramatic immobilization of P-450 by the increase of both r2/(r1 + r2) approximately equal to 75% and phi 2 approximately equal to 10-25 ms. The decrease in the P-450 mobility during 18-min lipid peroxidation would be due to the rigidification of the lipid bilayer. However, because the lipid fluidity remained unchanged thereafter, the significant immobilization of P-450 by the subsequent 2-h incubation is deduced to be due to formation of protein aggregates.

title: Lipid peroxidation decreases the rotational mobility of @entity5 in XXXX liver microsomes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the epidemiologic characteristics of antibiotic-associated @entity3 (AAD) in @entity0 . The authors' aim was to evaluate the incidence of AAD in an outpatient pediatric population and to identify risk factors. METHODS: @entity0 aged 1 month to 15.4 years treated with oral antibiotics for a proven or suspected @entity2 were enrolled from an ambulatory pediatric practice during an 11-month period. Parents recorded the daily frequency and characteristics of stools using a diary during the antibiotic treatment and for 1 week after it was stopped. An episode of @entity3 was defined by at least 3 soft or liquid stools/d for at least 2 consecutive days. Risk factors for AAD-age, type of antibiotic treatment, type of combined treatment, and site of @entity2 -were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 650 @entity0 included, 11% had an episode of AAD, lasting a mean of 4.0 +/- 3.0 days, beginning a mean of 5.3 +/- 3.5 days after the start of antibiotic treatment. No @entity0 was hospitalized because of AAD. The incidence of AAD was higher in @entity0 less than 2 years (18%) than in those more than 2 years (3%; P < 0.0001). The incidence of AAD was particularly high after administration of certain antibiotics ( @entity1 / @entity4 , 23%; P = 0.003 compared with other antibiotics). The type of combined treatment and site of @entity2 did not influence the onset of AAD. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic-associated @entity3 was common in these outpatient @entity0 , especially for those aged less than 2 years and after the prescription of certain antibiotics, particularly, the combination of @entity1 / @entity4 .

title: Incidence and risk factors of oral antibiotic-associated XXXX in an outpatient pediatric population.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A 5-year-old @entity0 was admitted to another clinic because of @entity5 and @entity6 . She was brought to our clinic after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted. CT scan on admission in our clinic showed a @entity2 in the pineal region with tumoral @entity7 . Tumor markers such as @entity13 , @entity4 , @entity8 , @entity14 were within normal range. A biopsy of the @entity2 was performed and the histological diagnosis was @entity10 . Her recovery was excellent and disseminated @entity1 was not recognized. @entity2 was performed through the occipital transtentorial approach. She had no @entity3 after surgery. She then received two 5-day cycles of chemotherapy, consisting of intravenous administration of 20 mg/m2/day @entity9 and 60 mg/m2/day @entity12 , and craniospinal radiotherapy. After these therapies, the @entity2 responded and disappeared completely. Follow-up radiographic investigations also demonstrated no abnormal evidence except for @entity11 . She is attending a primary school without any problems. @entity10 is quite rare and remarkably malignant. Hence, aggressive therapies including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is indicated for this @entity2 .

title: [A case of @entity10 successfully treated with surgery, combined chemotherapy of XXXX and @entity12 , and radiotherapy].

answer: @entity9


abstract: A 5-year-old @entity0 was admitted to another clinic because of @entity5 and @entity6 . She was brought to our clinic after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted. CT scan on admission in our clinic showed a @entity2 in the pineal region with tumoral @entity7 . Tumor markers such as @entity13 , @entity4 , @entity8 , @entity14 were within normal range. A biopsy of the @entity2 was performed and the histological diagnosis was @entity10 . Her recovery was excellent and disseminated @entity1 was not recognized. @entity2 was performed through the occipital transtentorial approach. She had no @entity3 after surgery. She then received two 5-day cycles of chemotherapy, consisting of intravenous administration of 20 mg/m2/day @entity9 and 60 mg/m2/day @entity12 , and craniospinal radiotherapy. After these therapies, the @entity2 responded and disappeared completely. Follow-up radiographic investigations also demonstrated no abnormal evidence except for @entity11 . She is attending a primary school without any problems. @entity10 is quite rare and remarkably malignant. Hence, aggressive therapies including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is indicated for this @entity2 .

title: [A case of @entity10 successfully treated with surgery, combined chemotherapy of @entity9 and XXXX , and radiotherapy].

answer: @entity12


abstract: A 5-year-old @entity0 was admitted to another clinic because of @entity5 and @entity6 . She was brought to our clinic after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted. CT scan on admission in our clinic showed a @entity2 in the pineal region with tumoral @entity7 . Tumor markers such as @entity13 , @entity4 , @entity8 , @entity14 were within normal range. A biopsy of the @entity2 was performed and the histological diagnosis was @entity10 . Her recovery was excellent and disseminated @entity1 was not recognized. @entity2 was performed through the occipital transtentorial approach. She had no @entity3 after surgery. She then received two 5-day cycles of chemotherapy, consisting of intravenous administration of 20 mg/m2/day @entity9 and 60 mg/m2/day @entity12 , and craniospinal radiotherapy. After these therapies, the @entity2 responded and disappeared completely. Follow-up radiographic investigations also demonstrated no abnormal evidence except for @entity11 . She is attending a primary school without any problems. @entity10 is quite rare and remarkably malignant. Hence, aggressive therapies including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is indicated for this @entity2 .

title: [A case of XXXX successfully treated with surgery, combined chemotherapy of @entity9 and @entity12 , and radiotherapy].

answer: @entity10


abstract: This is a report of a spinal intradural @entity1 associated with an enlarged filum terminale. A 9-year-old female was admitted to our hospital complaining of @entity2 . Neurological examination revealed no abnormal findings. CT scan showed a round shaped @entity0 in the right dorsolateral side of the spinal canal between the level of L1 to S1/2. The @entity0 disclosed isodensity and was not enhanced. A small low density @entity0 was visualized in the dural sac at the same level. MRI showed the @entity0 with low signal intensity on the T1-weighted image, and high signal intensity on the T2. The small @entity0 in the dural sac was demonstrated with low signal intensity on the T1 and T2-weighted image. In addition to this finding, @entity3 was disclosed. It was suspected that this @entity0 was extradural @entity1 associated with an enlarged filum terminale. Osteoplastic laminotomy between L3 to S1/2 was performed, and an @entity1 was found in the intradural space. It compressed the cauda equina and enlarged tough filum terminale. The cyst was removed subtotally, and the filum terminale was cut off. Postoperative course was uneventful and the @entity2 disappeared. It was thought that this @entity2 might be derived from the intradural @entity1 , or the enlarged filum terminale.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Spinal intradural XXXX associated with enlarged filum terminale].

answer: @entity1


abstract: An @entity13 associated with posttraumatic @entity12 of the middle meningeal artery is a very rare clinical entity. Only 31 such cases have been reported in the literature. A 54-year-old @entity0 was admitted with lethargy and right @entity10 . A skull X-ray film revealed a linear @entity2 in the left parietal and temporal bone, extending to the base of the skull. A brain CT scan disclosed an @entity9 over the left cerebral hemisphere, contusional @entity11 in the @entity1 , and @entity5 in the left Sylvian fissure. During an emergency craniotomy a @entity13 was evacuated and external decompression was performed. Angiography, which was performed about one month after the @entity6 , revealed an @entity4 of the middle meningeal artery. The @entity4 was removed to avoid delayed @entity3 at the time of cranioplasty. Histological diagnosis was @entity12 . We discussed the pathogenesis of a @entity8 and the necessity to pay attention to the presence of a @entity12 when an active @entity7 point is not observed during surgery of the @entity13 .

title: [Posttraumatic XXXX of the middle meningeal artery: a case report].

answer: @entity12


abstract: Clinicians report that @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) often have difficulty with tasks requiring sustained attention, and there are neuroanatomical and neurophysiological reasons to expect such deficits. Nevertheless, laboratory measures of sustained attention or vigilance in @entity1 have produced conflicting results. These inconsistencies may be due to @entity0 heterogeneity as well as the fact that vigilance performance is dependent on highly specific features of the task design. We developed a visual vigilance task in which the influence of non-attentional factors was minimized and task difficulty for @entity0 and controls made comparable. Performance was characterized with respect to vigilance level as well as vigilance decrement, using measures of perceptual discrimination, response bias, reaction time and reaction time variability. Twenty-six @entity0 with recent @entity1 and 18 control subjects were tested on this task. A MANOVA of ranked scores revealed significantly different @entity0 and control performance overall. Initial level of performance (vigilance level) was slower and more variable for @entity0 than controls, and @entity0 showed more conservative response biases. Deterioration over time (vigilance decrement) was steeper for @entity0 than controls for reaction time, reaction time variability, and response bias. Deterioration in accuracy (D') did not differ significantly between @entity0 and controls. Performance was not related to available measures of injury severity. Hypotheses relating arousal mechanisms to vigilance performance are discussed.

title: Sustained arousal and attention after XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to identify the @entity1 who are at low or high-risk by defining the prognostic factors in node-negative @entity0 . METHODS: Medical records of 384 consecutive @entity0 @entity1 with negative axillary lymph nodes who had been operated on between January 1994 and January 1997 at our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Several clinical and pathological characteristics of @entity1 were categorized. Univariate analyses of survival and disease-free survival (DFS) were performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Independent prognostic and predictive factors affecting survival and DFS were assessed by Cox proportional hazard method. RESULTS: 5-year survival and DFS were 91.4 and 85.7%, respectively. Size, grade, age, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were the prognostic factors that independently affected survival and DFS. @entity3 improved survival and DFS. While age younger than 35 was an adverse factor for both survival and DFS, age older than 49 was a detrimental factor for DFS. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 who have a @entity2 with size greater than 2 cm, with histologic grade 3, with LVI, and @entity1 with age under 35 or older than 49 have poorer prognosis among node-negative @entity0 , and are candidates for adjuvant therapy.

title: Prognostic factors affecting survival and disease-free survival in lymph node-negative XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Between 1970 and 1980, we treated 107 previously untreated @entity0 with biopsy proven @entity2 by megavoltage external radiation therapy to the primary site, base of the skull and both sides of the neck. Fifty-three percent of the @entity0 had T4 primaries and 87% had Stage IV disease. The histology was poorly differentiated, undifferentiated or @entity2 in 81% of the @entity0 , and well differentiated or moderately well differentiated @entity3 in 19%. The dose of irradiation to the primary site ranged from 5700 to 7700 rad. Fifty-five @entity0 have suffered relapse of the @entity1 , 33 of whom (60%) relapsed at the primary site. Seventy-two percent of the relapses at the primary site appeared within two years after treatment and 91 percent within 3 years. Median survival following relapse at the primary site was 10 months. Those @entity0 who received a dose to the primary between 5700 and 6700 rad had a lower rate of local control than those who received a dose between 6700 and 7700 rad. However, regardless of the dose, those @entity0 whose radiation therapy was interrupted (for whatever reason) for a total of three weeks or longer had poorer local control than those @entity0 whose treatment was not so interrupted. The highest rate of local control (84%) was observed in those @entity0 who did not have such interruptions and received a dose of 6700-7700 rad to the primary. Improved local control with the higher doses was especially striking for T4 primaries, suggesting a dose-response relationship. The local control rate did not appear to be significantly influenced by age, sex, birthplace or histology. These data suggest that a high rate of local control is possible in @entity2 , even with T4 disease, if a sufficiently high dose of radiation therapy is delivered without undue interruptions.

title: Patterns of failure in XXXX : I. Failure at the primary site.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Renal biopsies from 20 @entity0 with IgAN were retrospectively studied using monoclonal antibodies against T cells, monocytes/macrophages (MM), HLA-DR-related antigen and the C5b-9 neoantigen. Glomerular C5b-9 deposits were mainly found in the mesangial areas and showed an association with IgA (P < 0.005) and C3 deposits (P < 0.001). @entity5 cells and MM were highly correlated with the interstitial DR + ve cells (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0005 respectively). Tubular C5b-9 deposition was observed on the tubular basement membranes and related to the numbers of @entity5 cells (P < 0.005), MM (P < 0.005) and DR + ve cells (P < 0.01) as well as to the tubular DR expression (P < 0.025). The severity of @entity3 and @entity2 showed a positive correlation with the @entity5 cells, MM and DR + ve cells, as well as with the intensity of tubular C5b-9 deposition (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05 respectively). Plasma @entity4 on presentation was correlated with the numbers of @entity5 cells (P < 0.05), MM (P < 0.01), interstitial DR + ve cells (P < 0.005), and tubular C5b-9 deposits (P < 0.005). No correlation between glomerular T cells, MM, and C5b-9 deposits with plasma @entity4 was seen. During follow-up, renal function deteriorated in those @entity0 with the more extensive tubular C5b-9 deposits. In conclusion, glomerular C5b-9 deposition seems to be secondary to the IgA and C3 deposition. In contrast, tubular C5b-9 is related to the numbers of @entity5 cells and MM. Activated interstitial mononuclear cells may lead to the tubular deposition of C5b-9, which eventually might contribute to the development of @entity1 .

title: The pathogenetic significance of C5b-9 in IgA XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity7 / @entity6 ( @entity7 / @entity8 ) is generally regarded to be a rare disease. The present study was undertaken to identify presenting features, prognostic variables, pathological features and outcome associated with @entity7 / @entity8 . The present study is a retrospective chart review of 68 @entity0 treated with plasmapheresis for @entity7 / @entity8 at a single tertiary referral medical institution from 1980-1992. The annual number of @entity0 with @entity7 / @entity8 treated with plasmapheresis increased from an average of one case per year in 1980 to nine cases per a year in 1992. The in-hospital mortality for @entity0 presenting with @entity7 / @entity8 was 25%. Forty four percent of @entity0 presented with an elevated serum @entity5 , and 16% required hemodialysis support. Of the seven @entity0 who survived and required hemodialysis support only two @entity0 continued on dialysis. None of the @entity0 presenting with a normal serum @entity5 required dialysis at any time in their course. @entity0 age, sex, presenting platelet count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin level and presence of @entity1 were not significantly associated with @entity3 or need for dialysis. The histopathological features of @entity7 / @entity8 (fibrin/platelet thrombi in renal vessels and glomeruli, fibrinoid @entity2 of vessel walls) were found in all five cases autopsied. The incidence of @entity7 / @entity8 may be increasing. Alternative possibilities for the increased frequency of cases seen include greater diagnostic suspicion and referral bias. Despite the use of plasmapheresis, mortality during the initial hospital admission was almost 25%. In retrospect prognosis could not be predicted based on admission biochemical or clinical variables. The majority of @entity0 who developed @entity4 and survived to hospital discharge recovered renal function and became independent of dialysis.

title: The renal manifestations and outcome of XXXX / @entity6 in adults.

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity7 / @entity6 ( @entity7 / @entity8 ) is generally regarded to be a rare disease. The present study was undertaken to identify presenting features, prognostic variables, pathological features and outcome associated with @entity7 / @entity8 . The present study is a retrospective chart review of 68 @entity0 treated with plasmapheresis for @entity7 / @entity8 at a single tertiary referral medical institution from 1980-1992. The annual number of @entity0 with @entity7 / @entity8 treated with plasmapheresis increased from an average of one case per year in 1980 to nine cases per a year in 1992. The in-hospital mortality for @entity0 presenting with @entity7 / @entity8 was 25%. Forty four percent of @entity0 presented with an elevated serum @entity5 , and 16% required hemodialysis support. Of the seven @entity0 who survived and required hemodialysis support only two @entity0 continued on dialysis. None of the @entity0 presenting with a normal serum @entity5 required dialysis at any time in their course. @entity0 age, sex, presenting platelet count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin level and presence of @entity1 were not significantly associated with @entity3 or need for dialysis. The histopathological features of @entity7 / @entity8 (fibrin/platelet thrombi in renal vessels and glomeruli, fibrinoid @entity2 of vessel walls) were found in all five cases autopsied. The incidence of @entity7 / @entity8 may be increasing. Alternative possibilities for the increased frequency of cases seen include greater diagnostic suspicion and referral bias. Despite the use of plasmapheresis, mortality during the initial hospital admission was almost 25%. In retrospect prognosis could not be predicted based on admission biochemical or clinical variables. The majority of @entity0 who developed @entity4 and survived to hospital discharge recovered renal function and became independent of dialysis.

title: The renal manifestations and outcome of @entity7 / XXXX in adults.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although @entity2 is a well-recognized @entity1 , difficulties and misdiagnosis are still encountered in the early and on-time diagnostic process. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-six @entity0 with @entity1 of the papilla of Vater, hospitalized in the 2nd Department of Surgery (1981-2000) were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Twenty-two @entity0 and 14 @entity0 , age varied from 39 to 84 years. @entity1 was defined as any @entity11 , located at the papilla of Vater region. According to gross appearance of the @entity1 there were 12 pts with polypoid type without @entity8 ; 10 pts--polypoid type with @entity8 and 14 pts--ulcer formation type. The most common presenting signs and symptoms included: @entity10 --94.4%; weight loss--86%; @entity7 --64%; @entity5 /vomiting--47%; pruritus--50%. The classic triad of @entity10 , palpable @entity9 and @entity6 with @entity4 was not present in all cases. Most valuable for the exact diagnosis were ultrasonography, computed tomography scan and careful endoscopic examination of the periampullary region before and after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, with biopsy of any abnormal appearance. Local resection was done in 7 pts (predominantly polypoid type) with @entity1 size ranging 1.8-2.2 cm. Pancreatoduodenal resection was performed in 8 pts (Whipple procedure in 5 and Pylorus preserving in 3). By-pass procedure was performed in 21 pts. Biliodigestive anastomosis done alone in 14 and biliodigestive anastomosis + gastroenterostomy in 7 pts. Most commonly performed biliodigestive anastomosis was hepatico/choledocho-duodenostomy--14; hepatico-jejunostomy--6 and cholecystogastrostomy--one @entity0 . Postoperative morbidity--18% and postoperative mortality--2 pts. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2 of the papilla of Vater is a rare @entity3 . @entity1 size, gross appearance, biopsy material, lymph node metastases and UICC stage have a significant impact on the operative strategy and postoperative result.

title: XXXX of the papilla of Vater. Diagnostic and surgical problems.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Local recurrence occurs in 10 to 30% of @entity0 with @entity1 following curative resection. However treatment of choice remains controversial. We assessed the results of total pelvic exenteration for locally recurrent @entity2 retrospectively. METHODOLOGY: We reviewed medical charts of 45 @entity0 with @entity1 who underwent curative total pelvic exenteration for local recurrence. The cause of recurrence was classified into four groups: anastomotic, surgical cut-end, implantation, and lymphatic based on pathologic findings and computed tomography. Long-term survival was correlated with clinicopathologic variables. RESULTS: Postoperative morbidity was 77.8% and in-hospital death occurred in 13.3% of @entity0 . The overall 5-year survival rate was 14.1%. The 5-year survival rates stratified according to the expectation of curability were 31.6% for absolutely curative resection, 7.8% for relatively curative resection, and 0% for non-curative resection. Multivariate analysis revealed that the disease-free interval was the only independent prognostic factor. There was no benefit from perioperative radiation or intraoperative continuous pelvic peritoneal perfusion of the pelvis. CONCLUSIONS: Total pelvic exenteration for local recurrence of @entity1 can achieve long-term survival when curative resection is possible and the disease-free interval is long.

title: Outcome of total pelvic exenteration for locally recurrent XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: 1. Two broiler experimentss and a layer experiments were conducted on Kunitz @entity5 (Kti) @entity2 (SB) of low @entity5 (TI) activity to determine their nutritive value when included as mash in least-cost poultry diets. 2. Experiment 1 compared @entity3 performance on the Kti or raw SB using a commercial full-fat SB meal (FFSBM) and a solvent extracted SB meal (SBM) as controls during a 20 d experimental period. Broiler experiment 2 compared Kti and raw SB, non-steamed, or steam-pelleted with and without @entity4 supplementation added to every treatment containing 170 g SB/kg. For each broiler experiment the levels of each SB were 70, 120 and 170 g/kg with the control birds fed only 170 g SB/kg. 3. The layer experiment, compared steam-pelleted Kti and raw SB against a non-steamed Kti and raw SB each fed at two levels (70 and 110 g/kg) x 30 replicates from 29 weeks of age for 19 weeks in a completely randomised design. Production parameters were measured when diets were formulated to contain minimum required specifications and calculated apparent metabolisable energy (AME). At the completion of each trial, 2 broiler birds from each cage and 5 layer birds per treatment were killed, weighed, and their liver and pancreas weighed. 4. Both broiler experiments indicated that production parameters on the Kti SB treatments were significantly lower (P<0.05) than on the two commercial control SB treatments. However, the Kti treatments were superior to the raw SB treatments. 5. Pancreas weight increased with increasing inclusion of both raw and Kti SB, suggesting that a TI was causing the @entity1 in performance. The AME of the Kti SB was similar to that of commercial FFSB meal. After steam conditioning, the raw SB meal AME value of 9.5 MJ/kg @entity0 ( @entity0 ) was improved to 14.1 MJ/kg @entity0 by reduced TI activity, but this AME improvement with TI activity reduction, plus the supplementation with @entity4 on birds fed the raw SB had no effect (P>0.05) on any parameter evaluated in experiment 2. 6. The layer experiment showed that hens on the Kti SB treatments had significantly greater live weight gain (LWG), egg weight and daily egg mass than birds given raw SB. A reduced food intake (FI) was observed in the Kti treatments but egg mass was generally similar to that on the FFSB control diet, indicating that Kti SB supported excellent egg production at an inclusion of 110 g/kg. The depressed performance observed for broiler chicks suggest that younger birds are more susceptible to the effects of SB TI.

title: Effects of heat treatment on the nutritional value of raw XXXX selected for low @entity5 activity.

answer: @entity2


abstract: 1. Two broiler experimentss and a layer experiments were conducted on Kunitz @entity5 (Kti) @entity2 (SB) of low @entity5 (TI) activity to determine their nutritive value when included as mash in least-cost poultry diets. 2. Experiment 1 compared @entity3 performance on the Kti or raw SB using a commercial full-fat SB meal (FFSBM) and a solvent extracted SB meal (SBM) as controls during a 20 d experimental period. Broiler experiment 2 compared Kti and raw SB, non-steamed, or steam-pelleted with and without @entity4 supplementation added to every treatment containing 170 g SB/kg. For each broiler experiment the levels of each SB were 70, 120 and 170 g/kg with the control birds fed only 170 g SB/kg. 3. The layer experiment, compared steam-pelleted Kti and raw SB against a non-steamed Kti and raw SB each fed at two levels (70 and 110 g/kg) x 30 replicates from 29 weeks of age for 19 weeks in a completely randomised design. Production parameters were measured when diets were formulated to contain minimum required specifications and calculated apparent metabolisable energy (AME). At the completion of each trial, 2 broiler birds from each cage and 5 layer birds per treatment were killed, weighed, and their liver and pancreas weighed. 4. Both broiler experiments indicated that production parameters on the Kti SB treatments were significantly lower (P<0.05) than on the two commercial control SB treatments. However, the Kti treatments were superior to the raw SB treatments. 5. Pancreas weight increased with increasing inclusion of both raw and Kti SB, suggesting that a TI was causing the @entity1 in performance. The AME of the Kti SB was similar to that of commercial FFSB meal. After steam conditioning, the raw SB meal AME value of 9.5 MJ/kg @entity0 ( @entity0 ) was improved to 14.1 MJ/kg @entity0 by reduced TI activity, but this AME improvement with TI activity reduction, plus the supplementation with @entity4 on birds fed the raw SB had no effect (P>0.05) on any parameter evaluated in experiment 2. 6. The layer experiment showed that hens on the Kti SB treatments had significantly greater live weight gain (LWG), egg weight and daily egg mass than birds given raw SB. A reduced food intake (FI) was observed in the Kti treatments but egg mass was generally similar to that on the FFSB control diet, indicating that Kti SB supported excellent egg production at an inclusion of 110 g/kg. The depressed performance observed for broiler chicks suggest that younger birds are more susceptible to the effects of SB TI.

title: Effects of heat treatment on the nutritional value of raw @entity2 selected for low XXXX activity.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Endothelium-derived @entity1 (NO) is a potent in vitro inhibitor of platelet adhesion and aggregation, but its role in regulating platelet reactivity in vivo and in @entity0 in particular is undefined. Our primary objective was to determine whether the in vivo inhibition of NO production shortens template bleeding time (BT). The hemodynamic and platelet effects of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), an NO synthase inhibitor, were studied in 12 normal volunteers. Forearm template BT was determined before and 15 min after the intravenous (i.v.) infusion of 4.3 mg/kg @entity3 . @entity3 infusion increased mean arterial pressure from 88 +/- 4 to 99 +/- 3 mm Hg (p = 0.0001). Plasma NO levels, determined by chemiluminescence, decreased 65 +/- 10% from basal values (p < 0.05), confirming inhibition of endogenous NO production. Intravenous @entity3 shortened BT from 5.5 +/- 0.9 to 4.0 +/- 0.6 min (p = 0.026), or by 24 +/- 8% (p = 0.008). @entity3 infusion did not significantly change ex vivo @entity2 . To determine whether vasoconstriction affected BT, we investigated forearm blood flow (FBF; determined by venous occlusion plethymography), and template BT in 3 subjects after the local infusion of @entity3 (2-4 mg/min intraarterially, i.a.). Intraarterial administration of @entity3 caused a 39 +/- 3% (p = 0.006) reduction in FBF in the infused arm but did not change BT. These data show that systemic inhibition of NO production shortens BT in @entity0 . However, the precise mechanism by which @entity3 shortens BT is not completely defined.

title: Effect of XXXX synthase inhibition on bleeding time in @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Endothelium-derived @entity1 (NO) is a potent in vitro inhibitor of platelet adhesion and aggregation, but its role in regulating platelet reactivity in vivo and in @entity0 in particular is undefined. Our primary objective was to determine whether the in vivo inhibition of NO production shortens template bleeding time (BT). The hemodynamic and platelet effects of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), an NO synthase inhibitor, were studied in 12 normal volunteers. Forearm template BT was determined before and 15 min after the intravenous (i.v.) infusion of 4.3 mg/kg @entity3 . @entity3 infusion increased mean arterial pressure from 88 +/- 4 to 99 +/- 3 mm Hg (p = 0.0001). Plasma NO levels, determined by chemiluminescence, decreased 65 +/- 10% from basal values (p < 0.05), confirming inhibition of endogenous NO production. Intravenous @entity3 shortened BT from 5.5 +/- 0.9 to 4.0 +/- 0.6 min (p = 0.026), or by 24 +/- 8% (p = 0.008). @entity3 infusion did not significantly change ex vivo @entity2 . To determine whether vasoconstriction affected BT, we investigated forearm blood flow (FBF; determined by venous occlusion plethymography), and template BT in 3 subjects after the local infusion of @entity3 (2-4 mg/min intraarterially, i.a.). Intraarterial administration of @entity3 caused a 39 +/- 3% (p = 0.006) reduction in FBF in the infused arm but did not change BT. These data show that systemic inhibition of NO production shortens BT in @entity0 . However, the precise mechanism by which @entity3 shortens BT is not completely defined.

title: Effect of @entity1 synthase inhibition on bleeding time in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Very little is known about childhood @entity1 in Bangladesh. This study was conducted within a national @entity0 's hospital in Dhaka city to provide baseline information on diagnosis and clinical outcomes of 151 @entity0 (98 males, 53 females, age range between 2 months to 15 years, median age of 3 years). @entity0 who presented with recurrent unprovoked @entity2 were followed up in an @entity1 clinic for at least 1 year. Of presenting families, 68.3% were from middle-income and lower-income groups. A history of perinatal @entity3 and @entity2 was present in 46.4% and 41.1% of @entity0 respectively. Generalized, partial, and unclassifiable @entity1 were found in 63.6%, 25.2%, and 11.2% respectively. Severe outcome (malignant) @entity1 syndromes were diagnosed in 14.6%. @entity1 was found in 61%. Poor cognitive development was present in 72.8% and poor adaptive behaviour in 57%. Poor @entity2 remission occurred in 50.3%. Factors most predictive of poor @entity2 remission were: multiple types of @entity2 , poor cognition at presentation, high rates of @entity2 , associated motor disability, and EEG abnormalities. The study suggests that most @entity0 presenting at tertiary hospitals for @entity2 disorders come late and with associated neurodevelopmental morbidities. Specialized services are needed closer to their homes. The process for establishing early referral and comprehensive management of childhood @entity1 in Bangladesh requires further study.

title: Profile of childhood XXXX in Bangladesh.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Cardioplegic solutions that arrest the heart at or near the resting membrane potential may provide better myocardial protection than standard depolarizing @entity5 by reducing both metabolic demand and harmful transmembrane ion fluxes. This hypothesis was investigated in an isolated, blood-perfused, @entity1 heart Langendorff model during 30 minutes of normothermic global @entity0 . Hyperpolarized @entity4 induced by aprikalim, an opener of @entity2 -dependent @entity3 channels, was compared with @entity5 depolarized arrest and with unprotected global @entity0 . Left ventricular pressure was recorded over a wide range of balloon volumes before @entity0 and 30 minutes after reperfusion. End-diastolic pressure versus balloon volume data were fitted to a two-coefficient exponential relationship. Changes in the diastolic compliance of the left ventricle were assessed by comparison of preischemic and postischemic coefficients within each cardioplegia group. Postischemic recovery of developed pressure was used to assess changes in left ventricular systolic function. The tissue water content of each heart was also determined. Myocardial protection with aprikalim resulted in better postischemic recovery of developed pressure (90% +/- 9%) than either protection with @entity5 (73% +/- 11%) or no protection (62% +/- 9%). Myocardial tissue water content in hearts protected with @entity5 (77.4% +/- 1.4%) was less than the tissue water content of either unprotected hearts (79.4% +/- 1.2%) or hearts protected with aprikalim (78.7% +/- 0.9%). Despite these differences, neither @entity5 (p = 0.15) nor aprikalim cardioplegia (p = 0.30) was associated with a significant postischemic decrease in ventricular compliance. By contrast, unprotected global @entity0 was associated with a significant decrease in ventricular compliance (p < 0.001).

title: Hyperpolarized @entity4 with a XXXX -channel opener, aprikalim.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Cardioplegic solutions that arrest the heart at or near the resting membrane potential may provide better myocardial protection than standard depolarizing @entity5 by reducing both metabolic demand and harmful transmembrane ion fluxes. This hypothesis was investigated in an isolated, blood-perfused, @entity1 heart Langendorff model during 30 minutes of normothermic global @entity0 . Hyperpolarized @entity4 induced by aprikalim, an opener of @entity2 -dependent @entity3 channels, was compared with @entity5 depolarized arrest and with unprotected global @entity0 . Left ventricular pressure was recorded over a wide range of balloon volumes before @entity0 and 30 minutes after reperfusion. End-diastolic pressure versus balloon volume data were fitted to a two-coefficient exponential relationship. Changes in the diastolic compliance of the left ventricle were assessed by comparison of preischemic and postischemic coefficients within each cardioplegia group. Postischemic recovery of developed pressure was used to assess changes in left ventricular systolic function. The tissue water content of each heart was also determined. Myocardial protection with aprikalim resulted in better postischemic recovery of developed pressure (90% +/- 9%) than either protection with @entity5 (73% +/- 11%) or no protection (62% +/- 9%). Myocardial tissue water content in hearts protected with @entity5 (77.4% +/- 1.4%) was less than the tissue water content of either unprotected hearts (79.4% +/- 1.2%) or hearts protected with aprikalim (78.7% +/- 0.9%). Despite these differences, neither @entity5 (p = 0.15) nor aprikalim cardioplegia (p = 0.30) was associated with a significant postischemic decrease in ventricular compliance. By contrast, unprotected global @entity0 was associated with a significant decrease in ventricular compliance (p < 0.001).

title: Hyperpolarized XXXX with a @entity3 -channel opener, aprikalim.

answer: @entity4


abstract: An international series of pulmonary retransplantation was updated to identify the predictors of outcome and the prevalence and recurrence rate of @entity3 after operation. The study cohort included 139 @entity0 who underwent retransplantation in 34 institutions in North America and Europe between 1985 and 1994. Eighty @entity0 underwent retransplantation because of @entity3 , 34 because of @entity1 , 13 because of intractable airway complications, 8 because of acute rejection, and 4 because of other indications. Survivors were followed up for a median of 630 days, with 48 @entity0 alive at 1 year, 30 at 2 years, and 16 at 3 years after retransplantation. Actuarial survival was 65% +/- 4% at 1 month, 54% +/- 4% at 3 months, 45% +/- 4% at 1 year, 38% +/- 5% at 2 years, and 36% +/- 5% at 3 years; nonetheless, of 90-day postoperative survivors, 65% +/- 6% were alive 3 years after retransplantation. Life-table and univariate Cox analysis revealed that more recent year of retransplantation (p = 0.009), identical match of @entity4 (p = 0.01), absence of a donor-recipient cytomegalovirus mismatch (p = 0.04), and being ambulatory immediately before retransplantation (p = 0.04) were associated with survival. By multivariate Cox analysis, being ambulatory before retransplantation was the most significant predictor of survival (p = 0.008), followed by reoperation in Europe (p = 0.044). Complete pulmonary function tests were done yearly in every survivor of retransplantation and @entity2 stages were assigned. Eleven percent of @entity0 were in stage 3 at 1 year, 20% at 2 years, and 25% at 3 years after retransplantation. Values of forced expiratory volume in 1 second decreased from 1.89 +/- 0.13 L early after retransplantation to 1.80 +/- 0.15 L at 1 year and 1.54 +/- 0.16 L at 2 years (p = 0.006, year 2 versus baseline postoperative value). Most of this decrease occurred in @entity0 who underwent retransplantation because of @entity3 , whereas the pulmonary function of @entity0 who underwent retransplantation because of other conditions did not significantly change. We conclude that survival after pulmonary retransplantation is improving. Optimal results can be obtained in @entity0 who are ambulatory before retransplantation. Compared with recent data after primary lung transplantation, @entity2 does not appear to recur in an accelerated manner after retransplantation. As long as early mortality as a result of infection can be minimized, pulmonary retransplantation appears to offer a reasonable option in highly selected @entity0 .

title: Recurrence of XXXX and determinants of outcome in 139 pulmonary retransplant recipients.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is little information available concerning plasma concentrations of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) in @entity0 with a @entity3 . The aim of the present study was to determine hemodynamic factors that control plasma concentrations of @entity4 and the clinical implications of @entity4 compared with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in @entity0 with @entity3 . METHODS: Fifty-nine @entity0 with @entity3 (28 @entity0 and 31 @entity0 ) without @entity2 were enrolled. The @entity0 ' ages ranged from 3 months to 13 years (mean 3.1 years). Plasma @entity4 and ANP were determined by immunoradiometric assay. Hemodynamic variables derived from cardiac catheterization were analyzed in terms of correlation with @entity4 and ANP. RESULTS: It was found that plasma @entity4 significantly positively correlated with ANP (ANP = 2.1 x @entity4 + 25 pg/mL; r = 0.81, P < 0.0001) and @entity4 never exceeded ANP in the present @entity0 series. Plasma @entity4 as well as ANP significantly positively correlated with pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (r = 0.65 and r = 0.59, respectively) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.72 and r = 0.68, respectively). In addition, plasma @entity4 of > or =20 pg/mL and ANP of > or =50 pg/mL identified @entity0 with mean pulmonary artery pressure of > or =20 mmHg with a sensitivity of 82% and 97%, respectively, and a specificity of 89% and 84%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Plasma @entity4 and ANP reflect pressure and volume loads to the pulmonary artery and right ventricle and may help to identify @entity0 with @entity3 complicated by @entity1 that demands early intervention.

title: Clinical implication of plasma natriuretic peptides in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is little information available concerning plasma concentrations of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) in @entity0 with a @entity3 . The aim of the present study was to determine hemodynamic factors that control plasma concentrations of @entity4 and the clinical implications of @entity4 compared with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in @entity0 with @entity3 . METHODS: Fifty-nine @entity0 with @entity3 (28 @entity0 and 31 @entity0 ) without @entity2 were enrolled. The @entity0 ' ages ranged from 3 months to 13 years (mean 3.1 years). Plasma @entity4 and ANP were determined by immunoradiometric assay. Hemodynamic variables derived from cardiac catheterization were analyzed in terms of correlation with @entity4 and ANP. RESULTS: It was found that plasma @entity4 significantly positively correlated with ANP (ANP = 2.1 x @entity4 + 25 pg/mL; r = 0.81, P < 0.0001) and @entity4 never exceeded ANP in the present @entity0 series. Plasma @entity4 as well as ANP significantly positively correlated with pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (r = 0.65 and r = 0.59, respectively) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.72 and r = 0.68, respectively). In addition, plasma @entity4 of > or =20 pg/mL and ANP of > or =50 pg/mL identified @entity0 with mean pulmonary artery pressure of > or =20 mmHg with a sensitivity of 82% and 97%, respectively, and a specificity of 89% and 84%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Plasma @entity4 and ANP reflect pressure and volume loads to the pulmonary artery and right ventricle and may help to identify @entity0 with @entity3 complicated by @entity1 that demands early intervention.

title: Clinical implication of plasma natriuretic peptides in XXXX with @entity3 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The current study was conducted to compare neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) with concurrent chemotherapy for efficacy, @entity3 and compliance of locoregionally advanced @entity4 ( @entity4 ). Eligible @entity0 were randomized to NACT + radiotherapy (RT) + adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) arm or concurrent chemoradiotherapy(CCRT) + AC arm. Two arms received same conventional RT at a planned dose of 70 Gy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy comprised @entity6 90 mg/m(2) (30 mg/m(2)/day) and @entity7 1,500 mg/m(2) (500 mg/m(2)/day) over 3 days for two 21-day cycles. The same regimen at equal dosage was administered on the 1st and 22nd days of the radiotherapy as concurrent chemotherapy. Four cycles of the same chemotherapy regimen were given to both two arms as AC. A total of 338 @entity4 @entity0 were recruited. 170 @entity0 were randomized to NACT arm and 168 @entity0 to CCRT arm. The median duration of follow-up was 38 months. The 3-year OS and DFS rates were 95.9 versus 94.5% (P = 0.54) and 78.5 versus 82.5% (P = 0.16), respectively, in NACT and CCRT arms. An unplanned subgroup analysis according to the N-classification suggested that CCRT improves @entity8 in @entity0 with N0-1 disease (80.1 vs. 94.9%, P = 0.034). Among the acute @entity3 observed, the rates of grade 3/4 @entity1 (52.4 vs. 35.9% P = 0.023) and @entity5 (13.7 vs. 4.7% P = 0.000) were significantly higher in CCRT arm. Our preliminary results only showed an advantage of CCRT over NACT in @entity4 @entity0 with @entity2 in @entity8 . More acute @entity3 were observed in CCRT arm and a trend of better tolerance was observed in NACT arm.

title: Preliminary results of a phase III randomized study comparing chemotherapy neoadjuvantly or concurrently with radiotherapy for locoregionally advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The RAS gene family encodes signal transducing proteins which are involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Constitutively 'activating' point mutations of RAS have been detected at high frequency in preleukaemia and acute @entity1 , however, the distribution of expression of @entity4 in normal or preleukaemic primary haematopoietic cells has not been studied. We have examined the expression of @entity4 and its negative regulator/downstream effector, @entity5 , in combination with lineage-specific cluster of differentiation markers in normal and preleukaemic myeloid bone marrow cells using flow cytometry. Normal bone marrow was characterized by low and uniform levels of @entity4 expression throughout all lineages analysed. In contrast, 28% (9/32) of @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) over-expressed @entity4 . In three of these @entity0 a single over-expressing peak of @entity4 expression was observed, with no evidence of a population exhibiting expression within the normal range. In 6/32 @entity2 @entity0 over-expression of @entity4 was observed only in a subpopulation of the myeloid cells. Follow-up samples were analysed in three of these six @entity0 ; over-expression was confirmed in each @entity0 and in two @entity0 a relative expansion of the over-expressing cell population was observed. Eight out of nine of the @entity0 with aberrant @entity4 expression were diagnosed with low-risk @entity2 . From 21 @entity2 @entity0 screened for @entity5 expression, no reduction or loss of expression was observed, however, one @entity3 @entity0 demonstrated a heterogeneous pattern of expression. @entity5 expression was lower (P < 0.05) in the @entity3 group than in normals. The results of the study suggest that over-expression of the RAS gene product, @entity4 , may represent an alternative or additional mechanism of activation of the RAS signalling pathway and that this may play a role in leukaemogenesis, however, there is no evidence from this study that loss of @entity5 expression is a feature of @entity2 .

title: Aberrant expression of @entity4 but not @entity5 is a common feature of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The RAS gene family encodes signal transducing proteins which are involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Constitutively 'activating' point mutations of RAS have been detected at high frequency in preleukaemia and acute @entity1 , however, the distribution of expression of @entity4 in normal or preleukaemic primary haematopoietic cells has not been studied. We have examined the expression of @entity4 and its negative regulator/downstream effector, @entity5 , in combination with lineage-specific cluster of differentiation markers in normal and preleukaemic myeloid bone marrow cells using flow cytometry. Normal bone marrow was characterized by low and uniform levels of @entity4 expression throughout all lineages analysed. In contrast, 28% (9/32) of @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) over-expressed @entity4 . In three of these @entity0 a single over-expressing peak of @entity4 expression was observed, with no evidence of a population exhibiting expression within the normal range. In 6/32 @entity2 @entity0 over-expression of @entity4 was observed only in a subpopulation of the myeloid cells. Follow-up samples were analysed in three of these six @entity0 ; over-expression was confirmed in each @entity0 and in two @entity0 a relative expansion of the over-expressing cell population was observed. Eight out of nine of the @entity0 with aberrant @entity4 expression were diagnosed with low-risk @entity2 . From 21 @entity2 @entity0 screened for @entity5 expression, no reduction or loss of expression was observed, however, one @entity3 @entity0 demonstrated a heterogeneous pattern of expression. @entity5 expression was lower (P < 0.05) in the @entity3 group than in normals. The results of the study suggest that over-expression of the RAS gene product, @entity4 , may represent an alternative or additional mechanism of activation of the RAS signalling pathway and that this may play a role in leukaemogenesis, however, there is no evidence from this study that loss of @entity5 expression is a feature of @entity2 .

title: Aberrant expression of @entity4 but not XXXX is a common feature of @entity2 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The RAS gene family encodes signal transducing proteins which are involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Constitutively 'activating' point mutations of RAS have been detected at high frequency in preleukaemia and acute @entity1 , however, the distribution of expression of @entity4 in normal or preleukaemic primary haematopoietic cells has not been studied. We have examined the expression of @entity4 and its negative regulator/downstream effector, @entity5 , in combination with lineage-specific cluster of differentiation markers in normal and preleukaemic myeloid bone marrow cells using flow cytometry. Normal bone marrow was characterized by low and uniform levels of @entity4 expression throughout all lineages analysed. In contrast, 28% (9/32) of @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) over-expressed @entity4 . In three of these @entity0 a single over-expressing peak of @entity4 expression was observed, with no evidence of a population exhibiting expression within the normal range. In 6/32 @entity2 @entity0 over-expression of @entity4 was observed only in a subpopulation of the myeloid cells. Follow-up samples were analysed in three of these six @entity0 ; over-expression was confirmed in each @entity0 and in two @entity0 a relative expansion of the over-expressing cell population was observed. Eight out of nine of the @entity0 with aberrant @entity4 expression were diagnosed with low-risk @entity2 . From 21 @entity2 @entity0 screened for @entity5 expression, no reduction or loss of expression was observed, however, one @entity3 @entity0 demonstrated a heterogeneous pattern of expression. @entity5 expression was lower (P < 0.05) in the @entity3 group than in normals. The results of the study suggest that over-expression of the RAS gene product, @entity4 , may represent an alternative or additional mechanism of activation of the RAS signalling pathway and that this may play a role in leukaemogenesis, however, there is no evidence from this study that loss of @entity5 expression is a feature of @entity2 .

title: Aberrant expression of XXXX but not @entity5 is a common feature of @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe presumptive risk factors (RFs) for childhood @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and explore their relationship with presentation, age, geography, and @entity7 characteristics. METHODS: @entity0 (29 days-18 years) were prospectively enrolled in the International Pediatric @entity1 Study. Risk factors, defined conditions thought to be associated with childhood @entity5 , were divided into 10 categories. Chi-square tests were used to compare RFs prevalence across regions and age; logistic regression was used to determine whether RFs were associated with particular features at presentation or @entity7 characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 676 @entity0 were included. No identifiable RFs was present in 54 (9%). RFs in others included @entity8 (53%), @entity4 ( @entity4 ) (31%), @entity3 (24%), @entity2 ( @entity2 ) (23%), acute systemic conditions (ASCs) (22%), chronic systemic conditions (CSCs) (19%), prothrombotic states (PTSs) (13%), @entity2 ( @entity2 ) (10%), @entity6 -related RFs (2%), and other (22%). Fifty-two percent had multiple RFs. There was lower prevalence of @entity8 in Asia, lower prevalence of CSCs in Europe and Australia, higher prevalence of PTSs in Europe, and higher prevalence of ASCs in Asia and South America. Prevalence of @entity4 and ASCs was highest in preschoolers, @entity8 in @entity0 5 to 9 years old, and @entity2 were highest in @entity0 aged 10 to 14 years. Arteriopathies were associated with focal signs and ASCs, @entity2 , and @entity2 with diffuse signs. Arteriopathies, CSCs, and ASCs were associated with @entity7 and @entity4 with hemorrhagic conversion. INTERPRETATION: RFs, especially @entity8 , are common in childhood @entity5 . Variations in RFs by age or geography may inform prioritization of investigations and targeted preventative strategies.

title: Arterial @entity5 risk factors: the International Pediatric XXXX Study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe presumptive risk factors (RFs) for childhood @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and explore their relationship with presentation, age, geography, and @entity7 characteristics. METHODS: @entity0 (29 days-18 years) were prospectively enrolled in the International Pediatric @entity1 Study. Risk factors, defined conditions thought to be associated with childhood @entity5 , were divided into 10 categories. Chi-square tests were used to compare RFs prevalence across regions and age; logistic regression was used to determine whether RFs were associated with particular features at presentation or @entity7 characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 676 @entity0 were included. No identifiable RFs was present in 54 (9%). RFs in others included @entity8 (53%), @entity4 ( @entity4 ) (31%), @entity3 (24%), @entity2 ( @entity2 ) (23%), acute systemic conditions (ASCs) (22%), chronic systemic conditions (CSCs) (19%), prothrombotic states (PTSs) (13%), @entity2 ( @entity2 ) (10%), @entity6 -related RFs (2%), and other (22%). Fifty-two percent had multiple RFs. There was lower prevalence of @entity8 in Asia, lower prevalence of CSCs in Europe and Australia, higher prevalence of PTSs in Europe, and higher prevalence of ASCs in Asia and South America. Prevalence of @entity4 and ASCs was highest in preschoolers, @entity8 in @entity0 5 to 9 years old, and @entity2 were highest in @entity0 aged 10 to 14 years. Arteriopathies were associated with focal signs and ASCs, @entity2 , and @entity2 with diffuse signs. Arteriopathies, CSCs, and ASCs were associated with @entity7 and @entity4 with hemorrhagic conversion. INTERPRETATION: RFs, especially @entity8 , are common in childhood @entity5 . Variations in RFs by age or geography may inform prioritization of investigations and targeted preventative strategies.

title: Arterial XXXX risk factors: the International Pediatric @entity1 Study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Previous studies have suggested that @entity0 with @entity2 may be at increased risk of @entity1 , though the association is disputed. In a multicentre prospective study we compared the prevalence of @entity7 in @entity0 with @entity2 and controls. @entity2 @entity0 (n = 104) had histological confirmation of columnar epithelium extending more than 3 cm above the gastro-oesophageal junction. The 537 controls were @entity0 with symptoms suggesting @entity6 . No @entity0 had a personal history of @entity5 . Each @entity0 underwent colonoscopy. Histologically proven @entity4 were found in 26 Barrett's @entity0 (25%) and 75 controls (14%). Three @entity1 were discovered in each group. The prevalence of @entity4 was greater in the @entity2 group than in the control group (p < 0.01) but the relation became non-significant after adjustment for age and sex and control for other known risk factors by a logistic regression model (odds ratio 1.4 [0.7-2.7]). The relative risk of @entity4 was significantly higher in @entity0 older than 59 than in younger @entity0 (2.2 [1.3-3.5]) and in @entity0 than in @entity0 (3.4 [2.0-5.7]). Other factors contributing significantly to the risk of @entity4 were a family history of @entity1 (2.3 [1.1-4.8]), @entity3 (2.1 [1.1-3.9]), previous colonic investigation (0.3 [0.1-0.7]), and complete as opposed to partial colonoscopy (6.4 [0.8-48.3]). We conclude that @entity2 is not an independent risk factor for @entity1 and, therefore, is not, in itself an indication for colorectal screening.

title: Multicentre prospective controlled study of @entity2 and XXXX . Groupe d'Etude de l'Oesophage de Barrett.

answer: @entity7


abstract: Previous studies have suggested that @entity0 with @entity2 may be at increased risk of @entity1 , though the association is disputed. In a multicentre prospective study we compared the prevalence of @entity7 in @entity0 with @entity2 and controls. @entity2 @entity0 (n = 104) had histological confirmation of columnar epithelium extending more than 3 cm above the gastro-oesophageal junction. The 537 controls were @entity0 with symptoms suggesting @entity6 . No @entity0 had a personal history of @entity5 . Each @entity0 underwent colonoscopy. Histologically proven @entity4 were found in 26 Barrett's @entity0 (25%) and 75 controls (14%). Three @entity1 were discovered in each group. The prevalence of @entity4 was greater in the @entity2 group than in the control group (p < 0.01) but the relation became non-significant after adjustment for age and sex and control for other known risk factors by a logistic regression model (odds ratio 1.4 [0.7-2.7]). The relative risk of @entity4 was significantly higher in @entity0 older than 59 than in younger @entity0 (2.2 [1.3-3.5]) and in @entity0 than in @entity0 (3.4 [2.0-5.7]). Other factors contributing significantly to the risk of @entity4 were a family history of @entity1 (2.3 [1.1-4.8]), @entity3 (2.1 [1.1-3.9]), previous colonic investigation (0.3 [0.1-0.7]), and complete as opposed to partial colonoscopy (6.4 [0.8-48.3]). We conclude that @entity2 is not an independent risk factor for @entity1 and, therefore, is not, in itself an indication for colorectal screening.

title: Multicentre prospective controlled study of XXXX and @entity7 . Groupe d'Etude de l'Oesophage de Barrett.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Randomized trials of radiotherapy and surgery for early @entity0 may have been too small to detect differences in long-term survival and recurrence reliably. We therefore performed a systematic overview (meta-analysis) of the results of such trials. METHODS: Information was sought on each subject from investigators who conducted trials that began before 1985 and that compared local therapies for early @entity0 . Data on mortality were available from 36 trials comparing radiotherapy plus surgery with the same type of surgery alone, 10 comparing more extensive surgery with less extensive surgery, and 18 comparing more extensive surgery with less extensive surgery plus radiotherapy. Information on mortality was available for 28,405 @entity1 (97.4 percent of the 29,175 @entity1 in the trials). RESULTS: The addition of radiotherapy to surgery resulted in a rate of local recurrence that was three times lower than the rate with surgery alone, but there was no significant difference in 10-year survival; among a total of 17,273 @entity1 enrolled in such trials, mortality was 40.3 percent with radiotherapy and 41.4 percent without radiotherapy (P = 0.3). Radiotherapy was associated with a reduced risk of @entity2 due to @entity0 (odds ratio, 0.94; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.00; P = 0.03), which indicates that, after 10 years, there would be about 0 to 5 fewer @entity2 due to @entity0 per 100 @entity1 . However, there was an increased risk of @entity2 from other causes (odds ratio, 1.24; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.09 to 1.42; P = 0.002). This, together with the age-specific @entity2 rates, implies, after 10 years, a few extra @entity2 not due to @entity0 per 100 older @entity1 or per 1000 younger @entity1 . During the first decade or two after diagnosis, the excess in the rate of such @entity2 that was associated with radiotherapy was much greater @entity1 who were over 60 years of age at randomization (15.3 percent vs. 11.1 percent [339 vs. 249 @entity2 ]) than among those under 50 (2.5 percent vs. 2.0 percent [62 vs. 49 @entity2 ]). Breast-conserving surgery involved some risk of recurrence in the remaining tissue, but no significant differences in overall survival at 10 years were found in the studies of mastectomy versus breast-conserving surgery plus radiotherapy (4891 @entity1 ), more extensive surgery versus less extensive surgery (4818 @entity1 ), or axillary clearance versus radiotherapy as adjuncts to mastectomy (4370 @entity1 ). CONCLUSIONS: Some of the local therapies for @entity0 had substantially different effects on the rates of local recurrence--such as the reduced recurrence with the addition of radiotherapy to surgery--but there were no definite differences in overall survival at 10 years.

title: Effects of radiotherapy and surgery in early XXXX . An overview of the randomized trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous findings from a clinical trial (Protocol B-06) conducted by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) indicated the worth of lumpectomy and breast irradiation for treating @entity0 . After the discovery by NSABP staff members of falsified information on @entity1 enrolled in the study by St. Luc Hospital in Montreal, separate audits were conducted at St. Luc Hospital and other participating institutions. We report the results of both audits and update the study findings through an average of 12 years of follow-up. METHODS: @entity1 with either negative or positive axillary nodes and @entity2 4 cm or less in diameter were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: total mastectomy, lumpectomy followed by breast irradiation, or lumpectomy without irradiation. Three cohorts of @entity1 were analyzed. The first cohort included all 2105 randomized @entity1 , who were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. The second cohort consisted of 1851 eligible @entity1 in the first cohort with known nodal status who agreed to be followed and who accepted their assigned therapy (among those excluded were 6 @entity1 from St. Luc Hospital who were declared ineligible because of falsified biopsy dates). The third cohort consisted of the @entity1 in the second cohort minus the 322 eligible @entity1 from St. Luc Hospital (total, 1529 @entity1 ). RESULTS: Regardless of the cohort, no significant differences were found in overall survival, disease-free survival, or survival free of disease at distant sites between the @entity1 who underwent total mastectomy and those treated by lumpectomy alone or by lumpectomy plus breast irradiation. After 12 years of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of a recurrence of @entity2 in the ipsilateral breast was 35 percent in the group treated with lumpectomy alone and 10 percent in the group treated with lumpectomy and breast irradiation (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings continue to indicate that lumpectomy followed by breast irradiation is appropriate therapy for @entity1 with either negative or positive axillary nodes and @entity0 4 cm or less in diameter.

title: Reanalysis and results after 12 years of follow-up in a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy with lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite doubts about their efficacy and concern about their safety, antithrombotic agents are often used to treat acute @entity2 . Recent experience in @entity0 with other @entity3 suggests that low-molecular-weight heparin, which requires only subcutaneous administration once or twice daily, may be more effective and safer than standard (unfractionated) heparin. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing two dosages of low-molecular-weight heparin with placebo in the treatment of @entity2 . @entity0 were randomly assigned within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms to receive high-dose nadroparin (4100 anti-factor Xa IU twice daily), low-dose nadroparin (4100 IU once daily), or placebo subcutaneously for 10 days. The primary measure of outcome was @entity1 or dependency regarding activities of daily living six months after randomization. Secondary outcomes were @entity1 , hemorrhagic transformation of the @entity4 , and other complications at 10 days, and @entity1 or dependency at 3 months. RESULTS: A total of 2750 @entity0 were screened for the study. Among 312 @entity0 randomized, 306 had outcomes that were analyzed at six months. Forty-five @entity0 (45 percent) in the high-dose group, 53 @entity0 (52 percent) in the low-dose group, and 68 @entity0 (65 percent) in the placebo group died or became dependent. There was a significant dose-dependent effect among the three study groups in favor of low-molecular-weight heparin (P = 0.005 by the chi-square test for trend). No significant differences among the groups in the occurrence of secondary outcomes were observed at 10 days. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity0 with @entity2 treated within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms, low-molecular-weight heparin was effective in improving outcomes at six months.

title: Low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of acute XXXX .

answer: @entity2