abstract: A single treatment of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) (50 micrograms/kg) produced two distinct effects on adrenal steroidogenesis in @entity1 13 days post-treatment. In unstressed @entity1 , the very low @entity4 levels early in the light phase (AM) increased 4-fold relative to @entity0 ( @entity0 ) @entity1 , but the peak level of @entity4 that is seen late in the light phase (PM) decreased up to 40% relative to @entity0 @entity1 . The AM stimulation was also observed in @entity1 pair-fed to compensate for the diminished feed intake of @entity3 -treated animals, indicating that the change results from nutritional deprivation. The PM suppression, however, was not observed in pair-fed @entity1 . In @entity1 given a lower dose of @entity3 (15 micrograms/kg), there was no AM stimulation, whereas the suppression of the PM diurnal peak of @entity4 was retained. Plasma @entity5 (ACTH) levels and adrenal size were not changed by these treatments, indicating that @entity3 affects adrenal responsiveness. @entity3 did not, however, have a significant effect on @entity4 secretion in @entity1 receiving high doses of ACTH. In control animals, the availability of @entity2 to @entity6 limits the rate of steroidogenesis. While the specific content of the cytochrome was unaffected by @entity3 , @entity2 turnover by this enzyme appeared to be affected following @entity3 treatment, as evidenced by small increases in the mitochondrial levels of free @entity2 , reactive @entity2 , and in the proportion of @entity6 complexed with @entity2 relative to both ad libitum- and pair-fed controls. This accumulation of mitochondrial @entity2 following @entity3 treatment is consistent with an inhibition of @entity2 metabolism at @entity6 in vivo that is removed upon isolation of the mitochondria. These @entity3 -induced increases were enhanced substantially in ACTH-stimulated @entity1 , probably because ACTH enhances @entity2 influx into the mitochondria. Normally, substrate availability is rate limiting in @entity2 side-chain cleavage, and the AM stimulation of steroidogenesis by @entity3 may result from such increased @entity2 transfer. The inhibition of @entity2 side-chain cleavage resulting from @entity3 treatment may, however, only become rate limiting for @entity4 synthesis when @entity2 transfer is more substantially activated, as for peak PM secretion.

title: Altered regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis in @entity3 -treated XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: In view of the reports of possible beneficial effects of @entity2 in @entity1 , rationales and strategies for studying endogenous opiate systems are reviewed. Important considerations in the design and interpretation of clinical investigations using @entity2 are also reviewed. The nature and distribution of endogenous opiate systems are summarized from an historical perspective. Endogenous opiate systems are distributed throughout the central nervous system and play important roles in a variety of brain functions, including memory and learning. In view of this, several rationales are evident for studying endogenous opiate systems in @entity1 , since it is a syndrome in which structures known to contain opiate systems are disturbed, functions modulated by opiate systems are disturbed, and other neurotransmitter systems (functionally linked to endogenous opiate systems) are disturbed. Different strategies for studying endogenous opiate systems are reviewed, including examination of body fluids and pharmacologic challenge studies. @entity2 , a competitive opiate receptor antagonist, is a commonly used pharmacologic agent. The design of a multidose @entity2 study of 12 @entity1 @entity0 is discussed, with reference to the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and specificity of @entity2 as well as to the nature of the dependent measures selected for this study. No cognitive benefit was observed in this study. Behavioral arousal was observed at @entity2 doses, with more evident psychomotor retardation at higher doses. These findings are contrasted with the results of @entity2 challenges in other studies. The varying effects of @entity2 within and across populations can be conceptualized in terms of the basic and clinical considerations previously discussed. The importance of dose-finding studies is stressed for this and other drug trials.

title: Design and interpretation of opiate antagonist trials in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Beta adrenergic relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, mediated by @entity3 , is blunted with age in a variety of experimental animals. The applicability of these observations to @entity0 is uncertain. The dorsal hand vein technique provides an excellent method to examine the direct effects of aging on vascular responsiveness. Thirty-nine healthy male volunteers over the age range of 19 to 79 were studied. No differences in vascular responsiveness to @entity4 , an alpha adrenergic agonist, were found for either the ED50 (dose producing 50% vasoconstriction) or Emax (maximum vasoconstriction attained). In marked contrast, vascular relaxation induced by @entity5 , @entity1 adrenergic agonist, was significantly different in both the ED50 (dose producing 50% of maximum relaxation from a preconstricted state) and Emax (maximum relaxation attained). ED50 +/- S.E.M. for the youngest and oldest deciles were 8.9 +/- 2.3 and 60 +/- 17.0 ng/min, respectively (P less than .05); Emax +/- S.E.M. were 96.7 +/- 3.3 and 37.7 +/- 8.7%, respectively (P less than .001). @entity2 , a smooth muscle relaxant whose effects are not mediated through the @entity3 system, was also used to examine the specificity of this blunted response to @entity5 . Almost complete relaxation was achieved with the infusion of @entity2 in the older group. These results suggest that aging is associated with a specific decrease in beta adrenoreceptor-mediated vascular relaxation.

title: Decline in beta adrenergic receptor-mediated vascular relaxation with aging in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of @entity3 and risk factors in outpatients of the Pediatric Ambulatory of the Pedro Ernesto University Hospital aging up to 36 months. After signing informed consent forms, the parents answered a structured questionnaire in order to evaluate risk factors for @entity3 , including socioeconomic status, oral hygiene and dietary habits. A single investigator carried out the dental examination which assessed the presence of @entity3 , biofilm and @entity2 . The data were analyzed by means of the Epi Info program, utilizing the chi-squared test. The @entity0 's mean age was 22.9 months. The prevalence of @entity3 , including @entity1 , was 41.6%, and the mean def-s was 1.7 (+/- 2.5). The most affected teeth were the maxillary incisors, and the most common lesion was the white spot. No significant associations were found between the prevalence of @entity3 and socioeconomic status, frequency of oral hygiene, nocturnal bottle- and breast-feeding or cariogenic food and beverage intake during the day. However, the association between @entity3 and @entity4 (dental biofilm) was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The results suggest that the presence of a thick biofilm was the most important factor for the occurrence of early childhood @entity3 in the evaluated sample.

title: Caries prevalence and risk factors among XXXX aged 0 to 36 months.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Our objective was to study the coexistence of lower thoracic-spine disc changes in @entity0 with @entity2 using a large field of view (FOV) in lumbar spine MR imaging. One hundred fifty @entity0 with @entity2 were referred to an MR examination. All @entity0 were studied with a large FOV (27 cm), covering from the coccyx to at least the body of T11. Discs were coded as normal, protrusion, and extrusion (either epiphyseal or intervertebral). The relationship between @entity1 and level was established with the Pearson chi(2) test. The T11-12 was the most commonly affected level of the lower thoracic spine with 58 disc cases rated as abnormal. Abnormalities of T11-12 and T12-L1 discs were significantly related only to L1-L2 disease ( p=0.001 and p=0.004, respectively) but unrelated to other @entity1 , @entity0 's gender, and age. No correlation was found between other discs. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine can detect a great amount of lower thoracic disease, although its clinical significance remains unknown. A statistically significant relation was found within the thoracolumbar junctional region (T11-L2), reflecting common pathoanatomical changes. The absence of relation with lower lumbar spine discs is probably due to differences in their pathomechanisms.

title: Concomitant lower thoracic spine XXXX in lumbar spine MR imaging studies.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The aetiology of cavitating @entity4 (cPVL) involves pre and perinatal factors. Early postnatal @entity2 has been associated with an increase in @entity1 but its role in the development of PVL remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES: (1) Reevaluate major factors associated with cPVL, (2) Evaluate the potential effect of early postnatal @entity2 . METHOD: This retrospective case-control study (matched for gestational age, birth weight, twin pregnancy and date of birth) compared 50 premature @entity0 with cPVL diagnosed between D7 and D45 from 1995 to 2000 and 50 matched control newborns with normal serial neurosonograms. A data base with 97 selected perinatal variables was used to perform logistic regression analysis in controlling confounding variables, the results are expressed as adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The two populations were comparable for gestational age (median: 29.3 weeks, range: 24.4-34.7) and birth-weight (1297 g, 645-2130 g). The annual incidence of cPVL in preterm @entity0 with a gestational age < 33 weeks varied from 1995 to 2000: 1.3%, 4.5%, 13.4%, 2.1%, 3%, 2.9%. Early postnatal @entity2 was used in 23 of the newborns who developed cPVL (between november 1996 and march 1998). The only antenatal factor associated with cPVL was cardiac decelerations (28% vs 14%, OR = 3.4, 1.1-11.3). The postnatal risk factors were @entity3 requiring the use of rescue surfactant (78% vs 38%, OR = 4.2, 1.4-11.9) and early postnatal @entity2 at the time it was used (78% vs 17%, OR = 17.1, 3.9-73). CONCLUSION: The use of rescue surfactant and of early postnatal @entity2 in preterm @entity0 with @entity3 were independently associated with the subsequent occurrence of cPVL. Cardiac deceleration was the only antenatal factor associated with cPVL.

title: [ @entity3 , early postnatal corticoid therapy and XXXX ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: The aetiology of cavitating @entity4 (cPVL) involves pre and perinatal factors. Early postnatal @entity2 has been associated with an increase in @entity1 but its role in the development of PVL remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES: (1) Reevaluate major factors associated with cPVL, (2) Evaluate the potential effect of early postnatal @entity2 . METHOD: This retrospective case-control study (matched for gestational age, birth weight, twin pregnancy and date of birth) compared 50 premature @entity0 with cPVL diagnosed between D7 and D45 from 1995 to 2000 and 50 matched control newborns with normal serial neurosonograms. A data base with 97 selected perinatal variables was used to perform logistic regression analysis in controlling confounding variables, the results are expressed as adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The two populations were comparable for gestational age (median: 29.3 weeks, range: 24.4-34.7) and birth-weight (1297 g, 645-2130 g). The annual incidence of cPVL in preterm @entity0 with a gestational age < 33 weeks varied from 1995 to 2000: 1.3%, 4.5%, 13.4%, 2.1%, 3%, 2.9%. Early postnatal @entity2 was used in 23 of the newborns who developed cPVL (between november 1996 and march 1998). The only antenatal factor associated with cPVL was cardiac decelerations (28% vs 14%, OR = 3.4, 1.1-11.3). The postnatal risk factors were @entity3 requiring the use of rescue surfactant (78% vs 38%, OR = 4.2, 1.4-11.9) and early postnatal @entity2 at the time it was used (78% vs 17%, OR = 17.1, 3.9-73). CONCLUSION: The use of rescue surfactant and of early postnatal @entity2 in preterm @entity0 with @entity3 were independently associated with the subsequent occurrence of cPVL. Cardiac deceleration was the only antenatal factor associated with cPVL.

title: [ XXXX , early postnatal corticoid therapy and @entity4 ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: Many hormones and neurotransmitters exert their biological effects by increasing the levels of @entity0 and @entity15 in their target cells. Major agonists that act in this way are @entity6 and @entity5 , @entity4 , @entity8 , @entity14 , and @entity9 . These and other @entity0 -mobilizing agonists may also produce effects that are not mediated by @entity0 or @entity10 , but involve separate receptors and an increase or decrease in @entity7 . The general mechanisms by which @entity0 -mobilizing agonists induce their physiological responses are depicted in Fig. 12. These responses appear to involve an initial mobilization of @entity0 from endoplasmic reticulum and perhaps other intracellular @entity0 stores, followed by alterations in the flux of @entity0 across the plasma membrane. The @entity0 changes are consistently associated with increased turnover of cellular phosphoinositides. The most rapid response is breakdown of @entity12 4,5-P2 in the plasma membrane, and there is much evidence that this involves a @entity11 - @entity1 -binding regulatory protein similar to those involved in the regulation of adenylate cyclase. Myo- @entity13 1,4,5-P3 produced by @entity12 4,5-P2 breakdown rapidly releases @entity0 from endoplasmic reticulum, and it is likely that it is the long-sought second message for the @entity0 -dependent hormones. @entity15 , the other product of @entity12 4,5-P2 breakdown, also acts as a second message in that it activates protein kinase C, a @entity0 -phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, by lowering its requirement for @entity0 . The cellular substrates for protein kinase C and its role in the different physiological responses to the @entity0 -mediated agonists are currently being defined. The major intracellular target for @entity0 is the @entity0 -dependent regulatory protein calmodulin. This binds @entity0 with high affinity, and the resulting complex interacts with a variety of enzymes and other cellular proteins, modifying their activities. A major target is the multifunctional calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that phosphorylates and alters the activities of many proteins, for example, glycogen synthase and @entity3 hydroxylase. @entity2 ions may also stimulate calmodulin-dependent protein kinases that are more specific, such as phosphorylase kinase and @entity16 . Other important @entity0 -calmodulin targets are the microtubule-associated proteins, but it is likely that many more will be found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Mechanisms involved in XXXX -mobilizing agonist responses.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the skeletal stability and time course of postoperative changes after surgical correction of skeletal @entity2 . Combined maxillary and mandibular procedures were performed in 40 consecutive @entity0 . Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy stabilized with wire osteosynthesis for mandibular setback and low-level Le Fort I osteotomy stabilized with plates and screws for maxillary advancement were performed. Maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) was in place for 6 weeks. Lateral cephalograms were taken before surgery, immediately postoperatively, 8 weeks after surgery, and 1 year postoperatively. @entity0 were divided into 2 groups according to vertical maxillary movement at surgery: a maxilla-up group with upward movement of the posterior nasal spine of 2 mm or more (group 1, n = 22), and a minimal vertical change group with less than 2 mm of vertical repositioning (group 2, n = 18). The results indicate that surgical correction of @entity2 with combined maxillary and mandibular osteotomies appears to be fairly stable. One year postsurgery, maxillary stability was excellent, with a mean horizontal relapse at point A that represented 10.7% of maxillary advancement in group 1 and 13.4% in group 2. In the vertical plane, maxillary stability was also excellent, with a mean of 0.18 mm of superior repositioning at point A for group 1 and 1.19 mm for group 2. The mandible relapsed a mean of 2.97 mm horizontally at pogonion in group 1 (62% of mandibular setback) and 3.41 mm (49.7% of setback) in group 2. Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy with wire osteosynthesis and @entity1 was not as stable as maxillary advancement and accounted for most of the total horizontal relapse (almost 85%) observed. A trend to relapse was observed for maxillary advancement greater than 6 mm, while the single variable accounting for mandibular relapse in group 1 was the amount of surgical setback. Clockwise rotation of the ascending ramus at surgery was not correlated with mandibular relapse in relation to the type of fixation performed and therefore does not seem to be responsible for relapse.

title: Stability of skeletal XXXX after combined maxillary and mandibular procedures.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Relapse to drug use following prolonged periods of abstinence results, in part, from the ability of contextual cues paired previously with self-administered drug to elicit drug craving and -seeking behavior. Given the popularity of the @entity0 for the genetic analysis of drug-induced behaviors, a place conditioning model of drug-seeking behavior was used to examine the ability of @entity1 ( @entity3 ) to reinstate extinguished conditioned reward in @entity0 . In a series of experiments, @entity3 place conditioning was produced in male C57BL/6 (B6) @entity0 by four pairings of @entity3 (15 or 25 mg/kg, IP) with the non-preferred compartment of a two-compartment place conditioning apparatus. Following a post-conditioning test (Post-Test), place conditioning was extinguished by repeated testing. The @entity0 were then challenged with one of five @entity3 doses (0, 5, 10, 15 or 25 mg/kg, IP) and allowed free access to both environments. Following extinction, @entity3 injections reinstated place conditioning to 100% or greater, relative to the Post-Test. In a control experiment, @entity0 received either @entity3 or @entity2 paired with non-preferred compartment and were then challenged with either @entity3 (15 mg/kg, IP) or @entity2 on the Post-Test. @entity3 -conditioned, but not @entity2 -conditioned, @entity0 exhibited place conditioning when tested in a @entity3 -free state. Interestingly, @entity3 injection on the Post-Test elicited an increase in approach behavior in both @entity2 - and @entity3 -conditioned @entity0 and this increase was equivalent to that produced by @entity3 conditioning alone. No direct relationships were observed between the magnitude of place conditioning and either @entity3 -induced or -conditioned locomotor hyperactivity in the non-preferred compartment. Thus, at least two independent processes appear to underlie the ability of a @entity3 injection to elicit approach behavior towards the non-preferred compartment of a biased place conditioning apparatus in @entity0 -reactivation of the conditioned incentive motivational properties of @entity3 -paired cues and elicitation of unconditioned behavioral disinhibition. One or both of these processes sensitizes with the passage of time, increasing the propensity of B6 @entity0 to approach non-preferred environments upon @entity3 re-administration.

title: Unconditioned and conditioned factors contribute to the 'reinstatement' of XXXX place conditioning following extinction in C57BL/6 @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Relapse to drug use following prolonged periods of abstinence results, in part, from the ability of contextual cues paired previously with self-administered drug to elicit drug craving and -seeking behavior. Given the popularity of the @entity0 for the genetic analysis of drug-induced behaviors, a place conditioning model of drug-seeking behavior was used to examine the ability of @entity1 ( @entity3 ) to reinstate extinguished conditioned reward in @entity0 . In a series of experiments, @entity3 place conditioning was produced in male C57BL/6 (B6) @entity0 by four pairings of @entity3 (15 or 25 mg/kg, IP) with the non-preferred compartment of a two-compartment place conditioning apparatus. Following a post-conditioning test (Post-Test), place conditioning was extinguished by repeated testing. The @entity0 were then challenged with one of five @entity3 doses (0, 5, 10, 15 or 25 mg/kg, IP) and allowed free access to both environments. Following extinction, @entity3 injections reinstated place conditioning to 100% or greater, relative to the Post-Test. In a control experiment, @entity0 received either @entity3 or @entity2 paired with non-preferred compartment and were then challenged with either @entity3 (15 mg/kg, IP) or @entity2 on the Post-Test. @entity3 -conditioned, but not @entity2 -conditioned, @entity0 exhibited place conditioning when tested in a @entity3 -free state. Interestingly, @entity3 injection on the Post-Test elicited an increase in approach behavior in both @entity2 - and @entity3 -conditioned @entity0 and this increase was equivalent to that produced by @entity3 conditioning alone. No direct relationships were observed between the magnitude of place conditioning and either @entity3 -induced or -conditioned locomotor hyperactivity in the non-preferred compartment. Thus, at least two independent processes appear to underlie the ability of a @entity3 injection to elicit approach behavior towards the non-preferred compartment of a biased place conditioning apparatus in @entity0 -reactivation of the conditioned incentive motivational properties of @entity3 -paired cues and elicitation of unconditioned behavioral disinhibition. One or both of these processes sensitizes with the passage of time, increasing the propensity of B6 @entity0 to approach non-preferred environments upon @entity3 re-administration.

title: Unconditioned and conditioned factors contribute to the 'reinstatement' of @entity1 place conditioning following extinction in C57BL/6 XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Slices of @entity0 dorsal neostriatum were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit medium and the release of @entity6 -like immunoreactivity (CCK-IR) was induced by @entity8 or high concentrations of K+. It was investigated whether drugs which act at receptors for @entity3 ( @entity3 ) affected the release. The GABAA-receptor agonists @entity5 and @entity7 enhanced the @entity8 -induced release of CCK-IR. This effect was abolished by the GABAA-receptor antagonist, @entity2 . When used alone, @entity2 decreased the release. The GABAB-receptor agonist, @entity4 , decreased the @entity8 -induced release of CCK-IR. The stereoisomer @entity4 , which has low intrinsic activity, had no effect when used alone, but antagonized the effect of @entity4 as did @entity9 , another antagonist at GABAB-receptors. When the release of CCK-IR was stimulated by K+ (40 mM) in the presence of @entity1 , it was no longer affected by GABAA-receptor agonists or antagonists. Thus, their sites of action were probably not in the immediate vicinity of the nerve-endings which release CCK-IR. Under these conditions, stimulation of GABAB-receptors still reduced the release of CCK-IR. Therefore, it is concluded that these receptors are in the immediate vicinity of or even on the terminals which release CCK-IR.

title: Stimulation of receptors of @entity3 modulates the release of XXXX -like immunoreactivity from slices of @entity0 neostriatum.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Slices of @entity0 dorsal neostriatum were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit medium and the release of @entity6 -like immunoreactivity (CCK-IR) was induced by @entity8 or high concentrations of K+. It was investigated whether drugs which act at receptors for @entity3 ( @entity3 ) affected the release. The GABAA-receptor agonists @entity5 and @entity7 enhanced the @entity8 -induced release of CCK-IR. This effect was abolished by the GABAA-receptor antagonist, @entity2 . When used alone, @entity2 decreased the release. The GABAB-receptor agonist, @entity4 , decreased the @entity8 -induced release of CCK-IR. The stereoisomer @entity4 , which has low intrinsic activity, had no effect when used alone, but antagonized the effect of @entity4 as did @entity9 , another antagonist at GABAB-receptors. When the release of CCK-IR was stimulated by K+ (40 mM) in the presence of @entity1 , it was no longer affected by GABAA-receptor agonists or antagonists. Thus, their sites of action were probably not in the immediate vicinity of the nerve-endings which release CCK-IR. Under these conditions, stimulation of GABAB-receptors still reduced the release of CCK-IR. Therefore, it is concluded that these receptors are in the immediate vicinity of or even on the terminals which release CCK-IR.

title: Stimulation of receptors of XXXX modulates the release of @entity6 -like immunoreactivity from slices of @entity0 neostriatum.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Slices of @entity0 dorsal neostriatum were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit medium and the release of @entity6 -like immunoreactivity (CCK-IR) was induced by @entity8 or high concentrations of K+. It was investigated whether drugs which act at receptors for @entity3 ( @entity3 ) affected the release. The GABAA-receptor agonists @entity5 and @entity7 enhanced the @entity8 -induced release of CCK-IR. This effect was abolished by the GABAA-receptor antagonist, @entity2 . When used alone, @entity2 decreased the release. The GABAB-receptor agonist, @entity4 , decreased the @entity8 -induced release of CCK-IR. The stereoisomer @entity4 , which has low intrinsic activity, had no effect when used alone, but antagonized the effect of @entity4 as did @entity9 , another antagonist at GABAB-receptors. When the release of CCK-IR was stimulated by K+ (40 mM) in the presence of @entity1 , it was no longer affected by GABAA-receptor agonists or antagonists. Thus, their sites of action were probably not in the immediate vicinity of the nerve-endings which release CCK-IR. Under these conditions, stimulation of GABAB-receptors still reduced the release of CCK-IR. Therefore, it is concluded that these receptors are in the immediate vicinity of or even on the terminals which release CCK-IR.

title: Stimulation of receptors of @entity3 modulates the release of @entity6 -like immunoreactivity from slices of XXXX neostriatum.

answer: @entity0


abstract: In a @entity0 @entity1 cell line, GLC4, @entity2 (ADR) resistance was induced. In the resistant cell line, GLC4/ADR, a 45% decreased intracellular ADR level was found compared to GLC4, but this could not fully explain the resistance. Evaluation of DNA damage in both cell lines after incubation with ADR by alkaline and neutral elution revealed single-strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links, and @entity3 ( @entity3 ). At all incubation concentrations there was a decreased amount of all types of DNA damage in GLC4/ADR. The number of @entity3 was decreased also when corrected for the decreased intracellular concentration. This can at least partly be explained by the decreased stability of ADR induced @entity3 . After removal of ADR, 80% of @entity3 was repaired in 1 h in GLC4/ADR against no repair in GLC4. X-ray induced DSBs were also repaired faster: in GLC4/ADR t1/2 = 10 min and in GLC4 t1/2 = 23 min. Ratios for single strand breaks/DSBs and single strand breaks/DNA-protein cross-links between GLC4 and GLC4/ADR after exposure to ADR differed; these differences were compatible with differences in the distribution of the various types of DNA damage induced in the cell lines due to an altered ADR-topoisomerase II interaction. In this @entity0 @entity1 cell line the resistance is multifactorial with decreased intracellular ADR levels, increased DNA repair, and altered ADR-topoisomerase interaction.

title: Multifactorial drug resistance in an @entity2 -resistant @entity0 XXXX cell line.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In a @entity0 @entity1 cell line, GLC4, @entity2 (ADR) resistance was induced. In the resistant cell line, GLC4/ADR, a 45% decreased intracellular ADR level was found compared to GLC4, but this could not fully explain the resistance. Evaluation of DNA damage in both cell lines after incubation with ADR by alkaline and neutral elution revealed single-strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links, and @entity3 ( @entity3 ). At all incubation concentrations there was a decreased amount of all types of DNA damage in GLC4/ADR. The number of @entity3 was decreased also when corrected for the decreased intracellular concentration. This can at least partly be explained by the decreased stability of ADR induced @entity3 . After removal of ADR, 80% of @entity3 was repaired in 1 h in GLC4/ADR against no repair in GLC4. X-ray induced DSBs were also repaired faster: in GLC4/ADR t1/2 = 10 min and in GLC4 t1/2 = 23 min. Ratios for single strand breaks/DSBs and single strand breaks/DNA-protein cross-links between GLC4 and GLC4/ADR after exposure to ADR differed; these differences were compatible with differences in the distribution of the various types of DNA damage induced in the cell lines due to an altered ADR-topoisomerase II interaction. In this @entity0 @entity1 cell line the resistance is multifactorial with decreased intracellular ADR levels, increased DNA repair, and altered ADR-topoisomerase interaction.

title: Multifactorial drug resistance in an XXXX -resistant @entity0 @entity1 cell line.

answer: @entity2


abstract: In a @entity0 @entity1 cell line, GLC4, @entity2 (ADR) resistance was induced. In the resistant cell line, GLC4/ADR, a 45% decreased intracellular ADR level was found compared to GLC4, but this could not fully explain the resistance. Evaluation of DNA damage in both cell lines after incubation with ADR by alkaline and neutral elution revealed single-strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links, and @entity3 ( @entity3 ). At all incubation concentrations there was a decreased amount of all types of DNA damage in GLC4/ADR. The number of @entity3 was decreased also when corrected for the decreased intracellular concentration. This can at least partly be explained by the decreased stability of ADR induced @entity3 . After removal of ADR, 80% of @entity3 was repaired in 1 h in GLC4/ADR against no repair in GLC4. X-ray induced DSBs were also repaired faster: in GLC4/ADR t1/2 = 10 min and in GLC4 t1/2 = 23 min. Ratios for single strand breaks/DSBs and single strand breaks/DNA-protein cross-links between GLC4 and GLC4/ADR after exposure to ADR differed; these differences were compatible with differences in the distribution of the various types of DNA damage induced in the cell lines due to an altered ADR-topoisomerase II interaction. In this @entity0 @entity1 cell line the resistance is multifactorial with decreased intracellular ADR levels, increased DNA repair, and altered ADR-topoisomerase interaction.

title: Multifactorial drug resistance in an @entity2 -resistant XXXX @entity1 cell line.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine whether supplemental amounts of a polysaccharide/oligosaccharide complex obtained from a @entity3 ( @entity3 ) would lower the @entity2 (PSA) level in @entity0 with @entity1 . METHODS: A total of 62 @entity0 (mean age 73.2 years, range 53.6 to 85.5) with histologically proven @entity1 who had two consecutive elevated PSA readings were accrued to the study during a 3-month period. This was an open-label study in which the @entity0 received oral administration of capsules containing @entity3 given three times daily for 6 months. The endpoint for the trial was the lowering of the PSA levels. RESULTS: Of the 62 @entity0 enrolled in the study, 61 were assessable. At 4 months, 1 @entity0 withdrew because of unrelated surgery and 7 withdrew because of disease progression; none had responded with a decrease of greater than 50% in the PSA level. By 6 months, a total of 23 @entity0 had progression and none had responded. Thirty-eight @entity0 had stable PSA levels after 6 months. Although not the primary endpoint of the study, in other studies these @entity0 could have been included as responders. When the @entity0 ' rates of PSA rise before study entry were analyzed, 4 (7%) had stabilized disease while taking @entity3 . Thus, the final results for our study @entity0 were 0 with a complete response, 0 with a partial response, 4 (7%) with stable disease, and 23 of 61 with progression while taking @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 alone is ineffective in the treatment of @entity1 .

title: Effects of a mushroom mycelium extract on the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: There are four lines of evidence for or against a role of neuropeptides in @entity1 : Administration of a variety of opiate agonists into the ventricles or brain of animals produces a constellation of electrical and behavioral changes, seemingly receptor-specific, both sensitive to the specific opiate antagonist @entity5 as well as certain anticonvulsant drugs. The primary reservation concerning these data in terms of their relevance to @entity1 regards the fact that the peptides are exogenously administered in relatively high doses. Hence, these data may reflect @entity6 effects of peptides rather than physiologic function. A variety of opiate agonists are anticonvulsant and @entity5 shortens the postictal state in some experimental @entity2 models. One could attempt to reconcile these data with those in No. 1 by hypothesizing that the spikes and behavioral changes examined in the latter experimental parodynes represented a sort of isolated model of the postictal state. @entity5 has little effect in clinical @entity1 . These data are far from conclusive for two reasons. First, few @entity0 have been studied. Second, because of the issue of opiate receptor heterogeneity and the high doses of @entity5 needed experimentally to block non-mu opiate effects, the doses of @entity5 used clinically to date are too low to rule out possible delta- or epsilon-mediated effects. The negative clinical data are illustrative of the dangers and difficulties of extrapolating data generated in animal models of @entity2 to the @entity0 condition. ACTH, a peptide that is derived from the same precursor molecule as @entity7 , is clearly an effective anticonvulsant in certain childhood @entity2 states. However, whether this is due to a direct or indirect (that is, @entity3 ) effect on brain is far from clear. Paradoxically, in contradistinction to other data concerning pro- and anticonvulsant properties of various opioid peptides, there is no animal model of @entity4 to help resolve this important question.

title: Neuropeptides and XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The complement system is indispensable for host defence. Unregulated activation, however, is related to @entity2 . In order to elucidate the significance of complement, methodology that disrupts the complement system is essential. Advances in molecular genetics made direct modulations of the genes of complement components and their regulatory proteins feasible. One method is disruption of genes that encode complement components. Several studies have been conducted with these @entity1 in models such as nephrotoxic serum (NTS) @entity4 , ischaemia reperfusion and immune complex-mediated @entity3 . These studies all showed that depletion of complement components ameliorated the severity of the diseases. Complement regulatory protein serves a regulatory role in the complement system. Genetically engineered animals that overexpress these proteins have been employed to elucidate their biological roles. @entity1 overexpressing soluble complement regulatory proteins were protected from the lesion of both NTS and the glomerular endothelial injury model. In contrast, knockout @entity1 that lack expression of @entity5 ( @entity5 ), a complement regulatory protein, developed severe @entity0 when subnephritogenic doses of NTS were administered. These genetically engineered animals shed light on the mechanism of initiation and progression of @entity0 .

title: Contribution of genetically engineered animals to the analyses of complement in the pathogenesis of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: In Spain there is little information available about @entity3 units for the treatment of @entity0 of low-to-medium risk with suspected @entity4 . @entity0 AND METHOD: A prospective study was performed among emergency room @entity0 who complained about @entity3 and were suspected of suffering an @entity4 with a normal or unspecific initial evaluation. They underwent an early submaximum stress test to decide on possible hospitalization. The follow-up time was 1 year. RESULTS: Of 472 emergency room @entity0 with suspected @entity4 , 179 performed the stress-test during the first hours of the triggering @entity3 episode. None met the high-risk criteria for @entity5 . In 78.8% of the cases, the test results were negative and the @entity0 were discharged. The results were positive in 15.1% and inconclusive in 6.1%; there were no complications during the procedure. @entity0 with a negative stress test had a more favorable outcome than the rest, with fewer following visits to the emergency room (11% vs 22%, p<0.001). One @entity0 with a negative stress test died of a @entity1 . None of the @entity0 suffered @entity2 during follow-up and 89% of the @entity0 with negative stress test had a favorable outcome (in terms of visits to the emergency room, @entity5 , @entity2 , or @entity1 ). CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 units for the care of low-to-medium risk @entity0 with @entity3 allow a fast and safe hospital release with a favorable mid-term outcome.

title: [ XXXX unit: one-year follow-up].

answer: @entity3


abstract: We have measured by radioimmunoassay the amount of total, free, and bound forms of @entity3 ( @entity0 ) within the abdominal ganglion and in five identified cell bodies of neurons from @entity5 . In the abdominal ganglion the unbound (free) @entity0 levels comprised approximately 25-30% of the total @entity0 content under the unstimulated condition, i.e., bathed in high- @entity2 saline. Under pharmacological conditions that blocked endogenous phosphodiesterase and activated @entity4 cyclase, ganglionic free @entity0 levels were elevated more than fourfold, while bound @entity0 levels more than doubled. Freeze-substitution techniques were employed to facilitate isolation of individual cell bodies either before or after pharmacological manipulation of @entity0 levels. The basal, free @entity0 content of cells R2, LP1, R15, L11, and L2-L6 was in the range of 10-40 pmol/mg of cell protein, which accounted for approximately one-half of the total @entity0 content per cell body. Determinations of individual cell volumes indicated that the basal, free @entity0 concentrations ranged from 1 to 6 microM. Under the same pharmacological conditions that elevated ganglionic @entity0 in levels, no changes were measured in either the free or the bound forms of @entity0 in isolated cell bodies. Our results indicate that the @entity0 elevation was compartmentalized within the neuropilar region of the ganglion, most likely within the processes of the nerve cells. Previous results demonstrated that @entity0 injections into the same Aplysia neurons studied here induced a @entity0 -activated @entity1 current, INa ( @entity0 ). In this report we discuss the possibility that pharmacological elevation of @entity0 within neuronal processes may reach concentrations similar to those produced by @entity0 injections into somata.

title: Compartmentalization of XXXX elevation in neurons of @entity5 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: We have measured by radioimmunoassay the amount of total, free, and bound forms of @entity3 ( @entity0 ) within the abdominal ganglion and in five identified cell bodies of neurons from @entity5 . In the abdominal ganglion the unbound (free) @entity0 levels comprised approximately 25-30% of the total @entity0 content under the unstimulated condition, i.e., bathed in high- @entity2 saline. Under pharmacological conditions that blocked endogenous phosphodiesterase and activated @entity4 cyclase, ganglionic free @entity0 levels were elevated more than fourfold, while bound @entity0 levels more than doubled. Freeze-substitution techniques were employed to facilitate isolation of individual cell bodies either before or after pharmacological manipulation of @entity0 levels. The basal, free @entity0 content of cells R2, LP1, R15, L11, and L2-L6 was in the range of 10-40 pmol/mg of cell protein, which accounted for approximately one-half of the total @entity0 content per cell body. Determinations of individual cell volumes indicated that the basal, free @entity0 concentrations ranged from 1 to 6 microM. Under the same pharmacological conditions that elevated ganglionic @entity0 in levels, no changes were measured in either the free or the bound forms of @entity0 in isolated cell bodies. Our results indicate that the @entity0 elevation was compartmentalized within the neuropilar region of the ganglion, most likely within the processes of the nerve cells. Previous results demonstrated that @entity0 injections into the same Aplysia neurons studied here induced a @entity0 -activated @entity1 current, INa ( @entity0 ). In this report we discuss the possibility that pharmacological elevation of @entity0 within neuronal processes may reach concentrations similar to those produced by @entity0 injections into somata.

title: Compartmentalization of @entity3 elevation in neurons of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Eight Vero cell sublines ( @entity2 ) persistently infected with wild type @entity3 replicated in different hosts were established. In order to unravel the mechanism involved in the initiation and maintenance of persistence, the properties of virus shed by the sublines and the presence of interfering particles (IP) were analyzed. During the course of @entity0 , persistent virus (Tac-pi) underwent mutations although no consistent pattern of virus evolution was observed. ts mutants were isolated from two @entity2 sublines, whereas a slow growth variant was shed by another. The remaining sublines released virus resembling wt parental virus. Except for Vero T1 sublines, @entity2 cultures shed no detectable IP. These results emphasize the point that neither the emergence of virus mutants nor the synthesis of IP is essential for the maintenance of the persistent state. To define the role of IP in the initiation of persistence, coinfection experiments with a characterized inoculum were performed. For that purpose, attempts were made to obtain IP stocks free from pfu by serial transfers of undiluted virus. Neither enrichment nor amplification of IP occurred, and virus stocks were freed of infectious virus by UV irradiation. If normal Vero cells were infected with Tac-pi virus released by Vero T2, Vero T3, Vero T4, Vero T5, Vero T6, Vero T7 and Vero T10 sublines, a complete destruction of the monolayer without cell recovery was observed. In contrast, parental and Vero T1 viruses always originated persistently infected sublines. Similarly, the addition of IP to @entity1 constituted by Tac-pi viruses released by Vero T2, Vero T3, Vero T4, Vero T5, Vero T6, Vero T7 and Vero T10 sublines gave rise to persistently infected cultures. These results suggest that although IP are not important by themselves in the maintenance of persistence, they play a major role in initiation.

title: Vero cells persistently infected with XXXX : role of interfering particles in the establishment of the @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Eight Vero cell sublines ( @entity2 ) persistently infected with wild type @entity3 replicated in different hosts were established. In order to unravel the mechanism involved in the initiation and maintenance of persistence, the properties of virus shed by the sublines and the presence of interfering particles (IP) were analyzed. During the course of @entity0 , persistent virus (Tac-pi) underwent mutations although no consistent pattern of virus evolution was observed. ts mutants were isolated from two @entity2 sublines, whereas a slow growth variant was shed by another. The remaining sublines released virus resembling wt parental virus. Except for Vero T1 sublines, @entity2 cultures shed no detectable IP. These results emphasize the point that neither the emergence of virus mutants nor the synthesis of IP is essential for the maintenance of the persistent state. To define the role of IP in the initiation of persistence, coinfection experiments with a characterized inoculum were performed. For that purpose, attempts were made to obtain IP stocks free from pfu by serial transfers of undiluted virus. Neither enrichment nor amplification of IP occurred, and virus stocks were freed of infectious virus by UV irradiation. If normal Vero cells were infected with Tac-pi virus released by Vero T2, Vero T3, Vero T4, Vero T5, Vero T6, Vero T7 and Vero T10 sublines, a complete destruction of the monolayer without cell recovery was observed. In contrast, parental and Vero T1 viruses always originated persistently infected sublines. Similarly, the addition of IP to @entity1 constituted by Tac-pi viruses released by Vero T2, Vero T3, Vero T4, Vero T5, Vero T6, Vero T7 and Vero T10 sublines gave rise to persistently infected cultures. These results suggest that although IP are not important by themselves in the maintenance of persistence, they play a major role in initiation.

title: Vero cells persistently infected with @entity3 : role of interfering particles in the establishment of the XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Axillary lymph node status is important for staging and planning therapy prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 (LABC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of axillary ultrasonography coupled with fine needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB) to determine lymph node status prior to initiation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: @entity1 with a LABC, defined as a @entity0 clinically larger than 3.0 cm or a cytology positive axillary lymph node, were evaluated by clinical examination followed by ultrasonographic evaluation. Lymph nodes were categorized as suspicious for @entity2 based on size >1.0 cm, decrease in the fatty hilum, or parenchymal echogenicity. US-FNAB was performed on all @entity1 . Most @entity1 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by definitive surgery. Axillary surgery consisted of axillary lymph node dissection. Axillary status by clinical examination and US-FNAB was compared with that obtained by axillary node dissection. RESULTS: From January 1998 to May 2001, 26 @entity1 (27 axillae) presented with LABC to our institution. The median age of these @entity1 was 48 years. The sensitivity and specificity of US-FNAB for evaluating axillary metastatic disease in @entity1 with LABC were 100% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 , axillary ultrasonography coupled with fine needle aspiration biopsy can accurately stage the axilla. It is particularly useful and should be used more frequently in @entity1 undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The use of ultrasonography to stage the axilla in @entity1 who present with small @entity0 should be explored.

title: Axillary staging using ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in locally advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Tuberomammillary @entity0 neurons (TM) of the posterior hypothalamus exclusively express alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBgt) sensitive nicotinic receptors, providing a unique model system for studying physiological properties of native alpha7-like receptors. Here the properties of alphaBgt-sensitive receptors were investigated using the patch-clamp technique and rapid application of @entity2 ( @entity3 ) or the alpha7-selective agonists, @entity5 ( @entity5 ), and @entity4 . Alpha-Bgt-sensitive receptor responses to rapid application of high agonist concentrations were characterized by a transient current which rapidly decayed in a voltage-independent concentration-dependent manner to a relatively sustained slow current. Upon agonist removal, current persisted for several milliseconds (or longer) and increased above the level of the slow current (rebound). Lower agonist concentrations did not produce a rebound. Our analysis suggests that the current rebound represents a recovery phase from a low potency inhibition. This inhibition was voltage-dependent for @entity3 and @entity4 but voltage-independent for @entity5 . A slow form of desensitization was present which was relatively agonist-independent and was faster than the rate of @entity5 unbinding. Kinetic analysis revealed that the concentration dependence of the transient response amplitudes was compromised by solution exchange; net charge measurements over the late response phases were chosen as an alternative measure of concentration/response function. Our data suggest that low agonist concentrations can evoke a prolonged or tonic-like receptor activation. Functioning in this modality, receptors would regulate @entity1 homeostasis over a narrow, but therapeutically important, range of intracellular @entity1 concentrations. This could then provide the basis for cytoprotective effects of @entity5 and other nicotinic agonists, mediating trophic and neuromodulatory functions.

title: Activation and inhibition of native neuronal alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic XXXX receptors.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A spontaneously @entity0 of hamsters and cell lines derived from its in vivo metastatic deposits, or from in vitro cloning were compared for immunobiological and genotypic variation and correlation sought with regard to metastatic potential. Cell lines were established from seven individual lung metastases following primary @entity0 resection of the parent ( @entity1 -333-2-26) cell line. When inoculated subcutaneously, and upon resection of the subsequent @entity0 mass, four cell lines (MetA, MetB, MetE and MetF) demonstrated greater, one similar (MetG) and two (MetC and MetD) less metastatic capacity compared with the parent @entity0 line. In further studies cell lines were established in vitro by single cell cloning of the parent @entity0 either by limiting dilution or soft agar cloning. In vivo @entity0 resection experiments showed eight cell lines (S4, S7, @entity5 , @entity6 , @entity4 , C1.4 and @entity3 ) to have an increased metastatic potential and five cell lines (S8, S9, S8B, @entity7 and @entity8 ) a decreased metastatic potential compared to the parental line. Karyotypic analysis of the cells revealed that all highly metastatic cell lines were of a near diploid genotype, whilst non- and weakly metastatic cell lines, including the parental line, were @entity2 or near tetraploid. The immunobiological characteristics of these cell lines was studied. Assessment of in vivo immunogenicity showed that eight clones (MetA, MetB, MetE, MetF, @entity6 , @entity4 , C1.4 and @entity3 ) were non-immunogenic whilst the parental @entity0 line and three clones (MetC, MetD and MetG) exhibited a strong transplantation rejection antigen; immunogenicity showed an inverse correlation with metastatic potential. Susceptibility to NK cytolysis was demonstrated for cell lines exhibiting a weak or non-metastatic/immunogenic phenotype. The origin of metastatic variants and their association with genotype and immunobiological properties is discussed.

title: Metastatic heterogeneity in a spontaneously metastatic XXXX induced hamster fibrosarcoma: association of phenotypic and genotypic properties with metastatic potential.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The @entity1 sequence of a 2.9-kilobase @entity5 DNA fragment containing the entire coding region of aspartokinase II and adjacent chromosomal regions (Bondaryk, R. P., and Paulus, H. (1985a) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 585-591) has been determined. The results confirmed the earlier prediction that the two subunits of aspartokinase II, alpha and beta, are encoded by in-phase overlapping genes. The @entity1 sequence showed strong ribosome binding sites before the translation initiation codons of the alpha and beta subunits. Deletion of most of the coding region unique to the alpha subunit had no effect on the synthesis of the smaller beta subunit, demonstrating that the beta subunit is indeed the product of independent translation. The site of transcription initiation of the aspartokinase gene was found to be more than 300 @entity4 upstream from the translation start of the alpha subunit. The intervening region contained a short reading frame capable of encoding a 24-residue @entity0 -rich polypeptide, which overlaps a region of extensive dyad symmetry culminating in a rho-independent transcription terminator. This region may be an attenuator control element that regulates the expression of the aspartokinase gene in response to the availability of @entity0 , the end product of the pathway. The coding sequence of the aspartokinase II subunits was immediately followed by a rho-independent transcription terminator. This termination site has an unusual symmetry, which allows it also to serve as transcription terminator for a gene that converges on the aspartokinase II gene from the opposite direction, an interesting example of genetic economy. The deduced @entity3 sequence of @entity5 aspartokinase II was compared with the sequences of the three aspartokinases from @entity2 (Cassan, M., Parsot, C., Cohen, G. N., and Patte, J. C. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 1052-1057). Significant sequence similarities suggest a close evolutionary relationship between the four enzymes.

title: @entity1 sequence of the overlapping genes for the subunits of XXXX aspartokinase II and their control regions.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The @entity1 sequence of a 2.9-kilobase @entity5 DNA fragment containing the entire coding region of aspartokinase II and adjacent chromosomal regions (Bondaryk, R. P., and Paulus, H. (1985a) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 585-591) has been determined. The results confirmed the earlier prediction that the two subunits of aspartokinase II, alpha and beta, are encoded by in-phase overlapping genes. The @entity1 sequence showed strong ribosome binding sites before the translation initiation codons of the alpha and beta subunits. Deletion of most of the coding region unique to the alpha subunit had no effect on the synthesis of the smaller beta subunit, demonstrating that the beta subunit is indeed the product of independent translation. The site of transcription initiation of the aspartokinase gene was found to be more than 300 @entity4 upstream from the translation start of the alpha subunit. The intervening region contained a short reading frame capable of encoding a 24-residue @entity0 -rich polypeptide, which overlaps a region of extensive dyad symmetry culminating in a rho-independent transcription terminator. This region may be an attenuator control element that regulates the expression of the aspartokinase gene in response to the availability of @entity0 , the end product of the pathway. The coding sequence of the aspartokinase II subunits was immediately followed by a rho-independent transcription terminator. This termination site has an unusual symmetry, which allows it also to serve as transcription terminator for a gene that converges on the aspartokinase II gene from the opposite direction, an interesting example of genetic economy. The deduced @entity3 sequence of @entity5 aspartokinase II was compared with the sequences of the three aspartokinases from @entity2 (Cassan, M., Parsot, C., Cohen, G. N., and Patte, J. C. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 1052-1057). Significant sequence similarities suggest a close evolutionary relationship between the four enzymes.

title: XXXX sequence of the overlapping genes for the subunits of @entity5 aspartokinase II and their control regions.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Conventional monitoring strategies for @entity1 are not sufficiently sensitive to identify @entity0 likely to benefit from further therapy immediately after transplantation. We have used a sensitive flow cytometry assay that quantitates normal and neoplastic plasma cells to monitor the bone marrow of 45 @entity0 undergoing high-dose chemotherapy. Neoplastic plasma cells were detectable at 3 months after transplantation in 42% of @entity0 . Once detected, neoplastic cell levels increased steadily until clinical progression: these @entity0 had a significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (median, 20 months) than those with no detectable disease (median, longer than 35 months; P =.003). Neoplastic plasma cells were detectable in 27% (9 of 33) of immunofixation-negative complete-remission @entity0 . These @entity0 had a significantly shorter PFS than immunofixation-negative @entity0 with no detectable neoplastic plasma cells (P =.04). Normal plasma cells were present in 89% of @entity0 immediately after transplantation, but were not sustained in most cases. @entity0 with only normal phenotype plasma cells present at 3 months after transplantation and also at second assessment had a low risk of disease progression. @entity0 with neoplastic plasma cells present at 3 months after transplantation, or with only normal plasma cells present at first assessment and only neoplastic plasma cells at second assessment, had a significantly higher risk of early disease progression (P <.0001) with a 5-year survival of 54% for the high-risk group, compared with 100% in the low-risk group (P =.036). Analysis of normal and neoplastic plasma cell levels is more sensitive than immunofixation and can identify which @entity0 may benefit from additional treatment strategies at an early stage after transplantation.

title: Flow cytometric disease monitoring in multiple XXXX : the relationship between normal and neoplastic plasma cells predicts outcome after transplantation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: A single-strand-specific nuclease from germinating @entity3 seeds has been purified to homogeneity. The purification procedure includes affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose and gel filtration. The nuclease exhibits its activity at neutral pH and does not have an absolute requirement for a divalent cation. The purified nuclease also possesses a 3'-nucleotidase activity and is a glycoprotein containing about 20% @entity1 . On native @entity2 gels the nuclease activity comigrates with the nucleotidase. Sodium dodecyl @entity0 - @entity2 gel electrophoresis showed the presence of two subunits in the native enzyme. The nuclease and nucleotidase activities show differential rates of thermal inactivation, the latter following simple first order kinetics and the former exhibiting a more complex reaction. The nucleotidase was also found to be stimulated by DNA, the increase being greater with native DNA than with denatured DNA. These properties are possibly accounted for by the dimeric structure of the enzyme where the nucleotidase catalytic site resides in one subunit while the nuclease site is formed by interaction of both subunits. The enzyme also hydrolyzes double-stranded alkylated DNA and depurinated DNA at a higher rate than native DNA. Experimental evidence suggests that depurinated DNA is hydrolyzed in the region of apurinic sites.

title: Single-strand-specific nuclease of XXXX seeds: glycoprotein nature and associated nucleotidase activity.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity0 neutrophils contain a family of microbicidal peptides known as defensins. One of these defensins, @entity0 @entity6 , was purified, and its ability to directly inactivate several viruses was extensively tested. @entity1 and 2, @entity4 virus, and influenza virus A/ @entity5 were inactivated by incubation with @entity6 . Two nonenveloped viruses, echovirus type 11 and @entity3 , were resistant to inactivation. Purified homologous peptides @entity1 and HNP-3 were found to have @entity2 -neutralizing activities approximately equal to that of @entity6 . Inactivation of @entity2 by @entity6 depended on the time, temperature, and pH of incubation. Antiviral activity was abrogated by low temperature or prior reduction and alkylation of the defensins. Addition of serum or serum albumin to the incubation mixtures inhibited neutralization of @entity2 by @entity6 . We used density gradient sedimentation techniques to demonstrate that @entity6 bound to @entity2 in a temperature-dependent manner. We speculate that binding of defensin peptides to certain viruses may impair their ability to infect cells.

title: Direct inactivation of viruses by XXXX granulocyte defensins.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Extracellular molecules regulate gene expression in eucaryotes. Exogenous @entity1 ( @entity0 ) affects the expression of a large number of developmentally regulated genes in @entity2 . Here, we determine the specificity of the receptor(s) which mediates gene expression by using analogs of @entity0 . The order of potency with which these analogs affect the expression of specific genes is consistent with the specificity of their binding to a cell surface receptor and is distinct from their affinity for intracellular @entity0 -dependent protein kinase. Dose-response curves with @entity0 and @entity3 , a nonhydrolyzable analog, revealed that the requirement for high concentrations of exogenous @entity0 for regulating gene expression is due to the rapid degradation of @entity0 by phosphodiesterase. The addition of low concentrations of @entity0 (100 nM) or analogs in pulses also regulates gene expression. Both the genes that are positively regulated by exogenous @entity0 and the discoidin gene, which is negatively regulated, respond to @entity0 analogs to the same degree. Genes expressed in prespore or prestalk cells are also similarly regulated. These data suggest that the effects are mediated through the same receptor. The specificity of this receptor is indistinguishable from that of the well-characterized cell surface @entity0 receptor.

title: Pharmacological characterization of XXXX receptors mediating gene regulation in @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Extracellular molecules regulate gene expression in eucaryotes. Exogenous @entity1 ( @entity0 ) affects the expression of a large number of developmentally regulated genes in @entity2 . Here, we determine the specificity of the receptor(s) which mediates gene expression by using analogs of @entity0 . The order of potency with which these analogs affect the expression of specific genes is consistent with the specificity of their binding to a cell surface receptor and is distinct from their affinity for intracellular @entity0 -dependent protein kinase. Dose-response curves with @entity0 and @entity3 , a nonhydrolyzable analog, revealed that the requirement for high concentrations of exogenous @entity0 for regulating gene expression is due to the rapid degradation of @entity0 by phosphodiesterase. The addition of low concentrations of @entity0 (100 nM) or analogs in pulses also regulates gene expression. Both the genes that are positively regulated by exogenous @entity0 and the discoidin gene, which is negatively regulated, respond to @entity0 analogs to the same degree. Genes expressed in prespore or prestalk cells are also similarly regulated. These data suggest that the effects are mediated through the same receptor. The specificity of this receptor is indistinguishable from that of the well-characterized cell surface @entity0 receptor.

title: Pharmacological characterization of @entity1 receptors mediating gene regulation in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine whether relaxation of the opossum isolated lower esophageal sphincter (LES), induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) or various pharmacological agents, is associated with changes in cyclic @entity1 content. EFS relaxed the LES in a frequency-dependent manner with 0.7 Hz producing half-maximal relaxation. Control tissues and tissues stimulated at various frequencies were clamp-frozen and assayed for cyclic @entity1 content. EFS had no effect on @entity0 ( @entity0 ) content but increased @entity7 ( @entity7 ) content in a frequency-dependent manner. @entity3 eliminated both the relaxation and @entity7 accumulation in response to EFS. @entity6 ( @entity6 ) relaxed the LES with an EC50 of 0.1 microM. In contrast to the results with EFS, @entity6 enhanced @entity0 content but had no effect on @entity7 content. Relaxation of the LES produced by @entity4 or atriopeptin II was accompanied by an increase in @entity7 accumulation, whereas @entity5 - and @entity2 -induced relaxation was accompanied by an increase in @entity0 content. The data indicate that, depending on the stimulus, increases in either @entity0 or @entity7 content can accompany LES relaxation. These results are consistent with the proposed role of @entity8 as second messengers mediating LES relaxation.

title: Lower esophageal sphincter relaxation is associated with increased cyclic XXXX content.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The alkalinizing effect of @entity5 , @entity2 , @entity10 , @entity14 , L and DL- @entity3 were compared in healthy neonatal @entity0 . The @entity0 were infused for a 3.5 hour period with 150 mmol/L solutions of the @entity4 salts of the various bases. Blood pH, base excess, and metabolite concentrations were measured and the responses compared with @entity9 and @entity6 infusion. @entity14 and @entity13 had poor alkalinizing abilities and accumulated in blood during infusion suggesting that they are poorly metabolized by the @entity0 . @entity2 , @entity12 and @entity10 had alkalinizing effects similar to @entity7 , although those of @entity2 had a slightly better alkalinizing effect than @entity12 . @entity2 was more effectively metabolized because blood @entity2 concentrations were lower than @entity12 concentrations. There was a tendency for a small improvement in metabolism of @entity2 and @entity3 with age. @entity11 infusion produced signs of @entity8 , presumably because it removed ionized @entity1 from the circulation. @entity14 , @entity13 and @entity5 are unsuitable for use as alkalinizing agents in intravenous fluids. @entity10 , @entity2 and @entity12 are all good alkalinizing agents in healthy @entity0 but will not be as effective in situations where tissue metabolism is impaired.

title: The alkalinizing effects of metabolizable bases in the healthy XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Future offenders have more ratings than controls on variables indicating psychopathology. The characteristics which most consistently and significantly discriminate between preoffenders and controls, and which also turned out to be the best predictors of future criminality, are those which previously have been observed in subjects with serious @entity1 . The results indicate that the high degree of psychopathology in subsequent offenders is associated with distortion of body image and with poor reality orientation, i.e. that the most prominent characteristics of future offenders are related to a weakness of the ego. Future offenders seem to have a sufficiently developed ego to handle common tasks. However, their ego fails when they are confronted with unfamiliar and frustrating situations. The inability of subsequent offenders to complete a task properly, with failure on difficult and provocative tasks, shows that they have not developed adequate defence mechanisms and that they have a low tolerance for frustration. They are emotionally immature, instable and impulsive. In short, they are dominated by id impulses. There is no indication of gender @entity4 (homosexuality) in subsequent offenders. However, there are marked differences between the drawings by cases and by controls regarding characteristics related to sexuality. These findings are interpreted as an exaggeration of masculinity and an abnormal preoccupation with sexuality combined with @entity2 for the opposite sex. It is possible that severe criminality, contrary to milder forms of lawbreaking, is associated with elevated self-esteem and extroversion. There are indications that ultimate offenders experience @entity0 beings (others or themselves) as deviant, monstrous and inhuman, features which indicate that distorted self-concept and distorted self-perception are characteristics of preoffenders. The findings regarding aggression are inconsistent, just as they were in prior projects. The Draw-A- @entity0 Test (DAP) and Colour Slide Test (CST) findings indicate that preoffenders are more aggressive and destructive than controls, whereas the @entity5 ( @entity5 ) shows neither more aggression nor more acting-out tendencies in future offenders than in controls. The literature offers conflicting findings regarding @entity3 . The CST results indicate that @entity3 is more common in preoffenders than in controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX who became offenders. A follow-up study of 2203 @entity0 tested with projective methods.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Future offenders have more ratings than controls on variables indicating psychopathology. The characteristics which most consistently and significantly discriminate between preoffenders and controls, and which also turned out to be the best predictors of future criminality, are those which previously have been observed in subjects with serious @entity1 . The results indicate that the high degree of psychopathology in subsequent offenders is associated with distortion of body image and with poor reality orientation, i.e. that the most prominent characteristics of future offenders are related to a weakness of the ego. Future offenders seem to have a sufficiently developed ego to handle common tasks. However, their ego fails when they are confronted with unfamiliar and frustrating situations. The inability of subsequent offenders to complete a task properly, with failure on difficult and provocative tasks, shows that they have not developed adequate defence mechanisms and that they have a low tolerance for frustration. They are emotionally immature, instable and impulsive. In short, they are dominated by id impulses. There is no indication of gender @entity4 (homosexuality) in subsequent offenders. However, there are marked differences between the drawings by cases and by controls regarding characteristics related to sexuality. These findings are interpreted as an exaggeration of masculinity and an abnormal preoccupation with sexuality combined with @entity2 for the opposite sex. It is possible that severe criminality, contrary to milder forms of lawbreaking, is associated with elevated self-esteem and extroversion. There are indications that ultimate offenders experience @entity0 beings (others or themselves) as deviant, monstrous and inhuman, features which indicate that distorted self-concept and distorted self-perception are characteristics of preoffenders. The findings regarding aggression are inconsistent, just as they were in prior projects. The Draw-A- @entity0 Test (DAP) and Colour Slide Test (CST) findings indicate that preoffenders are more aggressive and destructive than controls, whereas the @entity5 ( @entity5 ) shows neither more aggression nor more acting-out tendencies in future offenders than in controls. The literature offers conflicting findings regarding @entity3 . The CST results indicate that @entity3 is more common in preoffenders than in controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: @entity0 who became offenders. A follow-up study of 2203 XXXX tested with projective methods.

answer: @entity0


abstract: AIM: We studied the use of premixed @entity14 and @entity3 in 80 @entity0 with @entity2 . @entity0 AND METHODS: Mean ages ranged 10 +/- 5 yrs. Twenty-three @entity0 (29%) were @entity12 among which 17 of them presented with severe @entity6 . @entity5 procedures consisted of: lumbar punctures (80%), intravenous access (7), @entity7 (6), skin biopsy (4), @entity15 management (3). High-risk @entity0 were continuously monitored using ECG, non invasive blood pressure and transcutaneous @entity3 saturation. We studied acceptation of the inhalation, vital signs, satisfaction of @entity0 , parents, medical and nursing staffs; side effects were compared with a group of healthy @entity0 undergoing venous access before induction of anesthesia. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Acceptation increased with age. No significant changes in vital signs variables were observed. Satisfaction rate regarding the method was 88% for all @entity0 , parents, physicians and nurses. No serious undesirable event (as @entity13 , @entity10 , inhalation of gastric content) occurred in these @entity0 . The more frequent side-effects were: drowsiness during and after inhalation (35 and 9% respectively in the handicapped @entity0 ); @entity8 and @entity9 (8%), @entity1 (3%), were more frequent than reported in literature but there were 25% of @entity11 among our @entity0 . CONCLUSION: Premixed @entity14 and @entity3 was effective for reducing procedural @entity5 and @entity4 in @entity0 with @entity2 , even in severely handicapped @entity0 , with minor side-effects.

title: [Efficacy and safety of inhalation premixed @entity14 and XXXX for the management of procedural diagnostic @entity5 in neuropediatrics].

answer: @entity3


abstract: AIM: We studied the use of premixed @entity14 and @entity3 in 80 @entity0 with @entity2 . @entity0 AND METHODS: Mean ages ranged 10 +/- 5 yrs. Twenty-three @entity0 (29%) were @entity12 among which 17 of them presented with severe @entity6 . @entity5 procedures consisted of: lumbar punctures (80%), intravenous access (7), @entity7 (6), skin biopsy (4), @entity15 management (3). High-risk @entity0 were continuously monitored using ECG, non invasive blood pressure and transcutaneous @entity3 saturation. We studied acceptation of the inhalation, vital signs, satisfaction of @entity0 , parents, medical and nursing staffs; side effects were compared with a group of healthy @entity0 undergoing venous access before induction of anesthesia. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Acceptation increased with age. No significant changes in vital signs variables were observed. Satisfaction rate regarding the method was 88% for all @entity0 , parents, physicians and nurses. No serious undesirable event (as @entity13 , @entity10 , inhalation of gastric content) occurred in these @entity0 . The more frequent side-effects were: drowsiness during and after inhalation (35 and 9% respectively in the handicapped @entity0 ); @entity8 and @entity9 (8%), @entity1 (3%), were more frequent than reported in literature but there were 25% of @entity11 among our @entity0 . CONCLUSION: Premixed @entity14 and @entity3 was effective for reducing procedural @entity5 and @entity4 in @entity0 with @entity2 , even in severely handicapped @entity0 , with minor side-effects.

title: [Efficacy and safety of inhalation premixed @entity14 and @entity3 for the management of procedural diagnostic XXXX in neuropediatrics].

answer: @entity5


abstract: AIM: We studied the use of premixed @entity14 and @entity3 in 80 @entity0 with @entity2 . @entity0 AND METHODS: Mean ages ranged 10 +/- 5 yrs. Twenty-three @entity0 (29%) were @entity12 among which 17 of them presented with severe @entity6 . @entity5 procedures consisted of: lumbar punctures (80%), intravenous access (7), @entity7 (6), skin biopsy (4), @entity15 management (3). High-risk @entity0 were continuously monitored using ECG, non invasive blood pressure and transcutaneous @entity3 saturation. We studied acceptation of the inhalation, vital signs, satisfaction of @entity0 , parents, medical and nursing staffs; side effects were compared with a group of healthy @entity0 undergoing venous access before induction of anesthesia. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Acceptation increased with age. No significant changes in vital signs variables were observed. Satisfaction rate regarding the method was 88% for all @entity0 , parents, physicians and nurses. No serious undesirable event (as @entity13 , @entity10 , inhalation of gastric content) occurred in these @entity0 . The more frequent side-effects were: drowsiness during and after inhalation (35 and 9% respectively in the handicapped @entity0 ); @entity8 and @entity9 (8%), @entity1 (3%), were more frequent than reported in literature but there were 25% of @entity11 among our @entity0 . CONCLUSION: Premixed @entity14 and @entity3 was effective for reducing procedural @entity5 and @entity4 in @entity0 with @entity2 , even in severely handicapped @entity0 , with minor side-effects.

title: [Efficacy and safety of inhalation premixed XXXX and @entity3 for the management of procedural diagnostic @entity5 in neuropediatrics].

answer: @entity14


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the efficacy of surgical removal of subfoveal hard exudates during surgery in @entity1 . @entity0 AND METHODS: This study was done on 60 @entity0 (66 eyes) that all underwent surgical removal of subfoveal hard exudates under the same surgeon. Thirty-two @entity0 (37 eyes) and 28 @entity0 (29 eyes) were included in this study. The average age of the @entity0 was 60 years (range, 30-77 years). The average follow-up period was 21 months (range, 12-48 months). All eyes were classified into 3 groups: 13 postoperative @entity2 , 31 @entity2 . We evaluated the visual results of these types. RESULTS: Preoperative and postoperative mean visual acuity was as follows: postoperative massive type 0.11, 0.22, massive type 0.12, 0.29, and scatter type 0.19, 0.33. Postoperatively visual acuity improved significantly in all types. There were no subfoveal hard exudates postoperatively in any eyes. CONCLUSION: Surgical removal of massive subfoveal hard exudates is effective, but its effects on vision are limited. Surgical removal of deposited subfoveal hard exudates may prevent massive subfoveal hard exudates postoperatively and improve visual prognosis.

title: [Surgical removal of subfoveal hard exudates in XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: The aim of this interdisciplinary project was the improvement of @entity2 management on surgery wards of an university hospital: @entity1 medication should be enlarged with the possibility to administer an opium-medication i.v. (non only s.c.) when needed (VAS > 3), which has been tested on two wards. The study shows the resulting changes of the intervention for @entity0 and nurses. For recording, there has been @entity0 questionnaires and document analysis before and after the new possibility to administer medication, and a nurses opinion survey. RESULTS: 110 resp. 125 @entity0 and 39 nurses have been interviewed. Although there were only few @entity0 (8%) during the second registration who did get the @entity3 i.v., there were clear tendencies: More @entity0 have been asked about their @entity1 and recognized the visual analog scale (VAS) (p = 0.0004) and less @entity0 found, that they had to wait for a @entity1 -medicament too long. There was a significant reduction of maximal @entity1 (p = 0.02) and also a significant improvement of nursing @entity1 medication (p = 0.035). @entity1 and use of basis-analgesia were slightly reduced resp. improved with the intervention. Overall @entity0 -satisfaction regarding the treatment of their @entity1 was high in both groups (> 95%). Nurses found (88%), that the new possibility to administer the @entity3 i.v. when needed, was good, even though this intervention and the controls of the vital signs requires more work. They said, that very often, it is worth the extra work, and for 31% of them, the focus on @entity1 became more important through the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The enlargement to administer @entity1 medication and asking/registering @entity1 intensity regularly, created more sensitivity for the @entity0 's @entity1 -experience among nurses, and this lead to better use of the prescribed @entity1 medication and to better @entity1 management overall. Further quality-improvement in post-operative @entity1 relief seems possible by continuing on that way in the future.

title: [Optimizing XXXX therapy on acute surgical wards].

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is a disorder typically characterized by resistant @entity1 , @entity6 , @entity9 and suppressed plasma @entity3 activity, and excessive @entity5 production. A true estimate of the prevalence of the disorder is difficult to estimate because its detection is dependent on the awareness of the healthcare provider to the disorder, but it has generally been felt to be a rare occurrence. Its frequency of detection began to change when Hiramatsu suggested calculating the ratio of plasma @entity5 /plasma @entity3 activity as a screening tool for the disorder. He found a ratio greater than 75 as a sensitive indicator for @entity5 -producing @entity2 . Using the ratio, several investigators have found prevalence ranging from 3 to 9%. Two major classifications of @entity4 exist: @entity5 -producing @entity2 (APA) and @entity7 (IHA). Distinguishing between these 2 entities is important clinically, because removal of a unilateral @entity5 -producing @entity2 may result in correction of elevated blood pressure and @entity6 . Thus, when evaluating @entity1 @entity0 , @entity4 should be suspected in those with moderate to severe @entity1 or with @entity1 refractory to standard treatment or in @entity1 @entity0 with disease onset at an early age. The @entity5 -to- @entity3 ratio is an easy, inexpensive, and rapid means of screening for the disorder. The ratio is the screening test of choice, but further confirmatory testing is required to clinch the diagnosis. Frequently employed confirmatory tests include urinary @entity5 excretion on a high-salt diet, @entity5 suppression after a saline infusion, and the @entity10 suppression test, which is considered the most sensitive confirmatory maneuver. Both high-resolution CT and MRI scans appear to have similar ability to differentiate between APA and IHA. As with essential @entity1 , the goal of treatment is to prevent the long-term sequela of @entity1 . The underlying pathology resulting in @entity4 dictates the treatment strategy. The drug of choice is @entity8 . Surgical intervention should be entertained in those @entity0 with @entity4 in whom imaging studies suggest an @entity2 .

title: XXXX : the internist's @entity1 disease.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is a disorder typically characterized by resistant @entity1 , @entity6 , @entity9 and suppressed plasma @entity3 activity, and excessive @entity5 production. A true estimate of the prevalence of the disorder is difficult to estimate because its detection is dependent on the awareness of the healthcare provider to the disorder, but it has generally been felt to be a rare occurrence. Its frequency of detection began to change when Hiramatsu suggested calculating the ratio of plasma @entity5 /plasma @entity3 activity as a screening tool for the disorder. He found a ratio greater than 75 as a sensitive indicator for @entity5 -producing @entity2 . Using the ratio, several investigators have found prevalence ranging from 3 to 9%. Two major classifications of @entity4 exist: @entity5 -producing @entity2 (APA) and @entity7 (IHA). Distinguishing between these 2 entities is important clinically, because removal of a unilateral @entity5 -producing @entity2 may result in correction of elevated blood pressure and @entity6 . Thus, when evaluating @entity1 @entity0 , @entity4 should be suspected in those with moderate to severe @entity1 or with @entity1 refractory to standard treatment or in @entity1 @entity0 with disease onset at an early age. The @entity5 -to- @entity3 ratio is an easy, inexpensive, and rapid means of screening for the disorder. The ratio is the screening test of choice, but further confirmatory testing is required to clinch the diagnosis. Frequently employed confirmatory tests include urinary @entity5 excretion on a high-salt diet, @entity5 suppression after a saline infusion, and the @entity10 suppression test, which is considered the most sensitive confirmatory maneuver. Both high-resolution CT and MRI scans appear to have similar ability to differentiate between APA and IHA. As with essential @entity1 , the goal of treatment is to prevent the long-term sequela of @entity1 . The underlying pathology resulting in @entity4 dictates the treatment strategy. The drug of choice is @entity8 . Surgical intervention should be entertained in those @entity0 with @entity4 in whom imaging studies suggest an @entity2 .

title: @entity4 : the internist's XXXX disease.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The effect of three lysosomotropic compounds, @entity1 , @entity3 and @entity4 , on the replication of @entity2 virus (FMDV) type A12 was studied. Viral replication was almost totally inhibited by 0.5 mM @entity1 , 50 microM @entity3 , or 25 mM @entity4 . @entity3 and @entity4 affected replication when added either before or within the first hour of @entity0 . @entity1 , however, still inhibited viral replication when added up to 2.5 h after @entity0 . Assays of binding of radiolabeled virus to cells showed that these compounds had no effect on viral adsorption. Neither @entity3 nor @entity4 had any significant effect on cellular protein synthesis, but there was no evidence of viral protein synthesis in cells infected in the presence of these compounds. In contrast, @entity1 inhibited both cellular and viral protein synthesis. Eclipse assays, performed in the presence of the compounds, showed that while @entity1 and @entity4 had little effect on cell-induced degradation of incoming virions to 12 S protein subunits, @entity3 inhibited this reaction. The replication of representative members of all seven serotypes of FMDV was inhibited by @entity3 although some types were less sensitive to the compound than others. These results are consistent with a model which postulates that viral eclipse is the result of acidification of endocytic vesicles which degrade entrapped virions to 12 S protein subunits resulting in the release of genome RNA.

title: Effect of lysosomotropic compounds on early events in XXXX virus replication.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity7 is a rare, benign, @entity1 , characterized histologically by tufts of capillary-sized vessels in the dermis. Five @entity0 were diagnosed over a 10-year period. All developed the lesions within the first year of life. Four were Chinese and one was Indian. There was no sex predilection. All the lesions occurred on the limbs, mainly proximally, with 40% affecting the upper and 60% the lower limbs. The appearance ranged from erythematous, indurated, annular nodules to plaques. In two @entity0 the lesions had overlying red papules, and @entity5 was present in three cases. The lesions were tender in all @entity0 . No complications such as @entity3 , @entity2 , or @entity6 occurred. All were treated conservatively, with improvement in tenderness in three of four @entity0 after a period of 5 months to 4 years. Decrease in size occurred in one of four @entity0 after 2 years. Our series differs from previous ones in that all the @entity0 developed the lesions before the age of 1 year, all lesions occurred on the limbs, and all were tender. Tenderness and @entity5 , in addition to induration, may be useful in the clinical differentiation from common @entity4 .

title: XXXX : a report of five cases.

answer: @entity7


abstract: The administration of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells along with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) can mediate regression of @entity1 in selected @entity0 . A closed automated system utilizing commercial blood cell separators has been developed for washing and Ficoll-Hypaque (FH) separation of lymphocytes, for lymphocyte culture in polyolefin bags, and for concentration of LAK cells out of culture prior to infusion. We now demonstrate that preparation of LAK cells can be simplified by elimination of the FH sedimentation step. @entity0 leukapheresis was performed using Fenwal CS-3000 blood cell separators, with a mean cellular yield per procedure of 54 X 10(9) WBC (95% lymphocytes), 184 X 10(9) RBC, and 306 X 10(9) platelets (n = 22). These cells were then washed in the same apheresis kit with a counter-current flow of saline, thereby eliminating 85% of platelets while retaining 88% of WBC. Aliquots of the washed cells were separated on FH gradients in 50 ml centrifuge tubes, and both FH-separated and washed-only cells were cultured at 3 X 10(6)/ml with 1500 U/ml @entity2 in polyolefin bags. Cytotoxicities of 22 preparations of LAK cells from 14 @entity0 were evaluated in 4 h 51Cr release assays. Cells that were washed-only averaged 47, 35, and 9 lytic units/10(6) cells against K562, Daudi, and fresh @entity1 , while FH separated cells averaged 46, 33, and 6 lytic units/10(6) cells respectively. Cellular recoveries using the wash-only technique were 25% greater than when using FH sedimentation. Omission of FH separation saves time and expense in preparation and provides greater numbers of LAK cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy.

title: A simplified automated procedure for generation of XXXX lymphokine-activated killer cells for use in clinical trials.

answer: @entity0


abstract: At the first stage of a pilot study involving 14 parkinsonians with motor @entity4 , treatment with standard Madopar was substituted by a sustained-release form, Madopar HBS, which attenuated @entity4 in @entity0 with end-of-dose impairment, but achieved only moderate improvement in @entity0 with on-off phenomena. In a second phase of the trial, 4 parkinsonians exhibiting the most severe @entity4 of mobility and the poorest response to Madopar HBS (Hydrodynamically Balanced System) were selected for treatment with a combined regimen utilizing subcutaneous @entity5 infusions as the additional component. The sequence of the trial was as follows: 1. standard Madopar, 2. Madopar HBS, 3. standard Madopar combined with @entity5 infusions and 4. Madopar HBS combined with @entity5 infusions. Steady improvement was observed along the lines of this schedule, but the best results were obtained when Madopar HBS was combined with @entity5 infusions. Subsequently motor @entity4 were less marked or disappeared, early-morning @entity1 decreased and @entity3 was not recorded any longer. Even better results could be accomplished in an extended trial attempting to establish the best dosage ratio of the combination, possibly admitting increased dosage. The tolerance of the combined regimen was excellent, except in one @entity0 who transiently exhibited delusions and @entity2 . The combination of sustained-release Madopar and continuous infusions of the dopaminergic agonist @entity5 seems to prove a more physiological and effective regimen for the treatment of severe motor @entity4 .

title: A combined regimen of subcutaneous XXXX and oral Madopar HBS in @entity1 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: At the first stage of a pilot study involving 14 parkinsonians with motor @entity4 , treatment with standard Madopar was substituted by a sustained-release form, Madopar HBS, which attenuated @entity4 in @entity0 with end-of-dose impairment, but achieved only moderate improvement in @entity0 with on-off phenomena. In a second phase of the trial, 4 parkinsonians exhibiting the most severe @entity4 of mobility and the poorest response to Madopar HBS (Hydrodynamically Balanced System) were selected for treatment with a combined regimen utilizing subcutaneous @entity5 infusions as the additional component. The sequence of the trial was as follows: 1. standard Madopar, 2. Madopar HBS, 3. standard Madopar combined with @entity5 infusions and 4. Madopar HBS combined with @entity5 infusions. Steady improvement was observed along the lines of this schedule, but the best results were obtained when Madopar HBS was combined with @entity5 infusions. Subsequently motor @entity4 were less marked or disappeared, early-morning @entity1 decreased and @entity3 was not recorded any longer. Even better results could be accomplished in an extended trial attempting to establish the best dosage ratio of the combination, possibly admitting increased dosage. The tolerance of the combined regimen was excellent, except in one @entity0 who transiently exhibited delusions and @entity2 . The combination of sustained-release Madopar and continuous infusions of the dopaminergic agonist @entity5 seems to prove a more physiological and effective regimen for the treatment of severe motor @entity4 .

title: A combined regimen of subcutaneous @entity5 and oral Madopar HBS in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: All the important abdominal veins and limbs vein can be examined. The veins, in cross-section are rounded in repletion, (maximum normal vein caliber has reached when erect) almost flat in a state of vacuous-ness. The lumen normally echofree is limited by a wall thinner and less echogenic than the wall of adjacent artery. The parietal motions are rythmed by breathing. Venous blood flow can become echogenic, with weak echoes, as snow storm within the lumen. These phenomena are often visible in venous confluent and within the lumen below occlusion where there is sludge. In supine position deep abdominal veins, limbs veins until popliteal veins are easily seen. Below the popliteal fossa in prone position the veins are nearly empty and not visible beyond pathological circumstances. Objective studies demonstrated the inaccuracy of clinical diagnosis of @entity4 , echotomography (coupled with doppler) is among the non-invasive methods the most interesting, permitting to recognize @entity2 complete or incomplete by clot but also compression by @entity0 or @entity5 . The compression under the probe collapse the normal vein, but if there is clot inside, the compression become incomplete or impossible. The caliber of the vein is dilated also in supine position. The richest of venous clot in red cells in comparison with arterial @entity3 make it more and earlier echogenic and more especially as the investigation is performed with high frequency probe. In the same way if the clot is floating its motions are put in evidence. Echotomography make usually difference between clot and @entity0 which is again more echogenic and also have special location. Echotomography permit to follow evolution ot @entity1 under treatment. The wall vein lesions after @entity3 are analysed showing thickening, destruction of the cups, dilatation of some veins while others are still obstructed.

title: [Ultrasonics and deep vein XXXX . Ilio-caval level and the lower extremities].

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity6 ( @entity6 )- and @entity3 (SV40)-transformed hamster embryo cells differ markedly in a number of phenotypic properties including their potential for inducing @entity0 in hamsters. Both @entity6 - and SV40-transformed cells are immortalized and readily induce @entity0 in immunoincompetent newborn syngeneic hamsters, but only SV40-transformed cells are highly oncogenic in both adult syngeneic and allogeneic immunocompetent hamsters. The reasons for the difference in the oncogenic potential of the @entity6 - and SV40-transformed phenotypes remain elusive. However, recent studies with transforming growth factors (TGFs) indicate that these factors play an important role in determining many phenotypic characteristics of transformed cells. To determine whether TGFs secreted by @entity6 - and SV40-transformed hamster embryo cells differ, we have examined the ability of media conditioned by these two transformed cell phenotypes to modulate @entity1 uptake in quiescent, untransformed cells. We found that both transformed phenotypes secrete very similar @entity5 -like mitogenic factors which inhibit binding of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor to its receptor. Our results also show that SV40-transformed cells, but not @entity6 -transformed cells, secrete a powerful @entity2 ( @entity2 ). The @entity2 secreted by SV40-transformed cells is inhibitory for several transformed and untransformed cell types and exerts a cytostatic, not cytolytic, action on untransformed primary hamster embryo cells. @entity2 elutes from size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography columns with a molecular weight of 24,000. Although @entity2 has about the same molecular weight as @entity4 , it differs from @entity4 in two important respects: it is heat labile and it has a different target specificity for antimitogenic activity. The @entity2 secreted by SV40-transformed cells also inhibits @entity1 uptake by concanavalin A-stimulated spleen lymphocytes. This finding suggests that @entity2 might contribute to the extreme oncogenicity of SV40-transformed cells by inhibiting mobilization of immune effector cells at the site of @entity0 cell proliferation.

title: Mitogenic and antimitogenic transforming growth factors secreted by adenovirus 2- and XXXX -transformed hamster cells: possible roles in promoting tumorigenesis.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The OMGE multinational survey of @entity0 with @entity1 demonstrated that it was possible to predict @entity0 outcome, using a computer and a database of information from many centres. It remained to be seen whether this database could be used in specific remote areas of the world. To answer this question, two areas have been studied, Sikkim and China. In Sikkim, when the computer-aided prognostic system was used, 69% of @entity0 put into a high-risk group for rebleeding actually did so; and 54% died. By contrast, only 2% of @entity0 placed into a low-risk group for rebleeding did so. As there is little computer technology in Sikkim, a simplified scoring system was developed which gave the same predictive accuracy as the computer system. In China there was a slightly lower accuracy with both systems. Hence a new database and scoring system were created, using only information from Chinese @entity0 . This database improved the results. From the studies it is suggested that these types of systems can be of value to @entity0 in remote areas by targeting @entity0 at high risk rebleeding or dying, so that the scarce resources available can be best used.

title: Use of a multinational survey to provide clinical guidelines for XXXX in developing countries.

answer: @entity1