abstract: 1. The functional antagonism between @entity4 - or @entity0 -induced @entity3 and beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation was evaluated in @entity1 tracheal smooth muscle in vitro. In addition, the putative contribution of muscarinic M2 receptors mediating inhibition of beta-adrenoceptor-induced biochemical responses to this functional antagonism was investigated with the selective muscarinic antagonists, @entity6 (M1 over M2), AF-DX 116 and @entity7 (M2 over M3), and @entity8 (M3 over M2). 2. By use of isotonic tension measurement, contractions were induced with various concentrations of @entity4 or @entity0 , and @entity5 concentration-relaxation curves were obtained in the absence or presence of the muscarinic antagonists. Antagonist concentrations were chosen so as to produce selective blockade of M2 receptors (AF-DX 116 0.1 microM, @entity7 30 microM), or half-maximal blockade of M3 receptors ( @entity6 0.1 microM, AF-DX 116 0.5 microM, @entity8 0.03 microM). Since these latter antagonist concentrations mimicked KB values towards @entity1 tracheal smooth muscle M3 receptors, antagonist-induced decreases in contractile tone were compensated for by doubling the agonist concentration. 3. It was found that @entity5 -induced relaxation of @entity1 tracheal smooth muscle preparations was dependent on the nature and the concentration of the contractile agonist used. Thus, @entity5 pD2 (-log EC50) values were decreased 3.7 log units as a result of increasing cholinergic tone from 22 to 106%, and 2.4 log units by increasing @entity0 tone over a similar range. Furthermore, maximal relaxability of cholinergic tone decreased gradually from 100% at low to only 1.3% at supramaximal @entity3 levels, whereas with @entity0 almost complete relaxation was maintained at all concentrations applied. As a result, @entity5 relaxation was clearly hampered with @entity4 compared to @entity0 at equal levels of contractile tone.4. In the presence of @entity7 , @entity5 relaxation was facilitated for most concentrations of @entity4 , and for all concentrations of @entity0 . These changes could be explained by the decreased @entity3 levels for both contractile agonists in the presence of @entity7 .5. @entity5 -induced relaxation of cholinergic @entity3 was also facilitated by AF-DX 116 as well as by @entity6 and @entity8 , and these (small) changes were again related to the(small) decreases in cholinergic @entity3 levels that were present in these experiments despite the additional administration of the agonist to readjust contractile tone. Similarly, changes in @entity5 relaxation of @entity0 -induced tone could be explained by different @entity3 levels.6. These results can be explained by the sole involvement of muscarinic M3 receptors, and provide no evidence for a role of muscarinic M2 receptors in functional antagonism in @entity1 @entity2 . Furthermore,they stress the importance of taking into account non-cholinergic controls as well as @entity3 levels in these experiments.

title: No evidence for a role of muscarinic M2 receptors in functional antagonism in @entity1 XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: 1. We studied the inhibitory effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP 1-27) on the increase in total pulmonary resistance (RL) caused either by allergen or @entity0 in anaesthetized, ventilated @entity1 . 2. PACAP 1-27 given via i.v. infusion (0.045-4.5 nmol kg-1 min-1) dose-dependently reduced the increase in RL caused by inhaled ovalbumin and @entity0 . At the highest dose, PACAP 1-27 prevented the increase in RL caused by ovalbumin and @entity0 completely. Infusion of PACAP 1-27 and the @entity3 agonist, @entity2 (0.045-4.5 nmol kg-1 min-1) inhibited the increase in RL similarly, but @entity2 increased the heart rate more than PACAP 1-27. 3. PACAP 1-27 and @entity2 given via inhaled aerosol (0.1 mM, 20 breaths) significantly reduced the increase in RL caused by @entity0 infused i.v., whereas aerosolised sterile saline did not. Both PACAP 1-27 and @entity2 caused bronchodilator effects within 1 min of drug inhalation and these effects remained throughout the 20 min of study. 4. Because PACAP 1-27 produced significant bronchodilatation and rapid onset of sustained action in vivo and without pronounced cardiovascular side effects, we conclude that this peptide may have therapeutic potential as a bronchodilator.

title: Inhibition of bronchoconstriction by pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP 1-27) in XXXX in vivo.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are well described in @entity4 and some forms of @entity3 . They have also been described in @entity0 with @entity2 , but the specificity of these ANCA and their relationship to the presence of @entity3 , antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and granulocyte-specific ANA (GS-ANA), and to disease activity are uncertain. We studied 101 @entity0 with forms of @entity2 and detected four cytoplasmic ANCA, eight perinuclear ANCA and 16 atypical ANCA. There was no association between the presence of ANCA and ANA or rheumatoid factor. No anti- @entity5 antibodies were found and no strong anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies were detected. Four GS-ANA were detected and were distinct from ANCA. There was no association between @entity1 and ANCA status. ANCA did not predict @entity3 over a 3 yr follow-up. These ANCA appear to be epiphenomena. Their importance lies in their potential to mislead physicians towards a misdiagnosis of @entity3 .

title: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in XXXX --potential for misdiagnosis?

answer: @entity2


abstract: Corneal transplantations may survive when transplanted orthotopically even in the presence of massive @entity7 , while such grafts would be rejected in heterotopic locations. Experiments with @entity1 tissues have shown that cultured corneal tissue as well as iris/ciliary body (I/CB) tissue produce immunosuppressive factors. This was not the case when traumatized corneas were tested. We therefore wondered whether the same difference could be observed when explants of normal or pathological @entity0 corneas or I/CB tissues were tested. Supernatant of cultured @entity2 and I/CB tissue was added to a mixed lymphocyte reaction (BALB/c responder and C57B1/6 stimulator cells) and @entity4 incorporation was measured. Culture supernatants from normal corneas and corneas with @entity5 achieved similar levels of MLR inhibition, which could not be blocked by addition of anti-transforming-growth factor-beta 2 antibody or @entity6 . The supernatant from cultured I/CB cells from normal eyes and from eyes containing a posterior segment @entity3 did not differ in their immunosuppressive effect. The MLR inhibitory effect of supernatant from I/CB cells was partly blocked by addition of @entity6 . We conclude that MLR inhibiting factors are produced by normal and pathological corneas and by I/CB cells, but the supernatants from these tissues achieve their effect by different means. It is likely that the ability of @entity2 and I/CB tissues to produce immunosuppressive factors contributes to the success of orthotopic corneal transplants in @entity0 .

title: Immunosuppressive properties of cultured @entity0 XXXX and ciliary body in normal and pathological conditions.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Corneal transplantations may survive when transplanted orthotopically even in the presence of massive @entity7 , while such grafts would be rejected in heterotopic locations. Experiments with @entity1 tissues have shown that cultured corneal tissue as well as iris/ciliary body (I/CB) tissue produce immunosuppressive factors. This was not the case when traumatized corneas were tested. We therefore wondered whether the same difference could be observed when explants of normal or pathological @entity0 corneas or I/CB tissues were tested. Supernatant of cultured @entity2 and I/CB tissue was added to a mixed lymphocyte reaction (BALB/c responder and C57B1/6 stimulator cells) and @entity4 incorporation was measured. Culture supernatants from normal corneas and corneas with @entity5 achieved similar levels of MLR inhibition, which could not be blocked by addition of anti-transforming-growth factor-beta 2 antibody or @entity6 . The supernatant from cultured I/CB cells from normal eyes and from eyes containing a posterior segment @entity3 did not differ in their immunosuppressive effect. The MLR inhibitory effect of supernatant from I/CB cells was partly blocked by addition of @entity6 . We conclude that MLR inhibiting factors are produced by normal and pathological corneas and by I/CB cells, but the supernatants from these tissues achieve their effect by different means. It is likely that the ability of @entity2 and I/CB tissues to produce immunosuppressive factors contributes to the success of orthotopic corneal transplants in @entity0 .

title: Immunosuppressive properties of cultured XXXX @entity2 and ciliary body in normal and pathological conditions.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Using an electrophysiological approach, a functional diagnosis was attempted to evaluate lumbosacral compression @entity3 . The cauda equina action potential (root- @entity4 ) and the somatosensory evoked potential (root-SEP) were measured by stimulating a single nerve root. The mixed nerve root action potential (MRAP) and the @entity4 ( @entity4 ) were recorded by stimulating a peripheral nerve. When a root was stimulated, reproduction of @entity2 was also investigated. Seventy-four @entity0 with lumbago and sciatica were examined. Nerve roots involved with neurological signs showed some abnormal conductivity in the order of @entity4 , MRAP, root-SEP and root- @entity4 . Subclinical involvement was also observed. It seems to be that the relationship between neurological signs and classification of root-SEP and root- @entity4 are rather close. @entity2 was reproduced by stimulating the root in all cases of disc herniations irrespective of the @entity1 . The above mentioned electrophysiological tests make it possible to identify and judge the extent of root involvement.

title: [Electrophysiological study on lumbosacral compression XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: Calcification is a common feature of advanced @entity8 and is being reemphasized as a clinically significant element of @entity2 . However, the scarcity of in vitro models of @entity6 preclude studying its molecular and cellular mechanism. In the present study, we describe an in vitro calcification in which @entity7 can be induced by culturing @entity1 vascular smooth muscle cells (BVSMC) in the presence of @entity4 , @entity3 , and insulin in a manner analogous to in vitro mineralization by osteoblasts. Calcification was confirmed by von Kossa staining and 45Ca accumulation. Factor analysis revealed that @entity4 is the most important factor for this calcification process, suggesting that @entity9 ( @entity9 ) may be involved. As predicted, high levels of @entity9 expression were detected by @entity9 assay and Northern blot analysis. Functional significance of @entity9 was confirmed by demonstrating that @entity11 , a specific inhibitor of @entity9 , inhibited BVSMC calcification in a dose-dependent manner. @entity0 such as @entity12 and @entity10 potently inhibited BVSMC calcification, suggesting that @entity5 formation may be involved. Importantly, expression of osteopontin mRNA was dramatically increased in calcified BVSMC compared with uncalcified control cells. These data suggest that @entity4 can induce @entity7 by an @entity9 -dependent mechanism and that this in vitro calcification system is useful for analyzing the molecular and cellular mechanisms of @entity6 .

title: @entity4 accelerates calcification in cultured XXXX vascular smooth muscle cells.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Calcification is a common feature of advanced @entity8 and is being reemphasized as a clinically significant element of @entity2 . However, the scarcity of in vitro models of @entity6 preclude studying its molecular and cellular mechanism. In the present study, we describe an in vitro calcification in which @entity7 can be induced by culturing @entity1 vascular smooth muscle cells (BVSMC) in the presence of @entity4 , @entity3 , and insulin in a manner analogous to in vitro mineralization by osteoblasts. Calcification was confirmed by von Kossa staining and 45Ca accumulation. Factor analysis revealed that @entity4 is the most important factor for this calcification process, suggesting that @entity9 ( @entity9 ) may be involved. As predicted, high levels of @entity9 expression were detected by @entity9 assay and Northern blot analysis. Functional significance of @entity9 was confirmed by demonstrating that @entity11 , a specific inhibitor of @entity9 , inhibited BVSMC calcification in a dose-dependent manner. @entity0 such as @entity12 and @entity10 potently inhibited BVSMC calcification, suggesting that @entity5 formation may be involved. Importantly, expression of osteopontin mRNA was dramatically increased in calcified BVSMC compared with uncalcified control cells. These data suggest that @entity4 can induce @entity7 by an @entity9 -dependent mechanism and that this in vitro calcification system is useful for analyzing the molecular and cellular mechanisms of @entity6 .

title: XXXX accelerates calcification in cultured @entity1 vascular smooth muscle cells.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transnasal transsphenoidal (TNTS) resection of @entity4 involves wide fluctuation in hemodynamic parameter and causes @entity1 and @entity3 due to intense noxious stimuli during various stages of surgery. None of routinely used anesthetic agents effectively blunts the undesirable hemodynamic responses, and therefore usually there is a need to use increased doses of anesthetic agents. @entity10 ( @entity11 ) an a-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, because its sympatholytic and antinociceptive properties may ensure optimal intraoperative hemodynamic stability during critical moments of surgical manipulation. In addition, @entity11 reduced the anesthetic requirement with rapid recovery at the end of surgery. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of @entity11 on perioperative hemodynamics, anesthetic requirements, and recovery characteristics in @entity0 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity4 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six @entity0 scheduled for elective TNTS resection of @entity4 were randomized to receive a continuous infusion of @entity11 (group D) or 0.9% saline (group C). @entity0 in both the groups were subjected to a standardized anesthesia comprising of induction with @entity5 , @entity7 , @entity6 , and positive pressure ventilation with @entity8 /air (1:1)/ @entity9 . The response entropy target range during maintenance of anesthesia was 40 to 60. The hemodynamic variables at various stages of surgery, intraoperative anesthetic, and analgesic and recovery characteristics were recorded. RESULTS: Total @entity7 consumption during the study period was significantly lower in group D compared with group C (4.7 and 7.7   g/kg, respectively; P<0.01). End-tidal @entity9 concentration requirement was found to be significantly reduced in group D compared with group C throughout the surgical period. @entity7 and end-tidal @entity9 concentration requirement was reduced in group D compared with group C by 40% and 33.3%, respectively. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were significantly higher in the group C compared with group D after intubation, during various stages of surgery and immediately after extubation. The group D had excellent surgical conditions and lesser @entity2 in comparison to group C. Emergence time and extubation time were significantly shorter in group D compared with group C. CONCLUSIONS: @entity11 as an anesthetic adjuvant improved hemodynamic stability and decreased anesthetic requirements in @entity0 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity4 . In addition, @entity11 provided better surgical field exposure conditions and early recovery from anesthesia.

title: XXXX as an Anesthetic Adjuvant in @entity0 Undergoing Transsphenoidal Resection of @entity4 .

answer: @entity10


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transnasal transsphenoidal (TNTS) resection of @entity4 involves wide fluctuation in hemodynamic parameter and causes @entity1 and @entity3 due to intense noxious stimuli during various stages of surgery. None of routinely used anesthetic agents effectively blunts the undesirable hemodynamic responses, and therefore usually there is a need to use increased doses of anesthetic agents. @entity10 ( @entity11 ) an a-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, because its sympatholytic and antinociceptive properties may ensure optimal intraoperative hemodynamic stability during critical moments of surgical manipulation. In addition, @entity11 reduced the anesthetic requirement with rapid recovery at the end of surgery. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of @entity11 on perioperative hemodynamics, anesthetic requirements, and recovery characteristics in @entity0 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity4 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six @entity0 scheduled for elective TNTS resection of @entity4 were randomized to receive a continuous infusion of @entity11 (group D) or 0.9% saline (group C). @entity0 in both the groups were subjected to a standardized anesthesia comprising of induction with @entity5 , @entity7 , @entity6 , and positive pressure ventilation with @entity8 /air (1:1)/ @entity9 . The response entropy target range during maintenance of anesthesia was 40 to 60. The hemodynamic variables at various stages of surgery, intraoperative anesthetic, and analgesic and recovery characteristics were recorded. RESULTS: Total @entity7 consumption during the study period was significantly lower in group D compared with group C (4.7 and 7.7   g/kg, respectively; P<0.01). End-tidal @entity9 concentration requirement was found to be significantly reduced in group D compared with group C throughout the surgical period. @entity7 and end-tidal @entity9 concentration requirement was reduced in group D compared with group C by 40% and 33.3%, respectively. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were significantly higher in the group C compared with group D after intubation, during various stages of surgery and immediately after extubation. The group D had excellent surgical conditions and lesser @entity2 in comparison to group C. Emergence time and extubation time were significantly shorter in group D compared with group C. CONCLUSIONS: @entity11 as an anesthetic adjuvant improved hemodynamic stability and decreased anesthetic requirements in @entity0 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity4 . In addition, @entity11 provided better surgical field exposure conditions and early recovery from anesthesia.

title: @entity10 as an Anesthetic Adjuvant in @entity0 Undergoing Transsphenoidal Resection of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transnasal transsphenoidal (TNTS) resection of @entity4 involves wide fluctuation in hemodynamic parameter and causes @entity1 and @entity3 due to intense noxious stimuli during various stages of surgery. None of routinely used anesthetic agents effectively blunts the undesirable hemodynamic responses, and therefore usually there is a need to use increased doses of anesthetic agents. @entity10 ( @entity11 ) an a-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, because its sympatholytic and antinociceptive properties may ensure optimal intraoperative hemodynamic stability during critical moments of surgical manipulation. In addition, @entity11 reduced the anesthetic requirement with rapid recovery at the end of surgery. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of @entity11 on perioperative hemodynamics, anesthetic requirements, and recovery characteristics in @entity0 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity4 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six @entity0 scheduled for elective TNTS resection of @entity4 were randomized to receive a continuous infusion of @entity11 (group D) or 0.9% saline (group C). @entity0 in both the groups were subjected to a standardized anesthesia comprising of induction with @entity5 , @entity7 , @entity6 , and positive pressure ventilation with @entity8 /air (1:1)/ @entity9 . The response entropy target range during maintenance of anesthesia was 40 to 60. The hemodynamic variables at various stages of surgery, intraoperative anesthetic, and analgesic and recovery characteristics were recorded. RESULTS: Total @entity7 consumption during the study period was significantly lower in group D compared with group C (4.7 and 7.7   g/kg, respectively; P<0.01). End-tidal @entity9 concentration requirement was found to be significantly reduced in group D compared with group C throughout the surgical period. @entity7 and end-tidal @entity9 concentration requirement was reduced in group D compared with group C by 40% and 33.3%, respectively. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were significantly higher in the group C compared with group D after intubation, during various stages of surgery and immediately after extubation. The group D had excellent surgical conditions and lesser @entity2 in comparison to group C. Emergence time and extubation time were significantly shorter in group D compared with group C. CONCLUSIONS: @entity11 as an anesthetic adjuvant improved hemodynamic stability and decreased anesthetic requirements in @entity0 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity4 . In addition, @entity11 provided better surgical field exposure conditions and early recovery from anesthesia.

title: @entity10 as an Anesthetic Adjuvant in XXXX Undergoing Transsphenoidal Resection of @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is a major cause of @entity5 and disability worldwide. @entity6 has been shown to improve neurologic outcome in multiple experimental models and two early-phase trials involving @entity0 with @entity4 . METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, multicenter clinical trial in which @entity0 with severe, moderate-to-severe, or moderate acute @entity4 (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 4 to 12, on a scale from 3 to 15, with lower scores indicating a lower level of consciousness) were randomly assigned to intravenous @entity6 or placebo, with the study treatment initiated within 4 hours after injury and administered for a total of 96 hours. Efficacy was defined as an increase of 10 percentage points in the proportion of @entity0 with a favorable outcome, as determined with the use of the stratified dichotomy of the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 6 months after injury. Secondary outcomes included mortality and the Disability Rating Scale score. RESULTS: A total of 882 of the planned sample of 1140 @entity0 underwent randomization before the trial was stopped for futility with respect to the primary outcome. The study groups were similar with regard to baseline characteristics; the median age of the @entity0 was 35 years, 73.7% were @entity0 , 15.2% were black, and the mean Injury Severity Score was 24.4 (on a scale from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating greater severity). The most frequent mechanism of injury was a motor vehicle accident. There was no significant difference between the @entity6 group and the placebo group in the proportion of @entity0 with a favorable outcome (relative benefit of @entity6 , 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85 to 1.06; P=0.35). @entity8 or @entity7 was more frequent in the @entity6 group than in the placebo group (relative risk, 3.03; CI, 1.96 to 4.66). There were no significant differences in the other prespecified safety outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This clinical trial did not show a benefit of @entity6 over placebo in the improvement of outcomes in @entity0 with acute @entity4 . (Funded by the National Institute of @entity2 and @entity3 and others; @entity1 .gov number, NCT00822900.).

title: Very early administration of @entity6 for acute XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is a major cause of @entity5 and disability worldwide. @entity6 has been shown to improve neurologic outcome in multiple experimental models and two early-phase trials involving @entity0 with @entity4 . METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, multicenter clinical trial in which @entity0 with severe, moderate-to-severe, or moderate acute @entity4 (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 4 to 12, on a scale from 3 to 15, with lower scores indicating a lower level of consciousness) were randomly assigned to intravenous @entity6 or placebo, with the study treatment initiated within 4 hours after injury and administered for a total of 96 hours. Efficacy was defined as an increase of 10 percentage points in the proportion of @entity0 with a favorable outcome, as determined with the use of the stratified dichotomy of the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 6 months after injury. Secondary outcomes included mortality and the Disability Rating Scale score. RESULTS: A total of 882 of the planned sample of 1140 @entity0 underwent randomization before the trial was stopped for futility with respect to the primary outcome. The study groups were similar with regard to baseline characteristics; the median age of the @entity0 was 35 years, 73.7% were @entity0 , 15.2% were black, and the mean Injury Severity Score was 24.4 (on a scale from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating greater severity). The most frequent mechanism of injury was a motor vehicle accident. There was no significant difference between the @entity6 group and the placebo group in the proportion of @entity0 with a favorable outcome (relative benefit of @entity6 , 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85 to 1.06; P=0.35). @entity8 or @entity7 was more frequent in the @entity6 group than in the placebo group (relative risk, 3.03; CI, 1.96 to 4.66). There were no significant differences in the other prespecified safety outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This clinical trial did not show a benefit of @entity6 over placebo in the improvement of outcomes in @entity0 with acute @entity4 . (Funded by the National Institute of @entity2 and @entity3 and others; @entity1 .gov number, NCT00822900.).

title: Very early administration of XXXX for acute @entity4 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: As the rate of opioid prescription grows, so does fetal exposure to opioids during pregnancy. With increasing fetal exposure to both prescription and nonprescription drugs, there has been a concurrent increase in identification of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and adaptation difficulties after birth. In addition, extended use of opioids, barbiturates, and @entity1 in neonatal intensive care has resulted in iatrogenic @entity2 . There is a lack of evidence to support the use of any one specific evaluation strategy to identify @entity3 . Clinicians caring for @entity0 must use a multimethod approach to diagnosis, including interview and toxicology screening. Signs of @entity3 are widely variable, and reflect dysfunction in autonomic regulation, state control, and sensory and motor functioning. Several assessment tools have been developed for assessing severity of withdrawal in term neonates. These tools assist in determining need and duration of pharmacologic therapy and help in titration of these therapies. Considerable variability exists in the pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches to affected babies across settings. An evidence-based protocol for identification, evaluation, and management of @entity3 should be in place in every nursery. This article provides an overview of identification and assessment considerations for providers who care for babies at risk for or who are experiencing alterations in state, behavior, and responses after prenatal or iatrogenic exposure to agents associated with the spectrum of withdrawal.

title: Identifying and Assessing the Substance-Exposed XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND:: Treatment of pediatric type I @entity3 is controversial. Centers have reported good success with emergency room (ER) treatment of low-energy (type I) open pediatric @entity1 . The purpose of this study was to ascertain the treatment preferences of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons for type I @entity3 . We hypothesize that surgeons will have different treatment protocols and preferred location for these injuries. METHODS:: A questionnaire was given to Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) members at the 2012 annual meeting. Demographic questions inquired about surgeon's practice environment and experience, whereas clinical questions queried opinions regarding the typical treatments and past experiences with @entity3 . Clinical scenarios questioned preferred management of @entity3 . RESULTS:: A total of 181 surveys were collected from the 503 POSNA members in attendance (36%). Years in practice were well represented with 34%: <10 years, 37%: 10 to 19 years, and 29%: >20 years. Most respondents' practices comprised over 80% pediatric @entity0 (86%), were @entity2 (68%), and worked with residents (77%). After initial treatment of an open @entity1 , 86% of respondents admitted @entity0 for intravenous antibiotics and 57% gave oral antibiotics. There was no consensus regarding the amount or type of irrigation preferred, use of antibiotics in the irrigation, or whether the bone ends are delivered during irrigation and d  bridement. Soft-tissue infections and delayed union were noted by 13% and 8%, respectively, of respondents in type I @entity3 treated in the ER and in 16% and 30% treated in the operating room (OR). ER treatment was preferred in 19% to 31% of respondents for type I @entity3 . When queried if level 1 evidence existed that demonstrated equivalent results between ER and OR management, 92% of respondents would change their practice. CONCLUSIONS:: Treatment methods of type I @entity3 are variable. Many surgeons prefer to treat type I @entity3 in the ER as opposed to the traditional OR irrigation and d  bridement. On the basis of this survey, either @entity0 are going to the OR when ER treatment would be adequate or they may be receiving inadequate care when they avoid OR management. This survey establishes the equipoise necessary for a randomized, prospective trial comparing ER and OR management in the treatment of pediatric type I @entity3 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: This study is level V evidence reviewing trends in the management of type I @entity3 in @entity0 . POSNA membership represents various levels of expertise in their preferred treatment method.

title: Current Practice in the Management of Type I Open Fractures in XXXX : A Survey of POSNA Membership.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Twenty-four @entity0 who had a major complication after attempted stabilization of the spine with @entity6 were referred for treatment. The initial instability that necessitated stabilization was caused by a traumatic condition in fifteen of these @entity0 and by a @entity1 in nine. The average length of time before failure of fixation was 208.3 days for the @entity0 who had a traumatic condition and 193.7 days for those who had a @entity2 . In eleven @entity0 a progressive @entity3 developed postoperatively, and in six others the recovery of neural function was possibly hindered by the cement. A @entity5 developed in six @entity0 , and in five of them treatment by removal of the @entity6 and metal, followed by a prolonged period of cervical traction, was required. Loosening and failure of fixation was the most common complication--it occurred in twelve of the fifteen @entity0 who had a traumatic lesion and in eight of the nine who had a @entity2 . Salvage operations that included removal of the cement and conventional bone-grafting procedures were performed in eleven of the twelve @entity0 who had loosening associated with a traumatic lesion and in six of the eight who had loosening and a @entity2 . Stability was restored in every @entity0 . Improved long-term results can be achieved by using grafts of iliac bone and triple-wire stabilization methods (a midline wiring between the spinous processes and two iliac-crest grafts, one on each side, wired to the posterior elements) instead of @entity7 in the primary treatment of @entity4 . The treatment of choice for instability caused by neoplastic destruction of two or more vertebral bodies includes a construct of @entity6 anteriorly. However, if cement is used, early augmentation with posterior fusion of the spine and stabilization should be considered. As a rule, combined anterior and posterior stabilization is recommended for the reconstruction of a spine that is unstable due to neoplastic destruction. In general, whenever @entity6 is used for spinal stabilization, it should be augmented with grafts of iliac bone to provide long-term stability.

title: Failure of stabilization of the spine with XXXX . A retrospective analysis of twenty-four cases.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Background and Purpose: Increased uptake in the @entity5 ( @entity5 ) is often identified as an incidental finding on the whole body @entity4 positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( @entity4 PET/CT) in @entity2 @entity0 . Currently, there is no consensus on the appropriate approach for the management of these cases. Thyroid ultrasound, scintigraphy and @entity3 ( @entity3 ) are suggested to exclude @entity5 . Our aim is to determine the importance of increased F-18-FDG uptake in the @entity5 on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans in @entity0 who are being screened for various forms of @entity2 . Materials and Methods: We evaluated 2000 cases undergoing whole body PET/CT scanning between April 2011 and October 2012. The age, sex, type of primary @entity1 , maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ), size of the thyroid nodules and cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) on @entity4 PET/CT images and if available, the biopsy results were evaluated. Results: In total, 57 @entity0 (23 @entity0 , 34 @entity0 , mean age    standard deviation (SD), 60.89    14 years) showed an increased @entity4 ( @entity4 ) uptake by the @entity5 (average SUV max : 4.07    3.7). The CLNs were detected in 19/57 @entity0 (33%). Only 20 cases (35%) received @entity3 . The final histopathological diagnosis was @entity6 in seven @entity0 (mean SUV max    SD: 6.0    5.43) and benign @entity5 in seven @entity0 (mean SUV max    SD: 2.36    0.63). The @entity3 results were undetermined for six @entity0 . Conclusion: Focal high @entity4 uptake in the @entity5 may be associated with an increased risk of @entity1 , but the clinical significance is unclear. More data are needed to elucidate the role of the SUV in the differentiation of benign and @entity5 . If a focal increase in @entity4 uptake in the @entity5 on PET/CT is present, a prompt histopathological evaluation should be suggested to clinicians for definitive diagnosis.

title: Evaluation of focal XXXX incidentally detected in @entity4 positron emission tomography/computed tomography images.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Background and Purpose: Increased uptake in the @entity5 ( @entity5 ) is often identified as an incidental finding on the whole body @entity4 positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( @entity4 PET/CT) in @entity2 @entity0 . Currently, there is no consensus on the appropriate approach for the management of these cases. Thyroid ultrasound, scintigraphy and @entity3 ( @entity3 ) are suggested to exclude @entity5 . Our aim is to determine the importance of increased F-18-FDG uptake in the @entity5 on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans in @entity0 who are being screened for various forms of @entity2 . Materials and Methods: We evaluated 2000 cases undergoing whole body PET/CT scanning between April 2011 and October 2012. The age, sex, type of primary @entity1 , maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ), size of the thyroid nodules and cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) on @entity4 PET/CT images and if available, the biopsy results were evaluated. Results: In total, 57 @entity0 (23 @entity0 , 34 @entity0 , mean age    standard deviation (SD), 60.89    14 years) showed an increased @entity4 ( @entity4 ) uptake by the @entity5 (average SUV max : 4.07    3.7). The CLNs were detected in 19/57 @entity0 (33%). Only 20 cases (35%) received @entity3 . The final histopathological diagnosis was @entity6 in seven @entity0 (mean SUV max    SD: 6.0    5.43) and benign @entity5 in seven @entity0 (mean SUV max    SD: 2.36    0.63). The @entity3 results were undetermined for six @entity0 . Conclusion: Focal high @entity4 uptake in the @entity5 may be associated with an increased risk of @entity1 , but the clinical significance is unclear. More data are needed to elucidate the role of the SUV in the differentiation of benign and @entity5 . If a focal increase in @entity4 uptake in the @entity5 on PET/CT is present, a prompt histopathological evaluation should be suggested to clinicians for definitive diagnosis.

title: Evaluation of focal @entity5 incidentally detected in XXXX positron emission tomography/computed tomography images.

answer: @entity4


abstract: SETTING: Tribal area in South India with a population of 96,000, where the @entity1 case-finding activity was very poor. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility of (1) involving literate (who can read and write) tribal youth volunteers for detecting cases of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) in their respective hamlets; and (2) antituberculosis drug delivery to sputum-positive @entity0 at their homes by village health nurses (VHNs). DESIGN: One volunteer from each of 61 hamlets was selected and trained in the detection of subjects with chest symptoms, sputum collection and transportation to the Primary Health Centre for smear examination. All smear-positive @entity0 were treated with 2RHZ/6TH and the drugs were supplied by VHNs fortnightly at their homes. RESULTS: During a period of 1 year (1992-93), the total population screened was 9383 @entity0 ; of these 5755 were aged 15 years and above. A total of 338 symptomatic subjects were identified; 12 sputum-positive cases were detected and started on treatment. Antituberculosis drugs were supplied by VHNs to @entity0 for the first 9 months of the study and by literate youths for the next 3 months. Spot drug checks revealed that 11 of the 12 @entity0 were regular in drug consumption. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to train literate tribal youth volunteers within a short time to detect subjects with chest symptoms in the community and thereby cases of @entity2 . They can serve as an excellent model for community participation in difficult areas.

title: Feasibility of involving literate tribal youths in XXXX case-finding in a tribal area in Tamil Nadu.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Study Design. Observational cross-sectional population study using national sample of @entity10 hospital discharges from 2000 through 2009.Objective. To determine whether there is an association between insurance status and in-hospital surgical outcome for @entity10 @entity0 with @entity9 .Summary of Background Data. Association between health insurance status and in-hospital surgical outcome following spinal fusion for @entity10 @entity9 is unknown.Methods. An analysis of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009 was performed. @entity0 aged 0 to <18 years with @entity9 and no underlying @entity2 who underwent fusion were included. National trends, @entity0 , hospital and surgical characteristics, @entity5 , and associated factors were studied. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regressions were used.Results. There were an estimated 19,439 surgeries (Medicaid 4,766 vs. Private 14,673) for @entity10 @entity9 from 2000 to 2009 in the U.S. Spinal fusions for @entity10 @entity9 steadily increased from 2000 to 2009 by 18.0%. @entity0 with private insurance were more likely to have surgery than Medicaid @entity0 (7.7 vs. 5.9 per 100,000 capita, p = 0.003). @entity0 with private insurance were slightly older than Medicaid @entity0 at the time of surgery (mean age 13.9 vs. 13.4 years, p<0.001). Medicaid @entity0 had higher prevalence of @entity8 (10.8% vs. 7.4%, p<0.001), @entity4 (1.4% vs. 0.4%, p<0.001), @entity7 (0.3% vs. 0.1%, p = 0.01), @entity1 (0.8% vs. 0.3%, p<0.001), and @entity3 (2.6% vs. 1.5%, p<0.001). Medicaid @entity0 underwent more fusions involving >= 9 vertebrae than private @entity0 (43.0% vs. 33.9%, p<0.001). Postoperative in-hospital complications were similar, including neurologic (Medicaid 1.8% vs. Private 1.7%, p = 0.64) and infectious (Medicaid 0.3% vs. Private 0.2%, p = 0.44). Length of stay was longer (6.1 vs. 5.6 days, p<0.001) and hospital costs higher ( 45,443 vs.  41,635, p<0.001) for Medicaid @entity0 . Surgery performed in the South and Midwest regions, older age, and female gender were associated with lower rates of in-hospital neurologic complications, while the presence of @entity6 , @entity3 , and re-fusion were associated with higher rates of in-hospital neurologic complications.Conclusion. Medicaid @entity0 were younger, underwent longer fusions, and had more medical comorbidities than @entity0 with private insurance. However, insurance status was not associated with increased rate of @entity5 .

title: The Association between Insurance Status and Complications, Length of Stay and Costs for XXXX .

answer: @entity9


abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluate the efficacy of combination medical therapy in the treatment of @entity6 and AIHA episodes for @entity0 with @entity8 . @entity0 AND METHODS: Five @entity0 with @entity8 were followed for a median of 3.8 years and were treated according to our multiagent (IVIG, @entity2 , vinca alkaloids, @entity7 , and @entity1 ) protocol. RESULTS: All @entity0 initially received IVIG and IV @entity2 for either acute @entity5 or @entity3 . IV vinca alkaloids and oral @entity4 were added in three @entity0 for @entity6 . All responded, but two required frequently repeated vinca alkaloid treatments. Both @entity0 treated with vinca alkaloids for severe @entity5 responded. Two @entity0 received oral @entity1 for refractory @entity6 ; one had a transient response. Splenectomy was not included in our regimen. Two @entity0 underwent splenectomy prior to their referral; both required further therapy. In addition, review of the clinical courses of our @entity0 indicate that the @entity9 may be a prognostic factor for the chronicity of @entity6 . CONCLUSION: In view of the high relapse rates after splenectomy and the encouraging results of our pilot study, we suggest that medical treatment with combination agents (IVIG, @entity2 , vinca alkaloids, @entity7 and possibly @entity1 ) may provide a useful therapeutic approach to @entity0 with @entity8 .

title: XXXX . Results of a pilot study utilizing a multiagent treatment protocol.

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 volume variation ( @entity3 ) is known to be a simple and less invasive hemodynamic parameter for evaluating fluid responsiveness and preload status. Central venous pressure (CVP) has been targeted to achieve an adequate level for improving the graft perfusion and long-term graft function in kidney transplantation (KT) recipients, despite the various potential complications. The aim of this study was to investigate whether @entity3 could substitute for CVP in guiding intravascular volume management during KT. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 635 @entity0 who underwent KT because of @entity2 . Hemodynamic variables including CVP and @entity3 were obtained before skin incision (T1), 5 minutes after iliac vein clamping (T2), and 10 minutes after renal graft reperfusion (T3). The ability of @entity3 to predict CVP level was investigated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: CVPs were 6.0    2.6, 8.6    2.7, and 9.3    2.5 mm Hg, and SVVs were 6.9    3.0, 5.0    2.1, and 4.3    2.1% at T1, T2, and T3, respectively. ROC analysis showed that the discriminative power of @entity3 was fairly good with an area under the ROC curve of 0.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.72) for a CVP of 8 mm Hg, and that an optimal cutoff value of @entity3 was 6% as an alternative to CVP of 8 mm Hg during KT. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 may replace CVP in the volume management of @entity0 who have undergone KT. Our results suggest that @entity3 can guide volume management to improve graft perfusion at critical time points during KT.

title: Can XXXX volume variation be an alternative to central venous pressure in @entity0 undergoing kidney transplantation?

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 volume variation ( @entity3 ) is known to be a simple and less invasive hemodynamic parameter for evaluating fluid responsiveness and preload status. Central venous pressure (CVP) has been targeted to achieve an adequate level for improving the graft perfusion and long-term graft function in kidney transplantation (KT) recipients, despite the various potential complications. The aim of this study was to investigate whether @entity3 could substitute for CVP in guiding intravascular volume management during KT. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 635 @entity0 who underwent KT because of @entity2 . Hemodynamic variables including CVP and @entity3 were obtained before skin incision (T1), 5 minutes after iliac vein clamping (T2), and 10 minutes after renal graft reperfusion (T3). The ability of @entity3 to predict CVP level was investigated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: CVPs were 6.0    2.6, 8.6    2.7, and 9.3    2.5 mm Hg, and SVVs were 6.9    3.0, 5.0    2.1, and 4.3    2.1% at T1, T2, and T3, respectively. ROC analysis showed that the discriminative power of @entity3 was fairly good with an area under the ROC curve of 0.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.72) for a CVP of 8 mm Hg, and that an optimal cutoff value of @entity3 was 6% as an alternative to CVP of 8 mm Hg during KT. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 may replace CVP in the volume management of @entity0 who have undergone KT. Our results suggest that @entity3 can guide volume management to improve graft perfusion at critical time points during KT.

title: Can @entity1 volume variation be an alternative to central venous pressure in XXXX undergoing kidney transplantation?

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association between gender and risk of @entity1 . We sought to assess the impact of gender on @entity4 prevalence among @entity0 with presumptive @entity2 at a regional referral hospital in a high @entity4 and @entity3 prevalence setting. METHODS: We analyzed data from two diagnostic @entity4 studies conducted in rural, southwestern Uganda. @entity0 with presumptive @entity2 were evaluated by chest X-ray, fluorescence microscopy, @entity4 culture, and @entity3 testing. Our primary outcome of interest was @entity1 , as defined by a positive @entity4 culture. Our primary explanatory variable of interest was gender. We fit univariable and multivariable logistic regression models to investigate associations between @entity1 and gender, before and after adjusting or possible confounding factors, including ability to produce sputum, age and residence. RESULTS: Between April 2010 and September 2012, 863 @entity0 with presumptive @entity2 (PWPTB) were enrolled in the two studies at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in Uganda. Among them 664 (76.9%) were able to produce sputum. X-ray was suggestive of @entity4 for 258 (66.5%) of males and 175 (44.8%) of female (p   <   0.001). using microscopy 84 (20%) of males and 48 (10.9%) of females were diagnosed with @entity4 (p   <   0.001) while 122 (30.3%) of males and 76 (18.4%) of females were diagnosed with @entity4 (p   <   0.001) using @entity4 culture. In multivariable logistic regression models, the odds of having @entity4 was higher in males than females (AOR 2.2 (1.56-3.18 95% CI  , P   <   0.001), after adjustment for age, @entity3 status, ability to produce sputum, and residence. CONCLUSION: In Southwestern Uganda, @entity4 prevalence is higher among male than female @entity0 with presumptive @entity4 . The increased risk of @entity4 among males is independent of other @entity4 risk factors. These findings emphasize the need for gender-focused interventions aimed at reducing @entity4 transmission.

title: Male Gender is independently associated with pulmonary tuberculosis among sputum and non-sputum producers @entity0 with presumptive XXXX in Southwestern Uganda.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association between gender and risk of @entity1 . We sought to assess the impact of gender on @entity4 prevalence among @entity0 with presumptive @entity2 at a regional referral hospital in a high @entity4 and @entity3 prevalence setting. METHODS: We analyzed data from two diagnostic @entity4 studies conducted in rural, southwestern Uganda. @entity0 with presumptive @entity2 were evaluated by chest X-ray, fluorescence microscopy, @entity4 culture, and @entity3 testing. Our primary outcome of interest was @entity1 , as defined by a positive @entity4 culture. Our primary explanatory variable of interest was gender. We fit univariable and multivariable logistic regression models to investigate associations between @entity1 and gender, before and after adjusting or possible confounding factors, including ability to produce sputum, age and residence. RESULTS: Between April 2010 and September 2012, 863 @entity0 with presumptive @entity2 (PWPTB) were enrolled in the two studies at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in Uganda. Among them 664 (76.9%) were able to produce sputum. X-ray was suggestive of @entity4 for 258 (66.5%) of males and 175 (44.8%) of female (p   <   0.001). using microscopy 84 (20%) of males and 48 (10.9%) of females were diagnosed with @entity4 (p   <   0.001) while 122 (30.3%) of males and 76 (18.4%) of females were diagnosed with @entity4 (p   <   0.001) using @entity4 culture. In multivariable logistic regression models, the odds of having @entity4 was higher in males than females (AOR 2.2 (1.56-3.18 95% CI  , P   <   0.001), after adjustment for age, @entity3 status, ability to produce sputum, and residence. CONCLUSION: In Southwestern Uganda, @entity4 prevalence is higher among male than female @entity0 with presumptive @entity4 . The increased risk of @entity4 among males is independent of other @entity4 risk factors. These findings emphasize the need for gender-focused interventions aimed at reducing @entity4 transmission.

title: Male Gender is independently associated with pulmonary tuberculosis among sputum and non-sputum producers XXXX with presumptive @entity2 in Southwestern Uganda.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Laboratory studies have suggested that rapidly alternating chemotherapy and radiation therapy might act synergistically. We undertook this study to evaluate the @entity3 and effectiveness of this approach in @entity0 with @entity4 involving the hypopharynx or esophagus. Between 1987 and 1991, we treated 47 @entity0 (23 with @entity4 involving the hypopharynx and 24 with @entity4 involving the esophagus) by three cycles of chemotherapy (during weeks 1, 4, and 7) rapidly alternating with twice-a-day radiation therapy (during weeks 2, 5, and 8). Chemotherapy consisted of @entity7 100 mg/m2 and @entity9 3-4 g/m2 given over 4 days. Radiation therapy consisted of 180-200 cGy twice each day to 2000 cGy/cycle, total 6000 cGy over 7 weeks. The histology was @entity8 in 44 @entity0 and @entity6 in 3 @entity0 with @entity1 . Median follow-up is 2 years (range 1-5 years). The observed survival rate for all 47 @entity0 was 54% at 1 year and 38% at 2 years. Acute @entity3 was considerable. Twelve @entity0 (25%) died during therapy from @entity3 , without @entity1 progression, leaving 35 @entity0 (18 hypopharynx, 17 esophagus) evaluable for response. Among the hypopharyngeal @entity0 , 83% had a complete response, 11% had a partial response, and 6% had no response. Among the esophageal @entity0 , 94% had a complete response, and 6% had a partial response. Local control was better for the esophageal @entity0 than the hypopharyngeal @entity0 (98% vs. 52% at 2 years, p = 0.038). The incidence of distant metastases was 25% at 2 years and not significantly different between the two groups. A high rate of local control was achieved, particularly in @entity5 , by delivering chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a rapidly alternating fashion. This was achieved at a considerable cost in terms of @entity3 , however. Although our response rates and local control compare favorably with those of other recently published studies of combined modality therapy in esophagus or @entity2 , much additional work is required to reduce the @entity3 and, in @entity1 , to further improve the local control.

title: Chemotherapy rapidly alternating with twice-a-day accelerated radiation therapy in XXXX involving the hypopharynx or esophagus: an update.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Flow cytometry was evaluated as a method of assessing in vitro the effects of leukocytes on blood-stage @entity1 . @entity5 is converted by metabolizing cells to @entity2 , a nucleic acid fluorochrome. After incubation with @entity5 , viable and dead leukocytes and parasitized and uninfected erthrocytes could all be identified on the basis of fluorescence intensity and size. Leukocytes can therefore be eliminated from further analysis; this allows assessment, at any parasite developmental stage, of the level of @entity3 within erythrocytes in the presence of any of several types of leukocytes. Whether leukocytes actually kill intraerythrocytic parasites can therefore be determined and the level of @entity0 can be assessed. The ability of leukocytes to prevent merozoites from invading new erythrocytes, i.e., inhibition of parasite invasion, can also be assessed by this method. When erythrocytes containing schizont-stage parasites were cocultured with different leukocyte populations and the level of @entity3 was determined after merozoite release and invasion, only cultures containing gamma delta T cells inhibited parasite invasion. The different blood-stage forms of the parasite vary in nucleic acid content, which allows each of the developmental stages to be distinguished by flow cytometry; this permits assessment of changes in parasite development in the presence of leukocytes. @entity4 ( @entity4 ) appeared to have an effect on parasite development. In this instance, when erythrocytes containing ring-form parasites were cocultured with @entity4 and harvested 24 h later, the parasites in cultures containing @entity4 were at the late schizont stage, whereas parasites in control cultures were early trophozoites; this finding suggests that @entity4 accelerate parasite development. Together, these results indicate that flow cytometry is potentially useful for measuring the following effects mediated by leukocytes: (i) level of @entity0 , (ii) changes in parasite development, and (iii) inhibition of parasite invasion.

title: Use of @entity5 and flow cytometry to assess the effects of leukocytes on the malarial parasite XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Flow cytometry was evaluated as a method of assessing in vitro the effects of leukocytes on blood-stage @entity1 . @entity5 is converted by metabolizing cells to @entity2 , a nucleic acid fluorochrome. After incubation with @entity5 , viable and dead leukocytes and parasitized and uninfected erthrocytes could all be identified on the basis of fluorescence intensity and size. Leukocytes can therefore be eliminated from further analysis; this allows assessment, at any parasite developmental stage, of the level of @entity3 within erythrocytes in the presence of any of several types of leukocytes. Whether leukocytes actually kill intraerythrocytic parasites can therefore be determined and the level of @entity0 can be assessed. The ability of leukocytes to prevent merozoites from invading new erythrocytes, i.e., inhibition of parasite invasion, can also be assessed by this method. When erythrocytes containing schizont-stage parasites were cocultured with different leukocyte populations and the level of @entity3 was determined after merozoite release and invasion, only cultures containing gamma delta T cells inhibited parasite invasion. The different blood-stage forms of the parasite vary in nucleic acid content, which allows each of the developmental stages to be distinguished by flow cytometry; this permits assessment of changes in parasite development in the presence of leukocytes. @entity4 ( @entity4 ) appeared to have an effect on parasite development. In this instance, when erythrocytes containing ring-form parasites were cocultured with @entity4 and harvested 24 h later, the parasites in cultures containing @entity4 were at the late schizont stage, whereas parasites in control cultures were early trophozoites; this finding suggests that @entity4 accelerate parasite development. Together, these results indicate that flow cytometry is potentially useful for measuring the following effects mediated by leukocytes: (i) level of @entity0 , (ii) changes in parasite development, and (iii) inhibition of parasite invasion.

title: Use of XXXX and flow cytometry to assess the effects of leukocytes on the malarial parasite @entity1 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1 are the most common cranial @entity2 in adults. Skull metastases from rare @entity2 , such as @entity4 or @entity5 , are extremely uncommon and rarely reported. Given the scarcity and variation of these rare skull metastases, treatments and outcomes of such @entity0 are of interest to treating surgeons.The authors describe the treatment algorithm, course, and outcomes of 2 @entity0 with rare gastrointestinal skull metastases. The first @entity0 had @entity7 metastatic to the skull, while the second @entity0 developed a solitary skull @entity1 secondary to a @entity5 . As part of this report, the authors include a literature review of rare skull metastases as well as the treatment of these 2 @entity0 .Both the @entity0 ultimately underwent successful resection of the @entity2 for relief of their clinical symptoms. Wide resections in both @entity0 necessitated reconstruction using a free latissimus dorsi muscle @entity8 in both the @entity0 . Preoperative embolization of the hypervascular @entity4 skull @entity1 was performed prior to resection in the first @entity0 . To date, there have been only 4 such reports of skull metastases from @entity7 and limited reported cases of isolated skull metastases from a @entity5 .In @entity0 with large or numerous skull @entity1 from rare @entity2 , surgical resection should be considered for symptomatic improvement. In cases of @entity3 , preoperative embolization can be considered to decrease the @entity6 . Free tissue transfers using myocutaneous flaps such as latissimus dorsi help in obliterating dead space, and creating a healthy soft tissue envelope to withstand postoperative radiation treatment. In addition, a chimeric @entity8 can be designed to include additional muscle or soft tissue to obliterate and exclude the sinus cavities.

title: Reconstruction of Rare Skull Metastases Using Free Latissimus Dorsi XXXX and the Role of Preoperative Embolization in Hypervascular Skull Tumors.

answer: @entity8


abstract: A @entity3 fluorescence assay (PIA) was developed to characterize the in vitro growth of @entity0 @entity1 cell lines as well as to test the cytotoxic activity of standard compounds. @entity3 (PI) was used as a dye which penetrates only damaged cellular membranes. Intercalation complexes are formed by PI with double-stranded DNA which effect an amplification of the fluorescence. Incubation of the total cell population with PI and subsequent fluorescence detection allowed assessment of the number of non-vital cells (first measurement). After freezing the cells at -20 degrees C for 24 h PI had access to total DNA leading to total cell population counts (second measurement). The number of viable cells was calculated by the difference between these two measurements. In the proliferation and @entity2 assays 5 x 10(3) cells per well were plated in 96 multiwells and finally stained with 50 micrograms/ml PI in 25 microliters for 10 min. A correlation between the log of cell number and the log of fluorescence units could be demonstrated over a 2.5-3 log range (r = 0.97). The lower limit of cell detection was 150-500 cells/wells. In @entity2 assays eight clinically used cytostatics were tested which effected a clear dose-response relationship (r = 0.93-0.98) and high reproducibility (r = 0.92). In conclusion, this assay is a simple and rapid test system, the main advantages are the absence of any washing steps and the small number of @entity1 cells necessary for drug testing. The PIA can easily be used for cell number determinations in biological and pharmacological studies.

title: Development of a @entity3 fluorescence assay for proliferation and XXXX assays.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A @entity3 fluorescence assay (PIA) was developed to characterize the in vitro growth of @entity0 @entity1 cell lines as well as to test the cytotoxic activity of standard compounds. @entity3 (PI) was used as a dye which penetrates only damaged cellular membranes. Intercalation complexes are formed by PI with double-stranded DNA which effect an amplification of the fluorescence. Incubation of the total cell population with PI and subsequent fluorescence detection allowed assessment of the number of non-vital cells (first measurement). After freezing the cells at -20 degrees C for 24 h PI had access to total DNA leading to total cell population counts (second measurement). The number of viable cells was calculated by the difference between these two measurements. In the proliferation and @entity2 assays 5 x 10(3) cells per well were plated in 96 multiwells and finally stained with 50 micrograms/ml PI in 25 microliters for 10 min. A correlation between the log of cell number and the log of fluorescence units could be demonstrated over a 2.5-3 log range (r = 0.97). The lower limit of cell detection was 150-500 cells/wells. In @entity2 assays eight clinically used cytostatics were tested which effected a clear dose-response relationship (r = 0.93-0.98) and high reproducibility (r = 0.92). In conclusion, this assay is a simple and rapid test system, the main advantages are the absence of any washing steps and the small number of @entity1 cells necessary for drug testing. The PIA can easily be used for cell number determinations in biological and pharmacological studies.

title: Development of a XXXX fluorescence assay for proliferation and @entity2 assays.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE:: To determine the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of @entity1 (ALPPS) in a single high-volume hepatobiliary center. BACKGROUND:: The ALPPS approach allows achieving resectability of @entity2 by a rapid and large future liver remnant (FLR) @entity3 . However, this proposal has been associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. METHODS:: This was a single-cohort, prospective, observational study [NCT02164292]. Between June 2011 and April 2014, @entity0 with @entity2 considered unresectable due to an insufficient FLR who underwent ALPPS were included. RESULTS:: Thirty @entity0 were treated. Median age was 58.6 years (range = 35-81) and 19 @entity0 were males (63%). In a median of 6 days (range = 4-67), the median FLR @entity3 was 89.7% (range = 21-287). Twenty-nine @entity0 completed the second stage (97% feasibility). Morbidity according to the Dindo-Clavien classification was 53% (grade >= IIIa 43% and grade >= IIIb 31%). The mortality rate was 6.6%. Total parenchymal transection was identified as an independent risk factor for complications (P = 0.049). There was not significant difference in terms of FLR @entity3 between total or partial parenchymal transection (P = 0.45). Median hospital stay was 16 days (range = 11-62). The overall and disease-free survival at 1 year was 78% and 67% and at 2 years was 63% and 40%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:: This prospective study on the largest reported single-center experience shows that ALPPS has acceptable morbidity and mortality, together with a high oncological feasibility and @entity3 efficacy. Partial parenchymal transection seems to reduce morbidity without negatively impacting FLR @entity3 .

title: Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy Offers High Oncological Feasibility With Adequate XXXX Safety: A Prospective Study at a Single Center.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) carries a high mortality in the critically ill @entity0 . This is partly due to the delay in its diagnosis. Clinical diagnostic examinations are often misleading. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the use of laparoscopy as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of the critically ill @entity0 suspected of having @entity4 . From May 1993 to January 1994, we evaluated 10 critically ill @entity0 . Mean age was 56 years (range 17-90 years). Nine of the @entity0 were @entity1 victims (8 blunt, 1 penetrating). The other @entity0 was postcoronary bypass surgery. The laparoscopy was done after a mean of 15 days (range 6-54 days) after ICU admission. All @entity0 were receiving ventilatory support, and all @entity0 had elevated temperatures of greater than 38.5 degrees C. Five @entity0 had abdominal tenderness, and 6 had elevated liver function tests (LFT). Six laparoscopies were done under local anesthesia and IV sedation at the bedside, and 4 were done in the operating room. All @entity0 tolerated the procedure well with no complications. The laparoscopic findings were @entity2 in 2 @entity0 . They both underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomies in the operating room. We elected to drain a very distended gallbladder in 1 @entity0 , who eventually was found to have an @entity3 of the chest. The other 7 examinations were normal. Six of these @entity0 recovered and were discharged. Our results suggest that laparoscopy can be used in the diagnosis of @entity4 . Its positive and negative findings are valuable in the treatment of the critically ill. It can be done safely at the bedside.

title: XXXX : the use of diagnostic laparoscopy.

answer: @entity4


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Orexigenic mediators can impact the hypothalamic feeding circuitry via the activation of @entity3 -dependent protein kinase (AMPK). Given that @entity0 is an orexigenic hormone, we hypothesized that androgenic changes in energy balance are due to enhanced cannabinoid-induced inhibition of anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin ( @entity9 ) neurons via activation of AMPK. To this end, whole animal experiments were carried out in gonadectomized male @entity2 treated subcutaneously with either @entity5 (TP; 400 g) or its @entity6 oil vehicle (0.1mL). TP-treated animals displayed increases in energy intake associated with increases in meal size. TP also increased several indices of energy expenditure, as well as the pAMPK/AMPK ratio in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) measured 2 and 24 hours post-treatment. Subcutaneous administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist @entity8 (3mg/kg) rapidly blocked the hyperphagic effect of TP. This was largely mimicked upon third ventricular administration of @entity8 (10 g). Electrophysiologic studies revealed that TP potentiated the ability of the cannabinoid receptor agonist @entity7 to decrease the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in ARC neurons. TP also increased the basal frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In addition, depolarization-induced suppression (DSE) is potentiated in cells from TP-treated animals, and blocked by @entity8 . The AMPK inhibitor Compound C attenuated DSE from TP-treated animals, whereas AMPK activator @entity4 enhanced DSE from vehicle-treated animals. These effects occurred in a sizable number of identified @entity9 neurons. Collectively, these results indicate that the @entity1 -induced increases in energy intake are mediated via an AMPK-dependent augmentation in endocannabinoid tone onto @entity9 neurons.

title: The role of XXXX -activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the androgenic potentiation of cannabinoid-induced changes in energy homeostasis.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the technique and therapeutic effect of sternoclavicular hook plate fixation in treating @entity4 . METHODS: From January 2010 to March 2014,6 @entity0 with @entity4 were treated with sternoclavicular hook plate fixation in our hospital. Among the 6 @entity0 , 5 @entity0 were male and 1 @entity0 was female, and the average age was 34 years, ranging from 26 to 48 years. The course of the disease ranged from 3 to 20 days. All the SCJ dislocations were caused by external injury and accompanied with the symptoms of @entity2 and obvious shoulder joint activity restricted in affected side. All SCJ dislocations were @entity3 by the diagnosis of X-ray and CT scan. The postoperative curative effect was evaluated according to Rockwood score. RESULTS: All the @entity0 ' operative incision were healed well and in good appearance. X-ray showed that the dislocated SCJ was well reduced and the plate was on right position. All the 6 @entity0 were followed up for 4 to 18 months, with an average of 12 months. The results were evaluated according to Rockwood score, 4 got excellent results, 1 good and 1 fair. No fixation loosening, redislocation or side injury such as vessel, nerve or @entity1 were found. CONCLUSION: With sternoclavicular hook plate fixation, @entity4 could be reduced while keeping its amphiarthrodial function and the completeness of the cartilage surface. Sternoclavicular hook plate fixation has advantages of safety and stabilization in fixation, and @entity0 can begin function exercises earlier.

title: [Treatment of XXXX with sternoclavicular hook plate fixation].

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity4 is a leading cause of @entity6 requiring mechanical ventilation, but the interaction between @entity4 and ventilation is unclear. While prior studies demonstrated a priming role with endotoxin, actual septic animal models have yielded conflicting results regarding the role of preceding @entity4 on development of subsequent ventilator-induced @entity5 (VILI). Using a @entity2 @entity7 ( @entity7 ) model of @entity4 and subsequent injurious ventilation, we sought to determine if @entity4 affects development of VILI. Adult male @entity2 were subject to @entity7 or sham operation and, after 12 h, underwent injurious mechanical ventilation (tidal volume 30 ml/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure 0 cm @entity8 ) for either 0, 60, or 120 min. Biochemical and physiological measurements, as well as computed tomography, were used to assess injury at 0, 60, and 120 min of ventilation. Before ventilation, @entity7 @entity2 had higher levels of alveolar neutrophils and @entity9 . After 60 min of ventilation, @entity7 @entity2 had worse injury as evidenced by @entity1 , permeability, respiratory static compliance, @entity0 , oxygenation, and computed tomography. By 120 min, @entity7 and sham @entity2 had comparable levels of @entity5 as assessed by many, but not all, of these metrics. @entity7 @entity2 had an accelerated and worse loss of end-expiratory lung volume relative to sham, and consistently higher levels of alveolar @entity9 . Loss of aeration and progression of @entity0 was more pronounced in dependent lung regions. We conclude that @entity7 @entity3 in @entity2 , and accelerated the development of subsequent VILI.

title: Cecal ligation and puncture accelerates development of ventilator-induced XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Extremely preterm @entity0 are at risk for @entity6 ( @entity6 ). Early cranial ultrasound (CUS) is usual practice, but near-term brain MRI has been reported to better predict outcomes. We prospectively evaluated MRI @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity3 , and serial CUS adverse findings as predictors of outcomes at 18 to 22 months' corrected age. METHODS: Early and late CUS, and brain MRI were read by masked central readers, in a large cohort (n = 480) of @entity0 <28 weeks' gestation surviving to near term in the Neonatal Research Network. Outcomes included @entity6 or @entity4 after neuroimaging, and significant gross @entity2 or @entity4 , with @entity6 defined as cognitive composite score <70, significant gross @entity2 , and severe @entity5 . Multivariable models evaluated the relative predictive value of neuroimaging while controlling for other factors. RESULTS: Of 480 @entity0 , 15 died and 20 were lost. Increasing severity of @entity1 and significant @entity3 on MRI were associated with adverse outcomes. @entity3 were rarely identified by CUS. In full multivariable models, both late CUS and MRI, but not early CUS, remained independently associated with @entity6 or @entity4 ( @entity3 : odds ratio, 3.0 [95% confidence interval: 1.3-6.8]; late CUS: odds ratio, 9.8 [95% confidence interval: 2.8-35]), and significant gross @entity2 or @entity4 . In models that did not include late CUS, MRI moderate-severe @entity1 was independently associated with adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Both late CUS and near-term MRI abnormalities were associated with outcomes, independent of early CUS and other factors, underscoring the relative prognostic value of near-term neuroimaging.

title: Neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely preterm XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Many @entity3 @entity0 have pre-existing @entity4 . Plasma amyloid b peptides (Ab) - possible biomarkers of Alzheimer's pathology - induce @entity6 . Our objective was to evaluate factors influencing plasma Ab1-40 and Ab1-42 peptides in a cohort of @entity3 @entity0 . In the Biostroke study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00763217), we collected vascular risk factors, neuroimaging features and biological tests including Ab1-40 and Ab1-42. We used the Informant Questionnaire on @entity4 in the Elderly (IQCODE) to systematically assess the pre-existing cognitive status. Of 403 @entity0 (371 @entity2 ), 25 met criteria for pre-existing @entity5 , 142 for pre-existing @entity4 -no- @entity5 , and 236 had no PCoI. Ab1-42 was independently associated with PCoI (odds ratio 0.973; 95% confidence interval: 0.950-0.996; p=0.024). Factors associated with plasma Ab1-40 were age, smoking and @entity1 . After exclusion of @entity3 , the results remained unchanged, but blood samples taken less than 12 hours after onset were associated with lower plasma Ab1-40. Our results support a dissociated response of the 2 plasma Ab peptides in @entity3 @entity0 , plasma Ab1-40 being involved in vascular aspects whereas Ab1-42 might be involved in neurodegenerative processes.

title: Ab1-40 and Ab1-42 plasmatic levels in XXXX : influence of pre-existing cognitive status and @entity3 characteristics.

answer: @entity3


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Many @entity3 @entity0 have pre-existing @entity4 . Plasma amyloid b peptides (Ab) - possible biomarkers of Alzheimer's pathology - induce @entity6 . Our objective was to evaluate factors influencing plasma Ab1-40 and Ab1-42 peptides in a cohort of @entity3 @entity0 . In the Biostroke study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00763217), we collected vascular risk factors, neuroimaging features and biological tests including Ab1-40 and Ab1-42. We used the Informant Questionnaire on @entity4 in the Elderly (IQCODE) to systematically assess the pre-existing cognitive status. Of 403 @entity0 (371 @entity2 ), 25 met criteria for pre-existing @entity5 , 142 for pre-existing @entity4 -no- @entity5 , and 236 had no PCoI. Ab1-42 was independently associated with PCoI (odds ratio 0.973; 95% confidence interval: 0.950-0.996; p=0.024). Factors associated with plasma Ab1-40 were age, smoking and @entity1 . After exclusion of @entity3 , the results remained unchanged, but blood samples taken less than 12 hours after onset were associated with lower plasma Ab1-40. Our results support a dissociated response of the 2 plasma Ab peptides in @entity3 @entity0 , plasma Ab1-40 being involved in vascular aspects whereas Ab1-42 might be involved in neurodegenerative processes.

title: Ab1-40 and Ab1-42 plasmatic levels in @entity3 : influence of pre-existing cognitive status and XXXX characteristics.

answer: @entity3


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Case Description-A 6-year-old spayed female Border Collie was examined for a severe @entity1 of the right forelimb. Three months prior to examination, the @entity0 awkwardly fell off the couch and became acutely lame in the right forelimb, progressing to non-weight bearing over the following 72 hours. Clinical Findings-On physical examination, the @entity2 carried the limb caudally against the thoracic wall, with the shoulder flexed and elbow in extension. The right triceps brachii muscle was atrophied and contracted, resulting in a resistant tension band effect that precluded manipulation of the right elbow joint. The physical changes in the triceps muscle were considered the primary cause of the @entity0 's loss of limb function. Treatment and Outcome-Surgical treatment by means of elevation and transposition of the ipsilateral latissimus dorsi muscle was performed. The exposed triceps brachii muscles were transected 3 cm proximal to the tendons of insertion. Via a separate incision, the right latissimus dorsi muscle was elevated and tunneled subcutaneously beneath the interposing skin between the 2 surgical incisions. The muscle was then positioned and sutured to the proximal and distal borders of the divided triceps muscle group. Two weeks later, physical therapy was initiated. After 2 months, the @entity0 regularly walked on the limb most of the time (9/10 steps). Clinical Relevance-The surgical procedure for elevation and transposition of the latissimus dorsi muscle was relatively simple to perform. Physical therapy was an essential component to achieving the successful functional outcome in this case. This technique may be considered for treatment of similar @entity0 in which the triceps muscle group is severely compromised.

title: Triceps brachii muscle reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi muscle flap in a XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Definitive treatment of life-threatening @entity4 associated with blunt @entity1 remains controversial. To elucidate this issue, we reviewed 538 consecutive @entity0 admitted with acute @entity1 during a 5-year period. Injury mechanism was motor vehicular in 214 (40%), falls in 152 (28%), auto-pedestrian in 92 (17%), motorcycle in 46 (9%), crush in 26 (5%), and assault or skiing in eight (1%). Ninety-two (17%) of these @entity0 required greater than 6 units of blood transfusion during the first postinjury day, and are the primary focus of this report. Twenty-five @entity0 (28%) had unilateral anterior (Group I, n = 20) or posterior (Group II, n = 5) @entity1 . The remaining 67 @entity0 (72%) had anterior and posterior element involvement on the same side (Group II, n = 38), bilaterally (Group IV, n = 14), or open perineal wounds (Group V, n = 15). The @entity6 was applied in 47 @entity0 (51%), and controlled @entity4 in 12 (71%) of the 17 in whom it was used alone to tamponade @entity4 . Peritoneal lavage was performed in 73 @entity0 (79%). Initial aspirate yielded gross blood in 32 @entity0 ; 27 (84%) of these required urgent laparotomy. @entity5 was applied in 19 @entity0 ; @entity4 was controlled in 18 (95%). Pelvic angiography identified active @entity4 in three @entity0 and selective embolization was successful in two. Sixty-eight (74%) of the high-risk @entity0 survived. Thirteen (54%) of the 24 deaths were attributable to the @entity3 , ten were due to recalcitrant @entity4 , and three to delayed @entity2 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity4 associated with major XXXX : a multispecialty challenge.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Definitive treatment of life-threatening @entity4 associated with blunt @entity1 remains controversial. To elucidate this issue, we reviewed 538 consecutive @entity0 admitted with acute @entity1 during a 5-year period. Injury mechanism was motor vehicular in 214 (40%), falls in 152 (28%), auto-pedestrian in 92 (17%), motorcycle in 46 (9%), crush in 26 (5%), and assault or skiing in eight (1%). Ninety-two (17%) of these @entity0 required greater than 6 units of blood transfusion during the first postinjury day, and are the primary focus of this report. Twenty-five @entity0 (28%) had unilateral anterior (Group I, n = 20) or posterior (Group II, n = 5) @entity1 . The remaining 67 @entity0 (72%) had anterior and posterior element involvement on the same side (Group II, n = 38), bilaterally (Group IV, n = 14), or open perineal wounds (Group V, n = 15). The @entity6 was applied in 47 @entity0 (51%), and controlled @entity4 in 12 (71%) of the 17 in whom it was used alone to tamponade @entity4 . Peritoneal lavage was performed in 73 @entity0 (79%). Initial aspirate yielded gross blood in 32 @entity0 ; 27 (84%) of these required urgent laparotomy. @entity5 was applied in 19 @entity0 ; @entity4 was controlled in 18 (95%). Pelvic angiography identified active @entity4 in three @entity0 and selective embolization was successful in two. Sixty-eight (74%) of the high-risk @entity0 survived. Thirteen (54%) of the 24 deaths were attributable to the @entity3 , ten were due to recalcitrant @entity4 , and three to delayed @entity2 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX associated with major @entity1 : a multispecialty challenge.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Anticoagulation is the cornerstone in the treatment of @entity3 . However, the treatment of septic deep vein @entity2 is controversial. Unlike septic superficial vein @entity2 , @entity4 is often associated with limb-threatening or even life-threatening complications. Some authors have suggested thrombectomy as the only means of resolving the @entity1 . We reviewed our experience with seven @entity0 who had septic deep vein @entity2 . Phlebography or noninvasive studies documented deep vein @entity2 and @entity5 were positive in all @entity0 . The mean age was 31.5 years with a male/female ratio of 5:2. All @entity0 were treated with anticoagulants and intravenous antibiotics. One @entity0 required surgical exploration for associated abscess of the groin. The @entity0 became afebrile with normal white blood cell counts from 3 to 18 days after therapy was begun. No cases of recurrent @entity1 occurred. We conclude that antibiotic therapy and anticoagulation are adequate treatment and therefore consider venous thrombectomy unnecessary.

title: Septic deep vein XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The @entity2 is a very rare connective tissue disease which is recognized as semimalignant. The aim of this work is to review the relevant literature and to analyze the management of our @entity0 collective. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Surgery was performed on 7 @entity0 with @entity2 between August 1998 and May 2007. MRI examination as well as biopsy was carried out in all cases. All @entity0 were operated on; the mean follow up was 4 years (1-7). Upon follow up, every @entity0 has undergone clinical and MRI examination. RESULTS: The results show that we have achieved R0 resection in 4 cases and R1 in two cases and Rx in one case. In 4 @entity0 , no recurrence was observed after the single surgery performed in our hospital. In 2 @entity0 a single revision surgery was performed in each case and yielded no further recurrence. In only one case, multiple surgeries (one primary and two revision surgeries) were necessary, after which no recurrence was reported. CONCLUSION: The early diagnosis of the disease is of utmost importance to the success of the outcome. MRI examination and biopsy are mandatory. Surgery is the therapy of choice. The recurrence rate is high and is linked to the difficulty of recognition of the exact infiltrative extent of the @entity1 . This necessitates a close follow-up.

title: Diagnosis and treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) carries a small but not insignificant risk of @entity2 ( @entity2 ), most frequently observed within 24 hours of surgery, which can lead to the need for urgent vascular imaging in the immediate postoperative period. However, distinguishing expected versus pathological postoperative changes may not be straightforward on imaging studies of the carotid artery early after CEA. The authors aimed to describe routine versus pathological anatomical findings on CTA performed within 24 hours of CEA, and to evaluate associations between these CTA findings and @entity1 . METHODS The authors reviewed 113 consecutive adult @entity0 who underwent postoperative CTA within 24 hours of CEA at a single academic institution. Presence and location of arterial "flaps," luminal "step-off," intraluminal @entity3 and @entity4 were documented from postoperative CTA scans. Medical records were reviewed to determine the incidence of new postoperative neurological findings. RESULTS Postoperative CTA findings included common carotid artery (CCA) step-off (63.7%), one or more intraarterial flaps (27.4%), @entity4 at the surgical site (15.9%), and new intraluminal @entity3 (7.1%). Flaps were seen in the external carotid artery (ECA), internal carotid artery (ICA), and CCA in 18.6%, 9.7%, and 6.2% of @entity0 , respectively. New postoperative neurological findings were present in 7.1% of @entity0 undergoing CTA. Flaps (especially ICA/CCA) and/or intraluminal thrombi were more frequently seen in @entity0 undergoing CTA for new @entity1 (85.7%) versus @entity0 undergoing CTA for routine postoperative imaging (14.3%, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS CTA within 24 hours of CEA demonstrates characteristic anatomical findings. CCA step-offs and ECA flaps are relatively common and clinically insignificant, whereas @entity5 /CCA flaps and thrombi are less frequently seen and are associated with @entity1 .

title: 64-detector CT angiography within 24 hours after carotid endarterectomy and correlation with XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Background. @entity2 often involve chronic pressure overload of the right ventricle (RV) which is a major cause of @entity3 . Pulmonary artery (PA) banding has been used to produce animal models of @entity3 . We have devised a new and easier method of constricting the PA and compared it directly with the partial ligation method. Methods. Eight-week-old male @entity0 (240-260   g) were divided into three groups: sham operation, partial pulmonary artery ligation (PAL) procedure, and pulmonary artery half-closed clip (PAC) procedure. RV function and remodeling were determined by echocardiography and histomorphometry. Results. Surgical mortality was significantly lower in the PAC group while echocardiography revealed significantly more signs of @entity3 . At the 8th week after surgery RV @entity1 rate was significantly higher in the PAC group. Conclusions. This procedure of pulmonary artery banding in @entity0 is easier and more efficient than partial ligation.

title: Novel Model of Pulmonary Artery Banding Leading to Right Heart Failure in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: We performed a retrospective study of autoimmune conditions (ACs) in 235 @entity14 probands at diagnosis by analyzing age, sex, ACs, history of first-degree @entity7 ( @entity6 ), @entity1 , heavy @entity8 consumption, elevated serum ALT/ @entity13 , @entity9 , @entity4 , @entity3 , @entity2 removed to achieve @entity2 depletion (QFe), and positivity for human @entity12 haplotypes A (   ) 01, B (   ) 08; A (   ) 02, B (   ) 44; A (   ) 03, B (   ) 07; A (   ) 03, B (   ) 14; and A (   ) 29, B (   ) 44. There were 138 @entity0 (58.7%). Median followup was 19.6   y. One or more of 19 ACs were diagnosed in each of 35 probands (14.9%). Prevalences of @entity11 , @entity5 , and @entity10 were 8.1% (95% CI: [5.1, 12.5]), 1.7% [0.6, 4.6], and 0.0085 [0.0015, 0.0337], respectively. Eighteen probands (7.7%) had a @entity6 . Eight probands with ACs had 9 @entity7 . In a logistic regression, ACs were less likely in @entity0 (odds ratio (OR) 0.3 [0.1, 0.6]) and more likely in probands with a @entity6 (OR 4.1 [1.4, 11.8]). Overall ACs risk was not significantly associated with QFe or @entity12 haplotypes. Estimated survival of probands with and without ACs did not differ significantly. We conclude that ACs are common in @entity14 probands, especially @entity0 and probands with a @entity6 .

title: Autoimmune Conditions in 235 XXXX Probands with HFE C282Y Homozygosity and Their First-Degree Relatives.

answer: @entity14


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The @entity0 's position during an axillary thoracotomy can cause @entity2 and decrease mobility of the @entity3 . In this study, we assessed whether the implementation of a standardized analgesia program using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) decreases @entity1 and improves @entity3 mobility. METHOD: Randomized, single-blind, single-center clinical trial of 50 @entity0 who had undergone anatomical lung resection via axillary muscle-sparing thoracotomy. @entity0 were treated with TENS devices for 30minutes every 8hours, beginning on postoperative day 1. @entity1 and mobility of the affected limb were recorded at the same time on postoperative days1 through3. A visual analogue scale was used for @entity1 assessment and shoulder mobility was assessed with a goniometer. Results were compared using a non-parametric test. RESULTS: Twenty-five @entity0 were randomized to each group. Mean age of the control group was 62.7  9.3years and 63.4  10.2years in the experimental group. Shoulder mobility parameters were similar in both groups on all postoperative days. However, @entity1 during flexion significantly decreased on day2 (P=.03) and day3 (P=.04) in the experimental group. CONCLUSION: The use of TENS decreases @entity1 from shoulder flexion in @entity0 undergoing axillary thoracotomy for pulmonary resection.

title: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Reduces Post-Thoractomy Ipsilateral Shoulder XXXX . A Prospective Randomized Study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We prepared a bone scaffold material comprising a @entity4 / @entity5 core and a Type I collagen cladding, and recombined it with bone @entity2 stem cells (BMSCs) to evaluate its potential for use in bone tissue engineering by in vivo and in vitro experiments. @entity4 / @entity5 without a cladding was used for comparison. The adherence rate of the BMSCs to the scaffold was determined by cell counting. Cell proliferation rate was determined by the @entity3 method. The osteogenic capability was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity. The scaffold materials were recombined with the BMSCs and implanted into a large segmental @entity1 radial defect model to evaluate defect repair. Osteogenesis was assessed in the scaffold materials by histological and double immunofluorescence labeling, etc. The adherence number, proliferation number, and alkaline phosphatase expression of the cells on the bone scaffold material with core-cladding structure were significantly higher than the corresponding values in the @entity4 / @entity5 composite scaffold material (P < 0.05). An in vivo test indicated that the bone scaffold material with core-cladding structure completely degraded at the bone defect site and bone formation was completed. The @entity1 large sentimental radial defect was successfully repaired. The degradation and osteogenesis rates matched well. The bone scaffold with core-cladding structure exhibited better osteogenic activity and capacity to repair a @entity0 compared to the @entity4 / @entity5 composite scaffold. The bone scaffold with core-cladding structure has excellent physical properties and biocompatibility. It is an ideal scaffold material for bone tissue engineering.

title: Repairing XXXX radial defects by combining bone @entity2 stem cells with bone scaffold material comprising a core-cladding structure.

answer: @entity1


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We prepared a bone scaffold material comprising a @entity4 / @entity5 core and a Type I collagen cladding, and recombined it with bone @entity2 stem cells (BMSCs) to evaluate its potential for use in bone tissue engineering by in vivo and in vitro experiments. @entity4 / @entity5 without a cladding was used for comparison. The adherence rate of the BMSCs to the scaffold was determined by cell counting. Cell proliferation rate was determined by the @entity3 method. The osteogenic capability was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity. The scaffold materials were recombined with the BMSCs and implanted into a large segmental @entity1 radial defect model to evaluate defect repair. Osteogenesis was assessed in the scaffold materials by histological and double immunofluorescence labeling, etc. The adherence number, proliferation number, and alkaline phosphatase expression of the cells on the bone scaffold material with core-cladding structure were significantly higher than the corresponding values in the @entity4 / @entity5 composite scaffold material (P < 0.05). An in vivo test indicated that the bone scaffold material with core-cladding structure completely degraded at the bone defect site and bone formation was completed. The @entity1 large sentimental radial defect was successfully repaired. The degradation and osteogenesis rates matched well. The bone scaffold with core-cladding structure exhibited better osteogenic activity and capacity to repair a @entity0 compared to the @entity4 / @entity5 composite scaffold. The bone scaffold with core-cladding structure has excellent physical properties and biocompatibility. It is an ideal scaffold material for bone tissue engineering.

title: Repairing @entity1 radial defects by combining bone XXXX stem cells with bone scaffold material comprising a core-cladding structure.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Why @entity0 with @entity1 use cannabis remains debated. The self-medication hypothesis has received some support but other evidence points towards an alleviation of dysphoria model. This study investigated the reasons for cannabis use in first-episode @entity1 (FEP) and whether strength in their endorsement changed over time. METHODS: FEP inpatients and outpatients at the South London and Maudsley, Oxleas and Sussex NHS Trusts UK, who used cannabis, rated their motives at baseline (n=69), 3 months (n=29) and 12 months (n=36). A random intercept model was used to test the change in strength of endorsement over the 12 months. Paired-sample t-tests assessed the differences in mean scores between the five subscales on the Reasons for Use Scale (enhancement, social motive, coping with unpleasant affect, conformity and acceptance and relief of positive symptoms and side effects), at each time-point. RESULTS: Time had a significant effect on scores when controlling for reason; average scores on each subscale were higher at baseline than at 3 months and 12 months. At each time-point, @entity0 endorsed 'enhancement' followed by 'coping with unpleasant affect' and 'social motive' more highly for their cannabis use than any other reason. 'Conformity and acceptance' followed closely. 'Relief of positive symptoms and side effects' was the least endorsed motive. CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 endorsed their reasons for use at 3 months and 12 months less strongly than at baseline. Little support for the self-medication or alleviation of dysphoria models was found. Rather, @entity0 rated 'enhancement' most highly for their cannabis use.

title: Reasons for cannabis use in first-episode XXXX : Does strength of endorsement change over 12 months?

answer: @entity1


abstract: AIM OF THE STUDY: To develop a clinically relevant and qualitative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring system for acute stage @entity1 @entity2 @entity0 . METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 post- @entity2 @entity0 were prospectively enrolled. Routine brain MRI sequences were scored by two independent and blinded experts. Predefined brain regions were qualitatively scored on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences according to the severity of the abnormality on a scale from 0 to 4. The mean score provided by the raters determined poor outcome defined under the Cerebral Performance Categories 3, 4, or 5. DWI scans were repeated after @entity4 ( @entity4 ). The same qualitative scoring system was applied and results were compared to the initial scores. RESULTS: Out of 24 recruited @entity0 , 19 with brain MRI scans were included. Of the 19 included @entity0 , seven showed a good outcome at hospital discharge and 12 @entity0 showed poor neurologic outcome. Median time from the arrest to the initial DWI was 166min (IQR 114-240min). At 100% specificity, the overall, cortex, and cortex plus deep grey nuclei scores predicted poor @entity0 outcome with a sensitivity of 91.7-100% (95% CI). Follow-up DWI scans after @entity4 showed worse results than initial scans. CONCLUSION: A qualitative MRI scoring system effectively assessed the severity of @entity3 following @entity2 . The scoring system may provide useful prognostic information in @entity1 @entity2 @entity0 .

title: Efficacy of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging performed before XXXX in predicting clinical outcome in @entity1 @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: AIM OF THE STUDY: To develop a clinically relevant and qualitative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring system for acute stage @entity1 @entity2 @entity0 . METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 post- @entity2 @entity0 were prospectively enrolled. Routine brain MRI sequences were scored by two independent and blinded experts. Predefined brain regions were qualitatively scored on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences according to the severity of the abnormality on a scale from 0 to 4. The mean score provided by the raters determined poor outcome defined under the Cerebral Performance Categories 3, 4, or 5. DWI scans were repeated after @entity4 ( @entity4 ). The same qualitative scoring system was applied and results were compared to the initial scores. RESULTS: Out of 24 recruited @entity0 , 19 with brain MRI scans were included. Of the 19 included @entity0 , seven showed a good outcome at hospital discharge and 12 @entity0 showed poor neurologic outcome. Median time from the arrest to the initial DWI was 166min (IQR 114-240min). At 100% specificity, the overall, cortex, and cortex plus deep grey nuclei scores predicted poor @entity0 outcome with a sensitivity of 91.7-100% (95% CI). Follow-up DWI scans after @entity4 showed worse results than initial scans. CONCLUSION: A qualitative MRI scoring system effectively assessed the severity of @entity3 following @entity2 . The scoring system may provide useful prognostic information in @entity1 @entity2 @entity0 .

title: Efficacy of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging performed before @entity4 in predicting clinical outcome in XXXX @entity2 .

answer: @entity1