abstract: @entity5 ( @entity5 ) is an important cause of preventable @entity2 in older @entity0 . Persistently high rupture mortality rates indicate that these deaths can be prevented only by early detection and treatment of @entity5 . In an effort to develop an effective and efficient program of @entity5 detection, we selectively screened a high-risk population. @entity0 aged 60 to 75 years with @entity1 and/or @entity4 were randomly selected from a general medicine clinic and screened with physical examination and ultrasound. Eighteen previously unsuspected @entity3 , 3.6 to 5.9 cm in size (mean, 4.4 cm), were detected in 201 @entity0 , for a prevalence of 9% (95% confidence interval: 4.7% to 13.3%). The specificity and positive predictive value of ultrasound were each 100%. Abdominal palpation detected only half of these @entity3 , but missed none in @entity0 with an abdominal girth less than 100 cm (n = 6). This degree of sensitivity did not occur with "routine" examinations and requires that the examination be directed specifically toward @entity5 detection. We conclude that undiagnosed AAAs are common in this large subgroup of the clinic population, that ultrasound is an excellent screening test for AAAs, and that physical examination may be adequate for screening thin @entity0 . We recommend that every two or three years @entity0 over the age of 50 years undergo careful abdominal palpation aimed at detecting AAAs, as part of the periodic health examination. We further recommend that obese older @entity0 at high risk for @entity5 have at least one-time screening with abdominal ultrasound, regardless of findings on physical examination.

title: Selective screening for XXXX with physical examination and ultrasound.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity4 is the most common @entity5 and idiopathic @entity4 ( @entity6 ) the most common seventh nerve disease electromyographers may be asked to evaluate. The electrophysiologic method of choice to assess the facial nerve is side-to-side evoked amplitude comparison with the affected side expressed as a percentage of the nonaffected side. This examination should be performed on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 after onset of @entity2 . If the percentage of surviving axons falls below 10% within the first 14 days, an incomplete recovery is suggested. Electromyography may assist in prognosticating a functional return, determining neural conduction across the site of injury and following reinervation in the recovery period. The persistence or early return of an absent R1 component of the blink reflex may qualitatively suggest a satisfactory functional outcome in @entity4 . @entity3 at the stylomastoid foramen and comparing the clinical response on the affected and nonaffected side, maximum stimulation test, can also predict @entity3 . Observing a minimal twitch, utilizing the nerve excitability test or measuring the facial nerve latency have yielded poor correlations with functional return and are of limited usefulness in the prognostication of @entity1 . Trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials can be employed to evaluate the status of the trigeminal nerve as approximately 50% of @entity0 with @entity6 also have lesions involving the fifth nerve. Side-to-side amplitude comparison and electromyography are the two most valuable electrophysiologic methods of assessing @entity3 .

title: Electrophysiologic evaluation of the XXXX . A review.

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity4 antagonist drugs under clinical development are of the Type I ( @entity6 , @entity10 -like) and Type II ( @entity5 -like) classes. @entity13 , the only Type I drug currently available, is a high clearance, widely distributed drug which undergoes extensive presystemic elimination. Pharmacokinetically it is quite similar to @entity6 ; however, it does have increased biliary excretion and decreased binding to plasma proteins. Eight Type II ( @entity14 ) drugs are reviewed. Seven of these drugs ( @entity17 , @entity12 , @entity7 , @entity18 , @entity9 , @entity16 and @entity15 ) are pharmacokinetically similar to @entity5 , with high clearance, extensive distribution, and significant presystemic elimination. @entity8 has lower clearance, even greater peripheral distribution, and greatly decreased presystemic elimination. Three of the 8 @entity19 have been reported to have plasma protein binding greater than 90%. Unlike @entity5 , each @entity14 drug under development has an asymmetric centre; therefore each in fact is a racemic mixture. @entity0 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data have not been reported for any of the racemates. Each of the drugs has been studied in @entity0 with @entity1 . Predictably, @entity0 with severe @entity2 have decreased presystemic clearance and, in some cases decreased clearance after intravenous administration of the @entity19 , although @entity3 has little influence on their pharmacokinetics. Unfortunately, disease-drug interaction studies of this class of drugs do not generally report plasma protein binding. The effect of age on the disposition of 2 of the @entity19 has been reported; however, only for @entity7 can a conclusion be drawn, namely that volume of distribution may increase with age and clearance may remain unchanged. A variety of potential drug-drug interactions have been evaluated, most commonly the effect of these drugs on cardiac glycoside disposition and effect, and the effect of @entity11 on the disposition of @entity19 . @entity13 , like @entity6 , impairs digoxin clearance significantly. Among the @entity19 , although minor pharmacokinetic effects have in some cases been reported, the magnitude of the interactions suggest they have limited clinical importance. From drugs currently under development, it is clear that a large number of @entity4 antagonists will soon be introduced into clinical use. Only 1 of the newer drugs, @entity8 , has significant pharmacokinetic differences from the agents currently in use, although possible pharmacodynamic differences among the drugs have been suggested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Pharmacokinetics of XXXX antagonists under development.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The heterogeneity of serum lipoproteins (excluding very low density (VLDL) and intermediate density (IDL) lipoproteins) and that of lipoproteins secreted by HepG2 cells has been studied by immunoblot analysis of the apolipoprotein composition of the particles separated by @entity3 gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE) under nondenaturing conditions. The reactions of antibodies to @entity1 , @entity4 , @entity2 , @entity0 , @entity7 , and @entity6 have revealed discrete bands of particles which differ widely in size and apolipoprotein composition. GGE of native serum lipoproteins demonstrated that @entity4 is present in lipoproteins of limited size heterogeneity (apparent molecular mass 345,000 to 305,000) and that @entity0 is present in low density lipoproteins (LDL) and absent from all smaller or denser lipoproteins. In contrast, serum @entity1 , E, D, and A-IV are present in very heterogeneous particles. Serum @entity1 is present mainly in particles of 305 to 130 kDa where it is associated with @entity4 , and in decreasing order of immunoreactivity in particles of 130-90 kDa, 56 kDa, 815-345 kDa, and finally within the size range of LDL, all regions where there is little detectable @entity4 . Serum @entity2 is present in three defined fractions, one within the size range of LDL, one containing heterogeneous particles between 640 and 345 kDa, and one defined fraction at 96 kDa. Serum @entity7 is also present in three defined fractions, one comigrating with LDL, one containing heterogeneous particles between 390 and 150 kDa, and one band on the migration front. Most of serum @entity6 is contained in a band comigrating with albumin. GGE of centrifugally prepared LDL shows the presence of @entity0 , @entity2 , and @entity7 , but not that of @entity1 . However, the particles containing @entity1 , which, in serum, migrated within the LDL size range and as bands of 815 to 345 kDa, were recovered upon centrifugation in the d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction. GGE of high density lipoproteins (HDL) indicated that most of @entity1 , @entity5 , and A-IV were present in lipoproteins of the same apparent molecular mass (390-152 kDa). @entity7 tended to be associated with large HDL, and this was also significant for HDL @entity2 , which is present in lipoproteins ranging from 640 to 275 kDa. GGE of very high density lipoproteins (VHDL) presented some striking features, one of which was the occurrence of apolipoproteins in very discrete bands of different molecular mass. @entity4 was bimodally distributed at 250-175 kDa and 175-136 kDa, the latter fraction also containing @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Apolipoprotein distribution in human lipoproteins separated by XXXX gradient gel electrophoresis.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The mature nervous system contains functional synaptic networks composed of neuronal sets and subsets whose identity and maintenance may rely on external surface molecules specific for these neuronal subdivisions. Such molecules may reside permanently on specific neurons, serving to identify those neurons within a complex population. From a collection of monoclonal antibodies made to the Torpedo cholinergic synaptosome preparation, we have identified several antibodies that bind the surface of some, but not all, neurons of the mature @entity0 brain (Kushner and Stephenson, 1983; Kushner, 1984). In the present study we catalog which neurons of the entire @entity0 brain and spinal cord are immunopositive for one of these antibodies, Tor 23. The atlas we have compiled can be used (1) on a practical level to guide affinity purifications and neuronal cell sorting, and (2) more esoterically to address whether surface antigenic sets of neurons share or define a common functional property. In the forebrain, Tor 23-positive neurons predominate as a rare cell type of the inner cortical laminae. In the midbrain, few cells stain. In the hindbrain, labeled neurons are dispersed among several nuclei. The exceptions to these observations, areas that almost exclusively contain Tor 23-immunopositive neurons, are the spinal cord ventral horn, the @entity1 , some cerebellar-related nuclei, selected auditory nuclei, the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and the @entity2 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. The neurons that bind Tor 23 are related biochemically by virtue of that shared epitope alone. Whether they are related in a functional manner is a separate issue. Tor 23 demarks many motor-related structures, specifically, the ventral horn motor lamina, the orofacial motor nuclei 5 and 7, the ambiguus nucleus, the @entity1 , the pontine reticulotegmental nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, the red nucleus, and neurons within the motor and somatosensory cortices. The overlap of Tor 23 with motor structures suggests that Tor 23 is a motor system marker.

title: An atlas of a rare neuronal surface antigen in the XXXX central nervous system.

answer: @entity0


abstract: High levels of @entity5 and @entity3 peroxidase ( @entity4 -Px) were found in bull seminal plasma but low concentrations in @entity0 seminal plasma. In @entity0 the seminal plasma @entity5 was associated with two macromolecules separable by gel filtration, but no @entity4 -Px was found in the same fractions. @entity5 in bull seminal plasma was associated with two proteins, which could be separated by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Both macromolecules coeluted with @entity4 -Px activity and had identical optima at pH 7.0. Their responses to thermal treatment, however, differed. Seminal vesicle secretory fluid in the bull contained both these proteins, while the larger molecule was also found in fractionations of ampulla, prostate and Cowper's glands. The larger enzyme form is evidently a tetramer of the smaller one. Both enzyme forms were extremely sensitive to heavy metals and some divalent metal ions. @entity4 caused an activation while other reducing agents were suppressive. Triton X-100 had no effect, while @entity6 was inhibitory. These properties are typical for a phospholipid hydroperoxide @entity4 -Px. It is concluded that this @entity5 -dependent enzyme may be important in the protection of @entity2 spermatozoa against damage caused by @entity1 radicals, while in @entity0 such a mechanism is not functional.

title: XXXX and @entity3 peroxidase in seminal plasma of @entity0 and bulls.

answer: @entity5


abstract: High levels of @entity5 and @entity3 peroxidase ( @entity4 -Px) were found in bull seminal plasma but low concentrations in @entity0 seminal plasma. In @entity0 the seminal plasma @entity5 was associated with two macromolecules separable by gel filtration, but no @entity4 -Px was found in the same fractions. @entity5 in bull seminal plasma was associated with two proteins, which could be separated by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Both macromolecules coeluted with @entity4 -Px activity and had identical optima at pH 7.0. Their responses to thermal treatment, however, differed. Seminal vesicle secretory fluid in the bull contained both these proteins, while the larger molecule was also found in fractionations of ampulla, prostate and Cowper's glands. The larger enzyme form is evidently a tetramer of the smaller one. Both enzyme forms were extremely sensitive to heavy metals and some divalent metal ions. @entity4 caused an activation while other reducing agents were suppressive. Triton X-100 had no effect, while @entity6 was inhibitory. These properties are typical for a phospholipid hydroperoxide @entity4 -Px. It is concluded that this @entity5 -dependent enzyme may be important in the protection of @entity2 spermatozoa against damage caused by @entity1 radicals, while in @entity0 such a mechanism is not functional.

title: @entity5 and XXXX peroxidase in seminal plasma of @entity0 and bulls.

answer: @entity3


abstract: High levels of @entity5 and @entity3 peroxidase ( @entity4 -Px) were found in bull seminal plasma but low concentrations in @entity0 seminal plasma. In @entity0 the seminal plasma @entity5 was associated with two macromolecules separable by gel filtration, but no @entity4 -Px was found in the same fractions. @entity5 in bull seminal plasma was associated with two proteins, which could be separated by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Both macromolecules coeluted with @entity4 -Px activity and had identical optima at pH 7.0. Their responses to thermal treatment, however, differed. Seminal vesicle secretory fluid in the bull contained both these proteins, while the larger molecule was also found in fractionations of ampulla, prostate and Cowper's glands. The larger enzyme form is evidently a tetramer of the smaller one. Both enzyme forms were extremely sensitive to heavy metals and some divalent metal ions. @entity4 caused an activation while other reducing agents were suppressive. Triton X-100 had no effect, while @entity6 was inhibitory. These properties are typical for a phospholipid hydroperoxide @entity4 -Px. It is concluded that this @entity5 -dependent enzyme may be important in the protection of @entity2 spermatozoa against damage caused by @entity1 radicals, while in @entity0 such a mechanism is not functional.

title: @entity5 and @entity3 peroxidase in seminal plasma of XXXX and bulls.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The assessment of @entity0 exposure to an environmental contaminant requires the measurement of levels present in each pathway of possible contact. In this paper, the design considerations and Phase I results of a @entity0 exposure study focused on @entity1 ( @entity2 ) are discussed. This study site, located in Phillipsburg, New Jersey, is a city that contains a metal pipe foundry, which is a suspected major source of @entity2 . Three outdoor PM-10 samplers (used to collect @entity2 -containing particles with an aerodynamic size of less than or equal to 10 micron) were located in residential areas surrounding the foundry. Ten homes were sampled indoors for PM-10. Some homes have indoor combustion sources, e.g., cigarette smoke or a @entity3 . The indoor and outdoor samples were 24 hr in duration. The mean outdoor concentration of @entity2 was 0.9 ng/m3, and the indoor concentrations ranged from 0.1-8.1 ng/m3. Food samples were acquired from family meals each day. They represented a one-third portion of each meal eaten at home. The range of @entity2 per gram of wet weight of food was between 0.004 and 1.2 ng/g. Of the 20 wk of exposure (10 x 2 wk), 10 had higher food exposures and the other 10 had higher inhalation exposures. Of the two groups, the higher food exposures usually had a greater number of ng of @entity2 /wk. The dominance of one or the other pathway appeared to depend upon personal eating habits and indoor combustion source use. In some instances, outdoor air pollution led to a major portion of indoor air @entity2 exposures. Water appears to be a minor source of @entity2 exposures in the study area.

title: The Total @entity0 Environmental Exposure Study (THEES) to XXXX : comparison of the inhalation and food pathways.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The assessment of @entity0 exposure to an environmental contaminant requires the measurement of levels present in each pathway of possible contact. In this paper, the design considerations and Phase I results of a @entity0 exposure study focused on @entity1 ( @entity2 ) are discussed. This study site, located in Phillipsburg, New Jersey, is a city that contains a metal pipe foundry, which is a suspected major source of @entity2 . Three outdoor PM-10 samplers (used to collect @entity2 -containing particles with an aerodynamic size of less than or equal to 10 micron) were located in residential areas surrounding the foundry. Ten homes were sampled indoors for PM-10. Some homes have indoor combustion sources, e.g., cigarette smoke or a @entity3 . The indoor and outdoor samples were 24 hr in duration. The mean outdoor concentration of @entity2 was 0.9 ng/m3, and the indoor concentrations ranged from 0.1-8.1 ng/m3. Food samples were acquired from family meals each day. They represented a one-third portion of each meal eaten at home. The range of @entity2 per gram of wet weight of food was between 0.004 and 1.2 ng/g. Of the 20 wk of exposure (10 x 2 wk), 10 had higher food exposures and the other 10 had higher inhalation exposures. Of the two groups, the higher food exposures usually had a greater number of ng of @entity2 /wk. The dominance of one or the other pathway appeared to depend upon personal eating habits and indoor combustion source use. In some instances, outdoor air pollution led to a major portion of indoor air @entity2 exposures. Water appears to be a minor source of @entity2 exposures in the study area.

title: The Total XXXX Environmental Exposure Study (THEES) to @entity1 : comparison of the inhalation and food pathways.

answer: @entity0


abstract: We have previously described a model for predicting individual daily @entity1 ( @entity1 ) requirements of @entity3 24 h after the administration of a single dose. This model relies on measurement of the initial anticoagulant response as the 24 h percentage fall in plasma clotting factor VII activity. It permits prediction of the individual @entity1 given the size of the initial dose, a baseline and desired maintenance value of the @entity2 ratio, and a baseline and 24 h plasma level of factor VII activity. We now present the results of a prospective clinical trial of the method. Data from 65 @entity0 were suitable for analysis. The mean daily @entity1 of @entity3 was 4.0 mg (range 1-10 mg). There was a moderately strong linear relationship between predicted and actual MDs of @entity3 (r = 0.66, P less than 0.001). Actual vs predicted MDs in individual @entity0 were not significantly different. The mean difference was 0.39 mg. The results of this prospective trial suggest that our model predicts @entity3 @entity1 requirements with reasonable accuracy. Nevertheless, the accuracy of the model is not sufficient to replace careful clinical and haematological monitoring of each @entity0 commencing @entity3 therapy.

title: XXXX dosage requirements: prospective clinical trial of a method for prediction from the response to a single dose.

answer: @entity3


abstract: With the use of immunohistochemical techniques, seven mouse monoclonal antibodies and the lectin from Ulex europaeus, detecting blood group antigens of the @entity6 and Lewis systems, have been used to define the distribution of these antigenic structures in germ cell @entity1 . The reagents used recognize the following blood group antigens: A, B, H, Lewisa, Lewisb, X (Lewisx), Y (Lewisy), and type I precursor antigen. @entity1 from 29 @entity0 were studied. @entity1 studied consisted of pure @entity2 for eight @entity0 , pure @entity3 for two @entity0 , @entity2 plus @entity3 in one @entity0 , and yolk sac @entity1 in one @entity0 . Also studied were nine classic @entity4 and a group of six @entity0 with @entity1 classified as @entity4 that exhibited atypical histological features. One @entity0 had an @entity2 arising from the mediastinum which could not be conclusively identified as a germ cell @entity1 morphologically and was analyzed separately. All @entity2 and @entity3 exhibited strong positivity for type I precursor structure as detected by the K-21 monoclonal antibody. In marked contrast, there was non staining in classic @entity4 but heterogeneous staining in five of six @entity4 . The majority of @entity2 and all @entity3 studied demonstrated strong positivity for blood group antigen H. For @entity4 , however, only one of the atypical cases and two of the classic cases (occasional cells) stained for H. Focal expression of the Y antigen was identified in 5 of 17 @entity4 and in the majority of @entity2 and @entity3 . Two @entity3 and two classic @entity4 expressed blood group X. The remaining blood group antigens were not expressed by @entity4 while they were variably expressed by @entity2 and @entity3 . These data suggest that K-21 and blood group antigen H may be distinguishing markers of @entity5 . If so, it is possible that the heterogeneous expression of blood group substances in @entity4 with atypical histologies is an indication of differentiation towards @entity5 .

title: Blood group-related antigens in @entity0 germ cell XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: With the use of immunohistochemical techniques, seven mouse monoclonal antibodies and the lectin from Ulex europaeus, detecting blood group antigens of the @entity6 and Lewis systems, have been used to define the distribution of these antigenic structures in germ cell @entity1 . The reagents used recognize the following blood group antigens: A, B, H, Lewisa, Lewisb, X (Lewisx), Y (Lewisy), and type I precursor antigen. @entity1 from 29 @entity0 were studied. @entity1 studied consisted of pure @entity2 for eight @entity0 , pure @entity3 for two @entity0 , @entity2 plus @entity3 in one @entity0 , and yolk sac @entity1 in one @entity0 . Also studied were nine classic @entity4 and a group of six @entity0 with @entity1 classified as @entity4 that exhibited atypical histological features. One @entity0 had an @entity2 arising from the mediastinum which could not be conclusively identified as a germ cell @entity1 morphologically and was analyzed separately. All @entity2 and @entity3 exhibited strong positivity for type I precursor structure as detected by the K-21 monoclonal antibody. In marked contrast, there was non staining in classic @entity4 but heterogeneous staining in five of six @entity4 . The majority of @entity2 and all @entity3 studied demonstrated strong positivity for blood group antigen H. For @entity4 , however, only one of the atypical cases and two of the classic cases (occasional cells) stained for H. Focal expression of the Y antigen was identified in 5 of 17 @entity4 and in the majority of @entity2 and @entity3 . Two @entity3 and two classic @entity4 expressed blood group X. The remaining blood group antigens were not expressed by @entity4 while they were variably expressed by @entity2 and @entity3 . These data suggest that K-21 and blood group antigen H may be distinguishing markers of @entity5 . If so, it is possible that the heterogeneous expression of blood group substances in @entity4 with atypical histologies is an indication of differentiation towards @entity5 .

title: Blood group-related antigens in XXXX germ cell @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: 1. Two experiments were carried out. The first with five normal male subjects was placebo controlled and single blind, each subject being studied on two occasions. Lower body subatmospheric pressure (LBSP) was used to assess the cardiovascular effects of graded hypovolaemia before and during either a hyperinsulinaemic, euglycaemic clamp or a placebo clamp using 0.9% (w/v) @entity4 only. 2. During hyperinsulinaemia, resting systolic blood pressure rose and was accompanied by forearm vasodilatation. @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and heart rate (HR) were higher at each level of LBSP during than before hyperinsulinaemia. In addition, hyperinsulinaemia was accompanied by a small increase in @entity3 , but packed cell volume did not change. 3. In the second experiment, the effects of a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp on the cardiovascular responses to LBSP were assessed in seven @entity0 subjects with @entity5 . 4. In contrast to the normal subjects, there was a slight fall in systolic blood pressure during the clamp but no effect was noted on HR or @entity1 . Mean arterial blood pressure was lower at each level of LBSP during hyperinsulinaemia compared with the pre-clamp period. Packed cell volume fell during the clamp and plasma @entity3 rose. In one of the @entity0 subjects, a @entity2 occurred during hyperinsulinaemia when LBSP of 10 mmHg (1.3 kPa) was applied, this manoeuvre having been well tolerated before the clamp. 5. The mode of action of hyperinsulinaemia is not clear, but there was, however, no evidence that a fall in plasma volume had occurred.

title: Effects of hyperinsulinaemia on the cardiovascular responses to graded hypovolaemia in normal and XXXX subjects.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity3 is a global problem which is more pronounced in developing countries. There are an estimated 40-45 million blind in the world today, equivalent to a 1% prevalence of @entity8 . More than 80% of @entity8 is either preventable or curable by simple techniques, if done in time. Blindness in Southeast Asian countries varies from about .3% in Korea to about 2.0% in bangladesh or Myanmar and 1.5% in India. The causes of @entity3 and @entity8 include @entity4 such as @entity12 , @entity1 , @entity9 (particularly @entity7 deficiency) and @entity2 including muscle imbalance. @entity8 is common in almost all the developing countries, but it is not problem in @entity10 Lanka, Myanmar, and Korea. Various control and nutritional measures undertaken by national governments have significantly reduced the prevalence of @entity12 . It is a serious problem in Bangladesh and some parts of India. While socioeconomic factors contribute to its prevalence, attacks of @entity5 or @entity6 add to its gravity. @entity11 or @entity1 are common in developing countries. Blindness is not a public health problem alone, but low educational, socioeconomic status, unscientific cultural practices, and poor environmental status play a major role. Health education for eye care in the community and primary intervention can control causes like @entity4 , @entity1 , or @entity9 , while visual aids such as spectacles have to be used for the correction of @entity2 . The problem of @entity3 per se and in @entity0 in particular can be overcome with concerted efforts. The countries affected have initiated control efforts to modify @entity0 's socioeconomic status. Voluntary organizations collaborating with governments have also produced good results. The education of @entity0 about eye health and training of school teachers in early detection of visual problems can be effective.

title: Problem of XXXX in @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity3 is a global problem which is more pronounced in developing countries. There are an estimated 40-45 million blind in the world today, equivalent to a 1% prevalence of @entity8 . More than 80% of @entity8 is either preventable or curable by simple techniques, if done in time. Blindness in Southeast Asian countries varies from about .3% in Korea to about 2.0% in bangladesh or Myanmar and 1.5% in India. The causes of @entity3 and @entity8 include @entity4 such as @entity12 , @entity1 , @entity9 (particularly @entity7 deficiency) and @entity2 including muscle imbalance. @entity8 is common in almost all the developing countries, but it is not problem in @entity10 Lanka, Myanmar, and Korea. Various control and nutritional measures undertaken by national governments have significantly reduced the prevalence of @entity12 . It is a serious problem in Bangladesh and some parts of India. While socioeconomic factors contribute to its prevalence, attacks of @entity5 or @entity6 add to its gravity. @entity11 or @entity1 are common in developing countries. Blindness is not a public health problem alone, but low educational, socioeconomic status, unscientific cultural practices, and poor environmental status play a major role. Health education for eye care in the community and primary intervention can control causes like @entity4 , @entity1 , or @entity9 , while visual aids such as spectacles have to be used for the correction of @entity2 . The problem of @entity3 per se and in @entity0 in particular can be overcome with concerted efforts. The countries affected have initiated control efforts to modify @entity0 's socioeconomic status. Voluntary organizations collaborating with governments have also produced good results. The education of @entity0 about eye health and training of school teachers in early detection of visual problems can be effective.

title: Problem of @entity3 in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity2 -modulated attenuation of transcription is involved in regulating the synthesis of @entity3 in @entity1 . Thus, expression of two genes, pyrBI and pyrE, was shown to be under this type of control. The genes encode the two subunits of @entity0 transcarbamylase and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase respectively. The levels of these enzymes are inversely correlated with the intracellular concentration of @entity2 . Modulation of attenuation seems to be a consequence of the effect of @entity2 concentration on the mRNA chain growth rate. Reducing the @entity2 pool retards RNA polymerase movement. Mechanistically this will couple the ribosomes translating a leader peptide gene more tightly to the elongating RNA polymerase. The ribosomes will then be more prone to prevent the folding of the mRNA chains into terminating hairpin structures when RNA polymerase is at the attenuator and has to decide whether transcription should terminate or continue into the structural genes. This paper described a study of pyrBI and pyrE gene regulation in cells where the ribosomes move slowly as a result of mutation in rpsL. It appears that expression of the two genes is hyper-regulated by the @entity2 pool in this type of cells. Furthermore, the attenuator model can only account for the results if it is assumed that @entity2 -concentration-dependent pausing of transcription occurs in vivo in the two pyr gene leaders such that RNA polymerase waits for the coupled ribosomes before transcribing into the attenuator regions.

title: Hyper-regulation of pyr gene expression in XXXX cells with slow ribosomes. Evidence for RNA polymerase pausing in vivo?

answer: @entity1


abstract: To determine the effectiveness of @entity1 polacrilex combined with self-administered relapse prevention materials in maintaining smoking cessation, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Volunteers aged 18 to 65 years responding to media announcements were required to quit smoking for 48 hours without assistance. Of 1844 potential @entity0 , 136 were medically excluded, 535 declined to make a quit attempt, and 573 were unable to quit, leaving 600 @entity0 (35%) who were randomized. Eight self-help relapse prevention modules were mailed weekly. Gum was used either ad lib for smoking urges or on a fixed, hourly schedule (12 pieces per day). Only 15% of the subjects in each gum group stopped using the gum altogether because of side effects, but only 20% of the ad lib groups and 40% of the fixed-dosage group used at least eight pieces of gum per day during the first week. The abstinence rates (for at least seven days) at the six-month follow-up were 31% in both active gum groups and 22% in the placebo and no gum groups. Relapse rates in the two active gum groups were about half those in the placebo and no gum groups. @entity1 polacrilex may be a useful adjunct to minimal contact smoking cessation formats, which have broad appeal. Also, minimal contact relapse prevention programs may assist physicians in helping @entity0 to maintain smoking cessation using @entity1 polacrilex.

title: Minimal contact treatment for smoking cessation. A placebo controlled trial of XXXX polacrilex and self-directed relapse prevention: initial results of the Stanford Stop Smoking Project.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The deeply rooted tradition of widow inheritance is a determinant of sex among the Luo which is widely practiced by Luo groups in Uganda, Tanzania, Zaire, and Sudan. This practice of sexual networking whereby @entity0 who inherit widows have multiple sex partners, high frequency of exchange between widows, and low levels of condom use, however, encourages the spread of @entity2 . The authors interviewed 92 widows of mean age 34 years to investigate this traditional behavior among the Luo in South Nyanza District, Kenya. Subjects were widows of Luo @entity0 who had died of a @entity1 between November 1991 and October 1992. 47 had already been inherited and 34 were planning to be, while 11 refused to be inherited for fear of spreading @entity2 . Of the @entity0 who inherited them, 80% were married, one third had histories of inheriting other widows, and some were paid to take on their new responsibilities. Only two widows reported ever using condoms since the demise of their spouse even though sexual intercourse is an essential component of widow inheritance. The lack of condom use corresponds with the lack of knowledge about the ability of condoms to prevent the spread of @entity2 ; only 9% reported being aware of this condom attribute. 87% of the widows, however, reported that sexual intercourse with multiple partners can lead to the transmission of @entity2 . 70% felt that monogamy and avoiding prostitutes can prevent the spread of @entity2 . These findings point to the urgent need for community based @entity3 education targeting elders, @entity0 , and youth.

title: Influence of widow inheritance on the epidemiology of XXXX in Africa.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Tunisia, the smallest North African country in size, has recently published the results of its part of the @entity1 ( @entity1 ) taken in 1978. About 1/2 of this Missouri-sized country consists of arid and semiarid desert, with well-irrigated fertile areas in the north. The country, which has a population of about 7 million, must import large quantities of food each year and also suffers from widespread unemployment. In 1964, the government was among the earliest to announce a policy to reduce the rate of population growth and Tunisia now has 1 of the lowest birth rates of the African continent (33 births/1000 population) although it is still moderately high. Part of the reason for the birth rate decline has been a risking age at marriage; the legal minimum was fixed at 17 years for @entity0 and 20 for @entity0 by a 1964 law. The Tunisia @entity1 indicates that, of @entity0 20-24 in 1978, 56% had not yet married, a large increase from the 27% of 1966. The mean age at 1st marriage for females was 24 in 1978, very high by less developed country standards. It may be that the fertility-lowering impetus from rising age at marriage has been spent (this measure cannot rise indefinitely): Tunisia's total fertility rate (TFR), the average number of @entity0 / @entity0 , dropped from 7.1 @entity0 in 1966 to 5.7 in 1976, but the decrease has tapered off somewhat since. The TFR appears to have dropped to 5.2 as of 1981. When asked how many @entity0 they would like to have, the @entity0 surveyed gave 4.2 @entity0 , on average, as their "ideal" number. This number is, of course, considerably above that needed to ultimately stop population growth (about 2.1-2.5 @entity0 / @entity0 ). Contraceptive use in Tunisia is quite high by developing country standards; much of this is due to the efficient network of government-sponsored clinics. About 44% of the @entity0 exposed to pregnancy were practicing an efficient form of family planning with the pill or sterilization accounting for most of that number (22 and 20% respectively). Nonetheless, traditions which still favor 3-5 @entity0 and some possible loss of momentum from a rising age at marriage may cause future fertility declines to be slower than in the recent past. Tunisia does present an interesting case of a country maintaining a government program to reduce population growth as an overall part of the country's development efforts.

title: Tunisia @entity1 [ XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Tunisia, the smallest North African country in size, has recently published the results of its part of the @entity1 ( @entity1 ) taken in 1978. About 1/2 of this Missouri-sized country consists of arid and semiarid desert, with well-irrigated fertile areas in the north. The country, which has a population of about 7 million, must import large quantities of food each year and also suffers from widespread unemployment. In 1964, the government was among the earliest to announce a policy to reduce the rate of population growth and Tunisia now has 1 of the lowest birth rates of the African continent (33 births/1000 population) although it is still moderately high. Part of the reason for the birth rate decline has been a risking age at marriage; the legal minimum was fixed at 17 years for @entity0 and 20 for @entity0 by a 1964 law. The Tunisia @entity1 indicates that, of @entity0 20-24 in 1978, 56% had not yet married, a large increase from the 27% of 1966. The mean age at 1st marriage for females was 24 in 1978, very high by less developed country standards. It may be that the fertility-lowering impetus from rising age at marriage has been spent (this measure cannot rise indefinitely): Tunisia's total fertility rate (TFR), the average number of @entity0 / @entity0 , dropped from 7.1 @entity0 in 1966 to 5.7 in 1976, but the decrease has tapered off somewhat since. The TFR appears to have dropped to 5.2 as of 1981. When asked how many @entity0 they would like to have, the @entity0 surveyed gave 4.2 @entity0 , on average, as their "ideal" number. This number is, of course, considerably above that needed to ultimately stop population growth (about 2.1-2.5 @entity0 / @entity0 ). Contraceptive use in Tunisia is quite high by developing country standards; much of this is due to the efficient network of government-sponsored clinics. About 44% of the @entity0 exposed to pregnancy were practicing an efficient form of family planning with the pill or sterilization accounting for most of that number (22 and 20% respectively). Nonetheless, traditions which still favor 3-5 @entity0 and some possible loss of momentum from a rising age at marriage may cause future fertility declines to be slower than in the recent past. Tunisia does present an interesting case of a country maintaining a government program to reduce population growth as an overall part of the country's development efforts.

title: Tunisia XXXX [ @entity1 ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: A case-control study of the relationship between oral contraceptive (OC) use and @entity0 in @entity1 aged 45 and under is currently underway in 4 @entity2 centers, a public assistance hospital, and 3 private clinics in France. The preliminary analysis is presented of 240 cases of @entity0 , 68 controls with @entity2 , and 246 controls with nonmalignant conditions except @entity6 and moderate or @entity8 . 46% of controls had benign and 7% had malignant thyroid conditions, 4% had @entity3 , 3% had uterine @entity4 , 6% had other gynecological conditions, 9% had other types of conditions, and 10% were hospital personnel, visitors, or @entity1 having routine examinations. The mean duration of OC use was not significantly different among different groups of controls. 3 factors were found to raise the risk of @entity0 significantly in the study population: a family history of @entity0 raised relative risk to 1.75, having 3 or fewer @entity1 raised it to 2.16, and having 2 or more induced abortions raised it to 1.75. Occupational status, marital status, age at menarche, age at 1st birth, number of @entity7 , and @entity6 were not associated with @entity0 . There was no association between @entity0 and duration of OC use or OC use before or after the 1st pregnancy or age 25. @entity1 beginning OC use before age 25 had a relative risk of .55 compared to other @entity1 . No increased risk of @entity0 was seen when various types of OCs, including combined, biphasic, sequential, or low or higher dosed @entity9 only formulations were analyzed separetely, and users of progestagen only pills had a decreased incidence. There was no relationship between risk of @entity2 and @entity5 dose of combined, sequential, or biphasic pills. 4 factors were related to @entity2 : high occupational status, number of @entity1 , number of induced abortions, and history of @entity6 . OC use was not significantly related to @entity2 . The relative risk of @entity2 was less than unity through 5 years of use and increased to 1.39 after 9 years, but still failed to attain statistical significance. The risk of @entity2 was found to increase with use of OCs for more than 7 years beginning after age 25. The sample size was too small to permit separate analysis for different types of OCs.

title: [A study on the association between the use of oral contraception and XXXX : preliminary findings of a French study].

answer: @entity0


abstract: Megakaryocytes from normal routine @entity0 bone marrow aspirates were analyzed by flow cytometry for size, fine cell structure and granularity, membrane expression of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa and ploidy. Marrow cells were initially enriched for megakaryocytes by a Percoll density gradient and megakaryocytes were labeled with a fluoresceinated monoclonal antibody directed to the @entity1 /IIIa complex. The cells were fixed with @entity2 and stained with @entity3 (PI) for DNA quantitation. Using two-color flow cytometry, megakaryocytes were identified by their high membrane immunofluorescence and their ploidy was determined according to the relative fluorescence intensity of the PI. Forward light scatter (FSC), correlating with cell size, 90 degrees side light scatter (SSC), reflecting primarily cell internal fine structure and granularity, and total cell membrane fluorescence were examined. To evaluate independently the relationship between size and cell membrane fluorescence obtained by flow cytometry, megakaryocytes were sorted directly on slides and analyzed by a laser-based anchored cell analyzer (ACAS). There was a strong correlation among size, SSC, and the level of membrane fluorescence. The mean diameter of megakaryocytes was 28.1 +/- 12.3 micron. The modal ploidy distribution was 16N with approximately one-fifth of the cells less than or equal to 4N. The mean FSC and SSC levels increased with increasing ploidy. However, the marked overlap observed between the ranges of these parameters in adjacent ploidy classes suggested that size and SSC increase continuously rather than by discrete steps as is characteristic for ploidy. The total surface membrane fluorescence was correlated with cell size (r = 0.98) as measured by FSC or directly by the ACAS (r = 0.85), and with cell ploidy (r = 0.99) indicating an augmentation in total membrane @entity1 /IIIa expression with an increase in cell size and ploidy. However, estimated @entity1 /IIIa fluorescence density was inversely correlated with FSC suggesting that the @entity1 /IIIa surface epitope density is decreased with increasing cell maturity. We conclude that flow cytometry is a useful technique for the rapid analysis of @entity0 megakaryocytes obtained by marrow aspiration, and should be applicable to studies of pathologic states.

title: Flow cytometric analysis of normal XXXX megakaryocytes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Hemophilus influenzae is an important pathogen that is responsible for invasive and @entity1 in both @entity0 and adults. This study aims to assess the relationship of biotypes to the sites of @entity2 , serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, beta-lactamase production and age. METHODS: A total of 200 isolates of @entity3 were obtained from clinical specimens over a period of 12 months from January 2001 through to January 2002 from King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. RESULTS: Most of the strains were non-typable and were isolated from @entity0 with @entity1 . The typable isolates from invasive @entity2 mostly serotype b were isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid and hip joint aspirate. Biotype II accounted for 37% of the isolates followed by biotypes III and I (29.5% and 23%). The remaining 10.5% were made up of biotypes IV, V, VI and VII. A significantly high resistance to @entity4 (33.5%) and @entity5 (19%) was observed. Two point five percent of the isolates were resistant to @entity9 . All the isolates resistant to @entity5 were beta-lactamase producers and susceptible to @entity8 , @entity10 , @entity7 and @entity6 . CONCLUSION: This study revealed that biotypes II and III are the predominant biotypes of @entity3 found in @entity1 . There is an apparent relationship between biotype and site of @entity2 which could be useful as an epidemiological marker.

title: Prevalence of XXXX biotypes and their clinical significance in a University Hospital.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, usually in combination with an interval of @entity7 , was used for the treatment of 211 @entity0 with extensive @entity11 during a 17-year interval. Profound @entity10 , distal perfusion, and intravenous @entity8 and thiopental were used for neuroprotection. No other technique or other adjunctive agents were used. The 30-day mortality rate was 7.1% (15 @entity0 ). It was 40% (8 of 20) for @entity0 undergoing emergent operations for @entity9 or acute dissection and 3.7% (7 of 191) for all other @entity0 (P<0.001). @entity4 occurred in 5 and paraparesis in 1 of the 205 operative survivors whose lower limb function could be assessed postoperatively (2.9%). Of the 121 survivors with @entity11 , @entity4 occurred in 1 of 38 @entity0 with @entity2 (2.6%), 2 of 49 with type II (4.1%), and 2 of 34 with type III (5.9%). Paralysis developed in 1 (1.7%) of the 58 @entity0 who underwent aortic dissection. Renal dialysis was required in 6 (2.9%) of the 205 operative survivors, prolonged inotropic support (>48 hours) in 23 (11%), reoperation for @entity5 in 10 (5%), mechanical ventilation (>48 hours) in 50 (24%), and tracheostomy in 21 (10%). Four (1.9%) @entity0 sustained a @entity1 . Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass provides safe and substantial protection against @entity6 , and @entity3 that equals or exceeds that of other currently used techniques but without the need for other adjuncts.

title: Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and XXXX in the management of extensive thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.

answer: @entity7


abstract: INTRODUCTION: For many years, attempts have been made to find an easy, efficient and inexpensive method to screen @entity0 for amblyogenic @entity3 . Wave-front analysis is a new way to determine the refractive state of the eye from a distance. This technique could be a useful tool for @entity0 screening. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was the evaluation of the efficacy of a commercially available wave-front analyzing autorefractometer (SureSight, software version 2.0, Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY 13153, U.S.A.) in detecting amblyogenic @entity3 in @entity0 with and without cycloplegia. METHODS: 256 eyes (-28.25 D to +7.88 D spherical equivalent) of 128 @entity0 (1-81 years) were examined with the wave-front autorefractometer under cycloplegia. Prior to this investigation, 108 eyes (-21.38 D to 75 D) of 54 of these @entity0 (1-76 years) were refracted without cycloplegia. The readings of the wave-front autorefractometer were compared with the results of retinoscopy under cycloplegia. RESULTS: Without cycloplegia, the sensitivity in detecting any amblyogenic @entity3 such as @entity5 , @entity1 , @entity2 or @entity4 was 94%, while the specificity was 63%. Following cycloplegia, the sensitivity decreased to 87% and the specificity increased to 80%. CONCLUSION: Wave-front analyzing refractometry is highly applicable for @entity0 screening. At the present state of development, the efficacy in detecting amblyogenic @entity3 is similar to that of other screening techniques and instruments that operate from distance. Cycloplegia enhances the sensitivity in detecting @entity4 and decreases the sensitivity in detecting @entity1 .

title: Wave-front analysis as screening technique for amblyogenic XXXX with and without cycloplegia.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity1 has reemerged as a significant public health disease threat in Peru, especially within the Amazon Basin region. This resurgence of @entity0 cases caused by infection with @entity2 and @entity3 is thought to be associated with the spread of @entity4 , the principal South American @entity1 vector, into new areas of the Amazon Basin. However, comprehensive studies of the distribution for this species have not been conducted in Peru for several years, nor are historical accounts accurate enough to determine if An. darlingi was actually present and not collected or misidentified. Therefore, the objective of this study is to define the distribution of An. darlingi as well as obtain data on distribution and abundance of other Anopheles species in this region. Mosquitoes were collected during 2001 in the Departments of Loreto and Ucayali, the two largest Amazonian Departments of Peru. A total of 60,585 specimens representing 12 species of the subgenera Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles were collected at 82 (88.2%) of 93 collecting sites. The majority of mosquitoes obtained were identified as An. benarrochi, comprising 70.7% of mosquitoes collected, followed by An. darlingi (24.0%), Anopheles mattogrosensis (2.4%), and Anopheles triannulatus (1.5%). @entity4 was collected from 48.8% of sites, indicating that this species is established throughout central Loreto, including further west in the Amazon Basin than previously reported. These data suggest that this species is now found in areas of the Amazon Basin region where it has not been previously reported.

title: Geographical distribution of XXXX in the Amazon Basin region of Peru.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim was to analyse the role of smoking and HbA1c level in @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and probing depths (PDs) among insulin-dependent @entity1 @entity0 . MATERIAL AND-METHODS: The study subjects were selected from a group of 149 insulin-dependent @entity1 @entity0 and included 64 @entity0 (39 @entity0 and 25 @entity0 ) aged 30 years or older. Data were obtained from @entity0 records and by clinical examination. The outcome variables were the number of sites with @entity4 and PDs of 5-9 mm. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Poisson regression models. RR was adjusted for the number of teeth, dental @entity2 and age. RESULTS: RR for @entity4 among the smokers was 4.15 (95% CI: 2.30-7.63) and that for @entity3 among the smokers was 7.96 (95% CI: 4.91-13.19). HbA1c was not related to @entity4 or @entity3 . Among smokers with HbA1c > 8.5, RR for @entity4 was 12.34 (95% CI: 4.14-39.35), but RR was not elevated for @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the poor metabolic control together with smoking is extremely detrimental for @entity4 .

title: Role of smoking and HbA1c level in periodontitis among insulin-dependent XXXX @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim was to analyse the role of smoking and HbA1c level in @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and probing depths (PDs) among insulin-dependent @entity1 @entity0 . MATERIAL AND-METHODS: The study subjects were selected from a group of 149 insulin-dependent @entity1 @entity0 and included 64 @entity0 (39 @entity0 and 25 @entity0 ) aged 30 years or older. Data were obtained from @entity0 records and by clinical examination. The outcome variables were the number of sites with @entity4 and PDs of 5-9 mm. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Poisson regression models. RR was adjusted for the number of teeth, dental @entity2 and age. RESULTS: RR for @entity4 among the smokers was 4.15 (95% CI: 2.30-7.63) and that for @entity3 among the smokers was 7.96 (95% CI: 4.91-13.19). HbA1c was not related to @entity4 or @entity3 . Among smokers with HbA1c > 8.5, RR for @entity4 was 12.34 (95% CI: 4.14-39.35), but RR was not elevated for @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the poor metabolic control together with smoking is extremely detrimental for @entity4 .

title: Role of smoking and HbA1c level in periodontitis among insulin-dependent @entity1 XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 is a significant public health issue in most countries, including Australia. We examined the association between temperature and @entity0 notifications, and compared these associations for 5 Australian cities. METHODS: Log-linear models describing monthly @entity0 notifications in terms of calendar time and monthly average temperatures were fitted over the period 1991 to 2001 for each city. We used a negative binomial chance model to accommodate overdispersion in the counts. RESULTS: The long-term trend showed an @entity0 in each of the 5 cities. There was a positive association between monthly @entity0 notifications and mean monthly temperature of the previous month in every city. Seasonal patterns in @entity0 notifications were fully explained by changes in temperature. DISCUSSION: The strength of the association, the consistency across 5 cities, and a plausible biologic pathway suggest that higher ambient temperatures are a cause of @entity0 . The lag of 1 month suggests that temperature might be more influential earlier in the production process rather than at the food preparation stage. This knowledge can help to guide policy on food preparation and distribution. It also suggests a basis for an early warning system for increased risk from @entity0 , and raises yet another possible health problem with global warming.

title: Does ambient temperature affect XXXX ?

answer: @entity1


abstract: Fifteen cases of @entity4 are reported, on 1798 operations for non malignant diseases of the biliary tract (0.8%), carried out by the Authors in the last 11 years. Two cases were described separately, consisting respectively of an "eastern" hepatolithiasis, and a secondary form, due to stenosis of a choledochoduodenostomy, which had been performed after surgical injury of the common bile duct. The other 13 @entity0 had a "mixed" form. @entity3 was present in 8 of these cases, @entity2 in 4. Intrahepatic stones were diagnosed preoperatively in 3 cases and intraoperatively in 10. A bilioenteric @entity1 was carried out in 9 cases, a sphincteroplasty in 3, and a T-tube drainage in a @entity0 with @entity2 . Two @entity0 died postoperatively, both from sepsis: the first in the early postoperative phase, after emergency operation for @entity2 ; the other, with "primitive" hepatolithiasis, 3 months after the operation. Clinical results are satisfactory after 1-11 years. On the basis of data from current literature, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are set forth, with specific reference to the mixed and secondary forms: the bilioenteric anastomoses seem to give better chances of success, but the need to have access to lobar ducts may sometimes impose hilar derivations. Spincteroplasty may have a few indications, solely in selected @entity0 .

title: [Personal case series of XXXX ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: We describe the whole cohort of @entity0 operated on laparoscopically for @entity7 at our institution. Information on early results, complications, and long-term follow-up was collected prospectively. Of 90 operations attempted, five (5.8%) required conversion. Of the remaining 85 @entity0 , 65 (76%) had an incisional @entity4 , while 20 (24%) had primary defects. Three trocars were routinely employed (Hasson and two 5-mm). The prosthetic mesh used was ePTFE inserted through the first trocar and fixed using helicoidal staplers. @entity0 were periodically followed in the outpatient clinic for at least 12 months postoperatively and contacted at the time of this review. Mean operative time was 101 min. We had three small @entity2 repaired laparoscopically. @entity3 was limited. Bowel movements, deambulation, and discharge were prompt. We had six (7%) urinary retentions, eight (9%) seromas, three (3.5%) cases of @entity1 , two (2%) @entity5 , and one (1%) prolonged ileus, which resolved spontaneously on postoperative day 2. Mean postoperative stay was 4 days. One @entity0 was readmitted after 4 weeks with @entity6 , resolved conservatively. There were three recurrences (3.5%), which developed within 1 year of the operation, and a trocar-site herniation (1%). The technique appears safe and efficacious.

title: Recurrences after XXXX repair: results and critical review.

answer: @entity7


abstract: This preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 0.02 mg/kg of @entity3 (E) on @entity1 ( @entity1 ), myocardial @entity0 consumption (MVO2), and delivery (MDO2) when administered during CPR after 10-min @entity2 . Five miniature @entity4 were instrumented for @entity1 measurements using tracer microspheres. @entity5 was induced. After 10 min, CPR was begun with a pneumatic compressor. Measurements of @entity1 , arterial, and coronary sinus blood gases were made. After 3 min of CPR, each animal received 0.02 mg/kg of E. The measurements were repeated and defibrillation was attempted. During CPR, MDO2 and MVO2 were 0.2 +/- 0.3 and 0.2 +/- 0.3 ml/min/100 g tissue, respectively. The myocardial @entity0 extraction ratio (ER) was 94.2 +/- 3.0%. After 0.02 mg/kg of E, MDO2 was 1.1 +/- 1.4, MVO2 was 1.0 +/- 1.3, and ER was 93.9 +/- 0.7% (p greater than .05). There were no successful defibrillations. These data indicate that MDO2 improves slightly during CPR after 0.02 mg/kg of E, but it does not meet the @entity0 demands of the fibrillating heart.

title: Effect of standard doses of @entity3 on myocardial XXXX delivery and utilization during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

answer: @entity0


abstract: This preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 0.02 mg/kg of @entity3 (E) on @entity1 ( @entity1 ), myocardial @entity0 consumption (MVO2), and delivery (MDO2) when administered during CPR after 10-min @entity2 . Five miniature @entity4 were instrumented for @entity1 measurements using tracer microspheres. @entity5 was induced. After 10 min, CPR was begun with a pneumatic compressor. Measurements of @entity1 , arterial, and coronary sinus blood gases were made. After 3 min of CPR, each animal received 0.02 mg/kg of E. The measurements were repeated and defibrillation was attempted. During CPR, MDO2 and MVO2 were 0.2 +/- 0.3 and 0.2 +/- 0.3 ml/min/100 g tissue, respectively. The myocardial @entity0 extraction ratio (ER) was 94.2 +/- 3.0%. After 0.02 mg/kg of E, MDO2 was 1.1 +/- 1.4, MVO2 was 1.0 +/- 1.3, and ER was 93.9 +/- 0.7% (p greater than .05). There were no successful defibrillations. These data indicate that MDO2 improves slightly during CPR after 0.02 mg/kg of E, but it does not meet the @entity0 demands of the fibrillating heart.

title: Effect of standard doses of XXXX on myocardial @entity0 delivery and utilization during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A group of @entity0 with diagnosed @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in Auckland between 1982 and 1986 is reviewed. Of the 119 @entity0 , 55 had pre-operative scanning, 36 had no scanning prior to surgery and 29 were managed conservatively. Of the 52 @entity0 who had pre-operative localization with ultrasound scanning, only 27 (52%) had their @entity2 correctly predicted upon neck exploration. Of the 14 @entity0 investigated with @entity4 and @entity3 ( @entity6 ) subtraction scanning, 10 (71%) had their @entity2 positively identified in the predicted locations, whereas the cause of the parathyroid pathology was correctly identified in 33 of the 36 @entity0 (92%) who had surgery alone with no pre-operative scanning. In 11 @entity0 both ultrasound and @entity6 subtraction scanning were employed. In eight @entity0 the results of the two scanning modalities agreed, and in seven of these eight @entity0 the @entity2 was correctly predicted (six single @entity2 and one with double @entity2 ). In the three @entity0 in whom the results of the two modalities differed, the @entity6 subtraction scanning correctly predicted the site of the @entity2 in two @entity0 and in the third @entity0 (with a small 223 mg @entity2 ) both modalities were incorrect. Of the six @entity0 with histologically proven @entity5 , only three had pre-operative localization with ultrasound alone, and all three had incorrect predictions (one false positive for @entity2 , and two false negative scans). Overall the results cast doubt over the usefulness of pre-operative scanning as a routine investigation prior to initial neck exploration for @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The use of pre-operative scan prior to neck exploration for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: We sought to assess the diagnostic accuracy of routine chest radiography for the @entity3 (dissection, intramural @entity5 , penetrating @entity4 , or nondissecting @entity1 ). METHODS: During a 6-year period, 216 @entity0 (143 @entity0 , 73 @entity0 ; mean [+/- SD] age, 58 +/- 17 years) underwent chest radiography for suspected @entity3 . Chest films were re-evaluated blindly for @entity6 , based on an overall impression using standard criteria such as widening of the aortic contour and mediastinal shadow. Findings were matched to tomographic images, anatomical inspection, or both, as the criterion standard; @entity6 was confirmed in 109 (50%) of the @entity0 . RESULTS: Chest radiography had a sensitivity of 64% (70/109) and a specificity of 86% (92/107) for @entity6 . Sensitivity was 67% (38/57) for overt aortic dissection, 61% (22/36) for nondissecting @entity1 , and 63% (10/16) for @entity2 or penetrating @entity4 . However, sensitivity was lower for pathology confined to the proximal aorta (47% [21/45]) than for disease involving distal aortic segments (77% [49/64]). A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of aortic diameters failed to identify a threshold for the diagnosis of @entity6 . CONCLUSION: Chest radiography is of limited value for diagnosing the @entity3 , particularly for conditions confined to the ascending aorta. Since a definitive diagnosis is required in any @entity0 with clinically suspected @entity3 , routine chest radiography should be replaced by tomographic aortic imaging.

title: Chest radiography for the diagnosis of XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity2 caused by @entity3 are associated with a local and systemic antibody response. We have studied the serum and urine antibody responses to @entity3 in @entity0 and @entity0 with @entity6 , @entity5 , and asymptomatic @entity4 . Protein immunoblots consistently demonstrated serum antibody response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Anti-LPS antibody titres rose significantly and progressively when comparing acute with convalescent sera in those who have had their first @entity2 . For those with repeated @entity1 , high titre LPS antibodies were present and did not change significantly between acute and convalescent sera. Antibody responses to the major outer membrane proteins were present but did not differ significantly when compared with normal human serum. A specific anti-P pilus antibody response was demonstrated by immunoblotting. Anti-P pilus antibody was quantitated using ELISA and the titres were found to be very low. Three other techniques were also used to demonstrate the presence of serum antibody. Antibody was detectable by immunofluorescence, but the antigenic specificity of the antibody was more difficult to ascertain. Immunoprecipitation was more specific for determining the nature of the antibody response. Lastly, immunoelectron microscopy was valuable in demonstrating antipilus and antiflagellar antibodies. Immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblotting provided evidence that human antiserum to P pili was modestly cross-reactive and could bind heterologous P pili. These studies indicated that the major antibody response in @entity0 occurs after @entity6 and is directed against LPS. An anti-P pilus response is frequently present and is cross-reactive to some extent with other P pili.

title: The human antibody response to uropathogenic XXXX : a review.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity4 is a relatively common disease in elderly @entity0 . Many of its clinical presentations may be confused with normal aging. Among the elderly, @entity1 , particularly @entity2 , are the two aspects of the disease likely to cause the most morbidity. It is increasingly apparent, however, that a large group of @entity0 with @entity8 are asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic. When symptoms are present, or repeated serum @entity5 levels all exceed 11.0 mg/dL, surgery is considered the treatment of choice. Success of surgery and of postoperative recovery are not affected by the age of the @entity0 , but are enhanced by the experience of the surgeon performing the parathyroidectomy. There are difficult management decisions to be made concerning the elderly asymptomatic @entity0 with mild @entity7 . A conservative approach to therapy for these individuals would include maintenance of adequate hydration, and involvement in physical activity. Dietary restriction of @entity5 should be recommended only as long as there is no evidence that it is exacerbating negative @entity5 balance. Drugs likely to worsen @entity7 , such as @entity9 , must be avoided, and blood chemistries should be monitored at regular intervals. Because the @entity6 of @entity8 may develop insidiously, serial bone density measurements are probably reasonable in older @entity0 already at risk for @entity2 . Accelerated @entity6 is an indication for surgical intervention. A wide variety of medications have been proposed for the treatment of @entity4 , but none stands out as a particularly desirable therapeutic alternative. Future research in this area, particularly with the use of @entity3 in postmenopausal @entity0 with @entity8 , may eventually lead to greater acceptance of this alternative to surgery.

title: XXXX in the elderly.

answer: @entity4


abstract: A number of plasma membrane glycoproteins of @entity0 and protozoan origin are released from cells by @entity5 -specific phospholipase C. Some of these proteins have been shown to be attached to the lipid bilayer via a covalently linked, structurally complex glycophospholipid. Here we establish the existence of similarly linked glycoproteins in the @entity1 @entity1 . The most abundant of these is a tightly membrane-bound glycoprotein of 125 kd. The detergent-binding moiety of this protein can be removed by @entity5 -specific phospholipase C of bacterial origin or from @entity4 . Metabolic labeling indicates that the protein contains covalently attached @entity2 and @entity6 . It also contains the @entity3 ( @entity3 ), an antigen found previously on the glycophospholipid anchor of protozoan and @entity0 origin. Treatment of the protein with endoglycosidases F and H results in a 95-kd species. In the secretion mutant sec18, grown at 37 degrees C, the vesicular transport of glycoproteins is reversibly blocked between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. We find that sec18 cells, when grown at 37 degrees C, do add phospholipid anchors to newly synthesized glycoproteins. This indicates that these anchors are added in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

title: A major 125-kd membrane glycoprotein of XXXX is attached to the lipid bilayer through an @entity6 -containing phospholipid.

answer: @entity1


abstract: A number of plasma membrane glycoproteins of @entity0 and protozoan origin are released from cells by @entity5 -specific phospholipase C. Some of these proteins have been shown to be attached to the lipid bilayer via a covalently linked, structurally complex glycophospholipid. Here we establish the existence of similarly linked glycoproteins in the @entity1 @entity1 . The most abundant of these is a tightly membrane-bound glycoprotein of 125 kd. The detergent-binding moiety of this protein can be removed by @entity5 -specific phospholipase C of bacterial origin or from @entity4 . Metabolic labeling indicates that the protein contains covalently attached @entity2 and @entity6 . It also contains the @entity3 ( @entity3 ), an antigen found previously on the glycophospholipid anchor of protozoan and @entity0 origin. Treatment of the protein with endoglycosidases F and H results in a 95-kd species. In the secretion mutant sec18, grown at 37 degrees C, the vesicular transport of glycoproteins is reversibly blocked between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. We find that sec18 cells, when grown at 37 degrees C, do add phospholipid anchors to newly synthesized glycoproteins. This indicates that these anchors are added in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

title: A major 125-kd membrane glycoprotein of @entity1 is attached to the lipid bilayer through an XXXX -containing phospholipid.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The order Monotremata, comprising the @entity1 and two species of echidna (Australian and Nuigini) is the only extant representative of the @entity0 subclass Prototheria, which diverged from subclass Theria (marsupials and placental mammals) 150-200 million years ago. The 2n = 63 male, 64 female karyotype (newly described here) of the Nuigini echidna is almost identical in morphology and G-band pattern to that of the @entity2 , from which it diverged about a million years ago. The karyotype of the @entity1 (2n = 52) has several features in common with those of the echidna species; six pairs of large autosomes, many pairs of small (but not micro-) chromosomes, and a series of small unpaired chromosomes which form a multivalent at meiosis. Comparison of the G-band patterns of @entity1 and echidna autosomes reveals considerable homology. Chromomycin banding demonstrates GC-rich heterochromatin at the centromeres of many @entity1 and echidna chromosomes, and at the nucleolar organizing regions; some of this heterochromatin C-bands weakly in @entity1 (but not echidna) spreads. Late replication banding patterns resemble G-banding patterns and confirm the homologies between the species. Striking heteromorphism between chromosomes of some of the large autosomal pairs can be accounted for in the echidna by differences in amount of @entity3 -bright, late replicating heterochromatin. The sex chromosomes in all three species also bear striking homology, despite the difference in sex determination mechanism between @entity1 (XX/XY) and the echidna species (X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y). The @entity1 X and echidna X1 each represent about 5.8% of haploid chromosome length, and are G-band identical. Y chromosomes are similar between species, and are largely homologous to the X (or X1).

title: Karyotypic conservation in the XXXX order monotremata (subclass Prototheria).

answer: @entity0


abstract: A major problem with studies in the field of quantitative genetics is that of phenotypical heterogeneity. In particular, such heterogeneities show up in @entity1 investigations: index cases often tend to display more severe forms of disorders than the respective affected relatives. The principal goal of the present investigation was to test the phenotypical equivalence of the two populations of index cases and their affected relatives. Our analyses were based on 269 hospitalized @entity0 with functional psychoses and 350 affected first degree relatives. As opposed to the majority of earlier investigations in which phenotypes were uniquely defined by diagnoses, phenotypes were represented in this study by a list of 22 @entity1 syndromes. Accordingly, multivariate statistical procedures were applied to analyze the intrinsic properties of the empirical lists. The results showed that @entity4 patterns clearly appeared in both populations and that the phenotypical equivalence of the corresponding population sample sets lay between satisfactory and good. Furthermore, it was possible to select phenotypically homogeneous and reproducible subsets on the basis of the 22 syndromes. These subgroups can be used as basic material to study the genetic modes via current models from quantitative genetics. Nevertheless, our analyses revealed no clear breeding true of either @entity3 or @entity2 .

title: Familial syndrome patterns in XXXX , schizoaffective disorder, mania, and depression.

answer: @entity2


abstract: In the period 1977-1983, 183 adult @entity0 with soft tissue @entity3 of the extremities were treated in the Netherlands Cancer Institute. One hundred and seventy-one @entity0 had initially operable @entity2 . Fifteen @entity0 (8.2%) developed @entity5 ( @entity5 ) during the course of their disease. Only two @entity0 (1.2%) developed @entity5 as first site of @entity2 recurrence. The incidence of @entity5 varied according to the histological subtypes: @entity6 : 1/64, @entity4 : 1/12, @entity3 : 5/24, unclassifiable @entity3 : 3/8. The outcome in @entity0 with @entity5 was invariably fatal. In all cases with RNLM distant @entity1 were present either at the time @entity5 were found or shortly afterwards (median 4 months). Based on this experience we now consider @entity5 in soft tissue @entity3 an expression of systemic @entity2 spread, which should be treated as such. We find no indication for elective lymph node dissection as part of the initial treatment of soft tissue @entity3 of any histological subtype. Therapeutic lymph node dissection might be indicated as part of the palliative management.

title: Regional lymph node XXXX in @entity0 with soft tissue @entity3 of the extremities, what are the therapeutic consequences?

answer: @entity1


abstract: In the period 1977-1983, 183 adult @entity0 with soft tissue @entity3 of the extremities were treated in the Netherlands Cancer Institute. One hundred and seventy-one @entity0 had initially operable @entity2 . Fifteen @entity0 (8.2%) developed @entity5 ( @entity5 ) during the course of their disease. Only two @entity0 (1.2%) developed @entity5 as first site of @entity2 recurrence. The incidence of @entity5 varied according to the histological subtypes: @entity6 : 1/64, @entity4 : 1/12, @entity3 : 5/24, unclassifiable @entity3 : 3/8. The outcome in @entity0 with @entity5 was invariably fatal. In all cases with RNLM distant @entity1 were present either at the time @entity5 were found or shortly afterwards (median 4 months). Based on this experience we now consider @entity5 in soft tissue @entity3 an expression of systemic @entity2 spread, which should be treated as such. We find no indication for elective lymph node dissection as part of the initial treatment of soft tissue @entity3 of any histological subtype. Therapeutic lymph node dissection might be indicated as part of the palliative management.

title: Regional lymph node @entity1 in @entity0 with soft tissue XXXX of the extremities, what are the therapeutic consequences?

answer: @entity3


abstract: In the period 1977-1983, 183 adult @entity0 with soft tissue @entity3 of the extremities were treated in the Netherlands Cancer Institute. One hundred and seventy-one @entity0 had initially operable @entity2 . Fifteen @entity0 (8.2%) developed @entity5 ( @entity5 ) during the course of their disease. Only two @entity0 (1.2%) developed @entity5 as first site of @entity2 recurrence. The incidence of @entity5 varied according to the histological subtypes: @entity6 : 1/64, @entity4 : 1/12, @entity3 : 5/24, unclassifiable @entity3 : 3/8. The outcome in @entity0 with @entity5 was invariably fatal. In all cases with RNLM distant @entity1 were present either at the time @entity5 were found or shortly afterwards (median 4 months). Based on this experience we now consider @entity5 in soft tissue @entity3 an expression of systemic @entity2 spread, which should be treated as such. We find no indication for elective lymph node dissection as part of the initial treatment of soft tissue @entity3 of any histological subtype. Therapeutic lymph node dissection might be indicated as part of the palliative management.

title: Regional lymph node @entity1 in XXXX with soft tissue @entity3 of the extremities, what are the therapeutic consequences?

answer: @entity0


abstract: Donor lymphocyte infusion has become established as a salvage therapy for @entity0 with @entity2 relapsing after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The role of donor lymphocyte infusion for @entity0 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) remains to be established. Between July 1993 and October 2001, 14 @entity0 with @entity3 relapsing after allogeneic BMT received DLI as salvage therapy. At the time of BMT, one @entity0 had @entity1 , nine had @entity5 , of whom three were in CR after induction-type chemotherapy, two had @entity5 , one had @entity6 and one had @entity4 . Donors were HLA-matched siblings (n=12), HLA-matched other relative (n=1) and unrelated (n=1). At the time of relapse, the median marrow blast count was 9%. The median CD3+ cell dose administered was 6.3 x 10(7)/kg. With a median follow-up of 49 months, six @entity0 were alive, of whom two were in CR after DLI alone and remained disease-free, two were in CR after a second BMT and two had active disease. Eight @entity0 died of disease progression. Although DLI alone seems to be effective in a small number of @entity0 with @entity3 , other treatment strategies, including prior debulking chemotherapy, deserve investigation.

title: Donor lymphocyte infusion to treat relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Three experiments were performed to study the effects of neonatal administration of @entity8 receptor antagonists, on either Day 11 ( @entity11 = @entity11 , 3 x 0.5 mg/kg, s.c., injected at 0800, 1600 and 2400 h) or Day 10 ( @entity12 , 1 x 50 mg/kg, s.c., or @entity6 -Low, 1 x 2.5 mg/kg, or, @entity6 -High, 2 x 2.5 mg/kg, s.c., with 2-h interval) to male @entity0 pups, on spontaneous motor behavior, @entity4 to a novel situation and @entity9 -induced activity in the adult animals. @entity0 administered @entity11 showed @entity7 followed by @entity10 over the later (20-40 and 40-60 min) periods of testing. @entity0 administered @entity12 and @entity6 -High similarly displayed an @entity7 followed by @entity10 over the later time (20-60 min) of testing. @entity4 to the novel activity test chambers was reduced drastically in the @entity11 @entity0 compared with vehicle-treated @entity0 . Similarly, @entity0 administered @entity12 and @entity6 -High displayed too drastically reduced @entity4 behavior. The low dose of @entity9 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity10 of neonatal @entity11 -treated @entity0 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the vehicle-treated @entity0 . Similarly, the low dose of @entity9 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity10 of neonatally @entity12 -treated and @entity6 -High-treated @entity0 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the respective vehicle-treated @entity0 . Fluoro-jade staining per mm(2) regional brain tissue of @entity11 @entity0 pups expressed as percent of vehicle @entity0 pups showed also that the extensiveness of staining was markedly greater in the parietal cortex, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and lesser so in the laterodorsal thalamus. @entity12 -treated @entity0 showed cell degeneration mainly in the parietal cortex, whereas the @entity6 -High @entity0 showed marked cell degeneration in both the parietal and laterodorsal cortex. The present findings that encompass a pattern of regional neuronal degeneration, disruptions of spontaneous motor activity, @entity1 and reversal of @entity10 by a low dose of @entity9 suggest a model of @entity2 that underlines the intimate role of @entity5 ( @entity3 ) receptors in the developing brain.

title: @entity10 following postnatal @entity3 antagonist treatment: reversal by XXXX .

answer: @entity9


abstract: Three experiments were performed to study the effects of neonatal administration of @entity8 receptor antagonists, on either Day 11 ( @entity11 = @entity11 , 3 x 0.5 mg/kg, s.c., injected at 0800, 1600 and 2400 h) or Day 10 ( @entity12 , 1 x 50 mg/kg, s.c., or @entity6 -Low, 1 x 2.5 mg/kg, or, @entity6 -High, 2 x 2.5 mg/kg, s.c., with 2-h interval) to male @entity0 pups, on spontaneous motor behavior, @entity4 to a novel situation and @entity9 -induced activity in the adult animals. @entity0 administered @entity11 showed @entity7 followed by @entity10 over the later (20-40 and 40-60 min) periods of testing. @entity0 administered @entity12 and @entity6 -High similarly displayed an @entity7 followed by @entity10 over the later time (20-60 min) of testing. @entity4 to the novel activity test chambers was reduced drastically in the @entity11 @entity0 compared with vehicle-treated @entity0 . Similarly, @entity0 administered @entity12 and @entity6 -High displayed too drastically reduced @entity4 behavior. The low dose of @entity9 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity10 of neonatal @entity11 -treated @entity0 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the vehicle-treated @entity0 . Similarly, the low dose of @entity9 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity10 of neonatally @entity12 -treated and @entity6 -High-treated @entity0 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the respective vehicle-treated @entity0 . Fluoro-jade staining per mm(2) regional brain tissue of @entity11 @entity0 pups expressed as percent of vehicle @entity0 pups showed also that the extensiveness of staining was markedly greater in the parietal cortex, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and lesser so in the laterodorsal thalamus. @entity12 -treated @entity0 showed cell degeneration mainly in the parietal cortex, whereas the @entity6 -High @entity0 showed marked cell degeneration in both the parietal and laterodorsal cortex. The present findings that encompass a pattern of regional neuronal degeneration, disruptions of spontaneous motor activity, @entity1 and reversal of @entity10 by a low dose of @entity9 suggest a model of @entity2 that underlines the intimate role of @entity5 ( @entity3 ) receptors in the developing brain.

title: @entity10 following postnatal XXXX antagonist treatment: reversal by @entity9 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Three experiments were performed to study the effects of neonatal administration of @entity8 receptor antagonists, on either Day 11 ( @entity11 = @entity11 , 3 x 0.5 mg/kg, s.c., injected at 0800, 1600 and 2400 h) or Day 10 ( @entity12 , 1 x 50 mg/kg, s.c., or @entity6 -Low, 1 x 2.5 mg/kg, or, @entity6 -High, 2 x 2.5 mg/kg, s.c., with 2-h interval) to male @entity0 pups, on spontaneous motor behavior, @entity4 to a novel situation and @entity9 -induced activity in the adult animals. @entity0 administered @entity11 showed @entity7 followed by @entity10 over the later (20-40 and 40-60 min) periods of testing. @entity0 administered @entity12 and @entity6 -High similarly displayed an @entity7 followed by @entity10 over the later time (20-60 min) of testing. @entity4 to the novel activity test chambers was reduced drastically in the @entity11 @entity0 compared with vehicle-treated @entity0 . Similarly, @entity0 administered @entity12 and @entity6 -High displayed too drastically reduced @entity4 behavior. The low dose of @entity9 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity10 of neonatal @entity11 -treated @entity0 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the vehicle-treated @entity0 . Similarly, the low dose of @entity9 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity10 of neonatally @entity12 -treated and @entity6 -High-treated @entity0 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the respective vehicle-treated @entity0 . Fluoro-jade staining per mm(2) regional brain tissue of @entity11 @entity0 pups expressed as percent of vehicle @entity0 pups showed also that the extensiveness of staining was markedly greater in the parietal cortex, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and lesser so in the laterodorsal thalamus. @entity12 -treated @entity0 showed cell degeneration mainly in the parietal cortex, whereas the @entity6 -High @entity0 showed marked cell degeneration in both the parietal and laterodorsal cortex. The present findings that encompass a pattern of regional neuronal degeneration, disruptions of spontaneous motor activity, @entity1 and reversal of @entity10 by a low dose of @entity9 suggest a model of @entity2 that underlines the intimate role of @entity5 ( @entity3 ) receptors in the developing brain.

title: XXXX following postnatal @entity3 antagonist treatment: reversal by @entity9 .

answer: @entity10


abstract: The effects of the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) inhibitor @entity4 on blood pressure, @entity2 and renal hemodynamics were evaluated in 13 @entity0 with @entity1 of different origin. A comparison was made with the effects of conventional antihypertensive therapy. Both drug regimens significantly lowered blood pressure, while only after 12 weeks of treatment with @entity4 , blood pressure was significantly lower than during conventional therapy. @entity4 reduced @entity2 (by 61 +/- 40%), whereas conventional therapy had no significant effect on protein excretion. During the first eight weeks of treatment with @entity4 , there was a comparable degree of blood pressure reduction with both treatment regimens, whereas urinary protein loss was significantly less during @entity3 inhibition. There was only a nearly-significant positive correlation between the fall in @entity2 during @entity4 and the concomitant decrease in mean arterial pressure. Glomerular filtration rate decreased from 26.3 +/- 11.6 to 20.6 +/- 9.4 ml/min during treatment with @entity4 . This decrease was not correlated with the fall in @entity2 . A significant positive correlation existed between the fall in urinary protein excretion and both the decrease in overall renal vascular resistance, and the fall in filtration fraction. Although blood pressure lowering by itself could contribute to the antiproteinuric effect of @entity4 , our results suggest that this effect of @entity3 inhibition is also due to efferent (postglomerular) vasodilation. We conclude that the @entity3 inhibitor @entity4 effectively reduces blood pressure and @entity2 in @entity1 . The latter effect is not only the result of a lower blood pressure, but is probably also due to a fall in intraglomerular capillary pressure.

title: Reduction of @entity2 by XXXX inhibition.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The effects of the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) inhibitor @entity4 on blood pressure, @entity2 and renal hemodynamics were evaluated in 13 @entity0 with @entity1 of different origin. A comparison was made with the effects of conventional antihypertensive therapy. Both drug regimens significantly lowered blood pressure, while only after 12 weeks of treatment with @entity4 , blood pressure was significantly lower than during conventional therapy. @entity4 reduced @entity2 (by 61 +/- 40%), whereas conventional therapy had no significant effect on protein excretion. During the first eight weeks of treatment with @entity4 , there was a comparable degree of blood pressure reduction with both treatment regimens, whereas urinary protein loss was significantly less during @entity3 inhibition. There was only a nearly-significant positive correlation between the fall in @entity2 during @entity4 and the concomitant decrease in mean arterial pressure. Glomerular filtration rate decreased from 26.3 +/- 11.6 to 20.6 +/- 9.4 ml/min during treatment with @entity4 . This decrease was not correlated with the fall in @entity2 . A significant positive correlation existed between the fall in urinary protein excretion and both the decrease in overall renal vascular resistance, and the fall in filtration fraction. Although blood pressure lowering by itself could contribute to the antiproteinuric effect of @entity4 , our results suggest that this effect of @entity3 inhibition is also due to efferent (postglomerular) vasodilation. We conclude that the @entity3 inhibitor @entity4 effectively reduces blood pressure and @entity2 in @entity1 . The latter effect is not only the result of a lower blood pressure, but is probably also due to a fall in intraglomerular capillary pressure.

title: Reduction of XXXX by @entity3 inhibition.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Expression of the trophoblast-specific subunit of @entity0 chorionic gonadotropin, @entity5 , is associated with fusion of cytotrophoblasts into a multinuclear syncytium. Here, we studied regulation of the CGbeta5 gene in trophoblasts undergoing in vitro syncytialization. Transfection of luciferase reporters harboring different lengths of the CGbeta5 upstream sequence revealed that the proximal promoter region (-345 to +114) is sufficient to govern differentiation-dependent induction. Mutational analyses suggested that two selective promoter factor (Sp) and three activating protein 2 ( @entity6 ) recognition sequences are necessary for full activity of the promoter. During syncytialization these elements interacted with increasing amounts of the transcription factors @entity3 , @entity7 , and @entity6 in electrophoretic mobility shift assay, but only @entity6 binding rose upon elevation of @entity1 levels with @entity2 . Increasing expression of different isoforms of @entity3 and @entity7 could also be detected by Western blot analyses. @entity3 / @entity7 localized to syncytial nuclei both in differentiated cultures and in term placental tissue, suggesting assembly of functional transcriptional complexes. Costaining of the transcription factors with @entity4 on term placental sections revealed that 47 and 33% of cytotrophoblast nuclei were negative for @entity3 and @entity7 , respectively. In contrast, immunohistochemistry of early tissue demonstrated expression of @entity3 in the majority of cyto- and syncytiotrophoblasts, whereas @entity7 was absent from the syncytium. @entity3 and @entity7 induced wild-type/mutant promoter constructs upon transfection in Sp-deficient SL-2 cells, indicating that the Sp elements function as activating sequences. The data suggest that increasing concentrations of @entity3 , @entity7 , and @entity6 enhance transcription of @entity5 in differentiating term trophoblasts, whereas a different combination of factors may control expression in early placentas.

title: Transcriptional regulation of the XXXX chorionic gonadotropin beta gene during villous trophoblast differentiation.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity2 usually proliferate invasively and rarely metastasize to other organs. Since the @entity1 occur predominantly to the liver and kidneys, there have been only 16 cases with metastatic spreads of @entity2 to the central nervous system reported in the literature. A 59-year-old @entity0 was admitted with complaints of @entity6 and @entity4 . Three years and three months ago, he had been operated upon for @entity2 , which was diagnosed as a predominantly @entity5 , and then followed by irradiation therapy of 3800 rads. The size of the @entity2 decreased markedly after the irradiation. Nine months after the operation, he complained again of @entity6 and @entity4 . Computed tomography scans showed a @entity2 in the right cerebellar hemisphere, which was thought to be a metastasis from the @entity5 . He received radiotherapy of 4000 rads directed to the intracranial @entity1 , with the reduction of the @entity2 size and the relief of symptoms. On the present admission, he had cerebellar signs and symptoms. Neuroradiologically, there was a hypervascular @entity2 in the @entity3 and a hypovascular one in the right. At operation, a vascular and @entity2 with small necrotic areas were found in the left cerebellum, and a @entity2 with large liquefied clot within it in the right cerebellum. Pathologically, @entity7 were confirmed as the @entity1 from the @entity5 in the epithelial type.

title: [Malignant XXXX with intracranial @entity1 ].

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity2 usually proliferate invasively and rarely metastasize to other organs. Since the @entity1 occur predominantly to the liver and kidneys, there have been only 16 cases with metastatic spreads of @entity2 to the central nervous system reported in the literature. A 59-year-old @entity0 was admitted with complaints of @entity6 and @entity4 . Three years and three months ago, he had been operated upon for @entity2 , which was diagnosed as a predominantly @entity5 , and then followed by irradiation therapy of 3800 rads. The size of the @entity2 decreased markedly after the irradiation. Nine months after the operation, he complained again of @entity6 and @entity4 . Computed tomography scans showed a @entity2 in the right cerebellar hemisphere, which was thought to be a metastasis from the @entity5 . He received radiotherapy of 4000 rads directed to the intracranial @entity1 , with the reduction of the @entity2 size and the relief of symptoms. On the present admission, he had cerebellar signs and symptoms. Neuroradiologically, there was a hypervascular @entity2 in the @entity3 and a hypovascular one in the right. At operation, a vascular and @entity2 with small necrotic areas were found in the left cerebellum, and a @entity2 with large liquefied clot within it in the right cerebellum. Pathologically, @entity7 were confirmed as the @entity1 from the @entity5 in the epithelial type.

title: [Malignant @entity5 with intracranial XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: The authors describe a case of @entity4 in a 15-month-old male and discuss the differential diagnosis and electron microscopic features of small round cell @entity1 . The @entity0 was found to have an enlarged liver and was admitted to the hospital for further investigation. Fine-needle aspiration of the liver revealed small. uniform cells with increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and focal rosette formation. A diagnosis of small blue cell @entity1 favoring @entity4 was made, but @entity3 could not be ruled out. Electron microscopic analysis performed on the liver aspirate showed features of hepatic differentiation as well as absence of neuroblastic differentiation. The diagnosis of @entity4 was made. Serum @entity2 level of 33,250 mg/L confirmed the diagnosis. Liver biopsy performed subsequently showed @entity1 cells arranged in nests, acini, and trabeculae with mitotic figures. Electron microscopy showed the same findings as described above. The @entity0 underwent chemotherapy for 4 months and subsequently a partial liver resection was performed. This case illustrates the important role of electron microscopy in evaluating small round cell @entity1 in @entity0 .

title: XXXX in a 15-month-old male: cytomorphology, electron microscopy, and differential diagnosis.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity5 presents peculiar problems to the diagnostician. It is at once the most common form of community-acquired @entity4 and simultaneously the most difficult to document microbiologically. @entity6 , @entity8 , @entity3 , or @entity9 due to @entity7 unmistakably verifies this bacterium as the cause of a coexistent @entity1 ; this coexistence fortunately occurs infrequently. The diagnostic dilemma arises in the less sick @entity0 . While recognizing the common presence of pneumococci in the oropharynx of healthy individuals, we give undue credence to @entity7 cultured from sputum obtained by expectoration. At the same time, pneumococci are frequently not found in cultures of sputum obtained from @entity0 with confirmed @entity2 . More invasive techniques (transtracheal aspiration, protected bronchoscopic catheter, lung needle aspiration) are too complex, dangerous, or both for routine use. Attempts to detect pneumococcal antigen in blood, sputum, or urine by modern immunologic techniques give promise of avoiding the problems of either contamination or lack of bacteriologic growth. However, they have not yet been evaluated in sufficiently large groups with @entity1 of independently determined bacterial etiology to calculate test sensitivity and specificity. At the present time then, the careful clinician will use all the epidemiologic and clinical evidence at hand, including a careful Gram's stain and culturing of sputum, blood, and other sources, to arrive at the most likely etiology. The probabilities must be weighed in light of the imprecision of current laboratory confirmation and modified by clinical course. Choice of antimicrobial therapy still favor penicillin for @entity0 with community @entity1 severe enough to warrant hospitalization, despite ominous trends in multiple resistance of @entity7 .

title: Diagnosis of XXXX .

answer: @entity5