abstract: Balloon esophageal dilatation offers many theoretical advantages (safety, speed, and @entity0 comfort) over dilatation with @entity1 -filled bougies or with the Eder-Puestow system. The authors used balloon dilators in 22 @entity0 with @entity3 secondary to benign or malignant strictures. Dilatation was performed with fluoroscopic guidance, blindly, or by a combination of these techniques. For "blind" @entity2 , an Eder-Puestow spring-tipped guide wire is placed into the stomach using a fiberoptic endoscope. The distance from the incisor teeth to the stricture is measured, and the balloon shaft is marked to indicate when the middle of the balloon is within the stricture. Dilatation is then performed using the antegrade or, the preferred, retrograde technique. Finally, the dilated stricture is calibrated by pulling an inflated balloon through the previously strictured area without difficulty. An attempt was made to achieve an esophageal diameter of 15 mm at the initial dilatation episode, and @entity0 discomfort was used as a guide as to the final diameter. The balloon dilatation technique was highly successful, and a stricture diameter of 15 mm (45-47 French) was achieved at the initial dilatation in most instances. Malignant strictures were easily dilated. @entity2 is convenient, effective, quick, and potentially safer than the previous Eder-Puestow or @entity1 -filled bougie techniques.

title: @entity2 of benign and malignant esophageal strictures. XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Balloon esophageal dilatation offers many theoretical advantages (safety, speed, and @entity0 comfort) over dilatation with @entity1 -filled bougies or with the Eder-Puestow system. The authors used balloon dilators in 22 @entity0 with @entity3 secondary to benign or malignant strictures. Dilatation was performed with fluoroscopic guidance, blindly, or by a combination of these techniques. For "blind" @entity2 , an Eder-Puestow spring-tipped guide wire is placed into the stomach using a fiberoptic endoscope. The distance from the incisor teeth to the stricture is measured, and the balloon shaft is marked to indicate when the middle of the balloon is within the stricture. Dilatation is then performed using the antegrade or, the preferred, retrograde technique. Finally, the dilated stricture is calibrated by pulling an inflated balloon through the previously strictured area without difficulty. An attempt was made to achieve an esophageal diameter of 15 mm at the initial dilatation episode, and @entity0 discomfort was used as a guide as to the final diameter. The balloon dilatation technique was highly successful, and a stricture diameter of 15 mm (45-47 French) was achieved at the initial dilatation in most instances. Malignant strictures were easily dilated. @entity2 is convenient, effective, quick, and potentially safer than the previous Eder-Puestow or @entity1 -filled bougie techniques.

title: XXXX of benign and malignant esophageal strictures. @entity2 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mutations that render @entity5 -sensitive @entity6 ( @entity8 ( @entity5 )) channels insensitive to @entity5 inhibition @entity0 . In @entity1 , these mutations cause insulin secretion to be lost initially and, as the disease progresses, beta cell mass and insulin content also disappear. We investigated whether defects in @entity4 signalling alone are sufficient to explain short-term and long-term islet dysfunction. METHODS: We examined the metabolic, electrical and insulin secretion response in islets from @entity1 that become @entity0 after induction of @entity5 -insensitive @entity9 expression. To separate direct effects of @entity8 ( @entity5 ) overactivity on beta cell function from indirect effects of prolonged hyperglycaemia, normal glycaemia was maintained by protective exogenous islet transplantation. RESULTS: In endogenous islets from protected animals, @entity3 -dependent elevations of intracellular free- @entity4 activity ([ @entity2 ](i)) were severely blunted. Insulin content of these islets was normal, and @entity10 and @entity11 stimulated increased [ @entity2 ](i). In the absence of transplant protection, [ @entity2 ](i) responses were similar, but @entity3 metabolism and redox state were dramatically altered; @entity10 - and @entity11 -stimulated insulin secretion was also lost, because of systemic effects induced by long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia. In both cases, [ @entity2 ](i) dynamics were synchronous across the islet. After reduction of gap-junction coupling, @entity3 -dependent [ @entity2 ](i) and insulin secretion was partially restored, indicating that excitability of weakly expressing cells is suppressed by cells expressing mutants, via gap-junctions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The primary defect in @entity8 ( @entity5 )-induced @entity0 is failure of @entity3 metabolism to elevate [ @entity2 ](i), which suppresses insulin secretion and mildly alters islet @entity3 metabolism. @entity7 are secondary to the long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia that result from the absence of @entity3 -dependent insulin secretion.

title: Defects in beta cell Ca  + signalling, @entity3 metabolism and insulin secretion in a @entity1 model of XXXX ( @entity5 ) channel-induced @entity0 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mutations that render @entity5 -sensitive @entity6 ( @entity8 ( @entity5 )) channels insensitive to @entity5 inhibition @entity0 . In @entity1 , these mutations cause insulin secretion to be lost initially and, as the disease progresses, beta cell mass and insulin content also disappear. We investigated whether defects in @entity4 signalling alone are sufficient to explain short-term and long-term islet dysfunction. METHODS: We examined the metabolic, electrical and insulin secretion response in islets from @entity1 that become @entity0 after induction of @entity5 -insensitive @entity9 expression. To separate direct effects of @entity8 ( @entity5 ) overactivity on beta cell function from indirect effects of prolonged hyperglycaemia, normal glycaemia was maintained by protective exogenous islet transplantation. RESULTS: In endogenous islets from protected animals, @entity3 -dependent elevations of intracellular free- @entity4 activity ([ @entity2 ](i)) were severely blunted. Insulin content of these islets was normal, and @entity10 and @entity11 stimulated increased [ @entity2 ](i). In the absence of transplant protection, [ @entity2 ](i) responses were similar, but @entity3 metabolism and redox state were dramatically altered; @entity10 - and @entity11 -stimulated insulin secretion was also lost, because of systemic effects induced by long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia. In both cases, [ @entity2 ](i) dynamics were synchronous across the islet. After reduction of gap-junction coupling, @entity3 -dependent [ @entity2 ](i) and insulin secretion was partially restored, indicating that excitability of weakly expressing cells is suppressed by cells expressing mutants, via gap-junctions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The primary defect in @entity8 ( @entity5 )-induced @entity0 is failure of @entity3 metabolism to elevate [ @entity2 ](i), which suppresses insulin secretion and mildly alters islet @entity3 metabolism. @entity7 are secondary to the long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia that result from the absence of @entity3 -dependent insulin secretion.

title: Defects in beta cell Ca  + signalling, @entity3 metabolism and insulin secretion in a @entity1 model of @entity8 ( @entity5 ) channel-induced XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mutations that render @entity5 -sensitive @entity6 ( @entity8 ( @entity5 )) channels insensitive to @entity5 inhibition @entity0 . In @entity1 , these mutations cause insulin secretion to be lost initially and, as the disease progresses, beta cell mass and insulin content also disappear. We investigated whether defects in @entity4 signalling alone are sufficient to explain short-term and long-term islet dysfunction. METHODS: We examined the metabolic, electrical and insulin secretion response in islets from @entity1 that become @entity0 after induction of @entity5 -insensitive @entity9 expression. To separate direct effects of @entity8 ( @entity5 ) overactivity on beta cell function from indirect effects of prolonged hyperglycaemia, normal glycaemia was maintained by protective exogenous islet transplantation. RESULTS: In endogenous islets from protected animals, @entity3 -dependent elevations of intracellular free- @entity4 activity ([ @entity2 ](i)) were severely blunted. Insulin content of these islets was normal, and @entity10 and @entity11 stimulated increased [ @entity2 ](i). In the absence of transplant protection, [ @entity2 ](i) responses were similar, but @entity3 metabolism and redox state were dramatically altered; @entity10 - and @entity11 -stimulated insulin secretion was also lost, because of systemic effects induced by long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia. In both cases, [ @entity2 ](i) dynamics were synchronous across the islet. After reduction of gap-junction coupling, @entity3 -dependent [ @entity2 ](i) and insulin secretion was partially restored, indicating that excitability of weakly expressing cells is suppressed by cells expressing mutants, via gap-junctions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The primary defect in @entity8 ( @entity5 )-induced @entity0 is failure of @entity3 metabolism to elevate [ @entity2 ](i), which suppresses insulin secretion and mildly alters islet @entity3 metabolism. @entity7 are secondary to the long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia that result from the absence of @entity3 -dependent insulin secretion.

title: Defects in beta cell Ca  + signalling, @entity3 metabolism and insulin secretion in a @entity1 model of @entity8 ( XXXX ) channel-induced @entity0 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mutations that render @entity5 -sensitive @entity6 ( @entity8 ( @entity5 )) channels insensitive to @entity5 inhibition @entity0 . In @entity1 , these mutations cause insulin secretion to be lost initially and, as the disease progresses, beta cell mass and insulin content also disappear. We investigated whether defects in @entity4 signalling alone are sufficient to explain short-term and long-term islet dysfunction. METHODS: We examined the metabolic, electrical and insulin secretion response in islets from @entity1 that become @entity0 after induction of @entity5 -insensitive @entity9 expression. To separate direct effects of @entity8 ( @entity5 ) overactivity on beta cell function from indirect effects of prolonged hyperglycaemia, normal glycaemia was maintained by protective exogenous islet transplantation. RESULTS: In endogenous islets from protected animals, @entity3 -dependent elevations of intracellular free- @entity4 activity ([ @entity2 ](i)) were severely blunted. Insulin content of these islets was normal, and @entity10 and @entity11 stimulated increased [ @entity2 ](i). In the absence of transplant protection, [ @entity2 ](i) responses were similar, but @entity3 metabolism and redox state were dramatically altered; @entity10 - and @entity11 -stimulated insulin secretion was also lost, because of systemic effects induced by long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia. In both cases, [ @entity2 ](i) dynamics were synchronous across the islet. After reduction of gap-junction coupling, @entity3 -dependent [ @entity2 ](i) and insulin secretion was partially restored, indicating that excitability of weakly expressing cells is suppressed by cells expressing mutants, via gap-junctions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The primary defect in @entity8 ( @entity5 )-induced @entity0 is failure of @entity3 metabolism to elevate [ @entity2 ](i), which suppresses insulin secretion and mildly alters islet @entity3 metabolism. @entity7 are secondary to the long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia that result from the absence of @entity3 -dependent insulin secretion.

title: Defects in beta cell Ca  + signalling, @entity3 metabolism and insulin secretion in a XXXX model of @entity8 ( @entity5 ) channel-induced @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mutations that render @entity5 -sensitive @entity6 ( @entity8 ( @entity5 )) channels insensitive to @entity5 inhibition @entity0 . In @entity1 , these mutations cause insulin secretion to be lost initially and, as the disease progresses, beta cell mass and insulin content also disappear. We investigated whether defects in @entity4 signalling alone are sufficient to explain short-term and long-term islet dysfunction. METHODS: We examined the metabolic, electrical and insulin secretion response in islets from @entity1 that become @entity0 after induction of @entity5 -insensitive @entity9 expression. To separate direct effects of @entity8 ( @entity5 ) overactivity on beta cell function from indirect effects of prolonged hyperglycaemia, normal glycaemia was maintained by protective exogenous islet transplantation. RESULTS: In endogenous islets from protected animals, @entity3 -dependent elevations of intracellular free- @entity4 activity ([ @entity2 ](i)) were severely blunted. Insulin content of these islets was normal, and @entity10 and @entity11 stimulated increased [ @entity2 ](i). In the absence of transplant protection, [ @entity2 ](i) responses were similar, but @entity3 metabolism and redox state were dramatically altered; @entity10 - and @entity11 -stimulated insulin secretion was also lost, because of systemic effects induced by long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia. In both cases, [ @entity2 ](i) dynamics were synchronous across the islet. After reduction of gap-junction coupling, @entity3 -dependent [ @entity2 ](i) and insulin secretion was partially restored, indicating that excitability of weakly expressing cells is suppressed by cells expressing mutants, via gap-junctions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The primary defect in @entity8 ( @entity5 )-induced @entity0 is failure of @entity3 metabolism to elevate [ @entity2 ](i), which suppresses insulin secretion and mildly alters islet @entity3 metabolism. @entity7 are secondary to the long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia that result from the absence of @entity3 -dependent insulin secretion.

title: Defects in beta cell Ca  + signalling, XXXX metabolism and insulin secretion in a @entity1 model of @entity8 ( @entity5 ) channel-induced @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Disease directly caused by immune system action is known as immunopathology. Many factors may lead the immune system to cause rather than cure disease, and autoimmune, @entity2 , and infection-related @entity3 affect millions of @entity0 worldwide. This review presents an analysis of T-helper cell mediated, infection-related immunopathology within the framework of evolutionary ecology. A proximate cause of infection-related immunopathology is an error in the type of T-helper response induced. Distinct subsets of T-helper cells enable different effector mechanisms and therefore work optimally against different types of parasites (e.g., extracellular versus intracellular parasites). Immune responses that cure rather than cause disease require that the T-helper subset be tailored to the parasite. It is thus critical for the immunophenotype to match the "environment" of the @entity4 . As in other cases of adaptive plasticity, a mismatch between an organism's phenotype and the selective environment can decrease @entity7 . T-helper response induction may be confounded by coinfection of a single host by multiple parasite species. Because of normally adaptive feedback loops that lend to polarize T-helper responses, it can become impossible for the immune system to mount effective, conflicting responses concurrently. Immunophenotype-environment mismatches may thus be inevitable when simultaneous, conflicting immune responses are required. An ultimate cause of infection-related immunopathology in a multiparasite selection regime is the T-helper response polarization that can propagate response errors and constrain the ability of the immune system to resolve conflicting response requirements. A case study is used to illustrate how coinfection can exacerbate immunopathology and to frame testable predictions about optimal responses to coinfection (e.g., is the observed joint response to coinfection accurately predicted by the average of the component single-infection optimal responses, where the single-infection optima are weighted by the contribution of each to @entity7 ). The case study includes immunological and pathological data from @entity1 infected by @entity5 alone and by @entity6 in combination with @entity8 . Such data can inform hypothesis tests of evolutionary ecological principles, and ecological analysis can in turn clarify assumptions about responses to coinfection for a greater understanding of the immune system. The synthesis of evolutionary ecology and immunology could therefore be of mutual benefit to the two disciplines.

title: When T-helper cells don't help: immunopathology during XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The effects of four dietary proteins on plasma @entity1 ( @entity5 ) levels in portal vein and aorta and on hepatic @entity2 were investigated in @entity0 fed 10% protein diets ad libitum. Proteins studied were beef, casein, rapeseed and @entity3 . Measurements were made at 2000, 2300, 0200, 0500 and 0800 h. Portoaortic differences in essential @entity4 (EAA) in plasma were calculated and compared to dietary EAA to verify the time-dependent changes in their intestinal absorption. Each protein generated different variations in portal and aortic @entity5 levels. Rapeseed produced the lowest plasma concentrations of EAA, but its portoaortic differences were as large as those of the other proteins. With each protein, proportions of EAA in plasma (in contrast to concentrations) tended to remain constant in portal vein and aorta over the 12-h period. Significant correlations between portoaortic differences and dietary EAA were found in all groups, but at varying times, indicating that the kinetics of intestinal absorption were dependent on the protein fed. So were variations in liver polysome distribution. For rapeseed and @entity3 , times of most active protein synthesis were 0200 and 0500 h; with beef and casein, variations between sampling times were not significant. No direct relationship was found between magnitude and composition of @entity5 portoaortic differences and @entity2 . Thus these two parameters were both affected by dietary proteins, but no synchrony was evidenced between them.

title: Effect of dietary proteins on time-dependent changes in plasma XXXX levels and on liver protein synthesis in @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The effects of four dietary proteins on plasma @entity1 ( @entity5 ) levels in portal vein and aorta and on hepatic @entity2 were investigated in @entity0 fed 10% protein diets ad libitum. Proteins studied were beef, casein, rapeseed and @entity3 . Measurements were made at 2000, 2300, 0200, 0500 and 0800 h. Portoaortic differences in essential @entity4 (EAA) in plasma were calculated and compared to dietary EAA to verify the time-dependent changes in their intestinal absorption. Each protein generated different variations in portal and aortic @entity5 levels. Rapeseed produced the lowest plasma concentrations of EAA, but its portoaortic differences were as large as those of the other proteins. With each protein, proportions of EAA in plasma (in contrast to concentrations) tended to remain constant in portal vein and aorta over the 12-h period. Significant correlations between portoaortic differences and dietary EAA were found in all groups, but at varying times, indicating that the kinetics of intestinal absorption were dependent on the protein fed. So were variations in liver polysome distribution. For rapeseed and @entity3 , times of most active protein synthesis were 0200 and 0500 h; with beef and casein, variations between sampling times were not significant. No direct relationship was found between magnitude and composition of @entity5 portoaortic differences and @entity2 . Thus these two parameters were both affected by dietary proteins, but no synchrony was evidenced between them.

title: Effect of dietary proteins on time-dependent changes in plasma @entity1 levels and on liver protein synthesis in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Based on multiple randomized controlled trials performed in the last 20 years, drugs form the basis of treatment for @entity1 with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF). Despite solid evidence for their efficacy and safety and publication of detailed national and international guidelines many @entity0 with HFREF remain, who are not at all or only insufficiently treated. Treatment goals include reduction of mortality and hospitalizations, improvement of symptoms and exercise tolerance as well as prevention of disease progression. @entity3 -inhibitors and beta-adrenergic receptor blockers exert beneficial effects on all treatment goals and are therefore indicated in all @entity0 with HFREF if tolerated. Diuretics allow control of fluid retention and maintenance of "euvolemia". Low-dose @entity5 can be considered in persistent moderate to severe (NYHA 3 - 4) HFREF despite treatment. Angiotensin receptor blockers are indicated for @entity3 -inhibitor intolerance or in addition to @entity3 -inhibitors and beta-adrenergic receptor blockers in case of persistent symptoms. Triple combination of @entity3 -inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and @entity4 antagonists should be avoided in view of the substantial risk of @entity6 . In current praxis digoxin is mainly used as an adjunctive agent for rate control of @entity2 in combination with beta-adrenergic receptor blockers. Titration and maintenance of @entity1 treatment requires continuous control of clinical parameters, renal function and electrolytes. It is recommended to use drugs and dosest hat have been shown to be effective in clinial trials. Despite the fact that @entity1 is mainly a disease of the elderly, this population is underrepresented in clinical trials. The risk of side effects and drug-drug interactions is increased in elderly @entity0 because of physiologic changes with age and frequent comorbidities with resultant polypharmacy.

title: [Drug treatment for chronic XXXX with reduced ejection fraction].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Apoptosis mediated by the interaction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte with blast cell via Fas receptor/ @entity1 ( @entity1 ) pathway is a one of the mechanisms of immunological @entity3 surveillance. There is few data on possible blocking of Fas receptor by soluble form of Fas (sFasL) present in serum and the role of blast cells as the source of this ligand. Forty-eight @entity0 with de novo diagnosis of @entity4 , 32 with myeloblastic (AML) and 16 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) were studied. Fas expression on bone marrow @entity3 was determined by flow cytomertic immunofluorescent analysis and serum concentration of sFasL assessed at presentation, in remission and in relapse. Blasts of all @entity0 expressed Fas at variable degree (0.8 to 100%). Fas expression was significantly higher on myelo--than on lymphoblasts. There was no relation between degree of Fas expression at diagnosis and remission rate. Concentration of sFasL in @entity4 @entity0 at diagnosis was significantly higher than in healthy control group, decreased to normal values in remission and rose again in relapse. There was a negative correlation between Fas expression on blasts and sFasL concentration at the time of diagnosis. Results obtained suggest that blast cells could be the source of soluble @entity1 in @entity4 @entity0 and that sFasL serum concentration could be used for monitoring of disease activity.

title: [Expression of Fas receptor and soluble XXXX (sFasL) concentration in @entity4 ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Apoptosis mediated by the interaction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte with blast cell via Fas receptor/ @entity1 ( @entity1 ) pathway is a one of the mechanisms of immunological @entity3 surveillance. There is few data on possible blocking of Fas receptor by soluble form of Fas (sFasL) present in serum and the role of blast cells as the source of this ligand. Forty-eight @entity0 with de novo diagnosis of @entity4 , 32 with myeloblastic (AML) and 16 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) were studied. Fas expression on bone marrow @entity3 was determined by flow cytomertic immunofluorescent analysis and serum concentration of sFasL assessed at presentation, in remission and in relapse. Blasts of all @entity0 expressed Fas at variable degree (0.8 to 100%). Fas expression was significantly higher on myelo--than on lymphoblasts. There was no relation between degree of Fas expression at diagnosis and remission rate. Concentration of sFasL in @entity4 @entity0 at diagnosis was significantly higher than in healthy control group, decreased to normal values in remission and rose again in relapse. There was a negative correlation between Fas expression on blasts and sFasL concentration at the time of diagnosis. Results obtained suggest that blast cells could be the source of soluble @entity1 in @entity4 @entity0 and that sFasL serum concentration could be used for monitoring of disease activity.

title: [Expression of Fas receptor and soluble @entity1 (sFasL) concentration in XXXX ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: Drug discrimination procedures were used to compare the discriminative stimulus properties of @entity1 and @entity3 . @entity0 were trained to discriminate between i.p. injections of @entity1 (1 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task. Stimulus generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to @entity7 (300-5400 ppm), @entity2 (500-8000 ppm) and @entity8 ( @entity5 ; 125-14000 ppm). @entity6 (10-30 mg/kg i.p.) also was tested. Concentration- or dose-related increases in @entity1 -lever responding were observed with @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity5 and @entity6 . Shared discriminative stimulus properties among @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity5 and @entity1 indicate that some @entity3 share pharmacological properties with @entity1 . Previous research has shown that these inhalants also produce @entity4 -like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity0 . Thus, at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as @entity1 and barbiturates.

title: @entity7 , @entity2 , XXXX and @entity6 produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity0 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: Drug discrimination procedures were used to compare the discriminative stimulus properties of @entity1 and @entity3 . @entity0 were trained to discriminate between i.p. injections of @entity1 (1 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task. Stimulus generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to @entity7 (300-5400 ppm), @entity2 (500-8000 ppm) and @entity8 ( @entity5 ; 125-14000 ppm). @entity6 (10-30 mg/kg i.p.) also was tested. Concentration- or dose-related increases in @entity1 -lever responding were observed with @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity5 and @entity6 . Shared discriminative stimulus properties among @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity5 and @entity1 indicate that some @entity3 share pharmacological properties with @entity1 . Previous research has shown that these inhalants also produce @entity4 -like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity0 . Thus, at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as @entity1 and barbiturates.

title: @entity7 , XXXX , @entity8 and @entity6 produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Drug discrimination procedures were used to compare the discriminative stimulus properties of @entity1 and @entity3 . @entity0 were trained to discriminate between i.p. injections of @entity1 (1 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task. Stimulus generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to @entity7 (300-5400 ppm), @entity2 (500-8000 ppm) and @entity8 ( @entity5 ; 125-14000 ppm). @entity6 (10-30 mg/kg i.p.) also was tested. Concentration- or dose-related increases in @entity1 -lever responding were observed with @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity5 and @entity6 . Shared discriminative stimulus properties among @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity5 and @entity1 indicate that some @entity3 share pharmacological properties with @entity1 . Previous research has shown that these inhalants also produce @entity4 -like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity0 . Thus, at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as @entity1 and barbiturates.

title: @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity8 and XXXX produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity0 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Drug discrimination procedures were used to compare the discriminative stimulus properties of @entity1 and @entity3 . @entity0 were trained to discriminate between i.p. injections of @entity1 (1 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task. Stimulus generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to @entity7 (300-5400 ppm), @entity2 (500-8000 ppm) and @entity8 ( @entity5 ; 125-14000 ppm). @entity6 (10-30 mg/kg i.p.) also was tested. Concentration- or dose-related increases in @entity1 -lever responding were observed with @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity5 and @entity6 . Shared discriminative stimulus properties among @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity5 and @entity1 indicate that some @entity3 share pharmacological properties with @entity1 . Previous research has shown that these inhalants also produce @entity4 -like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity0 . Thus, at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as @entity1 and barbiturates.

title: XXXX , @entity2 , @entity8 and @entity6 produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity0 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: Drug discrimination procedures were used to compare the discriminative stimulus properties of @entity1 and @entity3 . @entity0 were trained to discriminate between i.p. injections of @entity1 (1 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task. Stimulus generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to @entity7 (300-5400 ppm), @entity2 (500-8000 ppm) and @entity8 ( @entity5 ; 125-14000 ppm). @entity6 (10-30 mg/kg i.p.) also was tested. Concentration- or dose-related increases in @entity1 -lever responding were observed with @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity5 and @entity6 . Shared discriminative stimulus properties among @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity5 and @entity1 indicate that some @entity3 share pharmacological properties with @entity1 . Previous research has shown that these inhalants also produce @entity4 -like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity0 . Thus, at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as @entity1 and barbiturates.

title: @entity7 , @entity2 , @entity8 and @entity6 produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: In earlier experiments using interactive computer animation with healthy subjects, it was found that displaying compulsive-like repeated checking behavior affects memory. That is, checking does not alter actual memory accuracy, but it does affect 'meta-memory': as checking continues, recollections are experienced as less vivid and less detailed while confidence in memory is undermined. This procedure provides a model of @entity1 checking and suggests that checking is a counterproductive strategy to reduce memory distrust. The present experiment was carried out to specify the phenomenological quality of memory distrust after checking and to see if repeated checking produces a shift in the memory source that is used to decide about the outcome of checking: from 'remembering' to 'knowing' (Tulving, 1985). Using the same interactive computer-animation, the earlier findings on vividness, detail and confidence were replicated. In addition, it was found that checking made @entity0 endorse quotations from @entity1 @entity0 (Reed, 1985) expressing a specific ambivalence about memory: 'It is as though the memory is there, but is isn't definite enough', 'I remember doing it in a way, but it's all fuzzy....' And 'I can remember that I've done it. But the memory isn't clear somehow'. This finding adds to the validity of the experimental model. Furthermore, after checking subjects' beliefs about the outcome of checking became based on (general) knowing instead of (specific) remembering. It is suggested that @entity1 checkers feel a general and relatively strong need to be certain about the veracity of recollections and that they have high standards for memory performance. This may explain earlier findings that @entity1 checkers have a general tendency to distrust their episodic memory. A need for certainty and a critical attitude towards memory performance may not be problematic or abnormal. It is suggested that clinical problems arise when the @entity0 tries to fight memory distrust by repeated checking. The latter does not reduce distrust but rather increases distrust and the @entity0 may get trapped in a spiral of mutually reinforcing checking behavior and memory distrust.

title: Phenomenological validity of an XXXX -memory model and the remember/know distinction.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To quantify medical costs associated with bone @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity5 . Bone @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity5 are associated with considerable morbidity, negatively impact quality of life, and can add substantially to medical costs, given a median survival of 30-35 months from diagnosis of bone @entity1 . METHODS: A retrospective cost analysis from both a community and university hospital in The Netherlands was conducted. Twenty-eight @entity0 records (14 from each hospital) were investigated to assess the impact of skeletal-related events (SREs), including @entity4 , @entity6 , and radiotherapy, on total direct medical costs and cost of hospitalization. Costs are given in @entity7 ( @entity7 ). RESULTS: The average total cost of treatment was @entity7 13,051 per @entity0 over the 24-month follow-up period, which includes an average cost of @entity7 6973 per @entity0 to treat SREs. Treatment of SREs more than doubled total treatment costs. @entity0 in this analysis experienced, on average, one SRE per year, and the cost of SREs varied from @entity7 1187 to @entity7 40,948. CONCLUSIONS: Occurrence of SREs contributes significantly to the cost of care for @entity0 with @entity5 . These data suggest that @entity3 , which can reduce @entity2 and SREs, may reduce healthcare costs.

title: Costs of XXXX , metastatic to the bone, in the Netherlands.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate, over a 10-year period, the feasibility, efficacy, duration of action and adverse effects of intermittent hormonal therapy (IHT) in @entity0 with advanced @entity3 or biochemical recurrence after radical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-three @entity0 with @entity3 have been included in an IHT protocol since 1992. Fifty-five @entity0 had already been treated by radical prostatectomy (group A), 35 @entity0 had received radiotherapy or a treatment with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) (group B) and 143 @entity0 had not received any previous treatment (group C). Three-monthly injection of LHRH analogue combined with a non-steroidal antiandrogen was administered during the treatment phase ("on" phase). Treatment was stopped ("off" phase) when the PSA level fell below 4 ng/ml, regardless of the duration of the "on" phase. Criteria for resumption of hormonal therapy were PSA >20 ng/ml, PSA progression slope over the previous three months >5 ng/ml per month or recurrence of @entity2 or urinary symptoms. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 34.9 months (range: 13-151) and the median initial PSA was 28 ng/ml (range: 1-433). Five cycles were performed in the @entity0 with the longest follow-up. The mean duration of cycles was gradually decreased from 19.6 months to 11.8 months. The "on/off" ratio was close to 30% regardless of the cycle or @entity0 group. Ten @entity0 (4%) died from their @entity1 during the study, with a median survival of 42.2 months. Six @entity0 (2.5%) developed @entity2 symptoms during IHT. CONCLUSIONS: IHT ensures medium-term (three years) control of the disease, using a treatment resumption criteria of PSA >20 ng/ml and was not associated with major complications.

title: A 10-year clinical experience with intermittent hormonal therapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: In vitro experiments were carried out to study the effects of "respiratory" and "metabolic" acid-base alterations on @entity1 coronary arteries precontracted by high @entity6 . @entity9 (pH 7.70 +/- 0.02) increased the coronary tone by 33 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05) and @entity4 (pH 7.10 +/- 0.01) decreased it by 30 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). The tension stabilized in approximately 15 mins and its variation was of similar extent whether changes in extracellular pH were produced by changes in PCO2 or in @entity7 concentration. The contractile changes were not abolished neither by alpha or beta adrenergic blockade nor by endothelium denudation. The effect of pH could not be offset by altering extracellular @entity6 or @entity3 when the plateau of the relationship between contractility of the smooth muscle and concentration of these ions was reached. When tonus developed by the strips and [Ca2+]0 were plotted reciprocally, DTmax significantly increased in @entity9 and decreased in @entity4 . No significant changes in Ca50 ([ @entity0 ]0 necessary to obtain 50% of maximal force) were detected. pH changes did not modify @entity0 influx but a relaxation of similar extent induced by @entity5 produced a detectable decrease in @entity0 influx. @entity0 efflux was augmented in @entity4 and @entity2 in @entity9 . Our data do not support the hypothesis of @entity8 ion changes inducing @entity3 influx alterations in a competitive fashion as the mechanism involved to contract or relax conduit coronary arteries. On the contrary, they suggest that acid-base variations alter the contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle by modulating @entity0 efflux.

title: Interaction between XXXX and @entity8 ions in @entity1 coronary arteries.

answer: @entity3


abstract: In vitro experiments were carried out to study the effects of "respiratory" and "metabolic" acid-base alterations on @entity1 coronary arteries precontracted by high @entity6 . @entity9 (pH 7.70 +/- 0.02) increased the coronary tone by 33 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05) and @entity4 (pH 7.10 +/- 0.01) decreased it by 30 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). The tension stabilized in approximately 15 mins and its variation was of similar extent whether changes in extracellular pH were produced by changes in PCO2 or in @entity7 concentration. The contractile changes were not abolished neither by alpha or beta adrenergic blockade nor by endothelium denudation. The effect of pH could not be offset by altering extracellular @entity6 or @entity3 when the plateau of the relationship between contractility of the smooth muscle and concentration of these ions was reached. When tonus developed by the strips and [Ca2+]0 were plotted reciprocally, DTmax significantly increased in @entity9 and decreased in @entity4 . No significant changes in Ca50 ([ @entity0 ]0 necessary to obtain 50% of maximal force) were detected. pH changes did not modify @entity0 influx but a relaxation of similar extent induced by @entity5 produced a detectable decrease in @entity0 influx. @entity0 efflux was augmented in @entity4 and @entity2 in @entity9 . Our data do not support the hypothesis of @entity8 ion changes inducing @entity3 influx alterations in a competitive fashion as the mechanism involved to contract or relax conduit coronary arteries. On the contrary, they suggest that acid-base variations alter the contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle by modulating @entity0 efflux.

title: Interaction between @entity3 and XXXX ions in @entity1 coronary arteries.

answer: @entity8


abstract: In vitro experiments were carried out to study the effects of "respiratory" and "metabolic" acid-base alterations on @entity1 coronary arteries precontracted by high @entity6 . @entity9 (pH 7.70 +/- 0.02) increased the coronary tone by 33 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05) and @entity4 (pH 7.10 +/- 0.01) decreased it by 30 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). The tension stabilized in approximately 15 mins and its variation was of similar extent whether changes in extracellular pH were produced by changes in PCO2 or in @entity7 concentration. The contractile changes were not abolished neither by alpha or beta adrenergic blockade nor by endothelium denudation. The effect of pH could not be offset by altering extracellular @entity6 or @entity3 when the plateau of the relationship between contractility of the smooth muscle and concentration of these ions was reached. When tonus developed by the strips and [Ca2+]0 were plotted reciprocally, DTmax significantly increased in @entity9 and decreased in @entity4 . No significant changes in Ca50 ([ @entity0 ]0 necessary to obtain 50% of maximal force) were detected. pH changes did not modify @entity0 influx but a relaxation of similar extent induced by @entity5 produced a detectable decrease in @entity0 influx. @entity0 efflux was augmented in @entity4 and @entity2 in @entity9 . Our data do not support the hypothesis of @entity8 ion changes inducing @entity3 influx alterations in a competitive fashion as the mechanism involved to contract or relax conduit coronary arteries. On the contrary, they suggest that acid-base variations alter the contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle by modulating @entity0 efflux.

title: Interaction between @entity3 and @entity8 ions in XXXX coronary arteries.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This research aims to describe the effect of standard care (control) versus a clinical management pathway (intervention) on @entity0 length of stay and admission rates during a public health emergency at one Australian ED. METHODS: A retrospective audit of hospital records for @entity0 who presented in May 2013 with @entity2 -like symptoms was undertaken following a surge in @entity0 presentations from a @entity3 outbreak. @entity0 who presented with @entity2 -like symptoms between 15 and 19 May 2013 received care according to a clinical management pathway (intervention). The focus of the intervention was based on symptom management, including a standardised approach to @entity1 , anti-emetics and rehydration. @entity0 characteristics, such as age and gender are described using descriptive statistics. A Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous data, and a Fisher's exact test was used to compare categorical data, between the two groups. RESULTS: Over an 8 day period, 110 @entity0 presented with @entity2 -like symptoms. The median length of stay was statistically different between the two groups (P   <   0.001). More @entity0 were admitted to hospital from the control group (n   =   5) when compared with the intervention group (n   =   0); however, given the small number of @entity0 in these groups, inferential statistical analysis was not a reasonable consideration. CONCLUSION: The length of stay for @entity0 between the two groups was statistically different, suggesting that the implementation of a clinical management pathway for @entity0 with @entity2 -like symptoms reduced the ED length of stay. This finding is useful in future planning for similar public health emergency responses and/or for use when @entity0 present with @entity2 -like symptoms on a daily basis.

title: Impact of a pilot pathway for the management of @entity2 -like symptoms in an emergency department: A case study following a XXXX outbreak.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This research aims to describe the effect of standard care (control) versus a clinical management pathway (intervention) on @entity0 length of stay and admission rates during a public health emergency at one Australian ED. METHODS: A retrospective audit of hospital records for @entity0 who presented in May 2013 with @entity2 -like symptoms was undertaken following a surge in @entity0 presentations from a @entity3 outbreak. @entity0 who presented with @entity2 -like symptoms between 15 and 19 May 2013 received care according to a clinical management pathway (intervention). The focus of the intervention was based on symptom management, including a standardised approach to @entity1 , anti-emetics and rehydration. @entity0 characteristics, such as age and gender are described using descriptive statistics. A Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous data, and a Fisher's exact test was used to compare categorical data, between the two groups. RESULTS: Over an 8 day period, 110 @entity0 presented with @entity2 -like symptoms. The median length of stay was statistically different between the two groups (P   <   0.001). More @entity0 were admitted to hospital from the control group (n   =   5) when compared with the intervention group (n   =   0); however, given the small number of @entity0 in these groups, inferential statistical analysis was not a reasonable consideration. CONCLUSION: The length of stay for @entity0 between the two groups was statistically different, suggesting that the implementation of a clinical management pathway for @entity0 with @entity2 -like symptoms reduced the ED length of stay. This finding is useful in future planning for similar public health emergency responses and/or for use when @entity0 present with @entity2 -like symptoms on a daily basis.

title: Impact of a pilot pathway for the management of XXXX -like symptoms in an emergency department: A case study following a @entity3 outbreak.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many older Americans are overweight or @entity1 , but it is unclear whether @entity1 is associated with other nutritional risk indicators. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated sex-associated differences in nutritional risk among community-dwelling, rural older adults and determined whether weight status [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) and waist circumference] was related to other measures of nutritional risk. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study explored relations between weight status and nutritional risk, which was determined on the basis of the Level II Screen, overall diet quality, nutrient intakes, and plasma biomarkers. RESULTS: Of the 179 subjects, 44% were overweight (BMI 25-29.9) and 35% were @entity1 (BMI > 30). There were few differences in nutrient intakes between older @entity0 and @entity0 after we controlled for energy intake. In @entity0 , BMI was directly associated with multiple additional nutritional risk indicators, including the number of Level II items (r = 0.30), intakes of fat (r = 0.26) and saturated fat (r = 0.21), and @entity4 concentration (r = 0.25). Weight status in @entity0 was inversely associated with intakes of @entity9 (r = -0.25), fiber (r = -0.35), @entity5 (r = -0.24), @entity6 (r = -0.29), @entity2 (r = -0.22), and @entity3 (r = -0.23); Healthy Eating Index scores (r = -0.22); and plasma @entity8 (r = -0.30). Associations with waist circumference were similar. In @entity0 , weight status was associated only with plasma @entity7 (r = -0.33 for BMI) and @entity8 (r = -0.24 for waist circumference). CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and @entity1 older @entity0 , particularly those living alone, may be at greater nutritional risk than are @entity0 with a high BMI. Targeted nutritional intervention emphasizing nutrient-dense food choices to improve dietary patterns may be warranted.

title: Nutritional risk assessment and XXXX in rural older adults: a sex difference.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic evidence of a preventive effect of whole grain against @entity2 2 @entity1 is mainly based on data from @entity0 . Information specific to @entity0 and @entity0 is needed. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the relation between the intake of whole grain and fiber and the subsequent incidence of @entity2 2 @entity1 . DESIGN: The design was a cohort study of 2286 @entity0 and 2030 @entity0 aged 40-69 y and initially free of @entity1 . Food consumption data were collected from 1966 through 1972 with the use of a dietary history interview covering the habitual diet during the previous year. During a 10-y follow-up, incident @entity2 2 @entity1 cases were identified in 54 @entity0 and 102 @entity0 from a nationwide register. RESULTS: Whole-grain consumption was associated with a reduced risk of @entity2 2 @entity1 . The relative risk (adjusted for age, sex, geographic area, smoking status, body mass index, energy intake, and intakes of vegetables, fruit, and berries) between the highest and lowest quartiles of whole-grain consumption was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.36, 1.18; P for trend = 0.02). Cereal fiber intake was also associated with a reduced risk of @entity2 2 @entity1 . The relative risk between the extreme quartiles of cereal fiber intake was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.77; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: An inverse association between whole-grain intake and the risk of @entity2 2 @entity1 was found. The similar result for cereal fiber intake suggests that the whole-grain association is due to cereal fiber or another factor related to cereal fiber intake.

title: Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of XXXX 2 @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic evidence of a preventive effect of whole grain against @entity2 2 @entity1 is mainly based on data from @entity0 . Information specific to @entity0 and @entity0 is needed. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the relation between the intake of whole grain and fiber and the subsequent incidence of @entity2 2 @entity1 . DESIGN: The design was a cohort study of 2286 @entity0 and 2030 @entity0 aged 40-69 y and initially free of @entity1 . Food consumption data were collected from 1966 through 1972 with the use of a dietary history interview covering the habitual diet during the previous year. During a 10-y follow-up, incident @entity2 2 @entity1 cases were identified in 54 @entity0 and 102 @entity0 from a nationwide register. RESULTS: Whole-grain consumption was associated with a reduced risk of @entity2 2 @entity1 . The relative risk (adjusted for age, sex, geographic area, smoking status, body mass index, energy intake, and intakes of vegetables, fruit, and berries) between the highest and lowest quartiles of whole-grain consumption was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.36, 1.18; P for trend = 0.02). Cereal fiber intake was also associated with a reduced risk of @entity2 2 @entity1 . The relative risk between the extreme quartiles of cereal fiber intake was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.77; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: An inverse association between whole-grain intake and the risk of @entity2 2 @entity1 was found. The similar result for cereal fiber intake suggests that the whole-grain association is due to cereal fiber or another factor related to cereal fiber intake.

title: Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of @entity2 2 XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity11 is a relatively new antibiotic of the macrolide family heralded for an improved side effect profile, dosing schedule, and microbiological activity relative to its parent compound, @entity10 . We review the literature on @entity11 -induced @entity9 in adults and present an illustrative case. A total of 38 @entity0 with @entity11 -induced @entity9 have been reported. The average age of @entity0 was 51.3 years (range: 19-87 years) with females comprising 52.6% of @entity0 . @entity2 was the most common comorbidity, while only two @entity0 had @entity4 . @entity11 had been prescribed for @entity8 in most @entity0 , and only two @entity0 were receiving more than 1000 mg/day of antibiotic. The symptoms started 1 day to 10 days after starting @entity11 (mean: 5 days). A total of 71% of @entity0 were under treatment with concomitant medication, and eight @entity0 were undergoing treatment with psychoactive drugs. @entity0 had a very good outcome after @entity11 was discontinued, but medication with neuroleptics or @entity7 was required for 58% of @entity0 in the acute phase. Only four @entity0 underwent an electroencephalogram (EEG). Our illustrative @entity0 was a 74-year-old @entity0 with @entity11 -induced @entity6 due to @entity3 ( @entity3 ). Her clinical symptoms and electroencephalogram (EEG) readings dramatically improved after discontinuation of @entity11 . The mechanism underlying the central nervous system side effects remains unclear. We suggest including an EEG in the diagnostic procedures of @entity0 under treatment with @entity11 who develop features of @entity9 because an EEG can help to differentiate @entity0 with @entity2 from those with @entity1 or @entity5 . Because of the widespread use of @entity11 , clinicians should be aware of its @entity9 . Early detection of @entity11 -induced @entity9 and discontinuation of the drug may result in full recovery.

title: XXXX -induced @entity9 in adults.

answer: @entity11


abstract: @entity11 is a relatively new antibiotic of the macrolide family heralded for an improved side effect profile, dosing schedule, and microbiological activity relative to its parent compound, @entity10 . We review the literature on @entity11 -induced @entity9 in adults and present an illustrative case. A total of 38 @entity0 with @entity11 -induced @entity9 have been reported. The average age of @entity0 was 51.3 years (range: 19-87 years) with females comprising 52.6% of @entity0 . @entity2 was the most common comorbidity, while only two @entity0 had @entity4 . @entity11 had been prescribed for @entity8 in most @entity0 , and only two @entity0 were receiving more than 1000 mg/day of antibiotic. The symptoms started 1 day to 10 days after starting @entity11 (mean: 5 days). A total of 71% of @entity0 were under treatment with concomitant medication, and eight @entity0 were undergoing treatment with psychoactive drugs. @entity0 had a very good outcome after @entity11 was discontinued, but medication with neuroleptics or @entity7 was required for 58% of @entity0 in the acute phase. Only four @entity0 underwent an electroencephalogram (EEG). Our illustrative @entity0 was a 74-year-old @entity0 with @entity11 -induced @entity6 due to @entity3 ( @entity3 ). Her clinical symptoms and electroencephalogram (EEG) readings dramatically improved after discontinuation of @entity11 . The mechanism underlying the central nervous system side effects remains unclear. We suggest including an EEG in the diagnostic procedures of @entity0 under treatment with @entity11 who develop features of @entity9 because an EEG can help to differentiate @entity0 with @entity2 from those with @entity1 or @entity5 . Because of the widespread use of @entity11 , clinicians should be aware of its @entity9 . Early detection of @entity11 -induced @entity9 and discontinuation of the drug may result in full recovery.

title: @entity11 -induced XXXX in adults.

answer: @entity9


abstract: BACKGROUND: A high birth weight has been suggested to increase the later risk of @entity1 , as measured by body mass index, but, paradoxically, to decrease the later propensity to @entity2 . Programming of more lean tissue rather than fat mass by a high birth weight might explain this paradox and also explain the association of birth weight with later body mass index. This concept has been inadequately tested. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to test the hypothesis that a high birth weight programs a greater proportion of lean mass in @entity0 and adolescents. DESIGN: Body fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by both skinfold-thickness measurement and bioelectrical impedance analysis in adolescents aged 13-16 y (n = 78) who were part of a study that investigated the early origins of @entity2 . Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a separate group of younger @entity0 . RESULTS: An increase in birth weight of 1 SD was significantly associated with a 0.9-1.4-kg (2-3%) increase in fat-free mass in adolescents but not with an increase in fat mass. This association was independent of age, sex, height, pubertal stage, socioeconomic status, and physical activity. Similar observations were made in younger @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the hypothesis that fetal growth, measured by birth weight, programs lean mass later in life. Our observations may therefore explain the association of birth weight with body mass index and have implications for the early origins of both @entity1 and @entity2 .

title: Programming of lean body mass: a link between birth weight, @entity1 , and XXXX ?

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: A high birth weight has been suggested to increase the later risk of @entity1 , as measured by body mass index, but, paradoxically, to decrease the later propensity to @entity2 . Programming of more lean tissue rather than fat mass by a high birth weight might explain this paradox and also explain the association of birth weight with later body mass index. This concept has been inadequately tested. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to test the hypothesis that a high birth weight programs a greater proportion of lean mass in @entity0 and adolescents. DESIGN: Body fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by both skinfold-thickness measurement and bioelectrical impedance analysis in adolescents aged 13-16 y (n = 78) who were part of a study that investigated the early origins of @entity2 . Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a separate group of younger @entity0 . RESULTS: An increase in birth weight of 1 SD was significantly associated with a 0.9-1.4-kg (2-3%) increase in fat-free mass in adolescents but not with an increase in fat mass. This association was independent of age, sex, height, pubertal stage, socioeconomic status, and physical activity. Similar observations were made in younger @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the hypothesis that fetal growth, measured by birth weight, programs lean mass later in life. Our observations may therefore explain the association of birth weight with body mass index and have implications for the early origins of both @entity1 and @entity2 .

title: Programming of lean body mass: a link between birth weight, XXXX , and @entity2 ?

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate feasibility and results of automated perimetry in veterans with combat blast neurotrauma. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal, observational case series. @entity0 : Sixty-one @entity0 in a Veterans Affairs Polytrauma Center diagnosed with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) from combat blast exposure. METHODS: Study @entity0 underwent automated perimetry at baseline (median interval, 2 months after injury) (Humphrey Field Analyzer, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm 30-2 Standard or Fast), and 36 of them were followed up (median interval, 10 months after baseline). Presence of significant mean deviation and pattern standard deviation was determined for testing with reliability indices  <=20% for fixation loss, 15% for false-positives, and 33% for false-negatives. Test-retest stability of global visual field indices was assessed for tests with these cutoffs or with elevated fixation loss. Associations between global @entity2 and predictors were examined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Global visual field indices (mean deviation and pattern standard deviation). RESULTS: Among 61 study @entity0 (109 study eyes) with baseline testing, a field that met reliability cutoffs was obtained for 48 @entity0 (79%) and 78 eyes (72%). Fixation loss was found in 29% of eyes in initial testing. Nine study @entity0 (15%) demonstrated @entity4 or @entity4 , and an additional 36% had an abnormal global visual field index. Global indices were relatively stable at follow-up testing for tests meeting fixation-loss cutoffs and tests that did not. @entity2 due to post-chiasmal lesions were associated with moderate to severe @entity1 or penetrating @entity3 , but other @entity2 were prevalent across the range of mild to severe @entity1 . @entity6 to the retina or choroid, poorer visual acuity, and @entity5 were associated with @entity2 . @entity0 with @entity2 reported lower visual quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Reliable automated perimetry can be accomplished in most @entity0 with @entity1 from combat blast exposure and reveals high rates of @entity2 , indicating that blast forces may significantly affect the eye and visual pathways.

title: Automated Perimetry and Visual Dysfunction in Blast-Related XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Normalization of data, by choosing the appropriate reference genes (RGs), is fundamental for obtaining reliable results in reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). In this study, we assessed Actinidia deliciosa leaves inoculated with two doses of @entity2 . actinidiae during a period of 13 days for the expression profile of nine candidate RGs. Their expression stability was calculated using four algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and the deltaCt method. @entity4 dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) were the most stable genes, while b-tubulin and 7s-globulin were the less stable. Expression analysis of three target genes, chosen for RGs validation, encoding the reactive @entity0 species scavenging enzymes @entity3 peroxidase (APX), @entity1 dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) indicated that a combination of stable RGs, such as GAPDH and PP2A, can lead to an accurate quantification of the expression levels of such target genes. The APX level varied during the experiment time course and according to the inoculum doses, whereas both SOD and CAT resulted down-regulated during the first four days, and up-regulated afterwards, irrespective of inoculum dose. These results can be useful for better elucidating the molecular interaction in the A. deliciosa/P. s. pv. actinidiae pathosystem and for RGs selection in bacteria-plant pathosystems.

title: Reference gene selection for normalization of RT-qPCR gene expression data from Actinidia deliciosa leaves infected with XXXX pv. actinidiae.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the demonstration of the pearl necklace sign at magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in @entity0 with proven adenomyomatosis and @entity2 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: MRCP findings and those of a combination of unenhanced and arterial phase computed tomography (CT) and arterial phase MR imaging were retrospectively compared in 29 @entity0 who were pathologically proven to have @entity1 and in 18 @entity0 with pathologically proven @entity2 . Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used with a five-point confidence scale. The relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each imaging modality were also calculated. The pearl necklace sign was defined on MRCP images as small round foci, with the same markedly high signal intensity as bile, within the thickened wall of the gallbladder. RESULTS: The mean area under the ROC curve of MRCP alone and that of the combination of MRCP and arterial phase MR imaging was significantly higher than that of combined CT (unenhanced and arterial phase) and arterial phase MR imaging alone (P <.01). The relative sensitivities in the diagnosis of @entity1 were 24% for the combined CT, 29% for arterial phase MR imaging, 62% for MRCP, and 57% for the combination of MRCP and arterial phase MR imaging. The mean relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the pearl necklace sign on MRCP images were 62%, 92%, and 74%, respectively. In eight (28%) of 29 @entity0 with @entity1 , the pearl necklace sign was not identified by all three readers on the MRCP images. CONCLUSION: The pearl necklace sign, which indicates the presence of @entity3 within the thickened gallbladder wall, was specifically detected at MRCP for @entity1 .

title: The pearl necklace sign: an imaging sign of XXXX at MR cholangiopancreatography.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features in @entity0 with proved @entity4 and to compare these features with those in a matched group of @entity0 with proved @entity1 in ano to determine the accuracy with which MR imaging can be used to distinguish between the two diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven @entity0 with @entity4 underwent MR imaging with a body coil. The site and morphology of @entity2 were noted, with particular reference to natal @entity3 and @entity2 , including intersphincteric anal canal @entity2 and any enteric communication. Comparison was made with 14 age- and sex-matched @entity0 with @entity1 in ano. Categoric frequencies were compared to calculate differences between the groups and sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values. RESULTS: All @entity0 with @entity4 had natal @entity3 , but five (71%) had @entity2 at deep-seated sites more characteristic of @entity1 in ano. Eight @entity0 with @entity1 in ano (57%) had natal @entity3 that was thought characteristic of @entity4 . No @entity0 with @entity4 had @entity2 or an enteric communication, in contrast to all @entity0 with @entity1 in ano having both (P <.001). Natal @entity3 reached the subcutaneous tissues overlying the coccyx and sacrum in only one @entity0 with @entity1 (7%), in contrast to six (86%) with @entity4 (P <.001). MR imaging had a sensitivity of 86% (six of seven), specificity of 100% (14 of 14), positive predictive value of 100% (six of six), and negative predictive value of 93% (14 of 15) for diagnosis of @entity4 . CONCLUSION: MR imaging features of @entity2 , characteristic of @entity1 in ano, are also found in @entity0 with @entity4 , but the absence of @entity2 or enteric opening allows reliable MR imaging distinction between the two.

title: @entity4 : MR imaging distinction from XXXX in ano.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features in @entity0 with proved @entity4 and to compare these features with those in a matched group of @entity0 with proved @entity1 in ano to determine the accuracy with which MR imaging can be used to distinguish between the two diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven @entity0 with @entity4 underwent MR imaging with a body coil. The site and morphology of @entity2 were noted, with particular reference to natal @entity3 and @entity2 , including intersphincteric anal canal @entity2 and any enteric communication. Comparison was made with 14 age- and sex-matched @entity0 with @entity1 in ano. Categoric frequencies were compared to calculate differences between the groups and sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values. RESULTS: All @entity0 with @entity4 had natal @entity3 , but five (71%) had @entity2 at deep-seated sites more characteristic of @entity1 in ano. Eight @entity0 with @entity1 in ano (57%) had natal @entity3 that was thought characteristic of @entity4 . No @entity0 with @entity4 had @entity2 or an enteric communication, in contrast to all @entity0 with @entity1 in ano having both (P <.001). Natal @entity3 reached the subcutaneous tissues overlying the coccyx and sacrum in only one @entity0 with @entity1 (7%), in contrast to six (86%) with @entity4 (P <.001). MR imaging had a sensitivity of 86% (six of seven), specificity of 100% (14 of 14), positive predictive value of 100% (six of six), and negative predictive value of 93% (14 of 15) for diagnosis of @entity4 . CONCLUSION: MR imaging features of @entity2 , characteristic of @entity1 in ano, are also found in @entity0 with @entity4 , but the absence of @entity2 or enteric opening allows reliable MR imaging distinction between the two.

title: XXXX : MR imaging distinction from @entity1 in ano.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: The efficacy of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is sufficiently proven in @entity2 @entity0 of middle and older age by means of randomized controlled trials and large observational studies. However, data in young @entity1 @entity0  <=50   years are still scarce. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of @entity3 in young adults aged 18-50   years. Data from a consecutive and prospective @entity1 registry was analyzed that covers a federal state with 10.8 million inhabitants in southwest Germany. METHODS: Our analysis comprises 51,735 @entity2 @entity0 aged 18-80   years and hospitalized from January 2008 to December 2012. Of these, 4,140 (8%) were aged 18-50   years and 7,529 (15%) underwent @entity3 . Data on 8,439 @entity0 (16% of the study population) were missing for National Institutes of @entity1 severity score at admission and/or modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge and were excluded from outcome analysis. In sensitivity analysis, @entity0 with incomplete data were also examined. Binary logistic regression models were used adjusted for @entity0 , hospital, and procedural parameters and stratified by age group (18-50 and 51-80   years, subgroup analyses 18-30, 31-40, and 41-50   years) to assess the relationship between @entity3 and mRS at discharge. RESULTS: @entity3 appears equally effective in young adults 18-50   years (adjusted odds ratio 1.40, 95% confidence interval 1.12-1.75; p   =   0.003), compared to @entity0 51-80   years of age (1.33, 1.23-1.43; p   <   0.001). Age-stratified analyses suggest an inverse relation of age and effectiveness, which appears to be highest in very young @entity0 18-30   years of age (2.78, 1.10-7.05; p   =   0.03). DISCUSSION: @entity2 etiology, vascular dynamics, and recovery in young @entity0 differ from those of middle and older age. The evidence from routine hospital care in Germany indicates that @entity3 in young @entity1 @entity0 appears to be at least equally effective as in the elderly.

title: Intravenous Thrombolysis is Effective in Young Adults: Results from the Baden-Wuerttemberg XXXX Registry.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Induction of mixed or complete chimerism via hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from nonautoimmune donors could prevent or reverse @entity2 ( @entity2 ). In clinical settings, HLA-matched HCT is preferred to facilitate engraftment and reduce the risk for @entity3 ( @entity3 ). Yet autoimmune @entity2 susceptibility is associated with certain HLA types. Therefore, we tested whether induction of mixed chimerism with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched donors could reverse @entity1 in the NOD @entity0 model of @entity2 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Prediabetic wild-type or transgenic BDC2.5 NOD @entity0 were conditioned with a radiation-free @entity3 preventative anti- @entity4 /CD8 conditioning regimen and transplanted with bone marrow (BM) from MHC-matched or mismatched donors to induce mixed or complete chimerism. @entity2 development and thymic deletion of host-type autoreactive T-cells in the chimeric recipients were evaluated. RESULTS: Induction of mixed chimerism with MHC-matched nonautoimmune donor BM transplants did not prevent @entity2 in wild-type NOD @entity0 , although induction of complete chimerism did prevent the disease. However, induction of either mixed or complete chimerism with MHC-mismatched BM transplants prevented @entity2 in such @entity0 . Furthermore, induction of mixed chimerism in transgenic BDC2.5-NOD @entity0 with MHC-matched or -mismatched @entity5 (-/-) BM transplants failed to induce thymic deletion of de novo developed host-type autoreactive T-cells, whereas induction of mixed chimerism with mismatched BM transplants did. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of mixed chimerism with MHC-mismatched, but not matched, donor BM transplants re-establishes thymic deletion of host-type autoreactive T-cells and prevents @entity2 , with donor antigen-presenting cell expression of mismatched @entity5 molecules being required.

title: Induction of mixed chimerism with MHC-mismatched but not matched bone marrow transplants results in thymic deletion of host-type autoreactive T-cells in NOD XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Discontinuation of low-dose @entity5 ( @entity8 ) therapy may increase the risk of @entity1 events. This study evaluated the risk of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and @entity10 after low-dose @entity8 discontinuation in @entity0 with @entity3 or @entity4 . METHODS: The Health Improvement Network UK primary care database was used to identify a cohort of individuals aged 50-84 years with a first prescription for low-dose @entity8 (75-300 mg/day) for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events in 2000-2007 (n = 39,512). Individuals were followed up for a mean of 3.4 years to identify cases of @entity6 / @entity10 . Nested case-control analyses were used to assess risk factors for @entity6 / @entity10 , including low-dose @entity8 discontinuation. RESULTS: The overall incidence of @entity6 / @entity10 was 5.0 per 1,000 @entity0 -years (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.6-5.4). @entity6 / @entity10 was significantly more common in @entity0 with a previous diagnosis of @entity4 (relative risk [RR] 2.79; 95% CI 2.05-3.80) or @entity7 ( @entity9 .71; 95% CI 1.28-2.29) than in those without these conditions. Compared with current users of low-dose @entity8 , those who discontinued treatment 31-180 days before the index date had a significantly increased overall risk of @entity6 / @entity10 ( @entity9 .40; 95% CI 1.03-1.92). The most common reason for discontinuation was @entity0 nonadherence. CONCLUSION: In @entity0 prescribed low-dose @entity8 for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events, discontinuation of low-dose @entity8 was associated with a 40% increase in the risk of @entity6 / @entity10 compared with continuation of therapy. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that discontinuation of low-dose @entity8 is associated with a 40% increased risk of @entity2 within 31-180 days of discontinuation.

title: Increased risk of @entity2 after discontinuation of XXXX : a UK primary care study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Discontinuation of low-dose @entity5 ( @entity8 ) therapy may increase the risk of @entity1 events. This study evaluated the risk of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and @entity10 after low-dose @entity8 discontinuation in @entity0 with @entity3 or @entity4 . METHODS: The Health Improvement Network UK primary care database was used to identify a cohort of individuals aged 50-84 years with a first prescription for low-dose @entity8 (75-300 mg/day) for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events in 2000-2007 (n = 39,512). Individuals were followed up for a mean of 3.4 years to identify cases of @entity6 / @entity10 . Nested case-control analyses were used to assess risk factors for @entity6 / @entity10 , including low-dose @entity8 discontinuation. RESULTS: The overall incidence of @entity6 / @entity10 was 5.0 per 1,000 @entity0 -years (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.6-5.4). @entity6 / @entity10 was significantly more common in @entity0 with a previous diagnosis of @entity4 (relative risk [RR] 2.79; 95% CI 2.05-3.80) or @entity7 ( @entity9 .71; 95% CI 1.28-2.29) than in those without these conditions. Compared with current users of low-dose @entity8 , those who discontinued treatment 31-180 days before the index date had a significantly increased overall risk of @entity6 / @entity10 ( @entity9 .40; 95% CI 1.03-1.92). The most common reason for discontinuation was @entity0 nonadherence. CONCLUSION: In @entity0 prescribed low-dose @entity8 for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events, discontinuation of low-dose @entity8 was associated with a 40% increase in the risk of @entity6 / @entity10 compared with continuation of therapy. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that discontinuation of low-dose @entity8 is associated with a 40% increased risk of @entity2 within 31-180 days of discontinuation.

title: Increased risk of XXXX after discontinuation of @entity5 : a UK primary care study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity4 can occur wherever peripheral nerve Schwann cells are found. However, @entity4 is extremely rare in that only 16 cases have been reported, including that of the present @entity0 . A 51-year-old male complained of @entity3 and @entity5 in the lower left region. @entity3 increased with leftward bending. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a @entity6 about 6 cm in diameter in the left psoas major muscle, and the lesion was in contact with the L4 and L5 vertebral bodies. The @entity1 did not continue to the lumbar foramen. The symptom had become disabling, therefore @entity1 removal was performed using Wiltse's approach. From intraoperative findings, the origin of the @entity1 was suspected to be the L4 nerve root. The ventral surface of the @entity1 could not be observed with this posterior approach. Lumbar plexus might adhere closely to the ventral surface of the @entity1 , therefore the capsule of the @entity1 was left to avoid @entity2 . @entity4 was diagnosed by pathological analysis, and no malignancy was evident. After the operation, symptoms were completely relieved, and the residual capsule of the @entity1 diminished in size on MRI after 12 months. The posterior Wiltse's approach can be useful to treat mass lesions in the psoas major muscle. The 16 reported cases of @entity4 , including that of the present @entity0 , are reviewed.

title: [ XXXX developing in the psoas major muscle: a case report].

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Although treatment for recurrent @entity2 is usually not curative and intends to be palliative, a certain significance of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) for recurrent @entity1 has been reported; still, there are limitations in this strategy including difficulty in predicting successful complete resection and selecting good candidates. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential survival benefit of @entity3 in @entity0 with recurrent @entity2 . METHODS: Among all @entity0 who underwent primary therapy for @entity2 between 1994 and 2006 at our institute, medical records of @entity0 who were submitted to @entity3 for @entity4 following complete remission after primary therapy were retrospectively investigated. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used for survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazard regression model was used for quantifying the relations between survival and covariates. RESULTS: Thirty-four @entity0 met the inclusion criteria. Complete resection of all visible @entity1 at @entity3 was achieved in 24 of @entity0 (75%). Median postrecurrence survival was 60 months. On univariate analysis, solitary @entity4 , disease-free interval, @entity5 value at @entity4 , and complete resection were significant prognostic factors on postrecurrence survival; whereas on multivariate analysis, @entity5 value at @entity4 and complete resection were independent prognostic factors. In addition, a comparison according to the initial method that detected @entity4 revealed that @entity0 whose @entity4 was detected with @entity5 elevations had significantly worse postrecurrence survival than those detected with routine examinations including image scans (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, the impact of @entity3 on the significant survival benefit was identified for @entity0 with low @entity5 value at @entity4 as well as with complete resection. Although further analyses are needed, @entity0 whose @entity4 was diagnosed by routine examinations without @entity5 elevation might be better candidates for @entity3 .

title: Potential survival benefit of XXXX for recurrent @entity2 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Although treatment for recurrent @entity2 is usually not curative and intends to be palliative, a certain significance of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) for recurrent @entity1 has been reported; still, there are limitations in this strategy including difficulty in predicting successful complete resection and selecting good candidates. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential survival benefit of @entity3 in @entity0 with recurrent @entity2 . METHODS: Among all @entity0 who underwent primary therapy for @entity2 between 1994 and 2006 at our institute, medical records of @entity0 who were submitted to @entity3 for @entity4 following complete remission after primary therapy were retrospectively investigated. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used for survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazard regression model was used for quantifying the relations between survival and covariates. RESULTS: Thirty-four @entity0 met the inclusion criteria. Complete resection of all visible @entity1 at @entity3 was achieved in 24 of @entity0 (75%). Median postrecurrence survival was 60 months. On univariate analysis, solitary @entity4 , disease-free interval, @entity5 value at @entity4 , and complete resection were significant prognostic factors on postrecurrence survival; whereas on multivariate analysis, @entity5 value at @entity4 and complete resection were independent prognostic factors. In addition, a comparison according to the initial method that detected @entity4 revealed that @entity0 whose @entity4 was detected with @entity5 elevations had significantly worse postrecurrence survival than those detected with routine examinations including image scans (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, the impact of @entity3 on the significant survival benefit was identified for @entity0 with low @entity5 value at @entity4 as well as with complete resection. Although further analyses are needed, @entity0 whose @entity4 was diagnosed by routine examinations without @entity5 elevation might be better candidates for @entity3 .

title: Potential survival benefit of @entity3 for recurrent XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Eight pregnant @entity0 were inoculated orally with 10 to 1,000 oocysts of @entity1 at 83 to 102 days of gestation. Serum samples from the @entity0 and from the kids born to them were analyzed, using the Sabin-Feldman dye test (DT), a commercially available modified agglutination test (MAT), and a latex agglutination test. Six of the does were observed for greater than 1 year; during this time, they delivered twice. All does developed DT and MAT antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:2,048 within 29 days after inoculation, and the high titers persisted through the 2nd pregnancy; therefore, serologic results alone should not be relied on for the diagnosis of @entity1 -induced abortion in does. On the other hand, all transplacentally infected kids had DT or MAT antibody titers of 1:2,048 before ingesting colostrum, indicating the usefulness of serologic evaluation of the fetus or stillborn kid in the diagnosis of abortion. Antibody was not found in the sera of noninfected kids born to @entity1 -infected does. The passively acquired colostral antibody declined by 5 months. Therefore, specific antibody found in adult @entity0 is probably actively acquired. The commercially available MAT was simple, sensitive, and reliable for the diagnosis of caprine @entity2 . The latex agglutination test needs further improvement, as titers rarely exceeded 1:256.

title: Serologic diagnosis of @entity2 in experimentally infected pregnant XXXX and transplacentally infected kids.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Eight pregnant @entity0 were inoculated orally with 10 to 1,000 oocysts of @entity1 at 83 to 102 days of gestation. Serum samples from the @entity0 and from the kids born to them were analyzed, using the Sabin-Feldman dye test (DT), a commercially available modified agglutination test (MAT), and a latex agglutination test. Six of the does were observed for greater than 1 year; during this time, they delivered twice. All does developed DT and MAT antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:2,048 within 29 days after inoculation, and the high titers persisted through the 2nd pregnancy; therefore, serologic results alone should not be relied on for the diagnosis of @entity1 -induced abortion in does. On the other hand, all transplacentally infected kids had DT or MAT antibody titers of 1:2,048 before ingesting colostrum, indicating the usefulness of serologic evaluation of the fetus or stillborn kid in the diagnosis of abortion. Antibody was not found in the sera of noninfected kids born to @entity1 -infected does. The passively acquired colostral antibody declined by 5 months. Therefore, specific antibody found in adult @entity0 is probably actively acquired. The commercially available MAT was simple, sensitive, and reliable for the diagnosis of caprine @entity2 . The latex agglutination test needs further improvement, as titers rarely exceeded 1:256.

title: Serologic diagnosis of XXXX in experimentally infected pregnant @entity0 and transplacentally infected kids.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the clinical and haemodynamic tolerance of intravenous @entity4 in a bolus dose of 10 mg followed by an infusion of 360 mg over 24 hours in 12 @entity0 in the acute phase of @entity1 . We did not observe any significant modification in the heart rate or in the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. The mean blood pressure decreased from 111.5 +/- 11.8 mmHg to 92.8 +/- 12.7 mmHg (p less than 0.001) after a 24 infusion. The cardiac index increased from 2.34 +/- 0.62 1 X @entity3 X m-2 to 3.05 +/- 0.95 1 X min-1 X m-2 (p less than 0.05) and the systemic vascular resistance decreased from 2 150 +/- 640 dyn. s.cm-5 to 1 403 +/- 308 dyn.s.cm-5 (p +/- 0.005). Three @entity0 presented a rise in the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure of more than 30 mmHg and in one of these @entity0 , the @entity4 had to be stopped. These three @entity0 all had a high initial pulmonary capillary pressure (greater than 18 mmHg). The drug was well tolerated clinically. On electrocardiography, four @entity0 presented @entity5 , all of which regressed when the @entity4 was stopped (a 3rd degree @entity2 with narrow QRS complexes, a Luciani-Wenckebach type of 2nd degree @entity2 and two cases of 1st degree @entity2 . Overall, intravenous @entity4 was well tolerated in terms of clinical and haemodynamic parameters in these @entity0 in the acute phase of a @entity1 , provided the left ventricular filling pressure was not excessively elevated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Clinical and hemodynamic tolerance of intravenous XXXX in the acute phase of @entity1 ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the clinical and haemodynamic tolerance of intravenous @entity4 in a bolus dose of 10 mg followed by an infusion of 360 mg over 24 hours in 12 @entity0 in the acute phase of @entity1 . We did not observe any significant modification in the heart rate or in the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. The mean blood pressure decreased from 111.5 +/- 11.8 mmHg to 92.8 +/- 12.7 mmHg (p less than 0.001) after a 24 infusion. The cardiac index increased from 2.34 +/- 0.62 1 X @entity3 X m-2 to 3.05 +/- 0.95 1 X min-1 X m-2 (p less than 0.05) and the systemic vascular resistance decreased from 2 150 +/- 640 dyn. s.cm-5 to 1 403 +/- 308 dyn.s.cm-5 (p +/- 0.005). Three @entity0 presented a rise in the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure of more than 30 mmHg and in one of these @entity0 , the @entity4 had to be stopped. These three @entity0 all had a high initial pulmonary capillary pressure (greater than 18 mmHg). The drug was well tolerated clinically. On electrocardiography, four @entity0 presented @entity5 , all of which regressed when the @entity4 was stopped (a 3rd degree @entity2 with narrow QRS complexes, a Luciani-Wenckebach type of 2nd degree @entity2 and two cases of 1st degree @entity2 . Overall, intravenous @entity4 was well tolerated in terms of clinical and haemodynamic parameters in these @entity0 in the acute phase of a @entity1 , provided the left ventricular filling pressure was not excessively elevated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Clinical and hemodynamic tolerance of intravenous @entity4 in the acute phase of XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity1 ( @entity1 ) does occur in India but it is rare. No epidemiological studies have been done. The calculations based on the hospital data suggest an approximate prevalence rate of 0.17 to 1.33 per 100,000 of population in different parts of India. One hundred and five @entity0 with clinically definite @entity1 (2 proven at autopsy) and 14 @entity0 with @entity2 were seen in the Bombay region from 1957 to 1983. The mean age of onset for @entity1 @entity0 was 27.7 years. There were 60 female and 45 male @entity0 . The clinical data in this larger series confirm the conclusions reached earlier, namely that the Indian @entity1 @entity0 are more akin to those reported from Japan and other Asian countries as compared to the West. The relative incidence of @entity2 was high (6%). The optico-spinal form of @entity1 was the commonest (71.4%). In @entity0 with clinically definite @entity1 there was a high incidence of optic nerve involvement, both at the onset and during the course of the disease; sensory level occurred in a large number of @entity0 and cerebellar involvement was less frequent. @entity1 in this series affected @entity0 of all communities and different dietary habits. @entity1 was more common in the higher socioeconomic group whereas @entity2 was mainly seen in @entity0 in the low socioeconomic group.

title: XXXX --Indian experience.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Between August 1979 and December 1983 one hundred episodes of @entity2 in 70 @entity0 with @entity1 , most of whom had @entity8 , were treated empirically with a combination of @entity9 (4.0g, every 6 hours) and @entity11 (200mg, every 6 hours) at Saitama @entity1 Center. Profound @entity8 (less than 100/mm3 of granulocytes) was present at the beginning of treatment in 40% of episodes. Oral absorbable or nonabsorbable antibiotics were used in 57 febrile episodes. WBC transfusion was not given. The response rate for all documented @entity3 was 58.1%, including 8 of 9 (88.8%) episodes of @entity7 . The majority of @entity3 with identified organisms were caused by aerobic gram-negative pathogens including @entity5 (8 cases), @entity10 spp. (3 cases), @entity4 (4 cases), @entity12 (2 cases) and serratia spp. (3 cases). The response rate of gram-negative @entity3 was 55% Pneumonia with a response rate of 21.1% responded less satisfactorily than all other types of @entity3 . The response rate for profound persistent @entity8 (less than 100/mm3 granulocytes without a rise during therapy) was 45.5%. The most common adverse effect was hepatotoxicity (16 episodes). Nephrotoxicity occurred in 4 @entity0 and @entity6 in 2 @entity0 .

title: [Empiric therapy with XXXX plus @entity11 for febrile @entity0 with @entity1 --with emphasis on @entity8 ].

answer: @entity9


abstract: Between August 1979 and December 1983 one hundred episodes of @entity2 in 70 @entity0 with @entity1 , most of whom had @entity8 , were treated empirically with a combination of @entity9 (4.0g, every 6 hours) and @entity11 (200mg, every 6 hours) at Saitama @entity1 Center. Profound @entity8 (less than 100/mm3 of granulocytes) was present at the beginning of treatment in 40% of episodes. Oral absorbable or nonabsorbable antibiotics were used in 57 febrile episodes. WBC transfusion was not given. The response rate for all documented @entity3 was 58.1%, including 8 of 9 (88.8%) episodes of @entity7 . The majority of @entity3 with identified organisms were caused by aerobic gram-negative pathogens including @entity5 (8 cases), @entity10 spp. (3 cases), @entity4 (4 cases), @entity12 (2 cases) and serratia spp. (3 cases). The response rate of gram-negative @entity3 was 55% Pneumonia with a response rate of 21.1% responded less satisfactorily than all other types of @entity3 . The response rate for profound persistent @entity8 (less than 100/mm3 granulocytes without a rise during therapy) was 45.5%. The most common adverse effect was hepatotoxicity (16 episodes). Nephrotoxicity occurred in 4 @entity0 and @entity6 in 2 @entity0 .

title: [Empiric therapy with @entity9 plus XXXX for febrile @entity0 with @entity1 --with emphasis on @entity8 ].

answer: @entity11


abstract: Between August 1979 and December 1983 one hundred episodes of @entity2 in 70 @entity0 with @entity1 , most of whom had @entity8 , were treated empirically with a combination of @entity9 (4.0g, every 6 hours) and @entity11 (200mg, every 6 hours) at Saitama @entity1 Center. Profound @entity8 (less than 100/mm3 of granulocytes) was present at the beginning of treatment in 40% of episodes. Oral absorbable or nonabsorbable antibiotics were used in 57 febrile episodes. WBC transfusion was not given. The response rate for all documented @entity3 was 58.1%, including 8 of 9 (88.8%) episodes of @entity7 . The majority of @entity3 with identified organisms were caused by aerobic gram-negative pathogens including @entity5 (8 cases), @entity10 spp. (3 cases), @entity4 (4 cases), @entity12 (2 cases) and serratia spp. (3 cases). The response rate of gram-negative @entity3 was 55% Pneumonia with a response rate of 21.1% responded less satisfactorily than all other types of @entity3 . The response rate for profound persistent @entity8 (less than 100/mm3 granulocytes without a rise during therapy) was 45.5%. The most common adverse effect was hepatotoxicity (16 episodes). Nephrotoxicity occurred in 4 @entity0 and @entity6 in 2 @entity0 .

title: [Empiric therapy with @entity9 plus @entity11 for febrile @entity0 with @entity1 --with emphasis on XXXX ].

answer: @entity8


abstract: Between August 1979 and December 1983 one hundred episodes of @entity2 in 70 @entity0 with @entity1 , most of whom had @entity8 , were treated empirically with a combination of @entity9 (4.0g, every 6 hours) and @entity11 (200mg, every 6 hours) at Saitama @entity1 Center. Profound @entity8 (less than 100/mm3 of granulocytes) was present at the beginning of treatment in 40% of episodes. Oral absorbable or nonabsorbable antibiotics were used in 57 febrile episodes. WBC transfusion was not given. The response rate for all documented @entity3 was 58.1%, including 8 of 9 (88.8%) episodes of @entity7 . The majority of @entity3 with identified organisms were caused by aerobic gram-negative pathogens including @entity5 (8 cases), @entity10 spp. (3 cases), @entity4 (4 cases), @entity12 (2 cases) and serratia spp. (3 cases). The response rate of gram-negative @entity3 was 55% Pneumonia with a response rate of 21.1% responded less satisfactorily than all other types of @entity3 . The response rate for profound persistent @entity8 (less than 100/mm3 granulocytes without a rise during therapy) was 45.5%. The most common adverse effect was hepatotoxicity (16 episodes). Nephrotoxicity occurred in 4 @entity0 and @entity6 in 2 @entity0 .

title: [Empiric therapy with @entity9 plus @entity11 for febrile @entity0 with XXXX --with emphasis on @entity8 ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Between August 1979 and December 1983 one hundred episodes of @entity2 in 70 @entity0 with @entity1 , most of whom had @entity8 , were treated empirically with a combination of @entity9 (4.0g, every 6 hours) and @entity11 (200mg, every 6 hours) at Saitama @entity1 Center. Profound @entity8 (less than 100/mm3 of granulocytes) was present at the beginning of treatment in 40% of episodes. Oral absorbable or nonabsorbable antibiotics were used in 57 febrile episodes. WBC transfusion was not given. The response rate for all documented @entity3 was 58.1%, including 8 of 9 (88.8%) episodes of @entity7 . The majority of @entity3 with identified organisms were caused by aerobic gram-negative pathogens including @entity5 (8 cases), @entity10 spp. (3 cases), @entity4 (4 cases), @entity12 (2 cases) and serratia spp. (3 cases). The response rate of gram-negative @entity3 was 55% Pneumonia with a response rate of 21.1% responded less satisfactorily than all other types of @entity3 . The response rate for profound persistent @entity8 (less than 100/mm3 granulocytes without a rise during therapy) was 45.5%. The most common adverse effect was hepatotoxicity (16 episodes). Nephrotoxicity occurred in 4 @entity0 and @entity6 in 2 @entity0 .

title: [Empiric therapy with @entity9 plus @entity11 for febrile XXXX with @entity1 --with emphasis on @entity8 ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: Although survival from primary @entity0 has improved with earlier diagnosis and treatment, the management of the opposite breast is still in question. The risk factors for bilaterality are known, and preoperative mammography is occasionally helpful, but identification of early second @entity0 is very limited. Contralateral biopsy may provide a reasonable answer to the problem. During a 5-year period, 62 elective contralateral biopsies were performed in @entity1 having mastectomies for primary @entity0 . This consisted of either a mirror image biopsy or, more commonly, a biopsy of the upper outer quadrant. Thirteen @entity1 had simultaneous @entity3 , of whom two had clinically overt bilateral cancers and 11 (18%) had clinically occult malignancy. Seven of these 11 had both radiologically and clinically normal breasts. Thus, 11.3% had radiologically and clinically occult @entity3 demonstrated by biopsy. Surgical management consisted of total mastectomy with low axillary dissection for noninvasive @entity3 and modified radical mastectomy for invasive @entity3 . Pathologic findings of the dominant @entity0 and the @entity4 were: bilateral, noninvasive: three @entity1 ; invasive, noninvasive: (seven @entity1 ), and invasive, invasive: three @entity1 . Although follow-up is short (median of 40 months), 82% of the @entity1 who had clinically occult second-breast cancer remain free of disease. During a previous 8-year period, 37 of 500 primary @entity0 @entity1 (7.4%) developed metachronous (33) or synchronous (4) second-breast primary cancers primarily diagnosed clinically or radiologically. Of these, 35 were invasive and two noninvasive @entity3 ; 41% had nodal metastases. A selected "favorable group," 28 of these @entity1 who were free of disease 3 years after their first @entity3 , was analyzed. The analysis showed that only 10 (36%) were surviving free of disease at 7 years; 25% were free of disease at 10 years. Although the incidence of clinically-recognized, second-primary @entity0 is relatively low, development of a second @entity2 severely impairs @entity1 survival. Contralateral biopsy would appear useful to identify @entity1 with early invasive or preinvasive @entity3 in the second breast, which appears normal after clinical observation or mammography. It provides opportunity to reduce the risk of @entity2 in that breast, as well as to provide important diagnostic and prognostic information.

title: XXXX . Risk reduction by contralateral biopsy.

answer: @entity0