abstract: Hybridoma technology was used to raise monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against wild-type amidase from @entity0 . Hybridoma clones secreting polyol-responsive MAbs (PR-MAbs) were screened that bind antigen tightly. but release under mild- and non-denaturing elution conditions, which can be used as ligands in immunoaffinity chromatography. Two of these hybridoma clones (C9E4 and B1E4) secreting MAbs against wild-type amidase were selected in order to check if they are PR-MAbs by using ELISA-elution assay. These hybridoma cell lines secreted MAbs of IgG class which were purified in a single step by Protein A-Sepharose CL-4B chromatography, which revealed two protein bands on SDS-PAGE. Specificity studies of MAb C9E4 revealed that it recognized a common epitope on wild-type and mutant @entity1 amidases as determined by direct ELISA, as well as by Western blotting under native conditions. This MAb exhibited a higher-affinity constant (K) for the mutant @entity1 amidase than for the wild-type enzyme. However, this MAb did not recognize either wild-type or mutant @entity1 enzymes under denaturing conditions suggesting that it binds to a conformation-sensitive epitope on amidase molecule. On the other hand, it also does not recognize either native or denatured forms of mutant @entity2 amidase suggesting that this substitution disrupted the conformational epitope present on amidase molecule. Furthermore, MAb C9E4 inhibited about 80% of wild-type amidase activity, whereas it activated about 80% of mutant amidase ( @entity1 ) activity. However, this MAb did not affect mutant @entity2 amidase activity which is in agreement with other results presented in this work. The data presented in this work suggest that this MAb acts as a powerful probe to detect conformational changes in native and denatured amidases as well as to differentiate wild-type and mutant ( @entity1 and @entity2 ) amidases.

title: Monoclonal antibodies recognize conformational epitopes on wild-type and recombinant mutant amidases from XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is one of the major health problems in @entity6 Lanka and the disease is associated with the habit of Betel Quid (BQ) chewing. Using 35k oligo microarrays, we analyzed the gene expression profile of 15 @entity6 Lankan @entity0 diagnosed with OSCCs and pair-wised normal controls and correlated the findings with the clinicopathological data. Following the recording of the scanned array images and data analysis, results for selected candidate genes were verified using QRT-PCR. Upon analysis, a total of 263 genes [71 (27%) of unknown functions previously not reported in OSCCs and 192 (73%) of known functions] were found as differentially expressed between @entity1 and controls. For the genes with known functions, 66 (34%; such as @entity8 , @entity5 , @entity3 , @entity4 , @entity9 and @entity7 ) were previously reported in @entity2 and for the remaining 126 (66%; such as @entity10 , @entity12 , @entity13 , @entity14 and @entity11 ) this is the first report in OSCCs. Hierarchical clustering of the differentially expressed 263 genes grouped the samples into several clusters with the larger one being dominated by @entity1 of stage 3 and 4. Two cases (a verrucous SCC and an advanced SCC), did not cluster with any of the other samples. We found two main biological pathways (cell communication and integrin-mediated cell adhesion) and 5 gene ontology categories (transcription regulator activity, structural molecule activity, intracellular signaling, cytoskeleton and signal transduction) of relevance to the OSCCs examined. Results from the QRT-PCR verified the results from the microarray experiment. This study provides valuable information on gene expression profile of OSCCs of habitual users of BQ from @entity6 Lanka. Of particular interest were the list of genes of known and unknown functions and the two biological pathways that we suggest as candidate genes in @entity1 associated with BQ chewing in Southeast Asia, in particular @entity6 Lanka. The suggested candidate genes might be used as molecular biomarkers in the early detection of the alarming problem of OSCCs in Southeast Asia in association with BQ use. These findings provide valuable information that might help in the selection of possible biomarkers that can be used in early detection of the alarming problem of @entity1 in Southeast Asia.

title: Gene expression profile of XXXX from @entity6 Lankan betel quid users.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is one of the major health problems in @entity6 Lanka and the disease is associated with the habit of Betel Quid (BQ) chewing. Using 35k oligo microarrays, we analyzed the gene expression profile of 15 @entity6 Lankan @entity0 diagnosed with OSCCs and pair-wised normal controls and correlated the findings with the clinicopathological data. Following the recording of the scanned array images and data analysis, results for selected candidate genes were verified using QRT-PCR. Upon analysis, a total of 263 genes [71 (27%) of unknown functions previously not reported in OSCCs and 192 (73%) of known functions] were found as differentially expressed between @entity1 and controls. For the genes with known functions, 66 (34%; such as @entity8 , @entity5 , @entity3 , @entity4 , @entity9 and @entity7 ) were previously reported in @entity2 and for the remaining 126 (66%; such as @entity10 , @entity12 , @entity13 , @entity14 and @entity11 ) this is the first report in OSCCs. Hierarchical clustering of the differentially expressed 263 genes grouped the samples into several clusters with the larger one being dominated by @entity1 of stage 3 and 4. Two cases (a verrucous SCC and an advanced SCC), did not cluster with any of the other samples. We found two main biological pathways (cell communication and integrin-mediated cell adhesion) and 5 gene ontology categories (transcription regulator activity, structural molecule activity, intracellular signaling, cytoskeleton and signal transduction) of relevance to the OSCCs examined. Results from the QRT-PCR verified the results from the microarray experiment. This study provides valuable information on gene expression profile of OSCCs of habitual users of BQ from @entity6 Lanka. Of particular interest were the list of genes of known and unknown functions and the two biological pathways that we suggest as candidate genes in @entity1 associated with BQ chewing in Southeast Asia, in particular @entity6 Lanka. The suggested candidate genes might be used as molecular biomarkers in the early detection of the alarming problem of OSCCs in Southeast Asia in association with BQ use. These findings provide valuable information that might help in the selection of possible biomarkers that can be used in early detection of the alarming problem of @entity1 in Southeast Asia.

title: Gene expression profile of @entity2 from XXXX Lankan betel quid users.

answer: @entity6


abstract: REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Hindlimb @entity0 is common and can be difficult to diagnose or quantify in evaluating response to nerve blocks. An objective measure of @entity0 can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment's contribution to evidence-based medicine. The inertial sensor system can be used to capture 6 degree of freedom movement during over ground locomotion and here was used to quantify tuber coxae movement in nonlame and lame @entity1 . HYPOTHESIS: Tuber coxae movement is useful for discriminating between nonlame and lame @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: To measure left and right tuber coxae movement in lame and nonlame @entity1 during over ground locomotion and to implement a linear discriminant analysis to discriminate between lame and nonlame @entity1 . METHODS: Two inertial sensors were attached to the skin over left and right tuber coxae of 21 @entity1 (9 mildly and 12 not lame). @entity1 were trotted on a hard surface. A total of 1021 strides were collected. For each stride 34 features were extracted from the dorsoventral and craniocaudal movement and used in 2 different classification scenarios (lame vs. nonlame or left lame, right lame and nonlame) using linear discriminant analysis. RESULTS: Six degree of freedom inertial sensors were successfully used to collect kinematic data continuously from left and right tuber coxae in @entity1 during over ground locomotion. These data were used for an automated classification of @entity0 . In the first scenario, a sensitivity of 89% was achieved with a specificity of 75%. In the second scenario, all @entity1 could be correctly assigned to the correct class in a simple 3 class reclassification test. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: A mobile system that reliably detects and quantifies @entity0 in @entity1 during unconstrained locomotion could be a valuable tool to perform an evidence-based assessment of @entity0 in @entity1 in a clinical setting, e.g. before and after nerve blocks or before and after surgery.

title: Assessment of mild XXXX during over ground locomotion using linear discriminant analysis of inertial sensor data.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Photoreactivation of microorganisms following UV inactivation is a well-known, but complex, phenomenon. It is affected by several factors, including UV fluence, wavelength, light intensity, and exposure time to photoreactivating light. The effect on photoreactivation of a combined @entity0 ( @entity1 )/UV process has not been investigated. Accordingly, this study compared the degree of photoreactivation, under both sunlight and artificial lights, following UV and combined @entity1 /UV inactivation of fecal coliforms. Effluent samples from the Montreal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) (Quebec, Canada) were exposed, for 3 hours, to both low- and high-intensity artificial lights and sunlight. All resulted in similar photoreactivation levels. However, average photoreactivation for UV-treated wastewater samples was 1.2 logs, compared with 0.1 log for the combined @entity1 /UV treatment. Hence, the use of @entity1 in combination with UV can significantly reduce the potential for photoreactivation. To simulate the photoreactivation conditions of the MWTP effluent (which passes through a 4-km outfall tunnel with approximately 3 hours detention time), UV-treated samples were kept in the dark for 3 hours before photoreactivating light exposure. After this period, photoreactivation levels were close to zero. Hence, the effects of photoreactivation may be diminished by use of a combined disinfection scheme and/or by delaying exposure of the disinfected wastewater to light.

title: Reduction of photoreactivation with the combined UV/ XXXX process or by delayed exposure to visible light.

answer: @entity0


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Fatigue and poor physical function are well-known symptoms in @entity1 @entity0 . Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is an established treatment for certain @entity1 diagnoses, especially @entity4 . The aim of this study was to investigate physical function and @entity3 in relation to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 21 @entity0 awaiting allogeneic stem cell transplantation were included in a descriptive follow-up design. Fatigue and physical function was assessed by a standardized test programme consisting of a stair test, a test of maximum @entity2 uptake and questionnaires on physical activity and @entity3 prior to transplantation as well as 3 and 6 months after transplantation. RESULTS: 10 @entity0 and 11 @entity0 were included. The mean age was 39 years (19-60). Prior to transplantation @entity0 had a low maximum @entity2 uptake and reported more @entity3 than the Danish general population. Physical @entity3 rather than mental @entity3 was pronounced both before and after transplantation. No significant changes in the parameters were found from before transplant to 6 months after transplant. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that prior to transplantation @entity0 have poor physical function and increased physical @entity3 . The symptoms seem to persist 6 months after transplantation. This could indicate a need for an extensive rehabilitation programme following transplantation.

title: [Fatigue in hematological XXXX treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation].

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate variation in smoking-related @entity2 risk with time-since-exposure. METHODS: We analyzed data from a population-based case-control study conducted in Germany. Odds ratios were estimated by applying conditional logistic regression methods to 470 incident @entity2 cases and 1,009 controls. Cases were classified as @entity0 ( @entity0 ), @entity0 ( @entity0 ), @entity3 ( @entity3 ), and @entity1 ( @entity1 ). Temporal variation in the impact of smoking on @entity2 risk was assessed via exposure time-windows and a spline latency function. RESULTS: Current smokers were at greater risk of @entity0 than those who never smoked (OR = 1.65 95% CI: 0.95, 2.87) and a positive trend was observed in @entity0 risk with cumulative pack-decades smoked, under a 2-year exposure lag assumption (OR/pack-decade = 1.11 95% CI: 0.96, 1.30). This was primarily due to the association between @entity0 and smoking in the period 2 to <10 years prior (OR/pack-decade = 2.72 95% CI: 0.93, 7.99). There was minimal evidence of association between @entity0 risk and packs smoked 10 or more years prior. @entity3 and @entity0 exhibited minimal evidence of association with smoking status. @entity1 exhibited a positive association with smoking in the periods 2 to <10 years and 10 to <20 years prior to diagnosis although estimates of association were highly imprecise. CONCLUSIONS: The temporal pattern of smoking-induced @entity0 risk appears to follow a prompt peak in excess incidence that diminishes with time since exposure.

title: Temporal patterns of association between cigarette smoking and XXXX risk.

answer: @entity2


abstract: AIM OF THE STUDY: The surgical technique of transoral diverticulostomy by a modified Endo-GIAtrade mark Stapler (Multifire Endo GIA, Tyco Healthcare) is described. Experiences of this procedure in 31 @entity0 are analysed and compared with different endoscopic and conventional surgical therapies of @entity3 , which are reported in the literature. METHOD: From January 1996 to December 2005, 31 transoral diverticulostomies were performed. All @entity0 were included porspectively into the study. The median follow-up time after diverticulostomy was 54 months. Manometry, pH-study of the esophagus, endoscopy and swallow radiography were performed before and after surgery. All @entity0 completed the Gastrointestinal quality of live index (GQLI) and the Grosshadern @entity2 score (GHDS). RESULTS: Subjective comfort of the @entity0 as measured by the Smiley Index, the GQLI and the GHDS was increased significantly (p < 0.001) after therapy. Manometry showed that the upper esophageal sphincter functioned normally before and after intervention. A gastrografin swallow excluded leakage at the stapler suture-line in all cases. A conversion to a conventional cricomyotomy with resection of the diverticulum had to be performed once due to a dissection of the esophagus that occurred during insertion of the spreader. In one @entity0 a @entity1 out of the suture line was successfully treated with a metal clip. A prothesis broke due to the insertion of the spreader. Two @entity0 developed relapses during the follow-up period of 54 months. CONCLUSION: Compared to standard procedure the endoscopic minimal-invasive therapy proved to be safer. The operation time and the postoperative stay are shorter.

title: [ XXXX treated by transoral diverticulostomy: technique and results].

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity3 is a major cause of disability and health care expenditure, but there are concerns about efficacy, cost, and side effects associated with usual primary care. Conservative rehabilitation may offer a safe, effective, affordable alternative. We compared the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self-management, and active coping strategies (Enabling Self-management and Coping with Arthritic Knee Pain through Exercise [ESCAPE- @entity1 ]) with usual primary care in improving functioning in @entity0 with @entity3 . METHODS: We conducted a single-blind, pragmatic, cluster randomized controlled trial. @entity0 age >/=50 years, reporting @entity1 for >6 months, were recruited from 54 inner-city primary care practices. Primary care practices were randomized to continued usual primary care (i.e., whatever intervention a @entity0 's primary care physician deemed appropriate), usual primary care plus the rehabilitation program delivered to individual @entity0 , or usual primary care plus the rehabilitation program delivered to groups of 8 @entity0 . The primary outcome was self-reported functioning (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities @entity2 Index physical functioning [WOMAC-func]) 6 months after completing rehabilitation. RESULTS: A total of 418 @entity0 were recruited; 76 (18%) withdrew, only 5 (1%) due to adverse events. Rehabilitated @entity0 had better functioning than @entity0 continuing usual primary care (-3.33 difference in WOMAC-func score; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] -5.88, -0.78; P = 0.01). Improvements were similar whether @entity0 received individual rehabilitation (-3.53; 95% CI -6.52, -0.55) or group rehabilitation (-3.16; 95% CI -6.55, -0.12). CONCLUSION: ESCAPE- @entity1 provides a safe, relatively brief intervention for @entity3 that is equally effective whether delivered to individuals or groups of @entity0 .

title: Clinical effectiveness of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self-management, and active coping strategies for XXXX : a cluster randomized trial.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify classification criteria for the @entity2 and to evaluate their measurement properties and methodologic rigor using current measurement standards. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of published literature and evaluated criteria sets for stated purpose, derivation and validation sample characteristics, methods of criteria generation and reduction, and consideration of validity, and reliability. RESULTS: We identified 47 classification criteria sets encompassing 13 conditions. Approximately 50% of the criteria sets were developed based on expert opinion rather than @entity0 data. Of the 47 criteria sets, control samples were derived from @entity0 with @entity2 in 15 (32%) sets, from @entity0 with @entity1 in 4 (9%) sets, and from healthy @entity0 in 2 (4%) sets. Where @entity0 data were used, the number of cases ranged from 20-588 and the number of controls from 50-787. In only 1 (2%) criteria set was there a distinct separation between investigators who derived the criteria set and clinicians who provided cases and controls. Authors commented on the need for individual criterion to be reliable in 5 (11%) sets, precise in 5 (11%) sets; authors noted the importance of content validity in 12 (26%) sets, and construct validity in 12 (26%) sets. CONCLUSION: The variation in methodologic rigor used in sample selection affects the validity and reliability of the criteria sets in different clinical and research settings. Despite potential deficiencies in the methods used for some criteria development, the sensitivity and specificity of many criteria sets is moderate to strong.

title: Classification criteria in XXXX : a review of methodologic properties.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) form a spectrum of lesions produced by insult to the developing neocortex. Clinical presentation and electrophysiologic findings of @entity4 are variable and depend on the affected cortical area. We evaluated @entity1 , EEG, and response to antiepileptic treatment in @entity0 with @entity4 with respect to the neuroimaging findings. We studied 101 @entity0 , ranging between 1 month and 19 years of age. Fifty-four @entity0 were diagnosed with @entity5 ( @entity5 ), 23 @entity0 with @entity6 , 12 @entity0 with @entity7 , and 12 @entity0 with @entity3 . With regards to @entity1 and @entity2 type, 72/101 (71.3%) @entity0 had @entity1 , and 62/101 (61.4%) @entity0 presented with @entity2 . Overall, 32.7% of @entity0 had generalized @entity2 , and 25.7% had complex partial @entity2 . Mean age at the onset of @entity2 was 2.7 +/- 3.4 years. The onset of @entity1 tended to be younger in @entity0 with @entity6 and older in @entity0 with @entity3 . Of the cases, 79.2% had abnormal EEG (56.3% with @entity1 , 22.9% with non- @entity1 ). EEG was abnormal in 44.9% (13/29) of the cases without @entity1 . EEG showed bilateral synchronous and diffuse @entity1 in 90% of @entity0 with @entity6 . @entity0 with @entity7 had mostly focal @entity1 . @entity3 cases had a high rate of EEG abnormalities (72.7%). @entity0 with @entity5 had @entity1 in 59.5% of the cases. @entity0 with @entity3 and @entity5 achieved better @entity2 control in comparison with the other groups. In conclusion, @entity1 is the most common problem in @entity4 . @entity1 and EEG findings of @entity0 with @entity4 are variable and seem to be correlated with the extent of cortical involvement.

title: @entity4 and XXXX : evaluation of 101 cases (part II).

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) form a spectrum of lesions produced by insult to the developing neocortex. Clinical presentation and electrophysiologic findings of @entity4 are variable and depend on the affected cortical area. We evaluated @entity1 , EEG, and response to antiepileptic treatment in @entity0 with @entity4 with respect to the neuroimaging findings. We studied 101 @entity0 , ranging between 1 month and 19 years of age. Fifty-four @entity0 were diagnosed with @entity5 ( @entity5 ), 23 @entity0 with @entity6 , 12 @entity0 with @entity7 , and 12 @entity0 with @entity3 . With regards to @entity1 and @entity2 type, 72/101 (71.3%) @entity0 had @entity1 , and 62/101 (61.4%) @entity0 presented with @entity2 . Overall, 32.7% of @entity0 had generalized @entity2 , and 25.7% had complex partial @entity2 . Mean age at the onset of @entity2 was 2.7 +/- 3.4 years. The onset of @entity1 tended to be younger in @entity0 with @entity6 and older in @entity0 with @entity3 . Of the cases, 79.2% had abnormal EEG (56.3% with @entity1 , 22.9% with non- @entity1 ). EEG was abnormal in 44.9% (13/29) of the cases without @entity1 . EEG showed bilateral synchronous and diffuse @entity1 in 90% of @entity0 with @entity6 . @entity0 with @entity7 had mostly focal @entity1 . @entity3 cases had a high rate of EEG abnormalities (72.7%). @entity0 with @entity5 had @entity1 in 59.5% of the cases. @entity0 with @entity3 and @entity5 achieved better @entity2 control in comparison with the other groups. In conclusion, @entity1 is the most common problem in @entity4 . @entity1 and EEG findings of @entity0 with @entity4 are variable and seem to be correlated with the extent of cortical involvement.

title: XXXX and @entity1 : evaluation of 101 cases (part II).

answer: @entity4


abstract: To study the effect of the degree of @entity4 , degree of hypokyphosis/ @entity2 and rotation of apical vertebra on individual lung volume (measured with CT scan) in asymptomatic @entity3 ( @entity3 ) @entity0 . Individual (right and left) lung volume, angle of @entity1 and rotation of apical vertebra, were measured in 77 asymptomatic @entity3 @entity0 having right thoracic curve, using modern computed tomography (CT) scan. To compare, lung volumes were measured in 22 normal @entity0 (control group). The ratio of "right to left lung volume (convex to concave side)" was obtained and compared among these groups. With increased Cobb's angle, ratio of convex to concave lung volume increased. For Cobb's angle more than 40 degrees, it was increased significantly (P = 0.0042). A significant degree of correlation was found between axial rotation angle of apical vertebra and right to left lung volume ratio (P = 0.0067, r = 0.271). A significant inverse correlation was found between the angle of @entity1 and right to left lung volume ratio, i.e., as the angle of @entity1 decreased the convex to concave lung volume ratio increased (P = 0.0109, r = -0.255). In asymptomatic, @entity3 @entity0 , with increase in degree of curvature, and rotation of apical vertebra, the ratio of convex to concave side lung volume increases; indicating concave side lung volume is comparatively more affected (decreased) than convex side lung volume. On the other hand with decrease in the angle of @entity1 the convex to concave lung volume ratio increases indicating kyphotic angle has an inverse relation to convex to concave lung volume ratio.

title: The change in ratio of convex and concave lung volume in XXXX : a 3D CT scan based cross sectional study of effect of severity of curve on convex and concave lung volumes in 99 cases.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity2 comprise the largest group of @entity1 of the head. Despite the accessibility of such lesions, the treatment of neglected, far advanced @entity1 , many of which have extended deeply into the facial bones and skull, is often required. The key to the cure of @entity1 of the head is an accurate diagnosis and evaluation of the margins of an excised @entity1 . Reconstructive surgery of the head after resection of @entity1 requires a complete understanding of the anatomy of this region. From January 1986 to December of 2005, 31 @entity0 underwent reconstructive surgery for nonmelanoma @entity2 involving the craniofacial region. Preoperative evaluation of the @entity0 was performed in all cases. The results were estimated from the oncologic and functional point of view. The reconstruction, which was performed, included local, regional, and free flaps. In our series, the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 87%. The primary goal of surgical treatment of @entity2 with invasion of craniofacial bone structure is three-dimensional @entity1 resection with histologically clear margins. This goal has to be balanced, however, with an acceptable functional and aesthetic result. Resections are planned according to pathologic considerations rather than according to the anatomy involved.

title: Nonmelanoma XXXX involving the craniofacial region: our 22 years of experience.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Little data exists from the developing world on pregnancy in @entity2 ( @entity2 ). A 10-year review of pregnancies in @entity2 @entity0 was conducted at a tertiary hospital in a developing country. Forty-seven pregnancies in 31 @entity0 were identified. Eleven (23%) booked after 20 weeks gestation. There were no maternal deaths; six (13%) mothers experienced flares-all mild. Twelve @entity0 developed @entity4 of which one experienced an intrauterine @entity1 . One @entity0 was diagnosed with lupus and @entity3 during pregnancy. She required an abortion to control the disease. Another with active @entity3 delivered a normal but premature @entity0 despite cyclophosphamide therapy. There was only minor deterioration in renal function. There were 36 (77%) live births, 8 first trimester abortions, 2 elective abortions and 1 still birth. Fourteen (39%) of live births were premature, and five (14%) experienced @entity5 ( @entity5 ). Two live-born babies experienced neonatal heartblock, and one, a @entity6 . We discuss these finding in relation to risk factors and to results from the developed world.

title: Pregnancy in XXXX : a retrospective study from a developing community.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The avian egg contains maternal hormones that affect behavior, growth, morphology, and offspring survival. Evidence to date suggests that patterns of yolk @entity1 deposition could provide females with a means to manipulate sibling competition and, thereby, increase their fitness. We examined yolk @entity0 (T) concentrations in eggs of the smooth-billed ani (Crotophaga ani) to understand patterns of @entity1 deposition in eggs of this plural-breeding joint-nesting cooperatively breeding species. We tested the hatching asynchrony adjustment hypothesis, which states that increases in yolk @entity1 levels over the laying sequence function to mitigate the disadvantage of being a later-hatched @entity2 in species without adaptive brood reduction. We also investigated the effect of group size on yolk T deposition to test the hypothesis that females in multi-female groups could give a competitive edge to their own chicks by depositing higher T levels in their eggs. Predictions of the hatching asynchrony adjustment hypothesis were supported in both single- and multi-female groups as yolk @entity0 levels increased from early- to late-laid eggs. This suggests that ani females can influence nestling competition and @entity2 survival by within-clutch differential T allocation. Unexpectedly, we did not observe an effect of group size on yolk T deposition. Yolk @entity0 concentrations may not be a mere reflection of a female's hormonal status as female plasma circulating levels of T did not vary in the same direction as yolk T levels. Results of this study therefore support the idea that females may adaptively manipulate @entity2 behavior through hormonal deposition in eggs.

title: Do group size and laying order influence maternal deposition of XXXX in smooth-billed ani eggs?

answer: @entity0


abstract: The primary therapeutic agents used for @entity1 , antipsychotic drugs, ameliorate @entity2 symptoms; however, their chronic effects on cognition (or the physiologic processes of the brain that support cognition) are largely unknown. The purpose of this rodent study was to extend our previous work on this subject by investigating persistent effects (i.e. during a 14 day drug-free washout period) of chronic treatment (i.e. ranging from 45 days to 6 months) with a representative first and second generation antipsychotic. Drug effects on learning and memory and important neurobiological substrates of memory, the neurotrophin, @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and its receptors, and certain components of the basal forebrain cholinergic system were investigated. Behavioral effects of oral @entity5 (2.0 mg/kg/day), or @entity4 (2.5 mg/kg/day) were assessed in an open field, a water maze task, and a radial arm maze procedure and neurochemical effects in brain tissue were subsequently measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results indicated that both antipsychotics produced time-dependent and protracted deficits in the performance of a water maze procedure when compared with vehicle-treated controls, while neither drug was associated with significant alterations in radial arm maze performance. Interestingly, @entity5 , but not @entity4 , was detectible in the rodent brain in appreciable levels for up to 2 weeks after drug discontinuation. Both antipsychotics were also associated with reduced levels of @entity6 protein in the basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex and significant (or nearly significant) decreases in phosphorylated @entity7 ( @entity7 ) protein and the vesicular @entity3 transporter (depending on the brain region analyzed). Neither antipsychotic markedly affected @entity7 or p75 neurotrophin receptor levels. These data in @entity0 indicate that chronic treatment with either @entity5 or @entity4 may be associated with protracted negative effects on cognitive function as well as important neurotrophin and neurotransmitter pathways that support cognition.

title: Protracted effects of chronic oral @entity5 and @entity4 on XXXX , cholinergic neurons, and spatial reference learning in @entity0 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: The primary therapeutic agents used for @entity1 , antipsychotic drugs, ameliorate @entity2 symptoms; however, their chronic effects on cognition (or the physiologic processes of the brain that support cognition) are largely unknown. The purpose of this rodent study was to extend our previous work on this subject by investigating persistent effects (i.e. during a 14 day drug-free washout period) of chronic treatment (i.e. ranging from 45 days to 6 months) with a representative first and second generation antipsychotic. Drug effects on learning and memory and important neurobiological substrates of memory, the neurotrophin, @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and its receptors, and certain components of the basal forebrain cholinergic system were investigated. Behavioral effects of oral @entity5 (2.0 mg/kg/day), or @entity4 (2.5 mg/kg/day) were assessed in an open field, a water maze task, and a radial arm maze procedure and neurochemical effects in brain tissue were subsequently measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results indicated that both antipsychotics produced time-dependent and protracted deficits in the performance of a water maze procedure when compared with vehicle-treated controls, while neither drug was associated with significant alterations in radial arm maze performance. Interestingly, @entity5 , but not @entity4 , was detectible in the rodent brain in appreciable levels for up to 2 weeks after drug discontinuation. Both antipsychotics were also associated with reduced levels of @entity6 protein in the basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex and significant (or nearly significant) decreases in phosphorylated @entity7 ( @entity7 ) protein and the vesicular @entity3 transporter (depending on the brain region analyzed). Neither antipsychotic markedly affected @entity7 or p75 neurotrophin receptor levels. These data in @entity0 indicate that chronic treatment with either @entity5 or @entity4 may be associated with protracted negative effects on cognitive function as well as important neurotrophin and neurotransmitter pathways that support cognition.

title: Protracted effects of chronic oral @entity5 and XXXX on @entity6 , cholinergic neurons, and spatial reference learning in @entity0 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The primary therapeutic agents used for @entity1 , antipsychotic drugs, ameliorate @entity2 symptoms; however, their chronic effects on cognition (or the physiologic processes of the brain that support cognition) are largely unknown. The purpose of this rodent study was to extend our previous work on this subject by investigating persistent effects (i.e. during a 14 day drug-free washout period) of chronic treatment (i.e. ranging from 45 days to 6 months) with a representative first and second generation antipsychotic. Drug effects on learning and memory and important neurobiological substrates of memory, the neurotrophin, @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and its receptors, and certain components of the basal forebrain cholinergic system were investigated. Behavioral effects of oral @entity5 (2.0 mg/kg/day), or @entity4 (2.5 mg/kg/day) were assessed in an open field, a water maze task, and a radial arm maze procedure and neurochemical effects in brain tissue were subsequently measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results indicated that both antipsychotics produced time-dependent and protracted deficits in the performance of a water maze procedure when compared with vehicle-treated controls, while neither drug was associated with significant alterations in radial arm maze performance. Interestingly, @entity5 , but not @entity4 , was detectible in the rodent brain in appreciable levels for up to 2 weeks after drug discontinuation. Both antipsychotics were also associated with reduced levels of @entity6 protein in the basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex and significant (or nearly significant) decreases in phosphorylated @entity7 ( @entity7 ) protein and the vesicular @entity3 transporter (depending on the brain region analyzed). Neither antipsychotic markedly affected @entity7 or p75 neurotrophin receptor levels. These data in @entity0 indicate that chronic treatment with either @entity5 or @entity4 may be associated with protracted negative effects on cognitive function as well as important neurotrophin and neurotransmitter pathways that support cognition.

title: Protracted effects of chronic oral XXXX and @entity4 on @entity6 , cholinergic neurons, and spatial reference learning in @entity0 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: The primary therapeutic agents used for @entity1 , antipsychotic drugs, ameliorate @entity2 symptoms; however, their chronic effects on cognition (or the physiologic processes of the brain that support cognition) are largely unknown. The purpose of this rodent study was to extend our previous work on this subject by investigating persistent effects (i.e. during a 14 day drug-free washout period) of chronic treatment (i.e. ranging from 45 days to 6 months) with a representative first and second generation antipsychotic. Drug effects on learning and memory and important neurobiological substrates of memory, the neurotrophin, @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and its receptors, and certain components of the basal forebrain cholinergic system were investigated. Behavioral effects of oral @entity5 (2.0 mg/kg/day), or @entity4 (2.5 mg/kg/day) were assessed in an open field, a water maze task, and a radial arm maze procedure and neurochemical effects in brain tissue were subsequently measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results indicated that both antipsychotics produced time-dependent and protracted deficits in the performance of a water maze procedure when compared with vehicle-treated controls, while neither drug was associated with significant alterations in radial arm maze performance. Interestingly, @entity5 , but not @entity4 , was detectible in the rodent brain in appreciable levels for up to 2 weeks after drug discontinuation. Both antipsychotics were also associated with reduced levels of @entity6 protein in the basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex and significant (or nearly significant) decreases in phosphorylated @entity7 ( @entity7 ) protein and the vesicular @entity3 transporter (depending on the brain region analyzed). Neither antipsychotic markedly affected @entity7 or p75 neurotrophin receptor levels. These data in @entity0 indicate that chronic treatment with either @entity5 or @entity4 may be associated with protracted negative effects on cognitive function as well as important neurotrophin and neurotransmitter pathways that support cognition.

title: Protracted effects of chronic oral @entity5 and @entity4 on @entity6 , cholinergic neurons, and spatial reference learning in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Oligoclonal IgM bands (OCMB) against myelin lipids predict an aggressive @entity1 ( @entity1 ) course. However, the clinical significance of OCMB without lipid specificity, present in other @entity1 @entity0 , remains unknown. We describe here a characterization of these antibodies and study their role in @entity1 progression. Fifty-four @entity1 @entity0 showing CSF-restricted OCMB were included in this study at disease onset and followed-up during 61.1 +/- 2.7 months. The specificity of OCMB and the CSF B-cell profile were investigated. A second CSF IgM study was performed in a group of eight @entity0 . Thirty-eight @entity0 showed OCMB against myelin lipids (M+L+) and other sixteen had OCMB lacking this specificity (M+L-). The CD5+ B cell subpopulation, responsible for most persistent IgM responses, was considerably higher in M+L+ than in M+L- @entity0 (3.3 +/- 0.6% versus 0.8 +/- 0.2, P = 0.009). In addition, M+L+ bands persisted during disease course, while M+L- disappeared during follow-up. M+L+ @entity0 suffered more relapses (4.2 +/- 0.6 versus 1.6 +/- 0.3, P = 0.002) and reached higher disability (EDSS score of 2.2 +/- 0.2 versus 1.2 +/- 0.2, P = 0.02) than M+L- group. These data corroborate that anti-lipid OCMB associate with an aggressive @entity1 course and show that OCMB that do not recognize myelin lipids represent a transient immune response related to a more benign disease course.

title: Influence of oligoclonal IgM specificity in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity3 is the second most common cause of @entity2 deaths worldwide. The identification of molecular genetic parameters that are associated with response to chemotherapy and prognosis is of utmost interest. We examined methylation of the apoptosis-related genes, @entity4 and @entity6 , in 81 primary @entity3 using methylation-specific PCR and compared their methylation status with clinicopathological findings. Aberrant methylation of @entity4 and @entity6 genes was detected in 26 (32.1%) @entity2 and in 18 (22.2%) @entity2 , respectively. The overall survival of @entity0 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter compared with those with only one methylated gene or no methylated genes (p = 0.0003). Neither gene methylation had any relation to other clinicopathological findings. Next, we examined 43 @entity0 treated by @entity5 -based chemotherapy, who had distant @entity1 or recurrence after radical resection, to determine the relation between chemosensitivity and methylation. The response rate was lower in @entity0 with either methylation than without ( @entity4 : 22.2% vs. 48.0%; @entity6 : 21.4% vs. 44.8%). Overall survival tended to be shorter in the @entity0 with both methylations compared with either or no methylations (p = 0.0806). The time to progression of @entity0 with methylation of @entity4 or @entity6 was significantly shorter than @entity0 without methylation ( @entity4 : p = 0.0123; @entity6 : p = 0.0464). Furthermore, the time to progression of @entity0 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter than @entity0 with one methylation or no methylation (p = 0.0082). In conclusion, @entity4 and @entity6 methylation might predict the prognosis and response to chemotherapy in @entity3 .

title: Methylated @entity4 and XXXX genes predict prognosis and response to chemotherapy in @entity3 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity3 is the second most common cause of @entity2 deaths worldwide. The identification of molecular genetic parameters that are associated with response to chemotherapy and prognosis is of utmost interest. We examined methylation of the apoptosis-related genes, @entity4 and @entity6 , in 81 primary @entity3 using methylation-specific PCR and compared their methylation status with clinicopathological findings. Aberrant methylation of @entity4 and @entity6 genes was detected in 26 (32.1%) @entity2 and in 18 (22.2%) @entity2 , respectively. The overall survival of @entity0 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter compared with those with only one methylated gene or no methylated genes (p = 0.0003). Neither gene methylation had any relation to other clinicopathological findings. Next, we examined 43 @entity0 treated by @entity5 -based chemotherapy, who had distant @entity1 or recurrence after radical resection, to determine the relation between chemosensitivity and methylation. The response rate was lower in @entity0 with either methylation than without ( @entity4 : 22.2% vs. 48.0%; @entity6 : 21.4% vs. 44.8%). Overall survival tended to be shorter in the @entity0 with both methylations compared with either or no methylations (p = 0.0806). The time to progression of @entity0 with methylation of @entity4 or @entity6 was significantly shorter than @entity0 without methylation ( @entity4 : p = 0.0123; @entity6 : p = 0.0464). Furthermore, the time to progression of @entity0 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter than @entity0 with one methylation or no methylation (p = 0.0082). In conclusion, @entity4 and @entity6 methylation might predict the prognosis and response to chemotherapy in @entity3 .

title: Methylated @entity4 and @entity6 genes predict prognosis and response to chemotherapy in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity3 is the second most common cause of @entity2 deaths worldwide. The identification of molecular genetic parameters that are associated with response to chemotherapy and prognosis is of utmost interest. We examined methylation of the apoptosis-related genes, @entity4 and @entity6 , in 81 primary @entity3 using methylation-specific PCR and compared their methylation status with clinicopathological findings. Aberrant methylation of @entity4 and @entity6 genes was detected in 26 (32.1%) @entity2 and in 18 (22.2%) @entity2 , respectively. The overall survival of @entity0 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter compared with those with only one methylated gene or no methylated genes (p = 0.0003). Neither gene methylation had any relation to other clinicopathological findings. Next, we examined 43 @entity0 treated by @entity5 -based chemotherapy, who had distant @entity1 or recurrence after radical resection, to determine the relation between chemosensitivity and methylation. The response rate was lower in @entity0 with either methylation than without ( @entity4 : 22.2% vs. 48.0%; @entity6 : 21.4% vs. 44.8%). Overall survival tended to be shorter in the @entity0 with both methylations compared with either or no methylations (p = 0.0806). The time to progression of @entity0 with methylation of @entity4 or @entity6 was significantly shorter than @entity0 without methylation ( @entity4 : p = 0.0123; @entity6 : p = 0.0464). Furthermore, the time to progression of @entity0 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter than @entity0 with one methylation or no methylation (p = 0.0082). In conclusion, @entity4 and @entity6 methylation might predict the prognosis and response to chemotherapy in @entity3 .

title: Methylated XXXX and @entity6 genes predict prognosis and response to chemotherapy in @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Overactive @entity2 is defined as "urgency with or without urge @entity0 , usually with frequency and @entity4 ". It is a common condition with significant economic and quality of life implications. While the condition's pathophysiology remains to be fully elucidated, pharmacotherapy is the main treatment option. Despite uncertainty as to drug treatment of choice, anticholinergics are increasingly being used in primary and secondary care settings. This review compares anticholinergic drugs with other types or classes of drugs for treating @entity3 . OBJECTIVES: To compare anticholinergic drugs with other types or classes of drugs for treating @entity3 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Trials Register (searched 20 December 2006) and the reference lists of relevant articles. No language or other limits were imposed. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing anticholinergic drugs with other drugs for the treatment of @entity3 . At least one arm of the study used an anticholinergic drug and at least one other arm used a non-anticholinergic drug. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers assessed the identified studies for eligibility and methodological quality and independently extracted data from the included studies. Data analysis was performed using RevMan software (version 4.2.8). MAIN RESULTS: Twelve trials were included in the review. There were seven crossover trials and five parallel group studies. For the comparisons between anticholinergic drugs with tricyclic antidepressants, alpha adrenergic agonists, afferent nerve inhibitors, and @entity1 channel blocker a single trial was identified for each. Nine trials compared @entity6 with anticholinergics. There was no evidence of a difference in cure rates between anticholinergics and @entity6 . Adverse effects were more frequent in anticholinergic groups versus @entity6 groups ( @entity5 .28 95% CI 1.45 to 3.56). There was no strong evidence to favour either anticholinergic drugs or the comparators. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Many of the drugs considered in trials in this review are no longer used in clinical practice (and this includes the most commonly tested - @entity6 ). There is inadequate evidence as to determine whether any of the available drugs are better or worse than anticholinergic medications. Larger randomised controlled trials in clinical settings are required to further establish the role of these medications in the management of @entity3 .

title: Anticholinergic drugs versus other medications for XXXX in adults.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite their high effectiveness, @entity7 -only contraceptives are considered less than ideal by the many @entity0 who experience irregular @entity12 when using them. Current treatments to control these @entity5 problems are not sufficiently effective. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated preventive and therapeutic approaches to normalise @entity5 irregularities associated with the use of @entity7 -only contraceptives. SEARCH STRATEGY: Literature was identified through database searches, reference lists, organisations and individuals, covering the period until December 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials with random or alternate allocation, testing interventions for the prevention or treatment of @entity5 irregularities associated with the use of @entity7 -only contraceptives were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Results are expressed as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for categorical data and as @entity3 ( @entity3 ) with 95% CI for continuous data. When we encountered heterogeneity (visual or statistical) we used the random-effects model (quantitative) or did not produce a summary estimate (qualitative). MAIN RESULTS: Twenty three randomised controlled trials enrolling 2674 @entity0 were included. Seventy per cent were determined to reflect low to moderate risk of bias. @entity1 treatments reduced the number of days of an ongoing @entity5 episode in @entity14 and Norplant users. However, treatment frequently led to study discontinuation due to @entity2 . Combinations of oral @entity8 and @entity10 improved @entity5 patterns in Norplant users, but method discontinuation rates were unchanged. One trial reported successful use of combined oral contraceptives in treating @entity9 among @entity14 users. Norplant users, but not Implanon users, administered the anti- @entity7 mifepristone reported fewer days of @entity5 than those given placebo. Mifepristone used monthly by new Norplant acceptors reduced @entity5 , when compared to placebo.A variety of NSAIDS have been evaluated for their ability to treat @entity5 , with mixed results. Norplant users receiving @entity4 had less unacceptable @entity5 after treatment and were more likely to continue using Norplant than those receiving placebo. @entity6 , @entity13 combined with an @entity1 and @entity11 were more effective than placebo in terminating an episode of @entity5 in @entity0 using @entity7 -only contraceptives, according to three small studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Some @entity0 may benefit from the interventions described, particularly with cessation of current @entity5 . Several regimens offer promise in regulating @entity5 , but findings need to be reproduced in larger trials. The results of this review do not support routine clinical use of any of the regimens included in the trials, particularly for long-term effect.

title: Treatment of @entity12 irregularities induced by XXXX only contraceptives.

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite their high effectiveness, @entity7 -only contraceptives are considered less than ideal by the many @entity0 who experience irregular @entity12 when using them. Current treatments to control these @entity5 problems are not sufficiently effective. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated preventive and therapeutic approaches to normalise @entity5 irregularities associated with the use of @entity7 -only contraceptives. SEARCH STRATEGY: Literature was identified through database searches, reference lists, organisations and individuals, covering the period until December 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials with random or alternate allocation, testing interventions for the prevention or treatment of @entity5 irregularities associated with the use of @entity7 -only contraceptives were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Results are expressed as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for categorical data and as @entity3 ( @entity3 ) with 95% CI for continuous data. When we encountered heterogeneity (visual or statistical) we used the random-effects model (quantitative) or did not produce a summary estimate (qualitative). MAIN RESULTS: Twenty three randomised controlled trials enrolling 2674 @entity0 were included. Seventy per cent were determined to reflect low to moderate risk of bias. @entity1 treatments reduced the number of days of an ongoing @entity5 episode in @entity14 and Norplant users. However, treatment frequently led to study discontinuation due to @entity2 . Combinations of oral @entity8 and @entity10 improved @entity5 patterns in Norplant users, but method discontinuation rates were unchanged. One trial reported successful use of combined oral contraceptives in treating @entity9 among @entity14 users. Norplant users, but not Implanon users, administered the anti- @entity7 mifepristone reported fewer days of @entity5 than those given placebo. Mifepristone used monthly by new Norplant acceptors reduced @entity5 , when compared to placebo.A variety of NSAIDS have been evaluated for their ability to treat @entity5 , with mixed results. Norplant users receiving @entity4 had less unacceptable @entity5 after treatment and were more likely to continue using Norplant than those receiving placebo. @entity6 , @entity13 combined with an @entity1 and @entity11 were more effective than placebo in terminating an episode of @entity5 in @entity0 using @entity7 -only contraceptives, according to three small studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Some @entity0 may benefit from the interventions described, particularly with cessation of current @entity5 . Several regimens offer promise in regulating @entity5 , but findings need to be reproduced in larger trials. The results of this review do not support routine clinical use of any of the regimens included in the trials, particularly for long-term effect.

title: Treatment of XXXX irregularities induced by @entity7 only contraceptives.

answer: @entity12


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is an important cause of @entity3 worldwide. Laser trabeculoplasty, a treatment modality, still does not have a clear position in the treatment sequence. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to study the effects of laser trabeculoplasty for @entity2 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We identified trials from CENTRAL in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and manual searching. We also contacted researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials comparing laser trabeculoplasty with no intervention, with medical treatment, or with surgery. We also included trials comparing different technical modalities of laser trabeculoplasty. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted the data. We contacted trial investigators for missing information. MAIN RESULTS: This review included 19 trials involving 2137 @entity0 . Only five trials fulfilled the criteria of good methodological quality. One trial compared laser trabeculoplasty with topical beta-blocker to no intervention in early @entity1 . The risk of @entity1 progression was higher in the control group at six years of follow up (risk ratio (RR) 0.71 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53 to 0.95). No difference in health-related quality of life was observed between the two groups. Three trials compared laser trabeculoplasty to medication (regimens used before the 1990s) in @entity0 with newly diagnosed @entity2 . The risk of uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) was higher in the medication group compared to the trabeculoplasty group at six months and two years of follow up. Three trials compared laser trabeculoplasty with trabeculectomy. The risk of uncontrolled IOP was significantly higher in the trabeculoplasty group at six months but significant heterogeneity was observed at two years. Diode and selective laser are compared to argon laser trabeculoplasty in three trials and there is some evidence showing a comparable effect in controlling IOP at six months and one year of follow up. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Evidence suggests that, in @entity0 with newly diagnosed @entity2 , the risk of uncontrolled IOP is higher in @entity0 treated with medication used before the 1990s when compared to laser trabeculoplasty at two years follow up. Trabeculoplasty is less effective than trabeculectomy in controlling IOP at six months and two years follow up. Different laser technology and protocol modalities were compared to the traditional laser trabeculoplasty and more evidence is necessary to determine if they are equivalent or not. There is no evidence to determine the effectiveness of laser trabeculoplasty compared to contemporary medication ( @entity4 analogues, topical anhydrase inhibitors and alpha2-agonists) and also with contemporary surgical techniques. Also there should be further investigation in to the effectiveness of laser trabeculoplasty in specific racial groups, specific diagnostic groups, such as pseudoexfoliation and @entity2 and different stages of @entity2 . More research is also required determining cost-effectiveness of laser trabeculoplasty in the management of @entity1 .

title: Laser trabeculoplasty for open XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the UK, symptomatic @entity4 ( @entity4 ) occurs in 5 to 7% of @entity0 over the age of 55 years. Cryoplasty offers a new approach by combining the dilation force of balloon angioplasty with the delivery of cold thermal energy to the vessel wall. Cryoplasty is thought to provoke apoptosis rather than @entity1 in the arterial smooth muscle cells and thus has the theoretical advantage of reduced myointimal @entity3 in long-term patency. As it is an emerging therapy, safety and efficacy questions remain. This systematic review evaluates the treatment and provide focus for further research in the field. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of, and complications associated with, cryoplasty for maintaining patency in the iliac or infrainguinal arteries. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Specialized Register of the Cochrane @entity2 Group (inception to August 2007), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 3, along with MEDLINE (1966 to August 2007) and EMBASE (1980 to August 2007). SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials in which @entity0 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) of the iliac or infrainguinal arteries were randomised to cryoplasty with or without another procedure versus a procedure without cryoplasty. This includes trials where all @entity0 receive angioplasty and the randomisation is for cryoplasty versus none. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Studies identified for potential inclusion were independently assessed for inclusion by at least two authors, with excluded trials arbitrated by the third author. As no randomised controlled trials of cryoplasty were found, no statistical analyses were performed. MAIN RESULTS: No randomised controlled trials of cryoplasty were identified. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The benefit of cryoplasty over conventional angioplasty has not been established as no randomised controlled trials exist to properly evaluate this method. Technical success and primary patency rates seen in the prospective series are encouraging and may suggest a future role for cryoplasty in the treatment of @entity4 , but cannot be reliably interpreted due to the nature of the studies.

title: Cryoplasty for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cervical ectropion is considered as one of the most common types of @entity2 in China. Topical treatments for @entity5 including microwave @entity4 , are widely used in many hospitals in China. Nowadays, the necessary intervention for inflammatory cervical ectopy is controversial. OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and potential side effects of microwave @entity4 with other interventions or no intervention in the treatment of @entity5 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity3 and Subfertility Group Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1966 to 2005), EMBASE (1974 to 2005); The Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM, 1978 to 2005), The Chinese Medical Current Contents (CMCC, 1994 to 2005), CAJ Full-text Database (1994 to 2005) and Chinese Scientific Journals Database (1989 to 2005). We also searched related literature on the Internet with search engines such as Google, searched the reference lists of articles and hand searched relevant Chinese journals. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only authentic @entity1 ( @entity1 ) were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently interviewed the original authors of claimed @entity1 published in China and then assessed the quality of the three included @entity1 and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: No studies were found that met the @entity0 inclusion criteria of the protocol. Although three studies were identified as authentic @entity1 from 92 potential @entity1 , it was not possible to confirm that the @entity0 were symptomatic prior to treatment. Of these three studies two trials compared microwave therapy with laser and one compared microwave therapy with interferon-alpha suppository therapy. Microwave therapy showed a better effect on cervical appearance over laser therapy in the @entity0 with grade II and III and also improved cervical appearance over interferon-alpha suppository therapy. There was no difference in grade I @entity0 . Microwave therapy showed less adverse bleeding than laser therapy during the treatment. However, the methodological quality of the three @entity1 was generally low. No trial compared treatment to no intervention and most trials didn't assess relief of symptoms or quality of life and satisfaction, which are very important to @entity0 . AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are no @entity1 comparing microwave therapy with other treatments or no treatment in symptomatic @entity0 with @entity5 . Although microwave therapy improved the appearance of the cervix over both laser therapy and interferon-alpha suppository therapy it is not clear if there is any other benefit for @entity0 .

title: Microwave therapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the activation of nuclear factor-[kappa]B in peripheral blood @entity10 + monocyte/macrophages and CD3+, @entity4 +, and @entity5 + T cells in @entity0 with @entity3 . DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: University hospital. @entity0 : Twenty-six @entity0 with @entity3 (nine females and 17 males, aged between 10 days and 15 yrs; median, 4.3 yrs) on admission to our hospital between August 1999 and November 2005. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The percentages of peripheral blood @entity10 + monocyte/macrophages and CD3+, @entity4 +, and @entity5 + T cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity were determined by flow cytometry. In addition, relationships among the degree to which nuclear factor-[kappa]B was activated, serum levels of cytokines (interferon-[gamma], @entity1 @entity2 factor-[alpha], @entity8 , @entity9 , @entity6 , and @entity7 ), and clinical variables were analyzed. The percentage of cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity was increased among @entity10 +, CD3+, @entity4 +, and @entity5 + cells in the @entity3 group and was significantly higher among @entity10 +, CD3+, and @entity4 + cells of the @entity0 with severe @entity3 (n = 9) than those of @entity0 with nonsevere @entity3 (n = 17). The percentage of cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity was significantly higher among @entity10 + cells than CD3+ cells in the @entity0 with severe @entity3 . In addition, this percentage was significantly higher among @entity10 + cells than CD3+, @entity4 +, and @entity5 + cells in septic @entity0 who had positive blood cultures (n = 16). Serum @entity6 levels were correlated with the percentages of @entity10 +, CD3+, @entity4 +, and @entity5 + cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity, and serum @entity7 levels were correlated with the percentages of @entity10 +, CD3+, and @entity4 + cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity. CONCLUSIONS: Nuclear factor-[kappa]B in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was activated in @entity0 with @entity3 and was related the severity of @entity3 .

title: Nuclear factor-kappaB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the activation of nuclear factor-[kappa]B in peripheral blood @entity10 + monocyte/macrophages and CD3+, @entity4 +, and @entity5 + T cells in @entity0 with @entity3 . DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: University hospital. @entity0 : Twenty-six @entity0 with @entity3 (nine females and 17 males, aged between 10 days and 15 yrs; median, 4.3 yrs) on admission to our hospital between August 1999 and November 2005. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The percentages of peripheral blood @entity10 + monocyte/macrophages and CD3+, @entity4 +, and @entity5 + T cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity were determined by flow cytometry. In addition, relationships among the degree to which nuclear factor-[kappa]B was activated, serum levels of cytokines (interferon-[gamma], @entity1 @entity2 factor-[alpha], @entity8 , @entity9 , @entity6 , and @entity7 ), and clinical variables were analyzed. The percentage of cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity was increased among @entity10 +, CD3+, @entity4 +, and @entity5 + cells in the @entity3 group and was significantly higher among @entity10 +, CD3+, and @entity4 + cells of the @entity0 with severe @entity3 (n = 9) than those of @entity0 with nonsevere @entity3 (n = 17). The percentage of cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity was significantly higher among @entity10 + cells than CD3+ cells in the @entity0 with severe @entity3 . In addition, this percentage was significantly higher among @entity10 + cells than CD3+, @entity4 +, and @entity5 + cells in septic @entity0 who had positive blood cultures (n = 16). Serum @entity6 levels were correlated with the percentages of @entity10 +, CD3+, @entity4 +, and @entity5 + cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity, and serum @entity7 levels were correlated with the percentages of @entity10 +, CD3+, and @entity4 + cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity. CONCLUSIONS: Nuclear factor-[kappa]B in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was activated in @entity0 with @entity3 and was related the severity of @entity3 .

title: Nuclear factor-kappaB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in XXXX with @entity3 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Increased angiogenesis is associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation in many organs. The occurrence, characteristics and significance of angiogenesis in @entity2 are less well known. METHODS: In this study, vessel number as well as vessel size, vessel shape and vessel antibody staining intensity were determined in 23,091 vessels in @entity3 -stained histological specimens of 42 @entity0 by computer-assisted quantitative image analysis methods and findings were related to @entity1 morphology, clinical characteristics and @entity0 survival. RESULTS: The 2- and 5-year survival rates were 81.1 and 64.1%, respectively. High disease stage and high histological grade indicated poor prognosis. In an age-adjusted multivariate analysis of stage, grade and extent of invasion, these variables compiled a statistically significant prognostic factor (p=0.001). Tumor histopathological type was a prognostic factor in our study and keratinising @entity1 did significantly better. Large @entity1 size, but not depth of invasion, and spray type growth pattern also indicated poor survival. In an age-adjusted multivariate analysis of stage, grade and extent of invasion, these variables compiled a statistically significant prognostic factor (p=0.001), but none of these variables alone proved to be an independent prognostic factor. High vessel number and increased vessel size were also significant indicators of poor survival, as were vessel characteristics: vessel number, vessel size, vessel shape and staining intensity together. CONCLUSION: Increased angiogenesis and altered vessel characteristics were prognostic factors in determining @entity0 survival in this study. Analysis of angiogenesis provided new information on @entity1 behaviour and provided markers for survival analysis in @entity1 classified by @entity1 type and growth pattern.

title: Increased angiogenesis is associated with poor prognosis of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is not well understood. SKs are slow growing, but the details of cell cycle control in these lesions are not known. We hypothesized that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors would be strongly expressed in SKs and that the proliferation rate would be low. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the expression of Ki67, @entity0 ( @entity0 ), @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and @entity2 ( @entity3 )in @entity4 . METHODS: We assessed acanthotic SKs (n=10) and irritated SKs (n=10) for Ki67, @entity0 ( @entity0 ), @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and @entity2 ( @entity3 )expression using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: For nonirritated acanthotic pattern SKs, the Ki67 index was 3.4% (range 0.6-6.5%), confirming a low proliferation rate. The @entity0 ( @entity0 ) index was 6.0% (range 0-16%), and the @entity1 ( @entity1 ) index was 4.8% (range 0-25%). @entity2 ( @entity3 ) was strongly and diffusely expressed in all SKs, with a labeling index of 78% (range 75-85%). The labeling indices were similar in irritated @entity4 lesions with a slightly increased proliferation rate and corresponding decrease in @entity2 ( @entity3 ) expression. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in SKs, strong expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor @entity2 ( @entity3 ) appears to be a major mechanism controlling keratinocyte proliferation.

title: Overexpression of @entity3 in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is not well understood. SKs are slow growing, but the details of cell cycle control in these lesions are not known. We hypothesized that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors would be strongly expressed in SKs and that the proliferation rate would be low. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the expression of Ki67, @entity0 ( @entity0 ), @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and @entity2 ( @entity3 )in @entity4 . METHODS: We assessed acanthotic SKs (n=10) and irritated SKs (n=10) for Ki67, @entity0 ( @entity0 ), @entity1 ( @entity1 ), and @entity2 ( @entity3 )expression using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: For nonirritated acanthotic pattern SKs, the Ki67 index was 3.4% (range 0.6-6.5%), confirming a low proliferation rate. The @entity0 ( @entity0 ) index was 6.0% (range 0-16%), and the @entity1 ( @entity1 ) index was 4.8% (range 0-25%). @entity2 ( @entity3 ) was strongly and diffusely expressed in all SKs, with a labeling index of 78% (range 75-85%). The labeling indices were similar in irritated @entity4 lesions with a slightly increased proliferation rate and corresponding decrease in @entity2 ( @entity3 ) expression. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in SKs, strong expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor @entity2 ( @entity3 ) appears to be a major mechanism controlling keratinocyte proliferation.

title: Overexpression of XXXX in @entity4 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate an optical imaging system designed to perform quantitative, intravital catheter-based imaging of fluorescent molecular probes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed according to a protocol approved by the institutional animal care committee. A fiberoptic catheter imaging system was developed to implement a normalization algorithm for real-time quantitative near-infrared (NIR) imaging. The system was validated with in vitro imaging of fluorochrome phantoms and in vivo fluorescence measurements obtained in @entity0 implanted in @entity1 abdomens (n = 7) after administration of an enzyme-activatable NIR probe. Standard analysis of variance tests were used to determine significant dissimilarities in signal from distinct fluorochrome concentrations. The clinical utility of the system was further evaluated by imaging orthotopically implanted @entity1 @entity2 (n = 4). RESULTS: Raw NIR fluorescence intensities, which were measured with a fiberoptic catheter placed above wells of varying NIR fluorochrome concentration, varied markedly (>100%) with catheter position, while the corrected NIR signal was confined to a range of values within 10% of their mean for each individual fluorochrome concentration and were significantly distinct (P < .001) between relevant concentration ranges. Similar results were observed for the in vivo measurements from the abdominally implanted @entity0 , with raw NIR signal varying 20% from the mean and corrected NIR signal varying only 1% from the mean. The colonic studies revealed that the correction method was robust enough for use during minimally invasive imaging procedures. CONCLUSION: The authors have developed and implemented a method for quantitative real-time catheter-based fluorescence imaging that resolves NIR signal dependence on changes in catheter position.

title: Quantitative real-time catheter-based fluorescence molecular imaging in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies exploring the knowledge, attitude and patterns of @entity5 use among @entity0 in Jordan are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and patterns of @entity6 ( @entity5 ) utilization among @entity0 in Jordan. METHODS: A face-to-face questionnaire inquiring demographic information and issues related to knowledge and use of @entity5 was completed by @entity0 (n   =   1571), who have had used @entity5 at least once in their lifetime. A model was created to assess the effects of knowledge, attitude and previous experience on the patterns of @entity5 utilization. RESULTS: Jordanian @entity0 exhibited positive attitudes towards @entity5 efficacy and safety. This positive attitude was approvingly associated with the patterns of use. However, only half of participating @entity0 reported that they knew how to use @entity5 . About 60  % of @entity0 received recommendations for @entity5 use from a physician. Moreover, @entity0 's knowledge about @entity5 mechanism of action was obtained namely from physician (29.9  %). Side effects were reported in 75.1  % of participating @entity0 . Reported side effects were @entity1 (41.2  %), @entity4 (35.5  %), @entity2 (33.5  %) and @entity3 (28.7  %). Interestingly, the occurrence of side effects was the main reason for @entity5 discontinuation. CONCLUSION: The study showed that @entity0 who have positive attitude toward @entity5 tend to utilize them more appropriately. However, there is still need for educational programs to enhance knowledge about @entity5 utilization in Jordan.

title: Current knowledge, attitude, and patterns of oral contraceptives utilization among XXXX in Jordan.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and initial levels of distress in @entity2 @entity0 who received multidisciplinary @entity2 rehabilitation (CR) or usual care. High rates of @entity4 have been reported in @entity2 @entity0 . METHODS: Cardiac @entity0 completed a questionnaire battery at the start and finish of a CR program (n = 131) or at equivalent times after hospital discharge in comparison hospitals where CR was not available (n = 185). The questionnaire battery comprised the Hospital Anxiety and @entity3 Scale, the Health Complaints Scale, and the Quality of Life Index Cardiac Version III (QLI CV-III). RESULTS: Significant correlations between initial levels and subsequent changes in distress and HRQOL measures were found for both the CR and comparison groups. The CR program was associated with significant changes in both @entity1 for only those in distress. Changes in functional and psychological morbidity were greater in the CR group than in the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in HRQOL were significantly related to the initial levels of distress found in @entity2 @entity0 , regardless of CR attendance. The CR program had beneficial effects on levels of functional ability and on @entity5 . Implications of the research for CR outcomes assessment are considered.

title: Relationship of initial level of distress to changes in health-related quality of life during XXXX rehabilitation or usual care.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of an initial screening and referral process in reducing the impact of @entity2 among soldiers attending Health Care Specialist training. @entity1 among Army Health Care Specialist students have been reported to be approximately 24% for @entity0 and 24-30% for @entity0 . The highest student visit rate to the troop medical clinic for @entity1 , for @entity0 and @entity0 , occurs during the first week of training. Anecdotal reports indicate that many students arrive for training with existing @entity2 . This project was designed to assess whether formalized early screening, referral, and intervention could 1) identify arriving students who need @entity1 -related medical attention, 2) reduce the number of students receiving limited duty status during their 10-week training, 3) decrease the total number of limited duty days for students, and 4) decrease the number of students who cannot graduate due to @entity1 . Students (N=291) from one company were divided into three groups of 97 students. Three methods were used to screen and refer students for medical intervention: 1) traditional (T), 2) by @entity3 ( @entity3 ), or 3) by Drill Sergeants (DS). Screening by @entity3 and DSs involved using a new screening tool to identify and consequently refer students with symptoms to a troop medical clinic (TMC) for early evaluation and intervention. Using the screening tool, HCPs identified 92% of students with @entity2 , while DSs accurately identified 80%. The screening did not reduce the number of students receiving limited duty status, total limited duty days, or the number of students that could not graduate due to @entity1 ("holdovers") (p>0.05). The screening tool demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity whether conducted by HCPs or DSs. It failed to demonstrate efficacy in reducing the impact of @entity1 among Combat Medic soldiers, as measured by limited duty days and holdovers.

title: Effectiveness of a screening tool to detect XXXX during Army Health Care Specialist training.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity1 still represent a major health problem; regional lymph node @entity0 occur in 30-40% of head and neck @entity3 and are associated with unfavorable prognosis and decreased survival. The study included 35 cases of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), which were analyzed by double reactions to determine the proliferative activity (anti-human D2-40  Ki67) and the maturity degree (anti-human D2-40  a-SMA) of lymphatic vessels, both intratumoral (IT) and in the advancing edge (AE), and in relation to clinicopathological prognostic parameters. The mean values of D2-40 lymphatic vessel density (LVD) were higher in AE then in IT level. Poorly differentiated @entity2 , T3  T4, presented the highest LVD values, both IT and in the AE. LVD was higher in advanced stages and metastasizing @entity2 . Ki67 was positive in all cases, Ki67 proliferation index (IP) indicated higher values in poorly differentiated @entity2 , T3  T4, metastasizing ones, both IT and in the AE. LVD and IP Ki67 showed a positive linear correlation. D2-40  Ki67-positive vessels were identified only at the AE or close to it. D2-40  Ki67 LVD had highest values in advanced stages @entity2 , with @entity0 . D2-40  a-SMA-positive vessels were identified only in the neighborhood of the @entity1 and LVD highest values were present in @entity1 and without @entity0 . A negative linear correlation between proliferation and maturity of the lymphatic vessels was found. The study indicated a strong association between lymphatic proliferative activity and lymph node @entity0 , suggesting the need for targeted antilymphangiogenic therapies in @entity3 .

title: The immunohistochemical analysis of the proliferative activity and the maturity degree of lymphatic vessels in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: A retrospective clinical analysis was performed over a time period of 10 months while aiming to establish the impact of narrow band imaging (NBI) cystoscopy and transurethral resection of @entity2 (TURBT) in cases of @entity4 ( @entity4 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity4 @entity1 cells are characterized by a high cytological grade, a certain degree of cyto-nuclear pleomorphism, large, irregular, hyperchromatic nuclei, high nuclear  cytoplasmatic ratio and mitotic figures. One hundred thirty-nine @entity0 were consecutively diagnosed with non-muscle invasive @entity2 (NMIBC) based on standard white light @entity3 . Urinary cytology was performed in cases of flat lesions suspected by either type of cystoscopy before the TURBT staging. Conventional endoscopic resection was performed for all white light (WL) visible lesions and NBI-guided TURBT exclusively for the observed @entity1 . RESULTS: At subsequent pathological analysis, 13 @entity4 @entity0 were confirmed. NBI cystoscopy emphasized a superior diagnostic accuracy as compared to WLC concerning the cases' (92.3% versus 69.2%) as well as lesions' (93.75% versus 71.9%) detection rates. NBI-TURBT provided a higher proportion of additional @entity1 ' cases (53.8% versus 15.4%) when compared to classical resection but was marked by an increased frequency of false-positive results (18.9% versus 11.5%). Urinary cytology displayed an 84.6% sensitivity rate. CONCLUSIONS: NBI cystoscopy and resection substantially ameliorated the @entity4 -related diagnostic accuracy within a parallel to the standard endoscopic approach at the cost of a reduced specificity. NBI-TURBT was able to find more @entity4 @entity0 as well as lesions, thus improving the sensitivity of standard resection and urinary cytology.

title: XXXX - from pathology to narrow band imaging.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The goal of therapy in @entity5 ( @entity5 ) is to decrease the activity and proliferation of histiocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages that cause the disease. @entity0 with disease that is localized to skin, bone and lymph node (defined as "nonrisk" organs) generally have a good prognosis and require minimal treatment. However, @entity0 with lesions in "risk" organs (liver, spleen, lung, bone marrow) have a worse overall prognosis regarding mortality and morbidity. Likewise, @entity0 with @entity4 (CNS), vertebrae, facial bones or bones of the anterior or middle cranial fossa are at higher risk for morbidity and recurrent disease. @entity5 in the orbit, mastoid or temporal skull regions are classified as "CNS risk" because of an increased frequency of developing @entity6 or parenchymal @entity2 . Outcomes of @entity0 with @entity5 in only one bone in "nonrisk" locations are generally benign, and the disease responds well to several treatment modalities including observation, surgical excision, @entity3 injection or radiation therapy. The last is generally reserved for a single @entity2 or when a risk of pathologic fracture exists in the greater trochanter. The greatest challenge in treatment of @entity5 is @entity0 with @entity1 . @entity0 with persistent or worsening disease in risk organs by the end of the first 6-12 weeks of therapy have significantly decreased overall survival regardless of treatment. Additionally, optimal treatment for @entity0 with late-onset CNS symptoms and adults with @entity5 remain to be defined. In this article we will review the evolution of multicenter and international treatment studies as well as the current Histiocyte Society research treatment protocol, @entity5 -III. We also review experiences with a variety of agents that have been used to treat @entity5 outside of clinical trials. Since @entity5 is a rare disease in @entity0 and adults, these @entity0 should be enrolled on clinical trials whenever possible to advance our knowledge of the optimal therapeutic interventions and long-term outcomes.

title: XXXX : a review of past, current and future therapies.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 is one of the most prevalent causes of @entity1 . It has been studied extensively for a long time, and numerous genetic and epigenetic events have been associated with the disease. However, its molecular mechanisms are still unclear. High-throughput metabolomics data, combined with customized computational systems modeling, can assist our understanding of some of these mechanisms by revealing connections between alterations in enzymatic activities and their consequences for a @entity0 's metabolic profile. Of particular importance in this context is @entity5 metabolism, as it provides the @entity3 needed for cell proliferation. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We employ a computational systems approach to infer molecular mechanisms associated with @entity5 metabolism in @entity2 . The approach uses a dynamic model of @entity5 metabolism as the simulation system and metabolomics data as input. The execution of large-scale Monte Carlo simulations and optimization with the model permits a step-wise reduction in possibly affected enzyme mechanisms, from which likely targets emerge. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, some enzymes in the @entity5 pathway system are very unlikely the targets of @entity2 . In fact, only three enzymatic steps emerge with statistical confidence as most likely being affected, namely: @entity7 ( @entity7 ), @entity6 (5NUC), and the @entity4 oxidase/dehydrogenase (XD) reactions. The first of these enzymes catalyzes the first committed step of de novo @entity5 biosynthesis, while the other two enzymes are associated with critical @entity5 salvage pathways. The identification of these enzymes is statistically significant and robust. In addition, the results suggest potential secondary targets. The computational method cannot discern whether the inferred mechanisms constitute symptoms of @entity2 , or whether they might be causative and critical components of the uncontrolled cellular growth in @entity1 . The inferred molecular mechanisms present testable hypotheses that suggest targeted experiments for future studies of @entity2 and might eventually lead to improved diagnosis and treatment.

title: Identification of XXXX mechanisms through computational systems modeling.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Processing of bone marrow (BM) is often required to remove incompatible red blood cells (RBCs) or to reduce the volume before transplantation or cryopreservation. We have evaluated the Spectra Optia apheresis system to determine its effectiveness in @entity1 and RBC depletion of @entity0 BM before transplantation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: BM from 30 donations (28 allogeneic and two autologous) were processed using the Spectra Optia over a 12-month period. The mean BM collection volume was 1094        337 mL and RBC volume was 374        148 mL. Processing using the Spectra Optia was as described by the manufacturer. RESULTS: Volume reduction achieved was 93.0        1.2%; RBC depletion was 98.8        0.4%; and mononuclear, @entity2 +, and CD3+ cell recoveries were 79.12        14.03, 88.36        13.76, and 79.84        16.27%, respectively. In total 26 of 28 processed allografts were transplanted; 24 achieved neutrophil engraftment in 20.7        5.9 days and 18 achieved platelet engraftment in 19.6        8.9 days. Time in transit significantly affected the Spectra Optia's ability to recover mononuclear, @entity2 +, and CD3+ cells, and the overall age of the BM at the time of processing significantly affected the recovery of mononuclear and CD3+ cells, but not @entity2 + cells. Time in storage at 2 to 6  C had no adverse effect on processing. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the Spectra Optia can effectively volume reduce and RBC deplete @entity0 BM before transplantation. Time in transit should be as short as possible but may be extended up to 24 hours if the donation is refrigerated during transit.

title: XXXX bone marrow processing using a new continuous-flow cell separation device.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lipid-lowering therapy is recommended for secondary prevention in @entity0 with @entity5 . It may also reduce cardiovascular events and/or @entity1 progression in @entity0 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of lipid-lowering therapy on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events and @entity1 progression in @entity0 with @entity8 of the lower limb. SEARCH STRATEGY: The authors searched The Cochrane @entity6 Group's Specialised Register (last searched February 2007) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (last searched Issue 2, 2007) for publications describing randomised controlled trials of lipid-lowering therapy in @entity8 of the lower limb. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of lipid-lowering therapy in @entity0 with @entity8 of the lower limb. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: Eighteen trials were included, involving a total of 10,049 @entity0 . Trials differed considerably in their inclusion criteria, outcomes measured, and type of lipid-lowering therapy used. Only one trial (PQRST) reported a detrimental effect of active treatment on blood lipid/lipoprotein levels. The pooled results from all eligible trials indicated that lipid-lowering therapy had no statistically significant effect on overall mortality (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.86; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.49 to 1.50) or on total cardiovascular events (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.59 to 1.09). However, subgroup analysis which excluded PQRST showed that lipid-lowering therapy significantly reduced the risk of total cardiovascular events (OR 0.74; CI 0.55 to 0.98). This was primarily due to a positive effect on total coronary events (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.87). Greatest evidence of effectiveness came from the use of @entity7 in @entity0 with a blood @entity3 >/= 3.5 mmol/litre (HPS). Pooling of the results from several small trials on a range of different lipid-lowering agents indicated an improvement in total walking distance ( @entity4 ( @entity4 ) 152 m; 95% CI 32.11 to 271.88) and @entity2 -free walking distance ( @entity4 89.76 m; 95% CI 30.05 to 149.47) but no significant impact on ankle brachial index ( @entity4 0.04; 95% CI -0.01 to 0.09). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Lipid-lowering therapy is effective in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in @entity0 with @entity8 . It may also improve local symptoms. Until further evidence on the relative effectiveness of different lipid-lowering agents is available, use of a statin in @entity0 with @entity8 and a blood @entity3 level >/=3.5 mmol/litre is most indicated.

title: Lipid-lowering for XXXX of the lower limb.

answer: @entity8


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background: Acute @entity2 is the most common @entity3 , with an incidence of 30/100,000 population. With the Dresden instruments, operative tendon suture can be standardised and is safe, quick and minimally invasive. With post-operative functional therapy in a walking boot, very good clinical results can be achieved. Question: Is this operation suitable as an educational procedure and is its performance still economic? Materials and Methods: Between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2013, 212 @entity0 with acute @entity2 were operated using the Dresden instruments. There were 167 males and 45 females, with an average age of 46 years. 99 operations were performed by trainees, 46 by attending surgical staff, and 57 by a senior surgeon. Results: With the trainees, the mean duration of the operation was 29:53 minutes, and with the attending staff 29:10 minutes (n.s., p   >   0.1). The rate of complications (re-rupture, @entity1 ) was 5/99 (5%) for the trainees, 4/46 (8.7%) for the attending staff, and 3/57 (5.3%) for the senior surgeon. A total cost analysis yielded a total operative cost of 445.76       for outpatient surgery. With a billed sum of 490.11      , net income of 44.35       per case is generated. In @entity0 with reasonable indications for 2-day short inpatient treatment, total treatment cost was 3232.70      . Conclusion: Percutaneous suture of the Achilles tendon with the Dresden instruments is a standardised and cost-effective surgical procedure. It is suitable as a "beginner's" procedure that can be performed quickly, safely, and cost-effectively.

title: [Percutaneus Suture of Achilles XXXX - Operation for Beginners?]

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease is an @entity2 of haemoglobin, which results in abnormal red blood cells. These can deform and cause blockages in blood vessels, leading to acute crises such as @entity3 ; @entity1 and @entity8 sequestration; and chronic organ and tissue damage. Recently research has begun to focus on therapies which prevent the red blood cells deforming by reducing the loss of water and ions from the cells. However, little is known about the effectiveness and safety of such drugs. OBJECTIVES: To assess the relative risks and benefits of drugs which aim to prevent sickle cell-related crises by reducing red blood cell dehydration. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity5 and @entity2 Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register which comprises of references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Date of the most recent search of the Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: November 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of drugs which aim to prevent sickle cell crises by reducing red cell dehydration, compared to placebo or an alternative treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both authors independently selected studies for inclusion, assessed study quality and extracted data from the included studies. MAIN RESULTS: Of the 39 studies identified, one met the inclusion criteria. This study tested the effectiveness of @entity9 to prevent sickle cell-related crises in a total of 145 @entity0 and showed a significant reduction in the total number of @entity3 , haemolytic, aplastic and sequestration crises over one and a half years, @entity6 .83 (95% CI -3.51 to -2.15). However, our analysis was limited by non-reporting of standard deviations for some data. Changes to red cell parameters and blood counts were inconsistent. No serious adverse events were noted in the study. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: While the results of @entity4 for reducing sickle-related crises are encouraging, larger and longer-term multicentre studies over a number of years are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapy for @entity0 with @entity7 .

title: Drugs for preventing red blood cell dehydration in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease is an @entity2 of haemoglobin, which results in abnormal red blood cells. These can deform and cause blockages in blood vessels, leading to acute crises such as @entity3 ; @entity1 and @entity8 sequestration; and chronic organ and tissue damage. Recently research has begun to focus on therapies which prevent the red blood cells deforming by reducing the loss of water and ions from the cells. However, little is known about the effectiveness and safety of such drugs. OBJECTIVES: To assess the relative risks and benefits of drugs which aim to prevent sickle cell-related crises by reducing red blood cell dehydration. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity5 and @entity2 Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register which comprises of references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Date of the most recent search of the Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: November 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of drugs which aim to prevent sickle cell crises by reducing red cell dehydration, compared to placebo or an alternative treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both authors independently selected studies for inclusion, assessed study quality and extracted data from the included studies. MAIN RESULTS: Of the 39 studies identified, one met the inclusion criteria. This study tested the effectiveness of @entity9 to prevent sickle cell-related crises in a total of 145 @entity0 and showed a significant reduction in the total number of @entity3 , haemolytic, aplastic and sequestration crises over one and a half years, @entity6 .83 (95% CI -3.51 to -2.15). However, our analysis was limited by non-reporting of standard deviations for some data. Changes to red cell parameters and blood counts were inconsistent. No serious adverse events were noted in the study. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: While the results of @entity4 for reducing sickle-related crises are encouraging, larger and longer-term multicentre studies over a number of years are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapy for @entity0 with @entity7 .

title: Drugs for preventing red blood cell dehydration in XXXX with @entity7 .

answer: @entity0