abstract: PURPOSE: We conducted our study to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) and clinical efficacy of oral mesna in @entity0 receiving @entity3 for soft tissue @entity2 . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Seventeen @entity0 were enrolled in a randomized prospective Phase I/II study. Seventeen @entity0 were exposed to study medication. @entity3 was given at a dose of 2 g/m2/day for 5 days on a 21-day cycle. Before the first cycle, all @entity0 were randomized onto a crossover design and received either the approved i.v. or i.v./oral mesna regimen, with crossover for the second cycle of chemotherapy. The i.v. mesna regimen consisted of dosings (20% @entity3 dose) at 0, 4, and 8 h. The i.v./oral arm consisted of an i.v. mesna dosing (20% @entity3 dose) at 0 h, followed by oral tablet dosing (40% @entity3 dose) at 2 and 6 h. In- @entity0 clinical monitoring and phlebotomy and urine sampling for mesna, dimesna, and @entity3 PK were performed on all chemotherapy days. RESULTS: Thirteen @entity0 were evaluable for PK and 17 for efficacy and @entity1 . No significant differences were detected in the plasma PK of the concomitantly infused @entity3 . Rates of @entity4 were similar across mesna schedules. Four of 10 evaluable @entity0 demonstrated objective response. CONCLUSION: On the basis of our study, an i.v./oral mesna regimen is at least as uroprotective as the approved i.v. regimen. The i.v./oral regimen will improve @entity0 tolerance and convenience, allow for a reduction in elective hospitalizations for @entity3 chemotherapy, reduce the potential morbidity associated with inpatient administration of chemotherapy, and likely result in decreased costs of care.

title: Crossover randomized comparison of intravenous versus intravenous/oral mesna in soft tissue XXXX treated with high-dose @entity3 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies have linked long-term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (PM) to broad cause-of- @entity4 mortality. Associations with specific @entity3 might be useful in exploring potential mechanistic pathways linking exposure and mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: General pathophysiological pathways linking long-term PM exposure with mortality and expected patterns of PM mortality with specific causes of @entity4 were proposed a priori. Vital status, risk factor, and cause-of- @entity4 data, collected by the American @entity0 Society as part of the @entity0 Prevention II study, were linked with air pollution data from United States metropolitan areas. Cox Proportional Hazard regression models were used to estimate PM-mortality associations with specific causes of @entity4 . Long-term PM exposures were most strongly associated with mortality attributable to @entity7 , @entity8 , @entity5 , and @entity9 . For these cardiovascular causes of @entity4 , a 10-microg/m3 elevation in fine PM was associated with 8% to 18% increases in mortality risk, with comparable or larger risks being observed for smokers relative to nonsmokers. Mortality attributable to @entity10 had relatively weak associations. CONCLUSIONS: Fine particulate air pollution is a risk factor for cause-specific @entity2 mortality via mechanisms that likely include @entity1 , accelerated @entity6 , and altered cardiac autonomic function. Although smoking is a much larger risk factor for @entity2 mortality, exposure to fine PM imposes additional effects that seem to be at least additive to if not synergistic with smoking.

title: XXXX and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The interactions between @entity1 ( @entity2 )/ @entity3 ( @entity0 ) multilayers with human serum albumin (HSA) were investigated by means of scanning angle reflectometry (SAR). We find that albumin adsorbs both on multilayers terminating with @entity2 (negatively charged) or @entity0 (positively charged) polyelectrolytes. On films terminating with @entity2 only, an albumin equivalent monolayer is found whereas when @entity0 constitutes the outer layer, albumin interacts with the multilayer in such a way as to form a protein film that extends over thicknesses that can be as high as four times the largest dimension of the native albumin molecule. Once the protein film is formed, it is found that when the albumin solution is replaced by a pure buffer solution of same ionic strength as the adsorption solution almost no desorption takes place. On the other hand, when a buffer solution of higher ionic strength is brought in contact with the albumin film, a significant amount of adsorbed proteins is released. One also observes that, for albumin solutions of a given protein concentration, the adsorbed protein amount depends on the ionic strength of the adsorption solution. On surfaces terminating with @entity0 , the adsorbed protein amount first increases rapidly but passes through a maximum and decreases with the ionic strength. The ionic strength corresponding to the maximum of the adsorbed albumin amount itself depends on the albumin concentration. On the other hand, on films terminating with @entity2 the adsorbed amount increases with the salt concentration before leveling-off. These results show that the underlying complexity of concentration and pH dependent adsorption/desorption equilibria often simply termed "protein adsorption" is the result of antagonist competing interactions that are mainly of electrostatic origin. We also propose two microscopic models, that are compatible with our experimental observations.

title: Protein interactions with polyelectrolyte multilayers: interactions between human serum albumin and XXXX / @entity3 multilayers.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The interactions between @entity1 ( @entity2 )/ @entity3 ( @entity0 ) multilayers with human serum albumin (HSA) were investigated by means of scanning angle reflectometry (SAR). We find that albumin adsorbs both on multilayers terminating with @entity2 (negatively charged) or @entity0 (positively charged) polyelectrolytes. On films terminating with @entity2 only, an albumin equivalent monolayer is found whereas when @entity0 constitutes the outer layer, albumin interacts with the multilayer in such a way as to form a protein film that extends over thicknesses that can be as high as four times the largest dimension of the native albumin molecule. Once the protein film is formed, it is found that when the albumin solution is replaced by a pure buffer solution of same ionic strength as the adsorption solution almost no desorption takes place. On the other hand, when a buffer solution of higher ionic strength is brought in contact with the albumin film, a significant amount of adsorbed proteins is released. One also observes that, for albumin solutions of a given protein concentration, the adsorbed protein amount depends on the ionic strength of the adsorption solution. On surfaces terminating with @entity0 , the adsorbed protein amount first increases rapidly but passes through a maximum and decreases with the ionic strength. The ionic strength corresponding to the maximum of the adsorbed albumin amount itself depends on the albumin concentration. On the other hand, on films terminating with @entity2 the adsorbed amount increases with the salt concentration before leveling-off. These results show that the underlying complexity of concentration and pH dependent adsorption/desorption equilibria often simply termed "protein adsorption" is the result of antagonist competing interactions that are mainly of electrostatic origin. We also propose two microscopic models, that are compatible with our experimental observations.

title: Protein interactions with polyelectrolyte multilayers: interactions between human serum albumin and @entity1 / XXXX multilayers.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of and risk factors for @entity4 after en bloc salvage surgery for @entity2 . DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: @entity0 were evaluated from February 7, 1990, to November 17, 1999, in a tertiary @entity1 center hospital. @entity0 : Consecutive sample of 124 @entity0 from the hospital database. Only @entity0 with recurrent @entity3 undergoing en bloc salvage resection were eligible for the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We analyzed the frequency of and risk factors for complications after salvage surgery. RESULTS: The @entity1 location was the lip in 6 @entity0 , oral cavity in 55, oropharynx in 31, larynx in 24, and hypopharynx in 8. Previous treatment was surgery alone in 20 @entity0 , radiotherapy alone in 68, surgery and radiotherapy in 21, and radiotherapy and chemotherapy in 14. An additional @entity0 received chemotherapy alone before salvage surgery. The clinical stage of the recurrent @entity1 was I or II in 23 @entity0 and III or IV in 101 @entity0 . @entity4 occurred in 66 @entity0 (53.2%). Fifty-three @entity0 (42.7%) had minor complications, and 23 @entity0 (18.5%) had major ones. There were 4 postoperative deaths (3.2%). The major factor associated with the overall occurrence of @entity4 was the clinical stage of the recurrent @entity1 (P =.02). The occurrence of minor complications correlated with the previously treated site, with complications occurring more often in @entity0 undergoing locoregional vs local treatment (P =.04). Major complications were associated with the time between initial treatment and salvage surgery (P =.05). CONCLUSIONS: Salvage surgery can be performed with acceptable rates of @entity4 . The clinical stage of the recurrent @entity1 and the previous site treated were the 2 major factors associated with the occurrence of @entity4 .

title: XXXX after en bloc salvage surgery for @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of and risk factors for @entity4 after en bloc salvage surgery for @entity2 . DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: @entity0 were evaluated from February 7, 1990, to November 17, 1999, in a tertiary @entity1 center hospital. @entity0 : Consecutive sample of 124 @entity0 from the hospital database. Only @entity0 with recurrent @entity3 undergoing en bloc salvage resection were eligible for the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We analyzed the frequency of and risk factors for complications after salvage surgery. RESULTS: The @entity1 location was the lip in 6 @entity0 , oral cavity in 55, oropharynx in 31, larynx in 24, and hypopharynx in 8. Previous treatment was surgery alone in 20 @entity0 , radiotherapy alone in 68, surgery and radiotherapy in 21, and radiotherapy and chemotherapy in 14. An additional @entity0 received chemotherapy alone before salvage surgery. The clinical stage of the recurrent @entity1 was I or II in 23 @entity0 and III or IV in 101 @entity0 . @entity4 occurred in 66 @entity0 (53.2%). Fifty-three @entity0 (42.7%) had minor complications, and 23 @entity0 (18.5%) had major ones. There were 4 postoperative deaths (3.2%). The major factor associated with the overall occurrence of @entity4 was the clinical stage of the recurrent @entity1 (P =.02). The occurrence of minor complications correlated with the previously treated site, with complications occurring more often in @entity0 undergoing locoregional vs local treatment (P =.04). Major complications were associated with the time between initial treatment and salvage surgery (P =.05). CONCLUSIONS: Salvage surgery can be performed with acceptable rates of @entity4 . The clinical stage of the recurrent @entity1 and the previous site treated were the 2 major factors associated with the occurrence of @entity4 .

title: @entity4 after en bloc salvage surgery for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial blood pressure is not a reliable substitute for proximal aortic pressure. Recognition of this phenomenon is important for correct appreciation of cardiac afterload. Our aim was to evaluate the utility of the radial pulse wave to better understand ventriculo-vascular coupling during anesthesia. METHODS: We observed the differences between aortic systolic pressure (AoSAP, tipmanometry) and radial systolic pressure in 15 @entity0 , (including two @entity0 ) aged 53-78 years, before coronary artery bypass surgery. We studied the induction of anesthesia with @entity2 (20 microg kg-1), moderate @entity4 , and thereafter the addition of 70% @entity3 . The circulatory effects of mechanical ventilation were studied by doubling the tidal volumes. Pulse wave contours were assessed by calculation of radical and aortic augmentation indices (AI), which measure the second systolic pressure peak. RESULTS: Radial systolic pressure was higher than AoSAP in the control situation (8+/-2 mmHg), and this SAP gradient increased further with @entity2 (12+/-2 mmHg). The gradient persisted throughout the study, but was partially reduced by @entity4 and @entity3 , respectively. Radial augmentation index was the only parameter remaining in a stepwise multivariate model to explain the variance in the SAP gradient (r2=0.48). Radial augmentation index also correlated with aortic pulse pressure (r2=0.71). Mechanical ventilation had significant and similar effects on pulse wave augmentation both in the aorta and in the radial artery, and did not affect the radial to aortic SAP gradient. CONCLUSION: These elderly coronary @entity0 had stiff vasculature (high aortic AI) and considerable pulse wave reflection, which was beneficially delayed by @entity2 . Changes in the radial pulse wave augmentation during mechanical ventilation were mainly a result of cyclic changes in the @entity1 volume, and were seldom associated with an increased systolic pressure gradient from the aorta to the radial artery.

title: Interpretation of radial pulse contour during @entity2 / XXXX anesthesia and mechanical ventilation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial blood pressure is not a reliable substitute for proximal aortic pressure. Recognition of this phenomenon is important for correct appreciation of cardiac afterload. Our aim was to evaluate the utility of the radial pulse wave to better understand ventriculo-vascular coupling during anesthesia. METHODS: We observed the differences between aortic systolic pressure (AoSAP, tipmanometry) and radial systolic pressure in 15 @entity0 , (including two @entity0 ) aged 53-78 years, before coronary artery bypass surgery. We studied the induction of anesthesia with @entity2 (20 microg kg-1), moderate @entity4 , and thereafter the addition of 70% @entity3 . The circulatory effects of mechanical ventilation were studied by doubling the tidal volumes. Pulse wave contours were assessed by calculation of radical and aortic augmentation indices (AI), which measure the second systolic pressure peak. RESULTS: Radial systolic pressure was higher than AoSAP in the control situation (8+/-2 mmHg), and this SAP gradient increased further with @entity2 (12+/-2 mmHg). The gradient persisted throughout the study, but was partially reduced by @entity4 and @entity3 , respectively. Radial augmentation index was the only parameter remaining in a stepwise multivariate model to explain the variance in the SAP gradient (r2=0.48). Radial augmentation index also correlated with aortic pulse pressure (r2=0.71). Mechanical ventilation had significant and similar effects on pulse wave augmentation both in the aorta and in the radial artery, and did not affect the radial to aortic SAP gradient. CONCLUSION: These elderly coronary @entity0 had stiff vasculature (high aortic AI) and considerable pulse wave reflection, which was beneficially delayed by @entity2 . Changes in the radial pulse wave augmentation during mechanical ventilation were mainly a result of cyclic changes in the @entity1 volume, and were seldom associated with an increased systolic pressure gradient from the aorta to the radial artery.

title: Interpretation of radial pulse contour during XXXX / @entity3 anesthesia and mechanical ventilation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: To describe the clinical and pathological characteristics of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and share our experiences of the treatment of @entity2 with retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery. All @entity0 pathologically diagnosed with @entity2 were examined. The clinical and pathological characteristics, process of diagnosis, and preparation and treatment of all @entity0 , especially @entity0 treated with laparoscopic surgery, were summarized and retrospectively analyzed. From January 2008 to May 2014, 8 @entity0 underwent adrenalectomies and were diagnosed with @entity2 in our hospital. The median age was 45.5 years. All of these @entity0 experienced a smooth adrenalectomy: 7 performed by laparoscopy via a retroperitoneal approach and 1 performed by open surgery. Five were female and the other 3 were male. These @entity0 had unilateral adrenal lesions. Four were located on the right which to be same as the contralateral. In addition, 1 specimen was assayed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), which revealed positive results for @entity6 , @entity7 , Factor VIII-related antigen and D2-40, and negative results for cytokeratin @entity3 / @entity4 . During a brief follow up, all @entity0 exhibited favorable results without discomfort. @entity2 is a benign lesion with mild bio-behavior and @entity0 are generally asymptomatic. The use of computerized tomography (CT) combined with enhanced CT has a superior advantage in diagnosis. Laparoscopic adrenalectomies that are performed via a retroperitoneal approach would be a very safe and efficient choice for @entity2 treatment. D2-40 can be considered as a specific IHC marker in the pathological diagnosis of @entity2 . However, @entity5 and @entity1 should be ruled out before and during the operation.

title: Clinical and pathological characteristics of XXXX treated by laparoscopy via a retroperitoneal approach: experience and analysis of 7 cases.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation of epicardial adipose tissue volume (EATV) with the @entity2 and its severity. METHODS: Inpatients with suspicious stable angina of @entity1 were recruited. For @entity0 with @entity2 in CTA, further coronary angiography (CAG) was performed to evaluate the @entity2 . Gensini scoring system was employed to assess the severity of @entity2 . RESULTS: @entity0 were classified as @entity1 ( @entity1 ) group (n = 160). Results showed the mean EATV was 192.57    30.32 cm(3) in @entity1 group, which was significantly larger than that in control group (138.56    23.18 cm(3); P < 0.01). The @entity4 was classified as mild, moderate and severe @entity3 according to the extent of @entity2 , and results showed marked difference in the EATV among @entity0 with different severities of @entity4 (P < 0.005). The Gensini score was positively related to EATV (r = 0.285, P = 0.000). The EATV increased with the increase in the number of affected coronary arteries. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed EATV was an independent risk factor of @entity1 after adjusting other confounding factors (OR = 1.023, P = 0.013). CONCLUSION: EATV is closely related to the severity of @entity2 : the larger the EATV, the more severe the @entity2 . Moreover, EATV is an independent risk factor of @entity1 .

title: Epicardial fat volume is correlated with XXXX and its severity.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We describe a case of severe @entity7 without @entity6 in an 8-year-old @entity0 who was undergoing elective surgery for an ileostomy. The @entity0 had a history of four anorectal operations in the newborn period, but no history of @entity3 . Sudden, profound @entity9 and @entity4 occurred 30 min after the beginning of the operation. No signs of @entity6 or @entity1 were seen. The @entity0 was resuscitated successfully and remained ventilated for 25 h. During this time, he needed @entity5 in dosages of 0.3-0.05 microg.kg-1.min-1. Radioallergosorbent (RAST) tests for the @entity0 were positive Cap Class 3 and 4, and specific immunoglobulin E was highly positive, suggesting a @entity8 as the cause of the @entity7 . @entity10 was negative. Eleven days later, a further operation was performed with a strict latex-free protocol in the presence of @entity2 1 and 2 receptor antagonists. On this occasion, the intraoperative course was uneventful. Incidence of anaphylactic reactions, prevalence of latex sensitization, special risk groups and management are discussed.

title: Severe @entity7 without XXXX in a case of unknown @entity8 and review of the literature.

answer: @entity6


abstract: We describe a case of severe @entity7 without @entity6 in an 8-year-old @entity0 who was undergoing elective surgery for an ileostomy. The @entity0 had a history of four anorectal operations in the newborn period, but no history of @entity3 . Sudden, profound @entity9 and @entity4 occurred 30 min after the beginning of the operation. No signs of @entity6 or @entity1 were seen. The @entity0 was resuscitated successfully and remained ventilated for 25 h. During this time, he needed @entity5 in dosages of 0.3-0.05 microg.kg-1.min-1. Radioallergosorbent (RAST) tests for the @entity0 were positive Cap Class 3 and 4, and specific immunoglobulin E was highly positive, suggesting a @entity8 as the cause of the @entity7 . @entity10 was negative. Eleven days later, a further operation was performed with a strict latex-free protocol in the presence of @entity2 1 and 2 receptor antagonists. On this occasion, the intraoperative course was uneventful. Incidence of anaphylactic reactions, prevalence of latex sensitization, special risk groups and management are discussed.

title: Severe @entity7 without @entity6 in a case of unknown XXXX and review of the literature.

answer: @entity8


abstract: We describe a case of severe @entity7 without @entity6 in an 8-year-old @entity0 who was undergoing elective surgery for an ileostomy. The @entity0 had a history of four anorectal operations in the newborn period, but no history of @entity3 . Sudden, profound @entity9 and @entity4 occurred 30 min after the beginning of the operation. No signs of @entity6 or @entity1 were seen. The @entity0 was resuscitated successfully and remained ventilated for 25 h. During this time, he needed @entity5 in dosages of 0.3-0.05 microg.kg-1.min-1. Radioallergosorbent (RAST) tests for the @entity0 were positive Cap Class 3 and 4, and specific immunoglobulin E was highly positive, suggesting a @entity8 as the cause of the @entity7 . @entity10 was negative. Eleven days later, a further operation was performed with a strict latex-free protocol in the presence of @entity2 1 and 2 receptor antagonists. On this occasion, the intraoperative course was uneventful. Incidence of anaphylactic reactions, prevalence of latex sensitization, special risk groups and management are discussed.

title: Severe XXXX without @entity6 in a case of unknown @entity8 and review of the literature.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate the ductus venosus doppler between 11-13+6 (week-day) in pregnant @entity0 with hemoglobinopaties and its relation with fetal outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 100 pregnant @entity0 with @entity3 and 100 healthy pregnant @entity0 were included in our study. Ultrasonography (USG) was performed to all pregnant @entity0 and the ductus venosus doppler (DVD) flows were evaluated. The results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The mean hemoglobin level was significantly lower in @entity3 group (9.7    0.7) than control group (10.67    0.82) (P<0.001). There was a significant relationship between Vmax, Vmin, S/D and reverse 'a' wave in fetuses with @entity3 . Vmax, Vmin and S/D parameters were higher in the group of @entity3 (respectively mean value, 31.3    1.66, 8.90    0.81, 2.97    0.49). Reverse 'a' wave was detected especially in all fetuses with @entity2 . There was no significantly relationship between the groups in terms of PI, RI and HR. In a logistic regression analyses, fetal @entity3 was independently associated with Vmin (b = 1.07, P = 0.001), S/D (b = 2.61, P = 0.001) and reverse 'a' wave (b = 2.46, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Pregnant @entity0 with @entity3 had changed ductus venosus doppler values in compared to normal pregnant @entity0 . @entity1 may cause this doppler changes. Furthermore all fetuses with @entity2 (n = 5) had abnormal ductus venosus doppler findings. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between abnormal ductus venosus doppler findings and fetuses diagnosed with @entity2 .

title: Can the ductus venosus doppler predict the XXXX ?

answer: @entity3


abstract: This study's objectives are to assess the efficacy of detecting apoptotic @entity7 in @entity0 sperm and plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and to compare these levels between fertile and @entity1 @entity0 groups of @entity6 nationality in China. This study offers a non-invasive, alternative strategy to analyzing sperm parameters in @entity1 males. Fifty-six @entity1 males were investigated; asthenospermia (n = 19), oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (n = 20), @entity3 (n = 17) compared with 20 healthy fertile controls. They were subjected to semen analysis by computer-assisted sperm assay (CASA). We found that @entity2 existed in all specimens in both sperms and plasma. The level of @entity2 and @entity4 in plasma were both significantly higher than in sperm. Levels of @entity4 and @entity5 in sperm and plasma were significantly negatively correlated with sperm concentration, motility and A % (motility grade A). The level of @entity4 in plasma was significantly negatively correlated with sperm concentration. However, only in healthy fertile controls sperm concentration was significantly negatively correlated with @entity5 in sperm. Compared with the healthy fertile controls, only the OAT group exhibited significantly increased level of @entity4 in sperm (P < 0.05). It is concluded that @entity4 and @entity5 in sperm and plasma are correlated with sperm motility, and can reflect the quality of sperm in vitro.

title: Differences in caspase-8 and -9 activity and sperm motility in XXXX males of @entity6 nationality in China.

answer: @entity1


abstract: This study's objectives are to assess the efficacy of detecting apoptotic @entity7 in @entity0 sperm and plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and to compare these levels between fertile and @entity1 @entity0 groups of @entity6 nationality in China. This study offers a non-invasive, alternative strategy to analyzing sperm parameters in @entity1 males. Fifty-six @entity1 males were investigated; asthenospermia (n = 19), oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (n = 20), @entity3 (n = 17) compared with 20 healthy fertile controls. They were subjected to semen analysis by computer-assisted sperm assay (CASA). We found that @entity2 existed in all specimens in both sperms and plasma. The level of @entity2 and @entity4 in plasma were both significantly higher than in sperm. Levels of @entity4 and @entity5 in sperm and plasma were significantly negatively correlated with sperm concentration, motility and A % (motility grade A). The level of @entity4 in plasma was significantly negatively correlated with sperm concentration. However, only in healthy fertile controls sperm concentration was significantly negatively correlated with @entity5 in sperm. Compared with the healthy fertile controls, only the OAT group exhibited significantly increased level of @entity4 in sperm (P < 0.05). It is concluded that @entity4 and @entity5 in sperm and plasma are correlated with sperm motility, and can reflect the quality of sperm in vitro.

title: Differences in caspase-8 and -9 activity and sperm motility in @entity1 males of XXXX nationality in China.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The t(4;14) translocation is found in approximately 10% of @entity2 @entity0 and results in the deregulation of at least two genes, @entity7 and @entity3 ( @entity3 ), with the formation of a fusion product between @entity7 and the @entity4 ( @entity4 ) locus and overexpression of @entity3 . We have analysed a series of 80 @entity0 samples, comprising 67 @entity2 ( @entity2 ) cases and 13 @entity5 ( @entity5 ) cases, using RT-PCR to detect @entity4 - @entity7 fusions. The t(4;14) translocation was detected in 7/67 (10%) @entity2 cases and all seven expressed @entity3 which was not seen in t(4;14)-negative @entity2 cases. In the @entity5 cases, a similar proportion of t(4;14)-positive cases was found (2/13; 15%), but none of these expressed @entity3 . All @entity0 with detectable @entity3 expressed both the @entity3 IIIb and @entity3 IIIc isoforms, the result of alternative splicing in the ligand binding domain, and exon-deleted variants of @entity3 . We also identified a cryptic splice site in @entity7 which results in a 277 @entity1 deletion downstream of the breakpoint on der(4). @entity3 mutation analysis revealed no mutations in the presenting @entity2 or @entity5 samples. However, we also had access to paired presentation and relapse samples which had been taken from a @entity0 13 months apart. Both samples had the t(4;14) translocation and overexpressed @entity3 , but only the relapse sample possessed the @entity6 mutation in the kinase domain of @entity3 . This suggests that targeted mutation in the translocated @entity3 gene when under the control of the immunoglobulin promoters can occur and may provide one mechanism for disease progression.

title: A molecular study of the t(4;14) in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change of @entity0 cerebral bottom arterial hemodynamics during 21 d simulated weightlessness. METHOD: 21 d -6 degrees @entity1 ( @entity1 ) were used to simulate weightlessness. 6 healthy male, aged 24.8 +/- 6.1 served as subjects. Systolic blood velocity (Vs), diastolic blood velocity (Vd), mean blood velocity (Vm), pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and other indices of middle cerebral arteries ( @entity2 ), anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) were measured by transcranial ultrasound Doppler before @entity1 and on day 0 (D0), 1, 3, 7, 10, 21 of @entity1 . HUT +75 degrees 20 min orthostatic tolerance tests were done on day -1, 10, and 21 of @entity1 . RESULT: During HUT +75 degrees 20 min orthostatic tolerance test on day 10 and 21 of @entity1 , the average standing time were shorter than that of the pre- @entity1 values (P<0.05). On day 3 and 21 of @entity1 , Vs of right @entity2 reduced significantly than pre- @entity1 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). On day 1, 3, 7, 10 and 21 of @entity1 , Vs of right @entity2 were obviously lower than that on D0 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Left @entity2 Vs on D0 increased significantly than that of pre- @entity1 (P<0.05), and both were significantly higher than those of the 3rd day of @entity1 (P<0.01). Right @entity2 Vm on the 3rd and 21st day of @entity1 were significantly lower than those pre- @entity1 and D0 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). On day 10 of @entity1 , Vm of right @entity2 were significantly reduced than that on D0 (P<0.05). Both @entity2 bilateral velocity difference (right Vm-left Vm) on the 3rd, 10th, 21st day of @entity1 , and @entity2 inter-hemispheric asymmetry index on the 10th, 21st day of @entity1 were significantly lower than that of pre- @entity1 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: 21 d @entity1 bed-rest decreased orthostatic tolerance, Vs of both side @entity2 , and Vm of right @entity2 . Lower Vs of both side @entity2 and the inter-hemispheric asymmetry of @entity2 during @entity1 maybe responsible, in part, for the increased risk of orthostatic intolerance.

title: Changes of XXXX cerebral bottom arterial hemodynamics during 21 d head-down tilt (-6 degrees) bed-rest.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity0 are selected for awake craniotomy when the planned procedure involves eloquent areas of the brain, necessitating an awake, cooperative @entity0 capable of undergoing neurocognitive testing. Different anesthetic combinations, including neurolept, @entity3 with or without opioid infusions, and asleep-awake-asleep techniques, have been reported for awake craniotomy. In all these techniques, @entity2 has been reported as a complication. In this case series @entity4 , the highly selective alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist, was selected for its lack of @entity2 as well as its sedative and analgesic properties. The charts of 10 consecutive @entity0 who underwent awake craniotomy with @entity4 infusion were reviewed. Five of the @entity0 underwent "asleep-awake" technique with a laryngeal mask airway and volatile agent. Five @entity0 received moderate to conscious sedation. All @entity0 received a @entity4 load of 0.5 to 1.0 microg/kg over 20 minutes followed by an infusion at rates of 0.01 to 1.0 microg/kg per hour. Four @entity0 had extensive sensory and motor testing, and six underwent neurocognitive testing, including naming, reading, counting, and verbal fluency. There were no permanent @entity1 , except one @entity0 who had an exacerbation of preoperative language difficulties. @entity4 appears to be a useful sedative for awake craniotomy when sophisticated neurologic testing is required.

title: XXXX and neurocognitive testing in awake craniotomy.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is widely used to treat @entity2 in @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) but has never been shown conclusively to improve functional outcome. The study was designed to measure changes in gross motor function in @entity0 1 year following rhizotomy compared with a control group receiving equivalent physiotherapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) with the exception that the rhizotomy group initially underwent a 6-week postoperative in- @entity0 therapy program. Twenty-four @entity0 (mean age 58 months) with mild to moderate @entity1 with @entity1 were randomly assigned to a therapy-only control group (CG) (N=12) or rhizotomy and therapy group (RG) (N=12). The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) was administered at the baseline, 6-, and 12-month assessments. Extremity tone, range of motion (ROM), biomechanics of the ankle-stretch reflex, isometric contraction, and temporal gait components were also evaluated. GMFM scores in the RG improved by 12.1 percentage points versus 4.4 percentage points in the CG (P<0.02). RG knee and ankle tone was significantly reduced (P<0.005), associated with increased passive ankle ROM (P<0.001), and decreased soleus EMG reflex activity on forced dorsiflexion (P<0.008). Foot-floor contact pattern improved in the RG compared with the CG (P<0.05). In conclusion, SDR combined with PT and OT leads to significantly greater functional motor improvement at 1 year following surgery compared with PT and OT alone. This was achieved in part through reduced knee and ankle tone, increased ankle dorsiflexion ROM, and more normal foot-floor contact during walking.

title: Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of XXXX in @entity1 : a randomized controlled tria.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is widely used to treat @entity2 in @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) but has never been shown conclusively to improve functional outcome. The study was designed to measure changes in gross motor function in @entity0 1 year following rhizotomy compared with a control group receiving equivalent physiotherapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) with the exception that the rhizotomy group initially underwent a 6-week postoperative in- @entity0 therapy program. Twenty-four @entity0 (mean age 58 months) with mild to moderate @entity1 with @entity1 were randomly assigned to a therapy-only control group (CG) (N=12) or rhizotomy and therapy group (RG) (N=12). The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) was administered at the baseline, 6-, and 12-month assessments. Extremity tone, range of motion (ROM), biomechanics of the ankle-stretch reflex, isometric contraction, and temporal gait components were also evaluated. GMFM scores in the RG improved by 12.1 percentage points versus 4.4 percentage points in the CG (P<0.02). RG knee and ankle tone was significantly reduced (P<0.005), associated with increased passive ankle ROM (P<0.001), and decreased soleus EMG reflex activity on forced dorsiflexion (P<0.008). Foot-floor contact pattern improved in the RG compared with the CG (P<0.05). In conclusion, SDR combined with PT and OT leads to significantly greater functional motor improvement at 1 year following surgery compared with PT and OT alone. This was achieved in part through reduced knee and ankle tone, increased ankle dorsiflexion ROM, and more normal foot-floor contact during walking.

title: Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of @entity2 in XXXX : a randomized controlled tria.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Objective. This study investigated the treatment outcomes and determinant factors likely to be associated with recovery rate. Methods. A retrospective chart review (RCR) was performed on 348 @entity0 who were enrolled in the outpatient care (OPC) during the study period. Results. Of the 348 cases, 33.6% recovered (having MUAC >= 125   mm), 49.1% defaulted, and 11.5% transferred to other OPC units to continue with treatment. There were 187 (53.7%) males and 161 (46.3%) females with severe @entity1 . The average weight gain rate was 28   g/kg/day. Controlling for other factors, @entity0 who completed the treatment plan had 3.2 times higher probability of recovery from severe acute @entity1 (SAM) as compared to @entity0 who defaulted (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.9, 5.3, and p < 0.001). The @entity0 aged 24-59 months had 5.8 times higher probability of recovery from SAM as compared to @entity0 aged 6-11 months (AOR = 5.8, 95% CI = 2.5, 10.6, and p < 0.001). Conclusions. Cure rate was low and the default rate was quite high. @entity0 who were diagnosed as having marasmus on admission stayed longer before recovery than their kwashiorkor counterparts. Younger @entity0 were of greater risk of nonrecovery.

title: Treatment Outcome of Severe Acute XXXX Cases at the Tamale Teaching Hospital.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Purpose. Retrospectively evaluate the density of cerebral venous sinuses in nonenhanced head CTs (NCTs) and correlate these with the presence or absence of a cerebral @entity0 (CVST). Materials and Methods. Institutional review board approval was obtained and informed consent waived prior to commencing this retrospective study. Over a two-year period, all CT venograms (CTVs) performed at our institution were retrieved and the preceding/subsequent NCTs evaluated. Hounsfield Units (HUs) of @entity1 when present as well as that of normal superior sagittal and sigmoid sinuses were measured. HU of @entity1 was compared to that of normal vessels with and without standardisation to the average HU of the internal carotid arteries. Results. 299 CTVs were retrieved, 26 with a @entity1 . Both raw and standardised HU measurements were significantly higher in CVST (p < 0.0001) compared to normal vessels. Both raw and standardised HUs are good predictors of CVST. A HU of >= 67 and a standardised measurement of >= 1.5 are associated with high probability of CVST on NCT. Conclusion. Cerebral venous sinus HU measurements may help improve sensitivity and specificity of NCT for @entity0 and avoid potentially unnecessary follow-up examinations.

title: Cerebral XXXX , a Nonenhanced CT Diagnosis?

answer: @entity0


abstract: When recovered from the follicle, @entity1 oocytes may be categorised as having either a compact or an expanded cumulus. Cumulus expansion is strongly associated with follicle @entity0 . Oocytes with expanded and compact cumuli have similar proportions in the germinal vesicle stage when recovered from the follicle. However, during in vitro culture, a higher proportion of oocytes with expanded cumuli mature, and they do so more quickly, than do oocytes with compact cumuli. Using @entity2 to label chromatin, in the germinal-vesicle stage @entity1 oocytes can be divided into those in which the nucleus fluoresces diffusely (FN), and those in which the chromatin is condensed as a mass within the germinal vesicle (condensed chromatin; CC). The CC configuration is more common in oocytes with expanded rather than compact cumuli. The occurrence of the condensed chromatin configuration in oocytes with compact cumuli rises with increasing follicle size to the point that, in follicles >20 mm diameter, almost 80% of oocytes with compact cumuli have condensed chromatin. This suggests that the chromatin of fully grown oocytes condenses prior to the gonadotrophin stimulation that induces ovulation. The number of oocytes maturing in vitro correlates strongly with the presence of the condensed chromatin configuration at the beginning of culture for both cumulus types. This suggests that the condensed chromatin configuration represents the meiotically competent oocyte. In contrast, FN oocytes appear to be meiotically incompetent, although 61% of oocytes from small, apparently viable follicles, have the FN configuration. This leads to the hypothesis that the FN configuration represents viable germinal vesicle stage oocytes that have yet to acquire meiotic competence. As oocytes achieve meiotic competence, the chromatin appears to condense to the CC configuration. This change occurs during growth of the preovulatory follicle but it can also occur during follicular @entity0 . Information about the inherent meiotic competence of different populations of oocytes will assist in the selection of oocytes for experiments involving in vitro maturation and fertilisation in equids.

title: Cumulus expansion, chromatin configuration and meiotic competence in XXXX oocytes: a new hypothesis.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The purpose of the present case report was to describe the surgical treatment of a @entity5 associated with a regenerative approach. A 48-year-old @entity0 came to authors' attention 36 months after the placement of a dental implant (ITI-Bonefit Straumann, Waldenburg, Switzerland) in position 46. A swelling of the peri-implant soft tissues was observed, associated with @entity3 on probing and probing depth > 10   mm. A significant peri-implant @entity4 was clearly visible on the periapical radiograph. A nonsurgical periodontal supportive therapy was firstly conducted to reduce the @entity1 , followed by the surgical treatment of the defect. After mechanical and chemical decontamination with @entity6 solution, a regenerative approach consisting in the application of deproteinized @entity2 bone mineral (Bio-Oss, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and a collagen membrane (Bio-Gide, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) was performed. An antibiotic therapy was associated with the treatment. The 17-year follow-up showed a physiological probing depth with no clinical signs of @entity1 and @entity3 on probing. No further radiographic @entity4 was observed. The treatment described in the present case report seemed to show improved clinical results up to a relevant follow-up period.

title: Surgical Treatment of XXXX : A 17-Year Follow-Up Clinical Case Report.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This multicenter, open-label study was conducted to compare the cycle control, efficacy and safety of a 24-day regimen of a new ultra-low-dose oral contraceptive containing @entity5 (GTD) 60 microg/ @entity6 (EE) 15 microg and a 21-day regimen of desogestrel (DSG) 150 microg/EE 20 microg. METHODS: Healthy @entity0 at least 18 years of age who had had regular menstrual cycles for the prior 3 months were randomly assigned to treatment for six cycles. RESULTS: Data from 1074 @entity0 were included in the analyses. Overall, 65% of cycles were normal with GTD/EE and 78% with DSG/EE. The overall incidence of @entity4 and/or spotting was 29% with GTD/EE and 20% with DSG/EE, with absence of @entity3 occurring in 6% of cycles in the GTD/EE group and 1% of cycles in the DSG/EE group. The GTD/EE group had a significantly shorter length of @entity3 episodes (4 vs. 5 days, p < 0.001), a significantly lower intensity of @entity3 (p < 0.01) and a significantly shorter time for onset of @entity3 than the DSG/EE group (p < 0.001). Safety profiles for the two treatment groups were similar. Significantly more subjects in the DSG/ EE group withdrew because of @entity7 (p = 0.03) and @entity1 or @entity2 (p = 0.05). One pregnancy occurred in each treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: The 24-day regimen of GTD 60 microg/EE 15 microg provided good efficacy, acceptable cycle control and a favorable safety profile compared with DSG/EE. This ultra-low-dose formulation offers unique advantages in efficacy and safety for oral contraception.

title: Cycle control, safety and efficacy of a 24-day regimen of @entity5 60 microg/ XXXX 15 microg and a 21-day regimen of desogestrel 150 microg/ @entity6 20 microg.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This multicenter, open-label study was conducted to compare the cycle control, efficacy and safety of a 24-day regimen of a new ultra-low-dose oral contraceptive containing @entity5 (GTD) 60 microg/ @entity6 (EE) 15 microg and a 21-day regimen of desogestrel (DSG) 150 microg/EE 20 microg. METHODS: Healthy @entity0 at least 18 years of age who had had regular menstrual cycles for the prior 3 months were randomly assigned to treatment for six cycles. RESULTS: Data from 1074 @entity0 were included in the analyses. Overall, 65% of cycles were normal with GTD/EE and 78% with DSG/EE. The overall incidence of @entity4 and/or spotting was 29% with GTD/EE and 20% with DSG/EE, with absence of @entity3 occurring in 6% of cycles in the GTD/EE group and 1% of cycles in the DSG/EE group. The GTD/EE group had a significantly shorter length of @entity3 episodes (4 vs. 5 days, p < 0.001), a significantly lower intensity of @entity3 (p < 0.01) and a significantly shorter time for onset of @entity3 than the DSG/EE group (p < 0.001). Safety profiles for the two treatment groups were similar. Significantly more subjects in the DSG/ EE group withdrew because of @entity7 (p = 0.03) and @entity1 or @entity2 (p = 0.05). One pregnancy occurred in each treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: The 24-day regimen of GTD 60 microg/EE 15 microg provided good efficacy, acceptable cycle control and a favorable safety profile compared with DSG/EE. This ultra-low-dose formulation offers unique advantages in efficacy and safety for oral contraception.

title: Cycle control, safety and efficacy of a 24-day regimen of @entity5 60 microg/ @entity6 15 microg and a 21-day regimen of desogestrel 150 microg/ XXXX 20 microg.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This multicenter, open-label study was conducted to compare the cycle control, efficacy and safety of a 24-day regimen of a new ultra-low-dose oral contraceptive containing @entity5 (GTD) 60 microg/ @entity6 (EE) 15 microg and a 21-day regimen of desogestrel (DSG) 150 microg/EE 20 microg. METHODS: Healthy @entity0 at least 18 years of age who had had regular menstrual cycles for the prior 3 months were randomly assigned to treatment for six cycles. RESULTS: Data from 1074 @entity0 were included in the analyses. Overall, 65% of cycles were normal with GTD/EE and 78% with DSG/EE. The overall incidence of @entity4 and/or spotting was 29% with GTD/EE and 20% with DSG/EE, with absence of @entity3 occurring in 6% of cycles in the GTD/EE group and 1% of cycles in the DSG/EE group. The GTD/EE group had a significantly shorter length of @entity3 episodes (4 vs. 5 days, p < 0.001), a significantly lower intensity of @entity3 (p < 0.01) and a significantly shorter time for onset of @entity3 than the DSG/EE group (p < 0.001). Safety profiles for the two treatment groups were similar. Significantly more subjects in the DSG/ EE group withdrew because of @entity7 (p = 0.03) and @entity1 or @entity2 (p = 0.05). One pregnancy occurred in each treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: The 24-day regimen of GTD 60 microg/EE 15 microg provided good efficacy, acceptable cycle control and a favorable safety profile compared with DSG/EE. This ultra-low-dose formulation offers unique advantages in efficacy and safety for oral contraception.

title: Cycle control, safety and efficacy of a 24-day regimen of XXXX 60 microg/ @entity6 15 microg and a 21-day regimen of desogestrel 150 microg/ @entity6 20 microg.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Acceleration of reentrant @entity1 induced by programmed electrical stimulation is a well-documented phenomenon, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve @entity0 with typical @entity2 were studied. Activation sequence of the underlying reentrant circuit was recorded by multiple multipolar electrodes placed in the right atrium. In five @entity0 , 27 episodes of @entity2 were induced by single extrastimuli delivered in the isthmus between the tricuspid annulus and eustachian ridge (TA-ER isthmus) and one by rapid overdrive atrial pacing. Analyses of the activation sequences, intracardiac electrograms, and 12-lead surface ECG P-wave morphology indicated that the acceleration was caused by two successive activation wave fronts circulating in the same direction along the same reentrant circuit (double-wave reentry, DWR). DWR was induced only within a narrow range of coupling interval, from 2 to 45 ms beyond the effective refractory period, and was associated with unidirectional antidromic block of the paced impulse. @entity0 with DWR had a shorter effective refractory period (138.8+/-13.4 versus 163.8+/-12.2 ms, P<.015) and larger excitable gap (124.0+/-22.6 versus 83.2+/-13.2 ms, P<.009) compared with @entity0 without inducible DWR. All of the DWR episodes were transient. Most (78.6%) terminated after one of the double wave fronts was blocked in the TA-ER isthmus. CONCLUSIONS: DWR is one of the mechanisms responsible for programmed electrical stimulation-induced @entity2 in @entity0 subjects. Its induction requires a sufficient excitable gap and antidromic unidirectional block of the paced impulse in the TA-ER isthmus. In addition, the TA-ER isthmus is the usual site of DWR termination.

title: Acceleration of typical XXXX due to double-wave reentry induced by programmed electrical stimulation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The effects of cardioversion of @entity2 on the activation sequence of the ventricles have not been previously studied. In this study we examined the events in the ventricle that follow the application of @entity3 . METHODS AND RESULTS: We used video imaging technology to study the sequence of activation on the surface of the ventricles in the Langendorff-perfused @entity1 heart. We recorded transmembrane potentials simultaneously from over 20000 sites on the epicardium before and after biphasic shocks applied by a programmable @entity2 . The first epicardial activation after the shock depended on both the voltage and timing of the shock. During @entity0 as low as 10 V produced ventricular excitation, although the time between the shock and the first epicardial activation (latency) was approximately 30 ms. As the shock voltage was increased to 120 V, latency decreased to zero and the entire epicardium was depolarized within 30 ms. For 120-V shocks delivered late in systole, the depolarization sequence produced by the shock was similar to the previous repolarization sequence. Shocks of 120 V applied 150 to 300 ms after the previous ventricular excitation induced @entity4 . @entity4 was induced by multiple focal beats after the shock, which produced waves that propagated but broke down into reentry within regions of high repolarization gradients. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that @entity2 shocks excite the ventricles even at low shock voltages. In addition, @entity4 can be induced by shocks given in the vulnerable period by producing focal patterns that break down into reentrant waves.

title: Effects of @entity2 shocks on the ventricles in isolated XXXX hearts.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The effects of cardioversion of @entity2 on the activation sequence of the ventricles have not been previously studied. In this study we examined the events in the ventricle that follow the application of @entity3 . METHODS AND RESULTS: We used video imaging technology to study the sequence of activation on the surface of the ventricles in the Langendorff-perfused @entity1 heart. We recorded transmembrane potentials simultaneously from over 20000 sites on the epicardium before and after biphasic shocks applied by a programmable @entity2 . The first epicardial activation after the shock depended on both the voltage and timing of the shock. During @entity0 as low as 10 V produced ventricular excitation, although the time between the shock and the first epicardial activation (latency) was approximately 30 ms. As the shock voltage was increased to 120 V, latency decreased to zero and the entire epicardium was depolarized within 30 ms. For 120-V shocks delivered late in systole, the depolarization sequence produced by the shock was similar to the previous repolarization sequence. Shocks of 120 V applied 150 to 300 ms after the previous ventricular excitation induced @entity4 . @entity4 was induced by multiple focal beats after the shock, which produced waves that propagated but broke down into reentry within regions of high repolarization gradients. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that @entity2 shocks excite the ventricles even at low shock voltages. In addition, @entity4 can be induced by shocks given in the vulnerable period by producing focal patterns that break down into reentrant waves.

title: Effects of XXXX shocks on the ventricles in isolated @entity1 hearts.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and ERK-MAPK mitogenic signaling pathways are important in @entity0 @entity1 . We investigated the effect of @entity6 inhibition on ERK-MAPK signaling and the effect of combining @entity8 (MAPK kinase) and @entity6 inhibitors in @entity0 @entity1 in vitro. COX and ERK expression were determined by immunoblot in HepG2 and Hep3B cells. @entity6 and @entity8 activity were determined by @entity3 assay and phosphospecific immunoblot, respectively. Cell growth was determined by cell proliferation and cell counts. Apoptosis was determined by DNA fragmentation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. HepG2 and Hep3B cells do not express @entity10 or @entity6 . Correspondingly, basal and agonist ( @entity4 , lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated @entity6 activity is undetectable. Treatment of HepG2 and Hep3B cells with @entity9 resulted in an increase in @entity2 phosphorylation ( @entity8 activity) in a concentration-dependent fashion ( @entity9 , 1 to 100 micromol/L). Treatment with the @entity6 inhibitor @entity9 in the presence of @entity7 ( @entity8 inhibitor) effectively suppressed @entity2 phosphorylation as determined by phosphospecific @entity2 immunoblot. Total @entity2 and @entity6 were unchanged with @entity9 and @entity7 treatments. In HepG2 cells, @entity9 (1 to 100 micromol/L) decreased apoptosis as determined by DNA fragmentation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Relative apoptosis was increased with @entity7 alone or in combination with @entity9 (9 to 10 times the control value), eliminating the anti-apoptotic effect of @entity9 . In Hep3B cells, apoptosis was unchanged with @entity9 (1 to 50 micromol/L) or @entity7 (1 to 10 micromol/L) alone. The combination of @entity9 and @entity7 in Hep3B cells resulted in a synergistic increase in apoptosis (10 times the control value). Relative apoptosis in both cell lines strongly correlated with changes in the expression of the antiapoptotic protein @entity5 . Cellular growth was assessed by colorimetric proliferation assay and cell counts. HepG2 and Hep3B cells had concentration-dependent inhibition of cell growth with @entity9 or @entity7 treatment alone. The combination of @entity9 and @entity7 resulted in complementary inhibitory effects on growth. Growth inhibitory effects in HepG2 and Hep3B cells with combination treatment appear to be, in part, secondary to the induction of G(0)/G(1) and G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, respectively, as determined by flow cytometry. Despite differential signaling in HepG2 and Hep3B cells, the sum effect of combining the @entity6 inhibitor @entity9 and the @entity8 inhibitor @entity7 results in enhanced antitumor actions. This novel combination may be useful for in vivo studies of @entity1 .

title: Novel combination of @entity6 and @entity8 inhibitors in @entity0 XXXX provides a synergistic increase in apoptosis.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and ERK-MAPK mitogenic signaling pathways are important in @entity0 @entity1 . We investigated the effect of @entity6 inhibition on ERK-MAPK signaling and the effect of combining @entity8 (MAPK kinase) and @entity6 inhibitors in @entity0 @entity1 in vitro. COX and ERK expression were determined by immunoblot in HepG2 and Hep3B cells. @entity6 and @entity8 activity were determined by @entity3 assay and phosphospecific immunoblot, respectively. Cell growth was determined by cell proliferation and cell counts. Apoptosis was determined by DNA fragmentation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. HepG2 and Hep3B cells do not express @entity10 or @entity6 . Correspondingly, basal and agonist ( @entity4 , lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated @entity6 activity is undetectable. Treatment of HepG2 and Hep3B cells with @entity9 resulted in an increase in @entity2 phosphorylation ( @entity8 activity) in a concentration-dependent fashion ( @entity9 , 1 to 100 micromol/L). Treatment with the @entity6 inhibitor @entity9 in the presence of @entity7 ( @entity8 inhibitor) effectively suppressed @entity2 phosphorylation as determined by phosphospecific @entity2 immunoblot. Total @entity2 and @entity6 were unchanged with @entity9 and @entity7 treatments. In HepG2 cells, @entity9 (1 to 100 micromol/L) decreased apoptosis as determined by DNA fragmentation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Relative apoptosis was increased with @entity7 alone or in combination with @entity9 (9 to 10 times the control value), eliminating the anti-apoptotic effect of @entity9 . In Hep3B cells, apoptosis was unchanged with @entity9 (1 to 50 micromol/L) or @entity7 (1 to 10 micromol/L) alone. The combination of @entity9 and @entity7 in Hep3B cells resulted in a synergistic increase in apoptosis (10 times the control value). Relative apoptosis in both cell lines strongly correlated with changes in the expression of the antiapoptotic protein @entity5 . Cellular growth was assessed by colorimetric proliferation assay and cell counts. HepG2 and Hep3B cells had concentration-dependent inhibition of cell growth with @entity9 or @entity7 treatment alone. The combination of @entity9 and @entity7 resulted in complementary inhibitory effects on growth. Growth inhibitory effects in HepG2 and Hep3B cells with combination treatment appear to be, in part, secondary to the induction of G(0)/G(1) and G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, respectively, as determined by flow cytometry. Despite differential signaling in HepG2 and Hep3B cells, the sum effect of combining the @entity6 inhibitor @entity9 and the @entity8 inhibitor @entity7 results in enhanced antitumor actions. This novel combination may be useful for in vivo studies of @entity1 .

title: Novel combination of XXXX and @entity8 inhibitors in @entity0 @entity1 provides a synergistic increase in apoptosis.

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and ERK-MAPK mitogenic signaling pathways are important in @entity0 @entity1 . We investigated the effect of @entity6 inhibition on ERK-MAPK signaling and the effect of combining @entity8 (MAPK kinase) and @entity6 inhibitors in @entity0 @entity1 in vitro. COX and ERK expression were determined by immunoblot in HepG2 and Hep3B cells. @entity6 and @entity8 activity were determined by @entity3 assay and phosphospecific immunoblot, respectively. Cell growth was determined by cell proliferation and cell counts. Apoptosis was determined by DNA fragmentation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. HepG2 and Hep3B cells do not express @entity10 or @entity6 . Correspondingly, basal and agonist ( @entity4 , lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated @entity6 activity is undetectable. Treatment of HepG2 and Hep3B cells with @entity9 resulted in an increase in @entity2 phosphorylation ( @entity8 activity) in a concentration-dependent fashion ( @entity9 , 1 to 100 micromol/L). Treatment with the @entity6 inhibitor @entity9 in the presence of @entity7 ( @entity8 inhibitor) effectively suppressed @entity2 phosphorylation as determined by phosphospecific @entity2 immunoblot. Total @entity2 and @entity6 were unchanged with @entity9 and @entity7 treatments. In HepG2 cells, @entity9 (1 to 100 micromol/L) decreased apoptosis as determined by DNA fragmentation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Relative apoptosis was increased with @entity7 alone or in combination with @entity9 (9 to 10 times the control value), eliminating the anti-apoptotic effect of @entity9 . In Hep3B cells, apoptosis was unchanged with @entity9 (1 to 50 micromol/L) or @entity7 (1 to 10 micromol/L) alone. The combination of @entity9 and @entity7 in Hep3B cells resulted in a synergistic increase in apoptosis (10 times the control value). Relative apoptosis in both cell lines strongly correlated with changes in the expression of the antiapoptotic protein @entity5 . Cellular growth was assessed by colorimetric proliferation assay and cell counts. HepG2 and Hep3B cells had concentration-dependent inhibition of cell growth with @entity9 or @entity7 treatment alone. The combination of @entity9 and @entity7 resulted in complementary inhibitory effects on growth. Growth inhibitory effects in HepG2 and Hep3B cells with combination treatment appear to be, in part, secondary to the induction of G(0)/G(1) and G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, respectively, as determined by flow cytometry. Despite differential signaling in HepG2 and Hep3B cells, the sum effect of combining the @entity6 inhibitor @entity9 and the @entity8 inhibitor @entity7 results in enhanced antitumor actions. This novel combination may be useful for in vivo studies of @entity1 .

title: Novel combination of @entity6 and XXXX inhibitors in @entity0 @entity1 provides a synergistic increase in apoptosis.

answer: @entity8


abstract: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and ERK-MAPK mitogenic signaling pathways are important in @entity0 @entity1 . We investigated the effect of @entity6 inhibition on ERK-MAPK signaling and the effect of combining @entity8 (MAPK kinase) and @entity6 inhibitors in @entity0 @entity1 in vitro. COX and ERK expression were determined by immunoblot in HepG2 and Hep3B cells. @entity6 and @entity8 activity were determined by @entity3 assay and phosphospecific immunoblot, respectively. Cell growth was determined by cell proliferation and cell counts. Apoptosis was determined by DNA fragmentation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. HepG2 and Hep3B cells do not express @entity10 or @entity6 . Correspondingly, basal and agonist ( @entity4 , lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated @entity6 activity is undetectable. Treatment of HepG2 and Hep3B cells with @entity9 resulted in an increase in @entity2 phosphorylation ( @entity8 activity) in a concentration-dependent fashion ( @entity9 , 1 to 100 micromol/L). Treatment with the @entity6 inhibitor @entity9 in the presence of @entity7 ( @entity8 inhibitor) effectively suppressed @entity2 phosphorylation as determined by phosphospecific @entity2 immunoblot. Total @entity2 and @entity6 were unchanged with @entity9 and @entity7 treatments. In HepG2 cells, @entity9 (1 to 100 micromol/L) decreased apoptosis as determined by DNA fragmentation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Relative apoptosis was increased with @entity7 alone or in combination with @entity9 (9 to 10 times the control value), eliminating the anti-apoptotic effect of @entity9 . In Hep3B cells, apoptosis was unchanged with @entity9 (1 to 50 micromol/L) or @entity7 (1 to 10 micromol/L) alone. The combination of @entity9 and @entity7 in Hep3B cells resulted in a synergistic increase in apoptosis (10 times the control value). Relative apoptosis in both cell lines strongly correlated with changes in the expression of the antiapoptotic protein @entity5 . Cellular growth was assessed by colorimetric proliferation assay and cell counts. HepG2 and Hep3B cells had concentration-dependent inhibition of cell growth with @entity9 or @entity7 treatment alone. The combination of @entity9 and @entity7 resulted in complementary inhibitory effects on growth. Growth inhibitory effects in HepG2 and Hep3B cells with combination treatment appear to be, in part, secondary to the induction of G(0)/G(1) and G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, respectively, as determined by flow cytometry. Despite differential signaling in HepG2 and Hep3B cells, the sum effect of combining the @entity6 inhibitor @entity9 and the @entity8 inhibitor @entity7 results in enhanced antitumor actions. This novel combination may be useful for in vivo studies of @entity1 .

title: Novel combination of @entity6 and @entity8 inhibitors in XXXX @entity1 provides a synergistic increase in apoptosis.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity5 during pregnancy poses significant risks to the mother and the fetus. Fortunately, prompt diagnosis and effective management can improve outcomes for both. There is controversy regarding appropriate management of these @entity0 , especially late in gestation. The objective of this article, therefore, is to review the literature and to propose an evidence-based approach to managing these @entity0 . The prevalence of @entity5 in the general population is 0.15%. This condition is more common in @entity0 and 25% of cases appear in @entity0 during the childbearing years. The true incidence during pregnancy, however, is not known. Because up to 80% of gravid @entity0 with @entity5 are asymptomatic, diagnosing this condition is more difficult. Complications associated with @entity5 in pregnancy have been reported to occur in up to 67% of mothers and 80% of fetuses. In addition to many constitutional symptoms, maternal complications include @entity8 , @entity1 , @entity6 , @entity13 , @entity4 , mental status changes, and hypercalcemic crisis. Reported fetal complications include @entity7 , low birth weight, @entity10 , @entity12 , postpartum neonatal @entity2 , and permanent @entity3 . A four-fold decrease in perinatal complications may be achieved with appropriate therapy. Conservative intervention may be appropriate under certain circumstances, but excision of a @entity11 remains the only definitive treatment. Debate continues regarding the safety of surgery in the third trimester. However, several cases of successful surgery have been reported. TARGET AUDIENCE: Obstetricians _ Gynecologists, Family Physicians. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completion of this article, the reader will be able to describe the typical presentation of a @entity0 with @entity9 , summarize the work up and management of a @entity0 with @entity9 , and list the treatment options for a pregnant @entity0 with @entity9 .

title: XXXX in pregnancy: evidence-based management.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study estimated operative risk and examined factors determining long-term survival after resection of typical @entity2 . METHODS: From 1976 to 1996, 139 consecutive @entity0 (66 male and 73 female @entity0 with a mean age of 47 +/- 15 years) underwent thoracotomy for typical @entity2 . The @entity2 were centrally located in 102 @entity0 (73.4%). RESULTS: Radical resection was performed in 106 @entity0 (7 pneumonectomies, 13 bilobectomies, and 86 lobectomies) and conservative resection in 33 (3 segmentectomies, 3 wedge resections, 20 sleeve lobectomies, and 7 sleeve bronchectomies). There were no postoperative deaths. Complications occurred in 19 @entity0 (13.7%). The morbidity rate was not increased after bronchoplastic procedures (chi 2 = 0.033, not significant). Staging was @entity3 in 107 @entity0 (77.0%) and pT2 in 32 (23.0%); 13 @entity0 (9.4%) had nodal @entity1 . Seventeen @entity0 have died (12.2%), during follow-up, but only three deaths were related to the disease. The overall survival rate at 5, 10, and 15 years was estimated to be 92.4%, 88.3%, and 76.4%, respectively; estimated disease-free survival was 100% at 5 years and 91.4% at 10 and 15 years. Estimated survival of @entity0 with lymph node @entity1 was 100% at 5, 10, and 15 years. Univariate analysis failed to demonstrate any prognostic significance for sex, @entity2 size (T1 versus T2), @entity2 location (central versus peripheral), and type of resection. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm an excellent prognosis after complete resection of typical @entity2 , including those with lymph node @entity1 . Parenchyma-saving resections should be preferred.

title: Operative risk and prognostic factors of typical XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Disability and mortality represent the most relevant clinical outcome after acute @entity6 . However, validated and comprehensive prognostic models for recovery have not been developed. An accurate model including all previously suggested independent outcome predictors could improve the design and analysis of clinical trials. We therefore developed prognostic models for functional @entity7 and @entity4 after 100 days in a large cohort of @entity3 @entity0 . METHODS: From the German @entity3 Database, 1754 prospectively collected records of @entity0 with acute @entity6 were used for the development of prognostic models. Intubated @entity0 and @entity0 with low functional status before @entity3 were excluded. Functional independence was defined as a Barthel Index >/=95 after 100 days. Prognostic factors assessable within 72 hours after admission were identified by a systematic literature review. The final models of binary logistic regression analyses were internally validated and calibrated. RESULTS: The resulting cross-validated and calibrated models correctly classified more than 80 % of the @entity0 and yielded the following prognostic factors for functional independence: Age, right and @entity8 at admission, NIH- @entity3 Scale at admission, Rankin Scale 48-72 hours later, gender, prior @entity3 , @entity1 , @entity5 , @entity2 . The following variables were identified as prognostic factors for @entity4 : Age, NIH- @entity3 Scale at admission, and @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: Our work gives an important insight into prognostic factors after acute @entity6 and presents predictive models with high prognostic accuracy. Together with a prospective validation study, currently underway, we hence hope to improve the prediction of functional outcome after @entity6 .

title: Predicting functional outcome and survival after acute XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and circumstances of serious cervical @entity3 associated with rugby union and league football in New South Wales. DESIGN: Retrospective review of @entity0 with rugby football-related cervical @entity3 . SETTING: The two central spinal units in NSW, from January 1984 to July 1996. OUTCOME MEASURES: Admission to spinal units; injury resulting in permanent @entity4 . RESULTS: During the review period, 115 rugby football players (56 union and 59 league) were admitted to the spinal units because of cervical @entity3 . 49 @entity0 had resultant permanent @entity1 (complete @entity4 [ @entity4 ])--26 associated with rugby union and 23 with rugby league. Two @entity0 died of @entity2 within two weeks of admission. There was no significant change in the rate of football-related admissions to spinal units for either code. There was a small decline in the number (from 15 in 1984 to 1987 to 7 in 1992 to 1996) and incidence (from 1.2 to 0.5 per 10,000 @entity0 ) of @entity0 with @entity4 associated with rugby union. When this decline was tested as a trend over the years, it was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.06). No significant trend was found in the @entity4 data associated with rugby league. Cervical @entity3 leading to complete @entity4 were most commonly associated with scrum-like plays in union and with tackles in league. CONCLUSION: Serious cervical @entity5 associated with both codes of rugby continue to occur in NSW. Rugby football in its various forms is still an inherently dangerous game.

title: Severe cervical XXXX related to rugby union and league football in New South Wales, 1984-1996.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Hereditary @entity3 in the context of evolutionary biology elicit interesting questions about ageing and senescence: Will @entity0 successfully treated for @entity4 , age and die prematurely because of compromised longevity? Because some unhealthy longevity has its origins in germline and somatic mutational processes, and in an inability to withstand metabolic stress, are there lessons to be learned about senescence from @entity1 ? Why are ageing, senescence and @entity2 necessary for @entity0 and how do they happen? These questions form the theme upon which several variations are played during the course of this essay. The theory of the disposable soma recognizes genomic and environmental events, well-seasoned by Chance, as determinants of ageing and senescence. Together, they cause the somatic damage that results in @entity2 . Genomics will reveal genes involved in longevity, both healthy and unhealthy. There will be schedules of gene expression behind our life-history traits. As in the field of @entity1 , analogous genetic enquiries about ageing can be formulated. For example, how will heterozygotes age? Will association studies in centenarians reveal 'longevity genes'? Will disparate longevity in sib pairs reveal genetic factors? If there are 'ageing' mutations, of what types and with what effects? Will these initiatives lead to healthier longevity? A deeper question yet remains: why has @entity0 biology invested so greatly in grandparenthood?

title: Does XXXX modulate senescence and ageing?

answer: @entity1


abstract: We analyzed immunohistochemically the tissue distribution of the three major transforming growth factors-beta isoforms ( @entity4 ) in tissue samples from 38 @entity0 with @entity3 . Besides a qualitative evaluation, the number of the respectively labeled cells was determined by morphometric analysis. In all @entity1 samples a significant staining of most @entity1 cells was seen both for the @entity4 isoforms and the TBRs. Similarly, the majority of stromal cells were labeled. On semiserial sections, there were only minor differences in the distribution pattern and in the number of labeled cells between the three @entity4 isoforms and the TBRs, suggesting that most @entity1 cells are actively involved in the neosynthesis of TGF-betas and TBRs; accordingly, at least most @entity1 cells seem to be capable of producing more than one @entity4 form and in parallel several TBRs. With decreasing @entity1 cell differentiation the number of @entity4 - and TBR-positive @entity1 cells decreased slightly (but not to a statistically significant degree). Interestingly, the stromal cells were labeled for TGF-betas and TBRs to a lower extent than the epithelial cells, and there was no significant difference between non- @entity1 -associated control stroma and the immediate peritumoral stroma. Our observations suggest an even, enhanced level of @entity4 production in @entity3 , which may explain some well-known side-effects of @entity1 growth, such as @entity5 . In addition, the presence of immunoreactive TBR-proteins in the vast majority of @entity1 cells excludes the mere absence of TBRs in those @entity2 as the cause for inappropriate @entity4 function in the @entity1 cells. This in turn suggests that molecular alterations either of the TBR-proteins non-affecting the synthesis and turnover or downstream alterations of the @entity4 signaling pathway may be main reasons for the loss of response of the @entity1 cells to the enhanced amounts of TGF-betas.

title: Immunohistochemical analysis of major @entity4 isoforms and their receptors in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: We analyzed immunohistochemically the tissue distribution of the three major transforming growth factors-beta isoforms ( @entity4 ) in tissue samples from 38 @entity0 with @entity3 . Besides a qualitative evaluation, the number of the respectively labeled cells was determined by morphometric analysis. In all @entity1 samples a significant staining of most @entity1 cells was seen both for the @entity4 isoforms and the TBRs. Similarly, the majority of stromal cells were labeled. On semiserial sections, there were only minor differences in the distribution pattern and in the number of labeled cells between the three @entity4 isoforms and the TBRs, suggesting that most @entity1 cells are actively involved in the neosynthesis of TGF-betas and TBRs; accordingly, at least most @entity1 cells seem to be capable of producing more than one @entity4 form and in parallel several TBRs. With decreasing @entity1 cell differentiation the number of @entity4 - and TBR-positive @entity1 cells decreased slightly (but not to a statistically significant degree). Interestingly, the stromal cells were labeled for TGF-betas and TBRs to a lower extent than the epithelial cells, and there was no significant difference between non- @entity1 -associated control stroma and the immediate peritumoral stroma. Our observations suggest an even, enhanced level of @entity4 production in @entity3 , which may explain some well-known side-effects of @entity1 growth, such as @entity5 . In addition, the presence of immunoreactive TBR-proteins in the vast majority of @entity1 cells excludes the mere absence of TBRs in those @entity2 as the cause for inappropriate @entity4 function in the @entity1 cells. This in turn suggests that molecular alterations either of the TBR-proteins non-affecting the synthesis and turnover or downstream alterations of the @entity4 signaling pathway may be main reasons for the loss of response of the @entity1 cells to the enhanced amounts of TGF-betas.

title: Immunohistochemical analysis of major XXXX isoforms and their receptors in @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: A lower threshold for treatment of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) @entity7 has been advocated in chronic heavy users of @entity1 , based originally on animal studies indicating that chronic @entity1 ingestion increased hepatotoxicity. This was attributed to increased production of the toxic metabolite, @entity10 , by @entity8 induction. The clinical evidence for increased risk is limited to four retrospective studies with potential for referral and reporting bias and conflicting results. No study has specifically addressed the issue of the treatment threshold for acute @entity3 @entity4 in chronic @entity1 users. However, animal studies in multiple species have consistently shown a lower dose of @entity3 is required to produce hepatotoxicity after chronic @entity1 use. The knowledge of potential mechanisms has expanded to include effects of other @entity6 , such as @entity9 , induction of CYP enzymes other than @entity8 and @entity5 depletion. There are no convincing reasons or data to suggest these findings do not apply to @entity0 . However, further @entity0 toxicokinetic and clinical research is required to quantify the extent of the interaction. Arguments about treating @entity4 should not be confused with those about whether there is an @entity1 - @entity3 interaction at therapeutic doses. Halving the threshold dose/concentration for treatment is a conservative educated guess that has been widely adopted. In @entity4 , the potential benefits of treatment at this lower threshold clearly outweigh the minimal risks of @entity2 .

title: Should a lower treatment line be used when treating XXXX @entity7 in @entity0 with chronic alcoholism?: a case for.

answer: @entity3


abstract: A lower threshold for treatment of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) @entity7 has been advocated in chronic heavy users of @entity1 , based originally on animal studies indicating that chronic @entity1 ingestion increased hepatotoxicity. This was attributed to increased production of the toxic metabolite, @entity10 , by @entity8 induction. The clinical evidence for increased risk is limited to four retrospective studies with potential for referral and reporting bias and conflicting results. No study has specifically addressed the issue of the treatment threshold for acute @entity3 @entity4 in chronic @entity1 users. However, animal studies in multiple species have consistently shown a lower dose of @entity3 is required to produce hepatotoxicity after chronic @entity1 use. The knowledge of potential mechanisms has expanded to include effects of other @entity6 , such as @entity9 , induction of CYP enzymes other than @entity8 and @entity5 depletion. There are no convincing reasons or data to suggest these findings do not apply to @entity0 . However, further @entity0 toxicokinetic and clinical research is required to quantify the extent of the interaction. Arguments about treating @entity4 should not be confused with those about whether there is an @entity1 - @entity3 interaction at therapeutic doses. Halving the threshold dose/concentration for treatment is a conservative educated guess that has been widely adopted. In @entity4 , the potential benefits of treatment at this lower threshold clearly outweigh the minimal risks of @entity2 .

title: Should a lower treatment line be used when treating @entity3 XXXX in @entity0 with chronic alcoholism?: a case for.

answer: @entity7


abstract: A lower threshold for treatment of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) @entity7 has been advocated in chronic heavy users of @entity1 , based originally on animal studies indicating that chronic @entity1 ingestion increased hepatotoxicity. This was attributed to increased production of the toxic metabolite, @entity10 , by @entity8 induction. The clinical evidence for increased risk is limited to four retrospective studies with potential for referral and reporting bias and conflicting results. No study has specifically addressed the issue of the treatment threshold for acute @entity3 @entity4 in chronic @entity1 users. However, animal studies in multiple species have consistently shown a lower dose of @entity3 is required to produce hepatotoxicity after chronic @entity1 use. The knowledge of potential mechanisms has expanded to include effects of other @entity6 , such as @entity9 , induction of CYP enzymes other than @entity8 and @entity5 depletion. There are no convincing reasons or data to suggest these findings do not apply to @entity0 . However, further @entity0 toxicokinetic and clinical research is required to quantify the extent of the interaction. Arguments about treating @entity4 should not be confused with those about whether there is an @entity1 - @entity3 interaction at therapeutic doses. Halving the threshold dose/concentration for treatment is a conservative educated guess that has been widely adopted. In @entity4 , the potential benefits of treatment at this lower threshold clearly outweigh the minimal risks of @entity2 .

title: Should a lower treatment line be used when treating @entity3 @entity7 in XXXX with chronic alcoholism?: a case for.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: To report interim outcome data, using all available follow-up through 5 years after treatment initiation, in the Collaborative Initial @entity4 Treatment Study (CIGTS). DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. @entity0 : Six hundred seven newly diagnosed @entity4 @entity0 . METHODS: In a randomized clinical trial, 607 @entity0 with newly diagnosed @entity6 were initially treated with either medication or trabeculectomy (with or without @entity5 ). After treatment onset and early follow-up, @entity0 were evaluated clinically at 6-month intervals. In addition, quality of life telephone interviews were conducted at similar frequency to the clinical visits. @entity0 in both arms of CIGTS were treated aggressively in an effort to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) to a level at or below a predetermined target pressure specific for each individual eye. @entity2 ( @entity2 ) scores were analyzed by time-specific comparisons and by repeated measures models. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity2 loss was the primary outcome variable in CIGTS. Secondary outcomes of visual acuity (VA), IOP, and @entity3 were also studied. RESULTS: On the basis of completed follow-up through 4 years and partially completed through 5 years, @entity2 loss did not differ significantly by initial treatment. Over the entire period of follow-up, surgical @entity0 had a greater risk of substantial VA loss compared with medical @entity0 . However, by 4 years after treatment, the average VA in the two groups was about equal. Over the course of follow-up, IOP in the medicine group has averaged 17 to 18 mmHg, whereas that in the surgery group averaged 14 to 15 mmHg. The rate of @entity3 requiring removal was greater in the surgically treated group. CONCLUSIONS: Both initial medical or initial surgical therapy result in about the same @entity2 outcome after up to 5 years of follow-up. VA loss was greater in the surgery group, but the differences between groups seem to be converging as follow-up continues. When aggressive treatment aimed at substantial reduction in IOP from baseline is used, loss of @entity2 can be seen to be minimal in general. Because 4 to 5 years of follow-up in a @entity1 is not adequate to draw treatment conclusions, these interim CIGTS outcomes do not support altering current treatment approaches to @entity6 .

title: Interim clinical outcomes in the Collaborative Initial XXXX Treatment Study comparing initial treatment randomized to medications or surgery.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Susceptibility of the vasculature to the injurious effects of smoking varies substantially, with some smokers developing severe @entity3 and others remaining free of advanced @entity4 until high ages. The present study sought to estimate the contribution of @entity1 to the variability of @entity3 severity among smokers. METHODS: In the community-based Bruneck Study, 5-year changes in @entity5 were assessed by high-resolution ultrasound. Early @entity3 was defined by the development of nonstenotic plaques and advanced @entity3 by the development/progression of vessel stenosis >40%. RESULTS: The risk of early @entity3 strongly relied on lifetime smoking exposure and remained elevated long-term after cessation of smoking. Remarkably, current and ex-smokers faced an increased @entity3 risk only in the presence of @entity1 (odds ratios [95% CIs], 3.3 [1.8 to 6.2] and 3.4 [1.8 to 6.3]; P<0.001 each), whereas current, past, and nonsmokers without infections did not differ substantially in their estimated risk burden (odds ratios [95% CIs], 1.4 [0.8 to 2.4], 0.9 [0.6 to 1.6], and 1.0 [reference group]). In analogy to first-hand smoking, subjects exposed to environmental @entity2 smoke were found to be vulnerable to the manifestation of @entity1 , and only those infected experienced a high @entity3 risk. The risk of advanced @entity3 showed a dose-response relation with the number of daily cigarettes, returned to normal shortly after cessation of smoking, and emerged as independent of @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides the first epidemiological evidence that the proatherogenic effects of cigarette smoking are mediated in part by the @entity1 found in smokers. A better understanding of the vascular pathogenetic mechanisms of smoking may offer novel clues for disease prevention supplementary to the primary goal of achieving long-term abstinence.

title: Active and passive smoking, @entity1 , and the risk of XXXX : prospective results from the Bruneck Study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Susceptibility of the vasculature to the injurious effects of smoking varies substantially, with some smokers developing severe @entity3 and others remaining free of advanced @entity4 until high ages. The present study sought to estimate the contribution of @entity1 to the variability of @entity3 severity among smokers. METHODS: In the community-based Bruneck Study, 5-year changes in @entity5 were assessed by high-resolution ultrasound. Early @entity3 was defined by the development of nonstenotic plaques and advanced @entity3 by the development/progression of vessel stenosis >40%. RESULTS: The risk of early @entity3 strongly relied on lifetime smoking exposure and remained elevated long-term after cessation of smoking. Remarkably, current and ex-smokers faced an increased @entity3 risk only in the presence of @entity1 (odds ratios [95% CIs], 3.3 [1.8 to 6.2] and 3.4 [1.8 to 6.3]; P<0.001 each), whereas current, past, and nonsmokers without infections did not differ substantially in their estimated risk burden (odds ratios [95% CIs], 1.4 [0.8 to 2.4], 0.9 [0.6 to 1.6], and 1.0 [reference group]). In analogy to first-hand smoking, subjects exposed to environmental @entity2 smoke were found to be vulnerable to the manifestation of @entity1 , and only those infected experienced a high @entity3 risk. The risk of advanced @entity3 showed a dose-response relation with the number of daily cigarettes, returned to normal shortly after cessation of smoking, and emerged as independent of @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides the first epidemiological evidence that the proatherogenic effects of cigarette smoking are mediated in part by the @entity1 found in smokers. A better understanding of the vascular pathogenetic mechanisms of smoking may offer novel clues for disease prevention supplementary to the primary goal of achieving long-term abstinence.

title: Active and passive smoking, XXXX , and the risk of @entity5 : prospective results from the Bruneck Study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to evaluate and review the risk factors and clinical features of @entity0 with posterior circulation @entity1 involving mesencephalon and neighboring structures and to describe the clinical syndromes according to the mesencephalic arterial territory involved. METHODS: We studied all @entity0 with acute posterior circulation @entity1 involving mesencephalon who were admitted consecutively to our @entity1 unit over a 6-year period. We selected these @entity0 (3%) from 1296 @entity0 with posterior circulation @entity6 . Neurological and radiological investigations, including MRI and angiography, were performed in all cases. We classified @entity0 into 4 groups on the basis of MRI findings: (1) isolated @entity6 (9 @entity0 ); (2) distal @entity6 (19 @entity0 ), including mesencephalon, thalamus, medial temporal and occipital lobes, and cerebellum; (3) middle @entity6 (12 @entity0 ), including the pons and anterior @entity14 territory; and (4) proximal @entity6 (1 @entity0 ), including the medulla and posterior @entity14 territory. RESULTS: Middle mesencephalon involvement was the most common in all groups, and the anteromedial territory was frequently affected, depending on the direct perforators of basilar artery. In @entity0 with isolated @entity6 , the clinical picture was dominated by nuclear or @entity12 and @entity5 . The distal territory involvement was the most common and associated with @entity9 , gait ataxia, ocular motor disturbances, and @entity2 . The neurological picture of middle @entity6 was dominated by @entity9 with @entity13 , @entity11 , and @entity7 . Proximal territory involvement was rare and associated with acute unsteadiness, vertigo, @entity8 , @entity15 , @entity10 , and @entity3 . The most common cause of @entity1 was @entity4 in 16 @entity0 (39%), cardioembolism in 8 (20%), and @entity4 with lacunar @entity6 in 10 (24%). @entity6 were not uncommon (27%), mainly in @entity0 with multiple and extended @entity6 in the posterior circulation, and were associated with poor outcome compared with unilateral @entity6 . CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the topographic and clinical heterogeneity of the acute posterior circulation @entity6 involving mesencephalon. The variety of the underlying potential causes of @entity1 requires detailed investigations of the extra and intracranial arteries and the heart.

title: Mesencephalic and associated posterior circulation XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the occurrence and characteristics of @entity3 in @entity0 with recently diagnosed @entity4 ( @entity4 ). DESIGN: A prospective observational case series. @entity0 /METHODS: The study covered the new cases detected with @entity4 (426 @entity0 ), all of whom were referred to an ophthalmologic consultation during 1989 to 1996 at the Pediatric Department of the @entity2 Foundation Hospital, Heinola, Finland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The @entity0 with @entity4 were followed by ophthalmologic and pediatric examinations two to four times a year. The type and course of @entity1 and presentation and characteristics of @entity3 were examined prospectively. RESULTS: @entity3 was detected in 104 of 426 @entity0 (24%). Two thirds of all @entity0 and the same proportion of those with @entity3 were @entity0 . Proportionally, @entity3 was found to be as common among @entity0 with @entity4 (27%) as among those with seronegative @entity1 (25%). Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were detected significantly more frequently in @entity0 with @entity3 (66%) than among those without @entity3 (37%) (P < 0.001). The @entity3 was asymptomatic in 99 cases; only 5 @entity0 had episodes of acute anterior symptomatic @entity3 . @entity3 was found before or within 3 months from the onset of recent @entity1 in 51 of 104 @entity0 (49%) and later on in 53 of 104 @entity0 (51%). The mean age at diagnosis of @entity3 was 5.9 years (range, 1.1-17.7; median, 4.9 years). The mean period from the diagnosis of @entity4 to the diagnosis of @entity3 was 1.1 years (range, -2.4-6.5; median, 0.3 years). The mean age at diagnosis of @entity4 was 4.8 years (range, 0.6-15; median, 3.2 years) among those with @entity3 and 7.3 years (range, 0.9-16; median, 6.7 years) among those who did not have it (P < 0.001). @entity3 was ongoing in 63 @entity0 at the end of the follow-up period. The mean follow-up time was 4.5 years (range, 0-9.7) for all @entity0 and 5.6 years (range, 1.3-9.6) for those with @entity3 . In most instances, the visual prognosis was good. In 25 of 104 @entity0 (24%) one or more complications of @entity3 were found, but in only three @entity0 did the visual acuity decrease to 20/60 or less, and none became blind. All the other @entity0 had visual acuity > or = 20/40. CONCLUSIONS: In this @entity0 group, @entity3 in @entity4 frequently appeared very early after the onset of @entity1 . The @entity3 was significantly more common in @entity0 with an early onset of @entity1 combined with ANA positivity. The proportion of @entity0 with @entity3 was as large in those with @entity1 as in those with @entity4 , with no predilection to @entity0 .

title: Occurrence of XXXX in recently diagnosed @entity4 : a prospective study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the occurrence and characteristics of @entity3 in @entity0 with recently diagnosed @entity4 ( @entity4 ). DESIGN: A prospective observational case series. @entity0 /METHODS: The study covered the new cases detected with @entity4 (426 @entity0 ), all of whom were referred to an ophthalmologic consultation during 1989 to 1996 at the Pediatric Department of the @entity2 Foundation Hospital, Heinola, Finland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The @entity0 with @entity4 were followed by ophthalmologic and pediatric examinations two to four times a year. The type and course of @entity1 and presentation and characteristics of @entity3 were examined prospectively. RESULTS: @entity3 was detected in 104 of 426 @entity0 (24%). Two thirds of all @entity0 and the same proportion of those with @entity3 were @entity0 . Proportionally, @entity3 was found to be as common among @entity0 with @entity4 (27%) as among those with seronegative @entity1 (25%). Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were detected significantly more frequently in @entity0 with @entity3 (66%) than among those without @entity3 (37%) (P < 0.001). The @entity3 was asymptomatic in 99 cases; only 5 @entity0 had episodes of acute anterior symptomatic @entity3 . @entity3 was found before or within 3 months from the onset of recent @entity1 in 51 of 104 @entity0 (49%) and later on in 53 of 104 @entity0 (51%). The mean age at diagnosis of @entity3 was 5.9 years (range, 1.1-17.7; median, 4.9 years). The mean period from the diagnosis of @entity4 to the diagnosis of @entity3 was 1.1 years (range, -2.4-6.5; median, 0.3 years). The mean age at diagnosis of @entity4 was 4.8 years (range, 0.6-15; median, 3.2 years) among those with @entity3 and 7.3 years (range, 0.9-16; median, 6.7 years) among those who did not have it (P < 0.001). @entity3 was ongoing in 63 @entity0 at the end of the follow-up period. The mean follow-up time was 4.5 years (range, 0-9.7) for all @entity0 and 5.6 years (range, 1.3-9.6) for those with @entity3 . In most instances, the visual prognosis was good. In 25 of 104 @entity0 (24%) one or more complications of @entity3 were found, but in only three @entity0 did the visual acuity decrease to 20/60 or less, and none became blind. All the other @entity0 had visual acuity > or = 20/40. CONCLUSIONS: In this @entity0 group, @entity3 in @entity4 frequently appeared very early after the onset of @entity1 . The @entity3 was significantly more common in @entity0 with an early onset of @entity1 combined with ANA positivity. The proportion of @entity0 with @entity3 was as large in those with @entity1 as in those with @entity4 , with no predilection to @entity0 .

title: Occurrence of @entity3 in recently diagnosed XXXX : a prospective study.

answer: @entity4