abstract: It is generally felt amongst the medical profession and the lay public that @entity1 is being treated more successfully than in the past. This is certainly true for childhood @entity1 and @entity5 but evidence that significantly improved survival is occurring in the common solid @entity1 is lacking. Since 1963 the University of Liverpool Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery has collected data on all @entity0 with @entity2 presenting to the department. The present study investigates @entity0 with histologically proven @entity3 of the four main sites: larynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity and oropharynx. From 1963 until the end of 1989, 2738 @entity0 were seen by the department and from 1990 a further 717 @entity0 have been seen. Since 1990 @entity0 have tended to be in better general physical condition but, on the other hand, have tended to have more @entity4 at the primary site. The department has latterly tended to see fewer @entity1 and more @entity1 of the oropharynx. Significantly fewer @entity0 have presented with neck node metastases. Multiple logistic regression suggests that the most significant difference between the two groups is the great reduction in neck node recurrence rates in the group of @entity0 seen since 1990 (P = 0.0001). The recurrence of @entity1 at the primary site since 1990 has been 35% compared with 41% before 1990, and recurrence in the neck nodes since 1990 has been 12%, compared with 15% before 1990. These differences are significant (P = 0.0141 and P = 0.0494, respectively). When studying survival in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the 5-year cure rate was 50%, whereas since 1990 the figure has risen to 60% @entity1 -specific 5-year survival--a significant difference. A similar effect was noted in observed survival. This improvement in cure rate occurred for all four main sites. The results were confirmed by Cox's proportional hazards model where year of treatment was highly significantly associated with improved survival (P = 0.0001). It has been demonstrated that locoregional recurrence has improved since 1990 and this is reflected in improved survival figures. Although there are differences in the parameters of @entity1 referred before 1990 and since 1990, multivariate analysis suggests that the improvement in neck node recurrence rates may be responsible for this improved survival rate. Multivariate analysis for survival also suggests that the improvement in cure rates is independent of compounding variables and dependent on the year of presentation of the @entity1 . This improved survival may be related to factors, such as the administration of radical postoperative radiotherapy.

title: Improved survival in XXXX with @entity2 in the 1990s.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Controversy over the rate of @entity0 (AK) into @entity1 (SCC) has generated considerable debate regarding the importance of treating all such precancers to preclude their transofrmation. Current changes in US healthcare policy will deny many individuals access to certain simple and effective treatment modalities for @entity2 . OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether there is a significant association between the presence of cutaneous SCC and pre-existing AK. METHODS: One hundred and sixty five consecutive cases of cutaneous SCC, retrieved from the files of a university-affiliated dermatopathology laboratory serving north-central Florida, were selected for review by a single dermatopathologist (D.M.). @entity3 and @entity4 stained skin tissue slides were examined under light microscopy for the presence of AK in close proximity to, or giving rise to, cutaneous SCC. RESULTS: Of the 165 cutaneous SCC cases reviewed, 82.4% (136 out of 165) were found to have concomitant AK giving rise to and/or in close proximity to SCC. Of the 136 AK-positive SCC cases, 26.7% (44) were identified as superficial SCC arising within an AK (AKSSCC) and 55.7% (92) had AK in close proximity to SCC (AK + SCC). Close proximity is defined to include AK changes located directly adjacent to (on the shoulder of) SCC, to a maximum distance of 8 mm away. CONCLUSIONS: The 82.4% prevalence of concomitant AK and cutaneous SCC in our biopsy population suggests a strong correlation between these two lesions. The fact that 26.7% of these lesions had SCC arising from AK highlights the importance of early recognition and effective treatment for AK.

title: Frequency of pre-existing actinic keratosis in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) exert trophic effects on several different cell types in the nervous system, including spinal motoneurons. After @entity2 , the increased expression of IGFs in the damaged nerve has been suggested to facilitate axonal regeneration. Here we have examined the expression pattern of mRNAs encoding @entity8 , IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1-6 in the @entity0 spinal cord and peripheral nerve in three lesion models affecting lumbar motoneurons, i.e., sciatic nerve transection, ventral root avulsion, and a cut lesion in the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord. The expression was also studied in enriched Schwann cell and astrocyte cultures. The injured sciatic nerve expressed @entity4 and @entity6 as well as @entity9 and @entity10 , whereas central nervous system (CNS) scar tissue expressed @entity4 , @entity7 , and @entity10 . @entity5 mRNA was strongly upregulated in spinal motoneurons after all three types of lesions. @entity5 -like immunoreactivity was present in motoneuron cell bodies, @entity3 . In line with the in vivo findings, cultured Schwann cells expressed @entity4 , @entity6 , @entity9 , and @entity10 mRNAs, whereas cultured astrocytes expressed @entity4 , @entity7 , and @entity10 mRNAs. These findings show that @entity4 is available for lesioned motoneurons both after peripheral and central @entity1 , whereas there are clear differences in the expression patterns for @entity6 and some of the binding proteins in CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) scar tissue. The robust upregulation of @entity5 mRNA in lesioned motoneurons suggests that this binding protein may be of special relevance for the severed cells.

title: Expression of insulin-like growth factors and corresponding binding proteins (IGFBP 1-6) in XXXX spinal cord and peripheral nerve after axonal injuries.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To present the technique and short-term results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation. METHODS: Ten @entity0 underwent laparoscopic renal cryoablation of 11 exophytic @entity4 ranging in size from 1.5 to 3 cm identified on computed tomography. @entity1 were located at the upper (3), middle (5), or lower (3) pole of the kidney. Three @entity0 had a solitary kidney. A 3-port retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach was used to create renal cryolesions. Puncture cryoablation was performed with a 4.8-mm cryoprobe. Real-time, endoscopic, steerable, color Doppler ultrasound was used to monitor the evolving cryolesion. All @entity0 have completed a minimum follow-up of 3 months (mean 5.5, range 3 to 9). RESULTS: Cryoablation was technically successful in all 10 @entity0 (11 @entity1 ). Under ultrasound guidance, the ice ball was intentionally created up to 1 cm beyond the @entity1 edge with the aim of achieving negative margins. Mean surgical time was 2.4 hours, cryoablation (double freeze-thaw) time 12.9 minutes, cryoprobe tip temperature -186 degrees C, and @entity3 75 mL. Systemic temperature remained unaltered. Hospital stay was less than 23 hours in 9 of 10 @entity0 . Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging at 1 day and 1, 2, and 3 months identified the punched-out, nonenhancing, spontaneously resorbing, renal cryolesion. Follow-up biopsies of the cryoablated @entity1 site were negative for @entity1 in the 3 @entity0 who have undergone the biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: The initial series of laparoscopic renal cryoablation is presented. The retroperitoneoscopic approach, by avoiding the peritoneal cavity, minimizes the chances of the bowel coming in contact with the evolving cryolesion, and the potential sequelae thereof. @entity2 is currently developmental and long-term data are awaited. Nevertheless, it is potentially an attractive addition to available nephron-sparing surgical techniques.

title: XXXX : initial clinical series.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity5 ( @entity5 ) is a @entity8 that may require treatment because of associated local complications. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in the management of @entity2 , with respect to the long-term preservation of renal function and absence of @entity1 recurrence. METHODS: From 1980 to 1997, 27 @entity0 underwent NSS for treatment of @entity2 . The clinical presentation, surgical approach, and outcome in these @entity0 were analyzed. Surgical treatment for @entity2 was indicated because of associated symptoms, size of 4.5 cm or greater, and/or suspicion of @entity2 . RESULTS: In symptomatic @entity0 (52%) the most common presenting signs or symptoms were @entity4 (50%), @entity7 or @entity11 (43%), @entity9 (36%), @entity3 (7%), palpable mass (7%), and @entity6 (7%). Two @entity0 had @entity12 . Fifteen @entity0 had a solitary functioning kidney (group I), 6 @entity0 had an @entity2 (group II), and 6 @entity0 had a normal contralateral kidney (group III). All operations were performed in situ. There were no operative deaths. All operated kidneys functioned postoperatively, and no @entity0 required dialysis. The mean postoperative serum @entity10 level in groups I, II, and III was 1.81, 0.98, and 0.97 mg/dL, respectively. No @entity0 have developed recurrent @entity5 , related symptoms, or required dialysis with follow-up to 177 months (median 39). CONCLUSIONS: When surgical treatment for @entity2 is indicated, NSS can be performed with a high success rate even in @entity0 with a very large @entity1 involving a solitary kidney.

title: Nephron-sparing surgery for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The strict definition of Stage @entity2 is that the @entity1 is not palpable on digital rectal examination (DRE) or seen on imaging studies such as ultrasound. The inclusion of ultrasound imaging was brought about without an understanding of the relationship between ultrasound upstaging and prognosis. We have also noticed that in clinical practice, treatment decisions are made on the basis of the finding of bilateral versus unilateral biopsy positivity. The objectives in this study were to determine the prognostic significance of upstaging by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) to @entity4 or uT3, and unilateral versus bilateral biopsy positivity in @entity0 with Stage T1c @entity1 as determined by DRE (DRE-Stage T1c @entity0 ). METHODS: Between 1987 and 1995 there were 643 @entity0 with @entity1 treated with external beam radiotherapy; 24 had T1a, 76 had T1b, 183 had T1c, 133 had T2a, 168 had T2b, and 59 had T2c. Of these, 135 DRE-Stage T1c @entity0 underwent ultrasound staging and 122 underwent bilateral prostate biopsies. All had pretreatment prostate-specific antigen values (PSAs) available and no @entity0 received adjuvant @entity3 ablation. The median pretreatment PSA was 9.1 ng/mL, median radiotherapy dose was 66.0 Gy, and median follow-up was 41 months. Post-treatment failure was defined as disease recurrence and/or two elevations in PSA on consecutive follow-up visits. RESULTS: The 5-year freedom from failure rate for DRE-Stage T1c @entity0 (71%) was not significantly different from that of DRE-Stage T1b (65%) or DRE-Stage T2a (71%) @entity0 . There was a trend (P = 0.1) toward a worse outcome for DRE-Stage T2b/T2c @entity0 compared with DRE-Stage T1b/T1c/T2a @entity0 . The distribution of DRE-Stage T1c @entity0 by ultrasound staging was 29 with uT1c, 88 with @entity4 , and 18 with uT3 findings. Twenty percent of @entity0 had bilateral positive biopsy specimens. In univariate and multivariate analyses, the only correlates of @entity0 outcome were pretreatment PSA (P < or = 0.002) and isocenter dose (P = 0.03). TRUS upstaging had no effect on freedom from failure; uT1c @entity0 had about the same risk of relapse or a rising PSA as @entity4 or uT3 @entity0 . @entity0 with bilateral positive prostate biopsy specimens had about the same prognosis as those with unilateral positive biopsy specimens. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity0 with DRE-Stage @entity2 , the data indicate that ultrasound staging and bilateral biopsy positivity are not predictive of outcome for @entity0 treated with external beam radiotherapy and treatment decisions should not be based on these parameters.

title: Relationship of ultrasound staging and bilateral biopsy positivity to outcome in stage XXXX treated with radiotherapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Involvement of the nervous system in @entity5 may occur with or without @entity6 and it may present with a variety of @entity1 . In this study we analysed phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 40 Borrelia strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 38 Slovenian @entity0 with different clinical manifestations of @entity5 . In seven of the @entity0 , Borreliae were also isolated from @entity2 . Species identification and plasmid profiles were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and protein profiles by SDS-PAGE. MluI digestion profiles of @entity4 sensu lato DNA showed that 25 (62.5%) isolates were @entity8 , 14 (35%) @entity7 , and one (2.5%) @entity4 . All strains, except one, possessed a large plasmid and a varying number of smaller plasmids. Three (7.5%) isolates exhibited an unusual plasmid profile, with a large plasmid dimer or three copies of the large plasmid. In protein analyses, all strains expressed OspA protein. OspB was present significantly more often in @entity7 than @entity8 strains (p=0.0000), while OspC was more often present in @entity8 than @entity7 strains (p=0.0052). In the seven @entity0 with Borreliae isolated also from the skin, the CSF and skin isolates were identical, either @entity8 (six @entity0 ) or @entity7 (one @entity0 ). Species and plasmid heterogeneity as well as antigen diversity could play a role in the pathogenesis of the @entity3 . When combined with our own earlier data, the results suggest species-related organotropism.

title: Analysis of XXXX sensu lato isolated from cerebrospinal fluid.

answer: @entity4


abstract: AIMS: A recent survey of UK general surgeons showed that almost 90% prefer to manage @entity0 with acute @entity3 by initial conservative management and delayed cholecystectomy (DC). The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of this management policy in a large university hospital. @entity0 AND METHODS: All @entity0 admitted with acute @entity3 between January 1997 and June 1999 who went on to have a cholecystectomy were identified. @entity0 were required to have right upper @entity1 for > 12 h, a raised white cell count and findings consistent with acute @entity3 on ultrasound to be included in the study. RESULTS: 109 @entity0 were admitted with acute @entity3 (76 female, 33 male) with a median age of 62 years (range, 22-88 years). Conservative management failed in 16 @entity0 (14.7%) who underwent emergency cholecystectomy due to continuing symptoms (9), @entity4 (4) and @entity2 (3). Symptoms settled in 93 @entity0 and delayed cholecystectomy was performed without further problems in 66 (60.6%). 27 @entity0 were re-admitted with further symptoms before their elective surgery and, of these, 3 were admitted for a third time before surgical intervention. Ten of the 30 re-admission episodes (33%) occurred within 3 weeks of discharge but 15 (56%) occurred more than 2 months after discharge. Elective surgery was undertaken at a median of 10 weeks post-discharge with 67% of operations occurring within 3 months. Mean total hospital stay (days) +/- SEM, for the three groups were: emergency surgery group, 10.21 +/- 0.85; uncomplicated DC group, 12.48 +/- 0.37; re-admitted group, 14.75 +/- 0.71. CONCLUSIONS: The policy of conservative management and DC was successful in 60.6% of cases but 14.7% of @entity0 required emergency surgery and 24.8% were re-admitted prior to elective surgery with a resultant increase in total hospital stay. Performing elective surgery within 2 months of discharge in all cases would have reduced the re-admission rate by 56% and this along with the increased use of early cholecystectomy during the first admission are areas where the treatment of acute @entity3 could be significantly improved.

title: Acute XXXX --room for improvement?

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The diagnosis and management of @entity2 are controversial issues. Both surgical and endoscopic series report modest success in the treatment of this condition. There is evidence from endoscopic series that the Milwaukee classification could predict the clinical outcome after sphincterotomy. We reviewed our long-term results of surgical sphincter ablation for @entity2 , in order to correlate outcome with underlining pathology (biliary versus pancreatic) and Milwaukee biliary group classification. @entity0 AND METHODS: During a 10 year period (1987-1996), 36 @entity0 with either biliary (n = 26) or pancreatic (n = 10) presentation of suspected @entity2 were selected for surgery according to a standard protocol of investigation and management. All @entity0 were classified according to the Milwaukee classification for the biliary group or its version for the pancreatic group and had transduodenal sphincteroplasty and transampullary septectomy. RESULTS: Despite a trend towards a better outcome in the biliary group (good result 62%, moderate 23%, poor 15%) compared to the pancreatic (good result 40%, moderate 40%, poor 20%) the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.48). Milwaukee classification for the biliary group correlated well with a favourable outcome (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The modest outcome despite careful @entity0 selection for surgery emphasises the need for more objective diagnostic tools. Milwaukee classification appears to be of good predictive value, and a good result can be anticipated in type I or even type II @entity0 . The trend towards a better outcome in the biliary group may reflect the weakness of a drainage procedure to treat @entity0 with parenchymal @entity1 .

title: Transduodenal sphincteroplasty and transampullary septectomy for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Symptomatic clavicular @entity1 non-union is rare. When it does occur, however, it may pose a difficult problem causing @entity2 . The emphasis of this paper is on preopertive disabilities and the postoperative outcome and complications. Twenty @entity0 with clavicular non-union treated operatively from 1989 to 1997 were reviewed, the average follow up was thirty-four months. Eleven @entity1 were midshaft, eight were lateral third and one medial third. A detailed proforma was completed with the @entity0 documenting preoperative symptoms, outcome after surgery and complications. A literature search was carried out to find out the incidence of complications related to operating on post-traumatic clavicular non-union. All of the twenty @entity1 non-unions duly united after surgical intervention although three required early adjustment or change of metal work. The subjective and objective outcomes were good in 19 cases and poor in one. The postoperative complications included three implant failures, one stiff shoulder, two @entity0 with numbness below the scar and one @entity0 with an infected donor site wound. The literature search revealed that from 24 publications and 301 @entity0 who had operations for clavicular non-union ther were 18 (6%) reported complications related to metal work, 45 (15%) reported complications related to soft tissues, seven (2%) complications related to the scar and 24 (8%) failures of union. Symptomatic clavicular non-union can cause severe disabilities. Good outcome, at low risk, can be expected from internal fixation and bone grafting of midshaft non-unions. Although there are only eight cases of lateral third clavicular non-unions, this is the largest series in the literature. Furthermore, the study clearly demonstrates both the difficulties treating this @entity1 surgically and a procedure to be avoided (acromio-clavicular bridging), which, again has not been previously addressed.

title: XXXX non-union surgical outcome and complications.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated @entity7 is a relapsing-remitting disease, which is treated with @entity4 (CS) in combination with @entity6 . One of the major side-effects of this treatment is @entity2 , which may result in the increased occurrence of @entity3 . In the present study we measured the prevalence of reduced @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in a cross-sectional cohort of @entity0 and correlated @entity1 findings with cumulative doses of CS and/or @entity6 . @entity1 was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine, radius and proximal femur between January 1998 and December 1999. Cumulative doses of CS and @entity6 were calculated by chart review. Ninety-nine consecutive @entity0 (48 @entity0 , 51 @entity0 ) aged 55 +/- 16 years (mean +/- SD) were studied 50 months (median; range 0-400 months) after a diagnosis of @entity9 had been made. Sixty-nine @entity0 were treated with 10.7 g (median cumulative dose; range 0.4-67.2 g) of CS, and 88 @entity0 were treated with 34.1 g (median cumulative dose; range 0.8-324.3 g) of @entity6 . Fifty-seven percent of the @entity0 had @entity8 (T-score: -1 to -2.5 SD), and 21% had @entity2 (T-score: <-2.5 SD) at least at one site. Thirty-four of 37 (92%) postmenopausal @entity0 , 9 of 14 (64%) premenopausal @entity0 , and 34 of 48 (71%) @entity0 had either @entity8 or @entity2 . The mean age- and sex-adjusted @entity1 (Z-score) of the proximal femur in @entity0 was found to be significantly lower than zero. Cumulative dose of CS therapy showed an inverse relation with Z-scores at the lumbar spine (p = 0.035) and proximal femur (p = 0.011). Cumulative dose of @entity6 was not correlated with Z-scores. @entity8 and @entity2 are thus frequently observed in @entity0 with ANCA-associated vasculities. However, only in @entity0 is the mean Z-score significantly lower than zero. Cumulative dose of CS therapy is significantly associated with @entity5 at the spine and femur.

title: Prevalence of reduced @entity1 in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated XXXX and the role of immunosuppressive therapy: a cross-sectional study.

answer: @entity7


abstract: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated @entity7 is a relapsing-remitting disease, which is treated with @entity4 (CS) in combination with @entity6 . One of the major side-effects of this treatment is @entity2 , which may result in the increased occurrence of @entity3 . In the present study we measured the prevalence of reduced @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in a cross-sectional cohort of @entity0 and correlated @entity1 findings with cumulative doses of CS and/or @entity6 . @entity1 was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine, radius and proximal femur between January 1998 and December 1999. Cumulative doses of CS and @entity6 were calculated by chart review. Ninety-nine consecutive @entity0 (48 @entity0 , 51 @entity0 ) aged 55 +/- 16 years (mean +/- SD) were studied 50 months (median; range 0-400 months) after a diagnosis of @entity9 had been made. Sixty-nine @entity0 were treated with 10.7 g (median cumulative dose; range 0.4-67.2 g) of CS, and 88 @entity0 were treated with 34.1 g (median cumulative dose; range 0.8-324.3 g) of @entity6 . Fifty-seven percent of the @entity0 had @entity8 (T-score: -1 to -2.5 SD), and 21% had @entity2 (T-score: <-2.5 SD) at least at one site. Thirty-four of 37 (92%) postmenopausal @entity0 , 9 of 14 (64%) premenopausal @entity0 , and 34 of 48 (71%) @entity0 had either @entity8 or @entity2 . The mean age- and sex-adjusted @entity1 (Z-score) of the proximal femur in @entity0 was found to be significantly lower than zero. Cumulative dose of CS therapy showed an inverse relation with Z-scores at the lumbar spine (p = 0.035) and proximal femur (p = 0.011). Cumulative dose of @entity6 was not correlated with Z-scores. @entity8 and @entity2 are thus frequently observed in @entity0 with ANCA-associated vasculities. However, only in @entity0 is the mean Z-score significantly lower than zero. Cumulative dose of CS therapy is significantly associated with @entity5 at the spine and femur.

title: Prevalence of reduced XXXX in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated @entity7 and the role of immunosuppressive therapy: a cross-sectional study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: We aimed to explore the prevalence and factor structure of @entity4 in a sample of Australian twins; to investigate phenotypic associations between reported @entity4 , personality and reproductive dimensions; and to identify the relative contributions of genes and environment to @entity4 and the extent of genetic and environmental covariation with the personality trait Neuroticism and lifetime major @entity2 . METHOD: Seven hundred and twenty female twin pairs (454 monozygotic and 266 dizygotic) from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Twin Register reported on experience of 17 @entity4 during the previous 12 months. In the same questionnaire twins also responded to questions on symptom states, and personality dimensions including @entity3 . Interview data enabling diagnosis of lifetime history of DSM-IV major @entity2 were also available. We fitted univariate and multivariate genetic models to the data. RESULTS: Most frequently reported symptoms were breast tenderness/ @entity1 and bloating/weight gain, followed by affective symptoms. Twelve-month prevalence was 24% for the combination of symptoms and functional interference meeting a very rough approximation of DSM-III-R criteria for late @entity0 . Principal factor analysis identified a single @entity5 ( @entity5 ) factor. @entity0 (44% of total variance) were identified for @entity5 . Although we found genetic correlations of 0.62 between reported @entity5 and @entity3 , and 0 70 with lifetime major @entity2 , 39 % of the genetic variance of @entity5 was not explained by these factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the existence of genetic influences on @entity4 , but we were unable to distinguish between liability to symptom experience and symptom reporting. Retrospective reporting may have contributed to our finding that @entity5 genes were shared in part with @entity3 and liability to lifetime major @entity2 .

title: Genetic and environmental influences on XXXX in an Australian twin sample.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and limitations of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) in the treatment of brain @entity1 from @entity6 . METHODS: Imaging and clinical outcomes in 45 @entity0 treated for 92 brain @entity1 from @entity6 between October 1989 and October 1999 were retrospectively analyzed. Follow-up imaging studies were available in 35 @entity0 with 66 treated lesions. Twenty-four percent of the lesions disappeared, 35% shrank, 23% remained unchanged, and 18% increased in size. No undue radiation-induced changes were observed in the surrounding brain. Clinical data were available in all @entity0 . No @entity5 or @entity3 related to @entity8 was observed. The median survival time, calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, was 10.4 months from the time of @entity8 . In both univariate and multivariate @entity7 regression analyses, a single @entity4 and lack of visceral @entity1 were statistically predictive of a better prognosis. Six of eight @entity0 with solitary metastasis (that is, a single brain metastasis with no primary @entity2 ) were still alive at the close of the study, none of them with disease progression, with a follow-up period ranging between 14 and 82 months. Sixteen @entity0 in this series received adjunctive whole-brain radiation therapy, which had no impact on their survival time or local and distant control of the @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: Gamma surgery is effective in treating @entity6 @entity1 in the brain. It appears that the radiobiology of a single high dose overcomes the radioresistance barrier, yielding better results than fractionated radiation.

title: Gamma surgery for XXXX @entity1 in the brain.

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and limitations of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) in the treatment of brain @entity1 from @entity6 . METHODS: Imaging and clinical outcomes in 45 @entity0 treated for 92 brain @entity1 from @entity6 between October 1989 and October 1999 were retrospectively analyzed. Follow-up imaging studies were available in 35 @entity0 with 66 treated lesions. Twenty-four percent of the lesions disappeared, 35% shrank, 23% remained unchanged, and 18% increased in size. No undue radiation-induced changes were observed in the surrounding brain. Clinical data were available in all @entity0 . No @entity5 or @entity3 related to @entity8 was observed. The median survival time, calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, was 10.4 months from the time of @entity8 . In both univariate and multivariate @entity7 regression analyses, a single @entity4 and lack of visceral @entity1 were statistically predictive of a better prognosis. Six of eight @entity0 with solitary metastasis (that is, a single brain metastasis with no primary @entity2 ) were still alive at the close of the study, none of them with disease progression, with a follow-up period ranging between 14 and 82 months. Sixteen @entity0 in this series received adjunctive whole-brain radiation therapy, which had no impact on their survival time or local and distant control of the @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: Gamma surgery is effective in treating @entity6 @entity1 in the brain. It appears that the radiobiology of a single high dose overcomes the radioresistance barrier, yielding better results than fractionated radiation.

title: Gamma surgery for @entity6 XXXX in the brain.

answer: @entity1


abstract: This study investigated the effect of water temperature on the synthesis of the @entity0 neurotransmitter @entity1 ( @entity1 ). In @entity2 , @entity1 stimulates the release of pituitary gonadotropin-II (GTH-II), which regulates gonadal function. Fish were maintained in water of 11, 18, or 24 degrees. In the female and male @entity2 , @entity1 synthesis rates estimated following inhibition of @entity1 catabolism by @entity5 (GVG) in both the telencephalon (TEL) and the @entity4 ( @entity4 ) were increased in fish held at 24 degrees compared to those at either 11 or 18 degrees (P < 0.05). Additionally, @entity1 synthesis rates in the pituitary increased in a temperature-dependent manner. @entity3 is the precursor for @entity1 synthesis; however, no consistent pattern was seen between @entity3 and @entity1 synthesis rates, indicating that @entity3 is not a limiting factor in @entity1 synthesis. Both water temperature and GVG administration increased serum GTH-II levels in female @entity2 . However, in male @entity2 water temperature had no significant effect on serum GTH-II levels, and GVG injection increased serum GTH-II levels only in fish maintained at 24 degrees. The effects of temperature on the levels of mRNA expression of the @entity1 -synthesizing enzymes @entity3 decarboxylase 65 (GAD(65)) and GAD(67) were measured by semiquantitative PCR. In the TEL and @entity4 of female @entity2 , GAD(65) was not affected, whereas temperature change from 11 to 18 degrees increased (P < 0.05) GAD(67) mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that central GABAergic systems in the @entity2 are temperature sensitive.

title: The effect of water temperature on the GABAergic and reproductive systems in female and male XXXX ( @entity2 ).

answer: @entity2


abstract: This study investigated the effect of water temperature on the synthesis of the @entity0 neurotransmitter @entity1 ( @entity1 ). In @entity2 , @entity1 stimulates the release of pituitary gonadotropin-II (GTH-II), which regulates gonadal function. Fish were maintained in water of 11, 18, or 24 degrees. In the female and male @entity2 , @entity1 synthesis rates estimated following inhibition of @entity1 catabolism by @entity5 (GVG) in both the telencephalon (TEL) and the @entity4 ( @entity4 ) were increased in fish held at 24 degrees compared to those at either 11 or 18 degrees (P < 0.05). Additionally, @entity1 synthesis rates in the pituitary increased in a temperature-dependent manner. @entity3 is the precursor for @entity1 synthesis; however, no consistent pattern was seen between @entity3 and @entity1 synthesis rates, indicating that @entity3 is not a limiting factor in @entity1 synthesis. Both water temperature and GVG administration increased serum GTH-II levels in female @entity2 . However, in male @entity2 water temperature had no significant effect on serum GTH-II levels, and GVG injection increased serum GTH-II levels only in fish maintained at 24 degrees. The effects of temperature on the levels of mRNA expression of the @entity1 -synthesizing enzymes @entity3 decarboxylase 65 (GAD(65)) and GAD(67) were measured by semiquantitative PCR. In the TEL and @entity4 of female @entity2 , GAD(65) was not affected, whereas temperature change from 11 to 18 degrees increased (P < 0.05) GAD(67) mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that central GABAergic systems in the @entity2 are temperature sensitive.

title: The effect of water temperature on the GABAergic and reproductive systems in female and male @entity2 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity2


abstract: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is effective in the treatment of acute @entity5 ( @entity5 ) in adults. This has not been demonstrated for one LMWH alone. The relationship between venographic changes due to LMWH therapy and clinical outcome in the initial treatment period has not been reported. A pooled analysis of two clinical trials was performed. The trials compared a fixed-dose, body weight-independent, subcutaneous LMWH, @entity7 (8000 antifactor Xa [aXa] U twice a day [b.i.d.]), with an adjusted-dose intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) with respect to venographic changes expressed as Marder score and occurrence of recurrent @entity6 , major @entity2 , and mortality. The Marder score was 23.2 +/- 8.4 in @entity0 randomized to LMWH (n = 299 paired phlebograms) and 23.9 +/- 8.9 in @entity0 allocated to UFH (n = 297 paired phlebograms) at entry (2p = 0.23) and 18.9 +/- 9.7 and 20.5 +/- 9.9 at the end of the initial therapy (2p = 0.04), respectively. The composite outcome of recurrent @entity6 , major @entity2 , and mortality occurred less frequently during treatment with LMWH (n = 393) than it did with UFH (n = 404, 1.3% versus 5.0%, risk reduction [RR] 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11 to 0.63, 2p = 0.004). Single events of recurrent @entity4 (2p = 0.12), major @entity2 (2p = 0.03), and mortality (2p = 0.12) were observed less frequently with LMWH. A trend toward a lack of regression of @entity3 size was observed in recurrent @entity6 (2p = 0.08). Body weight-independent LMWH significantly reduces @entity3 size and the incidence of composite outcome during the initial treatment of acute proximal @entity1 compared with adjusted dose intravenous UFH. The data indicate a relation between an unimproved Marder score and a recurrent @entity6 .

title: Reduction in XXXX extension and clinical end points in @entity0 after initial treatment for @entity5 with the fixed-dose body weight-independent low molecular weight heparin certoparin.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is effective in the treatment of acute @entity5 ( @entity5 ) in adults. This has not been demonstrated for one LMWH alone. The relationship between venographic changes due to LMWH therapy and clinical outcome in the initial treatment period has not been reported. A pooled analysis of two clinical trials was performed. The trials compared a fixed-dose, body weight-independent, subcutaneous LMWH, @entity7 (8000 antifactor Xa [aXa] U twice a day [b.i.d.]), with an adjusted-dose intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) with respect to venographic changes expressed as Marder score and occurrence of recurrent @entity6 , major @entity2 , and mortality. The Marder score was 23.2 +/- 8.4 in @entity0 randomized to LMWH (n = 299 paired phlebograms) and 23.9 +/- 8.9 in @entity0 allocated to UFH (n = 297 paired phlebograms) at entry (2p = 0.23) and 18.9 +/- 9.7 and 20.5 +/- 9.9 at the end of the initial therapy (2p = 0.04), respectively. The composite outcome of recurrent @entity6 , major @entity2 , and mortality occurred less frequently during treatment with LMWH (n = 393) than it did with UFH (n = 404, 1.3% versus 5.0%, risk reduction [RR] 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11 to 0.63, 2p = 0.004). Single events of recurrent @entity4 (2p = 0.12), major @entity2 (2p = 0.03), and mortality (2p = 0.12) were observed less frequently with LMWH. A trend toward a lack of regression of @entity3 size was observed in recurrent @entity6 (2p = 0.08). Body weight-independent LMWH significantly reduces @entity3 size and the incidence of composite outcome during the initial treatment of acute proximal @entity1 compared with adjusted dose intravenous UFH. The data indicate a relation between an unimproved Marder score and a recurrent @entity6 .

title: Reduction in @entity3 extension and clinical end points in @entity0 after initial treatment for XXXX with the fixed-dose body weight-independent low molecular weight heparin certoparin.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is effective in the treatment of acute @entity5 ( @entity5 ) in adults. This has not been demonstrated for one LMWH alone. The relationship between venographic changes due to LMWH therapy and clinical outcome in the initial treatment period has not been reported. A pooled analysis of two clinical trials was performed. The trials compared a fixed-dose, body weight-independent, subcutaneous LMWH, @entity7 (8000 antifactor Xa [aXa] U twice a day [b.i.d.]), with an adjusted-dose intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) with respect to venographic changes expressed as Marder score and occurrence of recurrent @entity6 , major @entity2 , and mortality. The Marder score was 23.2 +/- 8.4 in @entity0 randomized to LMWH (n = 299 paired phlebograms) and 23.9 +/- 8.9 in @entity0 allocated to UFH (n = 297 paired phlebograms) at entry (2p = 0.23) and 18.9 +/- 9.7 and 20.5 +/- 9.9 at the end of the initial therapy (2p = 0.04), respectively. The composite outcome of recurrent @entity6 , major @entity2 , and mortality occurred less frequently during treatment with LMWH (n = 393) than it did with UFH (n = 404, 1.3% versus 5.0%, risk reduction [RR] 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11 to 0.63, 2p = 0.004). Single events of recurrent @entity4 (2p = 0.12), major @entity2 (2p = 0.03), and mortality (2p = 0.12) were observed less frequently with LMWH. A trend toward a lack of regression of @entity3 size was observed in recurrent @entity6 (2p = 0.08). Body weight-independent LMWH significantly reduces @entity3 size and the incidence of composite outcome during the initial treatment of acute proximal @entity1 compared with adjusted dose intravenous UFH. The data indicate a relation between an unimproved Marder score and a recurrent @entity6 .

title: Reduction in @entity3 extension and clinical end points in XXXX after initial treatment for @entity5 with the fixed-dose body weight-independent low molecular weight heparin certoparin.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: The distinction of a primary @entity1 from a @entity2 is important, because the treatment and prognosis differ for @entity0 with these @entity3 . Such a distinction can be difficult because of overlapping cytologic features. It has been shown that antibodies to @entity12 ( @entity12 ) and PE-10 are fairly specific markers for primary @entity1 in histologic specimens. @entity12 regulates the expression of surfactant protein production, and PE-10 is a monoclonal antibody against components of @entity0 surfactant proteins. The combination of @entity11 ( @entity11 ) and @entity9 ( @entity9 ) immunoprofiling has been helpful in the identification of the primary site of origin of @entity1 . METHODS: In the current study, the authors evaluated the utility of @entity12 and PE-10 immunostaining and also compared the staining with expression of @entity11 and @entity9 in the discrimination between primary @entity1 and metastatic lesions in 55 specimens from fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of the lung. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded cell blocks from 35 primary @entity1 (16 @entity5 , @entity6 , 6 large cell @entity4 , and 5 @entity10 ) and 20 metastatic @entity4 (6 breast lesions, 6 @entity7 , 3 urinary bladder lesions, 2 kidney lesions, 1 biliary tract lesion, 1 endometrial lesion, and 1 @entity8 ) were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to @entity12 , PE-10, @entity11 , and @entity9 . Positive immunostaining for @entity11 , @entity9 , and PE-10 was based on cytoplasmic staining, whereas @entity12 positive staining was based on nuclear staining of the neoplastic cells. RESULTS: Positive immunostaining with @entity12 and PE-10 was noted in six primary @entity1 (17%). One @entity2 (5%) and two metastatic lesions (10%) were positive for @entity12 and PE-10, respectively. The @entity11 positive/ @entity9 negative immunophenotype was noted in 30 primary @entity1 (86%) and in 11 metastatic lesions (55%). The @entity11 negative/ @entity9 negative immunophenotype was seen in four metastatic lesions and in the remaining five primary @entity1 . The @entity11 negative/ @entity9 positive and @entity11 positive/ @entity9 positive immunophenotypes were seen in two and three metastatic lesions, respectively, but in none of the primary @entity1 . When a @entity11 positive/ @entity9 negative @entity5 also demonstrated either @entity12 positive or PE-10 positive staining, it was likely that the @entity5 was of pulmonary origin (P < 0.035; Fisher exact test). The specificity of such a combination for discriminating between primary and metastatic @entity5 was 94%. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that @entity12 , PE-10, or @entity11 / @entity9 alone did not distinguish reliably between primary @entity1 and metastatic neoplasms of the lung in FNA biopsy specimens because of low sensitivity and specificity. The use of a panel of antibodies that includes @entity11 / @entity9 , @entity12 , and PE-10 may be helpful in discriminating between primary and metastatic @entity5 of the lung. An @entity5 is likely a primary @entity1 when it is of the @entity11 positive/ @entity9 negative phenotype and demonstrates either @entity12 positive or PE-10 positive staining.

title: Use of XXXX , PE-10, and cytokeratins 7 and 20 in discriminating between primary @entity1 and metastatic lesions in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens.

answer: @entity12


abstract: BACKGROUND: The distinction of a primary @entity1 from a @entity2 is important, because the treatment and prognosis differ for @entity0 with these @entity3 . Such a distinction can be difficult because of overlapping cytologic features. It has been shown that antibodies to @entity12 ( @entity12 ) and PE-10 are fairly specific markers for primary @entity1 in histologic specimens. @entity12 regulates the expression of surfactant protein production, and PE-10 is a monoclonal antibody against components of @entity0 surfactant proteins. The combination of @entity11 ( @entity11 ) and @entity9 ( @entity9 ) immunoprofiling has been helpful in the identification of the primary site of origin of @entity1 . METHODS: In the current study, the authors evaluated the utility of @entity12 and PE-10 immunostaining and also compared the staining with expression of @entity11 and @entity9 in the discrimination between primary @entity1 and metastatic lesions in 55 specimens from fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of the lung. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded cell blocks from 35 primary @entity1 (16 @entity5 , @entity6 , 6 large cell @entity4 , and 5 @entity10 ) and 20 metastatic @entity4 (6 breast lesions, 6 @entity7 , 3 urinary bladder lesions, 2 kidney lesions, 1 biliary tract lesion, 1 endometrial lesion, and 1 @entity8 ) were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to @entity12 , PE-10, @entity11 , and @entity9 . Positive immunostaining for @entity11 , @entity9 , and PE-10 was based on cytoplasmic staining, whereas @entity12 positive staining was based on nuclear staining of the neoplastic cells. RESULTS: Positive immunostaining with @entity12 and PE-10 was noted in six primary @entity1 (17%). One @entity2 (5%) and two metastatic lesions (10%) were positive for @entity12 and PE-10, respectively. The @entity11 positive/ @entity9 negative immunophenotype was noted in 30 primary @entity1 (86%) and in 11 metastatic lesions (55%). The @entity11 negative/ @entity9 negative immunophenotype was seen in four metastatic lesions and in the remaining five primary @entity1 . The @entity11 negative/ @entity9 positive and @entity11 positive/ @entity9 positive immunophenotypes were seen in two and three metastatic lesions, respectively, but in none of the primary @entity1 . When a @entity11 positive/ @entity9 negative @entity5 also demonstrated either @entity12 positive or PE-10 positive staining, it was likely that the @entity5 was of pulmonary origin (P < 0.035; Fisher exact test). The specificity of such a combination for discriminating between primary and metastatic @entity5 was 94%. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that @entity12 , PE-10, or @entity11 / @entity9 alone did not distinguish reliably between primary @entity1 and metastatic neoplasms of the lung in FNA biopsy specimens because of low sensitivity and specificity. The use of a panel of antibodies that includes @entity11 / @entity9 , @entity12 , and PE-10 may be helpful in discriminating between primary and metastatic @entity5 of the lung. An @entity5 is likely a primary @entity1 when it is of the @entity11 positive/ @entity9 negative phenotype and demonstrates either @entity12 positive or PE-10 positive staining.

title: Use of @entity12 , PE-10, and cytokeratins 7 and 20 in discriminating between primary XXXX and metastatic lesions in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Death is an inevitable reality but the causes leading to @entity1 may vary from individual to individual. In the past, @entity1 was considered to be a simple and straightforward phenomenon. The general practitioner would issue the @entity1 certificate once he was convinced that there was cessation or absence of spontaneous life in the @entity0 . This meant that the @entity0 had stopped @entity2 , his heart had stopped beating, there was unresponsiveness, his body had turned cold and finally @entity5 had set in. With the successful accomplishment of heart transplants, it became obvious that a process of rethinking on how @entity1 could be determined had to be instituted. Cessation of heartbeat is no longer considered evidence of @entity1 since the heart is now able to be substituted with that of a just-deceased donor or with that of a @entity4 or even with a mechanical one. Moreover, modern biomedical innovations like the resuscitator and cardiac pacemaker have made it imperative to establish a set of criteria by which the moment of @entity1 could be identified. Diagnosis of @entity1 is relevant to the issue of retrieving viable vital organs, i.e. heart, lung, liver and kidney, for transplantation purposes. The Holy Qur'an emphasizes the universality of @entity1 and from its teachings one gathers that the moment of @entity1 would be at the time when the soul is separated from the body. However, one has to concede that the Qur'an does not in any way tell us anything about the nature of the soul nor of its location in the @entity0 body, hence the dilemma of Muslims insofar as @entity3 is concerned. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyse the deliberations of the classical and contemporary Muslim scholars on the end of @entity0 life with the aim of determining whether brain stem @entity1 could in effect be regarded by Muslims as the end of @entity0 life and if not why?

title: Islamic jurisprudence and the end of XXXX life.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: The treatment of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) with endovascular stent-graft prostheses is receiving increasing attention as an alternative to major abdominal surgery. Numerous systems are under clinical investigations. We report our preliminary clinical results with the new Talent straight and bifurcated endografts. METHOD: We treated 5 @entity0 with 3 straight and 2 bifurcated stent-grafts implanted by surgical femoral arteriotomies and placed under fluoroscopic guidance. Control CT and angiographic examinations were performed during an average follow-up of 5.3 months. RESULTS: In the first @entity0 the procedure had to be converted to an open surgical operation to repo sition the distal end of the prosthesis. We had no mortality, or major systemic complication. Three @entity0 had a @entity2 . All @entity1 showed a decreased size at 3 months, in spite of 3 small persisting leaks. CONCLUSION: The Talent endograft is safe, and efficacious in the endovascular treatment of @entity3 . This method requires a good cooperation between the vascular surgeon and the interventional radiologist. Learning curves influence preliminary results.

title: [Endovascular treatment of XXXX . Preliminary experiences with the Talent endoprosthesis].

answer: @entity3


abstract: AIM: We demonstrate the management and treatment of dislocation of the knee associated with @entity2 . The goal of the treatment is to avoid complications due to @entity1 . The injured vessel can be repaired either by direct suture or by interposition of a saphenous vein graft. Capsule and ligaments should be reconstructed secondarily. @entity0 AND METHODS: The charts of ten @entity0 treated in the Division of Traumatology of the University of Zurich between 1979 and 1996 have been retrospectively checked. RESULTS: In eight of ten @entity0 the injured vessel has been reconstructed with a saphenous vein graft, in one @entity0 the artery has been repaired by direct suture. In one @entity0 a flap of the intima has been refixed by endarterectomy. In five @entity0 the knee has been stabilised with a transfixation (external fixation). In two @entity0 the ligaments and the capsule were reconstructed at the time of vascular repair, in seven @entity0 the reconstruction has been performed secondary. CONCLUSIONS: In case of a dislocation of the knee the examination of the vessels is mandatory. In case of a critical perfusion the "on table"--angiography is the procedure of choice. As an alternative method duplex sonography has been established. The vascular reconstruction is performed by saphenous vein graft interposition. We recommend to reconstruct ligamentous and capsular structures secondary.

title: [Diagnosis and therapy of XXXX in posterior knee dislocation].

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and economic impact of a pharmacy-based @entity2 management program in @entity0 with @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: Demonstration project. @entity0 AND METHODS: From January 1, 1999, through June 30, 1999, 300 @entity0 with a documented history of @entity1 were enrolled in a pharmacy-based @entity2 program. A similar group of 150 randomly selected @entity0 receiving usual care during the same period served as the comparator group. The following were collected for both groups: @entity0 demographics, comorbidities, fasting lipid profiles, @entity2 medication, cost of medication, and cardiovascular events. The McNemar symmetry chi2 test was used to compare appropriate laboratory monitoring, receipt of @entity2 medication, and achievement of target low-density lipoprotein @entity2 levels at baseline and 1 year for both groups. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used to compare the cost of therapy for both groups at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD age of program and usual care @entity0 was 67 +/- 10 and 69 +/- 11 years, respectively. At 1 year, >95% of program @entity0 were receiving appropriate laboratory monitoring. In 1 year, the percentage of @entity0 reaching target low-density lipoprotein @entity2 levels increased from 45% to 72% (P< .01) and from 33% to 43% (P = .26) in program and usual care @entity0 , respectively. Despite increased medication use among program @entity0 , their cost per @entity0 per month was lower at 1-year follow-up vs baseline. CONCLUSION: Regular @entity0 interaction and close @entity0 monitoring allowed the pharmacy-based lipid management program to improve @entity2 management in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: A pharmacy-based approach to XXXX management.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To illustrate the current cost of treating @entity1 ( @entity1 ) of the knee and to demonstrate potential savings associated with the new treatment modality of viscosupplementation in a managed care setting. STUDY DESIGN: Pharmacoeconomic model with inputs obtained from peer-reviewed medical literature, clinical trial data, clinical expert opinion, and claims data. METHODS: A spreadsheet-based model was developed to define a treatment pathway for @entity1 of the knee, illustrate the current costs of treating @entity0 with the condition, and demonstrate the potential savings associated with introduction of Hylan G-F 20. A hypothetical cohort of @entity0 categorized as having mild, moderate, or severe @entity1 of the knee was followed over a 3-year time period. The analysis was conducted from the perspective of a managed care plan with a large Medicare population. RESULTS: The 3-year savings associated with adding 1 or more courses of Hylan G-F 20 therapy to the standard treatment pathway for @entity1 of the knee was  8,810,771. The total savings per @entity1 @entity0 receiving Hylan G-F 20 was  4706. The number of total knee replacements (TKRs) avoided was 808. The model was highly sensitive to the durability of Hylan G-F 20; increasing and decreasing durability within a reasonable range resulted in 3-year savings of  9,131,879 and  2,012,082, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hylan G-F 20 has proven to be an effective treatment for @entity0 with @entity1 of the knee. Appropriate use of Hylan G-F 20 could delay the need for TKRs and generate savings in the managed care setting.

title: Cost implications of introducing an alternative treatment for XXXX with osteoarthritis of the knee in a managed care setting.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of thymectomy in @entity0 with @entity6 and to identify clinical and histopathological factors associated with improved long-term outcome of surgery. METHODS: We treated 74 @entity0 between February 1987 and July 1993. There were 29 total and 36 simple thymectomies. These last cases, all non-myasthenic, had @entity4 (n=30) but 6 had @entity4 . Nine @entity1 were no-resected (5 @entity4 ). Minimum follow-up by Department of Thoracic Surgery Istituto Nazionale Tumori was 60 months after thymectomy. We divided the specimens according to Marino and Muller-Hermelink's classification: 54 @entity4 , 18 @entity4 and 2 no-diagnosis specify @entity4 . There were 53 stage I, 1 stage II, 13 stage III, 5 stage IVa and 2 stage IVb according to Masaoka. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity0 with treated @entity4 were alive without disease at the end of follow-up, the remaining 8 died from recurrence in 6, a new @entity1 in 1 and a @entity3 in the last. Of 18 @entity4 9 were alive at the end of follow-up (1 with recurrence), only 4 dead from recurrence. The actuarial survival of @entity0 with @entity4 was 88.5% at 5 years, (73.6% in cortical type, 85.7% in medullary type, 93.9% in mixed type, 100% in predominantly cortical type). @entity5 didn't influence the survival: 87.3 (no MG) vs 90%. Advanced stage @entity4 significantly increased the risk of @entity2 from early stage I: 32.4 vs 100% at 5 years. In @entity4 @entity0 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) died less than others: the actuarial probability of survival at 5 years was 90 vs 68%. CONCLUSIONS: Thymectomy was the best treatment to long term outcome. In our experience, survival was related to histotype and to local extension of @entity1 .

title: Clinical and pathologic predictors of survival in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of thymectomy in @entity0 with @entity6 and to identify clinical and histopathological factors associated with improved long-term outcome of surgery. METHODS: We treated 74 @entity0 between February 1987 and July 1993. There were 29 total and 36 simple thymectomies. These last cases, all non-myasthenic, had @entity4 (n=30) but 6 had @entity4 . Nine @entity1 were no-resected (5 @entity4 ). Minimum follow-up by Department of Thoracic Surgery Istituto Nazionale Tumori was 60 months after thymectomy. We divided the specimens according to Marino and Muller-Hermelink's classification: 54 @entity4 , 18 @entity4 and 2 no-diagnosis specify @entity4 . There were 53 stage I, 1 stage II, 13 stage III, 5 stage IVa and 2 stage IVb according to Masaoka. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity0 with treated @entity4 were alive without disease at the end of follow-up, the remaining 8 died from recurrence in 6, a new @entity1 in 1 and a @entity3 in the last. Of 18 @entity4 9 were alive at the end of follow-up (1 with recurrence), only 4 dead from recurrence. The actuarial survival of @entity0 with @entity4 was 88.5% at 5 years, (73.6% in cortical type, 85.7% in medullary type, 93.9% in mixed type, 100% in predominantly cortical type). @entity5 didn't influence the survival: 87.3 (no MG) vs 90%. Advanced stage @entity4 significantly increased the risk of @entity2 from early stage I: 32.4 vs 100% at 5 years. In @entity4 @entity0 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) died less than others: the actuarial probability of survival at 5 years was 90 vs 68%. CONCLUSIONS: Thymectomy was the best treatment to long term outcome. In our experience, survival was related to histotype and to local extension of @entity1 .

title: Clinical and pathologic predictors of survival in XXXX with @entity6 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to present a conservative condylectomy technique (condylectomy performed below the condylar head but high in the condylar neck) and articular disc repositioning as the surgical treatment approach for management of @entity2 of the head of the mandibular condyle. @entity0 AND METHODS: Six @entity0 (4 females and 2 males) with an average age of 22.3 years (range, 13 to 32 years) and with an @entity2 of the mandibular condyle were treated with conservative condylectomy. The remaining condylar neck stump was recontoured, and the articular disc was repositioned and stabilized over the "new" condyle. Any indicated orthognathic surgical procedures were then performed to optimize occlusion, function, and aesthetics. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was performed before surgery (T1), immediately after surgery (T2), and at the longest follow-up (T3). RESULTS: Average follow-up for the @entity0 was 51 months (range, 22 to 108 months). No recurrence of the @entity1 was encountered in any of the cases. Subjective and objective evaluations of postsurgical temporomandibular joint function and range of mandibular motion were normal. Associated maxillary and/or mandibular orthognathic procedures were found to be stable in the long term. CONCLUSION: Conservative condylectomy with recontouring of the residual condylar neck to function as a condyle and repositioning of the articular disc is a viable option for treatment of @entity2 of the mandibular condyle. The use of this method of treatment permits effective removal of the @entity1 and eliminates the need for autogenous grafts or total joint prostheses for temporomandibular joint reconstruction.

title: Use of conservative condylectomy for treatment of XXXX of the mandibular condyle.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Twenty young Kirdi (West African Dwarf) rams, averaging 22 kg live weight and 15 months of age, were randomly assigned to four feeding groups of 5 animals each. The groups were subjected to an 8-week feeding trial to determine the effect of different protein supplements on their @entity4 of @entity1 straw and on their performance. The animals in one of the groups were maintained on a daily basal diet of @entity1 straw given ad libitum and 250 g of @entity1 bran per animal (control). Other groups were fed the basal diet, supplemented with 300 g of groundnut haulms (GH diet), 45 g of @entity3 seed cake (CSC diet) or 210 g of chopped @entity5 vines ( @entity6 diet) per animal per day. The average daily weight gains of the animals feeding on the control, GH, CSC and @entity6 diets were 20.00, 48.93, 52.14 and 49.29 g, respectively. The gains in live weight of the supplemented groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), but there was a difference (p < 0.05) in live @entity2 between the supplemented groups and the control. The differences in intake of @entity1 straw among the groups were highly significant (p < 0.01). @entity3 seed cake increased (p < 0.01) the intake, while feeding crop residues tended to depress the intake of @entity1 straw. Variations in the height at withers, @entity0 and scapulo-ischial length did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among the groups. In terms of live @entity2 and intake of @entity1 straw, @entity3 seed cake was the most effective supplement, but, since the crop residues are more readily available to farmers in this area of the country, they merit more attention.

title: Effect of supplementation with leguminous crop residues or concentrates on the XXXX and performance of Kirdi sheep.

answer: @entity4


abstract: While liver @entity7 and @entity8 are not considered an indication for surgery in asymptomatic @entity0 resection has been recommended for hepatocellular @entity6 because of the risk of @entity4 and malignant transformation. Problems arise from differential diagnosis and the appropriate surgical radicality including the indication for liver transplantation. This retrospective analysis deals with 58 @entity0 who underwent surgery for hepatocellular @entity6 : resection of different extension: n = 54, liver transplantation n = 4. In 39.6% of the @entity0 the @entity1 was an incidental finding. In 62.0% of the character of the lesion was unclear prior to surgery. @entity1 and @entity5 occurred in 17.2%, malignant transformation in 6.9%. Surgical morbidity was 27.6%, mortality 5.2% with the transplant @entity0 alive for 1.5, 7, 9 and 10 years. Two and five years after resection 2 @entity0 developed @entity3 in the liver remnant. The results confirm the indication for surgery in hepatocellular @entity6 . Diagnostic approach for solid @entity2 without serum increase of @entity1 markers should rule out FNH and @entity7 . In all other @entity0 surgery should be considered whenever possible with the radicality of @entity1 . Liver transplantation can be discussed even in asymptomatic @entity0 with multiple @entity6 .

title: [Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular XXXX ].

answer: @entity6


abstract: CONTEXT: A successful immunosuppression regimen for combined kidney and pancreas transplants is @entity8 , @entity6 , and @entity4 . However, not all @entity0 tolerate these immunosuppressants especially @entity8 . OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of @entity3 as a rescue agent for @entity8 @entity2 in combined kidney and pancreas transplants. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Single center. @entity0 : Thirty-five combined kidney and pancreas transplants were performed between July 1994 and January 1999. All @entity0 were insulin dependent @entity1 with @entity5 . Twenty-eight (mean age: 36 years and 57% female) were available with at least 12 month follow-up. INTERVENTIONS: Conversion to @entity3 following renal (biopsy proven) or @entity7 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity2 , rejection rate, and @entity0 /transplant organ survival. RESULTS: Nineteen transplant recipients (68%) were continuously maintained on @entity8 while nine (32%) required conversion to @entity3 75 +/- 20 days post-transplant. Reasons for conversion included: @entity10 (n=2), @entity9 (n=1), and severe @entity8 nephrotoxicity (n=6). By 12 months post-transplant, the 19 @entity0 maintained on @entity8 had 5 rejections (26%). Three of the 9 @entity0 (33%) converted to @entity3 had an acute rejection prior to conversion. Seven of these 9 @entity0 (78%; P=0.017 vs. @entity0 maintained on @entity8 ) had rejections an average of 25 +/- 4 days post-conversion. Four of the 7 @entity0 had no previous rejections prior to conversion. In spite of increased rejections, the 1- and 2-year @entity0 /graft survivals were unchanged by converting. CONCLUSIONS: Converting to @entity3 from @entity8 was associated with an increased risk of acute rejection especially within the first 30 days post conversion.

title: Increased early rejection rate after conversion from XXXX in kidney and pancreas transplantation.

answer: @entity8


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Semistructured interviews, group discussions, and a mailed survey. OBJECTIVE: To identify barriers to the use of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and to design an intervention to improve the use of @entity3 by @entity0 with @entity2 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity3 was introduced in Norway in 1993 to encourage @entity0 on sick leave to return to modified work. With @entity3 the National Insurance Administration (NIA) pays 100% of wages, thereby allowing the employer to engage a substitute worker at no extra cost, in addition to the worker on @entity3 . Arranging @entity3 requires cooperation between the general practitioner (GP), employer, local NIA staff, and the @entity0 , which may explain why @entity3 was used in less than 1% of the eligible sick leave cases in 1995, despite strong support from all players. METHODS: The authors conducted five in-depth interviews at a workplace where @entity3 was successfully implemented. Questionnaires were sent to 89 GPs, 102 workplace representatives, and 22 local NIA officers in three counties. Five @entity0 with @entity1 who had used @entity3 were interviewed in a focus group, and 10 @entity0 with @entity1 who had not used @entity3 were interviewed using a structured guide. Five workplaces participated in a dialogue conference. Data collection and analysis were iterative, and new data were constantly compared with the previously analyzed materials. RESULTS: About 80% of the GPs, employers, and NIA officers believed @entity3 is effective in reducing long-term sick leave. Among the barriers identified were lack of information, lack of time, and work flow barriers such as poor communication and coordination of activities between the players required to carry out @entity3 . Two strategies were designed to improve the workflow between them. A passive implementation strategy was designed to require a minimum amount of economic and administrative support. It included targeted information, clinical guidelines for @entity2 , a reminder to GPs in the sick leave form, and a standardized agreement. A proactive strategy included the same four elements plus a kick-off continuing education seminar for GPs and a trained resource @entity0 to facilitate the use of @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: Having all the players onside may be essential, but it is not sufficient to bring about action in workplace strategies for @entity0 with @entity2 . If early return to modified work is effective, implementing it may require interventions targeted at identified barriers.

title: Active sick leave for @entity0 with XXXX : all the players onside, but still no action.

answer: @entity1


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Semistructured interviews, group discussions, and a mailed survey. OBJECTIVE: To identify barriers to the use of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and to design an intervention to improve the use of @entity3 by @entity0 with @entity2 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity3 was introduced in Norway in 1993 to encourage @entity0 on sick leave to return to modified work. With @entity3 the National Insurance Administration (NIA) pays 100% of wages, thereby allowing the employer to engage a substitute worker at no extra cost, in addition to the worker on @entity3 . Arranging @entity3 requires cooperation between the general practitioner (GP), employer, local NIA staff, and the @entity0 , which may explain why @entity3 was used in less than 1% of the eligible sick leave cases in 1995, despite strong support from all players. METHODS: The authors conducted five in-depth interviews at a workplace where @entity3 was successfully implemented. Questionnaires were sent to 89 GPs, 102 workplace representatives, and 22 local NIA officers in three counties. Five @entity0 with @entity1 who had used @entity3 were interviewed in a focus group, and 10 @entity0 with @entity1 who had not used @entity3 were interviewed using a structured guide. Five workplaces participated in a dialogue conference. Data collection and analysis were iterative, and new data were constantly compared with the previously analyzed materials. RESULTS: About 80% of the GPs, employers, and NIA officers believed @entity3 is effective in reducing long-term sick leave. Among the barriers identified were lack of information, lack of time, and work flow barriers such as poor communication and coordination of activities between the players required to carry out @entity3 . Two strategies were designed to improve the workflow between them. A passive implementation strategy was designed to require a minimum amount of economic and administrative support. It included targeted information, clinical guidelines for @entity2 , a reminder to GPs in the sick leave form, and a standardized agreement. A proactive strategy included the same four elements plus a kick-off continuing education seminar for GPs and a trained resource @entity0 to facilitate the use of @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: Having all the players onside may be essential, but it is not sufficient to bring about action in workplace strategies for @entity0 with @entity2 . If early return to modified work is effective, implementing it may require interventions targeted at identified barriers.

title: Active sick leave for XXXX with @entity1 : all the players onside, but still no action.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Fistulous communications between the @entity2 ( @entity2 ), gastroduodenal (GD), and superior mesenteric (SMA) arteries and the portal vein (PV) may represent a contraindication for liver transplantation (LT). MATERIAL: A @entity0 with @entity5 -related liver @entity1 and progressive @entity4 underwent preoperative LT work-up. Doppler ultrasound (DU), Angiography and MRI revealed arteroportal fistulas (APF) and diversion of mesenteric-splenoportal flow through spontaneous splenorenal shunts (SSRS) in the systemic circulation. The @entity0 was transplanted and the @entity2 and @entity3 were distally sectioned; the HA was anastomosed to the donor HA; the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) was detached from the splenopancreatic venous bed by sectioning and ligating the Henle trunk, by ligating an posterior-inferior pancreatic vein and, finally, by positioning an iliac vein interposition graft between the SMV and the donor PV. The postanastomotic SMV trunk and recipient PV were ligated below and above the pancreatic head, respectively. RESULTS: Reperfusion and late liver function were good. DU and MRI studies showed an effective portal flow and the maintenance of a normal splenopancreatic vein outflow through the SSRS. DISCUSSION: APF represent a serious clinical problem, particularly in @entity0 who need LT. The persistence of arterial flow into the PV is dangerous for the long-term liver function. A particular surgical strategy, strictly tailored to the hemodynamic conditions, has to be planned. CONCLUSIONS: Extrahepatic multiple APF would no longer to represent a contraindication to LT, although this claim needs to be confirmed in the light of further experience and a longer-term follow-up.

title: Arteroportal fistulas between the XXXX , gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric arteries and portal vein: a difficult technical problem to overcome in liver transplantation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The individually different effects of exposure to comparable levels of chemicals might be partly explained by dissimilar response sensitivity towards chemicals. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) might be the clinical endpoint of this altered sensitivity. Concerning a subclinical range of chemical sensitivity, 'challenge studies' with @entity0 reporting chemical sensitivity are needed to improve the knowledge about such differences. The chemical and general environmental sensitivity questionnaire (CGES) is a standardized screening tool for the selection of this group. In the present study 24 healthy male volunteers, half of them classified as sMCS-subjects, were experimentally exposed to @entity1 and @entity2 at different levels (TLV-level vs. odor threshold). The strength of self-reported sensory irritations (nasal and ocular) and symptoms of bad smell were assessed, prior, during, and after the 4 hours of exposure. The time courses of sensory irritations were affected by sMCS. Across all exposure periods sMCS-subjects showed increasing symptom scores while control-subjects did not. Symptoms of bad smell were affected by three exposure-related factors (substance, level, duration) without any additional influence from the sMCS factor. Starting from these results it could be concluded that the time-depending influence of reported chemical sensitivity is most prominent for subjective data of sensory irritations.

title: Time courses of sensory irritations due to XXXX and @entity2 exposure: influences of self-reported multiple chemical sensitivity (sMCS).

answer: @entity1


abstract: The individually different effects of exposure to comparable levels of chemicals might be partly explained by dissimilar response sensitivity towards chemicals. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) might be the clinical endpoint of this altered sensitivity. Concerning a subclinical range of chemical sensitivity, 'challenge studies' with @entity0 reporting chemical sensitivity are needed to improve the knowledge about such differences. The chemical and general environmental sensitivity questionnaire (CGES) is a standardized screening tool for the selection of this group. In the present study 24 healthy male volunteers, half of them classified as sMCS-subjects, were experimentally exposed to @entity1 and @entity2 at different levels (TLV-level vs. odor threshold). The strength of self-reported sensory irritations (nasal and ocular) and symptoms of bad smell were assessed, prior, during, and after the 4 hours of exposure. The time courses of sensory irritations were affected by sMCS. Across all exposure periods sMCS-subjects showed increasing symptom scores while control-subjects did not. Symptoms of bad smell were affected by three exposure-related factors (substance, level, duration) without any additional influence from the sMCS factor. Starting from these results it could be concluded that the time-depending influence of reported chemical sensitivity is most prominent for subjective data of sensory irritations.

title: Time courses of sensory irritations due to @entity1 and XXXX exposure: influences of self-reported multiple chemical sensitivity (sMCS).

answer: @entity2


abstract: We describe procedures for isolating and culturing airway epithelial cells from chronically infected @entity0 lungs. Experience in our laboratory demonstrated the need to balance pathogen eradication against antibiotic toxicity to epithelial cells. To provide a logical basis for antibiotic selection and dose, we systematically analyzed the @entity1 of antibiotics useful against typical pathogens. Alone, @entity12 , @entity6 , @entity14 , and @entity10 were moderately toxic at concentrations close to those used in cell culture, whereas @entity7 , @entity15 , @entity8 , @entity11 , @entity9 , @entity13 , @entity3 / @entity2 , and @entity5 were nontoxic even at concentrations many times the antimicrobial level. Epithelial @entity1 of combined antibiotics was additive, with no evidence of competition or synergism. Antibiotics had little effect on initial cell attachment and did not acutely lyse cells, but inhibited subsequent growth. Interestingly, @entity1 decreased markedly with increasing epithelial cell density. @entity4 ( @entity4 ) and non- @entity4 epithelial cells showed no differences in sensitivity to the antibiotics tested and initial exposure to antibiotics did not affect the electrophysiologic properties of resistance or short circuit current in well-differentiated cells. Tailored combinations of antibiotics at appropriate doses killed even multidrug-resistant bacteria. Thus, epithelial cells can usually be cultured from chronically infected @entity4 airways.

title: Isolation and culture of airway epithelial cells from chronically infected XXXX lungs.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Currently, no effective treatment is available for the nonlymphoid blast crisis (BC) of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and because of this the prognosis for such @entity0 remains invariably poor. In an attempt to determine the results provided by palliative treatment with oral @entity3 ( @entity4 ) in the above @entity1 , 30 such @entity0 were analyzed for hospital stay, days of intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics, transfusion requirements, response rate, and survival. Thirty @entity0 with nonlymphoid BC matched for their initial characteristics and treated with different i.v. regimens were used for comparison purposes. @entity0 managed with @entity4 spent less days in hospital (median: 9, range: 0-46 vs median: 42, range: 5-140; P<0.0001), needed antibiotics for less days (median: 0. range: 0-46 vs median: 20, range: 0-57; P<0.0001), and received less platelet transfusions (median: 0, range: 0-20 vs median: 6, range: 0-63; P=0.004) than those treated with i.v. chemotherapy. Although no complete or partial remission was achieved by @entity0 receiving @entity4 vs six in the i.v. chemotherapy group, no significant difference was observed when the survival of both groups was compared (median: 4.7 months, range: 0.1-22.7 vs median: 3.8 months, range: 0.2-12, respectively). These results indicate that @entity4 therapy constitutes a good palliative treatment for @entity0 with nonlymphoid BC of @entity2 . However, new treatment strategies for this @entity1 are required.

title: Single-agent therapy with oral @entity3 for nonlymphoid blast crisis of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Currently, no effective treatment is available for the nonlymphoid blast crisis (BC) of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and because of this the prognosis for such @entity0 remains invariably poor. In an attempt to determine the results provided by palliative treatment with oral @entity3 ( @entity4 ) in the above @entity1 , 30 such @entity0 were analyzed for hospital stay, days of intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics, transfusion requirements, response rate, and survival. Thirty @entity0 with nonlymphoid BC matched for their initial characteristics and treated with different i.v. regimens were used for comparison purposes. @entity0 managed with @entity4 spent less days in hospital (median: 9, range: 0-46 vs median: 42, range: 5-140; P<0.0001), needed antibiotics for less days (median: 0. range: 0-46 vs median: 20, range: 0-57; P<0.0001), and received less platelet transfusions (median: 0, range: 0-20 vs median: 6, range: 0-63; P=0.004) than those treated with i.v. chemotherapy. Although no complete or partial remission was achieved by @entity0 receiving @entity4 vs six in the i.v. chemotherapy group, no significant difference was observed when the survival of both groups was compared (median: 4.7 months, range: 0.1-22.7 vs median: 3.8 months, range: 0.2-12, respectively). These results indicate that @entity4 therapy constitutes a good palliative treatment for @entity0 with nonlymphoid BC of @entity2 . However, new treatment strategies for this @entity1 are required.

title: Single-agent therapy with oral XXXX for nonlymphoid blast crisis of @entity2 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity1 ( @entity1 ), or @entity1 , afflict 731,000 Americans each year, with 165,000 of these individuals dying. @entity1 is a major cause of @entity2 and disability throughout the world, including southern Africa. @entity4 -related formation of thrombi and emboli at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and proximal internal carotid artery represents a common cause of @entity1 . The detection of @entity6 by dentists using panoramic radiographs recently has been presented to the public through television news stories and the press, but many dentists still do not know how to interpret panoramic radiographs for detection of this condition. This communication illustrates examples in which @entity6 was detected using panoramic radiography. Differential diagnoses are presented. Since not every carotid plaque calcifies, panoramic radiography should never be used alone to exclude the possibility of @entity6 . It should also be remembered that the mere presence of calcified carotid plaque is not necessarily a reflection on the degree of @entity3 . Definitive diagnosis and treatment requires referral of @entity0 deemed to be at risk to an appropriate physician. A variety of advanced diagnostic methods, including @entity5 -enhanced MRI, Duplex Doppler sonography and angiography are used to confirm @entity3 .

title: The role of the dentist in detection of XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity4 related to @entity2 may cause persistent @entity1 which impairs mobility and reduces the quality of life. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a therapeutic interventional radiology procedure which is used in the management of @entity1 relief in such @entity3 . It involves the injection of bone cement [polymethylmethacrylate ( @entity5 )] into the collapsed vertebrae under radiological guidance. This provides @entity1 relief as well as increases the strength and stability of the vertebra. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 16 @entity0 with 17 @entity4 which were treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty over an 18-month period were studied. There were all @entity0 with the exception of 1 male @entity0 . Their ages ranged from 61 to 87 years. The @entity3 sites were at the thoracolumbar junction from T12 to L3 levels. The majority of cases only required a unipedicular injection, with bipedicular injections in 3 cases. All cases were performed in the angiographic suite in the radiology departments, with biplanar fluoroscopy in one hospital. @entity5 was injected in a semi-solid state under radiological guidance and screening into the collapsed vertebrae. RESULTS: All cases showed good technical success with no mortality or major complications. Only 2 cases had minor complications of cement leakage into the soft tissues of the back and adjacent disc space, respectively. There was sufficient @entity1 relief in all @entity0 and they were well enough to be discharged within 1 to 5 days after the procedure. @entity0 were followed up to evaluate the degree of long-term @entity1 relief as well as analgesic usage. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a new and minimally-invasive modality of treating @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity4 who are refractory to medical therapy. Under adequate imaging guidance, the risks of complications are minimal while the potential benefit to @entity0 and their care-givers are significant.

title: Percutaneous vertebroplasty in the management of XXXX : initial experience.

answer: @entity4


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Elderly @entity0 presenting with backache and @entity4 are a diagnostic challenge. Plain X-rays, computed tomography and radionuclide bone scans have not always reliably distinguished between benign and malignant causes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be able to do so. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity0 who underwent MRI evaluation for @entity4 were retrospectively studied. Over a 21-month period from January 1995 to September 1996, 47 @entity0 with 58 vertebral collapses were studied. Benign and malignant aetiologies were established by serial imaging, clinical outcome and histology. Imaging was performed with T1 and T2-weighted sequences, with contrast enhancement in some @entity0 . Collapsed vertebrae were examined for appearance of marrow on T1 and T2-weighted sequences and after contrast administration, signal intensity of adjacent discs, degree of @entity2 , involvement of posterior elements, presence or absence of paraspinal mass and end-plate integrity. Agreement between the final and radiological diagnosis was evaluated. RESULTS: There were 36 benign vertebral collapses (20 @entity6 , 7 post-traumatic, 9 infective) and 22 malignant ones (20 metastatic @entity1 , 2 multiple @entity5 ). Features which pointed to malignant cause were hypointense marrow on T1-weighted images, marrow enhancement after intravenous contrast, greater than 50% @entity2 and involvement of posterior elements. Of the vertebral collapses due to @entity3 , 78% showed end-plate disruption. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that MRI can be used to accurately differentiate between benign and malignant causes of @entity4 . Further differentiation between an @entity6 , traumatic or infective cause can be done with the help of clinical history and evaluation of end-plate integrity.

title: Differentiation of malignant @entity4 from XXXX and other benign causes using magnetic resonance imaging.

answer: @entity6


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Elderly @entity0 presenting with backache and @entity4 are a diagnostic challenge. Plain X-rays, computed tomography and radionuclide bone scans have not always reliably distinguished between benign and malignant causes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be able to do so. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity0 who underwent MRI evaluation for @entity4 were retrospectively studied. Over a 21-month period from January 1995 to September 1996, 47 @entity0 with 58 vertebral collapses were studied. Benign and malignant aetiologies were established by serial imaging, clinical outcome and histology. Imaging was performed with T1 and T2-weighted sequences, with contrast enhancement in some @entity0 . Collapsed vertebrae were examined for appearance of marrow on T1 and T2-weighted sequences and after contrast administration, signal intensity of adjacent discs, degree of @entity2 , involvement of posterior elements, presence or absence of paraspinal mass and end-plate integrity. Agreement between the final and radiological diagnosis was evaluated. RESULTS: There were 36 benign vertebral collapses (20 @entity6 , 7 post-traumatic, 9 infective) and 22 malignant ones (20 metastatic @entity1 , 2 multiple @entity5 ). Features which pointed to malignant cause were hypointense marrow on T1-weighted images, marrow enhancement after intravenous contrast, greater than 50% @entity2 and involvement of posterior elements. Of the vertebral collapses due to @entity3 , 78% showed end-plate disruption. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that MRI can be used to accurately differentiate between benign and malignant causes of @entity4 . Further differentiation between an @entity6 , traumatic or infective cause can be done with the help of clinical history and evaluation of end-plate integrity.

title: Differentiation of malignant XXXX from @entity6 and other benign causes using magnetic resonance imaging.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The goal of our study was to determine the extent of changes in frequency tuning in the auditory cortex over weeks. The subjects were awake adult male @entity0 (n = 8) bearing electrodes chronically implanted in layers IV-VI of primary auditory cortex. Tuning was determined by presenting sequences of pure tone bursts (approximately 0.97-41.97 kHz, -20 to 80 dB, 100-ms tone duration, 5-ms rise-fall, 800-ms intertone intervals, 1.5-s intersequence interval) either in 0.5-octave steps (n = 5, 14 probes) or 0.25-octave steps (n = 3, 9 probes) delivered to the ear contralateral to recording sites. Tuning curves were determined for local field potentials (LFPs), which were tuned to frequency (negative potential, latency to peak 15-20 ms), repeatedly for up to 27 days (0.5 octave) or 12 days (0.25 octave). @entity1 ( @entity1 ), best frequency at 10 and 30 dB above absolute threshold (BF10, BF30), threshold (TH), and bandwidth (10 dB above threshold; BW) were measured. Absolute amplitude often decreased across weeks, necessitating normalization of amplitude. However, there were no significant trends in tuning over days for @entity1 , BF10, or BF30 for either the half- or the quarter-octave group. Both groups exhibited random daily variations in frequency tuning, the quarter-octave group revealing larger variations averaging 0.228, 0.211, and 0.250 octave for @entity1 , BF10, and BF30, respectively. Therefore, frequency tuning in waking animals does not exhibit directional drift over very long periods of time. However, daily tuning variations on the order of 0.20-0.25 octave indicate that the peaks of tuning curves ( @entity1 , BF) represent a preferred frequency range rather than a fixed frequency.

title: Long-term frequency tuning of local field potentials in the auditory cortex of the waking XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Conduction @entity3 is usually described as a @entity1 . Semiology or pathophysiology cannot be explained with this definition. We report a single case particularly demonstrative. The @entity0 showed spontaneous speech, denomination, repetition and @entity1 . Main errors were phonemic paraphasia. No arthric @entity1 was observed. Damage of supramarginalis gyrus and @entity2 was found. A cognitive analysis suggested that the phonological buffer and the working memory were impaired. Implication for rehabilitation, which included segmentation and semantisation associated to phonological training, is discussed. The course of the conduction @entity3 was good and the @entity0 was able to work again.

title: [Conduction XXXX and phonemic disorder].

answer: @entity3


abstract: The incidence of @entity3 increases in the elderly population. Disability can affect elderly @entity0 's ability to maintain oral health, maintain access to dental care, and accept dental treatment. The oral health of @entity2 @entity0 can be disadvantaged, since they are not in a position to detect and recognize early @entity1 and may be unable to take immediate action unless informed of the situation. The aim of this pilot study was to identify the problems experienced by a @entity2 elderly population regarding the maintenance of oral health and the need to seek treatment. Sixty-two legally blind @entity0 underwent a structured interview and a clinical dental examination. Data are presented descriptively. All the @entity0 would be potentially able to maintain their own adequate oral health level if given the appropriate stimulus. At the time of the study, 53% brushed their own teeth, 39% of whom brushed daily. Of the denture wearers, 58% cleaned them at least once a week. Most of the @entity0 were independent. Eighty-two percent believed that they did not need help to brush their teeth or dentures, even though 85% had never been shown how to brush their teeth. Eighty percent of @entity0 did not realize that regular oral reviews were necessary. Other barriers to regular care included poor health, mobility problems, cost, and fear. Twenty-one percent of the sample had toothache or a denture problem. The professionally assessed treatment need was high in the dentate group, and 32% of denture wearers had denture-related pathology. The professionally assessed treatment need was greater than the @entity2 @entity0 's perceived need for care. The majority of @entity2 elderly were capable of maintaining a reasonable level of oral hygiene by themselves and were aware of their own dental needs but either had no reason to seek care or were unable to access oral health care services. It is important for @entity2 @entity0 to realize that they need supervision to maintain good oral hygiene standards and to ensure the early identification of oral pathology. Also, the barriers to access to oral health services need to be reduced.

title: The implications of XXXX in an elderly population in recognizing @entity1 and maintaining oral health.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The incidence of @entity3 increases in the elderly population. Disability can affect elderly @entity0 's ability to maintain oral health, maintain access to dental care, and accept dental treatment. The oral health of @entity2 @entity0 can be disadvantaged, since they are not in a position to detect and recognize early @entity1 and may be unable to take immediate action unless informed of the situation. The aim of this pilot study was to identify the problems experienced by a @entity2 elderly population regarding the maintenance of oral health and the need to seek treatment. Sixty-two legally blind @entity0 underwent a structured interview and a clinical dental examination. Data are presented descriptively. All the @entity0 would be potentially able to maintain their own adequate oral health level if given the appropriate stimulus. At the time of the study, 53% brushed their own teeth, 39% of whom brushed daily. Of the denture wearers, 58% cleaned them at least once a week. Most of the @entity0 were independent. Eighty-two percent believed that they did not need help to brush their teeth or dentures, even though 85% had never been shown how to brush their teeth. Eighty percent of @entity0 did not realize that regular oral reviews were necessary. Other barriers to regular care included poor health, mobility problems, cost, and fear. Twenty-one percent of the sample had toothache or a denture problem. The professionally assessed treatment need was high in the dentate group, and 32% of denture wearers had denture-related pathology. The professionally assessed treatment need was greater than the @entity2 @entity0 's perceived need for care. The majority of @entity2 elderly were capable of maintaining a reasonable level of oral hygiene by themselves and were aware of their own dental needs but either had no reason to seek care or were unable to access oral health care services. It is important for @entity2 @entity0 to realize that they need supervision to maintain good oral hygiene standards and to ensure the early identification of oral pathology. Also, the barriers to access to oral health services need to be reduced.

title: The implications of @entity2 in an elderly population in recognizing XXXX and maintaining oral health.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The @entity4 is a rare @entity1 characterized by @entity2 , @entity3 . According to a new classification recently proposed by Stevens and colleagues, the syndrome can also be classified as @entity2 . We report a family from the Black Forest region of Germany afflicted with the syndrome. The family was traced through five generation. 27 of 46 family members showed tylotic skin changes. In addition, 8 @entity0 showed @entity5 and 5 died from @entity3 of the esophagus. Using screening examinations, early changes of the esophageal mucosa could be detected. The responsible gene has been mapped in the family. It is located at 17q23-qter, telomeric to the keratin II gene cluster. Therefore a defect in one of the well known keratin genes can be excluded as a cause of the syndrome.

title: [The XXXX . Observations in one family over 5 generations].

answer: @entity4


abstract: Application of @entity7 to skin evokes @entity3 [S.M. Carlton, G.L. Hargett, R.E. Coggeshall, Localization and activation of @entity7 receptors in unmyelinated axons of @entity1 glabrous skin, Neurosci. Lett., 197 (1995) 25-28; D.L. Jackson, C.B. Graff, J.D. Richardson, K.M. Hargreaves, @entity7 participates in the peripheral modulation of thermal @entity6 in @entity1 , Eur. J. Pharmacol., 284 (1995) 321-325.] and peripherally-administered @entity7 antagonists can prevent the nociception produced by @entity0 [E.M. Davidson, R.E. Coggeshall, S.M. Carlton, Peripheral @entity2 and non-NMDA @entity7 receptors contribute to nociceptive behaviors in the @entity1 @entity4 test, NeuroReport, 8 (1997) 941-946; Jackson et al., 1995.] In this study, the concentrations of @entity7 and @entity5 in the plantar of the @entity1 hindpaws were measured before and after the subcutaneous administration of @entity4 . Increases in @entity7 and @entity5 concentrations were observed on the ipsilateral side, but not on the contralateral side, to the injection. This shows that nociception and @entity0 caused by @entity4 injection induces the release of peripheral @entity7 and @entity5 , which would contribute to nociception and @entity3 .

title: XXXX -induced release of excitatory amino acids in the skin of the @entity1 hindpaw.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Application of @entity7 to skin evokes @entity3 [S.M. Carlton, G.L. Hargett, R.E. Coggeshall, Localization and activation of @entity7 receptors in unmyelinated axons of @entity1 glabrous skin, Neurosci. Lett., 197 (1995) 25-28; D.L. Jackson, C.B. Graff, J.D. Richardson, K.M. Hargreaves, @entity7 participates in the peripheral modulation of thermal @entity6 in @entity1 , Eur. J. Pharmacol., 284 (1995) 321-325.] and peripherally-administered @entity7 antagonists can prevent the nociception produced by @entity0 [E.M. Davidson, R.E. Coggeshall, S.M. Carlton, Peripheral @entity2 and non-NMDA @entity7 receptors contribute to nociceptive behaviors in the @entity1 @entity4 test, NeuroReport, 8 (1997) 941-946; Jackson et al., 1995.] In this study, the concentrations of @entity7 and @entity5 in the plantar of the @entity1 hindpaws were measured before and after the subcutaneous administration of @entity4 . Increases in @entity7 and @entity5 concentrations were observed on the ipsilateral side, but not on the contralateral side, to the injection. This shows that nociception and @entity0 caused by @entity4 injection induces the release of peripheral @entity7 and @entity5 , which would contribute to nociception and @entity3 .

title: @entity4 -induced release of excitatory amino acids in the skin of the XXXX hindpaw.

answer: @entity1