abstract: UNASSIGNED: The Amazon is responsible for approximately 40% of the American @entity1 (ATL) in Brazil. Herein the sustained presence of ATL in Manaus, the largest settlement in the Amazon, was investigated. Records of notification of historic cases, and data from cases prospectively enrolled in the Tropical Medicine Foundation of the Amazonas State were used. Geographic coordinates of prospective @entity0 ' living sites were used to detect inner-city clusters of ATL. Infecting @entity3 species was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Among prospectively enrolled subjects, 94.8% were infected with @entity3 ) guyanensis, 76.7% were male, 30.2% were 0-20 years old, and 69.8% had an urban residence. Historic cases showed a profile similar to that of prospectively enrolled subjects. Several clusters of ATL, widely distributed within the city of Manaus, could be detected. In conclusion, there was a high frequency of disease in young age groups and cases @entity2 . It cannot be determined from these data whether transmission of these cases occurred within or outside the city of Manaus.

title: Sustained Presence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Urban Manaus, the Largest XXXX Settlement in the Amazon.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The physiological effects of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) on the kidney are mediated primarily by the @entity1 type 1 ( @entity2 ) receptor. Two highly similar @entity2 receptor subtypes have been identified in the @entity0 by molecular cloning techniques, namely @entity2 and @entity3 . The intrarenal localization of the @entity2 and @entity3 receptor subtypes has not been studied by hybridization methods with subtype-specific receptor probes. Using radiolabeled probes from the 3' noncoding region of the @entity2 and @entity3 cDNAs, we localized @entity2 mRNA in @entity0 kidney by in situ hybridization. Specificity of the 3' noncoding region probes was tested by Northern blot and solution hybridization methods. @entity2 mRNA levels were highest in the liver, kidney, and adrenal. In contrast, @entity3 mRNA levels were highest in the adrenal and pituitary and low in kidney. Autoradiographic localization of 125I-[Sar1,Ile8] @entity1 binding indicated that the highest levels of @entity2 receptors were found in glomeruli and vascular elements. In situ hybridization with a nonselective @entity2 receptor riboprobe indicated that the highest levels of @entity2 mRNA were in the outer medullary vasa recta and cortical glomeruli with additional diffuse labeling of the cortex and outer medulla, consistent with labeling of tubular elements. In contrast, in situ hybridization with the @entity2 subtype selective probes revealed that @entity2 receptor mRNA was primarily localized to the vasa recta and diffusely to the outer stripe of the outer medulla and the renal cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Localization of XXXX subtype mRNA in @entity0 kidney.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The physiological effects of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) on the kidney are mediated primarily by the @entity1 type 1 ( @entity2 ) receptor. Two highly similar @entity2 receptor subtypes have been identified in the @entity0 by molecular cloning techniques, namely @entity2 and @entity3 . The intrarenal localization of the @entity2 and @entity3 receptor subtypes has not been studied by hybridization methods with subtype-specific receptor probes. Using radiolabeled probes from the 3' noncoding region of the @entity2 and @entity3 cDNAs, we localized @entity2 mRNA in @entity0 kidney by in situ hybridization. Specificity of the 3' noncoding region probes was tested by Northern blot and solution hybridization methods. @entity2 mRNA levels were highest in the liver, kidney, and adrenal. In contrast, @entity3 mRNA levels were highest in the adrenal and pituitary and low in kidney. Autoradiographic localization of 125I-[Sar1,Ile8] @entity1 binding indicated that the highest levels of @entity2 receptors were found in glomeruli and vascular elements. In situ hybridization with a nonselective @entity2 receptor riboprobe indicated that the highest levels of @entity2 mRNA were in the outer medullary vasa recta and cortical glomeruli with additional diffuse labeling of the cortex and outer medulla, consistent with labeling of tubular elements. In contrast, in situ hybridization with the @entity2 subtype selective probes revealed that @entity2 receptor mRNA was primarily localized to the vasa recta and diffusely to the outer stripe of the outer medulla and the renal cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Localization of @entity3 subtype mRNA in XXXX kidney.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this work is to compare the positioning accuracy achieved by three different imaging techniques and planar vs. CBCT imaging for two common IGRT indications. METHODS: A collective of @entity2 and @entity1 @entity0 treated at our institution during the year 2013 was retrospectively analyzed. For all treatment fractions (3078 in total), the kind of acquired set-up image and the performed couch shift before treatment were assessed. The distribution of couch corrections was compared for three different imaging systems available at our institution: the treatment beam line operating at 6   MV, a dedicated imaging beam line of nominally 1   MV, and the kVision system at 70-121   kV. Shifts were analyzed for planar and cone-beam CT images. Based on the set-up corrections, CTV to @entity3 expansion margins were calculated. RESULTS: The difference in set-up corrections performed for the three energies and both techniques (planar vs. CBCT) was not significant for @entity1 @entity0 . For @entity2 all shifts had equal variance. Averages ranged from -0.7 to +0.7   mm. The set-up margins calculated on the basis of the observed shifts are 4.0   mm (AP) and 3.8   mm (SI, LR) for the head-and-neck @entity3 and 6.6   mm (SI), 6.7   mm (AP) and 7.9   mm (LR) for the @entity2 @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: For three different linac-based imaging energies and planar/CBCT imaging, no relevant differences in set-up shifts were observed. The suggested set-up margins for these indications are of the order of 4   mm for head-and-neck and 6-8   mm for prostate treatment.

title: Set-up errors and planning margins in planar and CBCT image-guided radiotherapy using three different imaging systems: A clinical study for prostate and XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Plant phospholipase D (PLD), which can hydrolyze membrane phospholipids to produce @entity7 (PA), a secondary signaling molecule, has been proposed to function in diverse plant stress responses. In this research, a qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of a @entity8 phospholipase D alpha gene (CsPLDa) was induced by salt and drought stresses in the roots and leaves. To further study the roles of CsPLDa in regulating plant tolerance to salt, @entity2 ( @entity3 ) and @entity4 ( @entity5 ) stresses, transgenic @entity1 plants constitutively overexpressing CsPLDa were produced. A qRT-PCR analysis showed that the CsPLDa transcript levels were high in transgenic @entity1 lines, whereas no expression was found in @entity0 ( @entity0 ) @entity1 , indicating that CsPLDa was successfully transferred into the @entity1 genome and overexpressed. Under normal conditions for 30  d, seeds of transgenic lines germinated neatly, and the seedlings were robust and bigger than @entity0 plants. When treated with different concentrations of @entity6 , @entity3 and @entity5 , germination rates and seedling sizes of the transgenic lines were significantly greater than @entity0 . In addition, the germination times for transgenic lines were also remarkably shorter. Further studies indicated that transgenic lines had longer primary roots and more biomass accumulation than @entity0 plants. The water loss in transgenic lines was also much lower than in @entity0 . These findings suggest that the CsPLDa overexpression positively regulates plant tolerance to hyperosmotic stresses, and that CsPLDa is involved in the @entity5 regulation of stomatal closure and the alleviation of @entity5 inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth.

title: The functions of a XXXX phospholipase D alpha gene (CsPLDa) in growth and tolerance to hyperosmotic stress.

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the overall health care costs associated with @entity4 and @entity3 among primary care @entity0 . METHOD: Of 2,110 consecutive primary care @entity0 in a health maintenance organization, 1,962 were screened with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. A stratified random sample of 615 @entity0 were selected for further diagnostic assessment; 373 of these @entity0 completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview at baseline and 328 were reassessed 12 months later. Computerized cost records were used to calculate total health care costs for the 6-month period surrounding the baseline assessment and a similar period surrounding the follow-up assessment. Cost accounting data were available for 327 @entity0 at baseline and for 206 @entity0 at both assessments. RESULTS: Primary care @entity0 with DSM-III-R @entity3 or @entity4 at baseline had markedly higher baseline costs ( 2,390) than @entity0 with @entity1 ( 1,098) and those with no @entity3 or @entity4 ( 1,397). Large cost differences persisted after adjustment for medical morbidity. Cost differences reflected higher utilization of general medical services rather than higher mental health treatment costs. Although most @entity0 with baseline @entity3 or @entity4 showed significant improvement, longitudinal analyses did not show any clear relationship between change in @entity2 diagnosis and change in health care cost. CONCLUSIONS: Among primary care @entity0 , @entity3 and @entity4 are associated with markedly higher health care costs even after adjustment for medical comorbidity. In this small sample, improvement in @entity4 over 1 year was not clearly associated with decreases in cost.

title: Health care costs associated with XXXX and @entity3 in primary care.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the overall health care costs associated with @entity4 and @entity3 among primary care @entity0 . METHOD: Of 2,110 consecutive primary care @entity0 in a health maintenance organization, 1,962 were screened with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. A stratified random sample of 615 @entity0 were selected for further diagnostic assessment; 373 of these @entity0 completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview at baseline and 328 were reassessed 12 months later. Computerized cost records were used to calculate total health care costs for the 6-month period surrounding the baseline assessment and a similar period surrounding the follow-up assessment. Cost accounting data were available for 327 @entity0 at baseline and for 206 @entity0 at both assessments. RESULTS: Primary care @entity0 with DSM-III-R @entity3 or @entity4 at baseline had markedly higher baseline costs ( 2,390) than @entity0 with @entity1 ( 1,098) and those with no @entity3 or @entity4 ( 1,397). Large cost differences persisted after adjustment for medical morbidity. Cost differences reflected higher utilization of general medical services rather than higher mental health treatment costs. Although most @entity0 with baseline @entity3 or @entity4 showed significant improvement, longitudinal analyses did not show any clear relationship between change in @entity2 diagnosis and change in health care cost. CONCLUSIONS: Among primary care @entity0 , @entity3 and @entity4 are associated with markedly higher health care costs even after adjustment for medical comorbidity. In this small sample, improvement in @entity4 over 1 year was not clearly associated with decreases in cost.

title: Health care costs associated with @entity4 and XXXX in primary care.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Low-grade @entity2 (LG-ESS) is a rare @entity1 , often occurring before menopause. There is no consensus regarding its optimal management. Total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy precludes future fertility and may thus be undesirable by @entity0 wishing to maintain their reproductive potential. However, experience of fertility-sparing management in LG-ESS is very limited. In this paper, the disease outcome is presented in six young @entity0 with LG-ESS conservatively treated by combined hysteroscopic resection and hormonal therapy. STUDY DESIGN: From October 2009 to February 2013, at the Gynecologic Oncology Department of the National @entity1 Institute of Naples, six @entity0 , with early-stage LG-ESS aged 18-40 years who desired childbearing and/or retaining their fertility, were enrolled into a pilot study of fertility-sparing management. Diagnosis of LG-ESS was made on specimens from hysteroscopic resection performed on a presumed benign lesion. All @entity0 were planned to be treated with adjuvant @entity3 for two years. Hormonal therapy was started within 6 weeks from the hysteroscopic resection, with orally @entity3 at 40mg daily, increasing gradually according to @entity0 's tolerance to the recommended total dose of 160mg daily. RESULTS: All @entity0 were submitted to hysteroscopic resection in a one-step procedure. Five @entity0 started @entity3 within 6 weeks from the hysteroscopic resection (one @entity0 did not start hormonal therapy because of early pregnancy after the hysteroscopic resection). Hormonal therapy was well tolerated; one @entity0 stopped @entity3 after 12 months because of self-supporting strong desire to conceive; the other four @entity0 regularly completed the hormonal therapy. To date, all @entity0 show no evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Although fertility-sparing management is not the current standard of care for young @entity0 with early-stage LG-ESS, our preliminary data are promising. Larger series with a longer follow-up are needed to further assess safety and efficacy of combined hysteroscopic resection and hormonal therapy.

title: Fertility-sparing management of low-grade XXXX : analysis of an institutional series and review of the literature.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Primary @entity3 are rare, aggressive, and usually lethal. Surgical management protocols are not defined because of the lack of extensive experience in treating these @entity0 . In this study, we reviewed our outcomes with primary @entity3 , and we make recommendations regarding management. METHODS: Review of the Houston Methodist Hospital @entity4 database from 1990 to 2015 (25 years) yielded 131 primary cardiac evaluations of possible @entity3 . From these we identified 95 @entity0 who underwent surgical excision. A computer search of @entity3 yielded 131 @entity1 that were coded as primary @entity3 or possible primary @entity3 . Retrospective data collection and clinical outcomes were evaluated for all 95 @entity0 . Medical records and follow-up material were requested for all @entity0 through clinic visits and contacting the physician of the @entity0 , the hospital record department, and the @entity4 board after previous approval. The procedures were performed using an institutional review board-approved @entity4 protocol, and the @entity0 gave full consent. RESULTS: All 95 @entity0 were diagnosed as having primary @entity3 by histologic appearance. Age ranged from 15 to 84 years at the time of presentation (mean, 44 years). Male @entity0 made up 57% of the sample. The most common site for the @entity3 was the right atrium (37 @entity0 ) followed by the left atrium (31 @entity0 ). Postoperative 1-year mortality was 35% (33 @entity0 ). The most common @entity1 histologic type was @entity5 (40%) followed by @entity2 (11%). CONCLUSIONS: Primary @entity3 is a rare but lethal disease. Surgical intervention is associated with acceptable surgical mortality in this high-risk group of @entity0 .

title: Surgical Treatment of Primary XXXX : Review of a Single-Institution Experience.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: To describe the prevalence of multimorbidity and to study the association between acute and @entity4 in acutely hospitalized older @entity0 METHODS: Prospective cohort study conducted between 2006 and 2008 in three teaching hospitals in the Netherlands. 639 @entity0 aged 65years and older, hospitalized for >48h were included. Two physicians scored diseases, using ICD-9 codes. Chronic multimorbidity was defined as the presence of >= 2 @entity4 , and acute multimorbidity as >= 1 acute diseases upon pre-existent @entity4 . Logistic regression analyses were conducted to analyse cluster associations between a chronic index disease and the concurrent chronic or acute disease, corrected for age and sex. RESULTS: The mean age of @entity0 was 78years, over 50% had @entity2 . Prevalence of chronic multimorbidity was 69%, and acute multimorbidity was present in 88%. @entity3 (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.08-1.24), @entity1 (type I or type 2) (OR 1.12; 95% CI 1.04-1.21), @entity6 (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.14-1.38) and @entity9 (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.05-1.34) were associated with @entity7 . @entity3 (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.04-1.17) and @entity8 (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.08-1.27) were associated with an adverse drug event. @entity5 was clustered with @entity8 (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.04-1.19) and @entity10 (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.07-1.25). CONCLUSION: Both acute and chronic multimorbidity was frequently present in hospitalized older @entity0 . We identified specific associations between acute and @entity4 . There is a need for strategies addressing multimorbidity during the exacerbation of @entity4 .

title: Acute and chronic diseases as part of multimorbidity in acutely hospitalized older XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Sex hormones may play a major role in the pathogenesis and course of @entity5 ( @entity5 ). OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the immunoregulatory effect of gonadal steroids in @entity5 and their mechanisms of action, and to establish a correlation with the clinical and biological activity. DESIGN--Cross-sectional study of a cohort with @entity5 . SETTING--Outpatient @entity5 clinic. @entity0 --27 @entity0 with chronic @entity5 , 14 were fertile @entity0 , 8 postmenopausal @entity0 and 5 men. MEASUREMENT--Serum gonadotropins (FSH, LH), @entity7 ( @entity7 ), @entity6 (PG), @entity4 (T), @entity1 (E2) and total urinary @entity3 (UE) were studied in @entity5 @entity0 and in 35 healthy controls of similar age and sex. Blood and urine samples of several days of the study cycle were obtained for hormonal assay. RESULTS--An increased LH activity was observed in all groups of @entity0 . There were no changes in serum T levels, but absence of @entity2 therapy increased their levels in fertile @entity0 . A decrease in E2 values in the fertile @entity0 was observed, but total UE was similar to those in controls. This suggests an alteration in intermediate @entity3 metabolism. @entity0 with @entity5 showed a higher levels in PG and UE than controls. Also, in both groups of @entity0 on @entity2 treatment, a decrease of @entity7 was observed compared to the controls. In the fertile @entity0 in luteal phase, there was a decrease in PG. In the fertile @entity0 with higher clinical activity in the midcycle phase, and those with higher biological activity in the luteal phase, a decrease in serum E2 was seen. CONCLUSIONS--Our results support the hypothesis that there is an alteration of intermediate metabolism of the @entity3 and of the @entity4 . As well, a lower production of @entity7 during @entity2 treatment, and a lower production of PG may be important contributing factors in immunomodulation of @entity5 . Mechanism for this action should be mediated through a stimulation of the gonadotropins as LH.

title: Sex hormones in chronic XXXX . Correlation with clinical and biological parameters.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) increases the risk of all-cause mortality and @entity2 as well as progression to end @entity3 . The relationship of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and @entity4 with clinical outcomes in the general population are revealed. This allows to present levels of GFR and microalbuminuria (MA), which increases the risk of mortality. @entity1 , which revealed by the level of GFR and @entity7 , can have definite role in hemodynamic changes and @entity5 progression. For mentioning the interaction of cardiovascular and @entity1 the @entity9 ( @entity9 ) term was introduced, with its classification on 5 types, according to the presence of acute/chronic @entity5 and primary/secondary origination of heart and @entity1 . We study interrelations between echocardiographic data of @entity8 , MA level and degree of @entity1 in 115 @entity0 with @entity9 . MA was measured with diagnostic strips, contractile function of left ventricle (LV) - by echocardiography and GFR was assessed by Cocroft-Gault method. The association between MA with decreased GFR and elevated @entity7 levels and its connection with increased LV myocardial mass and preclinical disturbances of LV systolic function was revealed. We determined direct correlation between MA and myocardial mass index and indirect - between ejection fraction of LV and MA. Obtained data allow to mention the level of MA (25,4  5,8 ng/ml) in which there is more probability of LV contractile functional changes, which will allow early prediction and prevention of @entity9 progression and pathogenetically approved pharmacotherapy organization in this category @entity0 .

title: [INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN MICROALBUMINURIA AND RENAL FUNCTION WITH CONTRACTILE ABILITY OF LEFT VENTRICLE IN CARDIORENAL SYNDROME XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: A 43-year-old @entity0 with an unremarkable medical history presented to our hospital with 2   weeks of @entity1 , @entity6 and @entity5 . CT of the head revealed a large haemorrhagic @entity8 . A subsequent chest CT revealed a large left atrial mass. The mass was subsequently biopsied with positive immunohistochemistry staining for @entity9 , @entity10 and @entity7 . Real-time PCR revealed @entity9 amplification, confirming the diagnosis of @entity4 . The @entity0 underwent surgical resection and reconstruction of the atrium with subsequent discharge to short-term rehabilitation, but his symptoms continued to progress. A repeat CT of the head revealed a new cerebellar mass. He underwent a second resection, but continued to experience worsening symptoms. He was diagnosed with stage IV @entity4 and referred to hospice. The @entity0 died 5   months after initial presentation. Autopsy was performed and revealed the cause of @entity3 as @entity2 . There was no involvement of the pulmonic or aortic vessels.

title: Intimal (spindle cell) XXXX of the left atrium presenting with abnormal neurological examination.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Percussive technology is part of the behavioural suite of several fossil and living primates. Stone Age ancestors used lithic artefacts in pounding activities, which could have been most important in the earliest stages of stone working. This has relevant evolutionary implications, as other primates such as @entity1 and some monkeys use stone hammer-and-anvil combinations to crack hard-shelled foodstuffs. Parallels between primate percussive technologies and early archaeological sites need to be further explored in order to assess the emergence of technological behaviour in our evolutionary line, and firmly establish bridges between Primatology and Archaeology. What are the anatomical, cognitive and ecological constraints of percussive technology? How common are percussive activities in the Stone Age and among living primates? What is their functional significance? How similar are archaeological percussive tools and those made by non- @entity0 primates? This issue of Phil. Trans. addresses some of these questions by presenting case studies with a wide chronological, geographical and disciplinary coverage. The studies presented here cover studies of Brazilian capuchins, captive @entity1 and @entity1 in the wild, research on the use of percussive technology among modern @entity0 and recent hunter-gatherers in Australia, the Near East and Europe, and archaeological examples of this behaviour from a million years ago to the Holocene. In summary, the breadth and depth of research compiled here should make this issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, a landmark step forward towards a better understanding of percussive technology, a unique behaviour shared by some modern and fossil primates.

title: Percussive technology in XXXX evolution: an introduction to a comparative approach in fossil and living primates.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent advances in endoscopic therapy, including conventional endoscopic resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), have led to a large number of @entity0 with early @entity2 ( @entity2 ) being cured; however, when resected specimens obtained by these procedures manifest risk factors for lymph node @entity1 , additional treatments need to be considered. The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcomes of salvage surgery in @entity2 @entity0 treated initially by advanced therapeutic endoscopy. METHODS: We investigated 145 @entity0 who underwent salvage surgery in our department after endoscopic therapy for @entity2 between April 2006 and March 2015. Demographic and pathological data, endoscopic procedures, reasons for surgery, and operative outcomes, including perioperative details and recurrence-free and disease-specific survival after surgery, were analyzed. These data were further compared with those of 59 @entity0 with submucosal invasive @entity2 treated by conventional endoscopic resection/ESD alone and 133 @entity0 treated by surgery alone. RESULTS: Overall lymph node @entity1 were observed in 14% of @entity0 who underwent salvage surgery after therapeutic endoscopy and 16% of those who received abdominal surgery alone. In analyses of surgical cases, @entity0 with lymph node @entity1 more frequently included cases with lymphatic infiltration (63%) and ESD-treated cases (45%) than those without @entity1 (21%, P  <  .0001 and 22%, P  =  .02; respectively). A logistic regression analysis identified lymphatic infiltration as an independent predictive factor for lymph node @entity1 (odds ratio: 8.77, 95% confidence interval: 2.90-33.31, P  <  .0001). Long-term outcomes were favorable in both lymphatic infiltration-negative and positive cases. Moreover, survivals were comparable among the different treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Because of the high rate of @entity3 involvement, adequate lymphadenectomy need to be performed in salvage surgery after upfront endoscopic therapy.

title: Outcome of salvage surgery for XXXX initially treated by upfront endoscopic therapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 in childhood is associated with later @entity1 ( @entity1 ), but it is unclear whether this relationship is independent of other risk factors experienced in later life, such as smoking and @entity2 . Carotid-intima media thickness (cIMT) is a measure of subclinical @entity3 that may be used to assess @entity1 risk in young @entity0 . The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between adiposity and cIMT in @entity0 and adolescents. METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, Global Health, and CINAHL Plus electronic databases (1980-2014). Population-based observational studies that reported a measure of association between objectively-measured adiposity and cIMT in childhood were included in this review. RESULTS: Twenty-two cross-sectional studies were included (n   =   7,366 @entity0 and adolescents). Thirteen of nineteen studies conducted in adolescent populations (mean age >= 12  years, n   =   5,986) reported positive associations between cIMT and adiposity measures (correlation coefficients 0.13 to 0.59). Three studies of pre-adolescent populations (n   =   1,380) reported mixed evidence, two studies finding no evidence of a correlation, and one an inverse relationship between skinfolds and cIMT. Included studies did not report an adiposity threshold for subclinical @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: Based on studies conducted mostly in Western Europe and the US, adiposity does not appear to be associated with cIMT in pre-adolescents, but may be associated in adolescents. If further studies confirm these findings, a focus on @entity1 prevention efforts in pre-adolescence, before arterial changes have emerged, may be justified.

title: XXXX and carotid-intima media thickness in @entity0 and adolescents: a systematic review.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 in childhood is associated with later @entity1 ( @entity1 ), but it is unclear whether this relationship is independent of other risk factors experienced in later life, such as smoking and @entity2 . Carotid-intima media thickness (cIMT) is a measure of subclinical @entity3 that may be used to assess @entity1 risk in young @entity0 . The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between adiposity and cIMT in @entity0 and adolescents. METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, Global Health, and CINAHL Plus electronic databases (1980-2014). Population-based observational studies that reported a measure of association between objectively-measured adiposity and cIMT in childhood were included in this review. RESULTS: Twenty-two cross-sectional studies were included (n   =   7,366 @entity0 and adolescents). Thirteen of nineteen studies conducted in adolescent populations (mean age >= 12  years, n   =   5,986) reported positive associations between cIMT and adiposity measures (correlation coefficients 0.13 to 0.59). Three studies of pre-adolescent populations (n   =   1,380) reported mixed evidence, two studies finding no evidence of a correlation, and one an inverse relationship between skinfolds and cIMT. Included studies did not report an adiposity threshold for subclinical @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: Based on studies conducted mostly in Western Europe and the US, adiposity does not appear to be associated with cIMT in pre-adolescents, but may be associated in adolescents. If further studies confirm these findings, a focus on @entity1 prevention efforts in pre-adolescence, before arterial changes have emerged, may be justified.

title: @entity4 and carotid-intima media thickness in XXXX and adolescents: a systematic review.

answer: @entity0


abstract: From 1977 to 1982 a total of 55 @entity0 suffering comminuted @entity1 of the distal radius were treated with the external fixator. Fifty of these were followed up in 1983/85 and 32 of them were available for assessment in this study (1992). The follow-up period was 11.6 years on average. All @entity0 had suffered an @entity4 (91% a C- @entity1 , 9% a B- @entity1 according to the AO classification), 27 @entity0 had also fractured the ulnar styloid process and in 11 a dye-punch fragment was present. Both wrists were assessed on the basis of case history, clinical examination, radiographs in two planes and @entity2 ( @entity2 ). The results were evaluated using established scoring systems. On the Gartland and Werley scale 75% of the results were good or very good, 63% according to Castaing. In general, there was no statistically significant difference between the results of this study and those of 1983/85. It could be demonstrated that there was a relationship between @entity3 as a late complication and the existence of an intra-articular step-off of at least 2 mm at implant removal. This also has a negative influence on the range of motion and strength. Radial shortening affects the functional result whereas a die-punch fragment does not. On @entity2 @entity0 identified performance restriction and disability as the worst consequences of the accident; these criteria correlated best with the results of objective evaluations. In contrast, @entity0 were more satisfied with the result of treatment than would be expected from the objective analyses. The overall results indicate that exact reduction was extremely important. Long-term follow-up showed that the use of the external fixator in the treatment of @entity4 of the distal radius was an adequate method. Prospective and possibly multicentric studies would be required to investigate more detailed relationships between treatment and long-term results.

title: Twelve years follow-up of XXXX of the distal radius treated with the AO external fixator.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We compared the neurological outcome of isolated @entity5 and severe @entity4 in a cohort of very low birth weight @entity0 born and managed at single tertiary-care center in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: We undertook a descriptive retrospective chart review of the neurological status of very low birth weight @entity0 who were born and managed over a 5-year period at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh. The neurological outcome of neonates with isolated @entity5 and severe @entity4 (grades III and IV) was studied and compared in relation to @entity2 and @entity3 . RESULTS: A total of 20 @entity0 with isolated @entity5 and 26 with severe @entity4 (grades III and IV) were identified for this study. Of 20 @entity0 with isolated @entity5 , 9 (45%) had good developmental outcome and 11 (55%) had bad developmental outcome. Of 26 @entity0 of severe @entity4 , 14 (54%) had good developmental outcome and 12 (46%) had bad developmental outcome (P  =  0.55). Significant motor @entity1 affecting function is distributed as follows: 11/20 (55%) in the isolated @entity5 group and 7/26 (27%) in the severe @entity4 group (P  =  0.05). @entity3 was diplegic in 7/11 (64%) and quadriplegic in 4/11 (36%) in the isolated @entity5 group, and hemiplegic 3/7 (43%), diplegic in 1/7 (14%), and quadriplegic in 3/7 (43%) in the severe @entity4 group (P  =  0.03). Distribution of the neurological outcome according to @entity5 grade was as follows: for @entity5 grade I (n  =  8), 6/8 (75%) had good neurological outcome and 2/8 (25%) had bad neurological outcome. In @entity5 grade II (n  =  4), good neurological outcome was seen in three @entity0 (75%) and bad neurological outcome was seen in one @entity0 (25%). All @entity0 (n  =  8) with @entity5 grade III had bad outcome (P  <  0.01). CONCLUSION: About half of @entity0 with isolated @entity5 and severe @entity4 had a poor developmental outcome. However, the severity of @entity3 was greater in the isolated @entity5 @entity0 and correlates highly with @entity5 grade. Symmetrical @entity3 is the most common motor deficit associated with isolated @entity5 , whereas asymmetrical @entity3 is seen exclusively with severe @entity4 .

title: The Neurological Outcome of Isolated PVL and Severe IVH in Preterm XXXX : Is It Fair to Compare?

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: While mortality rates after prison release are high, little is known about clinical risk factors for @entity3 . We sought to identify risk and protective factors for all-cause and accidental poisoning ( @entity6 ) @entity3 . DESIGN: Nested case control study of @entity0 released from prison. SETTING: Washington State Department of Corrections, Washington, USA. @entity0 : Cases (699 all-cause deaths, of which 88 were among @entity0 , and 206 additional @entity6 deaths, of which 76 were among @entity0 ) between 1999 and 2009 matched 1:1 to controls on sex, age and year of release using risk set sampling. MEASUREMENTS: Prison medical charts were abstracted for clinical information. Independent associations between clinical characteristics and all-cause and @entity6 mortality were assessed using conditional logistic regression. FINDINGS: Key independent risk factors for all-cause mortality included homelessness (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.53, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.06, 2.23), injection drug use (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.15, 2.05), @entity4 use (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.06, 2.12), @entity1 (OR 4.42, 95% CI 1.63, 11.98), and @entity2 medications before release (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.71, 3.29). Independent risk factors for @entity6 mortality included @entity5 (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.32, 4.11), injection drug use (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.53, 3.86), @entity7 (OR 3.87, 95% CI 1.62, 9.21), @entity2 prescriptions before release (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.55, 3.85), and problems with opiates/sedatives (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.40, 5.63). Substance use disorder treatment during the index incarceration was protective for all-cause (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.49, 0.91) and @entity6 (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35, 0.90) mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Injection drug use and substance use disorders are risk factors for @entity3 after release from prison. In-prison substance use treatment services may reduce the risk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Clinical risk factors for XXXX after release from prison in Washington State: a nested case control study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The prognoses of 100 consecutive @entity2 @entity0 were analyzed on the basis of @entity1 and Clark's levels as well as according to stage employing the 1987 UICC pTNM classification. Among @entity0 with lesions < or = 1.50 mm thick, the 10-year survival rate was 100% for both @entity4 (n = 13) and pT2 (n = 6) disease, 73.4% for pT3a disease (n = 26), 62.2% for pT3b disease (n = 15), 69.3% for @entity3 (n = 41) disease, and 38.7% for pT4 disease (n = 38). Significant differences in survival were found between the pT4 group and the @entity4 /pT3a or @entity3 groups. The 10-year survival rate was 100% for level II (n = 13) and level III (n = 13) disease, 58.3% for level IV (n = 46) disease, and 34.5% for level V (n = 26) disease. Significant differences were found between level V and other levels. The survival rate at 10 years was 100% for stage I (n = 18), 63.3% for stage II (n = 24), and 52.5% for stage III (n = 55). In stage IV (n = 3), there was only one @entity0 who survived for 42 months. There were significant differences in survival among all stages except I and II. The 10-year survival rate in 3 subgroups of stage III was 58.9% for pT4pN0M0 @entity0 (n = 14), 63.2% for pT,pN1M0 @entity0 (n = 31), and 20% for pT,pN2M0 @entity0 (n = 10). Significant differences were found between the pT,pN1M0 and pT,pN2M0 subgroups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Prognostic evaluation of XXXX based on the pTNM classification.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The purposes of this study were to 1) characterize changes in fibrinolytic activity in response to maximal exercise and 5-min @entity1 and 2) compare responses in @entity0 of various habitual physical activity levels. @entity2 ( @entity2 ) activity and @entity3 ( @entity3 ) activity were measured in 15 inactive, 15 regularly active, and 15 highly active @entity0 . Data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Pretest @entity2 activity was similar among groups. @entity2 activity increased postexercise with higher values seen in the active groups (P < 0.001). The highly active group also significantly increased @entity2 activity postvenous occlusion (P < 0.01). Pretest @entity3 activity was different among groups, with the inactive group showing the highest activity and the highly active group the lowest (P < 0.05). @entity3 activity decreased with exercise (P < 0.01) but did not change with @entity1 . In conclusion, active @entity0 exhibited greater changes in fibrinolytic activity with maximal exercise and @entity1 than inactive @entity0 . This enhanced fibrinolytic activity may be an important mechanism mediating the cardioprotective effect provided by regular physical activity.

title: Effects of maximal exercise and XXXX on fibrinolytic activity in physically active and inactive @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The purposes of this study were to 1) characterize changes in fibrinolytic activity in response to maximal exercise and 5-min @entity1 and 2) compare responses in @entity0 of various habitual physical activity levels. @entity2 ( @entity2 ) activity and @entity3 ( @entity3 ) activity were measured in 15 inactive, 15 regularly active, and 15 highly active @entity0 . Data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Pretest @entity2 activity was similar among groups. @entity2 activity increased postexercise with higher values seen in the active groups (P < 0.001). The highly active group also significantly increased @entity2 activity postvenous occlusion (P < 0.01). Pretest @entity3 activity was different among groups, with the inactive group showing the highest activity and the highly active group the lowest (P < 0.05). @entity3 activity decreased with exercise (P < 0.01) but did not change with @entity1 . In conclusion, active @entity0 exhibited greater changes in fibrinolytic activity with maximal exercise and @entity1 than inactive @entity0 . This enhanced fibrinolytic activity may be an important mechanism mediating the cardioprotective effect provided by regular physical activity.

title: Effects of maximal exercise and @entity1 on fibrinolytic activity in physically active and inactive XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Chronic @entity3 gravis ( @entity2 ) is a rare entity. We describe six such @entity0 (F:M 4:2) who constituted 5% of 120 @entity2 cases in a seven year study. The disease was familial in four and sporadic in two. No @entity0 had ocular muscle weakness either at presentation (mean of 18.2 months after onset of illness) or during a mean follow up period of 36 months. Diagnosis was established by a positive decremental response on repetitive stimulation of a proximal muscle. Muscle biopsy was essentially normal in all five @entity0 . All @entity0 responded to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, although to varying degrees. Four @entity0 also received @entity1 . One @entity0 with @entity2 had transient worsening but others showed partial improvement. It is noteworthy that the initial diagnosis in these @entity0 was other than @entity2 . Diagnosis of @entity3 needs to have a strong index of suspicion as it has therapeutic implications.

title: XXXX : a study of familial and sporadic cases.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Recognizing the importance of identifying fallers at risk for injury, the author studied factors associated with injury during falls by ambulatory nursing home residents. Forty-eight of 79 subjects (61%) fell during their first year of residence. Fourteen fallers suffered a @entity0 . Among fallers, subjects with lower extremity @entity2 were more likely to be injured than were fallers without @entity2 (42 versus 12% injured). On the other hand, injured fallers needed less help than noninjured fallers (14% needed help with at least 2 activities of daily living versus 35%), and were less likely to be @entity1 than were noninjured fallers (7 versus 38%). Although frequently associated with falling, no injury occurred while rising from a chair. The contribution of environmental hazards was not well defined. The only acute factor distinguishing noninjurious from injurious falls was a recent previous fall (present in 30% of the former and 0% of the latter). The finding that injured fallers tend to be more independent, yet have greater lower extremity @entity2 , than noninjured fallers suggests that both components of injury, namely force of impact and protective responses of the faller, may contribute to likelihood of injury during a fall. This study suggests that if predictive characteristics of the @entity0 , or the fall, can be identified, preventive strategies could be targeted at the high risk group.

title: Factors associated with XXXX during falls by ambulatory nursing home residents.

answer: @entity0


abstract: 1. @entity3 (InsP3) injected into unfertilized @entity1 eggs elicits a hyperpolarizing response (HR) that is due to stimulation of @entity2 -activated @entity4 channels in the egg plasma membrane. 2. A single injection of InsP3 gave a single HR above a threshold value of 0.3 nM. At 5 nM and above, InsP3 induced HRs with no detectable latency. At concentrations between these two values a latency was observed. The amplitude of the HR was independent of InsP3 concentration. 3. A second HR could be elicited by injection of InsP3, but five times more InsP3 was required to trigger a second HR, and 10-100 times more to give an HR of similar magnitude to the first, and there was no latency. 4. The increase in [ @entity0 ]i in response to an initial injection of 1 nM InsP3 could be resolved into two distinct components: a slow, early rise immediately after InsP3 injection (phase I) followed by a larger and more rapid increase (phase II). The initiation of an HR coincided with the second component of the [ @entity0 ]i increase. 5. Further injection of InsP3 resulted only in slow, smaller increases in [ @entity0 ]i that resembled phase I and often did not cause an HR. Phase II appeared to be absent. However, 100-fold greater InsP3 concentrations gave slow, larger @entity0 transients (and HRs) with no detectable latency. 6. If large amounts of InsP3 were allowed to leak into the eggs constantly from a pipette, repetitive @entity2 transients were seen. Unlike the sustained repetitive responses seen at fertilization, they were often smaller than the initial transient and less well sustained. However, a subsequent transient could still be elicited on injection of very large concentrations of InsP3. 7. InsP3 can induce regenerative, all-or-none [ @entity0 ]i increase (CICR) in hamster eggs, often with a long latency, as well as non-regenerative increases. InsP3 injections desensitize CICR and cannot mimic all the features of @entity0 signalling at fertilization in the hamster egg, in particular, the sensitization of CICR caused by the sperm.

title: Regenerative and non-regenerative @entity2 transients in hamster eggs triggered by XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: 1. @entity3 (InsP3) injected into unfertilized @entity1 eggs elicits a hyperpolarizing response (HR) that is due to stimulation of @entity2 -activated @entity4 channels in the egg plasma membrane. 2. A single injection of InsP3 gave a single HR above a threshold value of 0.3 nM. At 5 nM and above, InsP3 induced HRs with no detectable latency. At concentrations between these two values a latency was observed. The amplitude of the HR was independent of InsP3 concentration. 3. A second HR could be elicited by injection of InsP3, but five times more InsP3 was required to trigger a second HR, and 10-100 times more to give an HR of similar magnitude to the first, and there was no latency. 4. The increase in [ @entity0 ]i in response to an initial injection of 1 nM InsP3 could be resolved into two distinct components: a slow, early rise immediately after InsP3 injection (phase I) followed by a larger and more rapid increase (phase II). The initiation of an HR coincided with the second component of the [ @entity0 ]i increase. 5. Further injection of InsP3 resulted only in slow, smaller increases in [ @entity0 ]i that resembled phase I and often did not cause an HR. Phase II appeared to be absent. However, 100-fold greater InsP3 concentrations gave slow, larger @entity0 transients (and HRs) with no detectable latency. 6. If large amounts of InsP3 were allowed to leak into the eggs constantly from a pipette, repetitive @entity2 transients were seen. Unlike the sustained repetitive responses seen at fertilization, they were often smaller than the initial transient and less well sustained. However, a subsequent transient could still be elicited on injection of very large concentrations of InsP3. 7. InsP3 can induce regenerative, all-or-none [ @entity0 ]i increase (CICR) in hamster eggs, often with a long latency, as well as non-regenerative increases. InsP3 injections desensitize CICR and cannot mimic all the features of @entity0 signalling at fertilization in the hamster egg, in particular, the sensitization of CICR caused by the sperm.

title: Regenerative and non-regenerative XXXX transients in hamster eggs triggered by @entity3 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity4 is an aggressive @entity2 type, of which the most important characteristics are migration and @entity1 . @entity8 ( @entity7 ) are discussed to be protective phytochemicals; however, up to now only scarce data are available regarding their effects on @entity2 prevention. In this study, we aimed to determine whether @entity7 and their metabolites from plasma (PAM), isolated from blood of healthy volunteers after ingestion of an @entity7 -rich juice, are effective in modulating @entity2 cell migration in vitro. METHODS: PAM were isolated from blood of healthy volunteers (n  =  10) after consumption of an @entity7 -rich berry juice. Before ingestion (PAM0min) and after 60  min (PAM60min), blood was taken and PAM were isolated from plasma by solid-phase extraction. Migration of @entity4 cells PANC-1 and AsPC-1 was assayed in a Boyden chamber. The influence of PAM on cellular reactive @entity3 species (ROS) or mitochondria-specific ROS was measured fluorimetrically. mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases ( @entity5 and @entity6 ) and NF-kB mRNA were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS: After application of PAM60min to PANC-1, we observed a reduced cell migration, which was associated with reduced levels of endogenously generated ROS concomitant with reduced NF-kB as well as @entity5 and @entity6 mRNA expression levels. In @entity0 cells, however, migration was not affected by PAM60min. CONCLUSION: It can be assumed that physiologically relevant @entity7 and their metabolites were able to inhibit @entity4 cell migration in dependency of the phenotype of cells and may thus deserve further attention as potential bioactive phytochemicals in @entity2 prevention.

title: Inhibition of XXXX cell migration by plasma @entity8 isolated from healthy volunteers receiving an @entity8 -rich berry juice.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity4 is an aggressive @entity2 type, of which the most important characteristics are migration and @entity1 . @entity8 ( @entity7 ) are discussed to be protective phytochemicals; however, up to now only scarce data are available regarding their effects on @entity2 prevention. In this study, we aimed to determine whether @entity7 and their metabolites from plasma (PAM), isolated from blood of healthy volunteers after ingestion of an @entity7 -rich juice, are effective in modulating @entity2 cell migration in vitro. METHODS: PAM were isolated from blood of healthy volunteers (n  =  10) after consumption of an @entity7 -rich berry juice. Before ingestion (PAM0min) and after 60  min (PAM60min), blood was taken and PAM were isolated from plasma by solid-phase extraction. Migration of @entity4 cells PANC-1 and AsPC-1 was assayed in a Boyden chamber. The influence of PAM on cellular reactive @entity3 species (ROS) or mitochondria-specific ROS was measured fluorimetrically. mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases ( @entity5 and @entity6 ) and NF-kB mRNA were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS: After application of PAM60min to PANC-1, we observed a reduced cell migration, which was associated with reduced levels of endogenously generated ROS concomitant with reduced NF-kB as well as @entity5 and @entity6 mRNA expression levels. In @entity0 cells, however, migration was not affected by PAM60min. CONCLUSION: It can be assumed that physiologically relevant @entity7 and their metabolites were able to inhibit @entity4 cell migration in dependency of the phenotype of cells and may thus deserve further attention as potential bioactive phytochemicals in @entity2 prevention.

title: Inhibition of @entity4 cell migration by plasma XXXX isolated from healthy volunteers receiving an @entity8 -rich berry juice.

answer: @entity8


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity4 is an aggressive @entity2 type, of which the most important characteristics are migration and @entity1 . @entity8 ( @entity7 ) are discussed to be protective phytochemicals; however, up to now only scarce data are available regarding their effects on @entity2 prevention. In this study, we aimed to determine whether @entity7 and their metabolites from plasma (PAM), isolated from blood of healthy volunteers after ingestion of an @entity7 -rich juice, are effective in modulating @entity2 cell migration in vitro. METHODS: PAM were isolated from blood of healthy volunteers (n  =  10) after consumption of an @entity7 -rich berry juice. Before ingestion (PAM0min) and after 60  min (PAM60min), blood was taken and PAM were isolated from plasma by solid-phase extraction. Migration of @entity4 cells PANC-1 and AsPC-1 was assayed in a Boyden chamber. The influence of PAM on cellular reactive @entity3 species (ROS) or mitochondria-specific ROS was measured fluorimetrically. mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases ( @entity5 and @entity6 ) and NF-kB mRNA were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS: After application of PAM60min to PANC-1, we observed a reduced cell migration, which was associated with reduced levels of endogenously generated ROS concomitant with reduced NF-kB as well as @entity5 and @entity6 mRNA expression levels. In @entity0 cells, however, migration was not affected by PAM60min. CONCLUSION: It can be assumed that physiologically relevant @entity7 and their metabolites were able to inhibit @entity4 cell migration in dependency of the phenotype of cells and may thus deserve further attention as potential bioactive phytochemicals in @entity2 prevention.

title: Inhibition of @entity4 cell migration by plasma @entity8 isolated from healthy volunteers receiving an XXXX -rich berry juice.

answer: @entity8


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1 is a persistent and costly problem for both @entity0 and adults. Globally, approximately 10 million @entity0 are hospitalized each year for @entity1 . Knowing the structural properties of the head is important for modeling the response of the head in impact, and for providing insights into mechanisms of @entity1 . Hence, the goal of this study was to measure the sub-injurious structural stiffness of whole pediatric heads. 12 cadaveric pediatric (20-week-gestation to 16 years old) heads were tested in a battery of viscoelastic compression tests. The heads were compressed in both the lateral and anterior-posterior directions to 5% of gauge length at normalized deformation rates of 0.0005/s, 0.01/s, 0.1/s, and 0.3/s. Because of the non-linear nature of the response, linear regression models were used to calculate toe region (<2.5%) and elastic region (>2.5%) stiffness separately so that meaningful comparisons could be made across rate, age, and direction. The results showed that age was the dominant factor in predicting the structural stiffness of the @entity0 head. A large and statistically significant increase in the stiffness of both the toe region and the elastic region was observed with increasing age (p<0.0001), but no significant difference was seen across direction or normalized deformation rate. The stiffness of the elastic region increased from as low as 5N/mm in the neonate to >4500N/mm in the 16 year old. The changes in stiffness with age may be attributed to the disappearance of soft sutures and the thickening of skull bones with age.

title: The compressive stiffness of XXXX pediatric heads.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide economic, epidemiologic, and clinical data on initial hospitalizations of @entity0 with @entity1 . DESIGN: Concurrent prospective study; data obtained by medical records review. SETTING: A county university teaching hospital designated a level I @entity1 center. SUBJECTS: 34,893 @entity0 first hospitalized for @entity1 at the King/Drew Medical Center in Los Angeles from January 1978 through December 1992. RESULTS: The aggregate hospital cost for 34,893 @entity1 , exclusive of professional fees, was  264,506,455.00, of which 96% was borne directly or indirectly by public funds. The charge for initial hospitalizations was  240,700,855.00. Mean and median initial charges per case were  6898.00 and  1,022.00, respectively (range,  944.00 to  296,232.00). The 5% of @entity0 with charges greater than  100,000 accounted for 42% of all charges; 45% of all @entity0 days were attributable to the 4% @entity0 , with hospitalizations lasting more than 30 days. Three thousand thirty-one @entity0 were rehospitalized a total of 4,578 times; charges for rehospitalization totaled  23,805,600.00. At least 55% (75% of identifiable weapon and missile injuries) of all charges resulted from handgun injuries. Treating the majority of @entity0 on an outpatient basis and by using selective angiography for extremity wounds, a savings of more than  775,000,000.00 resulted. The potential cost of treating gunshot wounds at a single county hospital was more than  1 billion, or more than  100 million per year. CONCLUSIONS: The costs for hospital treatment of @entity1 are substantial. A lack of rehabilitation facilities forces prolonged acute hospital admissions in many cases. Avoiding prolonged hospitalization may be helpful in controlling these costs, but will be difficult to achieve. Ninety-six percent of the @entity0 in this report had their costs of care covered by the government, because they had no primary insurance coverage. Primary prevention of @entity1 , especially those caused by handguns, may be the most effective cost-control measure.

title: Hospital costs of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Mixed @entity2 and dysgenetic @entity5 are 2 forms of @entity5 that present with absent m  llerian regression and @entity4 . We present a retrospective analysis of 10 @entity0 with the diagnosis of either mixed @entity2 or dysgenetic @entity5 encountered during a 16-year period at our institution. We assigned a female gender to 4 @entity0 and a male gender to 3. Three @entity0 were assigned a male gender before referral (2 for whom we would have preferred female assignment). All intra-abdominal gonads were removed except in 2 @entity0 assigned a male gender who underwent bilateral orchiopexy. @entity0 underwent @entity3 repair or feminizing genitoplasty depending upon the gender assigned. Although female gender assignment is usually preferred, male assignment is a justifiable alternative in instances of extreme virilization and a descended testis. However, in these male assigned @entity0 , consideration must be given to the role of periodic testicular biopsies. In light of @entity1 potential, all intra-abdominal gonads should be removed. When necessary, appropriate surgical genitoplasty should be performed at an early @entity0 age.

title: Mixed @entity2 and dysgenetic XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Mixed @entity2 and dysgenetic @entity5 are 2 forms of @entity5 that present with absent m  llerian regression and @entity4 . We present a retrospective analysis of 10 @entity0 with the diagnosis of either mixed @entity2 or dysgenetic @entity5 encountered during a 16-year period at our institution. We assigned a female gender to 4 @entity0 and a male gender to 3. Three @entity0 were assigned a male gender before referral (2 for whom we would have preferred female assignment). All intra-abdominal gonads were removed except in 2 @entity0 assigned a male gender who underwent bilateral orchiopexy. @entity0 underwent @entity3 repair or feminizing genitoplasty depending upon the gender assigned. Although female gender assignment is usually preferred, male assignment is a justifiable alternative in instances of extreme virilization and a descended testis. However, in these male assigned @entity0 , consideration must be given to the role of periodic testicular biopsies. In light of @entity1 potential, all intra-abdominal gonads should be removed. When necessary, appropriate surgical genitoplasty should be performed at an early @entity0 age.

title: Mixed XXXX and dysgenetic @entity5 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Leishmania spp. are able to survive and proliferate inside mammals' mononuclear phagocytes, causing @entity2 . Previous studies have noted that the regulation of apoptosis in host cells by these parasites may contribute to their ability to evade the immune system. However, current results remain unclear about whether the parasites can promote or delay the apoptotic process in host cells, because the regulatory effect of Leishmania was assumed to be strain-, species- and even @entity3 time-dependent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Sichuan isolates of Chinese Leishmania (SC10H2) can alter the process of intrinsic apoptosis induced by @entity6 in different types of macrophage cell lines and to determine in which steps of the signaling pathway the parasites were involved. @entity0 @entity5 and @entity1 RAW264.7 macrophages were infected by SC10H2 promastigotes followed by @entity6 stimulation to assess the alteration of intrinsic apoptosis in these cells. The results indicated that SC10H2 @entity3 of @entity0 @entity5 macrophages could promote the initiation of intrinsic apoptosis, but completely opposite results were found in @entity1 RAW264.7 macrophages. Nevertheless, the expression of @entity4 and the DNA fragmentation rates were not altered by SC10H2 @entity3 in the cell lines used in the experiments. This study suggests that SC10H2 promastigote @entity3 is able to promote and delay the transduction of early apoptotic signals induced by @entity6 in @entity5 and RAW264.7 macrophages, revealing that the regulation of intrinsic apoptosis in host cells by SC10H2 in vitro occurs in a host cell-dependent manner. The data from this study might play a significant role in further understanding the relationship between Leishmania and different host cells.

title: Regulation of intrinsic apoptosis in XXXX -treated macrophages by the Sichuan @entity0 of Chinese Leishmania isolates.

answer: @entity6


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Leishmania spp. are able to survive and proliferate inside mammals' mononuclear phagocytes, causing @entity2 . Previous studies have noted that the regulation of apoptosis in host cells by these parasites may contribute to their ability to evade the immune system. However, current results remain unclear about whether the parasites can promote or delay the apoptotic process in host cells, because the regulatory effect of Leishmania was assumed to be strain-, species- and even @entity3 time-dependent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Sichuan isolates of Chinese Leishmania (SC10H2) can alter the process of intrinsic apoptosis induced by @entity6 in different types of macrophage cell lines and to determine in which steps of the signaling pathway the parasites were involved. @entity0 @entity5 and @entity1 RAW264.7 macrophages were infected by SC10H2 promastigotes followed by @entity6 stimulation to assess the alteration of intrinsic apoptosis in these cells. The results indicated that SC10H2 @entity3 of @entity0 @entity5 macrophages could promote the initiation of intrinsic apoptosis, but completely opposite results were found in @entity1 RAW264.7 macrophages. Nevertheless, the expression of @entity4 and the DNA fragmentation rates were not altered by SC10H2 @entity3 in the cell lines used in the experiments. This study suggests that SC10H2 promastigote @entity3 is able to promote and delay the transduction of early apoptotic signals induced by @entity6 in @entity5 and RAW264.7 macrophages, revealing that the regulation of intrinsic apoptosis in host cells by SC10H2 in vitro occurs in a host cell-dependent manner. The data from this study might play a significant role in further understanding the relationship between Leishmania and different host cells.

title: Regulation of intrinsic apoptosis in @entity6 -treated macrophages by the Sichuan XXXX of Chinese Leishmania isolates.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A 51-year-old @entity0 was admitted with acute @entity1 . A CT scan (2 hours after onset) was demonstrated acute @entity3 . The dissecting lumen was already closed with @entity2 . A DSA was performed. It showed no intimal tear and a normal aortic figure. Repeat CT (5 hours after onset) was performed. It showed reduction of dissecting lumen compared with previous CT. Although medical treatment was continued, she recomplained intermittent slight @entity1 . On the sixteenth day after her admission, repeat CT revealed recrudescent dissection and opened dissecting lumen of ascending aorta. Graft replacement was successfully performed using circulatory arrest and retrograde cerebral perfusion. She was discharged in good health.

title: [A case of successful surgical treatment of recrudescent stanford XXXX after early thrombogenic closure and reduction of dissecting lumen].

answer: @entity3


abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of desmopressin ( @entity8 ), a synthetic analogue of antidiuretic hormone, as an alternative therapy in the management of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) @entity0 with neurogenic @entity4 unresponsive to conventional therapy. Seven @entity3 @entity0 (three @entity0 and four @entity0 ) were treated with @entity8 after urodynamic evaluation. Despite treatment with anticholinergic agents, urodynamic evaluation demonstrated uninhibited detrusor contractions exceeding 30 cm @entity6 pressure at less than 300 ml cystometric capacity in all seven @entity0 . Three @entity0 had been managed with intermittent self-catheterization, but had socially unacceptable short intervals between catheterizations. Two @entity0 with @entity2 were afflicted with significant @entity5 (> 3 episodes/night). The remaining two @entity0 managed with intermittent self-catheterization were troubled with nocturnal enuresis. The @entity0 received 10 micrograms intranasal @entity8 once every 24 hours. Prior to @entity8 administration, the four @entity0 who used @entity8 nightly experienced a median of four episodes of @entity5 . After one month of @entity8 treatment, two @entity0 had only one episode of @entity5 per night and in the other two @entity0 , nocturnal enuresis was completely eliminated. Three @entity0 used daytime @entity8 administration at work to avoid frequent catheterization. The median period between bladder catheterizations increased from 2.5 hours before @entity8 to 6 hours while using @entity8 . Symptomatic improvement persisted during the follow-up period of 6-20 months (mean = 12). Side effects were infrequent; only one @entity0 complained of transient @entity1 . Neither @entity7 nor serum electrolyte abnormalities occurred. Our preliminary results suggest that @entity8 is safe and effective in the symptomatic management of complicated neurogenic @entity4 in selected @entity3 @entity0 .

title: XXXX in the urological management of the difficult @entity4 in spinal cord injury: preliminary report.

answer: @entity8


abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of desmopressin ( @entity8 ), a synthetic analogue of antidiuretic hormone, as an alternative therapy in the management of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) @entity0 with neurogenic @entity4 unresponsive to conventional therapy. Seven @entity3 @entity0 (three @entity0 and four @entity0 ) were treated with @entity8 after urodynamic evaluation. Despite treatment with anticholinergic agents, urodynamic evaluation demonstrated uninhibited detrusor contractions exceeding 30 cm @entity6 pressure at less than 300 ml cystometric capacity in all seven @entity0 . Three @entity0 had been managed with intermittent self-catheterization, but had socially unacceptable short intervals between catheterizations. Two @entity0 with @entity2 were afflicted with significant @entity5 (> 3 episodes/night). The remaining two @entity0 managed with intermittent self-catheterization were troubled with nocturnal enuresis. The @entity0 received 10 micrograms intranasal @entity8 once every 24 hours. Prior to @entity8 administration, the four @entity0 who used @entity8 nightly experienced a median of four episodes of @entity5 . After one month of @entity8 treatment, two @entity0 had only one episode of @entity5 per night and in the other two @entity0 , nocturnal enuresis was completely eliminated. Three @entity0 used daytime @entity8 administration at work to avoid frequent catheterization. The median period between bladder catheterizations increased from 2.5 hours before @entity8 to 6 hours while using @entity8 . Symptomatic improvement persisted during the follow-up period of 6-20 months (mean = 12). Side effects were infrequent; only one @entity0 complained of transient @entity1 . Neither @entity7 nor serum electrolyte abnormalities occurred. Our preliminary results suggest that @entity8 is safe and effective in the symptomatic management of complicated neurogenic @entity4 in selected @entity3 @entity0 .

title: @entity8 in the urological management of the difficult XXXX in spinal cord injury: preliminary report.

answer: @entity4


abstract: GABAergic inhibition synchronizes oscillatory activity in the thalamocortical system. To understand better the role of this neurotransmitter in generation of thalamocortical rhythmicity, the postnatal development of GABAergic function mediated through activation of GABAA receptors was studied in thalamus and cortex. @entity2 -evoked @entity4 currents were recorded in dissociated @entity0 cortical and thalamic neurons during postnatal development. Kinetic fits of @entity2 concentration/response relationships revealed developmental and regional alterations in the potency of @entity2 . Early in postnatal development (p5-p8), both thalamic and cortical neurons exhibited reduced potency of @entity2 (27-31 microM KD). Potency increased by @entity5 - @entity6 in thalamic and cortical neurons (19-22 microM KD), to a level maintained in adult thalamic neurons. Adult cortical neurons exhibited reduced potency of @entity2 (40 microM KD). @entity1 modulation of GABAA currents was also studied. Kinetic analyses of @entity1 augmentation of GABAA currents were best fitted assuming two effective sites with different affinities for @entity3 . The high-affinity site (KD of 0.05-0.27 nM) showed little variation with development in cortical neurons, contributing about 16-23% potentiation at all postnatal ages. Developing thalamic neurons (p5- @entity6 ) showed similar potency and efficacy of the high-affinity @entity1 site to cortical neurons. High-affinity @entity1 effects disappeared in adult thalamic neurons. A lower-affinity @entity1 site (25-50 nM KD) was greater in efficacy in cortical neurons compared to thalamic neurons at all ages, with efficacy ranging from 50% to 110% in cortex and from 20% to 60% in thalamus. Knowledge of developmental and regional alterations in GABAA receptor function may aid in understanding mechanisms involved in generation and control of normal and pathological thalamocortical rhythms.

title: Postnatal development of GABAA receptor function in somatosensory thalamus and cortex: whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in acutely isolated XXXX neurons.

answer: @entity0


abstract: In a randomized, crossover study, we compared arterial partial pressure of @entity1 and of @entity2 between consecutive periods of conventional and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). We studied spontaneously breathing @entity0 with an endotracheal tube in place. The @entity0 were < 12 hours of age, had a diagnosis of @entity3 , and had an arterial/alveolar @entity1 ratio of < 0.25. The @entity0 had a mean birth weight of 1077 gm and gestational age of 28 weeks. The mean rate of asynchrony on intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) was 52% (range, 36% to 76%), and on SIMV was < 1%. @entity0 were randomly assigned to IMV or SIMV as their initial ventilator mode and underwent ventilation for four 15-minute periods, and crossed over to the alternate mode after each period. Ventilator settings and the fraction of inspired @entity1 were not changed between modes. At the end of each period, arterial blood gas measurements were obtained; 26 paired comparisons were made between modes. The mean arterial partial pressure of @entity1 was significantly higher during SIMV than during IMV (mean, 61.5 vs 53.3 mmHg; p < 0.01). The mean arterial partial pressure of @entity2 was slightly lower during SIMV than during IMV (mean, 42.7 vs 41.3 mm Hg; p < 0.05). The improvement in oxygenation demonstrated with SIMV may allow a reduction in ventilator pressure or @entity1 exposure in this group of @entity0 , who are at risk of having complications of ventilation.

title: Improved oxygenation during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in neonates with XXXX : a randomized, crossover study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: 1. Previous studies have shown that electrical stimulation (ES) of the @entity0 cochlea causes a neurally mediated increase in cochlear blood flow (CBF). It is known that the centrifugal neuronal input to the cochlea comes through the perivascular sympathetic plexus from the cervical sympathetic chain and along the vestibular nerve (VN) from the periolivary area of the brainstem. Both of these neuronal systems are distributed topographically in the cochlea. 2. In order to study the neural origins of ES-evoked CBF increase, laser Doppler flowmetry was used to test the following hypotheses. (a) The response is regional, that is, limited to the area of the cochlea stimulated. To test this we performed differential ES of the cochlear turns. CBF was measured from either the third or the first turn. (b) The response is mediated via autonomic receptors within the cochlea. To study this, we applied @entity2 , @entity1 and @entity3 locally to the cochlea. (c) The response is influenced by neuronal input via the sympathetic cervical chain (SC) and components of the VN. We stimulated and sectioned the SC, and sectioned the VN, to test this hypothesis. 3. We observed that the CBF response was topographically restricted to the stimulated region. Locally applied muscarinic or nicotinic antagonists ( @entity2 and @entity1 respectively) did not affect the response. However, local @entity3 (an alpha 2-blocker) eliminated the response. Locally applied adrenaline and SC stimulation modified the dynamic range of the response. SC sectioning enhanced the responsiveness of the cochlear vasculature to ES. The VN section caused a temporary decrease in CBF and elimination of the ES-evoked CBF response. 4. We conclude that the release of dilating agents is topographical with respect to ES current flow, the ES-evoked CBF increase is peripherally mediated via alpha 2-receptors, and the response is influenced by input via the SC. The elimination of the response by VN sectioning proximal to the brainstem indicated that fibres of the VN mediate the CBF increase during direct cochlear ES. The data suggest that these fibres may be the efferent limb of a neural loop involved with the regulation of CBF. Such a system could provide a mechanism for the rapid increase in CBF with organ stress.

title: Neuronal regulation of cochlear blood flow in the XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find out if The @entity0 Society (TAS) fellowship grants influenced career choice or career development. METHODS: Two hundred former TAS training fellowship recipients (1975-1990 inclusive) were sent a questionnaire to evaluate the effects of TAS clinical or research fellowship support on their subsequent career development. RESULTS: One hundred and forty (70%) completed questionnaires were returned by 88 clinical and 37 research fellowship recipients--a further 17 had received both a clinical and a research fellowship. Fifty-one percent of the respondents are now @entity1 rheumatologists, 40% in community practice and 9% still in training. Seventy-three percent of the research fellowship recipients currently receive research grant support, compared to 16% of the former clinical fellowship recipients. Seventy-one percent agreed that their TAS fellowship support had "directly or indirectly influenced or facilitated their chosen career path"--this included 100% of the research fellowship recipients, compared to 55% of the clinical fellowship recipients. The majority decided on an @entity1 or a community based career path during their postgraduate training. Fourteen percent who trained for an @entity1 career are now in community practice and 9% who planned on a community based career later became @entity1 rheumatologists. Eighty-nine respondents (64%) enclosed a CV. This subset was further analyzed using career markers such as @entity1 rank, number and size of research grants and number of publications. In this subset those who had received both a clinical and a research fellowship had the most advanced @entity1 rank (22% full professor), largest number of publications (n = 39) and largest number of grants (5.3/year; average  40,446), compared to former research fellowship recipients: 4.0% full professor, 22 publications, 3.2 grants/year; average  25,164. Recipients of clinical fellowships in this subset had lower levels of all the @entity1 career markers. CONCLUSION: Of 200 consecutive TAS fellowship recipients 71% of those responding (n = 140) to a career tracking study agreed that the fellowship support "directly or indirectly" influenced or facilitated their career choice. An apparent synergistic effect of providing both clinical and research fellowships on subsequent development of an @entity1 career deserves further study.

title: The effects of XXXX Society fellowships on career choice.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A sensitive and specific colorimetric dot assay following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been developed to detect 0.1 pg of eastern equine @entity3 viral (EEEV) RNA. The assay is 250-fold more sensitive than analysis by electrophoresis and is based on converting a 291- @entity1 sequence of the viral coat protein @entity2 terminus into a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and amplifying the DNA using a specific primer pair and PCR. The amplified complementary DNA (cDNA) is denatured adsorbed onto a nylon strip, baked, and detected with a @entity4 -labeled probe. Dots with viral cDNA are stained dark red, whereas controls do not stain or stain lightly. The assay is very specific and sensitive and detects only EEEV. RNA of @entity7 , St. Louis @entity0 , Keystone, Flanders, Tensaw, and western equine @entity0 viruses were not detected. EEEV (Ten Broeck) RNA was detected at the 10-ng level, indicating that the prototype we used may have different @entity5 in the region where the primer pair binds. The PCR amplified EEEV cDNA that was 92% homologous to the consensus sequence of EEEV. The detection of EEEV in the liver of an infected @entity6 bird and in field-collected mosquitoes from Florida and Massachusetts that were analyzed concurrently as blind samples by tissue culture plaque assay and by PCR dot analysis proved that the assay is sensitive and can be used to detect infected mosquitoes. The assay can detect at least 1 infected mosquito in a pool of 1,000 uninfected mosquitoes.

title: Sensitive and specific colorimetric dot assay to detect eastern equine XXXX viral RNA in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) after polymerase chain reaction amplification.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The @entity6 ( @entity6 ) has only recently been added into the reward circuit. It has been shown to encode information regarding rewards (4% @entity2 , 32% @entity3 ). To investigate the encoding of negative value, @entity6 neurons were recorded in @entity0 performing a task using discriminative stimuli predicting various rewards and especially during the replacement of a positive reinforcer (4% @entity2 ) by an aversive reinforcer ( @entity5 ). The results show that @entity6 neurons encode information relative to both positive and aversive reinforcers via specialized subpopulations. The specialization is reset when the context is modified (change from a favorable context (4% vs 32% @entity2 ) to an unfavorable context ( @entity5 vs 32% @entity2 ). An excitatory response to the cue light predicting the reward seems to be associated with the preferred situation, suggesting that @entity6 plays a role in encoding the relative value of rewards. @entity6 also seems to play a critical role in the encoding of execution error. Indeed, various subpopulations of neurons responding exclusively at early (i.e., "oops neurons") or at correct lever release were identified. The oops neurons respond mostly when the preferred reward (32% @entity2 ) is missed. Furthermore, @entity6 neurons respond to reward omission, suggesting a role in reward prediction error. These properties of @entity6 neurons strengthen its position in the reward circuit as a key cerebral structure through which reward-related processes are mediated. It is particularly important given the fact that @entity6 is the target of surgical treatment for @entity1 and @entity4 , and has been suggested for the treatment of addiction as well.

title: The Good and Bad Differentially Encoded within the Subthalamic Nucleus in XXXX (1,2,3).

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to measure the thickness of bone labial and palatal to @entity1 on @entity2 ( @entity2 ) images and to compare these measurements with direct clinical measurements to determine the reliability and accuracy of @entity2 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen healthy subjects were randomly selected from among candidates for immediate implant placement in the anterior maxilla. After extraction, labial bone thickness was measured at 1, 4, and 8 mm from the bone crest. Palatal bone thickness was also measured at 1 and 4 mm from the bone crest. The same measurements were performed on presurgical @entity2 images. The @entity2 measurements were compared to the direct measurements, and their accuracy and reliability were assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients, respectively. RESULTS: The mean width of labial bone was 0.50    0.32 mm and 0.76    0.37 mm for direct and @entity2 measurements, respectively. Average thickness of the palatal bone was 1.16    0.53 mm and 1.41    0.51 mm for direct and @entity2 measurements, respectively. The mean absolute error and mean relative error of @entity2 measurements compared to direct measurements were 0.28    0.29 mm and 0.60    0.84 mm, respectively. The Pearson correlation between @entity2 and direct measurements was 0.795 (P < .001) and the intraclass correlation coefficient between direct and @entity2 measurements was 0.840. The correlation between the measurement series increased significantly when the measured bone was more than 1 mm thick. CONCLUSION: @entity2 measurements of labial bone mostly overestimated bone thickness. @entity2 has relatively good accuracy and reliability for measurement of labial bone thickness when the alveolar bone is thicker than 1 mm. However, most subjects have labial bone thinner than 1 mm; therefore, @entity2 could result in large errors in many @entity0 .

title: Accuracy and Reliability of Cone Beam Computed Tomographic Measurements of the Bone Labial and Palatal to the XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine if a relationship exists between bicycle-related injuries, consumption of @entity2 , helmet use, and medical resource utilization. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study with data from emergency department, operating room, and inpatient records. SETTING: University-based @entity1 center in a medium-sized metropolitan area. TYPE OF @entity0 : Adult victims (age > or = 18 years) of bicycle-related injury presenting to the emergency department. A total of 350 @entity0 made up the study population. RESULTS: Group 1 consisted of 29 @entity0 (8.3%) with detectable blood @entity2 levels at the time of the incident. Group 2 (321 @entity0 ) had a measured blood @entity2 level of 0 or no clinical indication of @entity2 consumption. Group 1 mean Injury Severity Score was 10.3, with six (20.7%) sustaining at least one severe @entity1 . Group 2 had an Injury Severity Score of 3.3 (p < 0.0001), with only 4.4% (p = 0.0013) sustaining severe @entity1 . Mean length of hospitalization for group 1 was 3.5 days, including a mean of 1.4 intensive care unit days. Mean hospitalization (0.5 days, p < 0.0001) and intensive care unit (0.1 days, p < 0.0001) were significantly lower in group 2. Mean combined hospital and physician charges were more than six times greater for group 1 ( 7,206) than group 2 @entity0 ( 1170, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In @entity0 presenting with bicycle-related injuries, prior consumption of @entity2 is highly associated with greater injury severity, longer hospitalization, and higher health care costs. This information is useful in the development of injury prevention strategies to decrease incidence and severity of adult bicycle injuries.

title: A prospective investigation of the impact of XXXX consumption on helmet use, injury severity, medical resource utilization, and health care costs in bicycle-related @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine if a relationship exists between bicycle-related injuries, consumption of @entity2 , helmet use, and medical resource utilization. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study with data from emergency department, operating room, and inpatient records. SETTING: University-based @entity1 center in a medium-sized metropolitan area. TYPE OF @entity0 : Adult victims (age > or = 18 years) of bicycle-related injury presenting to the emergency department. A total of 350 @entity0 made up the study population. RESULTS: Group 1 consisted of 29 @entity0 (8.3%) with detectable blood @entity2 levels at the time of the incident. Group 2 (321 @entity0 ) had a measured blood @entity2 level of 0 or no clinical indication of @entity2 consumption. Group 1 mean Injury Severity Score was 10.3, with six (20.7%) sustaining at least one severe @entity1 . Group 2 had an Injury Severity Score of 3.3 (p < 0.0001), with only 4.4% (p = 0.0013) sustaining severe @entity1 . Mean length of hospitalization for group 1 was 3.5 days, including a mean of 1.4 intensive care unit days. Mean hospitalization (0.5 days, p < 0.0001) and intensive care unit (0.1 days, p < 0.0001) were significantly lower in group 2. Mean combined hospital and physician charges were more than six times greater for group 1 ( 7,206) than group 2 @entity0 ( 1170, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In @entity0 presenting with bicycle-related injuries, prior consumption of @entity2 is highly associated with greater injury severity, longer hospitalization, and higher health care costs. This information is useful in the development of injury prevention strategies to decrease incidence and severity of adult bicycle injuries.

title: A prospective investigation of the impact of @entity2 consumption on helmet use, injury severity, medical resource utilization, and health care costs in bicycle-related XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Roles of sacral spinal alpha-adrenoceptive mechanism in micturition reflex were examined in 19 decerebrate @entity0 . Alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic agents were injected into the sacral subarachnoidal space. Micturition reflex was evoked by filling the bladder before and after the drug injection. The intravesical pressure (IVP), the intraurethral pressure (IUP) and the electromyogram (EMG) of the external urethral sphincter muscle (EUS) were recorded simultaneously. The bladder volume, the IVP at the threshold of micturition reflex, the minimum IUP, the maximum IUP and the mean IUP were measured during collecting phase. The maximum IVP and the minimum IUP were measured during contraction phase. The effects of adrenergic agents on these measured parameters were analyzed using Wilcoxon's test. The changes of the EUS-EMG were also studied. Intrathecal injection of @entity2 , an alpha 1-agonist, significantly increased the bladder volume and the mean IUP during the collecting phase, and tended to enhance the EUS-EMG during both phases. Intrathecal injection of @entity3 , an alpha 1-antagonist, tended to diminish the EUS-EMG during both phases. Intrathecal injection of @entity1 , an alpha 2-agonist, significantly decreased the minimum IUP, the maximum IUP and the mean IUP during the collecting phase, and tended to diminish the EUS-EMG during both phases. Intrathecal injection of @entity4 , an alpha 2-antagonist, decreased the maximum IVP during the collecting phase significantly. These results suggest that the sacral alpha-adrenoceptive mechanism mediates elevation of the threshold of micturition reflex and facilitation of the EUS activity via alpha 1-receptor, while facilitation of the bladder contractility and inhibition of the EUS activity via alpha 2-receptor.

title: [Roles of sacral spinal alpha-adrenoceptive mechanism in micturition reflex in the decerebrate XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: There are prospects for using novel feeds from various sources to provide ruminants with alternative sources of protein and energy such as by-products, and animal wastes. @entity0 feces are a concentrated source of fiber and could have commercial potential both as input biomass in anaerobic processes for biogas production, as well as a fibrous source for ruminal degradation. The aims of this work were to assess the potential as ruminant feeding and as biogas production of @entity0 feces, in comparison with 12 crops. The chemical composition and the potential and experimental @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) of 148 feces samples were determined by using chemical methods, Daisy system digestibility and/or NIRS predictions. The average biomethane potential (BMP) was 286    10 lCH4/kg SV with -4% vs. the crops average. Milk forage unit (milk FU), @entity1 and NDFD of feces were 0.54    0.06 milk FU/kg DM, 74%    3% and 50%    5%, respectively, with comparisons of -19%, -11% and -24% vs. the crops average. Reconstruction of the potential values based on the chemical constituents but using the crop partial least square model well agreed with the NIRS calibrations and cross-validation. In a global NIRS calibration of the feces and crops the relative predicted deviation for @entity1 , NDFD and milk FU were 3.1, 2.9 and 2.6, respectively, and only 1.5 for BMP. Running the Daisy system for @entity0 feces in rumen fluid gave some inconsistencies, weakened the functional relationships, and appeared not to be correlated with the potential values of @entity1 and NDFD. Nevertheless, the energetic potential of feces appears to be similar to some conventional crops at different degrees of @entity2 . Thus we conclude that @entity0 feces has potential value as a ruminant feed and for biogas production.

title: XXXX Feces as Feed for Ruminants and as an Energy Source.

answer: @entity0


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSC) therapy may be promising for the treatment of @entity1 ( @entity1 ). However, clinical success remains poor, partly explained by limited HSC recruitment following systemic delivery. The mechanisms governing HSC adhesion within inflamed colon, and whether this event can be enhanced, are not known. An immortalised HSC-like line ( @entity8 ) was pre-treated with @entity3 ( @entity6 ), activated platelet releasate enriched supernatant (PES) or platelet microparticles (PMPs). Subsequent adhesion was monitored using adhesion assays or in vivo ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) and @entity5 injured @entity0 colon intravitally. Integrin clustering was determined confocally and cell morphology using scanning electron microscopy. Both injuries resulted in increased @entity8 within @entity4 . @entity6 and PES significantly enhanced adhesion in vitro and in the @entity5 , but not IR injured, colon. PMPs had no effect on adhesion. PES and PMPs induced clustering of integrins on the @entity8 surface, but did not alter their expression. Adhesion to the colon is modulated by injury but only in @entity2 can this recruitment be enhanced. The enhanced adhesion induced by PES is likely through integrin distribution changes on the @entity8 surface. Improving local HSC presence in injured colon may result in better therapeutic efficacy for treatment of @entity7 .

title: Targeting the delivery of systemically administered haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to the inflamed colon using XXXX and platelet microparticle pre-treatment strategies.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transient Generalized Glucocorticoid @entity1 is a @entity2 characterized by increased tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids and compensatory hypoactivation of the @entity6 . The condition itself and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To present the clinical manifestations, endocrinologic evaluation and transcriptomic profile in a @entity0 with Transient Generalized Glucocorticoid @entity1 . DESIGN AND RESULTS: A 9-year old @entity0 presented with an 8-month history of clinical manifestations suggestive of @entity3 . Endocrinologic evaluation revealed undetectable 08:00h @entity7 (<1 pg/mL) and @entity4 (0.025  g/dL) concentrations, which remained decreased throughout the 24h period and did not respond to stimulation with ovine @entity9 . The disease gradually resolved spontaneously over the ensuing 3 months. Sequencing of the @entity0 @entity8 gene revealed no mutations or polymorphisms. Western Blot analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed equal protein expression of hGRa of the @entity0 in the disease and post resolution phases compared with a control subject. Transcriptomic analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the disease and post resolution phases identified 903 differentially expressed genes. Of these, 106 genes were up-regulated and 797 were down-regulated in the disease compared with the resolution phase. Bioinformatics analysis on the differentially expressed gene networks revealed Nuclear Factor-kB as the predominant transcription factor influencing the expression of the majority of differentially expressed genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that a transient post-receptor defect, or a virus- or bacterium-encoded molecule may have enhanced glucocorticoid signal transduction, leading to transient generalized glucocorticoid @entity1 and @entity5 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Transient Generalized Glucocorticoid XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The detection of @entity2 cells in the bone marrow of @entity0 during morphologic remission has been greatly facilitated by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify @entity2 -specific sequences. While the current PCR strategies for estimating the @entity2 claim a detection sensitivity of one @entity2 cell amongst 10(5) or 10(6) normal cells, a rigorous assessment of the relative error associated with these techniques has not been presented. We have developed a method of estimating the @entity2 in remission marrows that is analogous to the limiting dilution assays used to determine the frequency of immunocompetent cells in a responder cell population. Using this method we measured the fraction of all-or-none (i.e. positive or negative) reactions of the PCR amplification of the @entity2 -specific @entity3 gene rearrangement in replicate samples of serial dilutions of DNA obtained from diagnostic bone marrow specimens from 15 @entity0 with B-precursor @entity1 ( @entity1 ). A sigmoid curve representing the fraction of positive PCR reactions at a given dilution of @entity2 DNA was found to be the best fit to the data. The narrowness of the log-linear region of this curve prevents the direct application of the analysis methodology that has previously been described for limiting dilution assays. However, the @entity2 burden during morphological remission in these 15 @entity0 and in two additional @entity0 who experienced relapse could be estimated by the described dilution analysis method using the best-fit equation. Furthermore, the data generated for diagnostic, remission and relapse marrow samples exhibited a small interspecimen variation. The results suggest that this method can reliably estimate @entity2 over a range of five orders of magnitude. Although the PCR reaction appears to be one of the most sensitive methods for detecting @entity2 , all techniques based on this procedure, including our own, must exhibit limitations inherent to the amplification process. Our estimates or relative error suggest that a realistic limit for the PCR estimation of @entity2 lies in the range of one @entity2 cell per 10(5) normal cells. The suggested method is rapid, technically simple and relatively inexpensive. Furthermore, the principles that it is based upon can be applied to any PCR-based strategy.

title: Accurate quantitation of residual B-precursor XXXX by limiting dilution and a PCR-based detection system: a description of the method and the principles involved.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of US geographic region on outcomes of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) for @entity1 . BACKGROUND: @entity2 is an integral component of @entity1 systems. Evidence suggests that @entity2 is associated with improved outcomes; however, no studies examine the impact of geographic variation on outcomes for @entity2 . METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of @entity0 undergoing scene @entity2 or ground transport in the National @entity1 Databank (2009-2012). Subjects were divided by US census region. @entity2 and ground transport subjects were propensity-score matched based on prehospital physiology and injury severity. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of @entity2 on survival and discharge to home in each region. Region-level characteristics were assessed as potential explanatory factors. RESULTS: A total of 193,629 pairs were matched. @entity2 was associated with increased odds of survival and discharge to home; however, the magnitude of these effects varied significantly across regions (P<0.01). The South had the greatest survival benefit (odds ratio: 1.44; 95% confidence interval: 1.39-1.49, P<0.01) and the Northeast had the greatest discharge to home benefit (odds ratio: 1.29; 95% confidence interval: 1.18-1.41, P<0.01). A subset of region-level characteristics influenced the effect of @entity2 on each outcome, including helicopter utilization, injury severity, @entity1 center and helicopter distribution, @entity1 center access, traffic congestion, and urbanicity (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Geographic region impacts the benefits of @entity2 in @entity1 . Variations in resource allocation partially account for outcome differences. Policy makers should consider regional factors to better assess and allocate resources within @entity1 systems to optimize the role of @entity2 .

title: Geographic Variation in Outcome Benefits of Helicopter Transport for XXXX in the United States: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

answer: @entity1