abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the repeatability of brain perfusion using dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC-MRI) with a variety of post-processing methods. METHODS: Thirty-two @entity0 with newly diagnosed @entity3 were recruited. On a 3-T MRI using a dual-echo, gradient-echo spin-echo DSC-MRI protocol, the @entity0 were scanned twice 1 to 5 days apart. Perfusion maps including cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were generated using two contrast agent leakage correction methods, along with testing normalization to reference tissue, and application of arterial input function (AIF). Repeatability of CBV and CBF within @entity1 regions and healthy tissues, identified by structural images, was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and repeatability coefficients (RCs). Coefficients of variation (CVs) were reported for selected methods. RESULTS: CBV and CBF were highly repeatable within @entity1 with ICC values up to 0.97. However, both CBV and CBF showed lower ICCs for healthy cortical tissues (up to 0.83), healthy gray matter (up to 0.95), and healthy white matter (WM; up to 0.93). The values of CV ranged from 6% to 10% in @entity1 and 3% to 11% in healthy tissues. The values of RC relative to the mean value of measurement within healthy WM ranged from 22% to 42% in @entity1 and 7% to 43% in healthy tissues. These percentages show how much variation in perfusion parameter, relative to that in healthy WM, we expect to observe to consider it statistically significant. We also found that normalization improved repeatability, but AIF deconvolution did not. CONCLUSIONS: DSC-MRI is highly repeatable in high-grade @entity2 @entity0 .

title: Repeatability of Cerebral Perfusion Using Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast MRI in XXXX @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the repeatability of brain perfusion using dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC-MRI) with a variety of post-processing methods. METHODS: Thirty-two @entity0 with newly diagnosed @entity3 were recruited. On a 3-T MRI using a dual-echo, gradient-echo spin-echo DSC-MRI protocol, the @entity0 were scanned twice 1 to 5 days apart. Perfusion maps including cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were generated using two contrast agent leakage correction methods, along with testing normalization to reference tissue, and application of arterial input function (AIF). Repeatability of CBV and CBF within @entity1 regions and healthy tissues, identified by structural images, was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and repeatability coefficients (RCs). Coefficients of variation (CVs) were reported for selected methods. RESULTS: CBV and CBF were highly repeatable within @entity1 with ICC values up to 0.97. However, both CBV and CBF showed lower ICCs for healthy cortical tissues (up to 0.83), healthy gray matter (up to 0.95), and healthy white matter (WM; up to 0.93). The values of CV ranged from 6% to 10% in @entity1 and 3% to 11% in healthy tissues. The values of RC relative to the mean value of measurement within healthy WM ranged from 22% to 42% in @entity1 and 7% to 43% in healthy tissues. These percentages show how much variation in perfusion parameter, relative to that in healthy WM, we expect to observe to consider it statistically significant. We also found that normalization improved repeatability, but AIF deconvolution did not. CONCLUSIONS: DSC-MRI is highly repeatable in high-grade @entity2 @entity0 .

title: Repeatability of Cerebral Perfusion Using Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast MRI in @entity3 XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: INTRODUCTION: New insulin glargine 300 U  mL(-1) ( @entity4 -300) is a basal insulin that shows more stable and prolonged pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles than insulin glargine 100  U  mL(-1) ( @entity4 -100). This study used continuous @entity2 monitoring (CGM) to compare 24-h @entity2 profiles in a Japanese population using @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100. METHODS: This was an exploratory 8.4-week, single-center, 2-sequence, 2-period, open-label crossover study. Japanese adults with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) treated with basal-bolus insulin, with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.5-10.0% and median fasting self-monitored plasma @entity2 concentration  <=13  mmol  L(-1), were randomized to @entity4 -300 followed by @entity4 -100 (subgroup 1) or vice versa (subgroup 2), with no washout period. CGM was performed on the last 3  days of the screening period and each treatment period. Primary endpoint was comparison of 24-h @entity2 variability (area under the curve [AUC]mean_24  h) on the second day of each CGM measurement with @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100. Baseline and end of treatment period values for HbA1c, fasting plasma @entity2 (FPG) and daily basal/mealtime insulin doses were recorded. @entity3 and adverse events (AEs) were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty @entity0 were randomized (10 to subgroup 1 and 10 to subgroup 2). @entity0 showed comparable @entity2 variability over 24  h (AUCmean_24  h during treatment with @entity4 -300 or @entity4 -100 (treatment ratio 0.96; 90% confidence interval 0.79, 1.16). HbA1c and FPG were generally stable across both treatment periods. There was a trend towards fewer @entity0 experiencing >= 1 @entity3 event at any time (24  h) and at night (00:00-05:59  h) with @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100. Treatment-emergent AEs, reported by 9/20 (45%) and 4/20 (20%) @entity0 during @entity4 -300 and @entity4 -100 treatment, respectively, were unrelated to study medication. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of Japanese @entity0 with @entity1 , no between-treatment difference was observed in @entity2 variability with @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100, as measured by CGM. There was a trend for less @entity3 with @entity4 -300, particularly at night, versus @entity4 -100. Both treatments were well tolerated. FUNDING: Sanofi, Tokyo, Japan. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01676233, ClinicalTrials.gov.

title: Continuous @entity2 Monitoring During Basal-Bolus Therapy Using Insulin Glargine 300  U  mL(-1) and Glargine 100  U  mL (-1) in Japanese @entity0 with XXXX : A Crossover Pilot Study.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: New insulin glargine 300 U  mL(-1) ( @entity4 -300) is a basal insulin that shows more stable and prolonged pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles than insulin glargine 100  U  mL(-1) ( @entity4 -100). This study used continuous @entity2 monitoring (CGM) to compare 24-h @entity2 profiles in a Japanese population using @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100. METHODS: This was an exploratory 8.4-week, single-center, 2-sequence, 2-period, open-label crossover study. Japanese adults with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) treated with basal-bolus insulin, with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.5-10.0% and median fasting self-monitored plasma @entity2 concentration  <=13  mmol  L(-1), were randomized to @entity4 -300 followed by @entity4 -100 (subgroup 1) or vice versa (subgroup 2), with no washout period. CGM was performed on the last 3  days of the screening period and each treatment period. Primary endpoint was comparison of 24-h @entity2 variability (area under the curve [AUC]mean_24  h) on the second day of each CGM measurement with @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100. Baseline and end of treatment period values for HbA1c, fasting plasma @entity2 (FPG) and daily basal/mealtime insulin doses were recorded. @entity3 and adverse events (AEs) were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty @entity0 were randomized (10 to subgroup 1 and 10 to subgroup 2). @entity0 showed comparable @entity2 variability over 24  h (AUCmean_24  h during treatment with @entity4 -300 or @entity4 -100 (treatment ratio 0.96; 90% confidence interval 0.79, 1.16). HbA1c and FPG were generally stable across both treatment periods. There was a trend towards fewer @entity0 experiencing >= 1 @entity3 event at any time (24  h) and at night (00:00-05:59  h) with @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100. Treatment-emergent AEs, reported by 9/20 (45%) and 4/20 (20%) @entity0 during @entity4 -300 and @entity4 -100 treatment, respectively, were unrelated to study medication. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of Japanese @entity0 with @entity1 , no between-treatment difference was observed in @entity2 variability with @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100, as measured by CGM. There was a trend for less @entity3 with @entity4 -300, particularly at night, versus @entity4 -100. Both treatments were well tolerated. FUNDING: Sanofi, Tokyo, Japan. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01676233, ClinicalTrials.gov.

title: Continuous XXXX Monitoring During Basal-Bolus Therapy Using Insulin Glargine 300  U  mL(-1) and Glargine 100  U  mL (-1) in Japanese @entity0 with @entity1 : A Crossover Pilot Study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: INTRODUCTION: New insulin glargine 300 U  mL(-1) ( @entity4 -300) is a basal insulin that shows more stable and prolonged pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles than insulin glargine 100  U  mL(-1) ( @entity4 -100). This study used continuous @entity2 monitoring (CGM) to compare 24-h @entity2 profiles in a Japanese population using @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100. METHODS: This was an exploratory 8.4-week, single-center, 2-sequence, 2-period, open-label crossover study. Japanese adults with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) treated with basal-bolus insulin, with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.5-10.0% and median fasting self-monitored plasma @entity2 concentration  <=13  mmol  L(-1), were randomized to @entity4 -300 followed by @entity4 -100 (subgroup 1) or vice versa (subgroup 2), with no washout period. CGM was performed on the last 3  days of the screening period and each treatment period. Primary endpoint was comparison of 24-h @entity2 variability (area under the curve [AUC]mean_24  h) on the second day of each CGM measurement with @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100. Baseline and end of treatment period values for HbA1c, fasting plasma @entity2 (FPG) and daily basal/mealtime insulin doses were recorded. @entity3 and adverse events (AEs) were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty @entity0 were randomized (10 to subgroup 1 and 10 to subgroup 2). @entity0 showed comparable @entity2 variability over 24  h (AUCmean_24  h during treatment with @entity4 -300 or @entity4 -100 (treatment ratio 0.96; 90% confidence interval 0.79, 1.16). HbA1c and FPG were generally stable across both treatment periods. There was a trend towards fewer @entity0 experiencing >= 1 @entity3 event at any time (24  h) and at night (00:00-05:59  h) with @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100. Treatment-emergent AEs, reported by 9/20 (45%) and 4/20 (20%) @entity0 during @entity4 -300 and @entity4 -100 treatment, respectively, were unrelated to study medication. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of Japanese @entity0 with @entity1 , no between-treatment difference was observed in @entity2 variability with @entity4 -300 versus @entity4 -100, as measured by CGM. There was a trend for less @entity3 with @entity4 -300, particularly at night, versus @entity4 -100. Both treatments were well tolerated. FUNDING: Sanofi, Tokyo, Japan. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01676233, ClinicalTrials.gov.

title: Continuous @entity2 Monitoring During Basal-Bolus Therapy Using Insulin Glargine 300  U  mL(-1) and Glargine 100  U  mL (-1) in Japanese XXXX with @entity1 : A Crossover Pilot Study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Evidence supports high prevalence of @entity3 in @entity0 with @entity2 . Several renal factors have been proposed as possible modifiers of @entity3 pathogenesis in this population. In this cross sectional study, we investigated whether distinct microbial profiles in renal @entity0 could explain high @entity3 prevalence. METHODS: We characterized the subgingival microbiome in 14 @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and 13 control individuals with @entity4 with similar demographic and clinical parameters. Medical, demographic and periodontal parameters were recorded. Subgingival biofilm samples were collected from the deepest pocket in two different quadrants and characterized via 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS: We found 874 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTU) across samples. Renal and control groups did not differ in the individual proportions of @entity3 -associated taxa. However, in principal coordinate plots of distance among samples based on OTU prevalence, some renal @entity0 clustered apart from controls, with the microbial communities of these outlier subjects showing less diversity. Univariate correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between dialysis vintage and community diversity. CONCLUSIONS: Within the study limitations, dialysis vintage was associated with a less diverse periodontal microbial community in @entity1 suggesting the need for further research.

title: XXXX as a modifier of the periodontal microbiome.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify central loci that activate in response to visceral stimuli (stool and @entity2 ). We had a particular interest in observing the anterior cingulate gyrus and frontal cortex in normals and in @entity0 with @entity6 , including @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity5 ( @entity5 ). METHODS: Subjects underwent @entity4 to a sensation of stool and to a sensation of @entity2 while undergoing blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Experiments were conducted in a Magnex 3.0-T whole body magnet with a Bruker Biospec console and a quadrature head coil. Four contiguous 5.0-mm oblique axial slices designed to optimize coverage of areas believed to be responsive to noxious stimulation were acquired. Activations were detected by using cross-correlation maps (p < 0.001) for individual subjects. The experimental groups were compared using both an analysis of variance and profile analysis. RESULTS: A significantly higher percentage of pixels activated in the anterior cingulate gyrus over both @entity2 and stool conditions for the control group than for the @entity5 group and for the @entity5 group than for the @entity1 group (p < 0.035). Deactivation of left somatosensory cortex was greater for the @entity5 group than for the @entity1 group and greater for the @entity1 group than for the controls (p < 0.0065) in the @entity3 . Frontal deactivation in controls compared with disease groups bordered on statistical significance. Profile analysis of the three groups across six regions of interest revealed that the control and @entity1 groups were distinguished by different profiles of response (p < 0.005). Nonparametric evaluation of the data suggests that, among the pixels in the anterior cingulate activating to @entity2 , there are two patterns of response to @entity2 -on/off and graded. This was true for both controls and disease groups. CONCLUSIONS: Normal controls and subjects with @entity1 and @entity5 share similar loci of activations to visceral sensations of stool and @entity2 . Both activation and deactivation of particular regions of interest differentiate the three groups, as do profiles of patterned response across six of the regions of interest for the control and @entity1 groups.

title: Cortical mapping of visceral pain in XXXX with GI disorders using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to characterize the evolution, during maturational growth and early ageing, of the messenger abundance of four genes involved in cardiac @entity1 regulation (procollagens alpha2(I) and alpha1(III), transforming growth factors beta1, and beta3) and corroborate it with the alterations in collagen deposition in cardiac interstitium and around coronary arteries. METHODS: Messenger RNA was quantified in LV and RV of 2-, 6-, 12- and 19-month-old male @entity0 (n = 5 per group) with Northern blot analysis. Collagen deposition was quantified with a semi-automated image analyser on Sirius red-stained sections of LV tissue. RESULTS: There was an age-related monotonous decrease of procollagen type I (COL-I) transcript abundance in LV (p < 0.001) but not in RV. Procollagen type III (COL-III) expression decreased rapidly during maturational growth, both in LV and RV. On the other hand, collagen deposition in myocardial interstitium and around coronary arteries was slightly augmented during the maturational period of life (2-12 months), but with a higher rate during early ageing (up to 19 months). This was not accompanied by a significant thickening of the wall of coronary arteries. @entity2 , ( @entity2 ) and @entity3 ( @entity3 ) transcript abundance showed no major variations during ageing. CONCLUSIONS: These results reflect a striking ventricular difference regarding the age-dependent expression of COL-I. The expression of @entity2 (s), pleiotropic factors known to influence collagen pathway at different levels, does not seem to be profoundly altered during ageing. The discrepancy between protein and COL-I and COL-III mRNA levels indicates differences in age-related mRNA stability and/or regulation of collagen translation.

title: Age-dependent expression of XXXX -related genes and collagen deposition in the @entity0 myocardium.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to characterize the evolution, during maturational growth and early ageing, of the messenger abundance of four genes involved in cardiac @entity1 regulation (procollagens alpha2(I) and alpha1(III), transforming growth factors beta1, and beta3) and corroborate it with the alterations in collagen deposition in cardiac interstitium and around coronary arteries. METHODS: Messenger RNA was quantified in LV and RV of 2-, 6-, 12- and 19-month-old male @entity0 (n = 5 per group) with Northern blot analysis. Collagen deposition was quantified with a semi-automated image analyser on Sirius red-stained sections of LV tissue. RESULTS: There was an age-related monotonous decrease of procollagen type I (COL-I) transcript abundance in LV (p < 0.001) but not in RV. Procollagen type III (COL-III) expression decreased rapidly during maturational growth, both in LV and RV. On the other hand, collagen deposition in myocardial interstitium and around coronary arteries was slightly augmented during the maturational period of life (2-12 months), but with a higher rate during early ageing (up to 19 months). This was not accompanied by a significant thickening of the wall of coronary arteries. @entity2 , ( @entity2 ) and @entity3 ( @entity3 ) transcript abundance showed no major variations during ageing. CONCLUSIONS: These results reflect a striking ventricular difference regarding the age-dependent expression of COL-I. The expression of @entity2 (s), pleiotropic factors known to influence collagen pathway at different levels, does not seem to be profoundly altered during ageing. The discrepancy between protein and COL-I and COL-III mRNA levels indicates differences in age-related mRNA stability and/or regulation of collagen translation.

title: Age-dependent expression of @entity1 -related genes and collagen deposition in the XXXX myocardium.

answer: @entity0


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Bare-metal stents are used to treat arterial stenotic lesions. Morbidity and mortality are less important compared with other techniques. @entity1 are often used to treat stent @entity2 . We reported the case of a bare-metal stent infection after drug-eluting balloon and a review on the subject. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two weeks after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with @entity3 -eluting balloon and a bare-metal stent, our @entity0 presented an infection of the stent. Diagnosis was based on the clinical presentation, positron emission tomography findings and isolation of @entity4 in repeated blood cultures. Adapted antibiotic therapy was given for three months with removal of the surgical bare-stent. Antibiotic therapy was interrupted after a second positron emission tomography. A literature search (PubMed and Cochrane) was performed on the subject. RESULTS: We found 49  cases of peripheral bare-metal stent infection including our @entity0 . This is a rare but serious complication with a high morbidity (25% amputation rate) and mortality (30%). It seems to be underestimated. Treatment is based on surgical ablation of the bare-metal stent and intravenous antibiotics. The role of the @entity3 -eluting balloon is not clearly established but some authors believe that it can produce a local immunosuppression. CONCLUSION: We report the first case of bare-metal stent infection after @entity3 -eluting balloon. This complication is rare and difficult to diagnose. Manifestations are often limited to skin signs. Functional and vital prognosis is poor.

title: [ XXXX bare-metal stent infection after drug-eluting balloon].

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study used image processing techniques to quantify the @entity4 of @entity0 with Graves upper eyelid retraction and @entity1 . DESIGN: The study design was a cross-sectional study. @entity0 : A total of 29 @entity0 with @entity3 , 22 @entity0 with @entity1 , and 50 @entity0 with no history of @entity2 participated. INTERVENTION: The images of the palpebral fissure of all @entity0 were transferred to a personal computer and processed with NIH Image 1.55 software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The following parameters were analyzed: the curvature of the @entity4 , the position of the contour peak relative to the midline, and the ratio between the temporal and nasal upper quadrant areas of the palpebral fissure. RESULTS: All @entity4 could be fitted with second-degree polynomial functions. The mean temporal/nasal area ratio was 1.33 mm in @entity0 with @entity3 , 0.92 mm in @entity0 with @entity1 , and 1.04 mm in control subjects. The peak of the @entity4 was found to be lateral to the midline in control subjects (1.05 mm) and in @entity0 with @entity3 (2.09 mm). In @entity0 with @entity1 , the peak was 0.69 mm medial to the midline. Overall, the distance between the midpupil and the upper eyelid margin was correlated with several factors: the degree of curvature, the position of the peak of the eyelid contour, and the temporal/nasal area ratio. CONCLUSIONS: In Graves eyelid retraction, the curvature of the upper eyelid is enhanced, the peak of the contour is displaced laterally, and the temporal upper quadrant area is increased. Conversely, in @entity1 , the eyelid is almost flat, the peak of the contour is displaced medially, and the upper quadrant area is diminished. The lateral segment of the upper eyelid is more involved than the nasal segment in both Graves upper eyelid retraction and @entity1 .

title: Digital image processing measurement of the XXXX in @entity3 and @entity1 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study used image processing techniques to quantify the @entity4 of @entity0 with Graves upper eyelid retraction and @entity1 . DESIGN: The study design was a cross-sectional study. @entity0 : A total of 29 @entity0 with @entity3 , 22 @entity0 with @entity1 , and 50 @entity0 with no history of @entity2 participated. INTERVENTION: The images of the palpebral fissure of all @entity0 were transferred to a personal computer and processed with NIH Image 1.55 software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The following parameters were analyzed: the curvature of the @entity4 , the position of the contour peak relative to the midline, and the ratio between the temporal and nasal upper quadrant areas of the palpebral fissure. RESULTS: All @entity4 could be fitted with second-degree polynomial functions. The mean temporal/nasal area ratio was 1.33 mm in @entity0 with @entity3 , 0.92 mm in @entity0 with @entity1 , and 1.04 mm in control subjects. The peak of the @entity4 was found to be lateral to the midline in control subjects (1.05 mm) and in @entity0 with @entity3 (2.09 mm). In @entity0 with @entity1 , the peak was 0.69 mm medial to the midline. Overall, the distance between the midpupil and the upper eyelid margin was correlated with several factors: the degree of curvature, the position of the peak of the eyelid contour, and the temporal/nasal area ratio. CONCLUSIONS: In Graves eyelid retraction, the curvature of the upper eyelid is enhanced, the peak of the contour is displaced laterally, and the temporal upper quadrant area is increased. Conversely, in @entity1 , the eyelid is almost flat, the peak of the contour is displaced medially, and the upper quadrant area is diminished. The lateral segment of the upper eyelid is more involved than the nasal segment in both Graves upper eyelid retraction and @entity1 .

title: Digital image processing measurement of the @entity4 in XXXX and @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study used image processing techniques to quantify the @entity4 of @entity0 with Graves upper eyelid retraction and @entity1 . DESIGN: The study design was a cross-sectional study. @entity0 : A total of 29 @entity0 with @entity3 , 22 @entity0 with @entity1 , and 50 @entity0 with no history of @entity2 participated. INTERVENTION: The images of the palpebral fissure of all @entity0 were transferred to a personal computer and processed with NIH Image 1.55 software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The following parameters were analyzed: the curvature of the @entity4 , the position of the contour peak relative to the midline, and the ratio between the temporal and nasal upper quadrant areas of the palpebral fissure. RESULTS: All @entity4 could be fitted with second-degree polynomial functions. The mean temporal/nasal area ratio was 1.33 mm in @entity0 with @entity3 , 0.92 mm in @entity0 with @entity1 , and 1.04 mm in control subjects. The peak of the @entity4 was found to be lateral to the midline in control subjects (1.05 mm) and in @entity0 with @entity3 (2.09 mm). In @entity0 with @entity1 , the peak was 0.69 mm medial to the midline. Overall, the distance between the midpupil and the upper eyelid margin was correlated with several factors: the degree of curvature, the position of the peak of the eyelid contour, and the temporal/nasal area ratio. CONCLUSIONS: In Graves eyelid retraction, the curvature of the upper eyelid is enhanced, the peak of the contour is displaced laterally, and the temporal upper quadrant area is increased. Conversely, in @entity1 , the eyelid is almost flat, the peak of the contour is displaced medially, and the upper quadrant area is diminished. The lateral segment of the upper eyelid is more involved than the nasal segment in both Graves upper eyelid retraction and @entity1 .

title: Digital image processing measurement of the @entity4 in @entity3 and XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 @entity11 or @entity2 is resurgent [1,2]. The disease is caused by subspecies of the parasitic haemoflagellate, @entity7 . Infection starts with the bite of an infected tsetse @entity4 (Glossina spp.). Parasites move from the site of @entity5 to the draining lymphatic vessels and blood stream. The parasites proliferate within the bloodstream and later invade other tissues including the central nervous system. Once they have established themselves within the CNS, a progressive @entity1 . @entity6 precedes @entity3 during this late phase. Two forms of the disease are recognised, one caused by @entity7 rhodesiense, endemic in Eastern and Southern Africa, in which parasites rapidly invade the CNS causing @entity3 within weeks if untreated. T. b. gambiense, originally described in West Africa, but also widespread in Central Africa, proliferates more slowly and can take several years before establishing a CNS-involved @entity5 . Many countries are in the midst of epidemics caused by gambiense-type parasites. Four drugs have been licensed to treat the disease [3]; two of them, @entity12 and @entity9 , are used prior to CNS involvement. The @entity8 -based drug, @entity15 is used once parasites are established in the CNS. The fourth, @entity13 , is effective against late stage disease caused by T. b. gambiense, but is ineffective against T. b. rhodesiense. Another drug, @entity14 is licensed for South American @entity10 but also been used in trials against @entity15 -refractory late sage disease. This review focuses on what is known about modes of action of current drugs and discusses targets for future drug development.

title: Chemotherapy of @entity0 XXXX .

answer: @entity11


abstract: @entity0 @entity11 or @entity2 is resurgent [1,2]. The disease is caused by subspecies of the parasitic haemoflagellate, @entity7 . Infection starts with the bite of an infected tsetse @entity4 (Glossina spp.). Parasites move from the site of @entity5 to the draining lymphatic vessels and blood stream. The parasites proliferate within the bloodstream and later invade other tissues including the central nervous system. Once they have established themselves within the CNS, a progressive @entity1 . @entity6 precedes @entity3 during this late phase. Two forms of the disease are recognised, one caused by @entity7 rhodesiense, endemic in Eastern and Southern Africa, in which parasites rapidly invade the CNS causing @entity3 within weeks if untreated. T. b. gambiense, originally described in West Africa, but also widespread in Central Africa, proliferates more slowly and can take several years before establishing a CNS-involved @entity5 . Many countries are in the midst of epidemics caused by gambiense-type parasites. Four drugs have been licensed to treat the disease [3]; two of them, @entity12 and @entity9 , are used prior to CNS involvement. The @entity8 -based drug, @entity15 is used once parasites are established in the CNS. The fourth, @entity13 , is effective against late stage disease caused by T. b. gambiense, but is ineffective against T. b. rhodesiense. Another drug, @entity14 is licensed for South American @entity10 but also been used in trials against @entity15 -refractory late sage disease. This review focuses on what is known about modes of action of current drugs and discusses targets for future drug development.

title: Chemotherapy of XXXX @entity11 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus requires activity-dependent gene expression. We have therefore profiled gene expression in area @entity1 following the induction of an electroshock-evoked maximal @entity0 . Using cDNA microarrays, the differential expression of approximately 9000 cDNAs was examined. In situ hybridization on 14 transcripts that showed strongest modulation in the microarray screen (1.8-2-fold) confirmed the differential expression of a single gene that encodes for the nuclear hormone receptor @entity2 ( @entity2 , @entity2 ). Although this gene is only modestly up-regulated (approximately 2-fold) in area @entity1 , in situ hybridization revealed that maximal @entity0 induce a marked (approximately 12-fold) up-regulation of @entity2 in the dentate gyrus. These data support the notion [French et al. (2001) Eur. J. Neurosci., 13, 968-976] that @entity1 pyramidal neurons are more refractory than granule cells of the dentate gyrus with respect to activity-dependent gene transcription. Furthermore, our results argue against a large cohort of activity-dependent genes in area @entity1 .

title: XXXX -induced gene expression in area @entity1 of the mouse hippocampus.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus requires activity-dependent gene expression. We have therefore profiled gene expression in area @entity1 following the induction of an electroshock-evoked maximal @entity0 . Using cDNA microarrays, the differential expression of approximately 9000 cDNAs was examined. In situ hybridization on 14 transcripts that showed strongest modulation in the microarray screen (1.8-2-fold) confirmed the differential expression of a single gene that encodes for the nuclear hormone receptor @entity2 ( @entity2 , @entity2 ). Although this gene is only modestly up-regulated (approximately 2-fold) in area @entity1 , in situ hybridization revealed that maximal @entity0 induce a marked (approximately 12-fold) up-regulation of @entity2 in the dentate gyrus. These data support the notion [French et al. (2001) Eur. J. Neurosci., 13, 968-976] that @entity1 pyramidal neurons are more refractory than granule cells of the dentate gyrus with respect to activity-dependent gene transcription. Furthermore, our results argue against a large cohort of activity-dependent genes in area @entity1 .

title: @entity0 -induced gene expression in area XXXX of the mouse hippocampus.

answer: @entity1


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Individuals with @entity1 (DS) have great difficulty in learning mathematics. In recent years, research has focused on investigating whether precursors of later mathematical competence, such as estimating and comparing numerosities, are preserved in DS. Although studies have suggested a strong relationship between the ability to compare continuous quantities (e.g., area of an object) and that of comparing numerosities, it is still unknown whether this ability is preserved in DS. This study investigated the abilities of individuals with DS to compare area and number and contrasted them with those of two control groups of typically developing individuals. @entity0 were 16 individuals with DS, 16 typically developing individuals matched by mental age ( @entity2 group), and 16 typically developing individuals matched by chronological age (CA group). All @entity0 performed two eye-tracking tasks: an Area Comparison Task (ACT) and a Number Comparison Task (NCT). Stimuli in the two tasks differed in the same ratio to enable comparison of individual performance across both tasks. The results showed that in general, the performance of the three groups was better in the ACT than in the NCT. Critically, performance of individuals with DS in both tasks was consistent with that of individuals with the same @entity2 . The study shows that the abilities to compare area and numerosity are both preserved in DS, and that individuals with this syndrome, like typically developing individuals, show better performance in comparing area than number.

title: Numerical and area comparison abilities in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of @entity3 (HSV) @entity4 kinase (TK)/ @entity5 (GCV)-mediated suicide effect obtained in three different cell lines and the ways in which this system-mediated cell killing occurs. METHODS: Recombinant retroviral vector expressing HSV-TK was transduced into three cell lines known with different growth rate ( @entity7 and LLC- @entity6 ). The doubling time of the transduced and parental cells was calculated. @entity2 method was used to detect the concentration of GCV at which cell growth was inhibited by 50% (IC(50) value). Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. @entity1 or apoptosis of cultured cells and/or xenografts was observed under light and electron microscope, and by in situ apoptosis detection. RESULTS: The doubling time of the three parental cell lines was (31.2 +/- 0.1) h, (48.3 +/- 0.1) h, and (53.9 +/- 0.1) h, separately. The IC(50) values of their HSV-TK-transduced cell lines to GCV were (0.73 +/- 0.12) micromol/L, (0.93 +/- 0.16) micromol/L and (1.22 +/- 0.06) micromol/L, respectively and the IC(50) value was correlated with the cell doubling time. Flow cytometry revealed S arrest. The majority of cells under treatment of GCV displayed @entity0 , but very few cells showed apoptosis. Large areas of @entity1 were observed in the xenografts. CONCLUSIONS: The cells with high growth rate are more susceptible to HSV-TK/GCV-mediated killing effect. @entity1 is the main way in which cells of the three HSV-TK-transduced cells lines die.

title: [Different susceptibility of cell lines to @entity4 kinase/ XXXX -mediated killing effect and the way of cell death].

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of @entity3 (HSV) @entity4 kinase (TK)/ @entity5 (GCV)-mediated suicide effect obtained in three different cell lines and the ways in which this system-mediated cell killing occurs. METHODS: Recombinant retroviral vector expressing HSV-TK was transduced into three cell lines known with different growth rate ( @entity7 and LLC- @entity6 ). The doubling time of the transduced and parental cells was calculated. @entity2 method was used to detect the concentration of GCV at which cell growth was inhibited by 50% (IC(50) value). Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. @entity1 or apoptosis of cultured cells and/or xenografts was observed under light and electron microscope, and by in situ apoptosis detection. RESULTS: The doubling time of the three parental cell lines was (31.2 +/- 0.1) h, (48.3 +/- 0.1) h, and (53.9 +/- 0.1) h, separately. The IC(50) values of their HSV-TK-transduced cell lines to GCV were (0.73 +/- 0.12) micromol/L, (0.93 +/- 0.16) micromol/L and (1.22 +/- 0.06) micromol/L, respectively and the IC(50) value was correlated with the cell doubling time. Flow cytometry revealed S arrest. The majority of cells under treatment of GCV displayed @entity0 , but very few cells showed apoptosis. Large areas of @entity1 were observed in the xenografts. CONCLUSIONS: The cells with high growth rate are more susceptible to HSV-TK/GCV-mediated killing effect. @entity1 is the main way in which cells of the three HSV-TK-transduced cells lines die.

title: [Different susceptibility of cell lines to XXXX kinase/ @entity5 -mediated killing effect and the way of cell death].

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics and mechanism of tissue injury caused by @entity2 ( @entity2 ) infection. METHODS: Thirty-three cases of @entity3 in the nasal and pharyngeal region seen in this hospital from Jan. 1980 to Mar. 2000 were studied retrospectively. Warthin-Starry (W-S) stain was used to study all cases. Five cases were studied further with transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: W-S stain revealed a great number of @entity2 in Mikulicz cells within the @entity1 . Electron microscopy demonstrated a number of phagosomes in the cytoplasm of Mikulicz cells where many @entity2 were found. A small number of other organelles such as endoplasmic reticulums and lysozymes were squeezed to the side of cells. There were many granular substances on the surface of intracellular bacteria, which were not found on the extracellular @entity2 . CONCLUSION: @entity2 is a facultative intracellular bacteria that is able to resist the digestion of macrophages and to proliferate in them. Formation of @entity1 and @entity0 in @entity2 infiltrated regions is the major cause of tissue injury.

title: [An etiological and pathologic study of XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathological features of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) in @entity0 and its relationship to the DNA content of @entity1 cells and DNA ploidy. METHODS: The pathologic morphology of 4 cases of @entity4 in @entity0 were observed. Using image analysis instruments the quantity of @entity1 cell DNA was measured. RESULTS: The cytoplasm of the @entity1 cells were clear in all four cases. @entity5 were present in these @entity1 , of which the papillary structure in two cases was over 50%, three cases had small calcified bodies with prominent @entity3 and @entity2 . Around @entity1 the glomerular and tubular of kidney always is normal the average DNA index was 1.31. They presented diploidy, high diploidy or subtetraploidy. CONCLUSIONS: The specific features of most @entity4 in @entity0 are clear cytoplasm, most contain papillary structures, calcified bodies, often with @entity3 and @entity2 . Around @entity1 the glomerular and tubular of kidney is always normal. The DNA contents of @entity1 cells present diploidy, high diploidy or subtetraploidy.

title: [The pathology and DNA quantitative study of XXXX in @entity0 ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathological features of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) in @entity0 and its relationship to the DNA content of @entity1 cells and DNA ploidy. METHODS: The pathologic morphology of 4 cases of @entity4 in @entity0 were observed. Using image analysis instruments the quantity of @entity1 cell DNA was measured. RESULTS: The cytoplasm of the @entity1 cells were clear in all four cases. @entity5 were present in these @entity1 , of which the papillary structure in two cases was over 50%, three cases had small calcified bodies with prominent @entity3 and @entity2 . Around @entity1 the glomerular and tubular of kidney always is normal the average DNA index was 1.31. They presented diploidy, high diploidy or subtetraploidy. CONCLUSIONS: The specific features of most @entity4 in @entity0 are clear cytoplasm, most contain papillary structures, calcified bodies, often with @entity3 and @entity2 . Around @entity1 the glomerular and tubular of kidney is always normal. The DNA contents of @entity1 cells present diploidy, high diploidy or subtetraploidy.

title: [The pathology and DNA quantitative study of @entity4 in XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: In a previous study we reported that clonally expanded T cell receptor beta-chain rearrangements characterized the T cell receptor usage in @entity2 of @entity3 and indicated antigen-specific T cell selection. To assess the relevance of clonal T cell expansion for disease progression, we now determined if select clonal T cell receptor rearrangements persisted over time and were present in nonlesional skin. Sequential biopsies were taken from @entity2 of two @entity0 . V-D-J junctional regions of T cell receptor beta-chain variable region gene families 2, 3, 6, 13S1, and BV17 were cloned and sequenced, as these particular BV gene families are preferentially selected in @entity2 . The lesional T cell receptor rearrangements were compared with the T cell receptor usage in nonlesional skin and in blood. Several T cell receptor beta-chain rearrangements with high transcript frequency in the first lesional biopsy were again found in sequential lesional biopsies taken as much as 3 y later from @entity3 relapses. Only T cell receptor beta-chain rearrangements with low transcript abundance showed variability in that several clones appeared for the first time or disappeared. Although nonlesional skin also exhibited a restricted T cell receptor usage with clonal T cell receptor rearrangements, the T cell receptor usage in lesional and nonlesional skin differed nearly completely. The select lesional recurrence of identical T cell receptor rearrangements reveals that @entity1 in @entity3 involves the same clonally expanded T cell populations and the same antigens over prolonged periods of time. It hereby suggests that specifically recruited and locally expanded T cell clones are permanently involved in psoriatic @entity1 and may play a crucial part in disease perpetuation.

title: Dominant lesional T cell receptor rearrangements persist in relapsing XXXX but are absent from nonlesional skin: evidence for a stable antigen-specific pathogenic T cell response in @entity3 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: In a previous study we reported that clonally expanded T cell receptor beta-chain rearrangements characterized the T cell receptor usage in @entity2 of @entity3 and indicated antigen-specific T cell selection. To assess the relevance of clonal T cell expansion for disease progression, we now determined if select clonal T cell receptor rearrangements persisted over time and were present in nonlesional skin. Sequential biopsies were taken from @entity2 of two @entity0 . V-D-J junctional regions of T cell receptor beta-chain variable region gene families 2, 3, 6, 13S1, and BV17 were cloned and sequenced, as these particular BV gene families are preferentially selected in @entity2 . The lesional T cell receptor rearrangements were compared with the T cell receptor usage in nonlesional skin and in blood. Several T cell receptor beta-chain rearrangements with high transcript frequency in the first lesional biopsy were again found in sequential lesional biopsies taken as much as 3 y later from @entity3 relapses. Only T cell receptor beta-chain rearrangements with low transcript abundance showed variability in that several clones appeared for the first time or disappeared. Although nonlesional skin also exhibited a restricted T cell receptor usage with clonal T cell receptor rearrangements, the T cell receptor usage in lesional and nonlesional skin differed nearly completely. The select lesional recurrence of identical T cell receptor rearrangements reveals that @entity1 in @entity3 involves the same clonally expanded T cell populations and the same antigens over prolonged periods of time. It hereby suggests that specifically recruited and locally expanded T cell clones are permanently involved in psoriatic @entity1 and may play a crucial part in disease perpetuation.

title: Dominant lesional T cell receptor rearrangements persist in relapsing @entity3 but are absent from nonlesional skin: evidence for a stable antigen-specific pathogenic T cell response in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cranioplasty is considered as a routine procedure in everyday neurosurgical practice for the @entity0 with @entity1 , however, there is no established consensus on optimal surgical timing. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of early cranioplasty (1-3 months after DC) and late cranioplasty (3-6 months after DC) on the complications and recovery of neurological function in the management of @entity0 who received decompressive craniotomy. METHODS: In this paper, the authors report a systematic review and meta-analysis of operative time, complications and neurological function outcomes on different timing of cranioplasty. Randomized or non-randomized controlled trials of early cranioplasty and late cranioplasty surgery were considered for inclusion. RESULTS: Nine published reports of eligible studies involving 1209 @entity0 meet the inclusion criteria. Compared with late cranioplasty, early cranioplasty had no significant difference in overall complications [RR=1.14, 95%CI (0.83, 1.55), p>0.05], infection rates [RR=0.87, 95%CI (0.47, 1.61), p>0.05], @entity3 [RR=1.09, 95%CI (0.53, 2.25), p>0.05]; subdural fluid collection [RR=0.47, 95%CI (0.15, 1.41), p>0.05]. However, early CP significantly reduced the duration of cranioplasty [mean difference=-13.46, 95%CI (-21.26, 5.67), p<0.05]. The postoperative @entity2 rates were significant higher in the early cranioplasty group [RR=2.67, 95%CI (1.24, 5.73), p<0.05]. CONCLUSION: Early CP can only reduce the duration of operation, but cannot reduce the complications of @entity0 and even increase the risk of @entity2 . More evidence from advanced multi-center studies is needed to provide illumination for the timing selection of CP surgery.

title: Early cranioplasty vs. late cranioplasty for the treatment of XXXX : A systematic review.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Some complications of childbirth (for example, @entity1 ) are a source of social embarrassment for @entity0 , and are often under reported. Therefore, it was felt important to determine levels of complications (against established standards) and to consider obstetric measures aimed at reducing them. METHODS: Clinical information was collected on 1036 primiparous @entity0 delivering at North and South Staffordshire Acute and Community Trusts over a 5-month period in 1997. A questionnaire was sent to 970 @entity0 which included self-assessment of levels of @entity1 and @entity2 prior to pregnancy, at 6 weeks post delivery and 9 to 14 months post delivery. RESULTS: The response rate was 48%(470/970). Relatively high levels of obstetric interventions were found. In addition, the rates of instrumental deliveries differed between the two hospitals. The highest rates of postnatal symptoms had occurred at 6 weeks, but for many @entity0 problems were still present at the time of the survey. At 9-14 months high rates of @entity2 (29%(102/347)) and @entity1 (35%(133/382)) were reported. Seventeen @entity0 (4%) complained of @entity1 at this time. Similar rates of @entity1 and @entity2 were seen regardless of mode of delivery. CONCLUSION: Further work should be undertaken to reduce the obstetric interventions, especially instrumental deliveries. Improvements in a number of areas of care should be undertaken, including improved @entity0 information, improved professional communication and improved professional recognition and management of third degree tears. It is likely that these measures would lead to a reduction in @entity1 and @entity2 after childbirth.

title: Achieving sustainable quality in maternity services - using audit of @entity1 and XXXX to identify shortfalls in meeting standards.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Some complications of childbirth (for example, @entity1 ) are a source of social embarrassment for @entity0 , and are often under reported. Therefore, it was felt important to determine levels of complications (against established standards) and to consider obstetric measures aimed at reducing them. METHODS: Clinical information was collected on 1036 primiparous @entity0 delivering at North and South Staffordshire Acute and Community Trusts over a 5-month period in 1997. A questionnaire was sent to 970 @entity0 which included self-assessment of levels of @entity1 and @entity2 prior to pregnancy, at 6 weeks post delivery and 9 to 14 months post delivery. RESULTS: The response rate was 48%(470/970). Relatively high levels of obstetric interventions were found. In addition, the rates of instrumental deliveries differed between the two hospitals. The highest rates of postnatal symptoms had occurred at 6 weeks, but for many @entity0 problems were still present at the time of the survey. At 9-14 months high rates of @entity2 (29%(102/347)) and @entity1 (35%(133/382)) were reported. Seventeen @entity0 (4%) complained of @entity1 at this time. Similar rates of @entity1 and @entity2 were seen regardless of mode of delivery. CONCLUSION: Further work should be undertaken to reduce the obstetric interventions, especially instrumental deliveries. Improvements in a number of areas of care should be undertaken, including improved @entity0 information, improved professional communication and improved professional recognition and management of third degree tears. It is likely that these measures would lead to a reduction in @entity1 and @entity2 after childbirth.

title: Achieving sustainable quality in maternity services - using audit of XXXX and @entity2 to identify shortfalls in meeting standards.

answer: @entity1


abstract: High-speed magnetic resonance imaging was used to perform simultaneous measurements of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and water diffusion changes during @entity1 ( @entity1 ) induced by cortical @entity3 application. @entity0 were fitted epidurally with a rubber chamber. @entity3 was perfused through the chamber until @entity1 was indicated by a negative direct current (DC) potential shift. Magnetic resonance imaging scans used echo planar diffusion and @entity4 -weighted images. Iron dextran was injected as a blood pool contrast agent to make subsequent changes in @entity4 (or @entity4 ) directly proportional to changes in CBV. Multislice maps of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and rCBV were generated with 6- to 16-second time resolution, which revealed transient @entity2 and rCBV changes propagating over the cortex after @entity3 application. Transient @entity2 declines appeared simultaneously with the DC shift, whereas rCBV increase followed with a delay of 16.4+/-14.9 seconds. Prolonged rCBV decrease was observed after the initial increase during the @entity1 in half of the animals. The delayed rCBV response after the @entity2 change supports the observation of increased energy demand because of repolarization. Simultaneous DC potential recording and @entity2 measurements in corresponding sites of the cortex indicate that transient @entity2 decreases during @entity1 reflect water shifts associated with cell depolarization.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cerebral hemodynamics during XXXX in @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: High-speed magnetic resonance imaging was used to perform simultaneous measurements of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and water diffusion changes during @entity1 ( @entity1 ) induced by cortical @entity3 application. @entity0 were fitted epidurally with a rubber chamber. @entity3 was perfused through the chamber until @entity1 was indicated by a negative direct current (DC) potential shift. Magnetic resonance imaging scans used echo planar diffusion and @entity4 -weighted images. Iron dextran was injected as a blood pool contrast agent to make subsequent changes in @entity4 (or @entity4 ) directly proportional to changes in CBV. Multislice maps of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and rCBV were generated with 6- to 16-second time resolution, which revealed transient @entity2 and rCBV changes propagating over the cortex after @entity3 application. Transient @entity2 declines appeared simultaneously with the DC shift, whereas rCBV increase followed with a delay of 16.4+/-14.9 seconds. Prolonged rCBV decrease was observed after the initial increase during the @entity1 in half of the animals. The delayed rCBV response after the @entity2 change supports the observation of increased energy demand because of repolarization. Simultaneous DC potential recording and @entity2 measurements in corresponding sites of the cortex indicate that transient @entity2 decreases during @entity1 reflect water shifts associated with cell depolarization.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cerebral hemodynamics during @entity1 in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Transmission of forest-related @entity1 was observed entomologically and epidemiologically for 2 transmission seasons in 1990 and 1991 in 5 villages of Mae Sariang district, Mae Hong @entity4 Province, north-west Thailand. The entomological study included collections of mosquitos and determination of infection rate by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the residential villages and the farm huts. The epidemiological study included fortnightly visits to 30% of the households to interview and record movement activities and illness of villagers. Circumsporozoite proteins, in most cases of @entity3 , were detected in Anopheles minimus species A, An. dirus s.l., An. maculatus s.s. and An. sawadwongporni in residential villages and/or farm huts, suggesting transmission could occur there. Movement of @entity0 away from their residences occurred throughout the year for several reasons with a sharp peak in July for agricultural activity, mainly ploughing and planting for @entity2 cultivation. The relative risk of infection for @entity0 engaged in agricultural activity was 3 times that of @entity0 living in the residential villages. Although a higher biting density of vectors was generally evident at the farm huts, the estimated inoculation rates in the 2 settings were similar. Movement for forest activity increased after harvesting @entity2 in the cool dry season and carried the highest @entity1 risk, suggesting different epidemiological and probably entomological conditions which need further investigation. The significance is discussed of discrepancies between the case classification system used by this study and that used by @entity1 sector staff.

title: Entomological and epidemiological investigations of XXXX transmission in relation to population movements in forest areas of north-west Thailand.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The comparison of serological responses in a sample of adult, vaccinated and held-infected @entity0 with @entity3 is reported. Indirect enzyme immunoassav (EIA) titration curves and Western blotting tests for smooth-type lipopolysaccharide (S- @entity1 ), rough-type @entity1 (R- @entity1 ) and lipid A were performed. In the initial screening of sera, an overall prevalence of 20.5% was found, which corresponds to a country with a high incidence of @entity2 . End-point EIA titres against @entity1 antigens from vaccinated and field-infected @entity0 were not significantly different. However, the absorbance values in the titration curves were significantly higher for S- @entity1 as compared with the other antigens. A high correlation coefficient (r = 0.933) was obtained when the titres to R- @entity1 versus lipid A were compared. Western blotting reactions of vaccinated and held-infected animals were indistinguishable. S- @entity1 , R- @entity1 and lipid A epitopes were recognized in a heterogeneous manner. In general, the number of @entity0 that reacted against @entity1 was higher in the field-infected group, with a stronger binding to S- @entity1 . Based on our observations, the vaccinated and field-infected @entity0 are capable of producing similar antibody responses to the Brucella main outer surface antigen, @entity1 . It should be emphasized that the humoral response of @entity0 to Brucella @entity1 contains significant amounts of antibodies to other antigenic moieties of this important surface molecule, which may contribute to the immunity to @entity2 .

title: Comparison of the antibody response in adult XXXX against different epitopes of @entity3 lipopolysaccharide.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The comparison of serological responses in a sample of adult, vaccinated and held-infected @entity0 with @entity3 is reported. Indirect enzyme immunoassav (EIA) titration curves and Western blotting tests for smooth-type lipopolysaccharide (S- @entity1 ), rough-type @entity1 (R- @entity1 ) and lipid A were performed. In the initial screening of sera, an overall prevalence of 20.5% was found, which corresponds to a country with a high incidence of @entity2 . End-point EIA titres against @entity1 antigens from vaccinated and field-infected @entity0 were not significantly different. However, the absorbance values in the titration curves were significantly higher for S- @entity1 as compared with the other antigens. A high correlation coefficient (r = 0.933) was obtained when the titres to R- @entity1 versus lipid A were compared. Western blotting reactions of vaccinated and held-infected animals were indistinguishable. S- @entity1 , R- @entity1 and lipid A epitopes were recognized in a heterogeneous manner. In general, the number of @entity0 that reacted against @entity1 was higher in the field-infected group, with a stronger binding to S- @entity1 . Based on our observations, the vaccinated and field-infected @entity0 are capable of producing similar antibody responses to the Brucella main outer surface antigen, @entity1 . It should be emphasized that the humoral response of @entity0 to Brucella @entity1 contains significant amounts of antibodies to other antigenic moieties of this important surface molecule, which may contribute to the immunity to @entity2 .

title: Comparison of the antibody response in adult @entity0 against different epitopes of XXXX lipopolysaccharide.

answer: @entity3


abstract: DNA was extracted from colonic biopsies of 33 @entity0 with and three without evidence of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in the large bowel. The biopsies were subjected to PCR. A pair of primers, generating a 207 bp fragment, were designed to detect specifically the 16S rDNA gene of @entity2 . PCR products of the expected size were obtained from 33 samples with histologic evidence of @entity1 . The PCR amplicons were used for sequencing. The sequences obtained were aligned to the corresponding 16S rRNA sequences of five type strains of @entity2 . The sequences of 23 PCR products were 99-100% identical with the corresponding B. aalborgi type strain sequence. Two cases showed 99-100% sequence similarity with the type strain of @entity2 P43/6/78. Six cases could not be referred to any of the known species of @entity2 . Two PCR products gave incomplete sequences.

title: @entity0 XXXX diagnosed with colonoscopy and analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequences of involved spirochetes.

answer: @entity1


abstract: DNA was extracted from colonic biopsies of 33 @entity0 with and three without evidence of @entity1 ( @entity1 ) in the large bowel. The biopsies were subjected to PCR. A pair of primers, generating a 207 bp fragment, were designed to detect specifically the 16S rDNA gene of @entity2 . PCR products of the expected size were obtained from 33 samples with histologic evidence of @entity1 . The PCR amplicons were used for sequencing. The sequences obtained were aligned to the corresponding 16S rRNA sequences of five type strains of @entity2 . The sequences of 23 PCR products were 99-100% identical with the corresponding B. aalborgi type strain sequence. Two cases showed 99-100% sequence similarity with the type strain of @entity2 P43/6/78. Six cases could not be referred to any of the known species of @entity2 . Two PCR products gave incomplete sequences.

title: XXXX @entity1 diagnosed with colonoscopy and analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequences of involved spirochetes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The vascular endothelial function is altered in certain vascular pathology such as @entity1 . However, the endothelial effect of the pharmacologic treatment of this pathology with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) inhibitor is poorly understood. To evaluate the effects of long-term treatment of @entity8 on the @entity0 aortic vascular reactivity, 2 groups of spontaneously @entity1 @entity0 (SHR) (n = 6) were studied for 12 weeks: the first group was treated with @entity8 (CAP) (2 g/l of water) while group 2 (OCAP) received no treatment. A third group without @entity1 was considered as control group (CTL). At the end of the experiments, isolated aortic rings were studied in organ chambers for endothelial and smooth muscle vascular reactivity. The endothelial-dependent relaxations (EDR) to cumulative doses of @entity4 , @entity2 or @entity3 were significantly decreased in the aortic segments of CTL compared to CAP (p < 0.05). Aortic segments from OCAP group demonstrated intermediate EDR responses between CAP and CTL groups. Smooth muscle relaxation to @entity7 was comparable among the 3 groups. Maximal smooth muscle contraction to progressive doses of @entity5 was significantly higher in the CTL group compared to the @entity1 groups. CONCLUSION: Spontaneously @entity1 @entity0 have an increased basal vascular tone. The increased EDR observed with @entity1 partially compensates this hypercontractility. Chronic @entity1 treatment with @entity8 partially normalizes EDR responses in the @entity0 aorta suggesting the lost of the endothelial compensatory mechanism by @entity6 inhibitors.

title: [Effects of chronic administration of XXXX on vascular reactivity of the @entity0 aorta].

answer: @entity8


abstract: The vascular endothelial function is altered in certain vascular pathology such as @entity1 . However, the endothelial effect of the pharmacologic treatment of this pathology with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) inhibitor is poorly understood. To evaluate the effects of long-term treatment of @entity8 on the @entity0 aortic vascular reactivity, 2 groups of spontaneously @entity1 @entity0 (SHR) (n = 6) were studied for 12 weeks: the first group was treated with @entity8 (CAP) (2 g/l of water) while group 2 (OCAP) received no treatment. A third group without @entity1 was considered as control group (CTL). At the end of the experiments, isolated aortic rings were studied in organ chambers for endothelial and smooth muscle vascular reactivity. The endothelial-dependent relaxations (EDR) to cumulative doses of @entity4 , @entity2 or @entity3 were significantly decreased in the aortic segments of CTL compared to CAP (p < 0.05). Aortic segments from OCAP group demonstrated intermediate EDR responses between CAP and CTL groups. Smooth muscle relaxation to @entity7 was comparable among the 3 groups. Maximal smooth muscle contraction to progressive doses of @entity5 was significantly higher in the CTL group compared to the @entity1 groups. CONCLUSION: Spontaneously @entity1 @entity0 have an increased basal vascular tone. The increased EDR observed with @entity1 partially compensates this hypercontractility. Chronic @entity1 treatment with @entity8 partially normalizes EDR responses in the @entity0 aorta suggesting the lost of the endothelial compensatory mechanism by @entity6 inhibitors.

title: [Effects of chronic administration of @entity8 on vascular reactivity of the XXXX aorta].

answer: @entity0


abstract: The safety and efficacy of @entity3 enemas were determined ina dose-ranging study enrolling 287 @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity4 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. @entity0 were randomized to receive placebo, 1, 2, or 4 g in 100 ml @entity3 ( @entity3 ) enemas h.s. for 8 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histologic improvement, as well as by induction of remission. Sixty-seven percent, 65%, and 75% of @entity0 receiving 1-, 2-, and 4-g enemas were markedly improved according to the physician's global assessment compared with 27% of @entity0 treated with placebo. The mean improvement in sigmoidoscopic index was 5.8, 5.9, and 6.4 points (on a 15-point scale) for the 1-, 2-, and 4-g enema groups compared with a decrease of 1.8 points for the placebo group. Improvement in biopsy scores was observed in 47, 55, and 59% of 1-, 2-, and 4-g groups contrasted with 27% of the placebo-treated @entity0 . All three doses were significantly more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms and trips to the toilet compared with placebo. No dose-response relation was demonstrated. The safety profile was similar to that of placebo. In conclusion, @entity3 enemas are effective as a single agent in the short-term treatment of distal @entity1 without an apparent dose response between 1 and 4 g nightly.

title: Dose-ranging study of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) enemas in the treatment of acute XXXX : results of a multicentered placebo-controlled trial. The U.S. @entity3 Enema Study Group.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The safety and efficacy of @entity3 enemas were determined ina dose-ranging study enrolling 287 @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity4 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. @entity0 were randomized to receive placebo, 1, 2, or 4 g in 100 ml @entity3 ( @entity3 ) enemas h.s. for 8 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histologic improvement, as well as by induction of remission. Sixty-seven percent, 65%, and 75% of @entity0 receiving 1-, 2-, and 4-g enemas were markedly improved according to the physician's global assessment compared with 27% of @entity0 treated with placebo. The mean improvement in sigmoidoscopic index was 5.8, 5.9, and 6.4 points (on a 15-point scale) for the 1-, 2-, and 4-g enema groups compared with a decrease of 1.8 points for the placebo group. Improvement in biopsy scores was observed in 47, 55, and 59% of 1-, 2-, and 4-g groups contrasted with 27% of the placebo-treated @entity0 . All three doses were significantly more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms and trips to the toilet compared with placebo. No dose-response relation was demonstrated. The safety profile was similar to that of placebo. In conclusion, @entity3 enemas are effective as a single agent in the short-term treatment of distal @entity1 without an apparent dose response between 1 and 4 g nightly.

title: Dose-ranging study of XXXX ( @entity3 ) enemas in the treatment of acute @entity2 : results of a multicentered placebo-controlled trial. The U.S. @entity3 Enema Study Group.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The safety and efficacy of @entity3 enemas were determined ina dose-ranging study enrolling 287 @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity4 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. @entity0 were randomized to receive placebo, 1, 2, or 4 g in 100 ml @entity3 ( @entity3 ) enemas h.s. for 8 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histologic improvement, as well as by induction of remission. Sixty-seven percent, 65%, and 75% of @entity0 receiving 1-, 2-, and 4-g enemas were markedly improved according to the physician's global assessment compared with 27% of @entity0 treated with placebo. The mean improvement in sigmoidoscopic index was 5.8, 5.9, and 6.4 points (on a 15-point scale) for the 1-, 2-, and 4-g enema groups compared with a decrease of 1.8 points for the placebo group. Improvement in biopsy scores was observed in 47, 55, and 59% of 1-, 2-, and 4-g groups contrasted with 27% of the placebo-treated @entity0 . All three doses were significantly more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms and trips to the toilet compared with placebo. No dose-response relation was demonstrated. The safety profile was similar to that of placebo. In conclusion, @entity3 enemas are effective as a single agent in the short-term treatment of distal @entity1 without an apparent dose response between 1 and 4 g nightly.

title: Dose-ranging study of @entity3 ( XXXX ) enemas in the treatment of acute @entity2 : results of a multicentered placebo-controlled trial. The U.S. @entity3 Enema Study Group.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The safety and efficacy of @entity3 enemas were determined ina dose-ranging study enrolling 287 @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity4 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. @entity0 were randomized to receive placebo, 1, 2, or 4 g in 100 ml @entity3 ( @entity3 ) enemas h.s. for 8 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histologic improvement, as well as by induction of remission. Sixty-seven percent, 65%, and 75% of @entity0 receiving 1-, 2-, and 4-g enemas were markedly improved according to the physician's global assessment compared with 27% of @entity0 treated with placebo. The mean improvement in sigmoidoscopic index was 5.8, 5.9, and 6.4 points (on a 15-point scale) for the 1-, 2-, and 4-g enema groups compared with a decrease of 1.8 points for the placebo group. Improvement in biopsy scores was observed in 47, 55, and 59% of 1-, 2-, and 4-g groups contrasted with 27% of the placebo-treated @entity0 . All three doses were significantly more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms and trips to the toilet compared with placebo. No dose-response relation was demonstrated. The safety profile was similar to that of placebo. In conclusion, @entity3 enemas are effective as a single agent in the short-term treatment of distal @entity1 without an apparent dose response between 1 and 4 g nightly.

title: Dose-ranging study of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) enemas in the treatment of acute @entity2 : results of a multicentered placebo-controlled trial. The U.S. XXXX Enema Study Group.

answer: @entity3


abstract: In the present study, we investigated the effects of a @entity1 @entity12 inhibitor, @entity5 , when given orally (5 mg/day), on the serum levels of gonadal, hypophyseal, and adrenal hormones and the clinical significance of these effects. Forty-eight @entity0 with a mean age of 63 (range 49-81) were included in the study. All @entity0 had symptoms of @entity8 . Serum levels of @entity3 , @entity6 , follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, @entity9 , @entity7 , and @entity11 were determined before the study. The degree of symptoms in each patient and serum @entity10 levels were determined together with uroflowmetric studies. Sexual status of the @entity0 was also assessed with a self-administered questionnaire. All @entity0 received @entity5 , 5 mg/day, for 6 weeks. All of the above mentioned studies were repeated at month 3 and month 6. All of the @entity0 had baseline hormonal values within the normal range. At month 3, the @entity6 level decreased by 60%, while the @entity3 level increased by 15%. FSH and LH levels decreased by 24% and 16%, respectively. The changes in the serum levels of these hormones were further evident at month 6. No significant changes were noted in the serum levels of prolactin, @entity9 , @entity7 , and @entity11 . Thirty-six @entity0 (75%) were judged to be potent before the treatment. @entity5 caused @entity4 in 8 @entity0 (22%) by month 3 and in 12 (33%) by month 6. A substantial improvement was noted in symptoms of @entity8 in all patients. The serum @entity10 level decreased by 42% and 50% at month 3 and at month 6, respectively. Continued administration of @entity5 , 5 mg/day alters the serum levels of @entity3 , @entity6 , FSH, and LH significantly. @entity5 also causes @entity2 in a substantial number of @entity0 and should be offered with caution to @entity0 who have an active sexual life.

title: Effects of the @entity12 inhibitor XXXX on serum levels of gonadal, adrenal, and hypophyseal hormones and its clinical significance: a prospective clinical study.

answer: @entity5


abstract: In the present study, we investigated the effects of a @entity1 @entity12 inhibitor, @entity5 , when given orally (5 mg/day), on the serum levels of gonadal, hypophyseal, and adrenal hormones and the clinical significance of these effects. Forty-eight @entity0 with a mean age of 63 (range 49-81) were included in the study. All @entity0 had symptoms of @entity8 . Serum levels of @entity3 , @entity6 , follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, @entity9 , @entity7 , and @entity11 were determined before the study. The degree of symptoms in each patient and serum @entity10 levels were determined together with uroflowmetric studies. Sexual status of the @entity0 was also assessed with a self-administered questionnaire. All @entity0 received @entity5 , 5 mg/day, for 6 weeks. All of the above mentioned studies were repeated at month 3 and month 6. All of the @entity0 had baseline hormonal values within the normal range. At month 3, the @entity6 level decreased by 60%, while the @entity3 level increased by 15%. FSH and LH levels decreased by 24% and 16%, respectively. The changes in the serum levels of these hormones were further evident at month 6. No significant changes were noted in the serum levels of prolactin, @entity9 , @entity7 , and @entity11 . Thirty-six @entity0 (75%) were judged to be potent before the treatment. @entity5 caused @entity4 in 8 @entity0 (22%) by month 3 and in 12 (33%) by month 6. A substantial improvement was noted in symptoms of @entity8 in all patients. The serum @entity10 level decreased by 42% and 50% at month 3 and at month 6, respectively. Continued administration of @entity5 , 5 mg/day alters the serum levels of @entity3 , @entity6 , FSH, and LH significantly. @entity5 also causes @entity2 in a substantial number of @entity0 and should be offered with caution to @entity0 who have an active sexual life.

title: Effects of the XXXX inhibitor @entity5 on serum levels of gonadal, adrenal, and hypophyseal hormones and its clinical significance: a prospective clinical study.

answer: @entity12


abstract: Loss-of-function mutations in the TSH receptor gene ( @entity5 ), usually leading to asymptomatic hyperthyrotropinemia, have been reported since 1995 in a total of eight pedigrees, with a pattern of transmission suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Although normal TSH secretion and action are not necessary for normal migration of the thyroid analage, they are essential for normal thyroid growth and function. In keeping with this concept, we report a severely @entity2 @entity0 with a normally located but very hypoplastic and hypofunctional thyroid caused by @entity5 loss-of-function mutations. The propositus' maternal great aunt also had apparent athyreosis. The propositus had undetectable uptake on 99mpertechnetate scintigraphy but normal plasma @entity4 at 15 days of age. He was found to be a compound heterozygote for @entity5 mutations, with the maternal allele carrying a splicing mutation (G to C transversion at position +3 of the donor site of intron 6) and the other allele a deletion of two @entity3 (2 bases of codon 655 in exon 10). The great aunt's @entity5 was normal. We also report the sex ratio of @entity2 referred to our center since 1989 with apparent athyreosis (5 @entity0 , 7 @entity0 ) and with @entity6 (41 @entity0 , 15 @entity0 ). We conclude that different genetic and nongenetic mechanisms for athyreosis and @entity6 are likely, and that these two distinct entities are themselves heterogeneous. Our results further show that inactivating mutations in @entity5 may account for some cases of apparent @entity1 and should be suspected, especially if plasma @entity4 levels are normal.

title: Apparent @entity1 contrasting with normal plasma @entity4 levels and associated with inactivating mutations in the @entity5 gene: are athyreosis and XXXX distinct entities?

answer: @entity6


abstract: Loss-of-function mutations in the TSH receptor gene ( @entity5 ), usually leading to asymptomatic hyperthyrotropinemia, have been reported since 1995 in a total of eight pedigrees, with a pattern of transmission suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Although normal TSH secretion and action are not necessary for normal migration of the thyroid analage, they are essential for normal thyroid growth and function. In keeping with this concept, we report a severely @entity2 @entity0 with a normally located but very hypoplastic and hypofunctional thyroid caused by @entity5 loss-of-function mutations. The propositus' maternal great aunt also had apparent athyreosis. The propositus had undetectable uptake on 99mpertechnetate scintigraphy but normal plasma @entity4 at 15 days of age. He was found to be a compound heterozygote for @entity5 mutations, with the maternal allele carrying a splicing mutation (G to C transversion at position +3 of the donor site of intron 6) and the other allele a deletion of two @entity3 (2 bases of codon 655 in exon 10). The great aunt's @entity5 was normal. We also report the sex ratio of @entity2 referred to our center since 1989 with apparent athyreosis (5 @entity0 , 7 @entity0 ) and with @entity6 (41 @entity0 , 15 @entity0 ). We conclude that different genetic and nongenetic mechanisms for athyreosis and @entity6 are likely, and that these two distinct entities are themselves heterogeneous. Our results further show that inactivating mutations in @entity5 may account for some cases of apparent @entity1 and should be suspected, especially if plasma @entity4 levels are normal.

title: Apparent @entity1 contrasting with normal plasma XXXX levels and associated with inactivating mutations in the @entity5 gene: are athyreosis and @entity6 distinct entities?

answer: @entity4


abstract: Loss-of-function mutations in the TSH receptor gene ( @entity5 ), usually leading to asymptomatic hyperthyrotropinemia, have been reported since 1995 in a total of eight pedigrees, with a pattern of transmission suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Although normal TSH secretion and action are not necessary for normal migration of the thyroid analage, they are essential for normal thyroid growth and function. In keeping with this concept, we report a severely @entity2 @entity0 with a normally located but very hypoplastic and hypofunctional thyroid caused by @entity5 loss-of-function mutations. The propositus' maternal great aunt also had apparent athyreosis. The propositus had undetectable uptake on 99mpertechnetate scintigraphy but normal plasma @entity4 at 15 days of age. He was found to be a compound heterozygote for @entity5 mutations, with the maternal allele carrying a splicing mutation (G to C transversion at position +3 of the donor site of intron 6) and the other allele a deletion of two @entity3 (2 bases of codon 655 in exon 10). The great aunt's @entity5 was normal. We also report the sex ratio of @entity2 referred to our center since 1989 with apparent athyreosis (5 @entity0 , 7 @entity0 ) and with @entity6 (41 @entity0 , 15 @entity0 ). We conclude that different genetic and nongenetic mechanisms for athyreosis and @entity6 are likely, and that these two distinct entities are themselves heterogeneous. Our results further show that inactivating mutations in @entity5 may account for some cases of apparent @entity1 and should be suspected, especially if plasma @entity4 levels are normal.

title: Apparent @entity1 contrasting with normal plasma @entity4 levels and associated with inactivating mutations in the XXXX gene: are athyreosis and @entity6 distinct entities?

answer: @entity5


abstract: Loss-of-function mutations in the TSH receptor gene ( @entity5 ), usually leading to asymptomatic hyperthyrotropinemia, have been reported since 1995 in a total of eight pedigrees, with a pattern of transmission suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Although normal TSH secretion and action are not necessary for normal migration of the thyroid analage, they are essential for normal thyroid growth and function. In keeping with this concept, we report a severely @entity2 @entity0 with a normally located but very hypoplastic and hypofunctional thyroid caused by @entity5 loss-of-function mutations. The propositus' maternal great aunt also had apparent athyreosis. The propositus had undetectable uptake on 99mpertechnetate scintigraphy but normal plasma @entity4 at 15 days of age. He was found to be a compound heterozygote for @entity5 mutations, with the maternal allele carrying a splicing mutation (G to C transversion at position +3 of the donor site of intron 6) and the other allele a deletion of two @entity3 (2 bases of codon 655 in exon 10). The great aunt's @entity5 was normal. We also report the sex ratio of @entity2 referred to our center since 1989 with apparent athyreosis (5 @entity0 , 7 @entity0 ) and with @entity6 (41 @entity0 , 15 @entity0 ). We conclude that different genetic and nongenetic mechanisms for athyreosis and @entity6 are likely, and that these two distinct entities are themselves heterogeneous. Our results further show that inactivating mutations in @entity5 may account for some cases of apparent @entity1 and should be suspected, especially if plasma @entity4 levels are normal.

title: Apparent XXXX contrasting with normal plasma @entity4 levels and associated with inactivating mutations in the @entity5 gene: are athyreosis and @entity6 distinct entities?

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Primary @entity1 are rare, occurring in 0.2 per 100,000 @entity0 per year. @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is the second most common histologic type of @entity1 . Its clinical behavior is different from the other @entity5 and thus should be studied separately. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective review of the medical records of six @entity0 with tracheal @entity4 who were treated at University Hospitals of Cleveland between 1971 and 1996 and literature review. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: Tracheal @entity4 is an indolent @entity1 that affects @entity0 at any age but has a peak incidence in the fifth decade. There is a nearly equal male-to-female ratio. Almost half of tracheal ACCs occur in the proximal @entity2 , accounting for the most common presenting symptoms: @entity3 , cough, and hoarseness. Because of the hoarseness, @entity0 are often referred to an otolaryngologist. Complete resection provides the best chance for increased survival. Neutron beam radiotherapy holds promise for adjuvant therapy.

title: @entity4 of the XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Primary @entity1 are rare, occurring in 0.2 per 100,000 @entity0 per year. @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is the second most common histologic type of @entity1 . Its clinical behavior is different from the other @entity5 and thus should be studied separately. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective review of the medical records of six @entity0 with tracheal @entity4 who were treated at University Hospitals of Cleveland between 1971 and 1996 and literature review. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: Tracheal @entity4 is an indolent @entity1 that affects @entity0 at any age but has a peak incidence in the fifth decade. There is a nearly equal male-to-female ratio. Almost half of tracheal ACCs occur in the proximal @entity2 , accounting for the most common presenting symptoms: @entity3 , cough, and hoarseness. Because of the hoarseness, @entity0 are often referred to an otolaryngologist. Complete resection provides the best chance for increased survival. Neutron beam radiotherapy holds promise for adjuvant therapy.

title: XXXX of the @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess how surgery affected the quality of life of @entity0 with @entity3 and to investigate possible predictors of the functional outcome following surgery. STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire based on the Glasgow Benefit Inventory was completed by @entity0 randomly selected following @entity3 surgery. SETTING: Skull base surgery unit of a university teaching hospital (tertiary referral center). @entity0 : Fifty-three @entity0 with @entity1 (follow-up, 1 to 3 y). RESULTS: With regard to overall quality of life, nine @entity0 (17.4%) reported that it became better, 28 @entity0 (53.8%) worse, and 15 @entity0 (28.8%) that it remained the same. Four @entity0 (7.8%) became better off financially, 15 @entity0 (29.4%) worse, and 32 (62.8%) remained unchanged. Forty-one @entity0 (78.8%) did not change their occupation, and 11 (21.2%) had to change their occupation, mainly because of the adverse effects of the operation. With regard to the age at operation, older @entity0 were found to have better overall quality of life. Moreover, younger @entity0 had worse postoperative financial @entity2 and they were more likely to change their occupation after the operation. The @entity1 size did not significantly affect the overall postoperative quality, but it did affect the postoperative financial @entity2 ( @entity0 with @entity1 were more likely to have worse postoperative financial @entity2 ). CONCLUSION: @entity3 surgery has a significant impact on @entity0 ' overall quality of life. Surgeons proposing to operate on small @entity1 should not assume that the impact on @entity0 ' life will be necessarily less than that following the @entity1 . All @entity0 , especially in the younger age group, should be prepared and thoroughly informed about the consequences of the operation on their quality of life.

title: Quality of life after XXXX surgery.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Because of increasing resistance to older antimicrobial agents, newer drugs need to be evaluated for the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections (SSSIs). This double-masked, randomized, comparative, multicenter study enrolled @entity0 aged 13 years or older with SSSIs to receive either cefdinir 300 mg @entity2 or @entity3 500 mg QID for 10 days. Nine hundred fifty-two @entity0 (474 in the cefdinir group and 478 in the @entity3 group) took part, primarily white males between 18 and 65 years of age. There were two follow-up visits, with efficacy determined at the test-of-cure visit, 7 to 16 days posttherapy. Many @entity0 were not microbiologically assessable, primarily because of negative cultures at study admission. @entity0 who required surgical intervention (e.g., incision and drainage) at the site of infection more than 24 hours after the initiation of drug therapy were defined as treatment failures. Significantly more isolated pathogens were resistant to @entity3 than to cefdinir. In the 178 efficacy-assessable cefdinir-treated @entity0 , the rate of pathogen eradication was 93% (200/215), and the rate of successful clinical response was 88% (157/178), compared with 89% (221/247) and 87% (177/204), respectively, in the 204 efficacy-assessable @entity3 -treated @entity0 . Using confidence-interval analysis, the microbiologic and clinical response rates of the cefdinir-treated @entity0 were statistically equivalent to those of the @entity3 -treated @entity0 . At the follow-up visits, @entity0 were questioned about any adverse events occurring since their previous visit. Any untoward symptom occurring during or within 2 days after completion of drug treatment was considered an adverse reaction if the investigator judged it to be definitely, probably, or possibly related to the study drug. One hundred twenty-three (26%) cefdinir-treated @entity0 and 77 (16%) @entity3 -treated @entity0 experienced at least one adverse reaction, a statistically significant difference. Study drug was discontinued for adverse reactions in 20 (4%) cefdinir-treated @entity0 and 13 (3%) @entity3 -treated @entity0 ; in the two groups, 10 and 7 @entity0 , respectively, were discontinued for @entity1 . Cefdinir taken @entity2 was as effective as @entity3 taken QID in the treatment of mild-to-moderate SSSIs and was well tolerated by most @entity0 . The increased antibacterial activity of cefdinir must be balanced against the higher rate of @entity1 seen in @entity0 treated with this drug.

title: Cefdinir versus XXXX for the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections. The Cefdinir Adult Skin Infection Study Group.

answer: @entity3


abstract: 2-4% of @entity5 need operative reconstruction. In polytraumatized @entity0 the rate is even 10%. Arterial vascular repair should precede venous reconstruction and orthopaedic stabilization due to limb threatening @entity1 . Penetration or blunt @entity6 result either in acute @entity3 , @entity1 or compartmental compression. Reperfusion syndrome leads to vital threat of @entity0 . Clinical assessment, measurement of limb pressures using a Doppler device and use of duplex ultrasonography are reliable adjuncts in the rapid evaluation. Arteriography is rarely indicated and should be spared for @entity0 with abnormal physical examination. Minimizing @entity1 (6-8 h) is an important factor in maximizing limb salvage. Vascular repair include direct @entity4 or lateral suture repair mostly combined with primary shortening of the extremity. In most cases autogenous vein graft is required. Rethrombosis, @entity7 and @entity8 are possible complications. Stabilisation of the @entity2 has priority over vascular reconstruction. The initial steps to success are surgical debridement, adequate bony stabilization mostly by external fixation, revascularisation of @entity5 , @entity9 and early soft-tissue reconstruction. The best results are obtained when a multidisciplinary approach is used combining expertise in orthopedic surgery, vascular surgery and plastic surgery.

title: [Traumatic peripheral XXXX ].

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity0 spermatozoa are composed of specialized cytoskeletal elements, which appear to have no structural or protein counterparts in somatic cells. Most evident are the outer dense fibres ( @entity2 ) and @entity1 ( @entity1 ) of the sperm tail and the perinuclear theca (PT) of the sperm head. The purpose of this study is to review our results on the occurrence and assembly of proteins making up these three elements during spermatogenesis. Our approach was to raise antibodies against the prominent proteins of these elements and to immunolocalize them on testicular sections prepared for histological and ultrastructural analyses. We found that all of the cytoskeletal proteins considered were expressed exclusively during the haploid phase of development and that the proteins of each element had similar if not identical patterns of expression. The PT proteins were synthesized in the first half of spermiogenesis and were associated with acrosome formation, while the @entity2 and @entity1 proteins were synthesized in the second half of spermiogenesis. The @entity2 proteins assembled in a proximal-distal direction along the length of the axoneme, while the @entity1 proteins assembled in the opposite direction; both assemblies eventually meeting and overlapping within the periaxonemal cytoplasmic compartment. During assembly the @entity2 proteins appeared to be temporarily stored in granulated bodies of the cytoplasmic lobe, while the @entity1 proteins were randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. In the case of the PT, there appeared to be an interdependence between PT assembly and acrosome formation. The developmental protein distribution patterns observed for each of the elements suggest unique cellular targeting mechanisms adapted by the spermatid to regulate the assemblies of the respective cytoskeletal proteins.

title: Occurrence and formation of cytoskeletal proteins in XXXX spermatozoa.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Reliable reporting of chemotherapy-induced @entity3 is important. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the differences in the peripheral @entity3 sections of several widely used chemotherapy-related @entity1 grading systems, and the differences in the way in which observers interpret these scales. @entity0 AND METHODS: Two neurologists independently rated the severity of chemotherapy-induced @entity2 , according to WHO, ECOG, Ajani, and NCIC-CTC criteria in 37 @entity0 . RESULTS: The highest percentage grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3 peripheral @entity3 was noted when employing the WHO, Ajani and NCIC-CTC scales, respectively. Percentage inter-observer agreement across all grades of severity ranged from 45.9 (NCIC-CTC) to 83.8 (WHO). The degree of agreement varied from 'poor to fair' to 'substantial'. Percentage inter-observer agreement for the dichotomy grade < or = 2 and grade 3 ranged from 81.1 (NCIC-CTC) to 94.6 (Ajani and WHO), however, exact agreement on grade 3 peripheral @entity3 ranged from 0 (Ajani and WHO) to 42% (NCIC-CTC). Percentage interscale agreement for the dichotomy grade < or = 2 and grade 3 varied from 67.6 (WHO and NCIC-CTC) to 100 (WHO and ECOG). Interobserver disagreement of severity grading was partly due to different interpretation of scale parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that caution should be used in interpreting results across studies using different scales for @entity3 grading in chemotherapy-related @entity2 . When (multicentre) trials are to be undertaken with potential @entity3 or neuroprotective agents, consensus should be sought regarding the @entity1 rating scale used, and its interpretation by participating physicians.

title: Pitfalls in grading severity of chemotherapy-induced XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: During studies to develop serum tests of small intestinal permeability, we detected an unidentified disaccharide in HPLC traces of sera from untreated celiacs. This present study aimed to identify the disaccharide and determine whether the presence of the disaccharide in the serum after an oral challenge had potential as a simple screening test for celiac disease. The @entity2 was identified as @entity0 by incubation studies of sera with disaccharidases. Twenty untreated celiacs, 15 treated celiacs, and 20 normal or dyspeptic controls were studied for the presence of @entity0 in their serum after an oral load (8 g). The results in celiacs were compared with the presence of serum IgA endomysial antibodies. The 10 normal controls were also given a larger @entity0 challenge (50 g). Ten of the untreated celiacs and 10 controls had their brush border disaccharidase activities measured. @entity0 eluted in the same position as the unidentified disaccharide in the HPLC trace and the latter could be removed by incubation with sucrase. All untreated celiacs but none of the treated celiacs had @entity0 in their serum after the 8-g oral challenge. None of the controls had @entity0 in their serum after the 8-g or 50-g challenges. Three untreated celiacs were IgA endomysial antibody negative as were all the treated cases. Brush border sucrase activity was low in @entity1 . The presence of @entity0 in the serum after an oral load shows promise as a noninvasive test for celiac disease.

title: Sucrosemia in XXXX : a potential screening test.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In our @entity2 clinic, all @entity0 older than 6 years perform spirometry at each visit just before being seen by the health care team. Upon review, we determined that our perceived rationale for this practice was that the medical history fails to detect deterioration in a sizable minority of @entity0 whose pulmonary decline can be detected by spirometry. Furthermore, the literature and our own experience indicates that physical examination frequently will not detect changes in pulmonary status until the changes are advanced. As part of an ongoing quality/cost assessment, we decided to challenge our rationale for performing routine spirometry. Using standard methodology, we developed a six-item Likert style questionnaire, the purpose of which was to assess perceived changes in @entity1 since the last clinic visit. The questionnaire had an acceptable degree of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92), although the question about sputum production showed the least correlation with responses to other items. We administered the questionnaire to 103 consecutive different @entity0 and examined the association between reported changes in symptoms and actual changes in spirometric outcomes. Overall, there was a statistically significant, but clinically weak association between symptom scores and change in FEV1, r2 = 0.16, P < 0.001. Twenty-three @entity0 had a decline in FEV1 of > or = 10% from one clinic visit to the next. Depending on the method used to place symptom scores into categories indicating that @entity1 were "worse," "same," or "better" than at the last clinic visit, 40-60% of these 23 @entity0 indicated they felt the "same" or "better." We conclude that spirometry is a justifiable part of all clinic visits for @entity0 with @entity2 , assuming that one would want to detect and treat declines in pulmonary status before they become advanced.

title: The "worth" of routine spirometry in a XXXX clinic.

answer: @entity2