abstract: CONTEXT: The "Standards, Options and Recommendations" (SOR) project, which started in 1993, is a collaboration between the Federation of French Cancer Centers (FNCLCC), the 20 French @entity1 , and specialists from French public universities, general hospitals and private clinics. The main objective is the development of clinical practice guidelines to improve the quality of health care and the outcome of @entity1 @entity0 . OBJECTIVES: To define Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) for the diagnosis of @entity2 of unknown primary site. METHODS: The methodology is based on a literature review and critical appraisal by a multidisciplinary group of experts who define the CPGs according to the definitions of the Standards, Options and Recommendations project. Once the guidelines has been defined, the document is submitted for review by independent reviewers. RESULTS: The main recommendations for the diagnosis of @entity2 of unknown primary site are: 1) Diagnostic strategy should aim to identify anatomoclinical entities of @entity2 of unknown primary site for which there is a specific treatment. For other anatomoclinical entities, identification of the primary @entity1 has no impact on the prognostic or therapeutic consequences, thus a systematic complete assessment is unnecessary. 2) An immunohistochemical investigation for the diagnosis should be performed using an appropriate panel of specific antibodies. This should enable the diagnosis of @entity5 , @entity4 , @entity1 and @entity3 to be eliminated and the diagnosis of prostate, breast, ovary, @entity1 to be positively identified. 3) A sample can be frozen to enable typing, cytogenetic and, particularly, molecular biological studies to be performed later. 4) The clinician and pathologist should compare their opinions before and after the pathological diagnosis.

title: [Clinical practice guidelines: Standards, Options and Recommendations for the diagnosis of XXXX of unknown primary site].

answer: @entity2


abstract: The dopaminergic control of respiration in conscious and @entity6 -anaesthetized @entity0 , was studied by comparing the respiratory effects of @entity2 alone (4-AP; 1 mg/kg i.v.) and those after the administration of @entity1 antagonists ( @entity5 and @entity4 ; 1 mg/kg each). The respiratory rate in conscious @entity0 was increased by 4-AP. After @entity5 this increase was reduced and preceded by a transient decrease. In spontaneously @entity3 , anesthetized @entity0 there was a transient reduction after which the respiratory rate was increased by 4-AP; tidal volume was affected in an inverse manner. After @entity5 , the excitatory effect of 4-AP on respiratory rate and the inhibitory effect on tidal volume were blocked. The effects of 4-AP on respiratory rate were prevented by vagotomy. In anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated @entity0 (VPV animals) the peak amplitude of the integrated phrenic nerve activity ("phrenic activity') was increased by 4-AP. After pretreatment with @entity4 this effect of 4-AP on phrenic activity was reduced while the respiratory rate was now increased. In VPV animals with denervated carotid bodies the excitatory effect of 4-AP on phrenic activity was strongly enhanced and respiratory rate was increased. These effects were slightly reduced but not blocked by @entity4 . It is concluded that endogenous @entity1 is involved in the control of respiration through effects on peripheral mechanisms (inhibition of inspiratory activity and enhancement of respiratory rate) as well as on central mechanisms (stimulation of inspiratory activity and reduction of respiratory rate).

title: Dopaminergic control of respiration as shown by effects of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Obesity is characterized by increased leptin levels and insulin resistance, whereas blunted GH secretion is paired with normal, low, or high plasma @entity2 levels. To investigate body composition in @entity0 @entity1 and the interactions among the GH- @entity2 axis, leptin, and insulin resistance [measured with the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score], we studied 15 obese females, aged 23-54 yr (mean age, 42.7 +/- 2.6), with a body mass index (BMI) of 44.02 +/- 1.45 kg/m(2), who underwent treatment by biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), before and after surgery (16-24 months; BMI, 28.29 +/- 0.89 kg/m(2)). Our controls were 15 normal females, aged 28-54 yr (mean age, 40.8 +/- 2.3 yr), with a BMI of 27.52 +/- 0.53 kg/m(2). Insulin and leptin levels and HOMA scores were higher pre-BPD than in the controls. The GH response to @entity5 was blunted, with a GH peak and GH area under the curve (AUC) significantly lower than those in controls. @entity2 and @entity4 ( @entity4 ) were also lower than control values. After surgery, BMI, fat mass, lean body mass, HOMA, insulin, and leptin significantly decreased. Furthermore, the GH response to @entity5 severely increased; @entity2 and @entity4 levels did not significantly vary. Considering all subjects, correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation between insulin and leptin, and a negative correlation between insulin and GH peak and between insulin and GH AUC. Regression analysis performed grouping pre- and post-BPD indicated that leptin and GH peak or AUC could best be predicted from insulin levels. The surgical treatment of severe @entity1 after stabilization of body weight decreases BMI and fat mass while preserving normal lean body mass as well as positively influencing insulin sensitivity and thus aiding the normalization of leptin levels. The insulin reduction may be mainly involved in the increase in the GH response to @entity5 through various possible central and peripheral mechanisms while decreasing the peripheral sensitivity to GH itself, as shown by the stable nature of the @entity2 and @entity4 values. Our findings suggest that the changes in insulin levels are the starting point for changes in both leptin levels and the @entity3 after BPD.

title: Growth hormone secretion and leptin in morbid XXXX before and after biliopancreatic diversion: relationships with insulin and body composition.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluated clinical outcomes in @entity0 with pathological microscopic (pT3a) and gross (pT3b) extravesical @entity1 extension with @entity3 ( @entity3 ) of the bladder following radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 236 @entity0 , including 173 males (73%) and 63 females, underwent radical cystectomy for pathological primary @entity2 with extravesical extension (pT3), of whom 69 (29%) had pT3a and 167 (71%) had pT3b disease. At a median followup of 8.9 years (range 0 to 19.4) lymph node involvement, local and distant recurrences, and clinical outcomes were determined. RESULTS: Of the 236 @entity0 with pT3 @entity1 106 (45%) had lymph node positive disease, including 34 of 69 (49%) with pT3a and 72 of 167 (43%) with pT3b disease. The 10-year recurrence-free survival rate for @entity0 with pT3a @entity1 was 48% compared with 47% for those with pT3b disease (p = 0.89). Recurrence-free survival was significantly better in @entity0 with lymph node negative disease than in those with positive lymph nodes irrespective of the extent of extravesical involvement (pT3a vs pT3b). Local pelvic recurrence developed in 13 of the 236 @entity0 (6%), while 84 (36%) had distant metastatic disease. Of the @entity0 with recurrence, the type of recurrence (local or distant) was not associated with @entity1 stage (pT3a vs pT3b, p = 0.71). Lymph node involvement was a significant risk factor for distant @entity1 recurrence (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Differentiating between microscopic (pT3a) and gross (pT3b) extravesical @entity1 involvement of @entity3 as outlined in the revised 1997 TNM staging system does not appear to have prognostic significance.

title: Microscopic and gross extravesical extension in pathological staging of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: While the distribution of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) has been well studied in @entity0 , scant literature is available concerning @entity2 in @entity0 . We characterized any relationship between @entity2 and @entity4 ( @entity4 ). We also characterized other factors that could impact bladder emptying, including oral @entity3 replacement therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria were at least 2 clinic visits and no antimicrobial prophylaxis in the last year. @entity0 with a history of @entity1 or cystocele were excluded. In a 17-month period 204 @entity0 met inclusion criteria. @entity2 was measured by catheterized specimen. @entity0 were categorized into groups by @entity4 history, namely 94 of those with no UTIs in the last year (group 1) and 110 with 1 or more documented UTIs in the last year (group 2). Factors that could affect bladder emptying were tested for the impact on @entity2 . RESULTS: Mean @entity2 in the study group was 53.13 ml. The mean @entity2 in groups 1 and 2 was 33 and 70.25 ml, respectively. The difference between these 2 groups was significant (p <0.0001). @entity3 status data were available on 186 @entity0 . The 62 @entity0 on @entity3 replacement therapy had a mean @entity2 of 39.33 ml. The 124 @entity0 not on @entity3 replacement therapy had a mean @entity2 of 66.67 ml. The difference between these 2 groups was significant (p = 0.002) and independent of @entity4 history. CONCLUSIONS: Of elderly @entity0 those with high @entity2 were more likely to have recurrent UTIs. Improved bladder function was documented in @entity0 receiving oral @entity3 replacement therapy.

title: Residual urine in an elderly female population: novel implications for oral XXXX replacement and impact on recurrent @entity4 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: While the distribution of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) has been well studied in @entity0 , scant literature is available concerning @entity2 in @entity0 . We characterized any relationship between @entity2 and @entity4 ( @entity4 ). We also characterized other factors that could impact bladder emptying, including oral @entity3 replacement therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria were at least 2 clinic visits and no antimicrobial prophylaxis in the last year. @entity0 with a history of @entity1 or cystocele were excluded. In a 17-month period 204 @entity0 met inclusion criteria. @entity2 was measured by catheterized specimen. @entity0 were categorized into groups by @entity4 history, namely 94 of those with no UTIs in the last year (group 1) and 110 with 1 or more documented UTIs in the last year (group 2). Factors that could affect bladder emptying were tested for the impact on @entity2 . RESULTS: Mean @entity2 in the study group was 53.13 ml. The mean @entity2 in groups 1 and 2 was 33 and 70.25 ml, respectively. The difference between these 2 groups was significant (p <0.0001). @entity3 status data were available on 186 @entity0 . The 62 @entity0 on @entity3 replacement therapy had a mean @entity2 of 39.33 ml. The 124 @entity0 not on @entity3 replacement therapy had a mean @entity2 of 66.67 ml. The difference between these 2 groups was significant (p = 0.002) and independent of @entity4 history. CONCLUSIONS: Of elderly @entity0 those with high @entity2 were more likely to have recurrent UTIs. Improved bladder function was documented in @entity0 receiving oral @entity3 replacement therapy.

title: Residual urine in an elderly female population: novel implications for oral @entity3 replacement and impact on recurrent XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: The @entity3 can cause secondary phimosis, recurrent @entity4 and social embarrassment. We report our results using a simplified technique for repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 83 consecutive @entity0 undergoing @entity3 repair between March 1995 and March 2001 was performed. Indications for surgery included recurrent @entity4 , secondary phimosis, difficulty holding the penis during voiding, spraying of the urinary stream, or parental or @entity0 concern for social embarrassment. The technique involves fixation of the subcutaneous penile skin at the base of the degloved penis to Buck's fascia of the penile shaft at the 3 and 9 o'clock positions. RESULTS: For the 79 @entity0 included in the study average followup was 4.4 years. Group 1 consisted of 26 @entity0 who underwent circumcision at the time of @entity3 repair. Six @entity0 had @entity1 and 13 had penoscrotal webbing that was repaired simultaneously. Three @entity0 (11.5%) had recurrent @entity3 that required a repeat procedure and 1 (3.8%) required revision of the circumcision only. Three @entity0 (11.5%) with penoscrotal webbing had mild recurrence requiring no further treatment. Group 2 consisted of 49 @entity0 who underwent revision of the circumcision at the time of @entity3 repair. Seven @entity0 (14.3%) had mild recurrence that did not require further treatment. Group 3 consisted of 4 @entity0 who underwent liposuction at the time of @entity3 repair. One @entity0 experienced @entity2 of the ventral distal shaft skin, which required subsequent excision. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity3 repair is a simple and effective outpatient procedure with few complications and recurrences. It can be used as a primary or secondary procedure and affords good cosmetic results.

title: Results of a simplified technique for XXXX repair.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of @entity1 and appendectomy in Norway from 1990 to 2001. METHODS: Data were compiled from the Norwegian @entity0 Registry based on ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for @entity1 and appendectomy. Re-admissions after appendectomy were selected based on institution and allocation numbers for hospitalisation. RESULTS: Age-adjusted incidence rates for appendectomy were 117 per 100 000 for @entity0 and 116 per 100 000 for @entity0 . Incidence rates were highest among @entity0 aged 10-29. Diagnostic accuracy increased from 81% to 86% in @entity0 and from 60% to 71% in @entity0 over the study period. Perforation ratio increased from 12% to 21% in @entity0 and from 9% to 17% in @entity0 . Appendectomy by laparoscopic technique increased during 1998 to 2001 from 5% to 10% of cases for @entity0 and from 9% to 15% of cases for @entity0 . The proportion of laparoscopic appendectomy was considerably higher in two counties (50% and 28% in 2000-2001). Length of hospital stay was shorter after laparoscopy (median two days) than after open surgery (median three days), with no difference in the rate of re-admission of 4%. INTERPRETATION: Diagnostic accuracy and perforation ratio increased over the 1990s. @entity0 operated upon with laparoscopic technique had shorter hospital stays and the same re-admission rate compared to @entity0 undergoing conventional surgery. Though the proportion of appendectomies done by laparoscopy doubled from 1998 to 2001, the procedure is not in commonly use in Norway.

title: [ XXXX and appendectomy in Norway 1990-2001].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Radiotherapy as well as endoscopic laser surgery as the most widely used treatment modalities for @entity4 @entity2 cause minor morbidity and negligible mortality and result in more or less comparable, excellent cure and larynx preservation rates. Therefore, other outcome measures such as voice-related problems and health status are important factors in the choice of treatment for @entity4 @entity1 . The present study focuses on voice-related problems in the daily life of @entity0 treated by radiotherapy or endoscopic laser surgery for @entity4 @entity1 . Self ratings on health status assessed by means of COOP/WONCA health status charts and voice problems evaluated with a validated voice-specific questionnaire (the Voice Handicap Index) and overall judgment on @entity3 were obtained. A total of 102 @entity0 (56 treated by endoscopic laser surgery and 46 treated by radiotherapy) with at least 1-year follow-up were included. Response scores were high: 52 (93%) @entity0 after endoscopic laser surgery versus 40 (87%) @entity0 after radiation therapy completed and returned the questionnaires. A high percentage of @entity0 reported voice problems in daily life: 58% of the @entity0 following radiotherapy and 40% of the @entity0 following endoscopic treatment had abnormal VHI scores. The difference between both treatment modalities proved to be significant. No significant differences were found concerning health status or overall judgment of @entity3 . Moderate correlations were found between total VHI score and @entity3 judgment and the COOP/WONCA social activities chart. This study reveals that treatment for @entity4 @entity1 often does result in voice problems in daily life, negatively influencing @entity0 social activities. @entity0 selected for endoscopic laser surgery on average report fewer voice-related problems than those who underwent radiotherapy.

title: Health status and voice outcome after treatment for XXXX @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Radiotherapy as well as endoscopic laser surgery as the most widely used treatment modalities for @entity4 @entity2 cause minor morbidity and negligible mortality and result in more or less comparable, excellent cure and larynx preservation rates. Therefore, other outcome measures such as voice-related problems and health status are important factors in the choice of treatment for @entity4 @entity1 . The present study focuses on voice-related problems in the daily life of @entity0 treated by radiotherapy or endoscopic laser surgery for @entity4 @entity1 . Self ratings on health status assessed by means of COOP/WONCA health status charts and voice problems evaluated with a validated voice-specific questionnaire (the Voice Handicap Index) and overall judgment on @entity3 were obtained. A total of 102 @entity0 (56 treated by endoscopic laser surgery and 46 treated by radiotherapy) with at least 1-year follow-up were included. Response scores were high: 52 (93%) @entity0 after endoscopic laser surgery versus 40 (87%) @entity0 after radiation therapy completed and returned the questionnaires. A high percentage of @entity0 reported voice problems in daily life: 58% of the @entity0 following radiotherapy and 40% of the @entity0 following endoscopic treatment had abnormal VHI scores. The difference between both treatment modalities proved to be significant. No significant differences were found concerning health status or overall judgment of @entity3 . Moderate correlations were found between total VHI score and @entity3 judgment and the COOP/WONCA social activities chart. This study reveals that treatment for @entity4 @entity1 often does result in voice problems in daily life, negatively influencing @entity0 social activities. @entity0 selected for endoscopic laser surgery on average report fewer voice-related problems than those who underwent radiotherapy.

title: Health status and voice outcome after treatment for @entity4 XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: American bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana respond to @entity4 with changes in heart rate and blood pressure. These studies compare responses of warm (22 degrees C) and cold acclimated (5 degrees C) bullfrogs to @entity4 . Gas chromatographic analysis determined equivalent @entity2 profiles in total lipids of heart and artery tissue from warm and cold acclimated animals. @entity3 was the @entity2 precursor found in greatest abundance in both groups. For cardiovascular experiments, bullfrogs were cannulated by using a T-cannula implanted in the right sciatic artery. In warm acclimated bullfrogs, preinfusion systemic arterial pressure (SAP) was 14.7 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, and heart rate was 33.0 +/- 1.7 beats/min. Cold acclimated bullfrogs had SAP values of 8.0 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, and heart rate was 6.9 +/- 0.3 beats/min. Arachidonic and @entity8 infusions (2,000 micrograms/kg body weight [bw]) were @entity0 in cold acclimated and @entity1 in warm acclimated animals. These effects were blocked by @entity5 (4 mg/kg bw). In both warm and cold acclimated bullfrogs, @entity6 (3-100 micrograms/kg bw) was @entity0 , while @entity7 (0.03-3 micrograms/kg bw) was @entity1 , with both @entity4 stimulating a greater absolute response in warm acclimated animals. In addition, both @entity4 increased heart rate in warm but not in cold acclimated bullfrogs. The results suggest diminished cardiovascular sensitivity to @entity4 at low environmental temperatures.

title: Attenuated cardiovascular effects of XXXX and @entity6 in cold acclimated American bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana.

answer: @entity7


abstract: American bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana respond to @entity4 with changes in heart rate and blood pressure. These studies compare responses of warm (22 degrees C) and cold acclimated (5 degrees C) bullfrogs to @entity4 . Gas chromatographic analysis determined equivalent @entity2 profiles in total lipids of heart and artery tissue from warm and cold acclimated animals. @entity3 was the @entity2 precursor found in greatest abundance in both groups. For cardiovascular experiments, bullfrogs were cannulated by using a T-cannula implanted in the right sciatic artery. In warm acclimated bullfrogs, preinfusion systemic arterial pressure (SAP) was 14.7 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, and heart rate was 33.0 +/- 1.7 beats/min. Cold acclimated bullfrogs had SAP values of 8.0 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, and heart rate was 6.9 +/- 0.3 beats/min. Arachidonic and @entity8 infusions (2,000 micrograms/kg body weight [bw]) were @entity0 in cold acclimated and @entity1 in warm acclimated animals. These effects were blocked by @entity5 (4 mg/kg bw). In both warm and cold acclimated bullfrogs, @entity6 (3-100 micrograms/kg bw) was @entity0 , while @entity7 (0.03-3 micrograms/kg bw) was @entity1 , with both @entity4 stimulating a greater absolute response in warm acclimated animals. In addition, both @entity4 increased heart rate in warm but not in cold acclimated bullfrogs. The results suggest diminished cardiovascular sensitivity to @entity4 at low environmental temperatures.

title: Attenuated cardiovascular effects of @entity7 and XXXX in cold acclimated American bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: The concept of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) has recently been described. It is important to exclude @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity4 who develop distal @entity5 strictures. The aim of this study was to evaluate distal common @entity5 strictures in @entity4 @entity0 by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS), and contrast-enhanced EUS (ceEUS). METHODS: Five @entity0 with @entity4 , encountered from January 2000 through December 2001, underwent EUS, IDUS, and ceEUS, using Levovist as a contrast medium. EUS and ceEUS were used to follow changes in distal @entity5 strictures in three of these five @entity0 following a trial of @entity3 therapy. RESULTS: Of the five @entity0 , four had cholestatic biochemical profiles, three were positive for autoantibodies, and three had elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgG4. A diffusely enlarged pancreas, narrowing of the @entity4 ( @entity4 ), and strictured common @entity5 in the pancreatic head were features common to all @entity0 . Pretherapy EUS or IDUS imaging showed concentric wall thickening of the distal common @entity5 causing @entity5 stenosis. ceEUS showed diffuse strong enhancement of the thickened @entity5 wall, possibly due to @entity2 . After the @entity3 therapy, the stenotic lesions in both the @entity4 and distal common @entity5 were rapidly attenuated, with a decline in biochemical cholestatic enzymes and serum IgG or IgG4 levels. CONCLUSIONS: On EUS and IDUS imaging, concentric @entity5 wall thickening and its strong enhancement by Levovist was characteristic in @entity4 @entity0 .

title: Ultrasonographic evaluation in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: The concept of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) has recently been described. It is important to exclude @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity4 who develop distal @entity5 strictures. The aim of this study was to evaluate distal common @entity5 strictures in @entity4 @entity0 by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS), and contrast-enhanced EUS (ceEUS). METHODS: Five @entity0 with @entity4 , encountered from January 2000 through December 2001, underwent EUS, IDUS, and ceEUS, using Levovist as a contrast medium. EUS and ceEUS were used to follow changes in distal @entity5 strictures in three of these five @entity0 following a trial of @entity3 therapy. RESULTS: Of the five @entity0 , four had cholestatic biochemical profiles, three were positive for autoantibodies, and three had elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgG4. A diffusely enlarged pancreas, narrowing of the @entity4 ( @entity4 ), and strictured common @entity5 in the pancreatic head were features common to all @entity0 . Pretherapy EUS or IDUS imaging showed concentric wall thickening of the distal common @entity5 causing @entity5 stenosis. ceEUS showed diffuse strong enhancement of the thickened @entity5 wall, possibly due to @entity2 . After the @entity3 therapy, the stenotic lesions in both the @entity4 and distal common @entity5 were rapidly attenuated, with a decline in biochemical cholestatic enzymes and serum IgG or IgG4 levels. CONCLUSIONS: On EUS and IDUS imaging, concentric @entity5 wall thickening and its strong enhancement by Levovist was characteristic in @entity4 @entity0 .

title: Ultrasonographic evaluation in XXXX with @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: A 59-year-old @entity0 with bloody stools, and previously diagnosed with sigmoid @entity5 , visited our hospital. Preoperative abdominal ultrasonography (US) showed another @entity1 , with an uneven irregular surface, measuring about 9 x 5 cm, below the left hypochondrium. The @entity1 consisted of several cysts. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a multicystic @entity1 attached to the stomach, and its septum and marginal region were intensely stained on contrast imaging. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), low and markedly high signals were revealed in the @entity1 on T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequences, respectively. Contrast imaging of the upper digestive tract showed extramural compression of the greater curvature of the antral stomach by the @entity1 . The @entity1 was partially imaged by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), but continuity to the stomach was not confirmed. On abdominal angiography, the @entity1 was slightly stained via the @entity3 . Surgical treatment was performed to excise both the @entity2 and the sigmoid @entity5 . The @entity2 was removed with gastric wall tissue where the @entity1 was attached to a 2-cm pedicle. It was multicystic, contained watery fluid, and had a smooth outer surface. Histologically, the @entity1 consisted of multiple irregular cysts without epithelial lining, and solid epitheloid cell nests in between. The @entity1 cells had clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm and round nuclei. No mitotic figures were seen. The @entity1 cells in the pedicle were connected with the muscularis propriae of the stomach. Immunohistochemistry showed c-kit-positive, @entity6 -positive smooth muscle actin (SMA)-negative, and S-100-negative staining of @entity1 cells. The final diagnosis was @entity4 ( @entity4 ).

title: Exophytic pedunculated XXXX with remarkable cystic change.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The alpha-like and beta-like globin genes have provided a paradigm for the study of molecular evolution and regulation of multigene families in eukaryotes. The @entity0 @entity6 gene cluster, which is on chromosome 16 (ref. 1), consists of six genes arranged in the order 5'-zeta(embryonic)-psi zeta-psi alpha 2-psi alpha 1-alpha 2(adult)-alpha 1(adult)-3'. DNA sequencing data have demonstrated that zeta (ref. 6) and alpha 2 (or alpha 1, refs 7-9) are the embryonic and adult genes, respectively, while psi zeta (ref. 6), psi alpha 2 (ref. 5) psi alpha 1 (ref. 10) are all inactive pseudogenes. Restriction mapping analysis has shown that the structure of this locus in several anthropoid primates is nearly identical to that of the @entity0 . Recently, we have isolated the adult @entity6 gene region from @entity7 , @entity5 and @entity4 by molecular cloning. We report here the complete @entity1 sequence of a gene located immediately downstream from the adult alpha 1-globin gene of the @entity7 , along with its flanking DNA. We designate this gene as theta 1, and show that it contains the essential sequence elements required for an expressive gene. The putative polypeptide is 141 @entity3 long, identical to that of the alpha- or @entity8 , but its predicted @entity2 sequence is nearly as different from the @entity7 @entity6 (55 differences) as the @entity0 @entity8 is from the @entity0 @entity6 (59 differences), suggesting an ancient history for the @entity9 gene. Results of blot hybridization experiments using the cloned @entity7 theta 1 gene sequence as probe demonstrate a similar alpha 2-alpha 1-theta 1 linkage map existing in the @entity0 genome. Furthermore, multiple copies of sequences homologous to the theta 1 gene are detected in both @entity0 and @entity7 . These results cast a new light on the primate @entity6 gene family, and have intriguing implications for the existence of previously unreported, functional globin-like gene(s) in the primate genomes.

title: Sequence organization and genomic complexity of primate @entity9 gene, a novel XXXX -like gene.

answer: @entity6


abstract: The alpha-like and beta-like globin genes have provided a paradigm for the study of molecular evolution and regulation of multigene families in eukaryotes. The @entity0 @entity6 gene cluster, which is on chromosome 16 (ref. 1), consists of six genes arranged in the order 5'-zeta(embryonic)-psi zeta-psi alpha 2-psi alpha 1-alpha 2(adult)-alpha 1(adult)-3'. DNA sequencing data have demonstrated that zeta (ref. 6) and alpha 2 (or alpha 1, refs 7-9) are the embryonic and adult genes, respectively, while psi zeta (ref. 6), psi alpha 2 (ref. 5) psi alpha 1 (ref. 10) are all inactive pseudogenes. Restriction mapping analysis has shown that the structure of this locus in several anthropoid primates is nearly identical to that of the @entity0 . Recently, we have isolated the adult @entity6 gene region from @entity7 , @entity5 and @entity4 by molecular cloning. We report here the complete @entity1 sequence of a gene located immediately downstream from the adult alpha 1-globin gene of the @entity7 , along with its flanking DNA. We designate this gene as theta 1, and show that it contains the essential sequence elements required for an expressive gene. The putative polypeptide is 141 @entity3 long, identical to that of the alpha- or @entity8 , but its predicted @entity2 sequence is nearly as different from the @entity7 @entity6 (55 differences) as the @entity0 @entity8 is from the @entity0 @entity6 (59 differences), suggesting an ancient history for the @entity9 gene. Results of blot hybridization experiments using the cloned @entity7 theta 1 gene sequence as probe demonstrate a similar alpha 2-alpha 1-theta 1 linkage map existing in the @entity0 genome. Furthermore, multiple copies of sequences homologous to the theta 1 gene are detected in both @entity0 and @entity7 . These results cast a new light on the primate @entity6 gene family, and have intriguing implications for the existence of previously unreported, functional globin-like gene(s) in the primate genomes.

title: Sequence organization and genomic complexity of primate XXXX gene, a novel @entity6 -like gene.

answer: @entity9


abstract: The nuclear gene sequences encoding RBCS, the small subunit of @entity5 carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) from several plants show extensive interspecific divergence but little intraspecific divergence, suggesting that these genes are evolving in concert within a genome. In this study, the @entity1 sequences of two @entity2 ( @entity2 ) RBCS genes and a cDNA clone containing the entire coding region of a third @entity2 RBCS gene were determined. The three genes, designated Rbcs-1, @entity6 , and Rbcs-3A, each belong to a different one of the three RBCS loci in the @entity2 genome. The @entity1 sequence of Rbcs-1 differs from that of @entity6 and Rbcs-3A by 13.9% and 13.1%, respectively. @entity6 and Rbcs-3A differ from each other by 10.7%. A recently published RBCS gene sequence from @entity0 ( @entity0 ) [Mazur, B. J. _ Chui, C.-F. (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 2373-2386] differs by 10.6% and 11.3% from @entity6 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, and by 15.0% from Rbcs-1. Thus the @entity0 gene seems to be phylogenetically as closely related to the @entity2 genes @entity6 and Rbcs-3A as the latter two are to each other, and more closely related to them than Rbcs-1 is. However, the mature part of the polypeptide encoded by the @entity0 RBCS gene differs by five and six @entity4 from the corresponding region in the polypeptides encoded by @entity6 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, while these two @entity2 RBCS polypeptides differ from each other in the mature part by a single @entity3 . Rbcs-1, whose @entity1 sequence shows higher divergence from both the @entity0 RBCS gene and @entity6 and Rbcs-3A, encodes a polypeptide whose mature part differs by eight @entity4 from the corresponding region in the @entity0 polypeptide but only by three and four @entity4 from the corresponding regions of @entity6 - and Rbcs-3A-encoded polypeptides, respectively. Thus, it appears that in the @entity2 selection has maintained near uniformity of the coding information in the portion of the RBCS genes encoding the mature polypeptides.

title: Evidence for selection as a mechanism in the concerted evolution of XXXX ( @entity2 ) genes encoding the small subunit of @entity5 carboxylase/oxygenase.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The nuclear gene sequences encoding RBCS, the small subunit of @entity5 carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) from several plants show extensive interspecific divergence but little intraspecific divergence, suggesting that these genes are evolving in concert within a genome. In this study, the @entity1 sequences of two @entity2 ( @entity2 ) RBCS genes and a cDNA clone containing the entire coding region of a third @entity2 RBCS gene were determined. The three genes, designated Rbcs-1, @entity6 , and Rbcs-3A, each belong to a different one of the three RBCS loci in the @entity2 genome. The @entity1 sequence of Rbcs-1 differs from that of @entity6 and Rbcs-3A by 13.9% and 13.1%, respectively. @entity6 and Rbcs-3A differ from each other by 10.7%. A recently published RBCS gene sequence from @entity0 ( @entity0 ) [Mazur, B. J. _ Chui, C.-F. (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 2373-2386] differs by 10.6% and 11.3% from @entity6 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, and by 15.0% from Rbcs-1. Thus the @entity0 gene seems to be phylogenetically as closely related to the @entity2 genes @entity6 and Rbcs-3A as the latter two are to each other, and more closely related to them than Rbcs-1 is. However, the mature part of the polypeptide encoded by the @entity0 RBCS gene differs by five and six @entity4 from the corresponding region in the polypeptides encoded by @entity6 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, while these two @entity2 RBCS polypeptides differ from each other in the mature part by a single @entity3 . Rbcs-1, whose @entity1 sequence shows higher divergence from both the @entity0 RBCS gene and @entity6 and Rbcs-3A, encodes a polypeptide whose mature part differs by eight @entity4 from the corresponding region in the @entity0 polypeptide but only by three and four @entity4 from the corresponding regions of @entity6 - and Rbcs-3A-encoded polypeptides, respectively. Thus, it appears that in the @entity2 selection has maintained near uniformity of the coding information in the portion of the RBCS genes encoding the mature polypeptides.

title: Evidence for selection as a mechanism in the concerted evolution of @entity2 ( XXXX ) genes encoding the small subunit of @entity5 carboxylase/oxygenase.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The nuclear gene sequences encoding RBCS, the small subunit of @entity5 carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) from several plants show extensive interspecific divergence but little intraspecific divergence, suggesting that these genes are evolving in concert within a genome. In this study, the @entity1 sequences of two @entity2 ( @entity2 ) RBCS genes and a cDNA clone containing the entire coding region of a third @entity2 RBCS gene were determined. The three genes, designated Rbcs-1, @entity6 , and Rbcs-3A, each belong to a different one of the three RBCS loci in the @entity2 genome. The @entity1 sequence of Rbcs-1 differs from that of @entity6 and Rbcs-3A by 13.9% and 13.1%, respectively. @entity6 and Rbcs-3A differ from each other by 10.7%. A recently published RBCS gene sequence from @entity0 ( @entity0 ) [Mazur, B. J. _ Chui, C.-F. (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 2373-2386] differs by 10.6% and 11.3% from @entity6 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, and by 15.0% from Rbcs-1. Thus the @entity0 gene seems to be phylogenetically as closely related to the @entity2 genes @entity6 and Rbcs-3A as the latter two are to each other, and more closely related to them than Rbcs-1 is. However, the mature part of the polypeptide encoded by the @entity0 RBCS gene differs by five and six @entity4 from the corresponding region in the polypeptides encoded by @entity6 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, while these two @entity2 RBCS polypeptides differ from each other in the mature part by a single @entity3 . Rbcs-1, whose @entity1 sequence shows higher divergence from both the @entity0 RBCS gene and @entity6 and Rbcs-3A, encodes a polypeptide whose mature part differs by eight @entity4 from the corresponding region in the @entity0 polypeptide but only by three and four @entity4 from the corresponding regions of @entity6 - and Rbcs-3A-encoded polypeptides, respectively. Thus, it appears that in the @entity2 selection has maintained near uniformity of the coding information in the portion of the RBCS genes encoding the mature polypeptides.

title: Evidence for selection as a mechanism in the concerted evolution of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) genes encoding the small subunit of XXXX carboxylase/oxygenase.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Evidence for the existence of @entity0 @entity3 agents besides HAV and @entity2 is compelling. Transmitted predominantly by transfusion and percutaneous inoculation, the type of NANB @entity3 encountered most frequently is epidemiologically similar to type B @entity3 . NANB @entity3 accounts for more than 90% of TAH, but can be transmitted by nonpercutaneous routes as well. Approximately 15 to 30% of @entity3 cases are attributable by serologic exclusion to NANB @entity3 agents, and, in addition, there is an epidemic form of NANB @entity3 that resembles @entity3 epidemiologically in its transmission by the enteric route. Clinical features of the predominantly percutaneously transmitted forms of NANB @entity3 are similar to those of @entity5 , but tend to be less severe during acute illness, on the one hand, but to lead more frequently to @entity6 , on the other; 40 to 60% of @entity0 with TAH have chronic elevations of aminotransferase activity, often in an episodic, fluctuating pattern. CAH can be identified histologically in a majority of @entity0 with chronic NANB TAH. Despite a relatively quiescent course, progression of such chronic cases may be quite insidious; @entity1 occurs in 10 to 20% of @entity0 with @entity6 after acute TAH. The frequency of @entity4 after nonpercutaneously acquired sporadic NANB @entity3 tends to be lower, on the order of 10% or less, and @entity6 has not been recorded after the epidemic type of NANB @entity3 . Evidence supports the existence of an asymptomatic @entity6 carrier state that is several-fold more frequent than the chronic @entity2 carrier state. Neither viruses nor virus markers have been described that fulfill accepted criteria reproducibly for a specific causal association with NANB @entity3 ; on the other hand, evidence suggests (but does not prove) the existence of two different blood-borne NANB @entity3 agents and, in addition, an enterically transmitted NANB @entity3 agent. Effective therapy for and immunoprophylaxis against NANB @entity3 are lacking. Until specific screening tests are developed, interim screening based on indirect, nonvirus-specific tests may be the only practical approach to minimizing the frequency of NANB @entity3 after transfusion. Identification of virus-specific serologic markers remains a high priority.

title: Non-A, XXXX : evolving epidemiologic and clinical perspective.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity2 functions by stimulating intestinal @entity1 and @entity3 absorption, by stimulating bone @entity1 mobilization, and by increasing renal reabsorption of @entity1 in the distal tubule. These functions on bone and possibly kidney, but not intestine, require the parathyroid hormone. As a result of these functions, serum @entity1 and @entity3 concentrations are elevated to supersaturating levels required for the mineralization of bone to prevent @entity7 , @entity5 , and @entity8 tetany. Recent experiments demonstrate that maintaining serum @entity1 and @entity3 levels in @entity2 -deficient @entity0 in the normal range results in normal bone growth and mineralization. However, increased calcification results because bone resorption by osteoclasts is a @entity2 -dependent process. Thus, bone resorption, modeling and remodeling must be considered @entity2 -dependent processes. @entity2 must be metabolized to @entity9 by the liver and subsequently by the kidney to @entity4 before function. @entity4 is metabolized to a C-23 @entity6 ( @entity10 ) but the pathway is unknown. Although @entity9 is metabolized to @entity11 , @entity12 and @entity13 , these pathways play no role in the function of @entity2 as shown by appropriate fluoro analogs of @entity9 . @entity4 binds to a specific receptor in the intestinal nuclei to elicit a stimulation of @entity1 transport. @entity4 plus the receptor causes transcription of specific genes that code for @entity1 and @entity3 transport proteins. Only one protein, the @entity1 binding protein, has been identified as being @entity2 dependent. Two others have been described, but no clear description of the molecular mechanism of action of @entity4 is yet available.

title: The metabolism and functions of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: In a report of 192 cases of examinations of both husband and wife for cause of sterility, the husband was found at fault in 33 cases. In 31, few spermatozoa were present and in 2, none. The morphology of @entity0 spermatozoa is described in detail and the results of various staining methods compared. Numerous drawings illustrate observed variations in morphology. The common cause of @entity4 is an obliterating @entity3 , usually of gonorrheal origin. Permanent obliteration of the tube of the epididymis is exceptional rather than usual. Persistent obstruction is most often only in the tail of the epididymis. Motile spermatozoa may be found above the block. The obstructed area may be bypassed by attaching the vas to any part of the epididymis on the testicular side of the obstruction or to the vasa efferentia. This operation was successfully accomplished first in experiments on @entity1 . A trial operation was done on a @entity0 with a history of @entity3 of gonorrheal origin followed by @entity5 . The cut end of the vas deferens was implanted into an incision in the head of the epididymis and secured with @entity2 -wire sutures. Semen showed many spermatozoa 19 days postoperation. Whether the continuity of the duct will be permanently maintained was not determined.

title: The surgical treatment of sterility due to obstruction at the epididymis; together with a study of the morphology of XXXX spermatozoa.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Cardiac beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness was evaluated in experimental @entity4 by in vivo and in vitro techniques. @entity4 was induced in @entity0 by bilateral nephrectomy for 48 h. In @entity0 with chronic intra-arterial and intravenous catheters, cardiovascular reflexes and the renin-angiotensin system were blocked with @entity3 , @entity6 , and a converting-enzyme inhibitor, respectively. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded. Cumulative doses of @entity2 were injected intravenously. In uremic @entity0 , the dose-response curve for the HR response showed a lower maximal response (P less than 0.01) and no significant difference in 50% effective dose values compared with controls, whereas the BP decrease caused by @entity2 was similar in control and uremic @entity0 . When @entity1 was injected intravenously to stimulate adenylate cyclase in a receptor-independent manner, the maximal HR increase was lower in uremic @entity0 (P less than 0.01). beta-Adrenoceptor density and affinity, measured by 125I- @entity7 binding to sarcolemmal membranes, was not different between control and uremic @entity0 . Also binding affinities for the agonist @entity2 were not different between groups. Basal adenylate cyclase activity, as well as activity after maximal stimulation by @entity2 and by @entity1 were lower in uremic than in control @entity0 (P less than 0.01). The results show that the chronotropic response of the heart is reduced in @entity4 . Such @entity5 may be due, at least in part, to a reduced activity of cardiac adenylate cyclase.

title: Reduced chronotropic responsiveness of the heart in experimental XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Studies of tissue culture cells and tissue slices have implicated the nucleotides, @entity3 and @entity4 , in the mechanism of action of opiates. However, there are little in vivo data to corroborate this hypothesis. We addicted @entity0 to the synthetic opiate, @entity2 , by providing the drug in their drinking water (dosage 2.1 mg./kg./day). The two @entity5 were measured in four brain areas which contain a high concentration of opiate receptors: amygdala, neostriatum, periventricular grey, and thalamus. Data were obtained after acute exposure of the drug (1 day), tolerance (35 days), withdrawal (35 days on drug then 1 day off drug), and readjustment (35 days on drug then 21 days off drug). @entity4 levels were low (0.03 pmol./mg. tissue) in the four regions and did not differ significantly during the experiment. @entity3 levels were higher (1-3 pmol./mg.) and fluctuated consistently in the four regions. After acute @entity2 treatment, there was a reduction in @entity3 , which continued at lower levels after tolerance. One day of withdrawal led to increased @entity1 , which rose to near control levels. After readjustment, the levels were reduced. These data indicate an involvement of @entity3 in the addiction and withdrawal processes in the intact animal.

title: The effect of XXXX addiction on cyclic nucleotide levels in regions of @entity0 brain.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Studies of tissue culture cells and tissue slices have implicated the nucleotides, @entity3 and @entity4 , in the mechanism of action of opiates. However, there are little in vivo data to corroborate this hypothesis. We addicted @entity0 to the synthetic opiate, @entity2 , by providing the drug in their drinking water (dosage 2.1 mg./kg./day). The two @entity5 were measured in four brain areas which contain a high concentration of opiate receptors: amygdala, neostriatum, periventricular grey, and thalamus. Data were obtained after acute exposure of the drug (1 day), tolerance (35 days), withdrawal (35 days on drug then 1 day off drug), and readjustment (35 days on drug then 21 days off drug). @entity4 levels were low (0.03 pmol./mg. tissue) in the four regions and did not differ significantly during the experiment. @entity3 levels were higher (1-3 pmol./mg.) and fluctuated consistently in the four regions. After acute @entity2 treatment, there was a reduction in @entity3 , which continued at lower levels after tolerance. One day of withdrawal led to increased @entity1 , which rose to near control levels. After readjustment, the levels were reduced. These data indicate an involvement of @entity3 in the addiction and withdrawal processes in the intact animal.

title: The effect of @entity2 addiction on cyclic nucleotide levels in regions of XXXX brain.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The leader RNA transcript of @entity1 virus inhibits transcription of the adenovirus major late promoter and virus-associated genes in a soluble HeLa cell transcription system. We examined the specific @entity0 sequence involved and the potential role of leader-protein interactions in this inhibition of RNA polymerase II- and III-directed transcription. Using synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides homologous to regions of the leader RNA molecule, we extend our previous results (B.W. Grinnell and R.R. Wagner, Cell 36:533-543, 1984) that suggest a role for the AU-rich region of the leader RNA or the homologous AT region of a cloned cDNA leader in the inhibition of DNA-dependent transcription. Our results indicate that a short @entity0 sequence (AUUAUUA) or its deoxynucleotide homolog (ATTATTA) appears to be the minimal requirement for the leader RNA to inhibit transcription by both RNA polymerases, but sequences flanking both sides of this region increase the inhibitory activity. @entity0 changes in the homologous AT-rich region drastically decrease the transcriptional inhibitory activity. Leader RNAs from wild-type virus, but not from a 5'-defective interfering particle, form a ribonuclease-resistant, protease-sensitive ribonucleoprotein complex in the soluble HeLa cell extract. Several lines of evidence suggest that the leader RNA specifically interacts with a 65,000-dalton ( @entity2 ) cellular protein. In a fractionated cell extract, only those fractions containing this @entity2 protein could reverse the inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by the plus-strand @entity1 virus leader RNA or by homologous DNA. In studies with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides homologous to leader RNA sequences, only those oligonucleotides containing the inhibitory sequence were able to bind to a gradient fraction containing the @entity2 protein.

title: Inhibition of DNA-dependent transcription by the leader RNA of XXXX virus: role of specific @entity0 sequences and cell protein binding.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The leader RNA transcript of @entity1 virus inhibits transcription of the adenovirus major late promoter and virus-associated genes in a soluble HeLa cell transcription system. We examined the specific @entity0 sequence involved and the potential role of leader-protein interactions in this inhibition of RNA polymerase II- and III-directed transcription. Using synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides homologous to regions of the leader RNA molecule, we extend our previous results (B.W. Grinnell and R.R. Wagner, Cell 36:533-543, 1984) that suggest a role for the AU-rich region of the leader RNA or the homologous AT region of a cloned cDNA leader in the inhibition of DNA-dependent transcription. Our results indicate that a short @entity0 sequence (AUUAUUA) or its deoxynucleotide homolog (ATTATTA) appears to be the minimal requirement for the leader RNA to inhibit transcription by both RNA polymerases, but sequences flanking both sides of this region increase the inhibitory activity. @entity0 changes in the homologous AT-rich region drastically decrease the transcriptional inhibitory activity. Leader RNAs from wild-type virus, but not from a 5'-defective interfering particle, form a ribonuclease-resistant, protease-sensitive ribonucleoprotein complex in the soluble HeLa cell extract. Several lines of evidence suggest that the leader RNA specifically interacts with a 65,000-dalton ( @entity2 ) cellular protein. In a fractionated cell extract, only those fractions containing this @entity2 protein could reverse the inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by the plus-strand @entity1 virus leader RNA or by homologous DNA. In studies with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides homologous to leader RNA sequences, only those oligonucleotides containing the inhibitory sequence were able to bind to a gradient fraction containing the @entity2 protein.

title: Inhibition of DNA-dependent transcription by the leader RNA of @entity1 virus: role of specific XXXX sequences and cell protein binding.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The activities of @entity4 4-hydroxylase and beta-glucuronidase, the concentration of @entity3 as well as reticulin and collagen type III, IV and V stainings were followed in skeletal muscle during a 20-day period after a 9-h treadmill running in untrained and trained male @entity0 , aged 4-6 months. The prolonged 9-h running of untrained @entity0 temporarily increased @entity4 4-hydroxylase activity 2, 5 and 10 days after exercise, more prominently in the red than in the white part of quadriceps femoris-muscle, and in analogical manner as beta-glucuronidase activity in tibialis anterior-muscle. Twenty days after exercise these enzymatic activities were back to the control level. The @entity3 content of red muscle was increased for 10 and that of white muscle for 20 days after the exertion. Training for 45 days did not affect @entity3 content and @entity4 4-hydroxylase activity was at the control level after the training. A 9-h exercise increased @entity4 4-hydroxylase activity much less in trained muscle than in the untrained muscle and did not affect muscle collagen content. Histological observations showed fiber @entity1 2 days and signs of fiber regeneration 5 days after the exertion in untrained @entity0 . Twenty days afterwards the regeneration was nearly completed. Reticulin staining was increased in injured muscle areas 10-20 days after the exertion. In immunohistochemical staining, antibodies to all studied collagen types (type III, IV and V) showed increased staining 5-20 days after the exertion in the areas of @entity2 and regeneration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Collagen metabolism of XXXX skeletal muscle during the repair of exercise injuries.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity1 susceptibility ( @entity4 ) and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) have been shown to result from missense mutations in the @entity5 receptor gene of the skeletal muscle ( @entity7 ). A 15-year-old @entity0 who had @entity8 ( @entity8 ) developed an @entity4 crisis during general anesthesia. The @entity0 was characterized phenotypically by block vertebrae, vertebral fusion, short neck and thorax, fused ribs, @entity2 , @entity3 , and a diaphragmatic defect closed surgically in early infancy. The diagnosis @entity4 ( @entity4 ) was confirmed by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT) on a muscle biopsy. Surprisingly, the histopathological investigation revealed the presence of @entity6 too. Molecular genetic investigation of the @entity7 gene was performed to search for known @entity4 -related mutations. Cluster regions of the @entity7 gene, in which mutations have already been found, were examined by direct automated sequencing. In addition to the diagnosis @entity4 and @entity6 we were able to identify a novel @entity7 mutation in exon 46: 7358ATC > ACC, resulting in an @entity9 substitution. This mutation was also present in the mother, in whom @entity4 disposition and @entity6 were determined by muscle investigations. We suggest that the newly identified @entity7 mutation is closely associated with @entity4 and @entity6 . A probable causative role of the @entity7 gene in @entity8 @entity0 should be assessed by further genetic investigations.

title: A new mutation in the skeletal @entity5 receptor gene ( @entity7 ) is potentially causative of @entity1 , XXXX , and severe skeletal malformation.

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity1 susceptibility ( @entity4 ) and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) have been shown to result from missense mutations in the @entity5 receptor gene of the skeletal muscle ( @entity7 ). A 15-year-old @entity0 who had @entity8 ( @entity8 ) developed an @entity4 crisis during general anesthesia. The @entity0 was characterized phenotypically by block vertebrae, vertebral fusion, short neck and thorax, fused ribs, @entity2 , @entity3 , and a diaphragmatic defect closed surgically in early infancy. The diagnosis @entity4 ( @entity4 ) was confirmed by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT) on a muscle biopsy. Surprisingly, the histopathological investigation revealed the presence of @entity6 too. Molecular genetic investigation of the @entity7 gene was performed to search for known @entity4 -related mutations. Cluster regions of the @entity7 gene, in which mutations have already been found, were examined by direct automated sequencing. In addition to the diagnosis @entity4 and @entity6 we were able to identify a novel @entity7 mutation in exon 46: 7358ATC > ACC, resulting in an @entity9 substitution. This mutation was also present in the mother, in whom @entity4 disposition and @entity6 were determined by muscle investigations. We suggest that the newly identified @entity7 mutation is closely associated with @entity4 and @entity6 . A probable causative role of the @entity7 gene in @entity8 @entity0 should be assessed by further genetic investigations.

title: A new mutation in the skeletal XXXX receptor gene ( @entity7 ) is potentially causative of @entity1 , @entity6 , and severe skeletal malformation.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity1 susceptibility ( @entity4 ) and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) have been shown to result from missense mutations in the @entity5 receptor gene of the skeletal muscle ( @entity7 ). A 15-year-old @entity0 who had @entity8 ( @entity8 ) developed an @entity4 crisis during general anesthesia. The @entity0 was characterized phenotypically by block vertebrae, vertebral fusion, short neck and thorax, fused ribs, @entity2 , @entity3 , and a diaphragmatic defect closed surgically in early infancy. The diagnosis @entity4 ( @entity4 ) was confirmed by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT) on a muscle biopsy. Surprisingly, the histopathological investigation revealed the presence of @entity6 too. Molecular genetic investigation of the @entity7 gene was performed to search for known @entity4 -related mutations. Cluster regions of the @entity7 gene, in which mutations have already been found, were examined by direct automated sequencing. In addition to the diagnosis @entity4 and @entity6 we were able to identify a novel @entity7 mutation in exon 46: 7358ATC > ACC, resulting in an @entity9 substitution. This mutation was also present in the mother, in whom @entity4 disposition and @entity6 were determined by muscle investigations. We suggest that the newly identified @entity7 mutation is closely associated with @entity4 and @entity6 . A probable causative role of the @entity7 gene in @entity8 @entity0 should be assessed by further genetic investigations.

title: A new mutation in the skeletal @entity5 receptor gene ( @entity7 ) is potentially causative of XXXX , @entity6 , and severe skeletal malformation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity1 susceptibility ( @entity4 ) and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) have been shown to result from missense mutations in the @entity5 receptor gene of the skeletal muscle ( @entity7 ). A 15-year-old @entity0 who had @entity8 ( @entity8 ) developed an @entity4 crisis during general anesthesia. The @entity0 was characterized phenotypically by block vertebrae, vertebral fusion, short neck and thorax, fused ribs, @entity2 , @entity3 , and a diaphragmatic defect closed surgically in early infancy. The diagnosis @entity4 ( @entity4 ) was confirmed by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT) on a muscle biopsy. Surprisingly, the histopathological investigation revealed the presence of @entity6 too. Molecular genetic investigation of the @entity7 gene was performed to search for known @entity4 -related mutations. Cluster regions of the @entity7 gene, in which mutations have already been found, were examined by direct automated sequencing. In addition to the diagnosis @entity4 and @entity6 we were able to identify a novel @entity7 mutation in exon 46: 7358ATC > ACC, resulting in an @entity9 substitution. This mutation was also present in the mother, in whom @entity4 disposition and @entity6 were determined by muscle investigations. We suggest that the newly identified @entity7 mutation is closely associated with @entity4 and @entity6 . A probable causative role of the @entity7 gene in @entity8 @entity0 should be assessed by further genetic investigations.

title: A new mutation in the skeletal @entity5 receptor gene ( XXXX ) is potentially causative of @entity1 , @entity6 , and severe skeletal malformation.

answer: @entity7


abstract: The subcutaneous sponge implant model of acute @entity0 in the @entity1 has been evaluated as a suitable test system for evaluating the potential anti-inflammatory efficacy of @entity8 inhibitors. The inflammatory parameters measured were exudate volume and leukocyte recruitment. Specific radioimmunoassays were used to measure (1) @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and cyclo-oxygenase (CO) activity in exudate leukocytes stimulated ex vivo with @entity6 , and (2) the LTB4 and @entity2 content of inflammatory exudate. The NSAIDs @entity7 and @entity5 inhibited cell recruitment, exudate volume and CO activity with ED50S of approximately 1 mg per kg p.o. but failed to inhibit @entity8 activity at 10 mg per kg p.o. Nafazatrom (Bayer 6575), @entity4 and @entity3 , which inhibit @entity8 activity in vitro, were inactive against all parameters when dosed at 100 mg per kg p.o. The "mixed inhibitors" @entity9 and @entity10 were approximately equipotent inhibitors of @entity8 activity but BW755C was 10 times more potent than @entity10 against CO activity. BW755C was also greater than 10 times more potent at inhibiting cell recruitment and exudate volume than @entity10 suggesting that the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the mixed inhibitors reflect their potency against CO rather than @entity8 activity. Time course studies demonstrated that the inhibitor effects of BW755C and @entity10 on leukocyte recruitment reflected a reduction in the PGE2 but not the LTB4 content of the inflammatory exudate. Polyester sponges soaked in high concentrations of LTB4 caused only a modest (2-fold) increase in leukocyte recruitment whilst physiological levels were inactive. The results taken together suggest that CO products make a major contribution to leukocyte recruitment in this model whilst the @entity8 product LTB4 has little role. This model therefore is of little value for evaluating the anti-inflammatory efficacy of @entity8 inhibitors. Moreover, the @entity1 would appear to be unsuitable for evaluating the role of LTB4 in acute @entity0 .

title: Leukocyte recruitment in the subcutaneous sponge implant model of acute XXXX in the @entity1 is not mediated by leukotriene B1.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The subcutaneous sponge implant model of acute @entity0 in the @entity1 has been evaluated as a suitable test system for evaluating the potential anti-inflammatory efficacy of @entity8 inhibitors. The inflammatory parameters measured were exudate volume and leukocyte recruitment. Specific radioimmunoassays were used to measure (1) @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and cyclo-oxygenase (CO) activity in exudate leukocytes stimulated ex vivo with @entity6 , and (2) the LTB4 and @entity2 content of inflammatory exudate. The NSAIDs @entity7 and @entity5 inhibited cell recruitment, exudate volume and CO activity with ED50S of approximately 1 mg per kg p.o. but failed to inhibit @entity8 activity at 10 mg per kg p.o. Nafazatrom (Bayer 6575), @entity4 and @entity3 , which inhibit @entity8 activity in vitro, were inactive against all parameters when dosed at 100 mg per kg p.o. The "mixed inhibitors" @entity9 and @entity10 were approximately equipotent inhibitors of @entity8 activity but BW755C was 10 times more potent than @entity10 against CO activity. BW755C was also greater than 10 times more potent at inhibiting cell recruitment and exudate volume than @entity10 suggesting that the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the mixed inhibitors reflect their potency against CO rather than @entity8 activity. Time course studies demonstrated that the inhibitor effects of BW755C and @entity10 on leukocyte recruitment reflected a reduction in the PGE2 but not the LTB4 content of the inflammatory exudate. Polyester sponges soaked in high concentrations of LTB4 caused only a modest (2-fold) increase in leukocyte recruitment whilst physiological levels were inactive. The results taken together suggest that CO products make a major contribution to leukocyte recruitment in this model whilst the @entity8 product LTB4 has little role. This model therefore is of little value for evaluating the anti-inflammatory efficacy of @entity8 inhibitors. Moreover, the @entity1 would appear to be unsuitable for evaluating the role of LTB4 in acute @entity0 .

title: Leukocyte recruitment in the subcutaneous sponge implant model of acute @entity0 in the XXXX is not mediated by leukotriene B1.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We hypothesized that resistance arteries from @entity1 @entity0 with controlled @entity2 have less remodeling than vessels from untreated @entity2 subjects. Eight normotensive subjects (aged 44+/-3 years, 3 @entity0 ; values are mean+/-SEM), 19 untreated @entity2 subjects (46+/-2 years, 9 @entity0 ), and 23 @entity2 subjects with @entity1 under antihypertensive treatment (58+/-1 years, 15 @entity0 ) were studied. Resistance arteries dissected from gluteal subcutaneous tissue were assessed on a pressurized myograph. Most @entity1 @entity0 (70%) were being treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Although systolic blood pressure was still above the normotensive range in these @entity0 (144+/-2 versus 150+/-3 mm Hg in @entity2 and 114+/-4 mm Hg in normotensive subjects), diastolic blood pressure was well controlled (83+/-2 mm Hg) and significantly lower compared with that in untreated @entity2 (100+/-1 mm Hg; P<0.001) but higher than in normotensives (76+/-3 mm Hg; P<0.05). Thus, pulse pressure was higher in @entity1 @entity0 (P<0.05). The media-to-lumen ratio of resistance arteries was greater in @entity2 (0.083+/-0.002) compared with normotensive controls (0.059+/-0.003; P<0.05) and was even higher in @entity1 @entity2 subjects (0.105+/-0.004; P<0.001 versus normotensive controls). The medial cross-sectional area was greater in @entity1 and @entity2 @entity0 compared with normotensive controls (P<0.001). @entity3 -induced relaxation was impaired in vessels from @entity2 @entity0 and from @entity0 with both @entity1 and @entity2 (P<0.05 versus normotensive controls), whereas endothelium-independent vasorelaxation was similar in all groups. Despite effective antihypertensive treatment, resistance arteries from @entity2 @entity1 @entity0 showed marked remodeling, greater than that of vessels from untreated, nondiabetic, @entity2 subjects, in agreement with the high cardiovascular risk of subjects suffering from both @entity1 and @entity2 .

title: Persistent remodeling of resistance arteries in type 2 XXXX patients on antihypertensive treatment.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Reduction of @entity8 in isolated succinate- @entity3 reductase is a triphasic reaction. Initially, there is a relatively rapid, partial reduction of the @entity8 , the rate of which matches the rate of reduction of cytochrome c1. This is followed by partial or complete reoxidation of the b, which is then followed by slow rereduction. At very low concentrations of @entity2 , the initial partial reduction of b is followed by reoxidation, but the third (rereduction) phase is absent, owing to insufficient substrate to rereduce the cytochromes. If @entity6 is added at various times during the triphasic reaction, it inhibits the reoxidation and also inhibits the rereduction phase. @entity6 does not inhibit the initial phase of b reduction and, if added before or during this phase, it causes reduction of b to proceed to completion as a monophasic reaction. @entity10 inhibits the first phase of b reduction and the subsequent reoxidation, but does not inhibit the third, slow phase of b reduction. The resulting monophasic reduction of b which is observed in the presence of @entity10 is slower than that in the presence of @entity6 . The combination of both inhibitors, whether added together or successively during the triphasic reaction, completely inhibits b reduction. The triphasic reduction of @entity8 is consistent with electron transfer by a protonmotive Q cycle in which there are two pathways for @entity8 reduction. One pathway allows the initial phase of @entity8 reduction by a @entity10 -sensitive reaction in which reduction of b by @entity5 is linked to reduction of @entity0 - @entity1 protein and @entity3 1 by @entity9 . In the second phase of the triphasic reaction, the b cytochromes are reoxidized by @entity7 or @entity5 through an @entity6 -sensitive reaction. If oxidation of @entity9 by @entity4 protein is blocked, either by @entity10 or by reduction of @entity0 - @entity1 protein and cytochrome c1, the b cytochromes can be reduced by reversal of the @entity6 -sensitive pathway, thus accounting for the third phase of b reduction.

title: Triphasic reduction of XXXX and the protonmotive Q cycle pathway of electron transfer in the cytochrome bc1 complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracardiac thrombi are a potential source of @entity7 . The disposition of @entity10 in ischemic @entity4 ( @entity4 ) @entity0 was investigated over a 10-month period using omniplanar transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). METHODS: One hundred and five @entity0 underwent TEE examination at <1 month and again at 9-12 months (mean 10 months) after symptom onset. TEEs were evaluated for thrombi in the left atrium, left @entity6 and left ventricle. @entity2 risk factors and TEE findings were compared between @entity0 with and without new thrombi on follow-up TEE. Similar comparisons were made in @entity0 with and without disappearance of thrombi on the follow-up TEE. The effect of anticoagulants was evaluated. RESULTS: Intracardiac thrombi were found initially in 18% (95% CI 11-25%) of @entity0 in 79% (95% CI 61-97%) of whom the thrombi disappeared on the follow-up TEE; this significantly correlated with warfarin anticoagulation (p = 0.037). In the remainder 82% (95% CI 75-89%) @entity0 , new thrombi were detected on the follow-up TEE in 8% (2-14%). These were older (p = 0.009), and not on anticoagulation. @entity0 with aortic @entity9 >/=4 mm were also more likely to develop new @entity10 (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Anticoagulation with @entity8 for 10 months is associated with conditions leading to disappearance of @entity10 after a cerebral @entity1 event and hence has a probable therapeutic role. Older patients, not anticoagulated, and those with significant aortic @entity9 >/=4 mm may have increased probability for de novo @entity5 development. These @entity0 may be at risk of @entity3 and could be considered for prophylactic anticoagulation.

title: Changes in cardiac XXXX status after cerebral ischemia.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Interferons (IFN) elicit antiviral and antineoplastic activities by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface. The binding characteristics of IFN to @entity0 lymphocytes were studied using @entity3 labeled with 125I to high specific activity. The specific binding curves generated were analyzed by the LIGAND program of Munson and Rodbard to determine receptor numbers. The number of receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and tonsillar B-lymphocytes (TBL) from normal individuals were 505 +/- 293 (n = 10) and 393 +/- 147 (n = 3) respectively. When these cells were preincubated in vitro with unlabeled @entity3 , the receptor number decreased to 82 +/- 45 and 61 +/- 16 respectively. Receptor binding activities recovered gradually over a period of 72 h when the cells were incubated in IFN-free medium. This recovery of receptors could be blocked by the addition of @entity4 to the incubation medium. A similar decrease in receptor expression was observed in vivo in PBL from @entity0 being treated daily with 5 X 10(6) units/m2 per d of @entity3 by subcutaneous injection, for @entity2 or @entity1 . Receptor numbers in PBL in vivo were further reduced concurrent with the progression of IFN therapy. Thus the reduction in IFN receptor expression observed in vitro can be demonstrated in vivo. These studies indicate that monitoring IFN receptor expression in vivo can provide information regarding the availability of IFN receptors at the cell surface for the mediation of IFN actions during the course of IFN therapy.

title: Regulation of interferon receptor expression in XXXX blood lymphocytes in vitro and during interferon therapy.

answer: @entity0


abstract: This is the second in a series of papers that describes the use of a sensitive microculture procedure to investigate the transmitter status of sympathetic neurons. Cultured immature principal neurons, dissociated from the superior cervical @entity0 of newborn @entity1 , are known to be plastic with respect to transmitter status; under certain culture conditions, populations of neurons that display (at least) adrenergic properties at the outset can be induced to display a variety of cholinergic properties, including the formation of functional neuron-neuron cholinergic synapses, as adrenergic properties decline. With the microculture procedure described in the preceding paper (Furshpan et al., 1986a), we have examined the transmitter status of individual neonate-derived neurons during this transition. Many such neurons secreted both @entity2 and @entity3 (adrenergic/cholinergic dual function); examination of such neurons with the EM revealed a mixed population of synaptic vesicles. Direct evidence for a transition via this dual status was obtained by serial physiological assays of 14 neurons. The neonate-derived neurons were markedly heterogeneous in the rate of change of transmitter status. Principal neurons derived from adult superior cervical @entity0 also displayed dual status, but the incidence was lower than in neonate-derived neurons cultured for similar periods. In preliminary serial assays of adult-derived neurons, many of the neurons did not acquire detectable cholinergic function, but in two cases evidence consistent with plasticity was obtained. While it is known that several types of neurons will form functional junctions in the presence of agents that block electrical activity, sympathetic principal neurons have apparently not been tested. In microculture, neuron-neuron synapses and junctions with cardiac myocytes were formed by sympathetic neurons grown chronically in the presence of blocking concentrations of @entity5 and @entity4 .

title: Synaptic functions in XXXX sympathetic neurons in microcultures. II. Adrenergic/cholinergic dual status and plasticity.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In India, the standard regimen (SR) for treating @entity1 consisted of a 2-month intensive treatment by 2-3 inexpensive drugs followed by a 10-month course using 2 drugs. In the 1980s, this course was shortened to 6 months owing to the powerful drugs @entity2 and @entity5 . @entity6 was also replaced by the more expensive but less toxic @entity4 . The result was a short-course chemotherapy (SCC) employing 4 drugs for 2 months, followed by 2-3 drugs for 4 months of follow-up. The SCC is being pilot-tested as the Revised National @entity1 Program (RNTP); this RNTP strategy is being implemented in Delhi, Bombay, and Mehsana with the assistance of the Swedish international agency. The World Bank also endorsed RNTP, as SCC regimens under it were cost-effective. The SR and SCC regimens were also compared for Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania, and relatively minor differences were found in lives saved for expenditures. The claim that the rates of default under SR and SCC remain unchanged over time and the cure rates of the regimens must be challenged. The estimated cure rates of 60% for SR and 85% for SCC do not correspond to the reality in India, where 41% of @entity0 completed treatment under SR versus 47% under SCC. The cost of treatment under SR does not have to be a 5-drug regimen; re-treatment can be a 3-drug regimen, whereby the cost would be lower than assumed. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MHF) was probing 253 district SCCs even in 1992-93 and accepted SCC because the World Health Organization recommended a vastly improved administration for implementation and there was a felt need from @entity0 for speedy cure. If the SCC is administered properly, it may increase the cure rate, even if cost-ineffective; if poorly managed, increased drug resistance of @entity3 bacteria could result, which may be the present situation.

title: Efficacy of the Revised National XXXX Programme.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 adenoviruses encode low-molecular-weight RNAs, so-called VA RNAs, which are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. These RNAs are required for an efficient translation of viral mRNAs late after @entity1 . The genes for the VA RNAs in the genome of CELO virus were mapped and characterized. The results showed a number of surprising differences between CELO virus and @entity0 @entity3 ( @entity3 ). Thus, the CELO virus genome encoded only one VA RNA species, in contrast to @entity0 @entity3 , which encoded two distinct species. The VA RNA from CELO virus was much shorter than the @entity3 VA RNAs (90 nucleotides compared with 160 @entity2 ), and there existed no detectable primary sequence homology between them. The predicted secondary structure of CELO virus VA RNA was, however, similar to that of the @entity3 VA RNAs, implying that the folding rather than the primary sequence was the important feature for biological activity. CELO VA RNA also stimulated translation in a transient expression assay, as did the @entity3 counterparts, albeit with a much lower efficiency. The location of the gene for CELO VA RNA also differed from all previously characterized serotypes, suggesting that the genome organization of avian and @entity0 adenoviruses are different. Finally, termination of CELO VA RNA transcription occurred in a TTATT sequence which is unique as a stop signal for RNA polymerase III transcription.

title: VA RNAs from avian and XXXX adenoviruses: dramatic differences in length, sequence, and gene location.

answer: @entity0


abstract: We have developed a method by which the extent of physical exchange of DNA molecules can be determined throughout meiosis in the @entity1 @entity1 . We have used this technique to analyze the effect of five meiosis-defective mutations ( @entity3 , @entity4 , @entity2 , @entity5 and @entity0 ) on the physical exchange of DNA molecules. In the same experiments, we have also measured other meiotic parameters, such as premeiotic DNA synthesis, commitment to intragenic recombination, haploidization, ascus formation, and viability. @entity4 and @entity0 diploids make an undetectable amount of physically recombined DNA and less than 1% of wild-type levels of viable intragenic recombinants. In contrast, diploids homozygous for @entity2 , @entity3 or @entity5 all yield significant amounts of novel restriction fragments which arise by recombination. @entity5 diploids make nearly wild-type levels of the recombined restriction fragments, although they produce less than 10% of the wild-type levels of viable intragenic recombinants. @entity2 strains are also capable of a significant (33%) amount of exchange of DNA molecules, but make less than 1% of wild-type levels of viable intragenic recombinants. @entity3 diploids are also capable of undergoing a high level of exchange, as measured by the appearance of the recombined restriction fragment. In addition, @entity3 diploids show an unusual allele- or locus-specific variability in the level of viable intragenic recombinants produced. Although @entity3 diploids produce no viable spores, they are able to complete a significant amount of haploidization upon return to vegetative growth conditions.

title: Analysis of meiosis-defective mutations in XXXX by physical monitoring of recombination.

answer: @entity1


abstract: To determine the effects of chronic @entity1 on beta-adrenergic properties of @entity0 myocardium, the hearts of nine mongrel @entity0 were studied 3 weeks after @entity1 . @entity2 was produced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in five @entity0 and the circumflex artery in four @entity0 . The heart was divided into normal and @entity2 zones (either anterior or posterior, depending on the vessel ligated) and marginal zones (septal and lateral), each zone being subdivided into epicardial and endocardial portions. Myocardial blood flow (microsphere technique) was markedly reduced in the @entity2 zone. In eight endocardial @entity2 samples after left anterior descending ligation, the maximal number (+/- SD) of binding sites assessed by 125I- @entity7 was 3.9 +/- 1.9 pmol/mg @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and was reduced from normal endocardial values (9.7 +/- 9.4 pmol/mg @entity5 , p less than 0.05). The dissociation constant (Kd), which is a measure of the affinity of the iodinated antagonist for the receptor, did not differ (304 +/- 222 versus 338 +/- 219 pM, p = NS). In the epicardium, the maximal number of beta-adrenergic receptors was also reduced (p less than 0.05), without a change in Kd. In the lateral and septal zones neither the maximal number of binding sites nor Kd values differed from those of normal endocardium. In nine endocardial @entity2 zones, @entity4 -stimulated @entity3 cyclase activity was reduced compared with control (34,870 +/- 29,430 versus 88,660 +/- 63,640 pmol/mg @entity5 /30 minutes, p less than 0.01), but the ratio of @entity4 -stimulated to maximal ( @entity6 -stimulated) @entity3 cyclase activity was unchanged between normal and @entity2 zones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Beta-adrenergic receptor properties of @entity0 myocardium: effects of chronic XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: To determine the effects of chronic @entity1 on beta-adrenergic properties of @entity0 myocardium, the hearts of nine mongrel @entity0 were studied 3 weeks after @entity1 . @entity2 was produced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in five @entity0 and the circumflex artery in four @entity0 . The heart was divided into normal and @entity2 zones (either anterior or posterior, depending on the vessel ligated) and marginal zones (septal and lateral), each zone being subdivided into epicardial and endocardial portions. Myocardial blood flow (microsphere technique) was markedly reduced in the @entity2 zone. In eight endocardial @entity2 samples after left anterior descending ligation, the maximal number (+/- SD) of binding sites assessed by 125I- @entity7 was 3.9 +/- 1.9 pmol/mg @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and was reduced from normal endocardial values (9.7 +/- 9.4 pmol/mg @entity5 , p less than 0.05). The dissociation constant (Kd), which is a measure of the affinity of the iodinated antagonist for the receptor, did not differ (304 +/- 222 versus 338 +/- 219 pM, p = NS). In the epicardium, the maximal number of beta-adrenergic receptors was also reduced (p less than 0.05), without a change in Kd. In the lateral and septal zones neither the maximal number of binding sites nor Kd values differed from those of normal endocardium. In nine endocardial @entity2 zones, @entity4 -stimulated @entity3 cyclase activity was reduced compared with control (34,870 +/- 29,430 versus 88,660 +/- 63,640 pmol/mg @entity5 /30 minutes, p less than 0.01), but the ratio of @entity4 -stimulated to maximal ( @entity6 -stimulated) @entity3 cyclase activity was unchanged between normal and @entity2 zones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Beta-adrenergic receptor properties of XXXX myocardium: effects of chronic @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Intraoperative ultrasonography was used in 37 @entity0 during surgery for suspected @entity4 . The size, number, and site of the lesions were determined together with the relationship of the @entity1 to the intrahepatic vessel, as well as possible small daughter lesions within the liver. Final diagnosis in these @entity0 was @entity5 in 19 cases, metastases from @entity2 in 15 cases, and benign lesions in three cases. Previously undetected small tumors were revealed in one @entity0 with @entity1 and in five @entity0 with @entity5 who had @entity3 . Vascular tumoral infiltrations were easily displayed and the surgical approach modified accordingly: a more extended resection was performed in two cases of huge central hepatic metastases. Intraoperative ultrasonography revealed seven cases of small (2 to 3 cm) @entity5 in cirrhotic livers that were not visible or palpable, thus allowing a subsegmentary resection. Finally, in three cases of @entity1 , an intraoperative echo-guided biopsy specimen was required to establish the benign nature of lesions and resection was avoided. Intraoperative ultrasonography facilitates the diagnosis of small @entity4 and can also aid the surgeon in his choice of technique, especially in cases of @entity7 . A resection can be avoided altogether when multiple lesions are involved, or echo-guided subsegmentary resections can be performed in cirrhotic livers when a less extended resection is required. This technique makes it possible to establish the relationship between the @entity1 and intrahepatic vessels, thus preventing @entity6 and making radical hepatic resection safer.

title: Intraoperative ultrasonography in surgery for XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Some in the @entity1 view foreign assistance as some type of wasteful international welfare program. To the contrary, @entity1 foreign @entity0 is invaluable investment in both the country's future and that of the world. 43 of the top 50 customers of American agricultural products were, for example, once foreign @entity0 recipients. South Korea imports three times as much in @entity1 goods each year as it received in @entity0 during the entire 1960s. Furthermore, President Bill Clinton's recent bypass of Congress to bail Mexico from its economic morass serves both @entity1 and Mexican interests. Helping to help the economy of Mexico afloat protected 750,000 @entity1 jobs which come from trade with Mexico as well as billions of dollars of investments by middle-class Americans in Mexico and Latin America. It is unfortunate that the Republican-controlled Congress fails to understand that the continuation of @entity1 foreign @entity0 serves @entity1 interests while at the same time helping other less fortunate populations. It is clear that @entity1 @entity0 over the decades has made an enormous positive impact upon the health and welfare of populations in developing countries worldwide, especially in the area of population assistance. Congressional leaders are considering cutting @entity1 foreign @entity0 to developing countries by 10-20%, but that won't save much money. The @entity1 in 1994 spent  12.3 billion on foreign assistance, less than 1% of the federal budget and the lowest amount in the history of the @entity0 program. About half of that was in military assistance, which would not be cut.

title: What we buy with foreign XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: In the @entity0 visual system, the lateral geniculate nucleus is commonly thought to act merely as a relay for the transmission of @entity2 , a relay without significant elaboration in receptive field properties or signal strength. However, many morphological and electrophysiological observations are at odds with this view. Only 10-20% of the synapses found on geniculate relay neurons are retinal in origin. Roughly half of all synapses derive from cells in layer VI of visual cortex; roughly one third are inhibitory and GABAergic, derived either from interneurons or from cells of the nearby perigeniculate nucleus. Most of the remaining synapses probably derive from cholinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic sites within the brainstem reticular formation. Moreover, recent biophysical studies have revealed several ionic currents present in virtually all thalamic neurons. One is a @entity1 -dependent K+ current underlying the afterhyperpolarization (or the IAHP), which may last up to 100-200 ms following an action potential. Activation of the IAHP leads to spike frequency adaptation in response to a sustained, suprathreshold input. Intracellular recordings from other neuronal preparations have shown that the IAHP can be blocked by @entity4 or @entity3 , leading to an increased cellular excitability. Another ionic current results from a voltage- and time-dependent @entity1 conductance that produces a low threshold spike. Activation of this conductance transforms a geniculate neuron from a state of faithful relay of information to one of bursting behavior that bears little relationship to the activity of its retinal afferents. We propose that state-dependent gating of geniculate relay cells, which may represent part of the neuronal substrate involved in certain forms of selective visual attention, can be effected through at least three different mechanisms: conventional GABAergic inhibition, which is largely controlled via brainstem and cortical afferents through interneurons and perigeniculate cells; the IAHP, which is controlled via noradrenergic and cholinergic afferents from the brainstem reticular formation; and the low threshold spike, which may be controlled by GABAergic inputs, cholinergic inputs, and/or the corticogeniculate input, although other possibilities also exist. Furthermore, it seems likely that gating functions involving the corticogeniculate pathway are suited to attentional processes within the visual domain (e.g., saccadic suppression), whereas brainstem inputs seem more likely to have more global effects that switch attention between sensory systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: The control of retinogeniculate transmission in the XXXX lateral geniculate nucleus.

answer: @entity0


abstract: A survey was conducted in 4 administrative regions of the Dominican Republic to determine the prevalence and incidence of @entity3 and @entity4 and to increase knowledge of their epidemiological features and responses of the family to the conditions. An objective was to establish programs to reduce their occurrence. The study consisted of a retrospective survey of morbidity over the past 2 weeks or mortality over the past year from acute @entity2 or @entity4 in a representative sample of @entity0 5 years old. A cluster sampling method was used. 7322 @entity0 5 were included. 59% had been sick in the 2 weeks preceding the survey. 94% of their illnesses corresponded to @entity3 or @entity4 , with few regional differences. 27% of the @entity0 had had @entity3 in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, with a slightly higher frequency (30%) in urban areas. The incidence, or percentage of @entity0 with @entity2 on the survey date was 13%, ranging from 6% to 19% in different regions and with a greater prevalence in urban areas. The average duration of @entity5 was 5 days, and the proportion of prolonged episodes lasting 15 or more days was 8%. 89% of the mothers had breast fed their @entity0 . 59% of urban and 51% of rural @entity0 were given less to eat during their @entity2 . Some form of oral rehydration was administered in 51% of cases. The use of iv feeding ranged from 3% to 12% in different regions and averaged 7% overall. Antidiarrheals or antibiotics were administered in 24% of cases. 65% of families sought medical assistance for the @entity2 . 5% of the @entity0 with @entity2 were hospitalized. @entity2 mortality projected over the 1987 population age 0-4 suggested that around 6000 @entity1 associated with @entity2 occurred, of which about 5000 were in @entity0 1 year. 43% of all @entity1 were associated with @entity2 . The frequency of @entity4 was 40%, ranging from 36% to 45% in different regions. The average duration was 7 days, with little regional or rural-urban variation. The calculated annual frequency of @entity4 was 10 episodes/ @entity0 , again with little geographic variation. Feeding of the @entity0 was decreased in 45% of cases. 49% of cases required medical attention and 58% received some form of treatment. 3% of cases required hospitalization. 26% of @entity1 in @entity0 1 and 15% in those 1-4 were associated with @entity4 . The annual projection of 50 days morbidity due to @entity4 and 30 days due to @entity2 totals about 80 days of illness/ @entity0 /year. Considering that feeding was reduced in 45% of @entity0 with @entity4 and 55% with acute @entity2 , the potential effect on nutritional status is obvious.

title: [National Survey on Acute @entity5 and Acute XXXX , 1987].

answer: @entity4


abstract: A survey was conducted in 4 administrative regions of the Dominican Republic to determine the prevalence and incidence of @entity3 and @entity4 and to increase knowledge of their epidemiological features and responses of the family to the conditions. An objective was to establish programs to reduce their occurrence. The study consisted of a retrospective survey of morbidity over the past 2 weeks or mortality over the past year from acute @entity2 or @entity4 in a representative sample of @entity0 5 years old. A cluster sampling method was used. 7322 @entity0 5 were included. 59% had been sick in the 2 weeks preceding the survey. 94% of their illnesses corresponded to @entity3 or @entity4 , with few regional differences. 27% of the @entity0 had had @entity3 in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, with a slightly higher frequency (30%) in urban areas. The incidence, or percentage of @entity0 with @entity2 on the survey date was 13%, ranging from 6% to 19% in different regions and with a greater prevalence in urban areas. The average duration of @entity5 was 5 days, and the proportion of prolonged episodes lasting 15 or more days was 8%. 89% of the mothers had breast fed their @entity0 . 59% of urban and 51% of rural @entity0 were given less to eat during their @entity2 . Some form of oral rehydration was administered in 51% of cases. The use of iv feeding ranged from 3% to 12% in different regions and averaged 7% overall. Antidiarrheals or antibiotics were administered in 24% of cases. 65% of families sought medical assistance for the @entity2 . 5% of the @entity0 with @entity2 were hospitalized. @entity2 mortality projected over the 1987 population age 0-4 suggested that around 6000 @entity1 associated with @entity2 occurred, of which about 5000 were in @entity0 1 year. 43% of all @entity1 were associated with @entity2 . The frequency of @entity4 was 40%, ranging from 36% to 45% in different regions. The average duration was 7 days, with little regional or rural-urban variation. The calculated annual frequency of @entity4 was 10 episodes/ @entity0 , again with little geographic variation. Feeding of the @entity0 was decreased in 45% of cases. 49% of cases required medical attention and 58% received some form of treatment. 3% of cases required hospitalization. 26% of @entity1 in @entity0 1 and 15% in those 1-4 were associated with @entity4 . The annual projection of 50 days morbidity due to @entity4 and 30 days due to @entity2 totals about 80 days of illness/ @entity0 /year. Considering that feeding was reduced in 45% of @entity0 with @entity4 and 55% with acute @entity2 , the potential effect on nutritional status is obvious.

title: [National Survey on Acute XXXX and Acute @entity4 , 1987].

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity11 , or @entity4 of the bones, is a common orthopedic condition in the young in developing countries which causes severe @entity2 and morbidity. @entity6 is of hematogenous origin, and in adults it results from @entity13 or a leg ulcer from @entity8 (over 80%), or mixed with @entity12 , Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, @entity5 , and @entity10 . In a classic case of @entity6 , a @entity0 under 10 presents severe @entity3 , pyrexia of 39-40 degrees Celsius, and inability to use the limb. Blood culture is positive in 60% of cases, and white cell count is elevated to around 20,000/ml indicative of leucocytosis. After 12 weeks of intense @entity1 in. A large abscess develops in the subperiosteal soft tissue extending into the tissue planes. Discharging sinuses and fistulae appear along with @entity2 . In advanced cases, X-ray shows complete separation of the dead bones (sequestrum) or a defect in the length of bone. In @entity6 , treatment calls for the limb to be splinted and elevated. The usual regimen is to give 500 mg iv cloxacillin every 6 hours for 24-48 hours in combination with intra-muscular @entity9 (40 mg, every 8 hours) and analgesics as well as small doses of @entity15 for 24 hours. Antibiotic therapy must continue for 8-12 weeks with a follow-up X-ray at 3 months to confirm complete recovery. In @entity14 , which can linger for year, subcutaneous and subperiosteal @entity7 should be drained without sequestrectomy until involucrum has formed. Public awareness has to be increased about urgent medical attention at an early stage to avoid amputation in very severe cases in adults.

title: Coping with XXXX .

answer: @entity11


abstract: Although case reports of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) causing acute @entity1 in otherwise healthy adults have appeared recently in the literature, a prospective study of the incidence of @entity6 in the general population hitherto has not been reported. In the present study, serum samples from 124 young adults attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic with either @entity2 (n = 86) or non-herpes sexually transmitted diseases (n = 38) (controls) were analyzed for @entity1 (including @entity3 aminotransferase [AST] and @entity4 aminotransferase [ALT]). Twelve of eighty-six (14%) herpes-infected @entity0 had mildly abnormal liver enzyme tests (less than or equal to twice the upper limit of normal) as opposed to only 1 of 38 controls (2.6%), (P less than .05). All individuals in the herpes- @entity1 group were anicteric, and only two complained of constitutional symptoms (malaise and fatigue). Liver enzyme tests were repeated in nine herpes- @entity1 @entity0 1 week after their genital lesions had resolved, and in six of nine @entity0 the results had returned to within normal limits. Four @entity0 subsequently returned at the onset of a recurrence of their genital herpes. In all four, serum ALT levels were elevated from the previous occasion, and in three of the four levels just exceeded the upper limit of normal. One @entity0 was followed through three recurrences of his genital herpes. In that individual, the extent of @entity1 appeared to correlate with the presence or absence of his genital lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Genital herpes and XXXX in healthy young adults.

answer: @entity1