abstract: OBJECTIVE: Pharmacologic agents currently approved for use in @entity0 with @entity2 2 @entity1 ( @entity4 and insulin) are less than optimal for some @entity0 . We evaluated the use of a ketogenic, very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) in the treatment of @entity2 2 @entity1 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a chart review of 20 @entity0 (mean age 14.5 +/- 0.4 years) who consumed a ketogenic VLCD in the treatment of @entity2 2 @entity1 . Several response variables (BMI, blood pressure, HbA(1c), blood @entity3 , and treatment regimens) were examined before, during, and up to 2 years after the diet and compared with a matched @entity1 control group. RESULTS: Before starting the diet, 11 of 20 @entity0 were treated with insulin and 6 with @entity4 . Mean daily blood @entity3 values fell from 8.9 +/- 1.1 to 5.5 +/- 0.38 mmol/l (P < 0.0001) in the first 3 days of the VLCD, allowing insulin and oral agents to be discontinued in all but one subject. BMI fell from 43.5 +/- 1.8 to 39.3 +/- 1.8 kg/m(2) (P < 0.0001) and HbA(1c) dropped from 8.8 +/- 0.6 to 7.4 +/- 0.6% (P < 0.005) as the diet was continued for a mean of 60 +/- 8 days (range 4-130 days), and none required resumption of antidiabetic medications. Sustained decreases in BMI and insulin requirements were observed in @entity0 remaining on the VLCD for at least 6 weeks when compared with those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The ketogenic VLCD is an effective short-term, and possibly long-term, therapy for pediatric @entity0 with @entity2 2 @entity1 . Blood @entity3 control and BMI improve, allowing the discontinuation of exogenous insulin and other antidiabetic agents. This diet, although strict, has potential as an alternative to pharmacologic therapies for this emerging subset of @entity1 individuals.

title: Treatment of XXXX 2 @entity1 in childhood using a very-low-calorie diet.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Pharmacologic agents currently approved for use in @entity0 with @entity2 2 @entity1 ( @entity4 and insulin) are less than optimal for some @entity0 . We evaluated the use of a ketogenic, very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) in the treatment of @entity2 2 @entity1 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a chart review of 20 @entity0 (mean age 14.5 +/- 0.4 years) who consumed a ketogenic VLCD in the treatment of @entity2 2 @entity1 . Several response variables (BMI, blood pressure, HbA(1c), blood @entity3 , and treatment regimens) were examined before, during, and up to 2 years after the diet and compared with a matched @entity1 control group. RESULTS: Before starting the diet, 11 of 20 @entity0 were treated with insulin and 6 with @entity4 . Mean daily blood @entity3 values fell from 8.9 +/- 1.1 to 5.5 +/- 0.38 mmol/l (P < 0.0001) in the first 3 days of the VLCD, allowing insulin and oral agents to be discontinued in all but one subject. BMI fell from 43.5 +/- 1.8 to 39.3 +/- 1.8 kg/m(2) (P < 0.0001) and HbA(1c) dropped from 8.8 +/- 0.6 to 7.4 +/- 0.6% (P < 0.005) as the diet was continued for a mean of 60 +/- 8 days (range 4-130 days), and none required resumption of antidiabetic medications. Sustained decreases in BMI and insulin requirements were observed in @entity0 remaining on the VLCD for at least 6 weeks when compared with those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The ketogenic VLCD is an effective short-term, and possibly long-term, therapy for pediatric @entity0 with @entity2 2 @entity1 . Blood @entity3 control and BMI improve, allowing the discontinuation of exogenous insulin and other antidiabetic agents. This diet, although strict, has potential as an alternative to pharmacologic therapies for this emerging subset of @entity1 individuals.

title: Treatment of @entity2 2 XXXX in childhood using a very-low-calorie diet.

answer: @entity1


abstract: CONTEXT: Most @entity0 diagnosed as having @entity1 become research subjects in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), but little is known about how randomization is explained to or understood by parents. OBJECTIVE: To investigate physicians' explanation and parental understanding of randomization in @entity1 RCTs. DESIGN AND SETTING: A multisite study of the informed consent communication process for @entity1 . Consecutive cases were recruited from pediatric oncology inpatient wards at 6 US @entity0 's hospitals associated with major academic medical centers from July 1, 1999, until December 31, 2001. The informed consent conferences were observed and audiotaped, and the information obtained was coded and analyzed. Parents were interviewed shortly after the conference to ascertain their understanding. @entity0 : Parents and members of the health care team who participated in 137 informed consent conferences for @entity0 with newly diagnosed @entity2 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Observed explanations of randomization and parental understanding of randomization after the consent conference. RESULTS: Randomization was explained by physicians in 83% of cases and a consent document was presented during the conference in 95% of cases. Interviews after the conference demonstrated that 68 (50%) of 137 parents did not understand randomization. Parents of racial minority and lower socioeconomic status were less likely to understand randomization (P<.001 for each). Discussion of specific clinical trial details and the presence of a nurse during the conference were associated with understanding. Eighty-four percent of @entity0 were enrolled in a @entity1 trial. CONCLUSIONS: Despite oral and written explanation, half of the parents in this study did not understand randomization for @entity1 trials. To make informed consent more effective, future research must seek to improve communication during this critical interchange.

title: Communication of randomization in XXXX trials.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In two open prospective studies, the efficacy and tolerance of @entity7 in the prevention of @entity4 in @entity0 with @entity9 (n = 58) and in the treatment of chronic post-traumatic @entity8 (n = 115) were examined. In the study with @entity9 , @entity10 occurred in only four cases (6.5%). During an observation period of at least 12 months, post-traumatic @entity8 was seen in two @entity0 with III degree @entity9 (9%), while in the groups with I degree and II degree @entity9 no @entity3 could be found. Therefore, the rate of post-traumatic @entity8 related to all @entity0 was 3.3%. In the second study with 115 @entity0 suffering from chronic post-traumatic @entity8 141 different Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens were isolated. 73% were Gram-positive cocci with @entity6 in more than 50% of the cases. An elimination rate of more than 90% was found in the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, leading to a clinical cure in 85% and a recurrence of @entity4 in 5% of the cases. The tolerability of @entity7 was excellent. No @entity2 were observed. @entity5 and @entity1 occurred in less than 2% of @entity0 . With adequate surgical treatment, @entity7 proved to be a useful antimicrobial agent in the prevention and therapy of @entity3 .

title: Use of @entity7 in @entity9 and in the treatment of post-traumatic XXXX .

answer: @entity8


abstract: In two open prospective studies, the efficacy and tolerance of @entity7 in the prevention of @entity4 in @entity0 with @entity9 (n = 58) and in the treatment of chronic post-traumatic @entity8 (n = 115) were examined. In the study with @entity9 , @entity10 occurred in only four cases (6.5%). During an observation period of at least 12 months, post-traumatic @entity8 was seen in two @entity0 with III degree @entity9 (9%), while in the groups with I degree and II degree @entity9 no @entity3 could be found. Therefore, the rate of post-traumatic @entity8 related to all @entity0 was 3.3%. In the second study with 115 @entity0 suffering from chronic post-traumatic @entity8 141 different Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens were isolated. 73% were Gram-positive cocci with @entity6 in more than 50% of the cases. An elimination rate of more than 90% was found in the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, leading to a clinical cure in 85% and a recurrence of @entity4 in 5% of the cases. The tolerability of @entity7 was excellent. No @entity2 were observed. @entity5 and @entity1 occurred in less than 2% of @entity0 . With adequate surgical treatment, @entity7 proved to be a useful antimicrobial agent in the prevention and therapy of @entity3 .

title: Use of @entity7 in XXXX and in the treatment of post-traumatic @entity8 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: In two open prospective studies, the efficacy and tolerance of @entity7 in the prevention of @entity4 in @entity0 with @entity9 (n = 58) and in the treatment of chronic post-traumatic @entity8 (n = 115) were examined. In the study with @entity9 , @entity10 occurred in only four cases (6.5%). During an observation period of at least 12 months, post-traumatic @entity8 was seen in two @entity0 with III degree @entity9 (9%), while in the groups with I degree and II degree @entity9 no @entity3 could be found. Therefore, the rate of post-traumatic @entity8 related to all @entity0 was 3.3%. In the second study with 115 @entity0 suffering from chronic post-traumatic @entity8 141 different Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens were isolated. 73% were Gram-positive cocci with @entity6 in more than 50% of the cases. An elimination rate of more than 90% was found in the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, leading to a clinical cure in 85% and a recurrence of @entity4 in 5% of the cases. The tolerability of @entity7 was excellent. No @entity2 were observed. @entity5 and @entity1 occurred in less than 2% of @entity0 . With adequate surgical treatment, @entity7 proved to be a useful antimicrobial agent in the prevention and therapy of @entity3 .

title: Use of XXXX in @entity9 and in the treatment of post-traumatic @entity8 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 are mesenchymal nonmetastasizing @entity1 . Although rare in the general population, they are a common extracolonic manifestation of @entity5 ( @entity5 ). Because of high @entity1 recurrence rates, surgery has been less than satisfactory in the treatment of @entity4 . In the current study, high doses of @entity3 in combination with sulindac were used to treat severe @entity4 to avoid surgery. METHODS: Since 1992, 25 @entity0 at Heinrich Heine University (Dusseldorf, Germany) were treated with a combination of @entity3 and sulindac. In the current study, 17 @entity0 with @entity5 -associated and 8 @entity0 with sporadic @entity4 received 120 mg of @entity3 and 300 mg of sulindac daily. Every 6 months, the protracted course of desmoid growth was measured by computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging scans. @entity1 responses were characterized as @entity2 ( @entity2 ), partial regression (PR), and complete regression (CR). RESULTS: Of the group of @entity0 who received @entity3 and sulindac as a primary treatment, all three @entity0 with sporadic @entity4 demonstrated cessation of growth, and 10 of the 13 @entity0 with @entity5 -associated @entity1 achieved either a PR or CR. In the @entity4 group, eight of nine @entity0 developed @entity1 recurrences after undergoing surgery at other institutions. Of these, two @entity0 had @entity2 and two @entity0 had a PR to CR. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity0 with @entity4 who were managed conservatively with high-dose @entity3 and sulindac had the best outcome. @entity4 recurrence after surgery was high and in the @entity5 -associated @entity1 group, therapy with @entity3 and sulindac was found to be less successful. Based on this experience, the authors recommended high-dose @entity3 and sulindac as the primary treatment for @entity0 with @entity5 -associated @entity4 . However, to our knowledge, the best approach after surgical intervention for @entity0 with sporadic @entity4 remains to be determined.

title: High-dose XXXX and sulindac as first-line treatment for @entity4 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 are mesenchymal nonmetastasizing @entity1 . Although rare in the general population, they are a common extracolonic manifestation of @entity5 ( @entity5 ). Because of high @entity1 recurrence rates, surgery has been less than satisfactory in the treatment of @entity4 . In the current study, high doses of @entity3 in combination with sulindac were used to treat severe @entity4 to avoid surgery. METHODS: Since 1992, 25 @entity0 at Heinrich Heine University (Dusseldorf, Germany) were treated with a combination of @entity3 and sulindac. In the current study, 17 @entity0 with @entity5 -associated and 8 @entity0 with sporadic @entity4 received 120 mg of @entity3 and 300 mg of sulindac daily. Every 6 months, the protracted course of desmoid growth was measured by computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging scans. @entity1 responses were characterized as @entity2 ( @entity2 ), partial regression (PR), and complete regression (CR). RESULTS: Of the group of @entity0 who received @entity3 and sulindac as a primary treatment, all three @entity0 with sporadic @entity4 demonstrated cessation of growth, and 10 of the 13 @entity0 with @entity5 -associated @entity1 achieved either a PR or CR. In the @entity4 group, eight of nine @entity0 developed @entity1 recurrences after undergoing surgery at other institutions. Of these, two @entity0 had @entity2 and two @entity0 had a PR to CR. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity0 with @entity4 who were managed conservatively with high-dose @entity3 and sulindac had the best outcome. @entity4 recurrence after surgery was high and in the @entity5 -associated @entity1 group, therapy with @entity3 and sulindac was found to be less successful. Based on this experience, the authors recommended high-dose @entity3 and sulindac as the primary treatment for @entity0 with @entity5 -associated @entity4 . However, to our knowledge, the best approach after surgical intervention for @entity0 with sporadic @entity4 remains to be determined.

title: High-dose @entity3 and sulindac as first-line treatment for XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The research on substance ( @entity1 , @entity2 and drug) abuse and on self-perception was done by comparing a test group of physically disabled adolescents and a test group of non-disabled adolescents. The respondents of the experimental group were students of the only special high school for physically handicapped @entity0 in Croatia, Zagreb. The respondents of the control group were the students of two regular high schools in the capital of Croatia. The instrument used in this research was a self-reported, anonymous questionnaire. The respondents completed the questionnaire in the classroom. The data analysis regarding @entity1 abuse indicated that physically disabled adolescents drink more often and out of quite different motives than their non-disabled peers. Regarding the prevalence, frequency, quantity and motives for smoking, no statistically significant difference has been found between the tested groups. On the contrary, significant differences between handicapped and non-disabled adolescents were evident regarding drug abuse. Only one physically disabled examinee used a drug--marijuana, only a few times a year. On the other hand, almost one quarter of the non-disabled adolescents use at least one, five at the most, type of drug sometimes or often. The results on the self-perception scale show that adolescent with physical disabilities have a much more negative attitude toward themselves than non-disabled controls. Their self-esteem and self-confidence are seriously diminished. Described findings could have a mighty impact on ways of preventing @entity3 , and on ways of increasing self-esteem among disabled and non-disabled adolescents.

title: Comparative research on XXXX and self-perception among adolescents with physical handicap.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of Gram and @entity4 with calcofluor white ( @entity3 +CFW) stains in the diagnosis of early and advanced microbial @entity2 , a retrospective analysis of comparative data from a prospectively collected database was done. METHODS: @entity0 with nonviral microbial @entity2 seen at L.V. Prasad Eye Institute between February 1991 and December 1998 were included in the study. The type of bacteria seen on Gram stain was determined from 251 corneal scrapings from @entity0 with @entity2 and 841 corneal scrapings from @entity0 with advanced @entity2 . The presence of fungi in corneal scrapings was determined by @entity3 +CFW stain of 114 and 363 scrapings from @entity0 with early and advanced @entity2 , respectively. The smear findings were compared with culture results to analyze specificity, sensitivity, and predictive values of the staining techniques. RESULTS: The sensitivity of Gram stain in the detection of bacteria was 36.0% in early and 40.9% in advanced @entity2 cases; however, the specificity was higher in both groups (84.9% and 87.1%, respectively). Comparatively, the sensitivity and specificity of fungal detection were higher using @entity3 +CFW in early (61.1% and 99.0%, respectively) as well as advanced @entity2 (87.7% and 83.7%, respectively). Predictive values were high for @entity3 +CFW in fungus detection, while they were poor for Gram stain in bacteria detection. In advanced @entity2 cases, the false positives were @entity1 (16.3%) than in bacterial detection (10.3%), while the false negatives were significantly higher in bacterial detection compared with fungal detection (59.1% versus 12.3%, p< 0.0001). In @entity2 , on the other hand, both false positives and false negatives for bacterial detection were significantly higher than fungal detection. CONCLUSIONS: Decisions can reliably be based on @entity3 +CFW stain of corneal scrapings for initiation of antifungal therapy in @entity2 . The results of Gram stain, on the other hand, have limited value in therapeutic decisions for @entity2 . Therefore, the search for a better modality for early and efficient diagnosis of @entity2 needs to continue.

title: Evaluation of corneal scraping smear examination methods in the diagnosis of XXXX : a survey of eight years of laboratory experience.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe whether deep lamellar keratectomy with a conjunctival flap is effective for the treatment of @entity6 . METHODS: Two @entity0 (three eyes) had at least a 4-week history of @entity2 misdiagnosed as @entity4 and @entity5 . Both @entity0 were started on multiple topical antiamoebic drugs after @entity3 was confirmed. No improvement was observed after 3-4 weeks. Surgery was then performed. Peribulbar anesthesia was given, and the infected tissue was removed by deep lamellar keratectomy. A bipediculate conjunctival flap was put in place and secured with interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures. RESULTS: Both @entity0 experienced immediate @entity2 relief. The @entity3 was controlled and all medications were tapered. There were neither @entity1 nor retraction of the flap. Final examination revealed a Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/100 in each eye in the @entity0 described in case number one at 30 months, and 20/100 in the @entity0 described in case number two at 13 months. CONCLUSION: Deep lamellar keratectomy with a conjunctival flap is a suitable approach to help control the @entity3 and to help relieve @entity2 in @entity0 with advanced @entity6 .

title: Treatment of advanced XXXX with deep lamellar keratectomy and conjunctival flap.

answer: @entity6


abstract: PURPOSE: Total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation has been reported to be an optimal surgery for @entity1 . It minimizes local recurrence and @entity2 . The aim of this study was to assess the safety of total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in terms of voiding and sexual function in males with @entity1 . METHODS: We performed urine flowmetry using Urodyn and a standard questionnaire using the International Index of Erectile Function and the International Prostate Symptom Score before and after surgery in 68 males with @entity1 . RESULTS: Significant differences in mean maximal urinary flow rate and voided volume were seen before and after surgery (18.9 +/- 5.7 13.7 +/- 7.0, 240 +/- 91.9 143 +/- 78; < 0.05, < 0.05, respectively), but no differences in residual volume before and after surgery were apparent (4.4 +/- 2.6 8.1 +/- 4.4; > 0.05). The total International Prostate Symptom Score was increased after surgery from 6.2 +/- 5.8 to 9.8 +/- 5.9 ( < 0.05). There were no changes of score for one of each of seven International Prostate Symptom Score items in 49 @entity0 (73.5 percent) to 61 @entity0 (89.7 percent). Five International Index of Erectile Function domain scores (erectile function, intercourse satisfaction, orgasmic function, sexual desire, and overall satisfaction) were significantly decreased after surgery (18.2 +/- 9.3 13.5 +/- 9, 8.4 +/- 4.2 4.4 +/- 2.9, 5.8 +/- 2.9 4.4 +/- 2.9, 6.1 +/- 2.4 4.8 +/- 2, 6.1 +/- 2.2 4.5 +/- 2.3, respectively; < 0.05). Erection was possible in 55 @entity0 (80.9 percent); penetration ability was possible in 51 @entity0 (75 percent). Complete inability for erection and intercourse was observed in three @entity0 (5.5 percent). Retrograde ejaculation was noted in 9 @entity0 (13.2 percent). International Index of Erectile Function domains such as sexual desire and overall satisfaction were greatly decreased in 39 @entity0 (57.4 percent) and 43 @entity0 (63.2 percent), respectively. Multiple regression analysis of factors affecting postoperative @entity2 showed that age older than 60 years (sexual desire, P = 0.019), within six months (erectile function, P = 0.04; intercourse satisfaction, P = 0.011; orgasmic function, P = 0.03), lower @entity1 (erectile function, P = 0.02; intercourse satisfaction, P = 0.036; orgasmic function, P = 0.027) were significant factors adversely affecting sexual function. CONCLUSION: Total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation showed relative safety in preserving @entity3 . The International Prostate Symptom Score and International Index of Erectile Function questionnaires were useful in assessing urinary and sexual function.

title: Assessment of XXXX after total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in males with @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: Total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation has been reported to be an optimal surgery for @entity1 . It minimizes local recurrence and @entity2 . The aim of this study was to assess the safety of total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in terms of voiding and sexual function in males with @entity1 . METHODS: We performed urine flowmetry using Urodyn and a standard questionnaire using the International Index of Erectile Function and the International Prostate Symptom Score before and after surgery in 68 males with @entity1 . RESULTS: Significant differences in mean maximal urinary flow rate and voided volume were seen before and after surgery (18.9 +/- 5.7 13.7 +/- 7.0, 240 +/- 91.9 143 +/- 78; < 0.05, < 0.05, respectively), but no differences in residual volume before and after surgery were apparent (4.4 +/- 2.6 8.1 +/- 4.4; > 0.05). The total International Prostate Symptom Score was increased after surgery from 6.2 +/- 5.8 to 9.8 +/- 5.9 ( < 0.05). There were no changes of score for one of each of seven International Prostate Symptom Score items in 49 @entity0 (73.5 percent) to 61 @entity0 (89.7 percent). Five International Index of Erectile Function domain scores (erectile function, intercourse satisfaction, orgasmic function, sexual desire, and overall satisfaction) were significantly decreased after surgery (18.2 +/- 9.3 13.5 +/- 9, 8.4 +/- 4.2 4.4 +/- 2.9, 5.8 +/- 2.9 4.4 +/- 2.9, 6.1 +/- 2.4 4.8 +/- 2, 6.1 +/- 2.2 4.5 +/- 2.3, respectively; < 0.05). Erection was possible in 55 @entity0 (80.9 percent); penetration ability was possible in 51 @entity0 (75 percent). Complete inability for erection and intercourse was observed in three @entity0 (5.5 percent). Retrograde ejaculation was noted in 9 @entity0 (13.2 percent). International Index of Erectile Function domains such as sexual desire and overall satisfaction were greatly decreased in 39 @entity0 (57.4 percent) and 43 @entity0 (63.2 percent), respectively. Multiple regression analysis of factors affecting postoperative @entity2 showed that age older than 60 years (sexual desire, P = 0.019), within six months (erectile function, P = 0.04; intercourse satisfaction, P = 0.011; orgasmic function, P = 0.03), lower @entity1 (erectile function, P = 0.02; intercourse satisfaction, P = 0.036; orgasmic function, P = 0.027) were significant factors adversely affecting sexual function. CONCLUSION: Total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation showed relative safety in preserving @entity3 . The International Prostate Symptom Score and International Index of Erectile Function questionnaires were useful in assessing urinary and sexual function.

title: Assessment of @entity3 after total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in males with XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Noncardiac @entity2 (NCCP) presents as a frequent diagnostic challenge, with @entity0 tending to use a disproportionate level of health care resources. @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is the most frequent cause of NCCP. GOALS: To test the efficacy of a potent acid-suppressing agent as a diagnostic test in the evaluation of NCCP and to compare it with three commonly used tests. STUDY: Eighteen @entity0 and 24 @entity0 , aged 22 to 77 years, who presented with recurrent @entity2 complaints of a noncardiac etiology, as determined by rest/stress perfusion imaging with technetium Tc99m sestamibi (MIBI), were enrolled in a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial using high-dose @entity4 . Thirty-seven @entity0 completed both arms of the trial. Findings were compared with those of endoscopy, manometry, and ambulatory 24-hour two-channel esophageal pH monitoring. All @entity0 underwent initial diagnostic upper endoscopy, esophageal manometry, and 24-hour pH monitoring. @entity0 were then randomly assigned to either placebo or @entity4 (40 mg/d orally twice daily) for 14 days, washed out for 21 days, and then crossed over. @entity0 's symptoms were determined using a Visual Analogue Scale to measure the severity of @entity2 before and after each period. RESULTS: Seventy-one percent of @entity0 in the @entity4 arm reported improved @entity2 , whereas only 18% in the placebo arm did. Abnormal results on manometry (20%), 24-hour pH monitoring (42%), or endoscopy with visual evidence of @entity3 (26%) were found less frequently. Combination of the three tests did not significantly increase their usefulness. In NCCP @entity0 with @entity1 , as defined by positive results on a 24-hour pH test or presence of @entity3 on endoscopy, @entity4 treatment led to a response in 95% of @entity0 , whereas 90% of @entity1 -positive @entity0 treated with placebo did not respond. Of NCCP @entity0 determined to be @entity1 negative, 39% responded to @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 as a first diagnostic tool in the evaluation of MIBI-negative NCCP is sensitive and specific for determining the cause of NCCP. Endoscopy, manometry, and 24-hour pH monitoring were not only less sensitive in diagnosing NCCP, but they were significantly more expensive.

title: Short course of @entity4 : a better first diagnostic approach to noncardiac XXXX than endoscopy, manometry, or 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Noncardiac @entity2 (NCCP) presents as a frequent diagnostic challenge, with @entity0 tending to use a disproportionate level of health care resources. @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is the most frequent cause of NCCP. GOALS: To test the efficacy of a potent acid-suppressing agent as a diagnostic test in the evaluation of NCCP and to compare it with three commonly used tests. STUDY: Eighteen @entity0 and 24 @entity0 , aged 22 to 77 years, who presented with recurrent @entity2 complaints of a noncardiac etiology, as determined by rest/stress perfusion imaging with technetium Tc99m sestamibi (MIBI), were enrolled in a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial using high-dose @entity4 . Thirty-seven @entity0 completed both arms of the trial. Findings were compared with those of endoscopy, manometry, and ambulatory 24-hour two-channel esophageal pH monitoring. All @entity0 underwent initial diagnostic upper endoscopy, esophageal manometry, and 24-hour pH monitoring. @entity0 were then randomly assigned to either placebo or @entity4 (40 mg/d orally twice daily) for 14 days, washed out for 21 days, and then crossed over. @entity0 's symptoms were determined using a Visual Analogue Scale to measure the severity of @entity2 before and after each period. RESULTS: Seventy-one percent of @entity0 in the @entity4 arm reported improved @entity2 , whereas only 18% in the placebo arm did. Abnormal results on manometry (20%), 24-hour pH monitoring (42%), or endoscopy with visual evidence of @entity3 (26%) were found less frequently. Combination of the three tests did not significantly increase their usefulness. In NCCP @entity0 with @entity1 , as defined by positive results on a 24-hour pH test or presence of @entity3 on endoscopy, @entity4 treatment led to a response in 95% of @entity0 , whereas 90% of @entity1 -positive @entity0 treated with placebo did not respond. Of NCCP @entity0 determined to be @entity1 negative, 39% responded to @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 as a first diagnostic tool in the evaluation of MIBI-negative NCCP is sensitive and specific for determining the cause of NCCP. Endoscopy, manometry, and 24-hour pH monitoring were not only less sensitive in diagnosing NCCP, but they were significantly more expensive.

title: Short course of XXXX : a better first diagnostic approach to noncardiac @entity2 than endoscopy, manometry, or 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring.

answer: @entity4


abstract: GOAL: To review treatment approaches for temporary liver support of @entity0 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ). STUDY A MEDLINE: search of English language reports published between 1960 and 1999 and a manual search of bibliographies of relevant papers were performed. Studies of @entity0 in whom non-orthotopic liver transplant (OLT)-based approaches were used were reviewed, including case reports, case series, review articles describing unpublished cases, and controlled trials. Relevant clinical information was extracted with emphasis on improvement in liver function, successful bridging to OLT, recovery without OLT, and @entity1 . There was a lack of more than one controlled trial for each therapy, and most case reports were anecdotal in nature; therefore, no statistical analysis was attempted. Predefined outcomes from individual @entity0 were synthesized collectively into tables. RESULTS: Both cell-based and non-cell-based therapies for @entity2 appear promising. Preliminary experience has established the safety of these approaches, but current data are inadequate to evaluate efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Routine use of artificial liver support systems cannot be recommended at this time. However, the established safety of cell- and non-cell-based liver support devices warrants additional prospective (Phase III) controlled trials among @entity0 with @entity2 . We suggest an algorithm for management of @entity0 with @entity2 that incorporates recent data.

title: Temporary support for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: In 48 @entity0 who had @entity5 (icp) this was monitored continuously by an epidural route. Icp-values were correlated with other important parameters like the mean arterial pressure (map) and the early components of brainstem acoustic evoked responses (BAER). The results were as follows: 1. focal and multifocal @entity3 resulting in @entity9 have better prognosis than those morbid conditions causing cytotoxic @entity1 . In the letter group the whole brain's metabolism is impaired, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord included. 2. by monitoring map and icp we are enabled to assess the cerebral perfusion pressure. If this value falls short of 20 Torr the duration of unconsciousness and the frequency of brainstem related symptoms increases as well as @entity4 and @entity2 and @entity7 in the long term course. 3. @entity3 and @entity3 in general are not related to icp-increase. They resemble local @entity3 , e.g. after contusions. 4. serial registration of BAER is a good aid in @entity6 . If there are critical values of the perfusion pressure mainly the waves III and V of BAER have increased peak latencies and go flattened. This trend takes place slowly within hours or even days. Loss of the components III and V is prompted by an irreversible damage of the caudal brainstem. This finding after cytotoxic brain @entity1 is even more relevant than after vasogenic @entity1 . If the component loss III-V is bilateral dissociated @entity8 has to be anticipated. Some important issues of icp-pathophysiology are discussed according to the literature.

title: [Clinical picture and pathophysiology of XXXX ].

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was conducted in @entity0 treated surgically for @entity5 between 1994 and 2000 to determine the value of electrophysiological parameters for followup in comparison with clinical, radiological and urodynamic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electrophysiological examination was performed based on electromyographic detection of perineal muscle activity with evaluation of the sacral reflexes and measurement of lower limb and perineal evoked potentials. Clinical and radiological assessment consisted of physical examination, kidney ultrasonography and retrograde cystouretrography. Urodynamic assessment included determination of urethral pressure profile, bladder activity, compliance, voiding pressure and sphincter synergy. A total of 45 @entity0 were included in the study. In 28 cases electrophysiological assessment was performed routinely in 20 @entity0 (group 1) before and after (6 months and annually thereafter) surgical treatment (mean followup 30 months) and in 8 @entity0 (group 2) only after surgical treatment (mean followup 65 months). Electrophysiological findings were correlated with the urodynamic and clinical findings. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were calculated. In 17 @entity0 (group 3) electrophysiological assessment was performed only once either before or after surgery. RESULTS: Electrophysiological assessment with combined electromyographic detection and perineal evoked potentials was highly sensitive in predicting @entity1 , particularly vesico-sphincter @entity4 (sensitivity 100%) or @entity3 (sensitivity 86%). Specificity of perineal evoked potentials for detecting urodynamic dysfunction was 90%. Electromyographic detection and perineal evoked potentials also demonstrated satisfactory sensitivity in confirming @entity1 (sensitivity 79%, negative predictive value 90%). CONCLUSIONS: Electromyographic detection and perineal evoked potentials are valuable for assessment of @entity0 after surgical treatment of @entity5 . Because these techniques are minimally invasive and highly reproducible, they are suitable for baseline assessment in most cases (tethered cord, @entity2 ). Urodynamic assessment should be reserved for @entity0 at high risk for secondary neurogenic @entity3 such as myelomeningocele or @entity6 .

title: Value of electrophysiological assessment after surgical treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: We present a comprehensive resource that summarizes contemporary advances relevant to the clinical management of @entity2 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A MEDLINE search was done using the key words @entity4 , @entity7 or @entity6 , and therapeutic embolization. References from these articles were reviewed to identify additional relevant source material. We identified 13 series published since 1986 comprising 336 @entity0 as well as 24 reports of therapeutic embolization for @entity4 , comprising 76 @entity0 . To our knowledge we report the largest compilation series to date. RESULTS: @entity4 is generally benign, although an uncommon subtype (epithelioid @entity4 ) may behave more aggressively. @entity8 associated @entity4 tends to be larger, multiple and more likely to cause spontaneous @entity5 than the sporadic entity. Tumors that @entity5 tend to be larger. Computerized tomography or magnetic resonance is usually sufficient for diagnosis. Biopsy is rarely useful. Primary indications for intervention include symptoms such as @entity3 or @entity5 or suspicion of @entity1 . Prophylactic intervention is justifiable for large @entity1 , in females of childbearing age or in @entity0 in whom followup or access to emergency care may be inadequate. Recent advances that have affected management include improved understanding of @entity8 complex and @entity4 genetics, the identification of molecular markers that facilitate histopathological diagnosis, and the refinement of embolization and partial nephrectomy techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Although some cases of @entity4 may require complete nephrectomy, most can be managed by conservative nephron sparing approaches. Ongoing research into the molecular biology and clinical behavior of @entity4 may improve our ability to manage these lesions.

title: Contemporary diagnosis and management of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: Repeat biopsy has been advocated following the diagnosis of high grade @entity3 to exclude coexisting @entity1 . We further define the natural history of high grade @entity3 by determining the incidence of @entity1 3 years following diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 31 @entity0 underwent followup interval biopsy 3 years after high grade @entity3 diagnosis in 1996 to 1997, regardless of change in serum @entity2 ( @entity2 ) or digital rectal examination findings. A single pathologist reviewed all biopsy specimens. All @entity0 had a minimum of 12 biopsy cores taken at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: A 3-year followup interval biopsy eight (25.8%) @entity0 had @entity1 , 11 (35.5%) had high grade @entity3 only and 12 (38.7%) had no disease. Mean serum @entity2 at diagnosis and before the followup biopsy was 6.88 and 9.69 ng./dl., respectively (p = 0.008). Of the @entity0 48% had less than a 1.0 unit increase in serum @entity2 . Upon univariate regression analysis change in serum @entity2 was not associated with the detection of @entity1 (p >0.10). All 4 @entity0 who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy had organ confined disease. CONCLUSIONS: In a high proportion of @entity0 with high grade @entity1 will develop in a 3-year interval. Our findings support the concept that high grade @entity3 is a precursor to @entity1 and that repeat biopsy at a delayed interval is recommended regardless of changes in @entity2 .

title: Followup interval prostate biopsy 3 years after diagnosis of high grade @entity3 is associated with high likelihood of @entity1 , independent of change in XXXX levels.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: Repeat biopsy has been advocated following the diagnosis of high grade @entity3 to exclude coexisting @entity1 . We further define the natural history of high grade @entity3 by determining the incidence of @entity1 3 years following diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 31 @entity0 underwent followup interval biopsy 3 years after high grade @entity3 diagnosis in 1996 to 1997, regardless of change in serum @entity2 ( @entity2 ) or digital rectal examination findings. A single pathologist reviewed all biopsy specimens. All @entity0 had a minimum of 12 biopsy cores taken at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: A 3-year followup interval biopsy eight (25.8%) @entity0 had @entity1 , 11 (35.5%) had high grade @entity3 only and 12 (38.7%) had no disease. Mean serum @entity2 at diagnosis and before the followup biopsy was 6.88 and 9.69 ng./dl., respectively (p = 0.008). Of the @entity0 48% had less than a 1.0 unit increase in serum @entity2 . Upon univariate regression analysis change in serum @entity2 was not associated with the detection of @entity1 (p >0.10). All 4 @entity0 who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy had organ confined disease. CONCLUSIONS: In a high proportion of @entity0 with high grade @entity1 will develop in a 3-year interval. Our findings support the concept that high grade @entity3 is a precursor to @entity1 and that repeat biopsy at a delayed interval is recommended regardless of changes in @entity2 .

title: Followup interval prostate biopsy 3 years after diagnosis of high grade @entity3 is associated with high likelihood of XXXX , independent of change in @entity2 levels.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: Repeat biopsy has been advocated following the diagnosis of high grade @entity3 to exclude coexisting @entity1 . We further define the natural history of high grade @entity3 by determining the incidence of @entity1 3 years following diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 31 @entity0 underwent followup interval biopsy 3 years after high grade @entity3 diagnosis in 1996 to 1997, regardless of change in serum @entity2 ( @entity2 ) or digital rectal examination findings. A single pathologist reviewed all biopsy specimens. All @entity0 had a minimum of 12 biopsy cores taken at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: A 3-year followup interval biopsy eight (25.8%) @entity0 had @entity1 , 11 (35.5%) had high grade @entity3 only and 12 (38.7%) had no disease. Mean serum @entity2 at diagnosis and before the followup biopsy was 6.88 and 9.69 ng./dl., respectively (p = 0.008). Of the @entity0 48% had less than a 1.0 unit increase in serum @entity2 . Upon univariate regression analysis change in serum @entity2 was not associated with the detection of @entity1 (p >0.10). All 4 @entity0 who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy had organ confined disease. CONCLUSIONS: In a high proportion of @entity0 with high grade @entity1 will develop in a 3-year interval. Our findings support the concept that high grade @entity3 is a precursor to @entity1 and that repeat biopsy at a delayed interval is recommended regardless of changes in @entity2 .

title: Followup interval prostate biopsy 3 years after diagnosis of high grade XXXX is associated with high likelihood of @entity1 , independent of change in @entity2 levels.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity4 of the rete testis is a rare condition that may be incidentally noted on scrotal ultrasonography. This benign condition has a typical appearance of a collection of small anechoic structures in the confluence of the mediastinum testis. The main significance of this condition is that it must be differentiated from @entity3 . We reviewed the experience with this condition at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed to identify all sonograms showing ectatic rete testis performed from 1998 through February 2002. A departmental database was used to identify all scrotal sonograms from this period showing ectasia of the rete testis and clinical correlation was done. These examinations were then reviewed by a single radiologist. RESULTS: We identified 13 cases in the last 4 years. Ultrasound was most commonly performed for a testicular or scrotal mass, or @entity1 . Median @entity0 age was 65 years. All except 1 @entity0 had an underlying condition, including vasectomy, @entity5 /spermatocele or @entity2 , that could cause epididymal or efferent duct obstruction. No @entity0 had a solid testicular mass. CONCLUSIONS: Based on clinical and sonographic criteria the diagnosis of @entity4 of the rete testis can be made without histological confirmation. Identifying this entity and its associated conditions avoids the need for biopsy or orchiectomy.

title: XXXX of the rete testis: clinical and radiographic features.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there has been an increase in @entity1 -resistant @entity2 @entity3 , and if this has increased the morbidity of the disease. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. @entity0 : Twenty-eight @entity0 over 13 years. RESULTS: The records of a total of 28 @entity0 who were admitted between 1988 and 2001 with the diagnosis of @entity3 were reviewed. Seven @entity0 had @entity1 -resistant @entity2 on their hospital culture and sensitivity test. Five of the 7 resistant cases appeared in the last 3 years, as opposed to 2 of the 7 who appeared in the 10 years before that period. In our series, there is a significant trend developing over time of @entity2 resistant to treatment with @entity1 . No increased morbidity or mortality was found in the @entity1 -resistant @entity2 group compared with the remaining @entity0 who were sensitive to @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: In our series, resistance to @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity3 is increasing over time. This may have an impact on the relatively successful outpatient treatment of these @entity0 in the past decade. A return to inpatient or outpatient intravenous treatment with third-generation cephalosporins/antipseudomonal penicillins and more frequent debridement will be required in these @entity0 .

title: Evolving resistant XXXX to @entity1 in @entity3 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there has been an increase in @entity1 -resistant @entity2 @entity3 , and if this has increased the morbidity of the disease. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. @entity0 : Twenty-eight @entity0 over 13 years. RESULTS: The records of a total of 28 @entity0 who were admitted between 1988 and 2001 with the diagnosis of @entity3 were reviewed. Seven @entity0 had @entity1 -resistant @entity2 on their hospital culture and sensitivity test. Five of the 7 resistant cases appeared in the last 3 years, as opposed to 2 of the 7 who appeared in the 10 years before that period. In our series, there is a significant trend developing over time of @entity2 resistant to treatment with @entity1 . No increased morbidity or mortality was found in the @entity1 -resistant @entity2 group compared with the remaining @entity0 who were sensitive to @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: In our series, resistance to @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity3 is increasing over time. This may have an impact on the relatively successful outpatient treatment of these @entity0 in the past decade. A return to inpatient or outpatient intravenous treatment with third-generation cephalosporins/antipseudomonal penicillins and more frequent debridement will be required in these @entity0 .

title: Evolving resistant @entity2 to @entity1 in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there has been an increase in @entity1 -resistant @entity2 @entity3 , and if this has increased the morbidity of the disease. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. @entity0 : Twenty-eight @entity0 over 13 years. RESULTS: The records of a total of 28 @entity0 who were admitted between 1988 and 2001 with the diagnosis of @entity3 were reviewed. Seven @entity0 had @entity1 -resistant @entity2 on their hospital culture and sensitivity test. Five of the 7 resistant cases appeared in the last 3 years, as opposed to 2 of the 7 who appeared in the 10 years before that period. In our series, there is a significant trend developing over time of @entity2 resistant to treatment with @entity1 . No increased morbidity or mortality was found in the @entity1 -resistant @entity2 group compared with the remaining @entity0 who were sensitive to @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: In our series, resistance to @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity3 is increasing over time. This may have an impact on the relatively successful outpatient treatment of these @entity0 in the past decade. A return to inpatient or outpatient intravenous treatment with third-generation cephalosporins/antipseudomonal penicillins and more frequent debridement will be required in these @entity0 .

title: Evolving resistant @entity2 to XXXX in @entity3 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Effects of various drugs were examined on the mechanical responses of the circular smooth muscle of @entity0 vas deferens evoked by field stimulation and @entity1 . During field stimulation (0.1 msec, 3-80 Hz) a contraction consisting of two (initial and second) phases occurred. In addition, another contraction (after-response) occurred after the cessation of the stimulation particularly at higher frequencies (40-80 Hz). @entity3 (2-20 microM) suppressed both the initial and second phases of the field stimulation-evoked responses. @entity4 (0.1-1 microM) suppressed the second phase but minimally affected the initial phase. Both phases were suppressed by @entity5 (0.1-1 microM) and potentiated by @entity2 (5 microM). dTC (0.5-20 microM) did not suppress either phase but potentiated the second phase. @entity1 (0.28-280 microM) produced a contraction, which was reduced by @entity5 but was little affected by either @entity7 or @entity6 . These results suggest that at the postsynaptic site of the neuromuscular junction in this tissue the sympathetic process activates the smooth muscle through two different types of receptor; one is non-noradrenergic and the other is an alpha-adrenoreceptor. In addition, a cholinergic process also activates the smooth muscle through muscarinic receptors.

title: Pharmacological studies on the role of cholinergic nerves in the neuromuscular transmission in the circular smooth muscle of XXXX vas deferens.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: The outcome of treatment for advanced @entity5 has recently improved after the introduction of preoperative or pre- and postoperative @entity3 -containing chemotherapy combined with complete surgical excision. The role of liver transplantation in a population of @entity0 who have received this regimen has not been clearly defined. METHODS: Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) was performed in 13 @entity0 , aged 5 months to 11 years (median 27 months), who were assessed with unresectable @entity5 , and whose pretreatment extent-of-disease was based on radiologic findings of group III (n=11) and group IV (n=2). One @entity0 with a multifocal @entity1 showed pulmonary metastases at presentation, but, according to radiologic studies, the deposits resolved with chemotherapy before liver transplantation. One other @entity0 showed exophytic extension of the @entity1 infiltrating the porta hepatis and body of the pancreas. All 13 @entity0 received preoperative chemotherapy to reduce the size of the @entity1 (s) and to treat metastatic spread. RESULTS: Twelve @entity0 underwent elective OLT; all are alive and show normal graft function at a mean follow-up of 33 months (range 1-108). One @entity0 shows evidence of recurrent disease in the form of pulmonary metastases. One @entity0 underwent emergency OLT for @entity2 after (incomplete) extended right hepatectomy and died from @entity4 , with no evidence of recurrent @entity1 3 weeks posttransplant. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for unresectable unifocal or multifocal @entity5 confined to the liver. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of @entity5 , with thoughtful collaboration between pediatric oncologists, hepatologists, and liver surgeons, is essential.

title: Orthotopic liver transplantation for unresectable XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: To revise literature data about @entity5 comparing to our results. METHODS: Six @entity0 with this kind of @entity1 , excluding periampullary lesions, were treated from 1991 to 1999 in the Department of Surgery, Santa @entity6 of S  o Paulo Medical School. Five of them were males in theirs fifties. The commonest signs and symptoms were those of @entity3 and @entity4 . All @entity0 were evaluated by duodenoscopy. Ultrasonography and CT scans played an important role with regard to preoperative staging. Three @entity0 underwent a segmental resection and the others were submitted to a palliative duodenal bypass. RESULTS: Post-operative hospitalization varied from 5 to 9 days (7,3 days average). The operative mortality was 16.6% (one @entity0 ). @entity0 were not submitted to chemo or radiotherapy. Follow-up has been done. @entity0 with curative resection were free from recurrence. Two @entity0 submitted to palliative operations were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: Rarity of duodenum @entity2 and few @entity0 in the literature did not permit conclusions.

title: [ XXXX of the duodenum].

answer: @entity5


abstract: Gastrointestinal and @entity2 are uncommon @entity1 . Out of 26 cases treated over the last 6 years, there were 16 smooth @entity1 (SMT) and 10 non @entity4 (ML). 7 cases of SMT were @entity5 . The majority of the cases were found in the stomach. 8 cases presented as acute @entity3 while the non acute cases had non specific complaints. Despite the use of barium studies, gastroscopy and CT scan, only 5 cases were diagnosed preoperatively. The majority underwent curative resection. ML cases had a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 2 @entity0 with large and high grade @entity5 have died. 4 @entity0 with ML have also died, 2 with locally advanced disease and 2 with distant metastases. We conclude that most cases are not diagnosed preoperatively due to their rarity and nonspecific clinical presentation. The important prognostic factors are size and mitotic index for SMT and stage of the disease for ML.

title: Gastrointestinal and XXXX --local experience and review of the literature.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Complement is a term referring to a collection of plasma proteins, specific cellular receptors and cell surface regulatory molecules. Activation of the complement system to completion results in the formation of C5b-9 terminal complexes. These complexes have been observed in @entity0 @entity3 by immunohistochemistry. Although the structure(s) which activate complement in lesions have not been defined, @entity1 and @entity7 exhibit this property in vitro. Endothelial cell damage leads to complement activation and endothelial cells overlying @entity3 have been observed to contain C3 and C5b-9 antigens. Cardiac myocytes stain for complement proteins (C3, C4 and C5b-9) following @entity2 . @entity6 size and extent of inflammatory cell infiltrates are diminished by decomplementation prior to experimentally-induced @entity4 . Following @entity2 and @entity5 of @entity3 in @entity0 @entity0 there is an increase in circulating complement activation products and a decrease in the level of native C1 through C4 proteins. Thus, it appears that complement plays a role in atherogenesis and its sequelae. Little is known however, about the pathophysiological effects complement activation products exert on lesion development, for example through modulation of macrophage functions, or how complement activation is regulated in lesions. Implications for complement in atherogenesis are discussed.

title: The complement system in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The mechanisms associated with @entity0 formation after @entity6 ( @entity6 ) have not been fully elucidated. In peripheral tissue injury, the neurogenic component of @entity1 plays a significant role in increased vascular permeability and @entity0 formation. However, few studies have examined the role of @entity9 induced @entity10 following @entity6 . Adult male @entity2 were either left untreated, or pre-treated with @entity8 (125 mg/kg s.c.) or equal volume vehicle, and injured 14 days later using the 2-meter impact-acceleration model. Subgroups of animals were assessed for blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability (Evans Blue), @entity7 (wet weight/dry weight) and functional outcome (Barnes maze and Rotarod) for up to 2 weeks post- @entity5 . Increased BBB permeability was present in untreated animals between 3 and 6 h after injury but not at later time-points. @entity0 was maximal at 5 h after @entity5 , declined and then significantly increased over the 5 days post- @entity5 . In contrast, @entity8 pre-treated, @entity9 -depleted animals exhibited no significant increase in BBB permeability or @entity0 compared to vehicle treated animals after injury. Notably, motor and @entity4 were significantly reduced in the @entity8 -pretreated animals. We conclude that @entity10 contributes to the development of @entity0 and @entity3 after diffuse @entity6 .

title: @entity9 release influences @entity7 formation after diffuse XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: The mechanisms associated with @entity0 formation after @entity6 ( @entity6 ) have not been fully elucidated. In peripheral tissue injury, the neurogenic component of @entity1 plays a significant role in increased vascular permeability and @entity0 formation. However, few studies have examined the role of @entity9 induced @entity10 following @entity6 . Adult male @entity2 were either left untreated, or pre-treated with @entity8 (125 mg/kg s.c.) or equal volume vehicle, and injured 14 days later using the 2-meter impact-acceleration model. Subgroups of animals were assessed for blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability (Evans Blue), @entity7 (wet weight/dry weight) and functional outcome (Barnes maze and Rotarod) for up to 2 weeks post- @entity5 . Increased BBB permeability was present in untreated animals between 3 and 6 h after injury but not at later time-points. @entity0 was maximal at 5 h after @entity5 , declined and then significantly increased over the 5 days post- @entity5 . In contrast, @entity8 pre-treated, @entity9 -depleted animals exhibited no significant increase in BBB permeability or @entity0 compared to vehicle treated animals after injury. Notably, motor and @entity4 were significantly reduced in the @entity8 -pretreated animals. We conclude that @entity10 contributes to the development of @entity0 and @entity3 after diffuse @entity6 .

title: @entity9 release influences XXXX formation after diffuse @entity6 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: The mechanisms associated with @entity0 formation after @entity6 ( @entity6 ) have not been fully elucidated. In peripheral tissue injury, the neurogenic component of @entity1 plays a significant role in increased vascular permeability and @entity0 formation. However, few studies have examined the role of @entity9 induced @entity10 following @entity6 . Adult male @entity2 were either left untreated, or pre-treated with @entity8 (125 mg/kg s.c.) or equal volume vehicle, and injured 14 days later using the 2-meter impact-acceleration model. Subgroups of animals were assessed for blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability (Evans Blue), @entity7 (wet weight/dry weight) and functional outcome (Barnes maze and Rotarod) for up to 2 weeks post- @entity5 . Increased BBB permeability was present in untreated animals between 3 and 6 h after injury but not at later time-points. @entity0 was maximal at 5 h after @entity5 , declined and then significantly increased over the 5 days post- @entity5 . In contrast, @entity8 pre-treated, @entity9 -depleted animals exhibited no significant increase in BBB permeability or @entity0 compared to vehicle treated animals after injury. Notably, motor and @entity4 were significantly reduced in the @entity8 -pretreated animals. We conclude that @entity10 contributes to the development of @entity0 and @entity3 after diffuse @entity6 .

title: XXXX release influences @entity7 formation after diffuse @entity6 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: Treating older @entity1 @entity0 presents special challenges. The physiological effects of aging result in hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes. Geriatric @entity0 are more likely to have concomitant diseases than younger @entity0 . Treatment regimens should be individualized; monotherapy should be the goal. While most antihypertensive agents can be used, each class of drugs has advantages and disadvantages. Diuretics are both effective and inexpensive but their metabolic side effects (especially @entity4 ) may be quite serious in the geriatric population. Sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, and direct vasodilators may not be tolerated. The angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors, @entity5 and @entity6 , are good choices because they have favorable hemodynamics, @entity2 and nonrenin-dependent mechanisms of action and are associated with minimal biochemical alterations. In a recent multicenter study, @entity5 (25 mg twice daily) was given to 99 geriatric @entity0 with seated diastolic blood pressure (BP) of 92-110 mm Hg. @entity0 whose blood pressures were not controlled after two weeks of therapy were randomized to either @entity7 ( @entity5 , 25 mg with 15 mg @entity3 ) or @entity5 , 50 mg twice daily. The average decrease in BP was 16.9/11.9 mm Hg; 75.8% of @entity0 responded to treatment. Black and white @entity0 had equal responses. Only five @entity0 withdrew from the study due to adverse reactions, none of which was serious. Geriatric @entity1 should be treated. Because @entity5 and @entity7 are well-tolerated, effective medications in elderly @entity0 with mild, moderate, or severe @entity1 , they should be considered as initial therapy for geriatric @entity1 .

title: Challenges in therapy of XXXX in the elderly.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The long-term in vivo effect of @entity3 ( @entity4 ) on the expression of a cell-surface antigen associated with the anterior pituitary somatotroph was studied in two strains of female @entity1 using double immunofluorescence techniques. Mab WHC-1, a recently generated and characterized monoclonal antibody, was used to detect the antigen associated with somatotrophs, whereas rabbit anti-rat prolactin (rPRL) and anti-human growth hormone (hGH) antisera were used to identify mammotrophs and somatotrophs, respectively. In F344 @entity1 , Mab WHC-1-positive cells increased from 13.8 +/- 0.5% of total pituitary cells in normal anterior pituitaries to 34.2 +/- 4.0% in @entity4 -induced @entity2 . The number of mammotrophs also increased significantly from 58.0 +/- 3.2% in controls to 75.9 +/- 2.2% in @entity0 . On the other hand, somatotrophs decreased significantly in number following ovariectomy (OVX) and @entity4 implantation (19.7 +/- 0.5% vs. 6.1 +/- 1.2%). Based on double immunofluorescence, the percentage of Mab WHC-1-positive cells, which were somatotrophs, decreased from 85.5 +/- 2.7% in normal controls to 6.7 +/- 1.5% in @entity4 -induced @entity0 . On the other hand, the percentage of Mab WHC-1-positive cells which were mammotrophs increased significantly from 14.0 +/- 1.4% to 86.1 +/- 1.8% following OVX and @entity4 implantation. A similar change was found in the number of somatotrophs and mammotrophs following the same treatment in Sprague-Dawley (SD) @entity1 which did not develop @entity2 . In contrast to F344 @entity1 , the number of Mab WHC-1-positive cells in SD @entity1 decreased significantly from 32.4 +/- 2.8% in sham-operated controls to 19.3 +/- 2.9% in OVX + @entity4 -implanted @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of estrogen on the expression of a cell-surface antigen associated with XXXX anterior pituitary somatotrophs.

answer: @entity1


abstract: To study the clinical and epidemiological aspects of @entity3 during the last 11 years. We retrospectively studied 1712 @entity0 files, admitted in the Department of @entity1 Ia  i, with @entity3 between 1992-2002. The majority of the @entity0 (69%) had an urban origin. Teenagers and young adults were predominantly affected (59% had between 15 and 34 years). A point of entry of the pathogen was identified only in 20% of the @entity0 . The mean incubation period was 4 month. 24% of the @entity0 had a prolonged form of the disease (over 30 days of @entity2 ). A fulminant evolution was noted in 1.2% of cases. Extrahepatic involvement was described in 25% of the @entity0 . The global mortality was 1.15%. The number of @entity0 with @entity3 decreased by half during the last 11 years.

title: [Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of XXXX in the past decade].

answer: @entity3


abstract: AIMS: To document the indications, results and complications associated with surgery for tophaceous @entity6 in Middlemore Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective study of the notes of all @entity0 who underwent surgery for tophaceous @entity6 at Middlemore Hospital from July 1995 to July 2001 was performed. Serum @entity11 and @entity9 results were obtained and the use of @entity5 assessed. RESULTS: 45 @entity0 underwent surgery for gouty tophi. 89% were males and 11% females. 16% were Maori, 38% Pacific @entity0 , 42% Europeans and 4% were from other ethnic backgrounds. @entity2 (serum @entity11 . >0.11 mmol/L) was the most common associated medical problem (38%), followed by @entity3 (27%), @entity8 and/or congestive @entity8 (20%) and @entity1 (18%). 68% of @entity0 had elevated serum urate levels (>0.42 mmol/L) and only 31% had previously been taking @entity5 . Sepsis control in infected or ulcerated tophi was the main indication for surgery (51%), followed by mechanical problems caused by foot, elbow and hand tophi (27%). The diagnosis of soft tissue masses was unclear in 18% of the @entity0 prior to surgery. 4% of @entity0 underwent tophus surgery mainly for @entity4 control. 53% of @entity0 experienced delayed wound @entity10 as a result of complications of surgery with the majority of these @entity0 (16/24, 67%) having infected or ulcerated tophi prior to surgery. Three @entity0 (7%) required digital amputations for ongoing @entity7 . 47% of @entity0 did not have any complication of surgery and had complete wound @entity10 within one week. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for tophaceous @entity6 is associated with a relatively high rate of complication when @entity7 is the main indication. @entity0 with @entity6 in this study population had several associated medical co-morbidities, which contributed to the high complication rate. Gout control was poor as evidenced by a high rate of hyperuricaemia, and less than one third of the study population were on @entity5 . Better control of @entity6 would reduce the risk of tophi formation and the need for surgery.

title: A survey of indications, results and complications of surgery for tophaceous XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Although @entity0 often involves repeated insults, few studies have examined the endocrine response to @entity0 . In earlier work, we described potentiated responses of circulating adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and adrenal secretion of @entity3 , @entity7 , and @entity5 to the second of two small @entity2 separated by 24 hr. To investigate the response of other hormones to repeated @entity2 and to examine possible hormonal interactions in a shorter, more clinically relevant time frame, we placed chronic @entity4 in eight splenectomized, trained @entity1 . Each animal was bled 10% of measured blood volume with reinfusion of shed blood at 30 min. The @entity2 was repeated 5 hr later. Initial @entity2 led to a small but significant increase in adrenal @entity3 secretion and circulating ACTH, vasopressin (AVP), angiotensin II (AII), and plasma @entity6 activity (PRA). Although a 5-hr time interval between stimuli is commonly thought to lead to @entity3 feedback, the circulating ACTH and adrenal @entity3 secretory responses to the second @entity2 were exaggerated in comparison to their initial responses. Similarly, the AVP response to the second @entity2 was also increased. In contrast, the responses of PRA and AII to the second @entity2 were not greater than their responses to the initial @entity2 . No differences in measured blood volume before each @entity2 or in the heart rate and arterial pressure responses to @entity2 were observed that could explain the potentiated hormonal responses. Thus, potentiated responses of @entity3 , ACTH, and AVP, but not of PRA and AII, were observed in a model of @entity0 that emphasizes @entity0 in a clinically relevant time frame.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Potentiated hormonal responses in a model of XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVES: An epidemic of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) occurred in north India during July to September 1994. We report a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using known and novel primers to differentiate and identify the CA 24 virus isolated from the epidemic of @entity4 . METHODS: Conjunctival swabs were collected from 46 @entity0 (in 12 @entity0 from both the eyes) yielding 58 swabs. The swabs were inoculated in RD 19S and HeLa-199 cell monolayers and observed for cytopathic effect. Serum neutralizing antibodies were tested in 17 acute and 10 convalescent phase serum samples. RT-PCR was done on 9 isolates (7 Coxsackie A 24 and 2 ECHO-1 as identified by neutralization test) using known and a novel primer. Fourteen virus isolates (9 CA 24, 3 ECHO-1 and 2 untyped) were inoculated in suckling @entity1 and these @entity1 were observed daily for 10 days for flaccid @entity3 of hind limb or @entity2 . RESULTS: Cytopathic virus was isolated from conjunctival swabs in 21 of 46 (45.6%) @entity0 subjected to virus isolation. Sixteen of 21 (76.2%) isolates were neutralized by CA 24 specific antisera, 3 isolates were identified as ECHO-1 with Schmidt enteroviruses antiserum pools while 2 remained untypable. Of these 21 isolates, 9 representative isolates (7 CA 24 and 2 ECHO-1) tested by RT-PCR had enterovirus common region DNA but did not show any amplification in RT-PCR with EV-70 specific primers (VP-1 and VP-3). Using CA 24 specific novel (VP 3-1) primers amplification was seen in 6 of 7 CA 24 isolates while 2 ECHO-1 remained unamplified. In contrast with 3C-proteinase region primers, only 2 of 7 CA 24 were amplified along with false amplification of both ECHO-1. Serum neutralizing antibodies were seen in 2 of 17 (11.7%) acute phase sera and 6 of the 10 (60%) convalescent phase sera while in paired sera (available in two @entity0 ) a four-fold rise in titres were observed. Hind-limb @entity3 and/or @entity2 occurred in all suckling @entity1 inoculated with CA 24 isolates while @entity1 remained healthy after inoculation with 3 isolates of ECHO-1 and 2 untypable isolates. INTERPRETATION _ CONCLUSION: The epidemic of @entity4 was caused by a variant of CA 24. Molecular typing can detect and differentiate between CA 24 and EV-70 viruses. Novel primer pair was found useful in the identification and confirmation of CA 24 isolates.

title: Detection _ differentiation of Coxsackie A 24 variant isolated from an epidemic of XXXX in north India by RT-PCR using a novel primer pair.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Twelve Holstein @entity0 and eight heifers were used in a randomized block design to examine changes in @entity4 as animals fed diets containing 9.1 (low protein, LP) or 11.2% crude protein (moderate protein, MP) approached parturition. Animals were blocked by expected calving date and parity. Diets were isocaloric (1.58 Mcal/kg of dry matter), and the difference in dietary crude protein was achieved by the addition of @entity3 . Diets were fed as total mixed rations for ad libitum intake. Dry matter intake decreased from 12.2 kg/d on d -21 to 9.1 kg/d on d -1 relative to parturition and was unaffected by dietary crude protein or parity. Rumen @entity5 concentrations were higher for animals fed the MP diet compared with those fed the LP diet (1.8 vs. 3.7 mM). In situ neutral detergent fiber disappearance was not affected by dietary crude protein after 8 h of incubation, but it did decrease from 25.8% on d -21 to 23.3% on d -1. After 16, 24, and 48 h of incubation, neutral detergent fiber disappearance was greater for animals consuming MP than for animals consuming LP (30.6 vs. 34.4%, 37.0 vs. 44.1%, and 57.9 vs. 65.1%, respectively). There was a parity x treatment interaction after 48 h of incubation. Fiber disappearance was 55.7 or 65.9% for heifers and 60.0 or 64.7% for @entity0 fed LP or MP, respectively. The solids rate of passage was not affected by treatment, parity, or day relative to parturition. Concentrations of plasma nonesterified @entity2 ( @entity6 ) increased from 218 microEq/L on d -21 to 619 microEq/L on d -1. There was an interaction between day relative to parturition and parity on @entity6 concentrations. Heifers had plasma @entity6 concentrations of 272 and 772 microEq/L on d -21 and -1, respectively. @entity0 had @entity6 concentrations of 164 and 467 microEq/L on d -21 and -1, respectively. Plasma @entity1 concentrations were affected by parity (65.8 and 58.8 mg/dl for heifers and @entity0 ). Plasma @entity3 , @entity6 , @entity7 , and @entity1 concentrations were not affected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, heifers tended to have higher plasma concentrations of @entity6 and @entity1 , but did not have elevated concentrations of @entity7 . Rumen fermentation was relatively unaffected by day relative to parturition, but feeding less than 11% crude protein to prefresh transition @entity0 may limit ruminal fiber degradation.

title: Effects of day relative to parturition and dietary crude protein on rumen fermentation in prepartum transition XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: It has recently been shown that @entity6 induced stimulation of cell bodies in a circumscribed area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in the cat, produced increases in arterial pressure (AP), decreases in heart rate (HR) and transient @entity0 (Gatti, Norman, DaSilva and Gillis, 1986). The purpose of the present study was to determine if this same area was sensitive to @entity4 receptor agonists and antagonists. Injection of the @entity4 agonist @entity7 (200 ng), into the rostral ventrolateral medulla of @entity1 anesthetized with @entity5 produced a precipitous and immediate fall in arterial pressure (-95 +/- 4.6) and heart rate (-31 +/- 5.9; n = 4, P less than 0.05). Maximal cardiovascular effects could only be achieved if @entity7 was injected bilaterally. These effects of @entity7 on arterial pressure were dose-dependent. Time-action curves for the effects of @entity7 on arterial pressure and respiration were different. @entity2 occurred first and was followed later in time by a decrease in minute ventilation. Within 30 min all animals were apneic after the 200 ng dose. The cardiovascular effects of @entity7 were reversed by the injection of the @entity4 receptor antagonist @entity3 . These data indicate that stimulation of @entity4 receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla produced selective cardiovascular effects and that respiratory neurons sensitive to @entity4 are apparently not localized with these cardiovascular neurons.

title: Cardiorespiratory effects produced by injecting drugs that affect XXXX receptors into nuclei associated with the ventral surface of the medulla.

answer: @entity4


abstract: 1. The effects of @entity5 (LTD4) on mechanical and electrical activity were examined in @entity0 isolated trachealis muscle and compared with two other bronchoconstrictors, @entity2 and @entity3 ( @entity4 ). 2. LTD4 elicited concentration-dependent increases in tension in trachealis muscle which were slower in time course than responses induced by either @entity2 or @entity4 . The maximum response to LTD4 was approximately 85% of the @entity2 maximum. 3. At a concentration close to the EC50 for tension changes, LTD4 had no significant effect on either transmembrane potential or slow wave activity recorded in single trachealis cells. 4. At a concentration close to the EC90 for tension changes, LTD4 caused significant membrane depolarization, transiently reduced the amplitude and increased the frequency of slow wave discharge and ultimately abolished slow wave discharge. LTD4-induced depolarization was less marked, and developed more slowly, than that evoked by either @entity2 or @entity4 . 5. These results show that LTD4 can elicit substantial increases in tension without altering transmembrane potential and are consistent with the view that LTD4 initiates contraction mainly through potential-independent mechanisms. However, at high concentrations the depolarization evoked by LTD4 allows the possibility that potential-dependent mechanisms may contribute to the @entity1 .

title: Effects of leukotriene D4 on the mechanical and electrical properties of XXXX isolated trachealis.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to investigate the extended primary care team's experience of @entity1 and violence from @entity0 , in order to promote the formulation of multiprofessional team procedures for critical incident management and organizational development. METHODS: A qualitative study based on in-depth interviews and focus groups with primary health care teams and community staff was carried out in one inner London and one outer London health authority area. Key issues and themes were derived from transcripts of 30 individual interviews and five focus group discussions. RESULTS: Key issues identified during interviews informed focus group discussions. The focus groups identified existing and proposed responses to the problem of aggressive encounters. No practice had a protocol for dealing with incidents, and few kept records, but the incidence of violence and @entity1 was perceived to be increasing. Receptionists were most at risk, and relied on experience to cope with incidents. Due to being usually excluded from team meetings, they were not able to benefit from peer support and advice. Negative management tactics, such as @entity0 appeasement or exclusion, were the norm. Recommendations include formal record keeping, communication skills training and team responsibility for incident management and for the development of practice protocols to ensure the consistency of response. Improvements to the working environment need to balance staff security with @entity0 -friendliness, and constitute only one aspect of a measured response to the problem. CONCLUSIONS: The success of the focus group format in this context suggests that entire primary care teams could be led in workshops to review their experiences and formulate responses on an inclusive, multidisciplinary basis. These findings fit in with the concept of systems analysis in risk management protocols. We recommend that the team collectively formulate protocols for managing threatening encounters, with agreed mechanisms and thresholds for recording and reporting. Together with improved support systems within the extended teams and post-incident analysis of adverse events, this would allow a formal approach to identifying systematic weaknesses and solutions that benefit the staff involved.

title: Brief encounters of XXXX and violence in primary care: a team approach to coping strategies.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Although a number of reports have demonstrated the accuracy of fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of nonendocrine @entity3 , the cytomorphology of @entity4 ( @entity2 ) is not well defined. This paper describes the cytologic features of three histologically confirmed cases of @entity4 . The three @entity1 occurred in one @entity0 and two @entity0 , who were 63, 64 and 70 years of age, respectively. Each @entity0 underwent FNA of pancreatic mass with computed body tomography guidance. The aspirates contained large numbers of @entity1 cells in two cases and a smaller number in one case. The cells, distributed singly and in small groups, were small and round or polygonal, with scant to more often abundant, dense or granular cytoplasm. The nuclei were often located eccentrically and were round to oval, with smooth nuclear borders and finely stippled chromatin. Many nuclei contained a single nucleolus. Multinucleated cells were present and generally contained two or three nuclei. Although the diagnosis of @entity4 in fine needle aspirates is difficult, the cytomorphologic features of these @entity1 are sufficiently distinctive to suggest the diagnosis, especially when a relatively monomorphic population composed predominantly of single cells is present.

title: Cytologic features of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Studies on the environmental fate of petroleum have demonstrated the nearly ubiquitous distribution of microorganisms that can metabolize @entity3 . The rates of degradation depend upon the concentrations of such microbes and upon the environmental characteristics of an oil-contaminated ecosystem. Given the appropriate environmental conditions, microorganisms effectively decontaminate, by their biodegradative metabolism, environments that have received petroleum pollutants. Higher-molecular-weight compounds, especially those with multiple condensed ring structures and with highly branched or substituted compounds, are relatively resistant to microbial attack. Despite the fact that a genetically engineered @entity2 degrader was the first organism ever patented and that seed cultures are produced by various commercial firms, enhanced biodegradation as a result of seeding generally has not been shown to be effective. Also, even though some anaerobes have now been demonstrated to be capable of @entity2 metabolism, @entity3 persist indefinitely in anoxic environments. Environmental modification, on the other hand, such as that achieved by aeration or fertilization with @entity0 and @entity1 , has been shown to enhance biodegradative removal of @entity3 . Having considered the various factors that influence the rates of @entity2 biodegradation, we are left with the question of what to do when environmental oil contamination occurs in order to minimize its persistence and thus its long-term effects. Clearly, treatment methods should enhance rather than inhibit the natural rates of oil biodegradation. In some cases, it is possible to modify environmental parameters to enhance rates of @entity2 biodegradation, but such methods are rarely undertaken. The translation of our scientific knowledge of @entity2 biodegradation into practical applications remains a major challenge. Specifically designed organisms are needed to degrade toxic aromatic components of refinery waste streams before environmental treatment. Specially designed reactors with specific microbial populations are also needed if oily sludges are to be degraded by biological means, either aerobically or anaerobically, in contained, environmentally safe reactors.

title: Biodegradation of XXXX in the environment.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3 in animals increases alpha(2)-adrenoceptor expression in dorsal root ganglion cells and results in novel excitatory responses to their activation, perhaps leading to the phenomenon of sympathetically maintained @entity4 . In contrast to this notion, peripheral alpha(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation fails to induce @entity4 in @entity0 with @entity6 . We hypothesized that alpha(2) adrenoceptors at the site of @entity3 play an inhibitory, not excitatory role. METHODS: Partial sciatic nerve ligation was performed on @entity1 , resulting in a reduction in withdrawal threshold to tactile stimulation. Animals received perineural injection at the injury site of @entity7 , saline, or @entity7 plus an alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist, and withdrawal threshold was monitored. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the sciatic nerve ipsi- and contralateral to injury and on the spinal cord. RESULTS: @entity7 reduced this @entity2 in a dose-dependent manner, and this was blocked by an alpha(2A)-preferring antagonist. Perineural @entity7 injection had a slow onset (days) and prolonged duration (weeks). Systemic or intrathecal @entity7 , or transient neural blockade with @entity8 , had short lasting or no effect on @entity2 . @entity10 immunostaining was increased near the site of @entity9 , both in neurons and in immune cells (macrophages and T lymphocytes). Phosphorylated @entity5 response element binding protein (pCREB) in lumbar spinal cord was increased ipsilateral to @entity3 , and this was reduced 1 week after perineural @entity7 injection. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that peripheral alpha(2) adrenoceptors are concentrated at the site of @entity9 , and their activation receptors produce long-lasting reductions in abnormal spinal cord gene activation and mechanical @entity2 .

title: Perineural @entity10 activation inhibits spinal cord neuroplasticity and tactile allodynia after XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3 in animals increases alpha(2)-adrenoceptor expression in dorsal root ganglion cells and results in novel excitatory responses to their activation, perhaps leading to the phenomenon of sympathetically maintained @entity4 . In contrast to this notion, peripheral alpha(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation fails to induce @entity4 in @entity0 with @entity6 . We hypothesized that alpha(2) adrenoceptors at the site of @entity3 play an inhibitory, not excitatory role. METHODS: Partial sciatic nerve ligation was performed on @entity1 , resulting in a reduction in withdrawal threshold to tactile stimulation. Animals received perineural injection at the injury site of @entity7 , saline, or @entity7 plus an alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist, and withdrawal threshold was monitored. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the sciatic nerve ipsi- and contralateral to injury and on the spinal cord. RESULTS: @entity7 reduced this @entity2 in a dose-dependent manner, and this was blocked by an alpha(2A)-preferring antagonist. Perineural @entity7 injection had a slow onset (days) and prolonged duration (weeks). Systemic or intrathecal @entity7 , or transient neural blockade with @entity8 , had short lasting or no effect on @entity2 . @entity10 immunostaining was increased near the site of @entity9 , both in neurons and in immune cells (macrophages and T lymphocytes). Phosphorylated @entity5 response element binding protein (pCREB) in lumbar spinal cord was increased ipsilateral to @entity3 , and this was reduced 1 week after perineural @entity7 injection. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that peripheral alpha(2) adrenoceptors are concentrated at the site of @entity9 , and their activation receptors produce long-lasting reductions in abnormal spinal cord gene activation and mechanical @entity2 .

title: Perineural XXXX activation inhibits spinal cord neuroplasticity and tactile allodynia after @entity3 .

answer: @entity10


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 monomers have been developed for use as skin adhesives. So far, little is known about long-term results concerning functional and aesthetic results of wound closure with @entity5 in head and neck region. METHODS: In a prospective, non-randomized study we examined in 59 @entity0 who had undergone surgery in the face and the neck in between 04/99 and 05/00 at the ENT-Department, University of Aachen, Germany. The aesthetic and functional outcome of a cutanous wound closure by use of @entity5 was evaluated. @entity0 were seen preoperatively, postoperatively and in a long-term follow-up (average 7.2 months) for wound control, photographs, and evaluation with a standardized questionnary. RESULTS: In 40 cases a complete follow-up was possible. There were 33 @entity0 (82.5 %) satisfied with the aesthetic and the functional results of wound closure. In four @entity0 (10 %) early complications developed but did not have an impact on the cosmetic result. Three @entity0 showed alterations as @entity3 or persisting @entity2 in the long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION: @entity5 tissue adhesive was found to be an effective method of skin closure in clean head and neck incisions. It is a fast and simple method of wound closure, providing good cosmetic results with a @entity1 rate.

title: [Long-term results of suture-free cutanous wound closure in head and neck incisions with XXXX topival skin adhesive].

answer: @entity5


abstract: Refractory @entity3 is a major therapeutic dilemma. The effectiveness of @entity8 ( @entity9 ) in @entity6 prompted us to explore its efficacy in 10 cardiac transplant recipients, aged 20-53 years (39 +/- 13 years; mean +/- SD), with biopsy evidence of drug-refractory cardiac allograft rejection. Nine cardiac transplant recipients were maintained on triple antirejection therapy ( @entity1 , @entity5 , and @entity2 ), and the remaining recipient was maintained on @entity1 and @entity2 . Rejection episodes treated with @entity9 occurred 20-422 days (165 +/- 137 days) after transplantation and were the sixth episode of rejection for one recipient, the third for four recipients, the second for four recipients, and the first for one recipient. Before @entity9 administration, cardiac allograft rejection persisted despite intensified immunosuppression including OKT3 antibody. @entity9 , given intravenously, orally, or by both routes at a dose of 10-175 mg (85 +/- 62 mg), reversed rejection in nine of 10 recipients (90%) within 7-63 days (26 +/- 18 days). @entity4 wedge pressures were reduced to normal levels after @entity9 therapy (15.2 +/- 3.5 before vs. 10.6 +/- 3.0 mm Hg after; p less than 0.05). @entity7 occurred in five cardiac transplant recipients after treatment with @entity9 . Adverse reactions to @entity9 resolved after @entity9 therapy was discontinued in all but one recipient. This recipient received one of the larger @entity9 doses (150 mg) and developed @entity0 . Twelve moderate rejection episodes recurred in nine recipients, seven episodes of which were successfully re-treated with @entity9 . Two of these seven recipients have now been rejection-free for 15 months. Of five recurrent episodes of @entity3 not treated with @entity9 , two could not be reversed and were fatal. @entity9 may be a valuable drug for reversing refractory cardiac allograft rejection. Before @entity9 therapy gains wider use, however, a clearer understanding of its enhanced ability to suppress the bone marrow is needed.

title: Reversal of recalcitrant cardiac allograft rejection with XXXX .

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The annual incidence of @entity2 in Germany is estimated at 27000 in @entity0 and 30000 in @entity0 . If the diagnosis is made early the cure rate is over 90%. Against this background the department of occupational medicine and health protection of the BASF Aktiengesellschaft initiated a study on the potential prevention of @entity2 among the staff at its Ludwigshafen site. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The target group included all 13265 actively working employees aged 45 years or above. Those expressing interest were given a standardized questionnaire concerning risk factors for @entity2 and a test for occult fecal blood (FOBT). If the test was positive and/or a positive answer was given to the question on blood in the stool or on a positive family history, coloscopy - to be arranged via the general practitioner - was advised, in line with the recommendations of the German Society of Digestive and @entity4 (Deutsche Gesellschaft f  r Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen). RESULTS: At the end of the study 3732 employees (337 @entity0 , 3395 @entity0 , mean age 52 years) had completed the questionnaire and the FOBT results were available. Coloscopy was recommended to 688 employees, 323 of whom (47%) underwent the investigation. Nine of the subjects already had manifest @entity1 , six of them in the early stage T1 or T2. @entity5 were found in an additional 61 and subsequently excised. Cost-benefit considerations at the company level or in the area of the health system, respectively, gave favourable ratios of 1:10 and 1:14. CONCLUSION: It requires considerable expenditure to increase the number of @entity0 in the @entity1 prevention programme and obtain a consequent clarification of suspicious findings. Health care within a company is a valuable complementation in Germany of medical care provided by general practitioners or specialist, if close cooperation between practitioners in the given region is assured. Initiatives like the one presented here protect @entity0 personally affected against @entity3 and distress and are also of economic value.

title: [Precautions for XXXX in the workplace. An initiative for secondary prevention in the BASF joint-stock company].

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity13 ( @entity13 ) and its binding partner, the receptor @entity6 kinase @entity12 , are important mediators in experimental @entity9 . The authors tested whether the @entity13 / @entity12 signaling pathway participates in @entity0 @entity1 . METHODS: The authors compared 26 @entity0 renal specimens from @entity0 with @entity9 , acute diffuse immune complex @entity5 , acute @entity10 , antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody--associated @entity5 , acute transplant rejection, and normal renal tissue. Because reactive @entity2 species are pivotal in @entity3 , the authors tested whether the @entity12 / @entity13 expression is influenced by @entity7 oxidase in vitro. RESULTS: @entity13 and @entity12 immunofluorescence was barely detectable in normal kidney. However, in disease @entity12 was copiously expressed in the small vessel media, glomeruli, distal tubules, and collecting ducts. Similarly, @entity13 was upregulated in the small vessel intima and media, all segments of the renal tubules, the brush border, and glomeruli. @entity13 and @entity12 upregulation was a prominent but nonspecific finding in these @entity1 . Cultured @entity4 vascular smooth muscle cells and immortalized @entity0 mesangial cells were stimulated with angiotensin (Ang) II (1 x 10(-7) mol/L) for 6 or 18 hours. Confocal microscopy and Western blot showed Ang II-dependent @entity13 and @entity12 expression. An antisense probe against the @entity11 phox unit of @entity7 -oxidase suppressed Ang II-induced @entity13 and @entity12 expression. In addition, in @entity8 phox knockout cells Ang II-induced @entity13 and @entity12 expression were blocked. CONCLUSION: @entity13 / @entity12 signaling is involved in @entity0 @entity1 . The Ang II-induced @entity13 and @entity12 expression may be dependent on @entity7 -oxidase. @entity13 and @entity12 are important signaling molecules in @entity0 @entity1 and may be potential therapeutic targets.

title: Growth arrest specific protein 6/ @entity12 signaling in @entity0 XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity13 ( @entity13 ) and its binding partner, the receptor @entity6 kinase @entity12 , are important mediators in experimental @entity9 . The authors tested whether the @entity13 / @entity12 signaling pathway participates in @entity0 @entity1 . METHODS: The authors compared 26 @entity0 renal specimens from @entity0 with @entity9 , acute diffuse immune complex @entity5 , acute @entity10 , antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody--associated @entity5 , acute transplant rejection, and normal renal tissue. Because reactive @entity2 species are pivotal in @entity3 , the authors tested whether the @entity12 / @entity13 expression is influenced by @entity7 oxidase in vitro. RESULTS: @entity13 and @entity12 immunofluorescence was barely detectable in normal kidney. However, in disease @entity12 was copiously expressed in the small vessel media, glomeruli, distal tubules, and collecting ducts. Similarly, @entity13 was upregulated in the small vessel intima and media, all segments of the renal tubules, the brush border, and glomeruli. @entity13 and @entity12 upregulation was a prominent but nonspecific finding in these @entity1 . Cultured @entity4 vascular smooth muscle cells and immortalized @entity0 mesangial cells were stimulated with angiotensin (Ang) II (1 x 10(-7) mol/L) for 6 or 18 hours. Confocal microscopy and Western blot showed Ang II-dependent @entity13 and @entity12 expression. An antisense probe against the @entity11 phox unit of @entity7 -oxidase suppressed Ang II-induced @entity13 and @entity12 expression. In addition, in @entity8 phox knockout cells Ang II-induced @entity13 and @entity12 expression were blocked. CONCLUSION: @entity13 / @entity12 signaling is involved in @entity0 @entity1 . The Ang II-induced @entity13 and @entity12 expression may be dependent on @entity7 -oxidase. @entity13 and @entity12 are important signaling molecules in @entity0 @entity1 and may be potential therapeutic targets.

title: Growth arrest specific protein 6/ XXXX signaling in @entity0 @entity1 .

answer: @entity12


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity13 ( @entity13 ) and its binding partner, the receptor @entity6 kinase @entity12 , are important mediators in experimental @entity9 . The authors tested whether the @entity13 / @entity12 signaling pathway participates in @entity0 @entity1 . METHODS: The authors compared 26 @entity0 renal specimens from @entity0 with @entity9 , acute diffuse immune complex @entity5 , acute @entity10 , antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody--associated @entity5 , acute transplant rejection, and normal renal tissue. Because reactive @entity2 species are pivotal in @entity3 , the authors tested whether the @entity12 / @entity13 expression is influenced by @entity7 oxidase in vitro. RESULTS: @entity13 and @entity12 immunofluorescence was barely detectable in normal kidney. However, in disease @entity12 was copiously expressed in the small vessel media, glomeruli, distal tubules, and collecting ducts. Similarly, @entity13 was upregulated in the small vessel intima and media, all segments of the renal tubules, the brush border, and glomeruli. @entity13 and @entity12 upregulation was a prominent but nonspecific finding in these @entity1 . Cultured @entity4 vascular smooth muscle cells and immortalized @entity0 mesangial cells were stimulated with angiotensin (Ang) II (1 x 10(-7) mol/L) for 6 or 18 hours. Confocal microscopy and Western blot showed Ang II-dependent @entity13 and @entity12 expression. An antisense probe against the @entity11 phox unit of @entity7 -oxidase suppressed Ang II-induced @entity13 and @entity12 expression. In addition, in @entity8 phox knockout cells Ang II-induced @entity13 and @entity12 expression were blocked. CONCLUSION: @entity13 / @entity12 signaling is involved in @entity0 @entity1 . The Ang II-induced @entity13 and @entity12 expression may be dependent on @entity7 -oxidase. @entity13 and @entity12 are important signaling molecules in @entity0 @entity1 and may be potential therapeutic targets.

title: Growth arrest specific protein 6/ @entity12 signaling in XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity5 ( @entity5 ) is an @entity1 characterized by tubular basement membrane disruption, @entity3 , and tubular cysts. @entity5 leads to @entity2 in the first 2 decades of life. Four genes responsible for different types of @entity5 have been identified: @entity7 , @entity6 , @entity9 , and @entity8 . The @entity7 gene encodes nephrocystin; @entity6 , @entity6 ; @entity9 , nephrocystin-3; and @entity8 , nephrocystin-4. We report 3 siblings from a consanguineous family with @entity5 who were previously described as carrying a homozygous mutation in the @entity8 gene. Renal imaging showed cysts in the @entity0 . The histological picture of @entity8 showed the same characteristic features as those known for @entity7 and @entity9 . Progression to @entity2 occurred between the ages of 17 and 22 years. None of the renal transplants showed recurrence of the disease. @entity4 was absent in all affected family members.

title: Clinical and histological presentation of 3 siblings with mutations in the XXXX gene.

answer: @entity8