abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in @entity2 , @entity1 , and @entity3 consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona between 1987 and 1999. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys administered to representative samples of pupils in the second year of secondary school between 1987 and 1999. The questionnaires were anonymous and self-completed. We present data from 5013 secondary school pupils from Barcelona who participated in one of the five surveys. RESULTS: Regular smoking (daily and weekly) showed a uniform decrease between 1987 and 1996. The results of the last survey (1999) showed an increase over those the 1996 survey, ranging from 13.4% for regular smoking to 38.7% for experimental smoking. Between 1987 and 1999, the percentage of schoolchildren who reported drinking at least half a glass of @entity1 at some time showed an overall decrease of 14.0%. No differences in sex were found in problematic @entity1 consumption, while a higher proportion of @entity0 (14.0%) than @entity0 (10.5%) reported getting drunk at some time. Whereas in 1996, 6.9% of the population studied had smoked @entity3 at some time, in 1999 this proportion was 7.3%, with no differences between sexes. CONCLUSIONS: During the study period regular smoking increased, @entity1 consumption decreased and @entity3 consumption tended to level-off. Differences between @entity0 and @entity0 tended to disappear.

title: [Trends in @entity2 , XXXX and @entity3 consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona, Spain (1987-1999)].

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in @entity2 , @entity1 , and @entity3 consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona between 1987 and 1999. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys administered to representative samples of pupils in the second year of secondary school between 1987 and 1999. The questionnaires were anonymous and self-completed. We present data from 5013 secondary school pupils from Barcelona who participated in one of the five surveys. RESULTS: Regular smoking (daily and weekly) showed a uniform decrease between 1987 and 1996. The results of the last survey (1999) showed an increase over those the 1996 survey, ranging from 13.4% for regular smoking to 38.7% for experimental smoking. Between 1987 and 1999, the percentage of schoolchildren who reported drinking at least half a glass of @entity1 at some time showed an overall decrease of 14.0%. No differences in sex were found in problematic @entity1 consumption, while a higher proportion of @entity0 (14.0%) than @entity0 (10.5%) reported getting drunk at some time. Whereas in 1996, 6.9% of the population studied had smoked @entity3 at some time, in 1999 this proportion was 7.3%, with no differences between sexes. CONCLUSIONS: During the study period regular smoking increased, @entity1 consumption decreased and @entity3 consumption tended to level-off. Differences between @entity0 and @entity0 tended to disappear.

title: [Trends in @entity2 , @entity1 and XXXX consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona, Spain (1987-1999)].

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in @entity2 , @entity1 , and @entity3 consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona between 1987 and 1999. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys administered to representative samples of pupils in the second year of secondary school between 1987 and 1999. The questionnaires were anonymous and self-completed. We present data from 5013 secondary school pupils from Barcelona who participated in one of the five surveys. RESULTS: Regular smoking (daily and weekly) showed a uniform decrease between 1987 and 1996. The results of the last survey (1999) showed an increase over those the 1996 survey, ranging from 13.4% for regular smoking to 38.7% for experimental smoking. Between 1987 and 1999, the percentage of schoolchildren who reported drinking at least half a glass of @entity1 at some time showed an overall decrease of 14.0%. No differences in sex were found in problematic @entity1 consumption, while a higher proportion of @entity0 (14.0%) than @entity0 (10.5%) reported getting drunk at some time. Whereas in 1996, 6.9% of the population studied had smoked @entity3 at some time, in 1999 this proportion was 7.3%, with no differences between sexes. CONCLUSIONS: During the study period regular smoking increased, @entity1 consumption decreased and @entity3 consumption tended to level-off. Differences between @entity0 and @entity0 tended to disappear.

title: [Trends in XXXX , @entity1 and @entity3 consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona, Spain (1987-1999)].

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings in four cases of @entity2 and identify features that may differentiate @entity2 from similar conditions in the acute @entity4 complex. METHODS: @entity0 with @entity2 underwent complete periodic examinations, including ophthalmoscopy, color photography and autofluorescence photography, visual field testing, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. @entity3 as seen by multimodal imaging were documented and evaluated during follow-up. RESULTS: The average age of the 4 @entity0 was 32 years (range, 28-34 years), and 2 had bilateral involvement. The follow-up ranged from 1 month to 5 months. In each @entity0 , dark lobular areas seen by ophthalmoscopy corresponded to the measured @entity1 and what appeared to be a regional loss of outer segments of the photoreceptors. The outer segment defect resolved in two @entity0 and improved in the other two during follow-up. All @entity0 showed a colocalizing regional thinning of the outer nuclear layer, which did not change during the follow-up period. There were no associated @entity3 . CONCLUSION: @entity2 causes reddish brown patches that are because of outer retinal damage as documented by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Unlike other entities in the acute @entity4 complex, @entity2 has no other @entity3 . These lesions may resolve over time, with restoration of the outermost retinal architecture, but persistent thinning of the overlying outer nuclear layer remained.

title: Outer retinal abnormalities in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between decision to delivery interval and perinatal outcome in severe @entity5 . DESIGN: A case-control study. SETTING: Large inner city teaching hospital. METHODS: Retrospective case note review of pregnancies terminated following severe placental aburption and fetal @entity4 . One year paediatric follow up by case note review or postal questionnaire. The differences in outcome ( @entity1 or @entity3 ) were examined using non-parametric and univariate analysis for the following time periods--times from onset of symptoms to delivery, onset of symptoms to admission, admission to delivery, onset @entity4 to delivery and decision to delivery interval. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prenatal @entity1 or survival with @entity3 . RESULTS: Thirty-three @entity0 with singleton pregnancies over 28 weeks of gestation, admitted with clinically overt @entity5 , where delivery was effected for fetal @entity4 . Eleven of the pregnancies had a poor outcome (cases), eight @entity0 died and three surviving @entity0 have @entity3 . Twenty-two pregnancies had a good outcome (controls): survival with no @entity2 . No statistically significant relationship was found between maternal age, parity, gestation, or birthweight and a poor outcome. A statistically significant relationship between time from decision to delivery was identified (P = 0.02, Mann-Whitney U test). The results of a univariate logistic regression for this variable suggest that the odds ratio of a poor outcome for delivery at 20 minutes compared with 30 minutes is 0.44 (95% CI 0.22-0.86). Fifty-five percent of @entity0 were delivered within 20 minutes of the decision to deliver. Serious maternal morbidity was rare. CONCLUSION: In this small study of severe @entity5 complicated by fetal @entity4 , a decision to delivery interval of 20 minutes or less was associated with substantially reduced neonatal morbidity and mortality.

title: Pregnancy outcome in severe XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Clinical series of @entity0 with @entity2 undergoing an endoscopic posterolateral transforaminal procedure that used a reaming foraminoplasty technique to enlarge the foramen coupled with insertion of the B-Twin expandable spacer. OBJECTIVES: This retrospective analysis of 107 consecutive @entity0 sought to assess the outcome of this surgical procedure. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Reamed endoscopic foraminoplasty under direct endoscopic vision has been shown to be suitable for extremely collapsed disks (>50% total disk height) despite the difficult access, especially at L5-S1. The authors tried to investigate the efficacy of an expandable spacer being inserted by the endoscopic transforaminal approach to solve @entity4 without bone fusion techniques. METHODS: The procedure consists of bone reaming under direct endoscopic control to wide the foramen followed by insertion of the B-Twin expandable device as a disk spacer to restore partially or to maintain the height of the collapsed disk. Outcome measures included visual analog scale (VAS) for @entity1 , the @entity3 Index (ODI) for functional disability, and radioimaging studies. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 27.2 months. Clinical outcome was considered excellent in 64 @entity0 , good in 25, fair in 10, and poor in 8. Results were similar in single and double B-Twin spacer insertions. Postoperative mean values for VAS and ODI scores improved significantly as compared with preoperative data. Mean VAS and ODI scores were significantly higher in @entity0 with fair or poor results than in those with excellent or good outcome. In 2 cases, clear signs of end plate bone resorption in the control computed tomographic scans at 6 months and 12 months leading to a substantial loss of disk height were documented. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study has shown the efficacy of an endoscopic surgical technique for the treatment of @entity4 in extremely collapsed disks.

title: Usefulness of an expandable interbody spacer for the treatment of XXXX in extremely collapsed disks: preliminary clinical experience with endoscopic posterolateral transforaminal approach.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Utah state @entity1 audit filters assess expeditious care at referring emergency departments for severely injured @entity0 to avoid delays in transfer. We evaluated two state performance measures related to pediatric @entity1 care before arrival at the Level I @entity1 center. METHODS: Analysis of the Primary @entity0 's Medical Center (PCMC) @entity1 database for @entity0 with Injury Severity Scores (ISS)>15 from 2006 to 2009 was performed. @entity0 care was evaluated for referring hospital emergency department triage time of <2 hours and total transfer time of  <=6 hours for rural and  <=4 hours for urban place of injury. RESULTS: Four hundred twelve @entity0 with ISS>15 were admitted via interhospital transfer from within Utah. Approximately 50% of @entity0 were triaged<2 hours, which increased to almost two thirds when restricted to those initially evaluated within 100 miles (helicopter range) of PCMC. Factors associated with delayed triaged included lower ISS, less severe @entity3 , greater distance from the @entity1 center, and primary @entity4 . @entity2 and poor outcome did not differ significantly by triage in <2 hours or >= 2 hours. Adherence with the total transfer time goal was 94% for rural and 76% for urban place of injury. CONCLUSIONS: There was substantial nonadherence with @entity1 performance measures for triage in <2 hours among pediatric @entity1 @entity0 with ISS >15. Because of low rates of poor outcome, we are unable to determine whether adherence with state triage goals lessens morbidity or mortality.

title: Pediatric XXXX transport performance measures in a mountain state: adherence and outcomes.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Adrenochromaffin cells have been shown to physiologically synthesize and secrete @entity3 . We have thus hypothesized that excessive intraadrenal @entity3 production may be involved in the pathogenesis of primary @entity0 . In this report we describe a case of @entity0 due to bilateral adrenocortical macronodular @entity2 associated with suppression of plasma @entity3 levels. HPLC analysis of adrenal tissue extracts revealed the presence of a peptide coeluting with bioactive @entity3 . Immunohistochemical studies showed that @entity3 immunoreactivity was detectable in a subpopulation of steroidogenic cells, but not in chromaffin cells. @entity3 -positive cells were also labeled by antibodies against relaxin-like factor, a marker of Leydig cells. The presence of @entity3 in the hyperplastic tissue resulted from local expression of the gene encoding the @entity3 precursor proopiomelanocortin. Finally, @entity2 fragments, contrary to normal adrenal cortex explants, appeared to release in vitro measurable amounts of @entity3 . In conclusion, this observation shows that @entity0 associated with suppressed plasma @entity3 levels may be dependent upon @entity3 produced within adrenocortical tissue. The term @entity3 -independent used to designate primary @entity0 may therefore be inappropriate in some cases of bilateral macronodular @entity1 with @entity0 and undetectable plasma @entity3 levels.

title: Intraadrenal adrenocorticotropin production in a case of bilateral macronodular @entity1 causing XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Adrenochromaffin cells have been shown to physiologically synthesize and secrete @entity3 . We have thus hypothesized that excessive intraadrenal @entity3 production may be involved in the pathogenesis of primary @entity0 . In this report we describe a case of @entity0 due to bilateral adrenocortical macronodular @entity2 associated with suppression of plasma @entity3 levels. HPLC analysis of adrenal tissue extracts revealed the presence of a peptide coeluting with bioactive @entity3 . Immunohistochemical studies showed that @entity3 immunoreactivity was detectable in a subpopulation of steroidogenic cells, but not in chromaffin cells. @entity3 -positive cells were also labeled by antibodies against relaxin-like factor, a marker of Leydig cells. The presence of @entity3 in the hyperplastic tissue resulted from local expression of the gene encoding the @entity3 precursor proopiomelanocortin. Finally, @entity2 fragments, contrary to normal adrenal cortex explants, appeared to release in vitro measurable amounts of @entity3 . In conclusion, this observation shows that @entity0 associated with suppressed plasma @entity3 levels may be dependent upon @entity3 produced within adrenocortical tissue. The term @entity3 -independent used to designate primary @entity0 may therefore be inappropriate in some cases of bilateral macronodular @entity1 with @entity0 and undetectable plasma @entity3 levels.

title: Intraadrenal adrenocorticotropin production in a case of bilateral macronodular XXXX causing @entity0 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Some evidence exists that @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity3 are taller than the general population. However, previous studies are under-powered, lack comprehensive data and show inconsistencies. METHODS: Relevant studies linking @entity2 and @entity3 with height at diagnosis were identified in two major online databases, Medline (1950 to 2009) and Embase (1980 to 2009). Outcomes in individual studies were reported as @entity4 ( @entity4 ) scores or percentages of study population with height at diagnosis above the median of the reference population. We performed separate random-effects meta-analyses for each outcome and @entity1 type. RESULTS: 14 studies examined the height of @entity0 with @entity2 or @entity3 . Meta-analyses on @entity4 scores found @entity0 with @entity2 were 0.260 @entity4 (95% CI: 0.088-0.432) taller than the reference population (five studies). A meta-analysis on percentages found 62% (95% CI: 57%-67%) of @entity0 were estimated to have a height above the median (six studies). @entity0 with @entity3 were 0.096 @entity4 (95% CI 0.004-0.188) taller (four studies). Only one study reported the percentage of @entity3 @entity0 with height above the median. CONCLUSION: The average height of @entity0 with @entity2 , but not @entity3 , was significantly above the average height of the reference population by 2-3 centimetres. The observed differences indicate the involvement of pubertal longitudinal bone growth in @entity2 development while different biological pathways could be relevant for @entity3 .

title: Relationship between height at diagnosis and XXXX in young @entity0 : a meta-analysis.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Some evidence exists that @entity0 with @entity2 and @entity3 are taller than the general population. However, previous studies are under-powered, lack comprehensive data and show inconsistencies. METHODS: Relevant studies linking @entity2 and @entity3 with height at diagnosis were identified in two major online databases, Medline (1950 to 2009) and Embase (1980 to 2009). Outcomes in individual studies were reported as @entity4 ( @entity4 ) scores or percentages of study population with height at diagnosis above the median of the reference population. We performed separate random-effects meta-analyses for each outcome and @entity1 type. RESULTS: 14 studies examined the height of @entity0 with @entity2 or @entity3 . Meta-analyses on @entity4 scores found @entity0 with @entity2 were 0.260 @entity4 (95% CI: 0.088-0.432) taller than the reference population (five studies). A meta-analysis on percentages found 62% (95% CI: 57%-67%) of @entity0 were estimated to have a height above the median (six studies). @entity0 with @entity3 were 0.096 @entity4 (95% CI 0.004-0.188) taller (four studies). Only one study reported the percentage of @entity3 @entity0 with height above the median. CONCLUSION: The average height of @entity0 with @entity2 , but not @entity3 , was significantly above the average height of the reference population by 2-3 centimetres. The observed differences indicate the involvement of pubertal longitudinal bone growth in @entity2 development while different biological pathways could be relevant for @entity3 .

title: Relationship between height at diagnosis and @entity1 in young XXXX : a meta-analysis.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 attributed to compression of the celiac artery at the level of the median arcuate ligament (MAL) of the diaphragm is an uncommon disorder. Although ultrasound investigation and arteriography can be suggestive of the diagnosis, no definitive criteria exist with only cases reports in the literature. This study presents the only known reported case series in which a combination of open and laparoscopic access techniques of MAL decompression are reported. METHODS: A retrospective review of prospectively collected electronic databases of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was performed for the period February 1999 until February 2009. @entity0 having undergone operation for @entity2 were identified and participated in a telephone interview. Questions were asked about the success of the operation, the recovery period, and @entity0 satisfaction. RESULTS: Six @entity0 were identified, 3 were male; mean age was 37.7 years. Four underwent open MAL division and celiac ganglion neurolysis, and 2 underwent a laparoscopic approach. Mean follow-up was 48.6 months. All @entity0 experienced symptomatic improvement and were satisfied with their outcome. No @entity0 had symptoms recurrence. CONCLUSION: In this limited experience, MAL division with celiac ganglion neurolysis appears to be an effective treatment for @entity2 in appropriately selected @entity0 . Both the open and laparoscopic approaches are safe with durable midterm follow-up results.

title: Treatment options and outcomes for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 remains a leading cause of serious paediatric disease. However, there are few published epidemiological data regarding invasive @entity1 (IPD) in many countries in South East Asia, including Singapore. Baseline data for IPD are essential to inform policy regarding pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( @entity3 ) use in Singapore. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to investigate clonal relationships among Singaporean IPD isolates. We characterized 86 invasive pneumococci isolated from Singaporean @entity0 between 2001 and 2006 using serotyping and MLST. The objectives were to compare Singaporean MLST data to worldwide data and to assess serotype distribution in relation to current @entity3 formulations. We observed 50 sequence types (STs), a high proportion of which (n=16) were novel STs. Despite the presence of these novel STs, serotype distribution was similar to that observed elsewhere. Serotypes 14, 6B, @entity4 and 19F accounted for 85% of IPD cases. PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 covered 85%, 86% and 97% of IPD isolates, respectively. We have demonstrated a pressing need for larger studies to determine the molecular epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of circulating pneumococcal clones from both carriage and disease in Singapore.

title: Molecular analysis of XXXX clones causing invasive disease in @entity0 in Singapore.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 remains a leading cause of serious paediatric disease. However, there are few published epidemiological data regarding invasive @entity1 (IPD) in many countries in South East Asia, including Singapore. Baseline data for IPD are essential to inform policy regarding pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( @entity3 ) use in Singapore. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to investigate clonal relationships among Singaporean IPD isolates. We characterized 86 invasive pneumococci isolated from Singaporean @entity0 between 2001 and 2006 using serotyping and MLST. The objectives were to compare Singaporean MLST data to worldwide data and to assess serotype distribution in relation to current @entity3 formulations. We observed 50 sequence types (STs), a high proportion of which (n=16) were novel STs. Despite the presence of these novel STs, serotype distribution was similar to that observed elsewhere. Serotypes 14, 6B, @entity4 and 19F accounted for 85% of IPD cases. PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 covered 85%, 86% and 97% of IPD isolates, respectively. We have demonstrated a pressing need for larger studies to determine the molecular epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of circulating pneumococcal clones from both carriage and disease in Singapore.

title: Molecular analysis of @entity2 clones causing invasive disease in XXXX in Singapore.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the value of computed tomographic (CT) myelography in the detection of root damage and differentiation of root @entity1 from neurotmesis in a large cohort of @entity0 with an obstetric @entity2 (OBPL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained. Informed consent was waived by the medical ethics committee. One hundred eighteen @entity0 with OBPL born in the cephalic position and six @entity0 born in the breech position were selected for surgery by two neurosurgeons in a multidisciplinary team. Functional loss of the C5 through T1 innervated muscles was noted. All @entity0 underwent preoperative CT myelography at an average age of 19 weeks. CT myelographic examination results were reviewed by two radiologists, who were blinded to the clinical findings, for the presence of root @entity1 and @entity3 . Interobserver agreement was assessed by calculating k values. RESULTS: CT myelographic results showed root @entity1 in at least one level in 66 (56%) of 118 @entity0 born in the cephalic position and in six (100%) of six @entity0 born in the breech position. Levels C7 and C8 showed the most root @entity1 , even if not expected from clinical examination results. A large number of root @entity1 showed @entity3 (73 [68%] of 107 levels in @entity0 born in the cephalic position and 11 [73%] of 15 levels in @entity0 born in the breech position). CONCLUSION: CT myelographic results showed root @entity1 in more than half of @entity0 with OBPL. Root @entity1 were even detected at levels that were not expected at clinical examination. Because root @entity1 require specific reconstructive techniques, CT myelography is recommended for every preoperative @entity0 with OBPL.

title: Obstetric XXXX : CT myelography.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To provide data on prevalence and types of @entity4 and the spectacle-wearing rate among adults in Nigeria and the degree to which the need for distance correction could be met by off-the-shelf spectacles. METHODS: Multistage, stratified, cluster random sampling with probability proportional to size was used to identify a nationally representative sample of 15,027 @entity0 aged >= 40 years. Distance vision was measured using a reduced logMAR tumbling-E chart. All @entity0 underwent autorefraction, and those with presenting acuity of <6/12 in one or both eyes had their corrected acuity measured and underwent detailed clinical examination to determine the cause. RESULTS: Included in the survey were 13,599 (89.9%) of the 15,122 @entity0 aged >= 40 years who were enumerated. Uncorrected @entity4 was responsible for 77.9% of mild @entity1 (<6/12-6/18), 57.1% of moderate @entity1 (<6/18-6/60), 11.3% of severe @entity1 (<6/60-3/60), and 1.4% of @entity3 (<3/60). The crude prevalence of @entity2 ( <=0.5 D) and high @entity2 ( <=5.0 D) were 16.2% and 2.1%, respectively. Spectacles could improve the vision of 1279 (9.4%) and 882 (6.5%) @entity0 at the 6/12 and 6/18 level, respectively, but only 3.4% and 4.4% of these individuals wore spectacles to the examination site. Approximately 2,140,000 adults in Nigeria would benefit from spectacles that improved their vision from <6/12 to >= 6/12. More than a third of the need could be met by low-cost, off-the-shelf spectacles. CONCLUSIONS: Uncorrected @entity4 are an important cause of @entity1 in Nigeria, and services must be dramatically improved to meet the need.

title: XXXX in Nigerian adults: prevalence, type, and spectacle coverage.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity4 /2J @entity0 are a standard preclinical @entity2 model, which spontaneously developed mutations resulting in chronic age-related @entity3 . The goals of this study were to identify the degree of @entity1 in @entity4 /2J @entity0 before and after disease onset by quantifying the optokinetic reflex responses and to compare them to the less-researched strain of @entity4 /2NHsd @entity0 . METHODS: Visual performance was measured in healthy, nonglaucomatous, and glaucomatous male @entity4 /2NHsd or @entity4 /2J @entity0 using a visuospatial testing box. The optokinetic reflex resulting in optomotor head tracking was manually detected. Measured threshold levels equate to the maximum contrast or spatial frequency the @entity0 responds to. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by applanation tonometry. RESULTS: IOP increased with age in both @entity4 /2J and @entity4 /2NHsd @entity0 and was not different between the two substrains. Both visual acuity and ability to detect contrast decreased significantly, and similarly with age in both substrains. However, @entity4 /2NHsd had poorer visual acuity even at a younger age compared to age-matched @entity4 /2J @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity4 /2J and @entity4 /2NHsd @entity0 show a progressive glaucomatous phenotype of age-related @entity1 and contrast sensitivity when compared to other inbred or outbred strains. Given the similar increases in IOP and contrast sensitivity threshold and loss of visual acuity between these two @entity4 /2 substrains, we also conclude that @entity4 /2NHsd @entity0 are a suitable alternative model for @entity3 .

title: Quantification of deficits in spatial visual function of @entity0 models for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity4 /2J @entity0 are a standard preclinical @entity2 model, which spontaneously developed mutations resulting in chronic age-related @entity3 . The goals of this study were to identify the degree of @entity1 in @entity4 /2J @entity0 before and after disease onset by quantifying the optokinetic reflex responses and to compare them to the less-researched strain of @entity4 /2NHsd @entity0 . METHODS: Visual performance was measured in healthy, nonglaucomatous, and glaucomatous male @entity4 /2NHsd or @entity4 /2J @entity0 using a visuospatial testing box. The optokinetic reflex resulting in optomotor head tracking was manually detected. Measured threshold levels equate to the maximum contrast or spatial frequency the @entity0 responds to. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by applanation tonometry. RESULTS: IOP increased with age in both @entity4 /2J and @entity4 /2NHsd @entity0 and was not different between the two substrains. Both visual acuity and ability to detect contrast decreased significantly, and similarly with age in both substrains. However, @entity4 /2NHsd had poorer visual acuity even at a younger age compared to age-matched @entity4 /2J @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity4 /2J and @entity4 /2NHsd @entity0 show a progressive glaucomatous phenotype of age-related @entity1 and contrast sensitivity when compared to other inbred or outbred strains. Given the similar increases in IOP and contrast sensitivity threshold and loss of visual acuity between these two @entity4 /2 substrains, we also conclude that @entity4 /2NHsd @entity0 are a suitable alternative model for @entity3 .

title: Quantification of deficits in spatial visual function of XXXX models for @entity2 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: The significance of @entity3 and its impact on failure after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication are unknown. Although @entity0 with severe esophageal shortening that requires Collis gastroplasty comprise a small percentage of @entity0 undergoing fundoplication, we hypothesize that @entity0 with moderate esophageal shortening requiring extended mediastinal dissection make up a larger subgroup and that extended laparoscopic mediastinal dissection is a good treatment strategy for such @entity0 . DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective comparative analysis in an academic and private practice-based tertiary referral center. @entity0 : A total of 205 @entity0 underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for @entity1 or @entity2 over 4 years. Outcomes in @entity0 requiring either a type I (<5 cm) or type II (>5 cm) mediastinal dissection were compared. INTERVENTIONS: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication with or without extended mediastinal dissection and esophageal physiology testing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptom assessments, operative reports, and outcomes were prospectively recorded on standardized data sheets. Postoperative symptom assessment and esophageal physiology testing were performed. RESULTS: A total of 133 (65%) of the 205 @entity0 underwent type I dissection, and 72 (35%) of the 205 @entity0 underwent type II dissection. Failure occurred in 15 (11%) of 133 @entity0 and 6 (10%) of 72 @entity0 , respectively. The presence of a large hiatal or paraesophageal hernia predicted the need for type II dissection. CONCLUSIONS: No difference was seen in failure rates between @entity0 who required a type II dissection and those who did not. This finding suggests that aggressive application of laparoscopic transmediastinal dissection to obtain adequate esophageal length may reduce fundoplication failure in @entity0 with esophageal shortening and provide a success rate similar to that of @entity0 with normal esophageal length. More liberal application of Collis gastroplasty in these @entity0 is not warranted.

title: Extended transmediastinal dissection: an alternative to gastroplasty for XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical and biochemical safety profile of long-term @entity2 ( @entity3 ) therapy in @entity0 with chronic @entity4 and to assess pediatric @entity0 acceptance of @entity3 therapy. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Pediatric clinics at a referral center. @entity0 Eighty-three @entity0 (44 with chronic @entity4 , 39 with @entity4 and @entity5 ) receiving @entity3 therapy for more than 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical adverse effects related to @entity3 therapy and acceptance and compliance with @entity3 therapy. Serum electrolyte levels, osmolality, albumin levels, and liver and renal function test results were measured. RESULTS: At the time of evaluation, the mean duration of @entity3 therapy was 8.7 months, and the mean @entity3 dose was 0.75 g/kg daily. There were no major clinical adverse effects. All blood test results were normal, except for transient minimal @entity1 aminotransferase elevation unrelated to therapy in 9 @entity0 . All @entity0 preferred @entity3 to previously used laxatives, and daily compliance was measured as good in 90% of @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Long-term @entity3 therapy is safe and is well accepted by @entity0 with chronic @entity4 with and without @entity5 .

title: Safety of @entity2 for the treatment of chronic XXXX in @entity0 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical and biochemical safety profile of long-term @entity2 ( @entity3 ) therapy in @entity0 with chronic @entity4 and to assess pediatric @entity0 acceptance of @entity3 therapy. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Pediatric clinics at a referral center. @entity0 Eighty-three @entity0 (44 with chronic @entity4 , 39 with @entity4 and @entity5 ) receiving @entity3 therapy for more than 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical adverse effects related to @entity3 therapy and acceptance and compliance with @entity3 therapy. Serum electrolyte levels, osmolality, albumin levels, and liver and renal function test results were measured. RESULTS: At the time of evaluation, the mean duration of @entity3 therapy was 8.7 months, and the mean @entity3 dose was 0.75 g/kg daily. There were no major clinical adverse effects. All blood test results were normal, except for transient minimal @entity1 aminotransferase elevation unrelated to therapy in 9 @entity0 . All @entity0 preferred @entity3 to previously used laxatives, and daily compliance was measured as good in 90% of @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Long-term @entity3 therapy is safe and is well accepted by @entity0 with chronic @entity4 with and without @entity5 .

title: Safety of XXXX for the treatment of chronic @entity4 in @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical and biochemical safety profile of long-term @entity2 ( @entity3 ) therapy in @entity0 with chronic @entity4 and to assess pediatric @entity0 acceptance of @entity3 therapy. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Pediatric clinics at a referral center. @entity0 Eighty-three @entity0 (44 with chronic @entity4 , 39 with @entity4 and @entity5 ) receiving @entity3 therapy for more than 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical adverse effects related to @entity3 therapy and acceptance and compliance with @entity3 therapy. Serum electrolyte levels, osmolality, albumin levels, and liver and renal function test results were measured. RESULTS: At the time of evaluation, the mean duration of @entity3 therapy was 8.7 months, and the mean @entity3 dose was 0.75 g/kg daily. There were no major clinical adverse effects. All blood test results were normal, except for transient minimal @entity1 aminotransferase elevation unrelated to therapy in 9 @entity0 . All @entity0 preferred @entity3 to previously used laxatives, and daily compliance was measured as good in 90% of @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Long-term @entity3 therapy is safe and is well accepted by @entity0 with chronic @entity4 with and without @entity5 .

title: Safety of @entity2 for the treatment of chronic @entity4 in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are morphogens regulating epithelial-mesenchymal signaling during several crucial processes of embryonic development, including muscle patterning. Sonic ( @entity4 ), Indian (Ihh), and Desert ( @entity5 ) hedgehog constitute the repertoire of Hh genes in @entity0 . The activities of all 3 are transduced via the Patched ( @entity3 ) receptor. Recent observations indicate that exogenous administration of @entity4 induces angiogenesis. Here, we studied whether the endogenous Hh pathway, in addition to its functions during embryogenesis, plays a physiological role in muscle regeneration after @entity2 in adults. METHODS AND RESULTS: We found that skeletal @entity2 induces strong local upregulation of @entity4 mRNA and protein. In addition, the @entity3 receptor is activated in interstitial mesenchymal cells within the @entity2 area, indicating that these cells respond to @entity4 and that the @entity4 pathway is functional. We also found that @entity4 -responding cells produce @entity1 under @entity2 conditions and that systemic treatment with a @entity4 -blocking antibody inhibits the local angiogenic response and the upregulation of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the Hh signaling may be recapitulated postnatally in adult and fully differentiated muscular tissues and has a regulatory role on angiogenesis during muscle regeneration after @entity2 . These findings demonstrate a novel biological activity for the Hh pathway with both fundamental and potential therapeutic implications.

title: Postnatal recapitulation of embryonic hedgehog pathway in response to skeletal XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Neuropeptide Y regulates numerous physiological processes via at least five different Y receptors, but the specific roles of each receptor are still unclear. We previously demonstrated that @entity4 knockout results in a lean phenotype, increased cancellous bone volume, and an increase in plasma @entity5 ( @entity5 ), a ligand for Y4 receptors. @entity5 -overexpressing @entity0 are also known to have a lean phenotype. Deletion of the @entity6 also produced a lean phenotype and increased plasma @entity5 levels. We therefore hypothesized that part of the Y2 phenotype results from increased @entity5 action on Y4 receptors and tested this in @entity5 transgenic Y4(-/-) and Y2(-/-) Y4(-/-) double knockout @entity0 . Bone mass was not altered in Y4 knockout @entity0 . Surprisingly, despite significant @entity3 , Y2(-/-) Y4(-/-) @entity0 retained a markedly lean phenotype, with reduced body weight, white adipose tissue mass, leptinemia, and insulinemia. Furthermore, bone volume was also increased threefold in Y2(-/-) Y4(-/-) @entity0 , and this was associated with enhanced osteoblastic activity. These changes were more pronounced than those observed in Y2(-/-) @entity0 , suggesting synergy between @entity4 pathways. The lack of bone changes in @entity5 @entity0 suggests that @entity5 alone is not responsible for the bone mass increases but might play a major role in the lean phenotype. However, a synergistic interaction between Y2 and Y4 pathways seems to regulate bone volume and adiposity and could have important implications for possible interventions in @entity1 and for anabolic treatment of @entity2 .

title: Synergistic effects of Y2 and Y4 receptors on adiposity and bone mass revealed in double knockout XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative importance of the extent and regional distribution of fat for metabolic risk factors in young adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of findings from a hospital-based case-control study. SUBJECTS: A total of 46 adult Danish Caucasian @entity0 (40 @entity0 and six @entity0 , aged 34-54 y). Of these, 22 had had non fatal @entity6 before 41 y of age and 24 were age- and gender-matched controls without @entity3 . MEASUREMENTS: Four measurements of fat: body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)), body fat percentage measured using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanner, waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR), and intra-abdominal adipose tissue area measured using computed tomography (CT) scanning, and eight metabolic risk factors: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HbA(1c) percentage, fasting concentrations of capillary whole blood @entity5 , high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity2 , serum @entity4 , plasma @entity9 ( @entity9 ), and urinary albumin: @entity7 excretion ratio. RESULTS: Of 46 @entity0 , 10 were @entity1 (BMI >30 kg/m(2)), 12 were @entity8 (WHR >0.90 for @entity0 and >0.85 for @entity0 ), and 20 were @entity8 (intra-abdominal adipose tissue area >135 cm(2)). @entity0 had a higher intra-abdominal adipose tissue area than @entity0 (P=0.0053, Mann-Whitney U-test). In multiple regression analyses of the four fat variables, only intra-abdominal adipose tissue area significantly predicted the levels of six metabolic risk factors: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting concentrations of capillary whole blood @entity5 , serum HDL @entity2 , serum @entity4 , and @entity9 . The intra-abdominal adipose tissue area had a linear relation with the six metabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: For young individuals, intra-abdominal fat is the important component of the body fat for six of the eight metabolic risk factors. Intra-abdominal fat might contribute to that most @entity0 with @entity6 at a young age are @entity0 .

title: XXXX and metabolic risk factors: a study of young adults.

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) has been found on @entity0 keratinocytes to bind @entity5 , a proinflammatory phospholipid. We aimed to study @entity4 in a range of dermal cell lines and in samples of normal and psoriatic @entity0 skin to learn about its further role in @entity0 . METHODS: @entity4 was labeled immunocytochemically, histochemically and additionally studied with western blotting in @entity0 keratinocytes, @entity0 fibroblasts, embryonal keratinocytes, @entity1 cell lines and samples of normal and psoriatic @entity0 skin. RESULTS: Keratinocytes from adult and embryonal epidermis of the 20th week of pregnancy showed a low level of labeling for @entity4 , but 3 +/- 0.05% of plantar keratinocytes from adults were positive as were 4.2 +/- 0.05% of embryonal plantar keratinocytes from the 21st week of pregnancy. In fibroblasts from adult and embryonal epidermis the protein was expressed at low levels. Western blotting revealed @entity4 positive bands at 67 k.Da in normal @entity0 skin and @entity3 , in @entity3 additionally at 45 k.Da. A 68 k.Da band was found in the @entity2 29 (control), and HaCaT cells, in embryonal keratinocytes additionally at 116 k.Da. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 seems not to be important for embryonal or adult fibroblasts. In embryonal keratinocytes it is turned on after the 21st pregnancy week in a few cells seen as a band of 67 k.Da and at 116 k.Da, the latter is not found in adult keratinocytes. An additional 45 k.Da band of @entity4 was found in @entity3 that might stand for a truncated receptor. In the @entity1 cell line HaCaT and the HT29 @entity2 cell line @entity4 characterizes the anti-apoptotic effect of this receptor propagating @entity1 proliferation.

title: PAF-receptor in inflammatory versus non inflammatory XXXX epidermis, cell cultures and embryonal cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: We have developed a dispersed cell monolayer system derived from @entity0 anterior pituitary glands. Fresh 1- to 6-week-old @entity0 anterior pituitaries were mechanically and enzymatically dispersed and incubated with Dulbecco's Modified Minimal Essential Medium containing 10% hypothyroid goat serum. The media and cell extracts from confluent monolayers were analyzed for @entity0 TSH and free alpha, and @entity3 subunits by specific homologous RIAs. Basal levels of TSH, free alpha, and free @entity3 subunits in the media were 6.2 +/- 0.3, and 0.95 +/- 0.05 ng/10(6) cells . 24 h, respectively. Hence, an 8- to 10-fold excess of free alpha over free @entity3 subunits was released into the medium. Intracellular basal levels of TSH, free alpha, and free @entity3 subunits were 27.6 +/- 1.7, 10.7 +/- 0.2, and 2.6 +/- 0.3 ng/10(6) cells . 24 h, respectively, and indicated a 3- to 4-fold excess of free alpha over free @entity3 subunits within the cells. The total alpha-subunit to total beta-subunit ratio was 2:1. @entity1 stimulated release of TSH and its subunits in a dose-dependent fashion, with a half-maximal dose of 2 nM and a maximal response dose of 10 nM. Stimulation with 100 nM @entity1 increased the levels of TSH, free alpha, and free @entity3 subunits (450-900%, 180-200%, and 300-400%, respectively) in medium, with concomitant decreases within cells. Treatment with thyroid hormones decreased basal and blunted @entity1 -stimulated levels of TSH and its subunits in medium but had no effect on intracellular stores. However, large doses of T4 (25 nM) or T3 (1 nM) did not completely abolish the @entity1 (100 nM)-stimulated hormone response. @entity1 and thyroid hormones affect the release of TSH and @entity3 to a greater extent than they do the alpha-subunit. Finally, total alpha and @entity3 subunit production was increased with @entity1 stimulation and decreased with @entity2 exposure. Thus, an in vitro system to study the net production and secretion of TSH and its subunits in the normal pituitary thyrotrope has been established. (Endocrinology 108: 387, 1981)

title: Production and release of thyrotropin and its subunits by monolayer cultures containing XXXX anterior pituitary cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Erythrocytes from @entity1 with experimental porcine @entity2 were examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Three distinct forms of @entity3 were attached to the plasma surface of erythrocyte membrane. Erythrocytes were initially parasitized by one or several immature forms. Immature forms enlarged and developed into juvenile and mature forms. The parasite replicated by budding of small immature forms from larger immature forms, juvenile forms, and mature forms. Small immature forms attached to adjacent membrane of the same erythrocyte or a nonparasitized erythrocyte. @entity3 organisms were intimately associated with, but distinctly separated from erythrocyte membrane by a 30-nm electron lucent zone. Cell membrane in this area was denser than adjacent nonparasitized membrane. Early interaction between erythrocyte membrane and small immature forms resulted in no membrane deformation, but as this form enlarged, it later became embedded in a deep cup-like membrane invagination. As the immature form developed into the juvenile form a shallow, broad-based @entity0 was observed in the membrane. A similar @entity0 that covered a greater surface area was observed in the membrane parasitized by the mature form. The interaction between the parasitic forms and erythrocyte membrane resulted ultimately in severe membrane deformation. Parasite-membrane interactions may play an important role in the development of misdirected immune responses in experimental porcine @entity2 .

title: Erythrocyte membrane alterations associated with the attachment and replication of XXXX : a light and electron microscopic study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The antihypertensive drugs @entity6 and @entity4 can produce identical liver injuries which must be distinguished clinically and morphologically from @entity2 . In 19 cases selected from our biopsy file during the last two years, clinical and morphological findings suggested that the @entity2 diagnosed by light microscopy had been caused by an adverse reaction to @entity6 and/or @entity4 . In order to establish a causal relation the lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) was performed with @entity6 in 11 cases. Positive results were observed in 9 cases, demonstrating an etiologic role for @entity6 in @entity2 in these cases. The @entity6 and/or @entity4 induced @entity2 consisted mainly of @entity2 with confluent (bridging) @entity0 . Different findings were observed in three cases: In two of these @entity2 with @entity0 was observed together with eosinophilic cholangio-cholangiolitis. In one other case the histologic changes corresponded to drug @entity2 resembling @entity2 . Each of the three cases showed @entity5 , a feature which is unusual in @entity2 with @entity0 irrespective of serum @entity3 levels. In one third of our cases we found morphological features of @entity1 in the liver biopsies. Considered together with the results of LPT these features emphasize the role of cell mediated immune reaction in the mechanism of @entity2 caused by @entity6 and/or @entity4 .

title: [Liver lesions induced by @entity6 and XXXX ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: The antihypertensive drugs @entity6 and @entity4 can produce identical liver injuries which must be distinguished clinically and morphologically from @entity2 . In 19 cases selected from our biopsy file during the last two years, clinical and morphological findings suggested that the @entity2 diagnosed by light microscopy had been caused by an adverse reaction to @entity6 and/or @entity4 . In order to establish a causal relation the lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) was performed with @entity6 in 11 cases. Positive results were observed in 9 cases, demonstrating an etiologic role for @entity6 in @entity2 in these cases. The @entity6 and/or @entity4 induced @entity2 consisted mainly of @entity2 with confluent (bridging) @entity0 . Different findings were observed in three cases: In two of these @entity2 with @entity0 was observed together with eosinophilic cholangio-cholangiolitis. In one other case the histologic changes corresponded to drug @entity2 resembling @entity2 . Each of the three cases showed @entity5 , a feature which is unusual in @entity2 with @entity0 irrespective of serum @entity3 levels. In one third of our cases we found morphological features of @entity1 in the liver biopsies. Considered together with the results of LPT these features emphasize the role of cell mediated immune reaction in the mechanism of @entity2 caused by @entity6 and/or @entity4 .

title: [Liver lesions induced by XXXX and @entity4 ].

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was (1). to report long-term objective and subjective outcome data after total colpocleisis with high levator plication and (2). to compare operative morbidity of total colpocleisis in @entity0 with prior versus concurrent hysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN: The medical records of @entity0 who underwent total colpocleisis with high levator plication between August 1, 1988, and December 31, 2000, were retrospectively reviewed. @entity0 characteristics, operative data, and objective outcome measures including @entity2 staging measurements were obtained from subject records. Subjective outcome measures were obtained by a standardized telephone survey. A t test was used to compare continuous variables between @entity0 who underwent prior versus concurrent hysterectomy. The Fisher exact test was used to test for association between @entity0 group and each categorical variable. RESULTS: During the 12-year study period, 92 subjects underwent total colpocleisis with high levator plication. Of the 92 subjects, 90 (97.8%) underwent concurrent operations and 37 (40.2%) underwent simultaneous hysterectomy. With objective cure defined as absence of prolapse to the hymen, 90 subjects (97.8%) were objectively cured after a median follow-up of 12 months (range, 0-64 months). Of 62 subjects available for telephone follow-up, 56 (90.3%) reported being satisfied or very satisfied with how the surgery cured their prolapse after a median follow-up of 24 months (range, 13-161 months). Concurrent hysterectomy was associated with statistically significant increases in absolute change in hematocrit (9.5% without vs 11.9% with hysterectomy) and transfusion requirement (12.7% without vs 35.1% with hysterectomy). There was no significant difference in surgical complications between groups. CONCLUSION: Total colpocleisis is an effective operation for the treatment of advanced @entity2 . Concurrent hysterectomy is associated with higher @entity1 and transfusion requirements.

title: Total colpocleisis with high levator plication for the treatment of advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity3 @entity0 have multiple risk factors for @entity1 and @entity2 . The majority of @entity0 with @entity2 have a lower extremity @entity1 as a source of origin. @entity2 causes a high mortality rate in the hemodynamically compromised individual. Awareness of risk factors relative to the development of @entity1 and @entity2 is important for the critical care nurse. Understanding the pathophysiology can help guide prophylaxis and treatment plans. The therapies, from invasive to mechanical, all carry risks and benefits, and are weighed for each @entity0 . The advanced practice nurse, whether in the direct or indirect role, has an opportunity to impact the care of the high risk @entity0 . Options range from teaching the nurse who is new to critical care, to teaching @entity0 and families. Development of multidisciplinary protocols and clinical pathways are ways to impact the standard of care. Improved delivery of care methods can optimize the care rendered in an ever changing field of critical care.

title: Optimizing the flow of care for prevention and treatment of @entity1 and XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity3 @entity0 have multiple risk factors for @entity1 and @entity2 . The majority of @entity0 with @entity2 have a lower extremity @entity1 as a source of origin. @entity2 causes a high mortality rate in the hemodynamically compromised individual. Awareness of risk factors relative to the development of @entity1 and @entity2 is important for the critical care nurse. Understanding the pathophysiology can help guide prophylaxis and treatment plans. The therapies, from invasive to mechanical, all carry risks and benefits, and are weighed for each @entity0 . The advanced practice nurse, whether in the direct or indirect role, has an opportunity to impact the care of the high risk @entity0 . Options range from teaching the nurse who is new to critical care, to teaching @entity0 and families. Development of multidisciplinary protocols and clinical pathways are ways to impact the standard of care. Improved delivery of care methods can optimize the care rendered in an ever changing field of critical care.

title: Optimizing the flow of care for prevention and treatment of XXXX and @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluated the utility of three dimensional (3D) treatment planning in the management of @entity0 with @entity2 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Five @entity0 with parameningeal @entity4 were referred for treatment at our radiation oncology center from May 1990 through January 1993. Each @entity0 was evaluated, staged, and treated according to the Intergroup @entity4 Study. @entity0 were immobilized and underwent a computed tomography scan with contrast in the treatment position. @entity1 and normal tissues were identified with assistance from a diagnostic radiologist and defined in each slice. The @entity0 were then planned and treated with the assistance of a 3D treatment planning system. A second plan was then devised by another physician without the benefit of the 3D volumetric display. The target volumes designed with the 3D system and the two-dimensional (2D) method were then compared. The dosimetric coverage to @entity1 , @entity1 plus margin, and normal tissues was also compared with the two methods of treatment planning. RESULTS: The apparent size of the gross @entity1 volume was underestimated with the conventional 2D planning method relative to the 3D method. When margin was added around the gross @entity1 to account for microscopic extension of disease in the 2D method, the expected area of coverage improved relative to the 3D method. In each circumstance, the minimum dose that covered the gross @entity1 was substantially less with the 2D method than with the 3D method. The inadequate dosimetric coverage was especially pronounced when the necessary margin to account for subclinical disease was added. In each case, the 2D plans would have delivered substantial dose to adjacent normal tissues and organs, resulting in a higher incidence of significant complications. CONCLUSIONS: 3D conformal radiation therapy has a demonstrated advantage in the treatment of @entity3 of the head and neck. The improved dosimetric coverage of the @entity1 and its margin for subclinical extensions may result in improvement in local control of these @entity1 . In addition, lowering of radiation dose to adjacent critical structures may help lower the incidence of adverse late effects in @entity0 .

title: Three dimensional conformal radiation therapy in pediatric XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The wood-degrading fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius produces at least two laccase isoforms, Lcc1 and Lcc2, when grown on @entity4 bran solid state medium. The main laccase, Lcc2, was purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity by using @entity1 precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Lcc2 had been purified 5.9-fold with a yield of 49%. A specific activity of 19750 U/mg protein was found using @entity11 as a substrate under standard assay conditions. The enzyme is a homodimeric glycoprotein containing 44% glycosilation and an apparent molecular mass of 46 kDa. Type I and type III @entity7 centers were identified by spectrophotometry. The laccase showed optimal activity at pH 6.2-6.5, 4.0-5.5, and 6.0-8.0 with @entity11 , @entity10 and guaiacol as substrates, respectively. For all substrates, the highest oxidation rates were obtained at 50 degrees C. The enzyme was stable over a large range of pH (4.5-8.0) and at temperatures up to 50 degrees C. Under standard assay conditions, the apparent K(M) values were 12, 210 and 550 microM for @entity11 , @entity10 and @entity9 , respectively. Purified Lcc2 was strongly inhibited by @entity5 , @entity6 and @entity8 , and slightly inhibited by @entity3 and the chelant agents, @entity0 and EGTA. The enzyme was activated by @entity7 and it retained a high percentage of its activity in the presence of organic solvents, such as @entity2 and @entity1 .

title: Purification and characterization of the main laccase produced by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius on XXXX bran solid state medium.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The mechanisms by which @entity2 leave the primary @entity2 site, invade lymphatics, and metastasize to regional lymph nodes (RLNs) are complex and interrelated. Although the phenomenon of lymph node @entity1 has been recognized for over 200 years, the exact mechanisms have only recently been the subject of intense interest and sophisticated experimentation. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has rapidly entered the clinical mainstream for @entity3 and @entity0 , and this technique has provided confirmation of the orderly anatomic progression of @entity2 cells from primary site to the RLNs through lymphatic capillaries and trunks. Exciting studies involving the pathophysiology of interstitial fluid pressure in @entity2 and the peritumoral extracellular matrix have focused on lymphatic flow and @entity2 microenvironment and microcirculation. Molecular techniques have led to the definition of unique markers found on lymphatic endothelial cells. These markers have enabled scientists to identify peritumoral and intratumoral lymphatics and to visualize the ingrowth of @entity2 cells into the lumena of lymphatic capillaries. Tumor-secreted cytokines, such as @entity4 , bind to VEGF receptors on lymphatic endothelial cells and induce proliferation and growth of new lymphatic capillaries; this process is similar to the well-known mechanism of angiogenesis, which results from the proliferation of new blood vessel capillaries. Lymphangiogenesis is associated with an increased incidence of RLN @entity1 , and it is possible that this step is essential to the metastatic process. Directional movement toward lymphatics and lymph nodes appears to follow a chemokine gradient, and it is likely that some @entity2 cells that express certain types of chemokine receptors are more likely to metastasize to the RLNs. In contrast, @entity2 cells that do not express specific receptors that are responsive to lymphatic chemokines may not metastasize. New knowledge regarding the molecules involved in these processes should enable improvements in prognostic and possibly therapeutic approaches to the management of @entity2 .

title: Insights into the mechanisms of lymph node XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to direct stimuli, such as @entity6 (MCh), is observed not only in @entity4 but other diseases. AHR to indirect stimuli is suggested to be more specific for @entity4 . The purpose of this study was to determine whether @entity1 is more closely related to @entity5 (HS), an indirect stimulus, than to MCh. METHODS: Sixty-four consecutive adult @entity0 with suspected @entity4 (45 @entity4 and 19 non- @entity4 ) performed a combined bronchial challenge and sputum induction with 4.5% saline, and MCh challenge on the next day. RESULTS: Both HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 were significantly lower in @entity4 @entity0 than in non- @entity4 @entity0 . However, the sensitivity/specificity for @entity4 was 48.9%/100%, respectively, in the HS test and 82.2%/84.2%, respectively, in the MCh test. There was a significant relationship between HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 and only 52.9% of @entity0 with MCh-PC20 < or = 4 mg/mL showed HS-AHR, but 4 @entity0 with HS-AHR showed MCh-PC20 > 4 mg/mL. There were significant correlations between both HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 and FEV1, or sputum eosinophils, but FEV1 was more closely related to MCh-PC20 (r = 0.478, p < 0.01) than to HS-PD15 (r = 0.278, p < 0.05), and sputum eosinophils were more closely related to HS-PD15 (r = -0.324, p < 0.01) than to MCh-PC20 (r = -0.317, p < 0.05). Moreover, the @entity2 level (r = 0.285, p < 0.05) and @entity3 / @entity2 ratio (r = 0.293, p < 0.05) in sputum were significantly related to HS-PD15, but not to MCh-PC20. CONCLUSION: HS-AHR may reflect allergic @entity1 more closely than MCh-AHR.

title: @entity1 is more closely related to airway hyperresponsiveness to hypertonic saline than to XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to direct stimuli, such as @entity6 (MCh), is observed not only in @entity4 but other diseases. AHR to indirect stimuli is suggested to be more specific for @entity4 . The purpose of this study was to determine whether @entity1 is more closely related to @entity5 (HS), an indirect stimulus, than to MCh. METHODS: Sixty-four consecutive adult @entity0 with suspected @entity4 (45 @entity4 and 19 non- @entity4 ) performed a combined bronchial challenge and sputum induction with 4.5% saline, and MCh challenge on the next day. RESULTS: Both HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 were significantly lower in @entity4 @entity0 than in non- @entity4 @entity0 . However, the sensitivity/specificity for @entity4 was 48.9%/100%, respectively, in the HS test and 82.2%/84.2%, respectively, in the MCh test. There was a significant relationship between HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 and only 52.9% of @entity0 with MCh-PC20 < or = 4 mg/mL showed HS-AHR, but 4 @entity0 with HS-AHR showed MCh-PC20 > 4 mg/mL. There were significant correlations between both HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 and FEV1, or sputum eosinophils, but FEV1 was more closely related to MCh-PC20 (r = 0.478, p < 0.01) than to HS-PD15 (r = 0.278, p < 0.05), and sputum eosinophils were more closely related to HS-PD15 (r = -0.324, p < 0.01) than to MCh-PC20 (r = -0.317, p < 0.05). Moreover, the @entity2 level (r = 0.285, p < 0.05) and @entity3 / @entity2 ratio (r = 0.293, p < 0.05) in sputum were significantly related to HS-PD15, but not to MCh-PC20. CONCLUSION: HS-AHR may reflect allergic @entity1 more closely than MCh-AHR.

title: XXXX is more closely related to airway hyperresponsiveness to hypertonic saline than to @entity6 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: We reported an @entity0 with occult @entity3 caused by @entity2 ( @entity2 ). An 8-week-old @entity0 , who was uneventfully born to an 18-year-old mother, was hospitalized because of a 4-hour history of fever. On admission, she appeared nontoxic, and the temperature was 39.0 degrees C, and the pulse and respiratory rates were 162/min and 42/min, respectively. Laboratory findings showed a total white blood count of 5,200/microliter with 44% neutrophils and C-reactive protein of 0.7 mg/dl. Cerebrospinal fluid and urine examinations did not disclosed any abnormalities. After a complete evaluation of sepsis including cultures from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, stool, and throat swab, intravenous @entity4 was administered at 100 mg/kg/day in three fractions. Nine hours after the start of the culture, @entity2 was isolated from blood, and thereafter from the throat, but not from other culture sites obtained on admission. However, at that time she fed well and her temperature was subsiding. Forty-eight hours after admission, she became afebrile and @entity4 administration was continued for 7 days. Based on the examinations of minimal inhibitory concentrations of various antibiotics, serotype analysis, and restriction-digestion patterns of genomic DNA, the 3 @entity2 strains isolated from the @entity0 's blood and throat and the maternal anus were identical, suggesting that the @entity0 was infected by her mother. This is the first report in Japan describing the clinical course of @entity3 . According to a case series published in the English literature and our case, there are few clinical and laboratory markers predictive for @entity3 , but this condition may develop focal invasive @entity1 . A high index of suspicion is required for correct diagnosis. Further accumulation of such @entity0 is warranted to establish the appropriate treatment.

title: [A case of group B streptococcal occult XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: Substrate-specific inhibition of the proteasome has been unachievable despite great interest in proteasome inhibitors as drugs. Recent studies demonstrated that @entity7 , a natural @entity3 - and @entity1 -rich antibacterial peptide, stimulates angiogenesis and inhibits inflammatory responses by specifically blocking degradation of @entity5 and @entity6 by the proteasome. However, molecular events involved in the @entity7 -proteasome interaction have not been elucidated. Here we show that @entity7 is a noncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of the proteasome function. This effect is achieved by a unique allosteric mechanism allowing for specific inhibition of degradation of selected proteins without affecting total proteasome-dependent proteolysis. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies demonstrate that 20S and 26S proteasomes treated with @entity7 or its derivatives exhibit serious perturbations in their structure and their normal allosteric movements. These effects are universal for proteasomes from @entity2 to @entity0 . The shortest functional sequence derived from @entity7 still showing the allosteric inhibitory effect consists of eleven @entity4 -terminal residues containing essential three @entity4 -terminal arginines. The noncompetitive and reversible in vitro action of @entity7 and its truncated derivatives is matched by the ability of the peptides to induce angiogenesis in vivo. We postulate that @entity7 changes conformational dynamics of the proteasomes by interactions with the noncatalytic subunit alpha7 in a way that prevents the enzyme from cleaving the substrates of unique structural constraints.

title: XXXX - and @entity1 -rich peptides constitute a novel class of allosteric inhibitors of proteasome activity.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Substrate-specific inhibition of the proteasome has been unachievable despite great interest in proteasome inhibitors as drugs. Recent studies demonstrated that @entity7 , a natural @entity3 - and @entity1 -rich antibacterial peptide, stimulates angiogenesis and inhibits inflammatory responses by specifically blocking degradation of @entity5 and @entity6 by the proteasome. However, molecular events involved in the @entity7 -proteasome interaction have not been elucidated. Here we show that @entity7 is a noncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of the proteasome function. This effect is achieved by a unique allosteric mechanism allowing for specific inhibition of degradation of selected proteins without affecting total proteasome-dependent proteolysis. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies demonstrate that 20S and 26S proteasomes treated with @entity7 or its derivatives exhibit serious perturbations in their structure and their normal allosteric movements. These effects are universal for proteasomes from @entity2 to @entity0 . The shortest functional sequence derived from @entity7 still showing the allosteric inhibitory effect consists of eleven @entity4 -terminal residues containing essential three @entity4 -terminal arginines. The noncompetitive and reversible in vitro action of @entity7 and its truncated derivatives is matched by the ability of the peptides to induce angiogenesis in vivo. We postulate that @entity7 changes conformational dynamics of the proteasomes by interactions with the noncatalytic subunit alpha7 in a way that prevents the enzyme from cleaving the substrates of unique structural constraints.

title: @entity3 - and XXXX -rich peptides constitute a novel class of allosteric inhibitors of proteasome activity.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Laboratories contemplating either the addition of new molecular tests or modifying methods approved by the Food and Drug Administration for @entity1 testing should be aware of a variety of procedural, performance, and regulatory issues surrounding such activity. Diagnostic medical laboratory testing in the United States is regulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, an agency formerly known as the Health Care Finance Administration. The regulatory vehicle of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services is manifested in the @entity0 ( @entity0 ). The @entity0 program has put into place specific regulations for laboratory quality control, which includes specific recommendations for method validation. Regulations that must be followed regarding personnel, quality control, quality assurance, method validation, and proficiency testing depend on the complexity category of the individual test. All molecular diagnostic tests, including those for @entity1 , are considered high complexity. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services retains the authority to allow private, national accreditation organizations to "deem" that a laboratory is compliant with @entity0 '88 requirements. Accreditation organizations, such as the Joint Commission for Accreditation of Hospitals, the Commission on Office Laboratory Accreditation, and the College of American Pathologists (CAP), as well as several state medical laboratory-accrediting agencies, possess the authority to deem laboratories as " @entity0 -approved." The CAP, through its Laboratory Accreditation Program, has promoted standards for laboratory performance and method validation. In general, guidelines set forth in the CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program checklists specify that all clinical laboratory testing must essentially meet those requirements defined for high-complexity testing under @entity0 '88, including test validation standards, reportable/reference ranges, performance criteria, and proficiency testing.

title: Achieving quality reproducible results and maintaining compliance in molecular diagnostic testing of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity6 is an uncommon but important problem in the @entity0 with @entity3 . Since diaphragmatic injuries are difficult to diagnose, those that are missed may present with latent symptoms of @entity4 . From 1957 to 1982, we treated 41 @entity0 with @entity6 . In 39 @entity0 (95%), @entity5 followed blunt @entity1 . The herniation occurred on the right side in 14 @entity0 and on the left side in 29; it was bilateral in 2. Twenty-four @entity0 had diagnostic chest radiographs, and an additional 11 had abnormal but nondiagnostic studies. Peritoneal lavage was of little value in making the preoperative diagnosis. Twenty-three @entity0 underwent laparotomy only, 13 required thoracotomy alone, and 5 had combined laparotomy and thoracotomy. There were 7 deaths (17%) from associated injuries. Only one missed injury was encountered; a second delayed @entity2 , initially treated elsewhere, was repaired 45 years after the original @entity1 . @entity6 should be suspected on the basis of an abnormal chest radiograph in the @entity1 victim with @entity3 . Right-sided injuries occur more commonly than previously thought and often require dual incisions (laparotomy and thoracotomy) for diagnosis and treatment. The organization of emergency care for such @entity0 is critical in avoiding the potential of long-term sequelae.

title: XXXX : a continuing challenge.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Over a 10 year period, between 1974-1984, 257 adult cases of tissue @entity4 have been evaluated in the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester. At registration locally advanced or metastatic diseases was present in 162 (63%). The male/female ratio was 1.5:1 and median age 54 years (range 14-85). The commonest sites were lower limb (33%), visceral (21%), trunk (13%), retroperitoneum (12%) and upper limb (10%). @entity10 (27%), @entity9 (14%) malignant @entity2 (10%) and neuro plus @entity7 (15%) were the most frequent histological subtypes. A high proportion of uterine @entity4 (17%) is a point of distinction from many other series. Histological grade was specified in 72% of cases and the distribution (Grade I--27%; II--6%; III--67%) reflected a referral bias towards @entity6 . Local resection of the primary @entity1 was performed in 76% of cases. In many instances this only amounted to 'shelling out' and true compartmental excisions were rare. Amputation was performed in 31% of @entity0 with limb @entity4 . Ninety-eight @entity0 (38%) had experienced one or more local recurrences prior to referral and the overall local recurrence rate was 56%. Suitable @entity0 (78%) received chemotherapy, 50% entering multicentre trials in collaboration with the EORTC. The commonest regime used in @entity0 with @entity6 was CYVADIC which produced an overall response rate of 37%. @entity5 , used as a single agent in 16 @entity0 , induced 3CR and 5PR for an overall response rate of 50%. When used in combination with @entity8 and VADIC, there was no difference in response rate, but numbers in these pilot studies were small. Seventeen high risk @entity0 received adjuvant chemotherapy with VAC, but the results (11 relapses) were disappointing. An EORTC trial, comparing adjuvant CYVADIC chemotherapy with control has accrued 307 @entity0 , 49 of these from the Christie Hospital. Preliminary results within this centre - 13/25 relapses in the control arm, 5/23 in the chemotherapy arm-suggest an advantage for chemotherapy but the data are statistically not significant. Post-operative radical radiotherapy after resection of the primary @entity1 or local recurrence was performed in 51 @entity0 , with local control in 65% of cases, although metastases developed in 41%. At the time of analysis (1st April 1984) 98 (38%) were alive, of whom 72 showed no evidence of disease and 52 had never relapsed. @entity1 was the cause of @entity3 in 92%. Overall survival was not influenced by sex, but @entity0 less than 40 years of age fared significantly better (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Combined modality management of local and disseminated adult soft tissue XXXX : a review of 257 cases seen over 10 years at the Christie Hospital _ Holt Radium Institute, Manchester.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Standard heparin, an effective treatment for antepartum @entity2 , is thought to be safe for the fetus since it does not cross the placenta. Recently, a number of low molecular weight heparins have been prepared which have been shown to produce less @entity0 than standard heparin for an equivalent antithrombotic effect in experimental animals. These observations suggest that the low molecular weight heparins may also provide superior antithrombotic therapy in antepartum @entity2 . However, it is not known whether the low molecular weight heparins cross the placenta. To determine this, we examined the pharmacokinetics of 125I-labelled standard heparin and a low molecular weight heparin, and their anticoagulant effects in mother and fetus, using a pregnant @entity1 model. Catheters were inserted into maternal and fetal femoral arteries at 108-119 d gestation (term: 147 d). 1-3 days later the mothers were given a bolus i.v. injection of 5000 anti-Xa units of 125I-labelled standard heparin or low molecular weight heparin, @entity3 . Nine serial blood samples were collected over 4 h from both mother and fetus for measurements of radioactivity, anti-Xa activity (chromogenic) and activated partial thromboplastin times. When therapeutic levels of standard and @entity3 heparins were achieved in the mother, there was no detectable radioactivity or anticoagulant effect in the fetus. We conclude that standard heparin and the low molecular weight @entity3 do not cross the placenta in the pregnant @entity1 .

title: Placental transport of low molecular weight heparin in the pregnant XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Tryptase and @entity2 immunolocalization techniques have been used to examine the distribution, activation, and tryptase/ @entity2 phenotype of mast cells (MCs) in 107 endometrial specimens that represented every day of the @entity0 menstrual cycle. MCs were identified in the endometrium in all stages of the menstrual cycle; similar MC numbers were observed for the functionalis, basalis, and muscularis. Extensive MC activation/degranulation, as judged by extracellular tryptase, was a common feature of the functionalis in specimens sampled just prior to and during menstruation. MC activation was also prominent in the functionalis at times coincident with recognized stromal @entity1 . MCs of the functionalis did not contain @entity2 ; all stained for tryptase and represent the MCT phenotype. By contrast, the basalis and muscularis showed a proportion of MCs containing both tryptase and @entity2 , MCTC. One important function for extracellular MC tryptase and @entity2 is their ability to activate precursor forms of the matrix metalloproteinases, enzymes recognized as instrumental in stromal degradation. Quantitative analysis of MC numbers, expressed relative to stromal cell numbers/mm2, indicated no major changes during the menstrual cycle, although changes in MC morphology, granule content, and activation/degranulation were recognized for specific stages. Eosinophils, detected with monoclonal antibodies @entity3 and EG2, were absent from extravascular sites between Days 5 and 26 but showed local accumulations just prior to and during menstruation. Since MCs and eosinophils between them contain a variety of potent mediators, it seems likely that both cell types assume important functional roles in relation to tissue and vascular remodeling associated with endometrial physiology.

title: Mast cell and eosinophil distribution and activation in XXXX endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity12 is defined as a @entity3 due to bilateral retrogeniculate lesions (geniculocalcarine @entity9 ). @entity4 is a combination of disorientation for left and right, finger @entity5 , and profound @entity6 , @entity11 , and @entity7 . It is due to a lesion in the left angular gyrus, situated at the confluence of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. We report on a @entity0 who suffered from severe underdiagnosed @entity10 and who developed bilateral extensive medial temporal, parietal, and calcarine @entity8 during an eclamptic fit. In addition, @entity1 destroyed the left angular gyrus. The combination of these lesions led to @entity4 with additional @entity5 and cortical @entity2 . For the first few months following the @entity1 insult, the @entity0 had been cortically blind. Thereafter, the @entity0 slowly regained a visual acuity of 0.1 in both eyes. She then experienced monocular and binocular @entity2 . Her ocular motility was normal; there was no phoria or tropia. Monocular and binocular @entity2 slowly became less severe over the following year. Now, 2 years after the incident, the @entity0 has a visual acuity of 0.2 in both eyes and no double vision. However, the handicapping symptoms of @entity4 , which make leading a normal life impossible, have persisted--the @entity0 still cannot cope alone, mainly due to the severe disorientation for left and right. The picture of @entity5 , cortical @entity2 , and @entity4 is a very rare combination. Visual recovery and rehabilitation in cortical @entity9 are severely affected and made difficult by the symptoms of @entity4 . In our case the reason for such a dramatic clinical picture was @entity10 , whose prodomes had not been diagnosed in time.

title: Eclamptogenic @entity4 in combination with XXXX and cortical @entity2 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity12 is defined as a @entity3 due to bilateral retrogeniculate lesions (geniculocalcarine @entity9 ). @entity4 is a combination of disorientation for left and right, finger @entity5 , and profound @entity6 , @entity11 , and @entity7 . It is due to a lesion in the left angular gyrus, situated at the confluence of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. We report on a @entity0 who suffered from severe underdiagnosed @entity10 and who developed bilateral extensive medial temporal, parietal, and calcarine @entity8 during an eclamptic fit. In addition, @entity1 destroyed the left angular gyrus. The combination of these lesions led to @entity4 with additional @entity5 and cortical @entity2 . For the first few months following the @entity1 insult, the @entity0 had been cortically blind. Thereafter, the @entity0 slowly regained a visual acuity of 0.1 in both eyes. She then experienced monocular and binocular @entity2 . Her ocular motility was normal; there was no phoria or tropia. Monocular and binocular @entity2 slowly became less severe over the following year. Now, 2 years after the incident, the @entity0 has a visual acuity of 0.2 in both eyes and no double vision. However, the handicapping symptoms of @entity4 , which make leading a normal life impossible, have persisted--the @entity0 still cannot cope alone, mainly due to the severe disorientation for left and right. The picture of @entity5 , cortical @entity2 , and @entity4 is a very rare combination. Visual recovery and rehabilitation in cortical @entity9 are severely affected and made difficult by the symptoms of @entity4 . In our case the reason for such a dramatic clinical picture was @entity10 , whose prodomes had not been diagnosed in time.

title: Eclamptogenic @entity4 in combination with @entity5 and cortical XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity12 is defined as a @entity3 due to bilateral retrogeniculate lesions (geniculocalcarine @entity9 ). @entity4 is a combination of disorientation for left and right, finger @entity5 , and profound @entity6 , @entity11 , and @entity7 . It is due to a lesion in the left angular gyrus, situated at the confluence of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. We report on a @entity0 who suffered from severe underdiagnosed @entity10 and who developed bilateral extensive medial temporal, parietal, and calcarine @entity8 during an eclamptic fit. In addition, @entity1 destroyed the left angular gyrus. The combination of these lesions led to @entity4 with additional @entity5 and cortical @entity2 . For the first few months following the @entity1 insult, the @entity0 had been cortically blind. Thereafter, the @entity0 slowly regained a visual acuity of 0.1 in both eyes. She then experienced monocular and binocular @entity2 . Her ocular motility was normal; there was no phoria or tropia. Monocular and binocular @entity2 slowly became less severe over the following year. Now, 2 years after the incident, the @entity0 has a visual acuity of 0.2 in both eyes and no double vision. However, the handicapping symptoms of @entity4 , which make leading a normal life impossible, have persisted--the @entity0 still cannot cope alone, mainly due to the severe disorientation for left and right. The picture of @entity5 , cortical @entity2 , and @entity4 is a very rare combination. Visual recovery and rehabilitation in cortical @entity9 are severely affected and made difficult by the symptoms of @entity4 . In our case the reason for such a dramatic clinical picture was @entity10 , whose prodomes had not been diagnosed in time.

title: Eclamptogenic XXXX in combination with @entity5 and cortical @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: The goal of the study was to evaluate the outcome and complications after percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) insertion in advanced and terminal-stage gynecological @entity1 with @entity7 ( @entity7 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data of 117 @entity0 with @entity7 due to gynecological @entity1 , who had undergone PCN between 1996 and 2006. @entity1 was evidenced in 108 @entity0 , uterine @entity3 in six and @entity2 in three @entity0 . Eighty-nine had @entity7 at the initial manifestation of the disease, 22 had persistent or recurrent @entity1 , and six were disease-free after initial therapy. @entity6 was observed in 22.2% and creatine elevation in 79.5%. Mean follow-up was 11.43 months (range 0-112). RESULTS: The median age was 51 years (range 28-85). Bilateral nephrostomy was performed in 36.7% and unilateral in 63.3%. Renal function normalization occurred in 24.8%. @entity5 ( @entity5 ) was 16.8%. Higher @entity5 occurred in @entity0 without initial @entity8 versus those with @entity8 (26.8% vs 13.9%). Median survival time for all the @entity0 was seven months, eight in primary cases versus six in recurrent ones, and eight months in @entity0 after initial therapy. Complications appeared in 53.85%. Most frequent were the loss of the nephrostomy catheter in 37.61% and @entity4 in 19.6%. CONCLUSION: Improvement of renal function after @entity9 can be of clinical benefit in @entity0 who might be cured or for prolonged palliative care. @entity8 seems to be poor prognostic sign.

title: Percutaneous nephrostomy in the management of advanced and terminal-stage gynecologic XXXX : outcome and complications.

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose is to present results of endovascular exclusion (stent-graft treatment) of @entity4 of the descending thoracic aorta both in elective cases and in emergencies. METHODS: Indications for stent-graft treatment were dependent on multislice angio-CT evaluation revealing a proximal neck of at least 10 mm between the left common carotid artery and the onset of @entity4 . All stent grafts were inserted in the operating room; 43 transfemoral, 2 transiliac. The stent grafts used were Corvita, Stenford, Vanguard, AneuRx, Talent, and Excluder. Deployment was achieved under fluoroscopic control, @entity5 were checked for with D S A on the operating table and postoperatively by angio-CT. Long-term follow-up consisted of evaluation with angio-CT after 6 and 12 months, and from there on once a year and with plain chest X-rays. Follow-up was achieved in all @entity0 . RESULTS: Mean follow-up is 21 months (1-66); 30-day mortality is 3/45, no permanent @entity1 . Thirty @entity0 were treated electively, 15 with contained @entity3 . Left subclavian artery overstenting proved to be necessary in 12 @entity0 for proper proximal sealing of the @entity4 , @entity5 were observed in 10 @entity0 , one early conversion, 7 proximal extension cuffs, one sealed spontaneously, one still at risk. Among @entity0 where LSA had been overstented only one wanted a transposition, all others did well without left-hand @entity2 or @entity6 . CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment is less invasive and has reasonable mortality and morbidity but is limited to well-defined morphologies. Mid-term results are promising but it has to be observed whether these will translate into long-term durability.

title: Endovascular exclusion of thoracic aortic aneurysms: mid-term results of elective treatment and in contained XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQL) assessment is an important measure of the impact of a wide range of disease process on an individual. To date, no HRQL tool has been evaluated in an Iranian population with @entity1 , specifically @entity3 , a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The MacNew @entity2 Health-related Quality of Life instrument is a disease-specific HRQL questionnaire with satisfactory validity and reliability when applied cross-culturally. METHOD: A Persian version of MacNew was prepared by both forward and backward translation by bilinguals after which a feasibility test was performed. Consecutive @entity0 (n = 51) admitted to a coronary care unit with @entity3 were recruited for measurement of their HRQL with retest one month after discharge in the follow-up clinic. Principal components analysis, intra-class correlation reliability, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were assessed. RESULTS: Trivial rates of missing data confirmed the acceptability of the tool. Principal component analysis revealed that the three domains, emotional, social and physical, performed as well as in the original studies. Internal consistency was high and comparable to other studies, ranging from 0.92 for the emotional and physical domains, to 0.94 for the social domain, and to 0.95 for the Global score. Domain means of 5, 5.3 and 4.9 for emotional, physical and social respectively indicate that our Iranian population has similar emotional and physical but worse social HRQL scores. Test-retest analysis showed significant correlation in emotional and physical domains (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Persian version of the MacNew questionnaire is comparable to the English version. It has high internal consistency and reasonable reproducibility, making it an appropriate specific quality of life tool for population-based studies and clinical practice in Iran in @entity0 who have survived an acute myocardial infraction. Further studies are needed to confirm its validity in larger populations with @entity1 .

title: Adaptation of the MacNew quality of life questionnaire after XXXX in an Iranian population.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is a rare, life-threatening disorder of unknown pathophysiology. The role of splenectomy in the multimodality therapy of @entity4 is controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All charts of @entity0 with @entity4 at the University of Utah between 1984 and 1994 were reviewed to evaluate various treatment regimens, and specifically, the impact of splenectomy on morbidity and survival. RESULTS: Of the 15 @entity0 identified, 14 underwent initial treatment with plasmapheresis and @entity3 . Nine @entity0 were treated with medical therapy only, 6 of whom completely recovered, while 3 @entity0 died. Six @entity0 failed plasmapheresis and underwent splenectomy. There were no operative complications or @entity2 . All surgical @entity0 had no active disease at last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Plasmapheresis and @entity1 administration remain the first-line therapy for @entity4 . This series documents that splenectomy offers excellent results with minimal morbidity and mortality in @entity0 who do not respond to or who relapse after plasmapheresis.

title: XXXX : indications for and results of splenectomy.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Management options for common bile duct stones have explained in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), and selecting the most appropriate method for each @entity0 can be problematic due to the difficulty of predicting accurately which @entity0 have @entity1 ( @entity1 ). In order to improve selection of appropriate treatment for @entity1 , treatment options were analyzed for outcome retrospectively during a 25-month period beginning June 1, 1992. @entity0 AND METHODS: Four hundred four @entity0 underwent LC; 48 (12%) had @entity1 identified at preoperative @entity2 ( @entity2 ) or intraoperative cholangiogram (IOCG). Forty-seven @entity0 were referred for preoperative @entity2 for suspected @entity1 , 23 (49%) of whom had proven duct stones and underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone retrieval with an 87% success rate. RESULTS: Of 357 @entity0 scheduled for LC without preoperative @entity2 , 236 had IOCG, of which 25 (11%) demonstrated @entity1 . Seven @entity0 had open common bile duct exploration (CBDE). Sixteen @entity0 had postoperative @entity2 after positive IOCG, 7 (44%) of which were positive for @entity1 and whose stones were removed with 100% success. Two @entity0 were observed, anticipating spontaneous passage of a small stone. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative @entity2 should be applied selectively. For the large majority of @entity0 without preoperative evidence of @entity1 , we recommend routine IOCG; if @entity1 is demonstrated, an intraoperative decision can be made to proceed to postoperative @entity2 in the usual case or to open CBDE for very large or multiple stones. Observation in anticipation of spontaneous passage may be appropriate for small, solitary common duct stones. Continuing advances in laparoscopic CBDE are likely to reduce further the need to rely on @entity2 in managing @entity1 .

title: Managing XXXX in the laparoscopic era.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Complex, large, wide-neck @entity2 , but particularly partially thrombosed @entity1 (PTIAs), have a greater tendency to recanalize after coil occlusion. The Woven Endovascular Bridge (WEB) combines shape memory wires braided to a relatively uniform, dense surface, which may limit its compaction and its incorporation into an existing @entity2 and may thus reduce PTIA recurrence. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a retrospective analysis of our experience with the WEB as part of a complex treatment in conjunction with other implants to assess the efficacy and safety of this technique. METHODS: Among 43 @entity2 treated with the WEB in our center, eight complex, large, wide-neck @entity2 were treated in conjunction with other implants (additional WEBs, coils, stents, flow diverters). Six of these eight @entity2 were PTIAs. All @entity0 were followed up by DSA between 3   and 38   months. RESULTS: All eight (100%) of the complex, large, wide-neck @entity2 were treated successfully and without periprocedural adverse events (0%). At follow-up, the two non-thrombosed @entity2 were @entity3 , but all six PTIAs recurred (75%) and were re-treated. There was no morbidity or mortality in these eight @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of large, complex @entity2 with the WEB in conjunction with other implants was technically successful and safe but did not prevent recurrence of partially thrombosed @entity2 in our center. PTIA re-treatment was possible and not limited by the previously placed WEB.

title: WEB as part of a multimodality treatment in complex, large, and partially thrombosed XXXX : a single-center observational study of technical success, safety, and recurrence.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging has revolutionized the detection of @entity7 in @entity0 with @entity2 . However, many @entity5 remain undetected in routine visual inspection. Here we use an automated, surface-based method for quantifying morphometric features related to @entity4 to detect abnormal cortical thickness and blurred gray-white matter boundaries. Using MRI morphometry at 3T with surface-based spherical averaging techniques that precisely align anatomical structures between individual brains, we compared single @entity0 with known lesions to a large normal control group to detect clusters of abnormal cortical thickness, gray-white matter contrast, local gyrification, sulcal depth, jacobian distance and curvature. To assess the effects of threshold and smoothing on detection sensitivity and specificity, we systematically varied these parameters with different thresholds and smoothing levels. To test the effectiveness of the technique to detect lesions of epileptogenic character, we compared the detected @entity7 to expert-tracings, intracranial EEG, pathology and surgical outcome in a homogeneous @entity0 sample. With optimal parameters and by combining thickness and GWC, the surface-based detection method identified 92% of @entity1 (sensitivity) with few false positives (96% specificity), successfully discriminating @entity0 from controls 94% of the time. The detected @entity7 were related to the @entity3 onset zones, abnormal histology and positive outcome in all surgical @entity0 . However, the method failed to adequately describe lesion extent in most cases. Automated surface-based MRI morphometry, if used with optimized parameters, may be a valuable additional clinical tool to improve the detection of subtle or previously occult malformations and therefore could improve identification of @entity0 with intractable @entity6 who may benefit from surgery.

title: XXXX with surface-based MRI morphometry.

answer: @entity4


abstract: AIMS: Trials have shown that cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is effective in @entity0 with ' @entity1 '. @entity0 with post-surgical @entity1 (PSVCM) have been excluded from such trials. We sought to compare the clinical outcome of CRT in @entity0 with PSVCM, @entity2 ( @entity2 ), or @entity1 ( @entity1 ). METHODS AND RESULTS: Clinical events and response to CRT were quantified in 556 @entity0 (PSVCM = 38; @entity2 = 165; @entity1 = 353) over 4.52 years [median, inter-quartile range (IQR): 4.42]. Response to CRT was defined as survival for >= 1 year free of hospitalizations plus improvement by >= 1 NYHA class or >= 25% in 6-min walking distance. Cardiac resynchronization therapy was initiated at 5.86 years (median, IQR: 9.86) after aortic valve replacement (73.7%) or mitral valve replacement/repair (44.7%). Compared with PSVCM, @entity2 was associated with a lower total mortality [hazards ratio, HR: 0.54 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.34-0.84)], cardiac mortality [HR: 0.43 (95% CI 0.26-0.70)], and total mortality or major adverse cardiovascular events [HR: 0.57 (95% CI 0.37-0.87)], independent of known confounders. Compared with PSVCM, @entity1 was associated with a similar risk of death from pump failure [HR: 0.83 (95% CI 0.50-1.37)] and @entity2 was associated with a lower risk [HR: 0.46 (95% CI 0.26-0.82)]. Response to CRT was similar across the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with @entity2 , PSVCM was associated with a worse outcome after CRT. Outcomes from PSVCM were similar to @entity1 . These findings indicate that PSVCM behaves very differently to @entity2 after CRT.

title: The clinical outcome of cardiac resynchronization therapy in post-surgical XXXX .

answer: @entity1