abstract: INTRODUCTION: Various clinical conditions can cause @entity8 , and in most cases it is of a degenerative origin. @entity3 is a common condition which affects young to middle-aged @entity0 and @entity0 equally. Changes in the mechanical properties of the disc lead to degenerative @entity6 in the intervertebral joints, @entity9 , and narrowing the intervertebral foramen or the spinal canal. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Degenerative cascade, described by @entity10 , is the widely accepted pathophysiologic model describing the degenerative process as it affects the lumbar spine in 3 phases. DIAGNOSIS: There are two forms of @entity8 secondary to @entity3 : a) lumbalgia and b) @entity5 . Limitation of movement, problems with balance, @entity2 , loss of reflexes in the extremities, @entity4 , @entity7 or other signs of @entity1 can be found on physical examination. For accurate diagnosis, it is often necessary to combine clinical examination and sophisticated technology. TREATMENT: Coservative treatment consists of rest, physical therapy, pharmacological therapy and injection therapy. Physical rehabilitation with active @entity0 participation is a key approach to treatment of @entity0 with @entity2 . Physical therapy, occupational therapy and kinesitherapy are important for improving muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility. Disc surgery is performed if surgical intervention is required.

title: [ @entity8 and XXXX ].

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity5 is caused by @entity4 which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Recurrences of @entity5 have been observed in @entity0 with @entity1 , because of the inefficient formation of the lytic membrane attack complex (MAC), C5b-9. @entity3 is one of the five plasma proteins to form the MAC. The gene C7 may carry mutations that cause functional abnormalities or the mere absence of the C7 protein. More than 200 @entity0 were screened for aberrant @entity3 ( @entity3 ). These were compared with @entity0 in whom recurrent @entity5 had resulted in the diagnosis of complete C7 absence (C7Q0). A higher proportion of @entity3 variants were found in @entity2 cases compared to controls (p=0.03). In contrast to C7Q0 @entity0 , recurrent @entity5 was never observed in @entity3 cases. Whereas C7Q0 sera were defective in meningococcal serogroup B and W135 killing assays, the sera of @entity0 with @entity3 variants were only defective in complement-mediated killing when classical pathway activation by (endogenous) anti-meningococcal antibodies was blocked. Upon sequence analysis we characterized the genetic background of the C7*6 and C7*8 IEF pattern and identified three novel C7 gene mutations in 13 C7Q0 @entity0 . In conclusion, @entity3 variants can determine meningococcal killing in the early stage of infection when antibody-independent killing prevails. The results endorse the lack of clinical recurrences once antibodies are present, whereas in C7Q0 patients the anti-meningococcal antibodies may not suffice to protect from recurrent @entity5 .

title: Complement factor 7 gene mutations in relation to @entity5 and clinical recurrence of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity5 is caused by @entity4 which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Recurrences of @entity5 have been observed in @entity0 with @entity1 , because of the inefficient formation of the lytic membrane attack complex (MAC), C5b-9. @entity3 is one of the five plasma proteins to form the MAC. The gene C7 may carry mutations that cause functional abnormalities or the mere absence of the C7 protein. More than 200 @entity0 were screened for aberrant @entity3 ( @entity3 ). These were compared with @entity0 in whom recurrent @entity5 had resulted in the diagnosis of complete C7 absence (C7Q0). A higher proportion of @entity3 variants were found in @entity2 cases compared to controls (p=0.03). In contrast to C7Q0 @entity0 , recurrent @entity5 was never observed in @entity3 cases. Whereas C7Q0 sera were defective in meningococcal serogroup B and W135 killing assays, the sera of @entity0 with @entity3 variants were only defective in complement-mediated killing when classical pathway activation by (endogenous) anti-meningococcal antibodies was blocked. Upon sequence analysis we characterized the genetic background of the C7*6 and C7*8 IEF pattern and identified three novel C7 gene mutations in 13 C7Q0 @entity0 . In conclusion, @entity3 variants can determine meningococcal killing in the early stage of infection when antibody-independent killing prevails. The results endorse the lack of clinical recurrences once antibodies are present, whereas in C7Q0 patients the anti-meningococcal antibodies may not suffice to protect from recurrent @entity5 .

title: Complement factor 7 gene mutations in relation to XXXX and clinical recurrence of @entity5 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: We assess performance and explore definitions for a new @entity1 ( @entity1 ) quality measure: the proportion of @entity0 aged 14 to 50 years who have @entity2 and receive pregnancy testing (aimed at detecting @entity4 ). METHODS: We analyzed data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) (2002 to 2006) to test trends and predictors of the new measure, using both restrictive and broad definitions from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and reason-for-visit codes, and determine the proportion of @entity0 with @entity4 who had undergone pregnancy testing. For comparison, we conducted a detailed chart review in 4 US hospitals among @entity0 who visited the @entity1 in 2006. RESULTS: Using a @entity3 for inclusion in NHAMCS, 2.13 million @entity0 aged 14 to 50 years with @entity2 visited an @entity1 annually between 2002 and 2006. Of those, 33.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 30.5% to 35.5%) received pregnancy testing. Testing rates were materially stable, regardless of the definition used (broad or restrictive ICD-9 or reason-for-visit code). Among @entity0 with an ICD-9 diagnosis of @entity4 , 55.6% (95% CI 43.7% to 67.6%) had a documented pregnancy test. In the chart review, among 200 @entity0 aged 14 to 50 years and with @entity2 , 89.4% (95% CI 85.0% to 94.0%) were eligible for the measure; of those, 93.9% (95% CI 90.3% to 97.4%) received testing. CONCLUSION: Analysis of national @entity1 survey data demonstrated a large performance gap for a new pregnancy testing quality measure, whereas focused chart review at 4 sites showed a smaller gap. Given these discrepancies, additional study is recommended before the widespread implementation of the pregnancy testing measure as an assessment of @entity1 performance.

title: Pregnancy testing in XXXX of reproductive age in US emergency departments, 2002 to 2006: assessment of a national quality measure.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Development of @entity2 in the close relatives of @entity0 with the disease has been reported in several series, suggesting a genetic component to disease susceptibility. In this study we set out to calculate, as accurately as possible, the prevalence of @entity3 in a geographically-based population. Using local population prevalence data, we have also calculated the first-degree relative, sibling and offspring relative risks of overt @entity2 development. METHODS: All @entity0 with definite or probable @entity2 in the city of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, were identified by an exhaustive case-finding search and were prospectively interviewed by a single investigator. Full details of family pedigree and @entity3 history were obtained. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-three @entity0 were identified, with 160 participating in the study. Thirteen reported a family history of @entity2 . In three cases, both relative pairs were within the study group. The prevalence of a positive family history of @entity2 was therefore 10/157 (6.4% [95% Confidence Interval 2.6-10.2%]), 8/10 cases occurring in first-degree relatives. The @entity0 had a total of 1118 first-degree relatives (live or dead) and 468 siblings. The first-degree relative prevalence of @entity2 was 0.72% [0.2-1.2%] (siblings 0.41% [-0.2-1.0%]). The offspring prevalence was 1.2% [0.04-2.4%], (2.3% [0.1-4.5%] for daughters). The sibling relative risk (lambda(s)) was 10.5. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of definite or probable @entity2 in the first-degree relatives of existing @entity0 is <1%. The risk of disease is not, however, uniform, the highest prevalence being seen in the daughters of @entity0 . Suspicion of disease should therefore be highest in this relative group. The calculated lambda(s) for @entity2 in this geographically-based study is significantly lower than previous estimates from case-note-derived case series, but similar to values seen in other @entity1 .

title: XXXX reassessed: a geographically-based population study.

answer: @entity3


abstract: CONTEXT: Detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the prostate and adjacent tissues is mandatory during radical prostatectomy to ensure reliable oncologic and functional outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To review critically and to summarize the available literature on surgical anatomy of the prostate and adjacent structures involved in @entity0 control, erectile function, and urinary continence. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A search of the PubMed database was performed using the keywords radical prostatectomy, anatomy, @entity1 , fascia, pelvis, and sphincter. Relevant articles and textbook chapters were reviewed, analyzed, and summarized. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Anatomy of the prostate and the adjacent tissues varies substantially. The fascia surrounding the prostate is multilayered, sometimes either fused with the prostate capsule or clearly separated from the capsule as a reflection of interindividual variations. The @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is situated between the fascial layers covering the prostate. The @entity1 is composed of numerous nerve fibers superimposed on a scaffold of veins, arteries, and variable amounts of adipose tissue surrounding almost the entire lateral and posterior surfaces of the prostate. The @entity1 is also in close, cage-like contact to the seminal vesicles. The external urethral sphincter is a complex structure in close anatomic and functional relationship to the pelvic floor, and its fragile innervation is in close association to the prostate apex. Finally, the shape and size of the prostate can significantly modify the anatomy of the @entity1 , the urethral sphincter, the dorsal vascular complex, and the pubovesical/puboprostatic ligaments. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical anatomy of the prostate and adjacent tissues involved in radical prostatectomy is complex. Precise knowledge of all relevant anatomic structures facilitates surgical orientation and dissection during radical prostatectomy and ideally translates into both superior rates of @entity0 control and improved functional outcomes postoperatively.

title: A critical analysis of the current knowledge of surgical anatomy related to optimization of XXXX control and preservation of continence and erection in candidates for radical prostatectomy.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: The objective of this study was to validate, with an independent prospective cohort of @entity0 , our previous data indicating that the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index ( @entity4 -LI) reflects the liver functional reserve in @entity0 @entity1 and might have prognostic significance for @entity0 survival. We also examined how this proliferative index is related to the expression of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) as a possible correlate of hepatocyte proliferative activity. METHODS: The present group (n=70 @entity0 ) was similar in composition to our previous group regarding age, sex and severity of @entity5 . @entity4 and @entity6 immunostaining were analyzed on @entity3 -fixed, @entity2 -embedded liver biopsies. RESULTS: Our data show that @entity4 -LI declined significantly with worsening @entity0 class and was negatively correlated with the Pugh score. Twenty-five @entity0 died and 10 underwent liver transplantation during the observation period. Liver function, hepatic venous pressure gradient and hepatocyte @entity4 -LI were significantly different in survivors and non-survivors. At a mean follow-up of 356 days, the @entity0 with a @entity4 -LI higher than 4.4% (the previously determined best cut-off value) had a significantly higher probability of survival than those with a @entity4 -LI < or = 4.4% (0.87 vs 0.48, p=0.0009). @entity6 expression in liver parenchyma correlated negatively with @entity4 -LI, suggesting that this cytokine could be involved in the impaired regeneration observed in worsened @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study strengthens our previous observation that, in @entity1 , hepatocyte proliferative activity, as evaluated by the @entity4 -LI, provides information on liver functional reserve as well as on the @entity0 's prognosis.

title: Hepatocyte proliferative activity in @entity0 XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: The objective of this study was to validate, with an independent prospective cohort of @entity0 , our previous data indicating that the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index ( @entity4 -LI) reflects the liver functional reserve in @entity0 @entity1 and might have prognostic significance for @entity0 survival. We also examined how this proliferative index is related to the expression of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) as a possible correlate of hepatocyte proliferative activity. METHODS: The present group (n=70 @entity0 ) was similar in composition to our previous group regarding age, sex and severity of @entity5 . @entity4 and @entity6 immunostaining were analyzed on @entity3 -fixed, @entity2 -embedded liver biopsies. RESULTS: Our data show that @entity4 -LI declined significantly with worsening @entity0 class and was negatively correlated with the Pugh score. Twenty-five @entity0 died and 10 underwent liver transplantation during the observation period. Liver function, hepatic venous pressure gradient and hepatocyte @entity4 -LI were significantly different in survivors and non-survivors. At a mean follow-up of 356 days, the @entity0 with a @entity4 -LI higher than 4.4% (the previously determined best cut-off value) had a significantly higher probability of survival than those with a @entity4 -LI < or = 4.4% (0.87 vs 0.48, p=0.0009). @entity6 expression in liver parenchyma correlated negatively with @entity4 -LI, suggesting that this cytokine could be involved in the impaired regeneration observed in worsened @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study strengthens our previous observation that, in @entity1 , hepatocyte proliferative activity, as evaluated by the @entity4 -LI, provides information on liver functional reserve as well as on the @entity0 's prognosis.

title: Hepatocyte proliferative activity in XXXX @entity5 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the ability of low-cost low-field dedicated extremity magnetic resonance imaging (E-MRI) to assess and predict @entity2 in the wrist and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of @entity0 with early @entity4 . METHODS: 24 previously untreated @entity0 with @entity4 with joint symptoms for <1 year were evaluated at the time of diagnosis and after 6 and 12 months of @entity6 treatment with conventional clinical or biochemical examinations, x rays of both hands and wrists, and E-MRI of the dominant wrist and @entity7 . RESULTS: At baseline, all @entity0 showed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) @entity5 , and MRI erosions were detected in 21 bones (10 @entity0 ). 6 (29%) of these, distributed among two @entity0 , were seen on x ray. One x ray erosion was not detected by MRI. At 1 year, MRI and x ray detected 15 and 8 new erosions, respectively, and 19% of MRI erosions at baseline had progressed to x ray erosions. In bones with MRI erosions at baseline, the relative risk of having x ray erosions at the 1-year follow-up was 12.1, compared with bones without @entity8 (lesion-centred analysis). If bones with baseline x ray erosions were excluded, the relative risk was 5.2. In @entity0 with @entity3 or @entity1 , the relative risk of having x ray erosions at 1 year was 4.0, compared with @entity0 without these signs at baseline ( @entity0 -centred analysis). CONCLUSION: In this group of @entity0 with early @entity4 who were treated uniformly, baseline @entity8 in MCP or wrist bones markedly increased the risk of x ray erosions at the 1-year follow-up. Low-cost, low-field dedicated extremity MRI is promising for assessment and prognostication of early @entity4 .

title: Low-cost, low-field dedicated extremity magnetic resonance imaging in early XXXX : a 1-year follow-up study.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the technique of C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation for @entity2 or dislocation. METHODS: Among 14 @entity0 with @entity2 , 10 were male and 4 @entity0 were female, with an average age of 38.6 years ranging from 17 to 62 years. All @entity0 were treated by internal fixation with transarticular screws. RESULTS: There were 28 screws applied in 14 @entity0 . All @entity0 were followed up. The average follow-up period was 16 months (range, 9 to 35 months). The postoperative JOA score was ranging from 13.8 to 15.8 with the average score of (14.50 +/- 0.66) and the improved rate of (76.12 +/- 4.94)%. No @entity1 was found and osseous fusion was completed in all @entity0 . CONCLUSION: The technique of C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation is one of the best treatments for @entity2 . Without the help of structural bone graft and aided internal fixation, morselized cancellous bone graft can acquire effective osseous fusion.

title: [Treatment of XXXX with C1-C2 posterior transarticular screw fixation].

answer: @entity2


abstract: Americans continue to spend millions of dollars annually on @entity4 and chondroitin for symptoms of @entity2 . These agents are classified as dietary supplements, not as drugs, per se. Therefore, they do not meet the requirements of the FDA to be classified as drugs. This study was designed to determine if @entity4 and @entity6 are effective for @entity1 . This report was adapted from an online publication by the National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine of the National Institutes of Health to inform the general public about the GAIT trial and its findings. @entity0 taking the positive control, @entity7 , experienced statistically significant @entity1 relief versus placebo, about 70% of those taking @entity7 had a 20% or greater reduction in @entity1 versus about 60% for placebo. Overall, there were no significant differences between the other treatments tested and placebo. For a subset of @entity0 with moderate-to-severe @entity1 , @entity4 combined with @entity5 provided statistically significant @entity1 relief compared with placebo, about 79% had a 20% or greater reduction in @entity1 versus about 54% for placebo. According to the researchers, because of the small size of this subgroup these findings should be considered preliminary and need to be confirmed in further studies. For @entity0 in the mild @entity1 subset, @entity4 and chondroitin @entity3 together or alone did not provide statistically significant @entity1 relief.

title: The NIH XXXX /Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT).

answer: @entity4


abstract: The survival of thick tissues/organs produced by tissue engineering requires rapid revascularization after grafting. Although capillary-like structures have been reconstituted in some engineered tissues, little is known about the interaction between normal epithelial cells and endothelial cells involved in the in vitro angiogenic process. In the present study, we used the self-assembly approach of tissue engineering to examine this relationship. An endothelialized tissue-engineered dermal substitute was produced by adding endothelial cells to the tissue-engineered dermal substitute produced by the self-assembly approach. The latter consists in culturing fibroblasts in the medium supplemented with serum and @entity3 . A network of tissue-engineered capillaries (TECs) formed within the @entity0 extracellular matrix produced by dermal fibroblasts. To determine whether epithelial cells modify TECs, the size and form of TECs were studied in the endothelialized tissue-engineered dermal substitute cultured in the presence or absence of epithelial cells. In the presence of normal keratinocytes from skin, @entity2 or uterine cervix, endothelial cells formed small TECs (cross-sectional area estimated at less than 50 microm(2)) reminiscent of capillaries found in the skin's microcirculation. In contrast, TECs grown in the absence of epithelial cells presented variable sizes (larger than 50 microm(2)), but the addition of keratinocyte-conditioned media or exogenous @entity1 induced their normalization toward a smaller size. @entity1 neutralization inhibited the effect of keratinocyte-conditioned media. These results provide new direct evidence that normal @entity0 epithelial cells play a role in the regulation of the underlying TEC network, and advance our knowledge in tissue engineering for the production of TEC networks in vitro.

title: Normal XXXX epithelial cells regulate the size and morphology of tissue-engineered capillaries.

answer: @entity0


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Adjustment of infliximab dosage for individuals may be useful in improving therapeutic response in @entity1 ( @entity1 ). Herein, we aimed to determine whether measurement of infliximab serum concentration modifies the therapeutic decision and improves the control of disease activity. METHODS: @entity1 @entity0 routinely treated with infliximab were included in an observational open-label study. On visit 1 (V1), according to the disease activity, a preliminary therapeutic decision was selected among four therapeutic options and a blood sample was collected to measure trough serum infliximab concentration. The final therapeutic decision, based on both disease activity and serum infliximab concentration assessed @entity2 , was applied at the following infusion (V2). Clinical and biological evaluations were performed at V3 and V4 and compared with those @entity2 . RESULTS: We included 24 @entity0 . The final therapeutic decision differed from the preliminary decision for 12 @entity0 (50%). For @entity0 with increased infliximab dosage @entity2 , mean disease activity score for 28 joints (DAS28) decreased by about 20% at V3 or V4 as compared with V1 (P < 0.05). Decreased DAS28 was correlated with increased serum infliximab concentration (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of infliximab trough concentration modifies the therapeutic decision for @entity1 @entity0 and helps improve control of disease activity. Therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab in @entity1 may be useful for individual dosage adjustment.

title: Infliximab concentration monitoring improves the control of disease activity in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of @entity3 and other common illnesses among drug store clients in one rural community, with a view to the potential role of specialist drug stores in expanding coverage of effective @entity2 treatment to households in highly endemic areas. METHOD: Follow-back study of 2466 client visits selected from all 10 drug stores operating in the town of Ikwiriri between May 30 and August 31 2004. Of these, 521 (21.2%) were made by or on behalf of @entity0 ill with @entity1 or @entity2 . Two hundred and ninety three were eligible as residents of the surrounding nine villages and all agreed to participate in the study. Each @entity0 was evaluated by a clinical officer and provided a blood sample for @entity2 on the day of the shop visit, either at the shop or at home. RESULTS: Only 50 (17.1%) visits by or on behalf of febrile @entity0 resulted in the purchase of an antimalarial drug, while an antipyretic medication was obtained at 226 visits (77.1%). Clinicians diagnosed @entity2 in 63.8% of @entity0 . @entity2 parasites were identified in blood film samples from 24.2% (95% CI: 19.6, 29.5). This is double the parasite prevalence rate of 10.7% (95% CI: 8.6, 13.1) obtained from a household survey of 1004 healthy individuals selected from these villages at the same time. It is not significantly lower than the prevalence observed among 880 clients presenting with @entity1 at health facilities in the district: 29.7% (95% CI: 23.0, 37.3). The prevalence of @entity3 among @entity0 younger than 5 years whose families sought @entity1 treatment from drug stores (42.1%; 95% CI: 31.4, 53.5) was equal to that of @entity0 presenting with @entity1 at health facilities (42.5%; 95% CI: 25.0, 62.2). CONCLUSIONS: Currently, drug store clients do not obtain @entity2 -specific treatment in the majority of cases where it might be warranted. Parasitological findings indicate that drug store clients, especially @entity0 , are as likely to be infected with @entity2 as @entity0 seeking care for similar illnesses at health facilities. Drug stores may be attractive partners for policy makers eager to engage the private retail sector in expanding coverage of @entity2 treatment.

title: Prevalence of @entity3 among clients seeking treatment for XXXX or @entity2 at drug stores in rural Tanzania 2004.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of @entity3 and other common illnesses among drug store clients in one rural community, with a view to the potential role of specialist drug stores in expanding coverage of effective @entity2 treatment to households in highly endemic areas. METHOD: Follow-back study of 2466 client visits selected from all 10 drug stores operating in the town of Ikwiriri between May 30 and August 31 2004. Of these, 521 (21.2%) were made by or on behalf of @entity0 ill with @entity1 or @entity2 . Two hundred and ninety three were eligible as residents of the surrounding nine villages and all agreed to participate in the study. Each @entity0 was evaluated by a clinical officer and provided a blood sample for @entity2 on the day of the shop visit, either at the shop or at home. RESULTS: Only 50 (17.1%) visits by or on behalf of febrile @entity0 resulted in the purchase of an antimalarial drug, while an antipyretic medication was obtained at 226 visits (77.1%). Clinicians diagnosed @entity2 in 63.8% of @entity0 . @entity2 parasites were identified in blood film samples from 24.2% (95% CI: 19.6, 29.5). This is double the parasite prevalence rate of 10.7% (95% CI: 8.6, 13.1) obtained from a household survey of 1004 healthy individuals selected from these villages at the same time. It is not significantly lower than the prevalence observed among 880 clients presenting with @entity1 at health facilities in the district: 29.7% (95% CI: 23.0, 37.3). The prevalence of @entity3 among @entity0 younger than 5 years whose families sought @entity1 treatment from drug stores (42.1%; 95% CI: 31.4, 53.5) was equal to that of @entity0 presenting with @entity1 at health facilities (42.5%; 95% CI: 25.0, 62.2). CONCLUSIONS: Currently, drug store clients do not obtain @entity2 -specific treatment in the majority of cases where it might be warranted. Parasitological findings indicate that drug store clients, especially @entity0 , are as likely to be infected with @entity2 as @entity0 seeking care for similar illnesses at health facilities. Drug stores may be attractive partners for policy makers eager to engage the private retail sector in expanding coverage of @entity2 treatment.

title: Prevalence of XXXX among clients seeking treatment for @entity1 or @entity2 at drug stores in rural Tanzania 2004.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of @entity3 and other common illnesses among drug store clients in one rural community, with a view to the potential role of specialist drug stores in expanding coverage of effective @entity2 treatment to households in highly endemic areas. METHOD: Follow-back study of 2466 client visits selected from all 10 drug stores operating in the town of Ikwiriri between May 30 and August 31 2004. Of these, 521 (21.2%) were made by or on behalf of @entity0 ill with @entity1 or @entity2 . Two hundred and ninety three were eligible as residents of the surrounding nine villages and all agreed to participate in the study. Each @entity0 was evaluated by a clinical officer and provided a blood sample for @entity2 on the day of the shop visit, either at the shop or at home. RESULTS: Only 50 (17.1%) visits by or on behalf of febrile @entity0 resulted in the purchase of an antimalarial drug, while an antipyretic medication was obtained at 226 visits (77.1%). Clinicians diagnosed @entity2 in 63.8% of @entity0 . @entity2 parasites were identified in blood film samples from 24.2% (95% CI: 19.6, 29.5). This is double the parasite prevalence rate of 10.7% (95% CI: 8.6, 13.1) obtained from a household survey of 1004 healthy individuals selected from these villages at the same time. It is not significantly lower than the prevalence observed among 880 clients presenting with @entity1 at health facilities in the district: 29.7% (95% CI: 23.0, 37.3). The prevalence of @entity3 among @entity0 younger than 5 years whose families sought @entity1 treatment from drug stores (42.1%; 95% CI: 31.4, 53.5) was equal to that of @entity0 presenting with @entity1 at health facilities (42.5%; 95% CI: 25.0, 62.2). CONCLUSIONS: Currently, drug store clients do not obtain @entity2 -specific treatment in the majority of cases where it might be warranted. Parasitological findings indicate that drug store clients, especially @entity0 , are as likely to be infected with @entity2 as @entity0 seeking care for similar illnesses at health facilities. Drug stores may be attractive partners for policy makers eager to engage the private retail sector in expanding coverage of @entity2 treatment.

title: Prevalence of @entity3 among clients seeking treatment for @entity1 or XXXX at drug stores in rural Tanzania 2004.

answer: @entity2


abstract: AIMS: To evaluate retrospectively the outcome of the curative open and laparoscopic surgical approach to the @entity1 according to timed steps based on the pathologic stage. @entity0 AND MATERIAL: From 1989 83 out of 242 outpatients underwent surgery in emergency or after medical failure and at least two acute attacks requiring hospital admittance, or complicated @entity3 . Modified Hinchey classification staged the disease. Clinic and instrumental criteria, surgical procedures, early and late complications were statistically evaluated (Students t-test and exact Fischer test, p < 0.05) in comparison with the different steps of therapeutic strategy. RESULTS: Twenty nine @entity0 were classified as Hinchey 0, 26 as I, 14 as II, 11 as III, 3 as IV. Clinical characteristics of the @entity2 and open groups overlapped, with higher rate of earlier age in first and advanced stages in the second group. 16 @entity0 (19.3%) underwent surgery at the first attack in emergency or in delayed emergency (5 TC-guided drainages). 30 open and 53 @entity2 procedures were done: 21 two-stage: 18 primary resections + ileostomy and 3 Hartmann; 61 single stage: 49 sigmoidectomy, 12 left colectomy. 4 conversions (7.5%), 12 early (14.5%) and 10 late (12.1%) complications were observed. DISCUSSION: Complications rate was higher in the open group including more advanced stages. Elective surgery performed following conservative therapy, 4 weeks from the first acute attack in younger @entity0 (age < 55yrs.) and after two attacks in elder (age > 55yrs.) showed a significant lower complications' incidence (p < 0.05) compared to the 8 weeks delayed operations. CONCLUSION: Surgery of @entity3 must follow standardized criteria. The laparoscopic approach could be performed in more severe stages, provided that conditions of delayed emergency were achieved.

title: [Timing and results of the surgical treatment of the XXXX of the colon].

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity9 is a recognised complication after soft tissue surgery in the upper part of the anterior aspect of the neck, e.g. @entity8 or carotid body @entity1 excision. However, this complication has been rarely reported following surgery of the upper cervical spine. We report the case of a 35-year-old @entity0 with @entity3 of @entity5 . She underwent corpectomy and fusion from C2 to C5 using iliac crest bone graft, through a left anterior oblique incision. She developed @entity7 in the immediate postoperative period, with @entity4 and @entity6 . It was thought to be due to traction neurapraxia with possible spontaneous recovery. At 18 months' follow-up, she had a solid fusion and @entity3 was controlled. The hypoglossal palsy persisted, although with minimal functional disability. The only other reported case of @entity2 after anterior cervical spine surgery in the literature also failed to recover. It is concluded that @entity7 following anterior cervical spine surgery is unlikely to recover spontaneously and it should be carefully identified.

title: XXXX as a complication of anterior surgery to the upper cervical spine.

answer: @entity9


abstract: To evaluate the cost effectiveness and cost utility of the use of @entity3 in addition to standard therapy for the treatment of @entity0 with @entity2 with low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The study was conducted by means of a cohort simulation based on a probabilistic Markov model and projecting the 23-month follow-up results of the Val-HeFT ( @entity3 Heart Failure Trial) study over a 10-year time horizon. The model included four states (New York Heart Association [NYHA] classes II, III, IV, and @entity1 ), and had a cycle duration of 1 month. Probabilistic simulations were performed using the WinBUGS software for Bayesian analysis. The distribution of @entity0 parameters (sex, age, use of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, and ACE inhibitors) in the simulated population were derived from the Italian @entity2 @entity0 population. Individual mortality data were derived from general mortality data by multiplying by a NYHA state-specific relative risk, while the probability of changing NYHA class was taken from the Val-HeFT data. Costs (2007 values) were calculated from the perspective of the Italian Health Service (IHS) and included costs for drugs and @entity2 hospitalizations. Quality-of-life (QOL) weights were obtained by using published health-related QOL data for @entity2 @entity0 . A 3.5% annual discount rate was applied. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed on each parameter using original-source 95% confidence interval (CI) values, or a +/-10% range when 95% CI values were unavailable. For the 10-year time horizon, @entity0 were estimated to live for an average of 2.3 years or 1.7 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), with slight increases in the @entity3 group. In this group, hospitalizations for worsening @entity2 were predicted to be significantly reduced and overall treatment costs per @entity0 to decrease by about and U20AC;550. In subgroup analyses, @entity3 lost dominance in @entity0 in NYHA II, and in those receiving beta-adrenoceptor antagonists or ACE inhibitors; the mean incremental cost-utility ratio for these groups was 21 240, 129 200, and 36 500 and U20AC;/QALY, respectively. @entity3 in addition to standard therapy is predicted to dominate standard therapy alone in Italian @entity0 with mild to severe @entity2 and low LVEF. There are relevant differences among various @entity0 subgroups, and @entity3 is expected to be good value for money particularly in the treatment of the most severe and less intensively treated (no ACE inhibitors, no beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) @entity2 @entity0 .

title: The cost effectiveness and cost utility of @entity3 in XXXX therapy in Italy: a probabilistic markov model.

answer: @entity2


abstract: To evaluate the cost effectiveness and cost utility of the use of @entity3 in addition to standard therapy for the treatment of @entity0 with @entity2 with low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The study was conducted by means of a cohort simulation based on a probabilistic Markov model and projecting the 23-month follow-up results of the Val-HeFT ( @entity3 Heart Failure Trial) study over a 10-year time horizon. The model included four states (New York Heart Association [NYHA] classes II, III, IV, and @entity1 ), and had a cycle duration of 1 month. Probabilistic simulations were performed using the WinBUGS software for Bayesian analysis. The distribution of @entity0 parameters (sex, age, use of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, and ACE inhibitors) in the simulated population were derived from the Italian @entity2 @entity0 population. Individual mortality data were derived from general mortality data by multiplying by a NYHA state-specific relative risk, while the probability of changing NYHA class was taken from the Val-HeFT data. Costs (2007 values) were calculated from the perspective of the Italian Health Service (IHS) and included costs for drugs and @entity2 hospitalizations. Quality-of-life (QOL) weights were obtained by using published health-related QOL data for @entity2 @entity0 . A 3.5% annual discount rate was applied. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed on each parameter using original-source 95% confidence interval (CI) values, or a +/-10% range when 95% CI values were unavailable. For the 10-year time horizon, @entity0 were estimated to live for an average of 2.3 years or 1.7 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), with slight increases in the @entity3 group. In this group, hospitalizations for worsening @entity2 were predicted to be significantly reduced and overall treatment costs per @entity0 to decrease by about and U20AC;550. In subgroup analyses, @entity3 lost dominance in @entity0 in NYHA II, and in those receiving beta-adrenoceptor antagonists or ACE inhibitors; the mean incremental cost-utility ratio for these groups was 21 240, 129 200, and 36 500 and U20AC;/QALY, respectively. @entity3 in addition to standard therapy is predicted to dominate standard therapy alone in Italian @entity0 with mild to severe @entity2 and low LVEF. There are relevant differences among various @entity0 subgroups, and @entity3 is expected to be good value for money particularly in the treatment of the most severe and less intensively treated (no ACE inhibitors, no beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) @entity2 @entity0 .

title: The cost effectiveness and cost utility of XXXX in @entity2 therapy in Italy: a probabilistic markov model.

answer: @entity3


abstract: An 8-year-old white @entity0 with a history of vertigo, @entity2 , and @entity3 developed a progressive @entity4 , bilateral retinal arteriolar narrowing in each eye, vasoproliferation, and subsequent intravitreal @entity5 . An attempt at peripheral retinal ablation with cryotherapy in the left eye resulted in @entity9 . Spontaneous @entity9 occurred in the right eye and was successfully repaired. Repeated intermittent @entity5 occurred despite intraocular diathermy. Three years after onset, visual acuity was R.E.: 6/21 (20/66) and L.E.: light perception. She remains totally deaf. A 20-year-old white @entity0 developed severe bilateral @entity8 with poorly functioning labyrinths, followed by @entity6 and vasoproliferation on the optic nerve head. @entity7 was followed by @entity10 and repeated episodes of @entity5 . Six years after onset, visula acuity was R.E.: hand motions, and L.E.: 6/3 (20/100). She remains totally deaf. Both @entity0 were of normal gestation, development, and mentality, without evidence of other @entity1 . The cause of this disease was not found.

title: Occlusive XXXX and deafness.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECT: @entity5 ( @entity5 ) are benign lesions that can be diagnosed as an incidental finding associated with @entity1 , @entity6 , or vision deterioration. Typically, they occur in a sellar or suprasellar location. The aim of this study was to review the clinical presentation and outcomes associated with endoscopic endonasal resection of these lesions. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed a series of 35 @entity0 with a diagnosis of @entity4 after endoscopic endonasal resection at the University of Pittsburgh between January 1998 and July 2008. RESULTS: All 35 @entity0 underwent a purely endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). The average @entity0 age was 34 years (range 12-67 years), and the average follow-up was 19 months (range 1-60 months). Clinical follow-up data were available for 32 @entity0 , and radiographic follow-up data were accessible for 33 @entity0 . All of the @entity0 underwent complete removal of the cyst contents, and according to radiography studies 2 @entity0 had a recurrence, neither of which required reoperation. The mean cyst volume was 1052.7 mm(3) (range 114-6044 mm(3)). @entity1 was a presenting symptom in 26 (81.2%) of 32 @entity0 , with 25 (96.1%) of 26 having postoperative improvement in their @entity1 . Fifteen (57.7%) of the 26 @entity0 had @entity3 resolution, and 10 (38.5%) had a > 50% reduction in their @entity3 scores. Six (18.8%) of 32 @entity0 initially presented with @entity6 , although 2 (33.3%) had postoperative improvement. Three (9.4%) of 32 @entity0 had temporary @entity6 postoperatively, although there was no permanent @entity6 . Neither were there any intraoperative complications, postoperative CSF leaks, or new @entity2 . The average hospital stay was 1.8 days (range 1-5 days). CONCLUSIONS: The EEA is a safe and effective approach in the treatment of @entity5 . None of the @entity0 in this study experienced any worsening of their preoperative symptoms or pituitary function, and 96% of the @entity0 who had presented with @entity1 experienced complete or significant @entity3 relief following treatment.

title: Endoscopic endonasal resection of XXXX : clinical outcomes and surgical nuances.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The high prevalence and poor prognosis of @entity0 provides a strong rationale for developing new treatment strategies and preventive and therapeutic agents. @entity7 (HSV) can @entity3 cells, replicating and killing the cells by direct cytopathic effect and then spreading within the @entity3 . Replication of oncolytic HSV leads to the destruction of the infected @entity3 cell and release of new virions, which are able to infect adjacent cells until potentially all @entity3 cells are destroyed. In this study, the @entity5 of a third-generation oncolytic HSV vector, designated G47/\, was examined in @entity1 @entity0 cell lines, as well as in immortalized and normal breast cells. A pulmonary metastatic model of @entity0 established in Balb/c @entity4 was used to evaluate the efficacy of G47/\ treatment. Systemic treatment by intravenous administration of G47/\ for metastatic @entity2 was initiated 14 days after injection of @entity3 cells. On Day 56, the @entity4 were sacrificed and @entity3 nodules on the surface of the lung were counted. G47/\ was highly cytotoxic to @entity0 and immortalized breast cells in vitro at low multiplicities of @entity6 (MOI), while normal breast cells remained viable 5 days after @entity6 . In the pulmonary metastatic model, the average number of surface @entity2 nodules in the G47/\-treated group was approximately 9  -fold less than in the control-treated group. X-gal staining illustrated viral replication and spread in the @entity3 cells in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, G47/\ effectively killed @entity1 @entity0 cells and immortalized breast cells but not normal breast cells. Systemic administration of G47/\ by tail vein injection was effective in inhibiting the growth of established @entity0 .

title: @entity7 treatment of metastatic XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The high prevalence and poor prognosis of @entity0 provides a strong rationale for developing new treatment strategies and preventive and therapeutic agents. @entity7 (HSV) can @entity3 cells, replicating and killing the cells by direct cytopathic effect and then spreading within the @entity3 . Replication of oncolytic HSV leads to the destruction of the infected @entity3 cell and release of new virions, which are able to infect adjacent cells until potentially all @entity3 cells are destroyed. In this study, the @entity5 of a third-generation oncolytic HSV vector, designated G47/\, was examined in @entity1 @entity0 cell lines, as well as in immortalized and normal breast cells. A pulmonary metastatic model of @entity0 established in Balb/c @entity4 was used to evaluate the efficacy of G47/\ treatment. Systemic treatment by intravenous administration of G47/\ for metastatic @entity2 was initiated 14 days after injection of @entity3 cells. On Day 56, the @entity4 were sacrificed and @entity3 nodules on the surface of the lung were counted. G47/\ was highly cytotoxic to @entity0 and immortalized breast cells in vitro at low multiplicities of @entity6 (MOI), while normal breast cells remained viable 5 days after @entity6 . In the pulmonary metastatic model, the average number of surface @entity2 nodules in the G47/\-treated group was approximately 9  -fold less than in the control-treated group. X-gal staining illustrated viral replication and spread in the @entity3 cells in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, G47/\ effectively killed @entity1 @entity0 cells and immortalized breast cells but not normal breast cells. Systemic administration of G47/\ by tail vein injection was effective in inhibiting the growth of established @entity0 .

title: XXXX treatment of metastatic @entity0 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: Fatality rates from @entity2 are almost double those found in urban settings. Increased @entity3 ( @entity3 ) prehospital time has been implicated as one of the causative factors for higher rural fatality rates. Advanced @entity2 Life Support guidelines suggest scene time should not be extended to insert an intravenous catheter (IV). The purpose of this study was to assess the association between intravenous line placement and motor vehicle crash (MVC) scene time in rural and urban settings. An imputational methodology using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System permitted linkage of data from police motor vehicle crash and @entity3 records. Intergraph GeoMedia software permitted this linked data to be plotted on digital maps for segregation into rural and urban groups. MVCs were defined as rural or urban by location of the accident using the U.S. Bureau of Census Criteria. Linked data were analyzed to assess for @entity3 time on-scene, on-scene IV insertion, on-scene IV insertion attempts, and @entity0 mortality. Over a 2-year period from January 2001 through December 2002, data were collected from Alabama @entity3 @entity0 care reports (PCRs) and police crash reports. A total of 45,763 police crash reports were linked to @entity3 PCRs. Of these linked crash records, 34,341 (75%) and 11,422 (25%) were injured in rural and urban settings, respectively. Six hundred eleven (1.78%) mortalities occurred in rural settings and 103 (0.90%) in urban settings (P < 0.005). There were 6273 (18.3%) on-scene IV insertions in the rural setting and 1,290 (11.3%) in the urban setting (P < 0.005). Mean @entity3 time on-scene when single IV insertion attempts occurred was 16.9 minutes in the rural setting and 14.5 minutes in the urban setting (P < 0.0001). When two attempts of on-scene IV insertion were made, mean @entity3 time on-scene in the rural setting (n = 891 [2.6%]) was 18.4 minutes and 15.7 minutes in the urban setting (n = 142 [1.2%; P < 0.005). Excluding dead on-scene @entity0 , mean @entity3 time on-scene when mortalities occurred in rural and urban settings was 18.9 minutes and 10.8 minutes, respectively (P < 0.005). On-scene IV insertion occurred with significantly greater frequency in rural than urban settings. This incurs greater @entity3 time on-scene and prehospital time that may be associated with @entity1 rates in rural settings.

title: On-scene intravenous line insertion adversely impacts prehospital time in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity5 is a new inodilatory agent with @entity3 sensitizing activity. A major concern regarding the use of inotropic agent in @entity4 is their effect on the sympathetic tone. This effect could explain increase in short term mortality with other inotropes. We aimed to assess the effect of @entity5 on sympathetic tone measured directly by microneurogra-phy. In a group of acute decompensated @entity4 @entity0 , we assessed cardiac performance by digital plethysmography measurement. Sympathetic tone was assessed through recording of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) by micro-neurography. Recording were done blindly, for each @entity0 after @entity2 perfusion was stopped (baseline) and 48 h after @entity5 infusion. Clinical, biological and morphological data were collected. We compared cardiac parameters and MSNA before and after administration of @entity5 . 13 @entity0 were recruited (48 +/- 3.6 years). Systolic blood pressure and rate pressure product (mmHg x Beat/min) decreased significantly after @entity5 infusion (P< 0.05). Cardiac output and @entity1 volume were significantly increased after @entity5 infusion (P< 0.05). A significant decrease of MSNA activity is observed after @entity5 infusion (P< 0.01). @entity5 induced improvement of cardiac performance, associated with a decreased in MSNA. This study show for the first time that @entity5 has no direct detrimental effect on the sympathetic nervous system.

title: Levosimedan improves hemodynamics functions without sympathetic activation in severe XXXX @entity0 : direct evidence from sympathetic neural recording.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity5 is a new inodilatory agent with @entity3 sensitizing activity. A major concern regarding the use of inotropic agent in @entity4 is their effect on the sympathetic tone. This effect could explain increase in short term mortality with other inotropes. We aimed to assess the effect of @entity5 on sympathetic tone measured directly by microneurogra-phy. In a group of acute decompensated @entity4 @entity0 , we assessed cardiac performance by digital plethysmography measurement. Sympathetic tone was assessed through recording of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) by micro-neurography. Recording were done blindly, for each @entity0 after @entity2 perfusion was stopped (baseline) and 48 h after @entity5 infusion. Clinical, biological and morphological data were collected. We compared cardiac parameters and MSNA before and after administration of @entity5 . 13 @entity0 were recruited (48 +/- 3.6 years). Systolic blood pressure and rate pressure product (mmHg x Beat/min) decreased significantly after @entity5 infusion (P< 0.05). Cardiac output and @entity1 volume were significantly increased after @entity5 infusion (P< 0.05). A significant decrease of MSNA activity is observed after @entity5 infusion (P< 0.01). @entity5 induced improvement of cardiac performance, associated with a decreased in MSNA. This study show for the first time that @entity5 has no direct detrimental effect on the sympathetic nervous system.

title: Levosimedan improves hemodynamics functions without sympathetic activation in severe @entity4 XXXX : direct evidence from sympathetic neural recording.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Out of every 17-18 individuals in the US, one develops @entity2 ( @entity2 ) in their lifetime. Of individuals diagnosed with @entity2 , > 50% present or develop @entity0 , which, if untreated, is associated with 6-9 months median survival. Although surgical resection is the primary treatment modality for @entity2 , chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for metastatic or unresectable disease. For nearly three decades, @entity5 ( @entity5 ) has been the chemotherapy of choice for treatment of @entity2 . However, the response rates to single @entity5 therapy have been suboptimal with an objective @entity1 response of 10-20%. Attempts have been made to improve the efficacy of @entity5 by either schedule alteration (protracted infusion versus intravenous push) or biochemical modulation with @entity7 (LV). Continuous infusion induced more @entity1 regression and prolonged the time-to-disease progression with some significant impact on survival (11.3 versus 12.1 months; p < 0.04). @entity5 /LV resulted in a significant increase in overall response rates and in the prolongation of disease-free survival in the adjuvant setting, although severe @entity3 represent a major clinical problem. The last 10 years have seen the addition of several new agents such as @entity6 , @entity4 , raltitrexed, bevacizumab and cetuximab. The prognosis has significantly improved with the addition of these agents, with median survivals now > 20 months. This review paper focuses on @entity6 , @entity4 and raltitrexed when used alone and in combination.

title: @entity6 , XXXX and raltitrexed for the treatment of advanced @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Out of every 17-18 individuals in the US, one develops @entity2 ( @entity2 ) in their lifetime. Of individuals diagnosed with @entity2 , > 50% present or develop @entity0 , which, if untreated, is associated with 6-9 months median survival. Although surgical resection is the primary treatment modality for @entity2 , chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for metastatic or unresectable disease. For nearly three decades, @entity5 ( @entity5 ) has been the chemotherapy of choice for treatment of @entity2 . However, the response rates to single @entity5 therapy have been suboptimal with an objective @entity1 response of 10-20%. Attempts have been made to improve the efficacy of @entity5 by either schedule alteration (protracted infusion versus intravenous push) or biochemical modulation with @entity7 (LV). Continuous infusion induced more @entity1 regression and prolonged the time-to-disease progression with some significant impact on survival (11.3 versus 12.1 months; p < 0.04). @entity5 /LV resulted in a significant increase in overall response rates and in the prolongation of disease-free survival in the adjuvant setting, although severe @entity3 represent a major clinical problem. The last 10 years have seen the addition of several new agents such as @entity6 , @entity4 , raltitrexed, bevacizumab and cetuximab. The prognosis has significantly improved with the addition of these agents, with median survivals now > 20 months. This review paper focuses on @entity6 , @entity4 and raltitrexed when used alone and in combination.

title: @entity6 , @entity4 and raltitrexed for the treatment of advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Out of every 17-18 individuals in the US, one develops @entity2 ( @entity2 ) in their lifetime. Of individuals diagnosed with @entity2 , > 50% present or develop @entity0 , which, if untreated, is associated with 6-9 months median survival. Although surgical resection is the primary treatment modality for @entity2 , chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for metastatic or unresectable disease. For nearly three decades, @entity5 ( @entity5 ) has been the chemotherapy of choice for treatment of @entity2 . However, the response rates to single @entity5 therapy have been suboptimal with an objective @entity1 response of 10-20%. Attempts have been made to improve the efficacy of @entity5 by either schedule alteration (protracted infusion versus intravenous push) or biochemical modulation with @entity7 (LV). Continuous infusion induced more @entity1 regression and prolonged the time-to-disease progression with some significant impact on survival (11.3 versus 12.1 months; p < 0.04). @entity5 /LV resulted in a significant increase in overall response rates and in the prolongation of disease-free survival in the adjuvant setting, although severe @entity3 represent a major clinical problem. The last 10 years have seen the addition of several new agents such as @entity6 , @entity4 , raltitrexed, bevacizumab and cetuximab. The prognosis has significantly improved with the addition of these agents, with median survivals now > 20 months. This review paper focuses on @entity6 , @entity4 and raltitrexed when used alone and in combination.

title: XXXX , @entity4 and raltitrexed for the treatment of advanced @entity2 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECT: With the introduction of electrophysiological spinal cord monitoring, surgeons have been able to perform radical resection of intramedullary @entity7 (IMSCTs). However, factors associated with @entity1 resectability, @entity1 recurrence, and long-term neurological outcome are poorly understood. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed 101 consecutive cases of IMSCT resection in adults and @entity0 at a single institution. Neurological function and MR images were evaluated preoperatively, at discharge, 1 month after surgery, and every 6 months thereafter. Factors associated with gross-total resection (GTR), progression-free survival (PFS), and long-term neurological improvement were assessed using multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the @entity0 was 41 +/- 18 years and 17 (17%) of the @entity0 were pediatric. Pathological type included @entity4 in 51 cases, @entity3 in 15, @entity5 in 16, WHO Grade II @entity5 in 10, and @entity1 in 9. A GTR was achieved in 60 cases (59%). Independent of histological @entity1 type, an intraoperatively identifiable @entity1 plane (OR 25.3, p < 0.0001) and decreasing @entity1 size (OR 1.2, p = 0.05) were associated with GTR. Thirty-four @entity0 (34%) experienced acute @entity2 after surgery (associated with increasing age [OR 1.04, p = 0.02] and with intraoperative change in motor evoked potentials [OR 7.4, p = 0.003]); in 14 (41%) of these @entity0 the change returned to preoperative baseline within 1 month. In 31 @entity0 (31%) @entity1 progression developed by last follow-up (mean 19 months). @entity1 histology (p < 0.0001) and the presence of an intraoperatively identified @entity1 plane (hazard ratio [HR] 0.44, p = 0.027) correlated with improved PFS. A GTR resulted in improved PFS for @entity3 (HR 0.004, p = 0.04) and @entity4 (HR 0.2, p = 0.02), but not @entity5 . Fifty-five @entity0 (55%) maintained overall neurological improvement by last follow-up. The presence of an identifiable @entity1 plane (HR 3.1, p = 0.0004) and improvement in neurological symptoms before discharge (HR 2.3, p = 0.004) were associated with overall neurological improvement by last follow-up (mean 19 months). CONCLUSIONS: Gross-total resection can be safely achieved in the vast majority of IMSCTs when an intraoperative plane is identified, independent of pathological type. The incidence of acute perioperative @entity2 increases with @entity0 age but will improve to baseline in nearly half of @entity0 within 1 month. Long-term improvement in motor, sensory, and @entity6 may be achieved in a slight majority of @entity0 and occurs more frequently in @entity0 in whom a surgical plane can be identified. A GTR should be attempted for @entity4 and @entity3 , but it may not affect PFS for @entity5 . For all @entity1 , the intraoperative finding of a @entity1 plane of resection carries positive prognostic significance across all pathological types.

title: Factors associated with progression-free survival and long-term neurological outcome after resection of intramedullary XXXX : analysis of 101 consecutive cases.

answer: @entity7


abstract: Antithrombotic therapies form the cornerstone of management of @entity4 ( @entity4 ). An ideal antithrombotic agent should reduce @entity1 complications while keeping @entity2 events to a minimum. Heparins, both unfractionated and low molecular weight, reduce @entity1 outcomes but also significantly increase the risk of major and @entity2 . Moreover, they do not reduce mortality. Therefore, there is a need for newer agents that preserve the benefits of @entity1 reduction while decreasing mortality and @entity2 risk. Fondaparinux is a synthetic pentasaccharide which specifically targets @entity6 of the coagulation cascade. It has been effectively used in the prevention of and treatment of @entity5 . Two large randomized controlled trials of fondaparinux compared to unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins, among @entity0 with @entity4 have recently been completed. These studies have shown a significantly lower risk of @entity2 with fondaparinux compared to heparins, with equivalent or greater reductions in @entity1 outcomes. A small but definite increase in the risk of catheter-related @entity3 has been found among @entity0 undergoing coronary interventions, which is ameliorated by the administration of unfractionated heparin. This review outlines the pharmacological properties of @entity7 and critically examines the available clinical trial data for fondaparinux in @entity4 .

title: Fondaparinux in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND AIMS: Bone marrow (BM)- and @entity2 ( @entity2 )-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are currently under evaluation in phase III clinical trials for @entity0 and other @entity4 manifestations. The therapeutic efficacy of these treatments may derive from a combination of the differentiation, trophic and immunomodulatory abilities of the transplanted cells. We investigated intestinal tissues as sources of MSC: such cells may support tissue-specific functions and hold advantages for engraftment and contribution in the gastrointestinal environment. METHODS: Intestinal specimens were collected, and the mucosa and submucosa mechanically separated and enzymatically digested. Mesenchymal stromal populations were isolated, expanded and characterized under conditions commonly used for MSC. The differentiation potential, trophic effect and immunomodulatory ability were investigated. Results We successfully isolated and extensively expanded populations showing the typical MSC profile: @entity6 +, @entity3 +, @entity8 +, CD105+ and CD166+, and @entity7 (-), @entity5 (-) and @entity1 (-). Intestinal mucosal (IM) MSC were also CD117+, while submucosal cultures (ISM MSC) showed @entity5 + subsets. The cells differentiated toward osteogenic, adipogenic and angiogenic commitments. Intestinal-derived MSC were able to induce differentiation and organization of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) in three-dimensional collagen cultures. Immunomodulatory activity was evidenced in co-cultures with normal heterologous phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions Multipotent MSC can be isolated from intestinal mucosal and submucosal tissues. IM MSC and ISM MSC are able to perform trophic and immunomodulatory functions. These findings could open a pathway for novel approaches to @entity4 treatment.

title: Isolation of stem cell populations with trophic and immunoregulatory functions from human intestinal tissues: potential for cell therapy in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Songs produced by migrating whales were recorded off the coast of Queensland, Australia, over six consecutive weeks in 2003. Forty-eight independent song sessions were analyzed using information theory techniques. The average length of the songs estimated by correlation analysis was approximately 100 units, with song sessions lasting from 300 to over 3100 units. Song entropy, a measure of structural constraints, was estimated using three different methodologies: (1) the independently identically distributed model, (2) a first-order Markov model, and (3) the nonparametric sliding window match length (SWML) method, as described by @entity0 et al. [(2006). "Information entropy of @entity1 song," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 1849-1866]. The analysis finds that the song sequences of migrating Australian whales are consistent with the hierarchical structure proposed by Payne and McVay [(1971). "Songs of @entity1 ," Science 173, 587-597], and recently supported mathematically by @entity0 et al. (2006) for singers on the Hawaiian breeding grounds. Both the SWML entropy estimates and the song lengths for the Australian singers in 2003 were lower than that reported by @entity0 et al. (2006) for Hawaiian whales in 1976-1978; however, song redundancy did not differ between these two populations separated spatially and temporally. The average total information in the sequence of units in Australian song was approximately 35 bits/song. Aberrant songs (8%) yielded entropies similar to the typical songs.

title: Information theory analysis of Australian XXXX song.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimum follow-up of @entity0 who are clinically disease-free following potentially curative treatment for @entity1 . METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases (1980 to October 2005) was conducted. Data were pooled across trials to determine overall estimates of recurrence patterns. RESULTS: Sixteen non-comparative retrospective studies were identified. The overall risk of recurrence was 13% for all @entity0 and 3% or less for @entity0 at low risk. Approximately 70% of all recurrences were symptomatic, and 68% to 100% of recurrences occurred within approximately the first 3 years of follow-up. No reliable differences in survival were detected between @entity0 with symptomatic or asymptomatic recurrences nor were differences in @entity0 outcomes reported by type of follow-up strategy employed. Detection of asymptomatic recurrences ranged from 5% to 33% of @entity0 with physical examination, 0% to 4% with vaginal vault cytology, 0% to 14% with chest X-ray, 4% to 13% with abdominal ultrasound, 5% to 21% with abdominal/pelvic CT scan, and 15% in selected @entity0 with CA 125. CONCLUSIONS: There is limited evidence to inform whether intensive follow-up schedules with multiple routine diagnostic interventions result in survival benefits any more or less than non-intensive follow-up schedules without multiple routine diagnostic interventions. Routine testing seems to be of limited benefit for @entity0 at low risk of disease. Most recurrences tend to occur in high risk @entity0 within 3 years, and most recurrences involve symptoms. The most appropriate follow-up strategy is likely one based upon the risk of recurrence and the natural history of the disease. Counseling on the potential symptoms of recurrence is extremely important because the majority of @entity0 with recurrences were symptomatic. A proposed routine follow-up schedule is offered.

title: Follow-up after primary therapy for XXXX : a systematic review.

answer: @entity1


abstract: This study is a pilot and feasibility study that compares 2 training experiences to improve appropriate opioid prescribing for @entity3 . Both training conditions included education in relation to opioid guidelines. Following education, 1 condition included training aimed at improving @entity1 and the other included training in practical knowledge and skills related to @entity0 management. Eighty-one general practitioners (GPs) took part in the study, each having been randomly assigned to 1 of the training conditions. It proved easy to recruit GPs to the training. Overall, GPs demonstrated increased knowledge of opioid prescribing for @entity3 and decreases in concerns related to prescribing following training. However, there were no changes observed in reported prescribing practices or in secondary measures of well-being. There were also no significant differences between the training conditions, other than a greater increase in intention to use prescribing guidelines in the @entity2 . Feasibility and acceptability of the training methods were generally rated high. The @entity2 was rated higher than the comparison condition in terms of interest and satisfaction. Finally, processes of @entity1 before and after training significantly correlated with measures of GP well-being, providing partial support for the relevance of these processes as a focus in GP training. PERSPECTIVE: A training intervention for GPs including education on opioid guidelines for @entity3 and @entity1 training increased knowledge of prescribing and reduced concerns but did not change prescribing behavior or well-being. The training was highly acceptable to GPs but may have been too short to produce other effects.

title: Training for general practitioners in opioid prescribing for XXXX based on practice guidelines: a randomized pilot and feasibility trial.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The prevalence of @entity1 is lower in middle-aged and older @entity0 than @entity0 . Increased @entity6 -mediated vasoconstriction has been linked to the etiology of a number of @entity1 , including @entity5 , @entity4 , and @entity2 . It is unknown whether a sex difference in @entity6 -mediated vasoconstrictor tone exists in middle-aged and older adults. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that middle-aged and older @entity0 would demonstrate greater ET-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone than age-matched @entity0 . Forearm blood flow in response to intra-arterial infusions of @entity6 , @entity7 (a selective ET(A) receptor antagonist), and @entity8 (a selective ET(B) receptor antagonist) was assessed by venous occlusion plethysmography in 21 @entity0 (age: 58 + or - 1 yr; body mass index: 26.0 + or - 1.0 kg/m(2)) and 25 @entity0 (age: 57 + or - 2 yr; body mass index: 26.8 + or - 0.7 kg/m(2)). In response to @entity7 , the increase in forearm blood flow from baseline was significantly higher in the @entity0 than the @entity0 (24 + or - 5% vs. 9 + or - 5%; P < 0.05). In contrast, the increase in forearm blood flow in response to @entity7 coinfused with @entity8 was greater in the @entity0 than the @entity0 , such that the maximum vasodilation to dual endothelin receptor blockade was similar between @entity0 and @entity0 (approximately 25%). There was no difference in the vasoconstrictor response to ET-1 between the sexes. These results indicate that middle-aged and older @entity0 are under greater ET(A) receptor-mediated vasoconstrictor tone than age-matched @entity0 . Since the ET(A) receptor is the predominant receptor subtype in the coronary vasculature, this sex difference in vasoconstrictor tone may be a mechanism contributing to the sex difference in the prevalence of @entity3 in middle-aged and older adults.

title: Sex differences in XXXX -mediated vasoconstrictor tone in middle-aged and older adults.

answer: @entity6


abstract: In @entity3 , both the epithelial and stromal mesenchyme compartments show gene expression changes from their respective normal counterpart. In fact, there are more such changes in the stroma than the epithelium. These include down-regulated expression of genes involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation and those differentially expressed between prostate and bladder, i.e., organ-restricted. In development, the stromal cell type mediates tissue formation from differentiation of stem or progenitor cells. Diseases like @entity1 may arise as a result of defective stromal signaling. Stromal signaling can be demonstrated by co-culture of stromal cells and @entity2 @entity0 cells used as a stem cell substitute. In co-culture, stromal cells induce @entity0 cells through diffusible molecules to lose stem cell gene expression, gain expression of prostate genes, alter cytomorphology, and lower proliferation. This NCCIT response is varied as co-cultured bladder stromal cells induce a different gene expression. At the same time, NCCIT factors also affect gene expression of co-cultured stromal cells. NCCIT induces normal prostate tissue (NP) stromal cells to become more like @entity1 -associated ( @entity4 ) stromal cells in both mRNA and microRNA expression. In contrast, NCCIT shows minimal effect on @entity4 stromal cells. @entity4 stromal cells may represent a less differentiated state in the prostate stromal cell lineage.

title: Stromal-epithelial interactions in early XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM: Inadequate @entity1 limited endoscopic resources. We examined @entity0 factors associated with inadequate flexible sigmoidoscopy (FSG) screening at baseline screening and repeat screening 3-5 years later in 10 geographically-dispersed screening centers participating in the ongoing Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and @entity2 Screening Trial. METHODS: A total of 64,554 @entity0 (aged 55-74) completed baseline questionnaires and underwent FSG at baseline. Of these, 39,385 @entity0 returned for repeat screening. We used logistic regression models to assess factors that are associated with inadequate FSG (defined as a study in which the depth of insertion of FSG was <50 cm or visual inspection was limited to <90% of the mucosal surface but without detection of a polyp or mass). RESULTS: Of 7084 (11%) @entity0 with inadequate FSG at baseline, 6496 (91.7%) had <50 cm depth of insertion (75.3% due to @entity0 discomfort) and 500 (7.1%) @entity0 had adequate depth of insertion but suboptimal bowel preparation. Compared to 55-59 year age group, advancing age in 5-year increments (odds ratios (OR) from 1.08 to 1.51) and female sex (OR = 2.40; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.27-2.54) were associated with inadequate FSG. Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)) was associated with reduced odds (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.62-0.72). Inadequate FSG screening at baseline was associated with inadequate FSG at repeat screening (OR = 6.24; 95% CI: 5.78-6.75). CONCLUSIONS: Sedation should be considered for @entity0 with inadequate FSG or an alternative @entity1 screening method should be recommended.

title: Factors associated with inadequate XXXX screening with flexible sigmoidoscopy.

answer: @entity1


abstract: RATIONALE: @entity1 and injury is critical in @entity4 . An ideal antiinflammatory agent has not been identified but inhaled corticosteroids are widely used despite lack of evidence. OBJECTIVES: To test the safety of withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids with the hypothesis this would not be associated with an earlier onset of acute chest exacerbations. METHODS: Multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 18 pediatric and adult UK centers. Eligibility criteria included age>6.0 yr, FEV1>or=40% predicted, and @entity2 use>3 mo. During the 2-mo run-in period, all @entity0 received @entity5 ; they then took either @entity5 or placebo for 6 mo. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: @entity5 group: n=84, median age 14.6 yr, mean (SD) FEV1 76% (18); placebo group: n=87, median age 15.8 yr, mean (SD) FEV1 76% (18). There was no difference in time to first exacerbation (primary outcome) with hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.07 (0.68 to 1.70) for @entity5 versus placebo. There was no effect of age, atopy, @entity2 dose, FEV1, or @entity3 status. There was no change in lung function or differences in antibiotic or rescue bronchodilator use. Fewer @entity0 in the @entity5 group withdrew from the study due to lung-related adverse events (9 vs. 15%); with a relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 0.59 (0.23-1.48) @entity5 versus placebo. CONCLUSIONS: In this study population (applicable to 40% of @entity0 with @entity4 in the UK), it appears safe to consider stopping inhaled corticosteroids. Potential advantages will be to reduce the drug burden on @entity0 , reduce adverse effects, and make financial savings.

title: Multicenter randomized controlled trial of withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: The importance of @entity0 -reported outcomes such as @entity2 ( @entity2 ) in clinical research is increasingly acknowledged. In order to yield valid results, the measurement properties of @entity2 questionnaires must be thoroughly investigated. One aspect of such a validation process is the demonstration of content validity, i.e. that the questionnaire covers all relevant aspects. We review studies reporting on consequences of @entity3 and present the frequency of identified aspects, both overall @entity2 issues and classical thyroid symptoms, in order to evaluate which issues are relevant for @entity0 with @entity3 . Furthermore, existing questionnaires for thyroid @entity0 are reviewed. A systematic search was performed in the Medline, Cinahl and Psycinfo databases and the reference lists of the relevant articles were hand-searched. Seventy-five relevant studies were identified. According to these studies, @entity0 with untreated @entity3 suffer from a wide range of symptoms and have @entity1 in most areas of @entity2 . Furthermore, the studies indicate that impairments in @entity2 are also frequent in the long term. Six @entity2 questionnaires for thyroid @entity0 were identified. Generally, data supporting the validity of these questionnaires were sparse. According to the available literature, the quality of life of thyroid @entity0 is substantially impaired over a wide range of aspects of @entity2 in the untreated phase and continues to be so in many @entity0 also in the long term. Studies systematically exploring the relative importance of these various aspects to thyroid @entity0 are lacking, as is a comprehensive, validated thyroid-specific @entity2 questionnaire.

title: Quality of life in @entity0 with XXXX . A review.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The importance of @entity0 -reported outcomes such as @entity2 ( @entity2 ) in clinical research is increasingly acknowledged. In order to yield valid results, the measurement properties of @entity2 questionnaires must be thoroughly investigated. One aspect of such a validation process is the demonstration of content validity, i.e. that the questionnaire covers all relevant aspects. We review studies reporting on consequences of @entity3 and present the frequency of identified aspects, both overall @entity2 issues and classical thyroid symptoms, in order to evaluate which issues are relevant for @entity0 with @entity3 . Furthermore, existing questionnaires for thyroid @entity0 are reviewed. A systematic search was performed in the Medline, Cinahl and Psycinfo databases and the reference lists of the relevant articles were hand-searched. Seventy-five relevant studies were identified. According to these studies, @entity0 with untreated @entity3 suffer from a wide range of symptoms and have @entity1 in most areas of @entity2 . Furthermore, the studies indicate that impairments in @entity2 are also frequent in the long term. Six @entity2 questionnaires for thyroid @entity0 were identified. Generally, data supporting the validity of these questionnaires were sparse. According to the available literature, the quality of life of thyroid @entity0 is substantially impaired over a wide range of aspects of @entity2 in the untreated phase and continues to be so in many @entity0 also in the long term. Studies systematically exploring the relative importance of these various aspects to thyroid @entity0 are lacking, as is a comprehensive, validated thyroid-specific @entity2 questionnaire.

title: Quality of life in XXXX with @entity3 . A review.

answer: @entity0


abstract: We examined the impact of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) on @entity3 (CV) events and investigated the mitigating effects of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity4 lowering and LDL @entity4 lowering plus high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity4 increasing. This analysis combined individual @entity0 data from 445 subjects who participated in 3 double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials (FATS, HATS, and AFREGS) comparing intensive lipid therapy to placebos on @entity9 progression by quantitative coronary angiography and on major CV events. The primary end points were change in mean proximal coronary diameter @entity8 (Delta%S(prox)) over 3 years and the frequency of the predefined composite of @entity6 death, nonfatal @entity7 , @entity2 , and revascularization due to worsening @entity1 . @entity0 with @entity5 had 50% more rapid @entity9 progression and 64% increased CV event frequency compared to those without. More rapid @entity9 progression was significantly and independently associated with a 3.5-fold increased event risk (p <0.001). Combination lipid therapy significantly decreased @entity8 progression by 83% (Delta%S(prox) 0.5 vs 2.9, p <0.001) in @entity0 with @entity5 and induced a small net regression in those without (Delta%S(prox) -0.3 vs 2.0, p <0.001). Combination therapy decreased the event rate by 54% (13% vs 28%, p = 0.03) in those with @entity5 and by 82% (3% vs 17%, p = 0.002) without. On average, each 10% decrease in LDL @entity4 or 10% increase in HDL @entity4 was significantly associated with a 0.3 Delta%S(prox) decrease. Each 10% decrease in LDL @entity4 or 10% increase in HDL @entity4 was associated with 11% (p = 0.02) or 22% (p <0.001) event risk decrease. In conclusion, @entity0 with @entity5 have significantly more rapid @entity9 progression and a higher frequency of CV events. Greater @entity8 progression rate is associated with a higher event rate. LDL @entity4 -lowering and HDL @entity4 -increasing therapies independently and significantly decrease @entity9 progression and decrease CV events.

title: Effects of combination lipid therapy on XXXX progression and clinical cardiovascular events in coronary disease @entity0 with @entity5 : a combined analysis of the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS), the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS), and the Armed Forces Regression Study (AFREGS).

answer: @entity9


abstract: We examined the impact of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) on @entity3 (CV) events and investigated the mitigating effects of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity4 lowering and LDL @entity4 lowering plus high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity4 increasing. This analysis combined individual @entity0 data from 445 subjects who participated in 3 double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials (FATS, HATS, and AFREGS) comparing intensive lipid therapy to placebos on @entity9 progression by quantitative coronary angiography and on major CV events. The primary end points were change in mean proximal coronary diameter @entity8 (Delta%S(prox)) over 3 years and the frequency of the predefined composite of @entity6 death, nonfatal @entity7 , @entity2 , and revascularization due to worsening @entity1 . @entity0 with @entity5 had 50% more rapid @entity9 progression and 64% increased CV event frequency compared to those without. More rapid @entity9 progression was significantly and independently associated with a 3.5-fold increased event risk (p <0.001). Combination lipid therapy significantly decreased @entity8 progression by 83% (Delta%S(prox) 0.5 vs 2.9, p <0.001) in @entity0 with @entity5 and induced a small net regression in those without (Delta%S(prox) -0.3 vs 2.0, p <0.001). Combination therapy decreased the event rate by 54% (13% vs 28%, p = 0.03) in those with @entity5 and by 82% (3% vs 17%, p = 0.002) without. On average, each 10% decrease in LDL @entity4 or 10% increase in HDL @entity4 was significantly associated with a 0.3 Delta%S(prox) decrease. Each 10% decrease in LDL @entity4 or 10% increase in HDL @entity4 was associated with 11% (p = 0.02) or 22% (p <0.001) event risk decrease. In conclusion, @entity0 with @entity5 have significantly more rapid @entity9 progression and a higher frequency of CV events. Greater @entity8 progression rate is associated with a higher event rate. LDL @entity4 -lowering and HDL @entity4 -increasing therapies independently and significantly decrease @entity9 progression and decrease CV events.

title: Effects of combination lipid therapy on @entity9 progression and clinical cardiovascular events in coronary disease @entity0 with XXXX : a combined analysis of the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS), the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS), and the Armed Forces Regression Study (AFREGS).

answer: @entity5


abstract: We examined the impact of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) on @entity3 (CV) events and investigated the mitigating effects of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity4 lowering and LDL @entity4 lowering plus high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity4 increasing. This analysis combined individual @entity0 data from 445 subjects who participated in 3 double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials (FATS, HATS, and AFREGS) comparing intensive lipid therapy to placebos on @entity9 progression by quantitative coronary angiography and on major CV events. The primary end points were change in mean proximal coronary diameter @entity8 (Delta%S(prox)) over 3 years and the frequency of the predefined composite of @entity6 death, nonfatal @entity7 , @entity2 , and revascularization due to worsening @entity1 . @entity0 with @entity5 had 50% more rapid @entity9 progression and 64% increased CV event frequency compared to those without. More rapid @entity9 progression was significantly and independently associated with a 3.5-fold increased event risk (p <0.001). Combination lipid therapy significantly decreased @entity8 progression by 83% (Delta%S(prox) 0.5 vs 2.9, p <0.001) in @entity0 with @entity5 and induced a small net regression in those without (Delta%S(prox) -0.3 vs 2.0, p <0.001). Combination therapy decreased the event rate by 54% (13% vs 28%, p = 0.03) in those with @entity5 and by 82% (3% vs 17%, p = 0.002) without. On average, each 10% decrease in LDL @entity4 or 10% increase in HDL @entity4 was significantly associated with a 0.3 Delta%S(prox) decrease. Each 10% decrease in LDL @entity4 or 10% increase in HDL @entity4 was associated with 11% (p = 0.02) or 22% (p <0.001) event risk decrease. In conclusion, @entity0 with @entity5 have significantly more rapid @entity9 progression and a higher frequency of CV events. Greater @entity8 progression rate is associated with a higher event rate. LDL @entity4 -lowering and HDL @entity4 -increasing therapies independently and significantly decrease @entity9 progression and decrease CV events.

title: Effects of combination lipid therapy on @entity9 progression and clinical cardiovascular events in coronary disease XXXX with @entity5 : a combined analysis of the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS), the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS), and the Armed Forces Regression Study (AFREGS).

answer: @entity0


abstract: To describe the morphologic features so the process can be easily identified during surgery, we studied 34 @entity0 with @entity1 , 32 of whom underwent excision and replacement of the ascending aorta or aortic valve or both. Of the 34 @entity0 , 22 were treated at Baylor University Medical Center from 1998 to 2008 and 12 at non-Baylor University Medical Center hospitals from 1958 to 1987. In all 34 @entity0 , the tubular portion of the aorta was diffusely thickened and the sinus portion of the aorta was apparently uninvolved. The process involved all 3 layers of the aorta, with thickening of the adventitia, mainly by fibrous tissue. Within the fibrous tissue were collections of plasma cells and lymphocytes, focal destruction of the media without thickening, and marked thickening of the intima by @entity3 . Serologic tests for syphilis were done in only 14 @entity0 (41%) and were positive (reactive) in 6 (43%) of them. The ascending aorta, however, was similar in all 34 @entity0 . In conclusion, @entity1 has not disappeared. Its identification during surgery can prompt appropriate antibiotic therapy postoperatively. Although the serologic test results for syphilis might be negative, antibiotic therapy is recommended for @entity0 with panaortitis requiring resection of the ascending aorta with or without @entity2 .

title: Identifying XXXX at operation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Acromegalic @entity0 can @entity1 or @entity4 . The development of @entity5 is unusual and the fixation of both vocal cords is exceptional. We report the case of a @entity0 with bilateral @entity7 . Fiberoptic laryngoscopy and computed tomography (CT) of the neck showed a supra-glottic stenosis due to a swelling of the soft tissue. A tracheostomy was first performed. Thereafter, micro-laryngoscopy using laser vaporisation of the supra-glottic soft tissue was attempted but failed to remove the tracheostomy canula. Finally, blood tests and cerebral MRI revealed an @entity6 . The @entity0 underwent a trans-sphenoidal resection of the @entity3 . Fifteen months later, fiberoptic laryngoscopy showed bilateral restoration of @entity7 was successfully removed after 18 months. Vocal cord fixation is probably due to hypopharyngeal and laryngeal soft tissue swelling and can be reversible after successful treatment of the @entity2 .

title: @entity6 presented as a cause of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Acromegalic @entity0 can @entity1 or @entity4 . The development of @entity5 is unusual and the fixation of both vocal cords is exceptional. We report the case of a @entity0 with bilateral @entity7 . Fiberoptic laryngoscopy and computed tomography (CT) of the neck showed a supra-glottic stenosis due to a swelling of the soft tissue. A tracheostomy was first performed. Thereafter, micro-laryngoscopy using laser vaporisation of the supra-glottic soft tissue was attempted but failed to remove the tracheostomy canula. Finally, blood tests and cerebral MRI revealed an @entity6 . The @entity0 underwent a trans-sphenoidal resection of the @entity3 . Fifteen months later, fiberoptic laryngoscopy showed bilateral restoration of @entity7 was successfully removed after 18 months. Vocal cord fixation is probably due to hypopharyngeal and laryngeal soft tissue swelling and can be reversible after successful treatment of the @entity2 .

title: XXXX presented as a cause of @entity5 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) with @entity5 stress and delayed enhancement for indication and follow up after interventional recanalisation of chronic total coronary occlusions (CTOs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty consecutive @entity0 (15 males; 5 females; mean age 65 years) with CTO verified by cardiac catheterisation referred to CMRI. Sixteen of them got CMRI before and after coronary recanalisation. @entity4 ( @entity4 ), first pass perfusion with @entity5 and viability were assessed using a 1.5 T MR scanner (Sonata; Siemens). CMRI results were compared with clinical classifications, the results of cardiac catheterisation and follow up angiography. RESULTS: Sixteen @entity0 had a successful recanalisation, 15 of the occluded coronary artery and one of collateral donor artery stenosis. After recanalisation all stress-induced progressive or new @entity4 ( @entity4 ) of the corresponding segments and in the collateral donor territory (5 @entity0 ) and all @entity5 induced @entity2 ( @entity2 ) or delay (12 @entity0 ) were regredient. 13/16 @entity0 showed no transmural and one @entity0 transmural delayed enhancement (DE) indicating @entity3 . In 10/16 @entity0 CSS grading of angina improved after recanalisation. CONCLUSION: After successful recanalisation of CTOs, @entity0 with preinterventional stress-induced PDs and @entity4 in viable myocardium did not display any signs of stress-induced @entity1 postinterventionally. A comprehensive CMRI approach, including assessment of rest and stress @entity4 , first pass perfusion and myocardial viability represents an important tool for the pre-interventional decision to recanalise CTOs and follow up.

title: Impact on XXXX stress cardiac magnetic resonance for recanalisation and follow up of chronic total coronary occlusions.

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the short-term and long-term results in @entity0 undergoing radiofrequency (RF) for @entity2 ( @entity2 ). STUDY DESIGN: Case series and planned data collection. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A study was undertaken on 72 @entity2 @entity0 with palatal and tongue base obstruction based on radiography and physical findings. Multilevel RF was conducted to reduce the tissue. RESULTS: @entity0 had a mean age of 35.8 +/- 10.9 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 28.8 +/- 2.4 kg/m(2). The mean follow-up was 14.2 +/- 1.8 months, with a range of 12 to 16 months. Mean baseline @entity2 index (AHI), short-term AHI, and long-term AHI were 35.6 +/- 9.2, 12.5 +/- 4.8, and 16.8 +/- 3.2, respectively. Mean baseline lowest @entity1 saturation (LSAT), short-term LSAT, and long-term LSAT were 85.6 +/- 3.4 percent, 88.7 +/- 2.9 percent, and 88.2 +/- 1.7 percent, respectively. The change in BMI was significantly different in the @entity0 with and without recurrence (2.8 +/- 1.8 vs 0.3 +/- 0.2 kg/m(2), P < 0.01). Forty (55.6%) @entity0 had long-term success, and eight (16.7%) @entity0 with short-term success failed in the long term. Serious complications were not encountered. CONCLUSION: RF is a minimally invasive and effective procedure that results in long-term success for @entity0 with a relatively low BMI and mild to moderate @entity2 without nasal obstruction. However, a recommendation concerning weight control and a regular follow-up are important because some @entity0 will relapse in the long term.

title: Radiofrequency surgery for the treatment of XXXX : short-term and long-term results.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a @entity2 ( @entity2 ) or a selective neck dissection (SND) is indicated as planned post-primary chemoradiation treatment (CRT) for @entity0 with advanced @entity5 ( @entity5 ). STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: A community teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: @entity0 with advanced @entity5 who received a uniform CRT protocol at Greater Baltimore Medical Center (GBMC). METHODS: Medical records of @entity0 treated with primary CRT for locoregionally advanced @entity5 at GBMC between 2001 and 2007 were reviewed. All @entity0 received 7000 to 7500, 6000, and 5000 cGy to primary disease sites, involved cervical lymphatics, and uninvolved cervical and supraclavicular lymphatics, respectively, with concomitant @entity4 (12 mg/m(2)/1 h) and @entity6 (600 mg/m(2)/20 h) given on days one through five and 29 through 33. RESULTS: Seventy-six @entity0 received CRT, and 41 met the criteria for neck dissection. Forty-eight neck dissections were performed (34 unilateral and 7 bilateral), of which 23 (48%) were CNDs and 25 (52%) were SNDs. @entity3 was found in six (26%) of the @entity2 and five (20%) of the SND heminecks. The @entity2 group had six (26%) complications, whereas the SND group had two (8%). CONCLUSION: The high rate of @entity1 demonstrated in this study supports the need for post-CRT neck dissection. Although complication rates were not significantly different between the two groups, the trend in this study indicates that SND results in less morbidity. The presumed reduced morbidity and equivalent regional control rate suggest that SND is an appropriate surgical option for @entity5 @entity0 after primary CRT.

title: Selective versus @entity2 after chemoradiation for advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a @entity2 ( @entity2 ) or a selective neck dissection (SND) is indicated as planned post-primary chemoradiation treatment (CRT) for @entity0 with advanced @entity5 ( @entity5 ). STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: A community teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: @entity0 with advanced @entity5 who received a uniform CRT protocol at Greater Baltimore Medical Center (GBMC). METHODS: Medical records of @entity0 treated with primary CRT for locoregionally advanced @entity5 at GBMC between 2001 and 2007 were reviewed. All @entity0 received 7000 to 7500, 6000, and 5000 cGy to primary disease sites, involved cervical lymphatics, and uninvolved cervical and supraclavicular lymphatics, respectively, with concomitant @entity4 (12 mg/m(2)/1 h) and @entity6 (600 mg/m(2)/20 h) given on days one through five and 29 through 33. RESULTS: Seventy-six @entity0 received CRT, and 41 met the criteria for neck dissection. Forty-eight neck dissections were performed (34 unilateral and 7 bilateral), of which 23 (48%) were CNDs and 25 (52%) were SNDs. @entity3 was found in six (26%) of the @entity2 and five (20%) of the SND heminecks. The @entity2 group had six (26%) complications, whereas the SND group had two (8%). CONCLUSION: The high rate of @entity1 demonstrated in this study supports the need for post-CRT neck dissection. Although complication rates were not significantly different between the two groups, the trend in this study indicates that SND results in less morbidity. The presumed reduced morbidity and equivalent regional control rate suggest that SND is an appropriate surgical option for @entity5 @entity0 after primary CRT.

title: Selective versus XXXX after chemoradiation for advanced @entity5 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is an inherited form of @entity4 caused by activating mutations in the @entity6 -sensing receptor (CaR). Treatment with @entity7 (1-34) may be superior to conventional therapy but is contraindicated in @entity0 , and long-term effects on the skeleton are unknown. The @entity0 is a 20-yr-old female with @entity2 treated with @entity7 continuously since 6 yr and 2 mo of age. A bone biopsy was obtained for histomorphometry and quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI). Her data were compared with one age-, sex-, and length of @entity4 -matched control not on @entity7 and two sex-matched @entity2 controls before and after 1 yr of @entity7 . The @entity0 's growth was normal. @entity9 and hypermagnesuria persisted despite normal or subnormal serum @entity6 and @entity8 levels. @entity10 , without evidence of @entity1 , developed by 19 yr of age. Cancellous bone volume was dramatically elevated in the @entity0 and in @entity2 controls after 1 yr of @entity7 . BMD distribution (BMDD) by qBEI of the @entity0 and @entity2 controls was strikingly shifted toward lower mineralization compared with the non- @entity2 control. Moreover, the @entity2 controls exhibited a further reduction in mineralization after 1 yr of @entity7 . These findings imply a role for CaR in bone matrix mineralization. There were no @entity3 or @entity5 . In conclusion, long-term @entity7 replacement in a @entity0 with @entity2 was not unsafe, increased bone mass without negatively impacting mineralization, and improved serum mineral control but did not prevent @entity10 . Additionally, this may be the first evidence of a role for CaR in @entity0 bone.

title: @entity7 (1-34) replacement therapy in a XXXX with @entity4 caused by a sporadic @entity6 receptor mutation.

answer: @entity0