abstract: @entity4 , one of the commonest @entity2 in western society, remains a major challenge in management. Although the typical @entity0 is elderly and may not withstand @entity3 approaches to treatment, increasing numbers of our population survive to old age, while remaining healthy and active. As @entity4 is a disease of old age, it is therefore likely that there will be an increased requirement to combat this disease in a fit @entity0 population. Although hormonal manipulation provides effective first-line treatment for 70%-80% of @entity0 with @entity1 , the majority of these ultimately relapse. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has not provided a panacea for relapsed, hormone-resistant @entity4 . Despite the significant subjective and objective responses that can be achieved by the use of single agents, the median survival of @entity0 with hormone-resistant disease remains less than 12 months. The use of combination cytotoxic regimens has not altered this. New approaches, perhaps including the development of new cytotoxic agents, innovative uses of established drugs, or the application of the biological response modifiers will be required before this problem is resolved. Until then, we must not be satisfied with inadequate indices of success. The reporting of response rates and of survival statistics drawn from the small group of responding @entity0 is no true indicator of success. Until truly effective treatment is available, we must learn to define more useful indicators of @entity0 benefit, to be more effective in palliating the symptoms of this disease, and to be more critical of the limitations of our progress.

title: Non-hormone chemotherapy for XXXX : principles of treatment and application to the testing of new drugs.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The traditional criterion of 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter of urine to diagnose @entity3 was based on studies of pregnant and nonpregnant @entity0 with asymptomatic @entity6 or acute @entity10 . Recent studies of symptomatic @entity0 revealed that urine cultures in approximately one third of those with confirmed @entity3 grew only 10(2) to 10(4) CFU/mL. The major causes of acute @entity12 among such @entity0 are @entity3 , @entity11 , and @entity4 . In most instances, it is possible to make the diagnosis based on clinical features. The major features of @entity3 are internal @entity12 ; frequency, urgency, and voiding of small volumes; abrupt onset; @entity2 ; presence of @entity13 . Presence of @entity7 which occurs in about 50 percent of @entity0 strongly suggests bacterial @entity9 . Three to seven days of empiric antimicrobial therapy is indicated for these @entity0 , with selection of a first-line antimicrobial agent that offers efficacy against @entity5 or @entity14 ; reasonable cost; few side effects. @entity8 is not recommended. Indications for culture include uncertain clinical features; history of previous infection within the past three weeks; duration of symptoms of more than seven days; recent hospitalization or catheterization; pregnancy; @entity1 . To maximize the sensitivity and specificity of the urine culture in acutely symptomatic @entity0 , it is necessary to request the laboratory to report 10(2) to 10(4) CFU/mL.

title: Protocol for diagnosis of XXXX : reconsidering the criterion for significant @entity6 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: The traditional criterion of 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter of urine to diagnose @entity3 was based on studies of pregnant and nonpregnant @entity0 with asymptomatic @entity6 or acute @entity10 . Recent studies of symptomatic @entity0 revealed that urine cultures in approximately one third of those with confirmed @entity3 grew only 10(2) to 10(4) CFU/mL. The major causes of acute @entity12 among such @entity0 are @entity3 , @entity11 , and @entity4 . In most instances, it is possible to make the diagnosis based on clinical features. The major features of @entity3 are internal @entity12 ; frequency, urgency, and voiding of small volumes; abrupt onset; @entity2 ; presence of @entity13 . Presence of @entity7 which occurs in about 50 percent of @entity0 strongly suggests bacterial @entity9 . Three to seven days of empiric antimicrobial therapy is indicated for these @entity0 , with selection of a first-line antimicrobial agent that offers efficacy against @entity5 or @entity14 ; reasonable cost; few side effects. @entity8 is not recommended. Indications for culture include uncertain clinical features; history of previous infection within the past three weeks; duration of symptoms of more than seven days; recent hospitalization or catheterization; pregnancy; @entity1 . To maximize the sensitivity and specificity of the urine culture in acutely symptomatic @entity0 , it is necessary to request the laboratory to report 10(2) to 10(4) CFU/mL.

title: Protocol for diagnosis of @entity3 : reconsidering the criterion for significant XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Transecting the axons of neurons in the adult superior cervical ganglion (SCG; axotomy) results in the survival of most postganglionic neurons, the influx of circulating monocytes, proliferation of satellite cells, and changes in neuronal gene expression. In contrast, transecting the afferent input to the SCG (decentralization) results in nerve @entity1 and elicits a different pattern of gene expression. We examined the effects of decentralization on macrophages in the SCG and compared the results to those previously obtained after axotomy. Monoclonal antibodies were used to identify infiltrating ( @entity3 +) and resident ( @entity2 +) macrophages, as well as macrophages expressing MHC class II molecules (OX6+). Normal @entity0 contained @entity2 + cells and OX6+ cells, but few infiltrating macrophages. After decentralization, the number of infiltrating @entity3 + cells increased in the SCG to a density about twofold greater than that previously seen after axotomy. Both the densities of @entity2 + and OX6+ cells were essentially unchanged after decentralization, though a large increase in OX6+ cells occurred after axotomy. Proliferation among the ganglion's total non-neuronal cell population was examined and found to increase about twofold after decentralization and about fourfold after axotomy. Double-labeling experiments indicated that some of these proliferating cells were macrophages. After both surgical procedures, the percentage of proliferating @entity2 + macrophages increased, while neither procedure altered the proliferation of @entity3 + macrophages. Axotomy, though not decentralization, increased the proliferation of OX6+ cells. Future studies must address what role(s) infiltrating and/or resident macrophages play in regions of decentralized and axotomized neurons and, if both are involved, whether they play distinct roles.

title: A comparison of the changes in the non-neuronal cell populations of the superior cervical XXXX following decentralization and axotomy.

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: Though currently asymptomatic, a sickle cell trait can be responsible for @entity1 with macroscopic @entity3 . METHODS: Ten @entity0 were admitted to our department with gross @entity3 in sickle trait. RESULTS: Six blacks @entity0 and four blacks @entity0 , aged from 17 to 53 years, had recurrent episodes of gross @entity3 with clots in five @entity0 with @entity2 in four @entity0 . Duration of gross @entity3 varied from two weeks to two years. Imaging findings were normal. Urinary concentration ability was abnormally low in all @entity0 but none had an impairement of the ability to dilute the urine or tubular dysfunction. Resolution of @entity3 was obtained by abundant and alkaline hydratation in three @entity0 . In six @entity0 , @entity5 was successfully employed, with a complete (3/6) or partial (3/6) efficiency. In one last @entity0 , oral @entity4 permitted a partial improvement. CONCLUSION: Combination of chemical and physical factors in renal medullary of sickle cell trait are responsible for gross @entity3 and impaired capacity to concentrate the urine. A cautious care must still be given to make this association a diagnostic of exclusion. Clinical is usually benign. When resting and alkaline hydration are not sufficient to resolve @entity3 , antifibrinolytic agents such as aprotinin, oral @entity4 , urologic technical are sometimes necessary.

title: [Macroscopic XXXX associated with sickle cell anemia trait: report of ten cases].

answer: @entity3


abstract: We investigated the relation between clotting factor concentration, the parameters of the thrombin generation curve (the thrombogram) and the severity of clinically observed @entity1 in @entity0 with @entity2 of prothrombin (n = 21), factor V (n = 22), factor VII (n = 22), factor X (n = 10), factor XI (n = 7) and factor XII (n = 6). The parameters used were: area under the curve (endogenous thrombin potential, ETP), peak concentration of thrombin attained and lag time before manifest formation. Peak height and ETP varied linearly with the concentration of prothrombin. For the other factors these parameters hyperbolically approached to the 100% limit with increasing clotting factor concentration. Half normal ETP was seen at about the following concentrations: prothrombin (50%), factor V (1%), factor VII (2%), factor X (5%) and factor XI (1%). As a rule, the peak height was some-what more sensitive to clotting factor decrease than the ETP was. In all the @entity0 with severe @entity1 symptoms the ETP was less than 20% of normal. Bleeding tendency was absent or mild in @entity0 with an ETP of 30% or higher. This value (except for prothrombin) is already obtained at concentrations of clotting factor of 1%-2%, which corroborates the clinical observation that a severe @entity1 tendency is only seen in severe clotting @entity3 (less than 1%). The one exception was a @entity0 with @entity4 and severe @entity1 , who showed a normal ETP value, albeit with a decreased peak height and a prolonged lag-time.

title: The thrombogram in rare inherited coagulation disorders: its relation to clinical XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: For nearly a century, the terms " @entity3 " have been used interchangeably without defined clinical or histologic criteria. OBJECTIVE: To define the conditions " @entity3 " by correlating the clinical and histologic features. METHODS: We retrospectively identified six @entity0 with @entity1 and nodules from 70 consecutive @entity0 with @entity3 seen in the dermatology clinic. The clinical presentation and histopathological findings were reviewed. RESULTS: Six of 70 @entity0 with @entity3 (45 systemic and 25 @entity3 ) exhibited @entity1 . All these @entity0 had @entity2 . Clinically one @entity0 (case 1) had nodules; five (cases 2-6) had keloids. The nodular lesions had histologic findings consistent with keloid, while the keloidal plaques were variably keloids or @entity3 histopathologically. There was no correlation between the clinical morphology and the histologic findings, except for cases 5 and 6. These @entity0 were African-American, with a family history of keloids and typical keloids clinically and histologically that developed from sites with normal skin. CONCLUSION: @entity3 are clinical terms that describe keloidal and nodular lesions in @entity0 most commonly with @entity3 . The clinicopathologic association is variable. Based on a review of the English literature and our series of six @entity0 , we identified two clinical variants; (1) @entity1 arising from sclerodermatous skin with histologic findings of keloid or @entity3 , (2) typical keloids clinically and histologically, arising in normal skin in @entity0 with a family history of keloids. Awareness of these entities is important for proper diagnosis of the cutaneous lesions and for recognizing that the cutaneous findings may be a sign of @entity2

title: @entity3 : two distinct clinical variants of XXXX ?

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: For nearly a century, the terms " @entity3 " have been used interchangeably without defined clinical or histologic criteria. OBJECTIVE: To define the conditions " @entity3 " by correlating the clinical and histologic features. METHODS: We retrospectively identified six @entity0 with @entity1 and nodules from 70 consecutive @entity0 with @entity3 seen in the dermatology clinic. The clinical presentation and histopathological findings were reviewed. RESULTS: Six of 70 @entity0 with @entity3 (45 systemic and 25 @entity3 ) exhibited @entity1 . All these @entity0 had @entity2 . Clinically one @entity0 (case 1) had nodules; five (cases 2-6) had keloids. The nodular lesions had histologic findings consistent with keloid, while the keloidal plaques were variably keloids or @entity3 histopathologically. There was no correlation between the clinical morphology and the histologic findings, except for cases 5 and 6. These @entity0 were African-American, with a family history of keloids and typical keloids clinically and histologically that developed from sites with normal skin. CONCLUSION: @entity3 are clinical terms that describe keloidal and nodular lesions in @entity0 most commonly with @entity3 . The clinicopathologic association is variable. Based on a review of the English literature and our series of six @entity0 , we identified two clinical variants; (1) @entity1 arising from sclerodermatous skin with histologic findings of keloid or @entity3 , (2) typical keloids clinically and histologically, arising in normal skin in @entity0 with a family history of keloids. Awareness of these entities is important for proper diagnosis of the cutaneous lesions and for recognizing that the cutaneous findings may be a sign of @entity2

title: XXXX : two distinct clinical variants of @entity3 ?

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Insecure attachment style relates to @entity2 in @entity0 , but its relationship to @entity2 associated with childbirth is largely unknown. A new UK-designed measure, the Attachment Style Interview (ASI), has potential for cross-cultural use as a risk marker for @entity1 . AIMS: To establish there liability of the ASI across centres, its stability over a 9-month period, and its associations with social context and major or minor @entity2 . METHOD: The ASI was used by nine centres antenatally on 204 @entity0 , with 174 followed up 6 months postnatally. Interrater reliability was tested and the ASI was repeated on a subset of 96 @entity0 . @entity3 was assessed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. RESULTS: Satisfactory interrater reliability was achieved with relatively high stability rates at follow-up. Insecure attachment related to lower social class position and more negative social context. Specific associations of avoidant attachment style (angry-dismissive or withdrawn) with @entity1 , and anxious style (enmeshed or fearful) with @entity1 were found. CONCLUSIONS: The ASI can be used reliably in European and US centres as a measure for risk associated with childbirth. Its use will contribute to theoretically under pinned preventive action for disorders associated with childbirth.

title: Maternal attachment style and XXXX associated with childbirth: preliminary results from a European and US cross-cultural study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a lack of comparative data on the prevalence and effects of exposure to violence in African youth. AIMS: We assessed @entity1 exposure, post-traumatic stress symptoms and gender differences in adolescents from two African countries. METHOD: A sample of 2041 @entity0 and @entity0 from 18 schools in CapeTown and Nairobi completed anonymous self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: More than 80% reported exposure to severe @entity1 , either as victims or witnesses. Kenyan adolescents, compared with South African, had significantly higher rates of exposure to witnessing violence (69% v. 58%), physical assault by a family member (27% v. 14%) and sexual assault (18% v. 14%). But rates of current full-symptom @entity2 ( @entity2 ) (22.2% v. 5%) and current partial-symptom @entity2 (12% v. 8%) were significantly higher in the South African sample. @entity0 were as likely as @entity0 to meet @entity2 symptom criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Although the lifetime exposure to @entity1 was comparable across both settings, Kenyan adolescents had much lower rates of @entity2 . This difference may be attributable to cultural and other @entity1 -related variables. High rates of sexual assault and @entity2 , traditionally documented in @entity0 , may also occur in @entity0 and warrant further study.

title: XXXX exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in urban African schools. Survey in CapeTown and Nairobi.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Reciprocal inhibitory influences of heterotopic nociceptive stimuli have been known for centuries (counter-irritation phenomena). To assess whether such phenomena could be measured objectively in a @entity3 model, we have investigated the writhing behaviour induced by a viscero-peritoneal nociceptive stimulus (i.p. @entity5 ) in arthritic @entity0 . The latter was induced by s.c. injection of mycobacterium butyricum suspended in oil into the base of the tail and experiments carried out at various (1-9 weeks) post-inoculation periods. To assess the @entity2 -induced hyperaesthesia, the threshold for struggle triggered by a calibrated pressure applied on an inflamed hindpaw (Randall-Selitto test) was measured before each experiment. A clear relationship was observed between the two parameters during the evolution of the disease. In the most severe phase (2nd to 5th week post-inoculation), when @entity2 -induced hyperaesthesia was most pronounced (50% reduction of the threshold for struggle), writhing behaviour was strongly reduced (80%). At that time, writhing behaviour was enhanced by @entity4 (0.4 mg/kg i.v.). In the following period (5-9 weeks), the progressive decrease of hyperaesthesia was correlated with a recovery of the writhing behaviour. We conclude that in this @entity3 model, the behavioral reaction to a viscero-peritoneal nociceptive stimulus is impaired. Endogenous opioid systems could be involved in this phenomenon. Such heterotopic inhibitory processes could be relevant to some paradoxical clinical observations such as the masking of a @entity1 by the experience of @entity1 at another locus.

title: The response to viscero-peritoneal nociceptive stimuli is reduced in experimental arthritic XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Small spinal (intrathecal or extrathecal) doses of opioids induce a long-lasting and regional analgesic effect in various experimental animal models. Nowadays extrathecal @entity3 administration is considered an established method of controlling postoperative and @entity1 -induced @entity2 conditions. The potency of @entity3 applied by the spinal route is higher than when the drug is applied by the intravenous (IV) route. Opioids which are more lipophilic than @entity3 will provide a marginally better analgesic effect when administered by the spinal route as compared with the IV route. Several controlled clinical trials in postoperative @entity0 have demonstrated that a single dose of @entity3 administered by the spinal route gives a more long-lasting action than a similar IV dose. It is not known whether frequent @entity0 -controlled administration of @entity3 may provide equally good @entity4 without additional side effects. The use of spinal @entity3 in the treatment of @entity1 -related @entity2 is based on clinical experience only. There are risks in replacing opioid administration by the oral or IV route with spinal opioids. @entity3 should only be used in selected cases until the advantage of spinal opioid @entity4 to control postoperative and @entity1 has been clearly defined in well-designed clinical studies. Spinal @entity3 dosages must be individualised according to the intensity of the nociceptive stimuli and should take into account intra-individual variability in drug responses due to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors.

title: Spinal opioid XXXX . A critical update.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: The identification of malignant cells in effusions by conventional cytology is hampered by its limited sensitivity. The aim of this study was to improve @entity1 cell detection in effusions by molecular approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 157 effusions from @entity0 with @entity1 and 72 effusions from @entity0 without a history or evidence of @entity1 were included in this study. All effusion specimens were evaluated in parallel by cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for @entity2 , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of @entity0 mammaglobin (hMAM) and @entity3 (hMAM-B). RESULTS: In effusions from @entity0 with @entity1 , the sensitivities of @entity1 cell detection by cytology, FISH, and hMAM and hMAM-B detection were 46.2%, 53.3%, 36.4%, and 57.7%, respectively. The corresponding specificities were 94.4%, 97.0%, 87.1%, and 88.6%. Notably, a high percentage of effusions containing malignant cells were in fact transudates, indicating the necessity for molecular diagnostic work-up of transudates collected from @entity0 with @entity1 . Dependent on the @entity1 type, the use of appropriate marker combinations improved @entity1 cell detection in effusions significantly. By combining all four diagnostic tests, a positive test result indicating the presence of @entity1 was achieved in 81.1%, with a fairly good specificity of 70.1%. CONCLUSION: Molecular techniques are definitely useful to detect @entity1 in cytologically negative effusions. Tumor cell detection in effusions can be significantly improved by FISH and PCR techniques applying appropriate molecular markers. This finding should help to improve @entity1 staging, prognostic assessment, and treatment monitoring.

title: Combination of cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization for XXXX , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for @entity0 mammaglobin/ @entity3 expression improves diagnosis of malignant effusions.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: The identification of malignant cells in effusions by conventional cytology is hampered by its limited sensitivity. The aim of this study was to improve @entity1 cell detection in effusions by molecular approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 157 effusions from @entity0 with @entity1 and 72 effusions from @entity0 without a history or evidence of @entity1 were included in this study. All effusion specimens were evaluated in parallel by cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for @entity2 , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of @entity0 mammaglobin (hMAM) and @entity3 (hMAM-B). RESULTS: In effusions from @entity0 with @entity1 , the sensitivities of @entity1 cell detection by cytology, FISH, and hMAM and hMAM-B detection were 46.2%, 53.3%, 36.4%, and 57.7%, respectively. The corresponding specificities were 94.4%, 97.0%, 87.1%, and 88.6%. Notably, a high percentage of effusions containing malignant cells were in fact transudates, indicating the necessity for molecular diagnostic work-up of transudates collected from @entity0 with @entity1 . Dependent on the @entity1 type, the use of appropriate marker combinations improved @entity1 cell detection in effusions significantly. By combining all four diagnostic tests, a positive test result indicating the presence of @entity1 was achieved in 81.1%, with a fairly good specificity of 70.1%. CONCLUSION: Molecular techniques are definitely useful to detect @entity1 in cytologically negative effusions. Tumor cell detection in effusions can be significantly improved by FISH and PCR techniques applying appropriate molecular markers. This finding should help to improve @entity1 staging, prognostic assessment, and treatment monitoring.

title: Combination of cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization for @entity2 , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for @entity0 mammaglobin/ XXXX expression improves diagnosis of malignant effusions.

answer: @entity3


abstract: PURPOSE: The identification of malignant cells in effusions by conventional cytology is hampered by its limited sensitivity. The aim of this study was to improve @entity1 cell detection in effusions by molecular approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 157 effusions from @entity0 with @entity1 and 72 effusions from @entity0 without a history or evidence of @entity1 were included in this study. All effusion specimens were evaluated in parallel by cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for @entity2 , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of @entity0 mammaglobin (hMAM) and @entity3 (hMAM-B). RESULTS: In effusions from @entity0 with @entity1 , the sensitivities of @entity1 cell detection by cytology, FISH, and hMAM and hMAM-B detection were 46.2%, 53.3%, 36.4%, and 57.7%, respectively. The corresponding specificities were 94.4%, 97.0%, 87.1%, and 88.6%. Notably, a high percentage of effusions containing malignant cells were in fact transudates, indicating the necessity for molecular diagnostic work-up of transudates collected from @entity0 with @entity1 . Dependent on the @entity1 type, the use of appropriate marker combinations improved @entity1 cell detection in effusions significantly. By combining all four diagnostic tests, a positive test result indicating the presence of @entity1 was achieved in 81.1%, with a fairly good specificity of 70.1%. CONCLUSION: Molecular techniques are definitely useful to detect @entity1 in cytologically negative effusions. Tumor cell detection in effusions can be significantly improved by FISH and PCR techniques applying appropriate molecular markers. This finding should help to improve @entity1 staging, prognostic assessment, and treatment monitoring.

title: Combination of cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization for @entity2 , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for XXXX mammaglobin/ @entity3 expression improves diagnosis of malignant effusions.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The effect of an intended diet, high in cereal fibre, low in fat and @entity4 was assessed over a 3-month period in 13 type 2 @entity1 @entity0 with moderate @entity2 (diastolic blood pressure greater than 105 and less than 115 mmHg without antihypertension drug therapy). Eleven @entity0 completed the study and two @entity0 were withdrawn owing to an increase of blood pressure above initial values after 1 month. Using a compliance scoring system by an observer unaware of blood pressure response, @entity0 were divided into those compliant to the dietary regimen (n = 7; group A) and those who were not, and therefore were considered controls (n = 4; group B). Group A demonstrated significant reductions in systolic (190.4 +/- 18 to 166.6 +/- 22.4 mmHg; P less than 0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (113.1 +/- 3.7 to 103.3 +/- 9.1 mmHg; P less than 0.01), weight (78.5 +/- 5.6 to 74.3 +/- 6.8 kg; P less than 0.02), daily urinary @entity4 excretion (210.3 +/- 79.9 to 120.3 +/- 56.1 mmol; P less than 0.02) and serum LDL levels (P less than 0.02). A reduction in glycosylated haemoglobin of 2.2 per cent was also noted. Three @entity0 achieved a diastolic blood pressure level below 100 mmHg. In contrast, no significant changes occurred in group B. In @entity3 (111.0 +/- 2.2 to 110.3 +/- 8.9 mmHg) remained unchanged. We conclude that the modified diet may have a @entity3 effect in @entity1 subjects with moderate @entity2 . However, the degree of blood pressure reduction suggests that this diet could, at best, only be considered an adjunct to conventional antihypertensive drug therapy.

title: Effect of a high carbohydrate, low @entity4 and low fat diet in type 2 diabetics with moderate XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The effect of an intended diet, high in cereal fibre, low in fat and @entity4 was assessed over a 3-month period in 13 type 2 @entity1 @entity0 with moderate @entity2 (diastolic blood pressure greater than 105 and less than 115 mmHg without antihypertension drug therapy). Eleven @entity0 completed the study and two @entity0 were withdrawn owing to an increase of blood pressure above initial values after 1 month. Using a compliance scoring system by an observer unaware of blood pressure response, @entity0 were divided into those compliant to the dietary regimen (n = 7; group A) and those who were not, and therefore were considered controls (n = 4; group B). Group A demonstrated significant reductions in systolic (190.4 +/- 18 to 166.6 +/- 22.4 mmHg; P less than 0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (113.1 +/- 3.7 to 103.3 +/- 9.1 mmHg; P less than 0.01), weight (78.5 +/- 5.6 to 74.3 +/- 6.8 kg; P less than 0.02), daily urinary @entity4 excretion (210.3 +/- 79.9 to 120.3 +/- 56.1 mmol; P less than 0.02) and serum LDL levels (P less than 0.02). A reduction in glycosylated haemoglobin of 2.2 per cent was also noted. Three @entity0 achieved a diastolic blood pressure level below 100 mmHg. In contrast, no significant changes occurred in group B. In @entity3 (111.0 +/- 2.2 to 110.3 +/- 8.9 mmHg) remained unchanged. We conclude that the modified diet may have a @entity3 effect in @entity1 subjects with moderate @entity2 . However, the degree of blood pressure reduction suggests that this diet could, at best, only be considered an adjunct to conventional antihypertensive drug therapy.

title: Effect of a high carbohydrate, low XXXX and low fat diet in type 2 diabetics with moderate @entity2 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a group of @entity0 with @entity4 and to highlight diagnostic difficulties based on current diagnostic criteria. METHODS: The @entity0 database of a general neurological department was searched for @entity0 with established or suspected diagnosis of @entity4 . Twenty-four @entity0 were identified with definite (n = 3), probable (n = 10) and possible @entity4 (n = 10). History and clinical, laboratory and imaging data of @entity0 with definite and probable @entity4 were analyzed. RESULTS: @entity2 were a dominant clinical feature, with the optic nerve being affected most frequently. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis was found in more than half of the patients. Intrathecal IgG synthesis and oligoclonal bands were less frequent. There was a wide array of @entity1 in both groups. Chest X-ray was false negative in 2 of 5 @entity0 who also underwent a thoracic CT. Therapy with @entity3 was initiated in all @entity0 . After a median of 36 months, 6 of 8 @entity0 with follow-up data of >24 months were still in remission. Aggravation of symptoms required therapy escalation in 2 @entity0 . CONCLUSION: There is a wide range of clinical symptoms and test results in @entity0 with "definite" or "probable" @entity4 . Because systemic involvement is a crucial diagnostic criterion, extensive medical work-up may be necessary. Prognosis under corticosteroid treatment may be better than previously thought.

title: XXXX : clinical experience and diagnostic pitfalls.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Immunotoxicity is defined as the adverse effects of foreign substances (xenobiotics) on the immune system. Two types of effects are possible: immunosuppression (which may result in an increased susceptibility to @entity4 or to the development of @entity1 ) and immunopotentiation (which may manifest as an @entity6 or as @entity7 ). There is, as yet, little evidence that well controlled occupational exposure to industrial chemicals has led to clinically significant immunosuppression. In contrast, a number of industrial chemicals have been shown to cause immunopotentiation in exposed populations, producing occupational @entity5 and @entity8 and possibly @entity7 . In experimental models, immunosuppression (usually assessed by in vivo or in vitro immune function tests) has been induced by a wide range of chemicals but there are a few reports of the immunosuppression leading directly to an increased susceptibility to @entity4 or to the development of @entity1 . Predictive experimental models are available for type @entity2 , but the identification of chemicals that have a potential to cause other types of @entity6 or autoimmune reactions requires further research and the development and validation of new animal models. It is considered that routine subacute and chronic @entity3 studies should include a full gross and histopathological assessment of the lymphoid organs to more accurately detect the potential of a chemical to cause immunotoxicity. Should such studies indicate that a substance has affected the immune system directly, an assessment of overall immune competence and function tests may be necessary using dose levels below those which cause @entity3 . However, precise interpretation of immune function tests in terms of their relevance to @entity0 health requires an improved understanding of the extent of the functional reserve of the immune system. A strategy for assessing immunotoxicity in exposed @entity0 populations demonstrates a need for reliable clinical assessment, accurate medical record-keeping, an environmental and biological monitoring for levels of contaminating chemicals and the judicious use of well-validated immune function tests.

title: Identification of immunotoxic effects of chemicals and assessment of their relevance to XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The gross criteria for diagnosing prolapsing mitral valve are: 1. interchordal hooding of the involved leaflets, 2. hooding or doming of leaflets towards the left atrium, 3. elongation of the involved leaflets resulting in an increase in valve area, 4. dilatation of the valve annulus in @entity0 with severe @entity2 . The posterior leaflet is most frequently affected. The involved leaflets, in general, are thickened, soft, greyish white and have a smooth atrial surface. Chordae tendineae are described as elongated, tortuous and attenuated or thinned. Deviations from normal chordal insertion have recently been observed which possibly appear to represent the underlying abnormality. Microscopic findings include significant thickening of the spongiosa and the fibrosa, changes in dense collagen fibers in the atrialis layer, occasionally, with fibrin platelet deposits. Histochemical characterization of changes in the spongiosa may also be helpful in the diagnosis. Ultrastructurally, there may be changes in collagen and elastic fibers as well as myxoid areas. On comparison of findings in surgically-removed mitral valves with those of control specimens from autopsy @entity0 with no @entity1 , the length of the anterior and posterior leaflet as well as the annular ring diameter was larger in the valves with prolapse. Two-dimensional echocardiography accurately assessed leaflet length when compared to morphologic measurements, however, the annular diameter during systole or diastole was smaller. In @entity0 with @entity2 requiring surgery, @entity7 is the most common cause. Annular ring dilatation and chordae tendineae @entity3 appear to contribute substantially to incurrence of the @entity2 . The heart weight is increased in the majority of @entity0 with symptomatic @entity7 but normal, however, in those without symptoms. The most frequent complication of @entity7 is @entity2 with or without @entity4 . @entity0 with redundant leaflets may be at high risk of @entity6 . Young @entity0 with abnormal resting ECG, prolonged Q-T interval, family history of @entity6 may also be at a greater risk of @entity6 . The incidence of @entity5 appears higher in those with redundant than in those with nonredundant valves. The incidence of cerebral ischemic events is low.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: The pathology of XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of annealing treatments on the mechanical properties of @entity1 sutures, and their subsequent influence on @entity2 degradation properties. An attempt was made to develop a better understanding of the degradation mechanism of synthetic absorbable sutures, including the relationship of their structure, morphology, and mechanical properties. @entity2 sutures were annealed under selected axial strain (freely hung, 0%, 1%, 10%), at four temperatures (150 degrees C, 170 degrees C, 180 degrees C, 190 degrees C), and two times (5 and 20 min). The annealed @entity2 specimens were then subjected to hydrolysis in @entity0 -buffer solutions (pH = 7.4) for up to 28 days at 37 degrees C. Tensile properties were used to evaluate the effect of annealing treatments. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using the SAS system. All of the one-, and many of the two- and three-factor interactions were found to be statistically significant. Annealing treatments did alter the mechanical properties of @entity2 sutures, as well as their degradation properties. Except for the increase in tenacity of samples with increasing percent extension, all other respects of the annealing treatments resulted in lower tenacity and breaking elongation when compared with the control samples. Sutures that have been exposed to any level of axial tension during annealing, however, exhibited a lower rate of hydrolytic degradation than the freely hung suture samples. The reduction of the characteristics of fiber structure due to the tendency of the tie-chain molecules to acquire the less constrained conformations and thus to bring the crystal blocks they connect back to the original arrangement before drawing is believed to be responsible for the freely hung specimens to behave quite differently from the clamped and stressed @entity2 samples.

title: The effect of annealing treatments on the tensile properties and hydrolytic degradative properties of XXXX sutures.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We assessed the nature and progression of @entity6 and histaminic reactivity in English short-haired @entity3 at 2, 24, 72, 168, and 504 hours after @entity9 ( @entity8 ) exposure (4 hours of 3 ppm of TDI for 5 consecutive days). To also determine whether TDI-specific, IgE-like antibodies developed in TDI-exposed animals, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis testing was done 28 days after TDI. Bronchial reactivity was determined serially by measuring specific airway conductance as a function of increasing doses of aerosolized @entity2 in six exposed and three control animals studied intact and unanesthetized. The remaining 10 exposed and 10 control @entity3 were sacrificed in groups of two at each time point to obtain airway tissue for light microscopic examination. We found that @entity4 to @entity2 occurred after TDI in all animals tested. It was maximal 2 hours after the 5-day exposure and remitted by 72 hours. In addition, marked @entity4 occurred after TDI that persisted for at least 168 hours. There were dramatic signs of @entity0 associated with the @entity7 that included substantial decreases in epithelial cilia, mucin content, and mast cells, as well as @entity5 , numerous mitotic figures, and a prominent polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltrate. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests in exposed animals were negative. Our results suggest that TDI-induced @entity7 may be related to @entity6 and @entity1 .

title: @entity9 -induced XXXX and pathology in the @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: We assessed the nature and progression of @entity6 and histaminic reactivity in English short-haired @entity3 at 2, 24, 72, 168, and 504 hours after @entity9 ( @entity8 ) exposure (4 hours of 3 ppm of TDI for 5 consecutive days). To also determine whether TDI-specific, IgE-like antibodies developed in TDI-exposed animals, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis testing was done 28 days after TDI. Bronchial reactivity was determined serially by measuring specific airway conductance as a function of increasing doses of aerosolized @entity2 in six exposed and three control animals studied intact and unanesthetized. The remaining 10 exposed and 10 control @entity3 were sacrificed in groups of two at each time point to obtain airway tissue for light microscopic examination. We found that @entity4 to @entity2 occurred after TDI in all animals tested. It was maximal 2 hours after the 5-day exposure and remitted by 72 hours. In addition, marked @entity4 occurred after TDI that persisted for at least 168 hours. There were dramatic signs of @entity0 associated with the @entity7 that included substantial decreases in epithelial cilia, mucin content, and mast cells, as well as @entity5 , numerous mitotic figures, and a prominent polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltrate. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests in exposed animals were negative. Our results suggest that TDI-induced @entity7 may be related to @entity6 and @entity1 .

title: @entity9 -induced @entity4 and pathology in the XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: We assessed the nature and progression of @entity6 and histaminic reactivity in English short-haired @entity3 at 2, 24, 72, 168, and 504 hours after @entity9 ( @entity8 ) exposure (4 hours of 3 ppm of TDI for 5 consecutive days). To also determine whether TDI-specific, IgE-like antibodies developed in TDI-exposed animals, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis testing was done 28 days after TDI. Bronchial reactivity was determined serially by measuring specific airway conductance as a function of increasing doses of aerosolized @entity2 in six exposed and three control animals studied intact and unanesthetized. The remaining 10 exposed and 10 control @entity3 were sacrificed in groups of two at each time point to obtain airway tissue for light microscopic examination. We found that @entity4 to @entity2 occurred after TDI in all animals tested. It was maximal 2 hours after the 5-day exposure and remitted by 72 hours. In addition, marked @entity4 occurred after TDI that persisted for at least 168 hours. There were dramatic signs of @entity0 associated with the @entity7 that included substantial decreases in epithelial cilia, mucin content, and mast cells, as well as @entity5 , numerous mitotic figures, and a prominent polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltrate. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests in exposed animals were negative. Our results suggest that TDI-induced @entity7 may be related to @entity6 and @entity1 .

title: XXXX -induced @entity4 and pathology in the @entity3 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Case series. OBJECTIVES: The results of surgical treatment of @entity6 with anterior debridement and fusion followed by delayed posterior stabilization and fusion are presented. METHODS: Forty-two @entity0 with @entity6 are presented. There were 5 cervical, 12 thoracic, 1 thoracolumbar, 19 lumbar, and 5 @entity3 . The most frequently identified organism was @entity5 . Most @entity0 had significant comorbidities, including @entity1 , or were immunocompromised. Ninety percent had elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates and C-reactive proteins, while white blood cell counts were less reliably elevated. Imaging studies included radiographs, CT scans, and MRIs. All @entity0 were treated with anterior debridement and strut grafting followed by 14.4 days of intravenous antibiotics and delayed instrumented posterior fusions and received 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics after surgery. RESULTS: All @entity0 had resolution of their infections with no recurrence. There were two deaths. @entity2 resolved in all @entity0 . The diagnosis of pyogenic @entity6 is frequently delayed and presents a significant surgical challenge. The indications for surgical debridement were neurologic compromise, failed medical treatment, soft tissue extension, extensive vertebral body and disc space destruction, and progressive @entity4 . Many of these @entity0 were severely ill at presentation and required urgent treatment. Anterior debridement and fusion followed by intravenous antibiotics allows for restoration of anterior column support and control of the infection before posterior instrumentation and fusion. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that anterior surgical debridement with fusion, followed by a period of intravenous antibiotics and delayed instrumented posterior fusion, is highly effective in the treatment of pyogenic @entity6 that has failed medical management.

title: Treatment of pyogenic XXXX with anterior debridement and fusion followed by delayed posterior spinal fusion.

answer: @entity6


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case report. PURPOSE: Long-term follow-up. METHODS: A 44-year follow-up after surgery at the age of 1 year for @entity4 with original and current information. BACKGROUND INFORMATION: This long a follow-up after so young a fusion has not previously been reported. Shorter follow-ups have not revealed the problems this @entity0 has had subsequently. RESULTS: @entity5 began 22 years after surgery (age 23 years) and cervical @entity1 began 24 years after surgery (age 25 years). Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion plus posterior fusion of two disc levels were necessary at the age of 36 years. Continued @entity5 resulting from multilevel degeneration causes @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: This @entity0 had an excellent result from his posterior spine fusion at the age of 1 year, with no loss of curve correction, no "crankshafting," and minimal loss of vital capacity. Long-term follow-up did indicate major disabilities resulting from both cervical and lumbar @entity2 .

title: XXXX due to unilateral unsegmented bar: posterior spine fusion at age 12 months with 44-year follow-up.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: We performed this study to determine the outcomes (pathologic response, survival, local-regional control, and @entity2 ) in @entity0 treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and planned operation for stage IIIA @entity5 . METHODS: @entity0 treated from 1993 to 2000 with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and a predetermined plan for subsequent surgical resection for @entity5 were analyzed. All @entity0 underwent pretreatment evaluation at the university's @entity1 Center. Most @entity0 (87%) had complete mediastinoscopy staging, and all were believed to be poor candidates for up-front operation because of bulky extent of disease. The radiotherapy program used conventional, 2-dimensionally planned treatment to 45 to 54 Gy in 1.8- to 2-Gy fraction size. Concurrent chemotherapy consisted of @entity7 / @entity4 or @entity8 / @entity6 . Study end points included resectability, pathologic response, local-regional control, survival, and @entity2 . An exploratory comparison between pathologic response and long-term survival was performed. An exploratory comparison between older chemotherapy ( @entity7 / @entity4 ) and third-generation chemotherapy ( @entity8 / @entity6 ) was also performed. RESULTS: Of 53 @entity0 , 45 (85%) were deemed surgical candidates after induction therapy. Twenty-two (42% of the initial cohort) @entity0 had a major pathologic response to stage 0, I, or II disease. The 5-year actuarial survival was 31%. Major pathologic response was associated with improved survival (48% vs 24%; P =.027). The overall rate of early @entity3 potentially related to therapy in this series was 9%; this mostly occurred in @entity0 who underwent right pneumonectomy. There was no difference in efficacy or mortality between @entity7 / @entity4 and radiotherapy versus @entity8 / @entity6 and radiotherapy, although the latter regimen was associated with less grade 3 or higher acute @entity2 necessitating interruption or hospitalization during neoadjuvant treatment (P =.02). In-field local control was achieved in 83% of all @entity0 (90% of the @entity0 who underwent resection). Brain metastases as the first site of treatment failure occurred in 23% of all @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation delivers high resectability, major pathologic response rate, and excellent local-regional control, with encouraging long-term survival considering the @entity0 population studied. Major pathologic response correlates with long-term survival. Neoadjuvant @entity8 / @entity6 and radiotherapy is an appropriate framework on which to add new therapies.

title: Two commonly used neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimens for locally advanced XXXX : long-term results and associations with pathologic response.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Progressive axonopathy is an autosomal @entity1 of Boxer @entity2 with lesions in the CNS and PNS. This paper describes the axonal changes in the lumbar and cervical nerve roots and tibial nerve. By 2 months of age the proximal paranodal areas of many larger diameter fibres show small axonal swellings, sometimes with attenuation or loss of the associated myelin sheath. Axoplasmic changes within swollen and non-swollen fibres include disorganization of the peripheral neurofilaments and small accumulations of vesicles and vesiculo-tubular profiles, particularly in the sub-axolemmal area. Occasional fibres, more often in the cervical roots, are massively distended with disorganized neurofilaments. The frequency of the membranous accumulations decreases with progression of the disease. Many axons show a markedly irregular or corrugated outline and are surrounded by an @entity4 . The peripheral axonal cytoskeleton is disorganized and misaligned, whereas the central structures maintain a more normal arrangement. Regenerating axonal clusters are common in the cervical ventral roots but occur infrequently in the lumbar roots. Similar axonal changes occur in the peripheral nerves but at a much lower frequency. Any membranous accumulations or cytoskeletal disorganization are more probable in the proximal tibial nerves, while the frequency of @entity3 and regeneration increases distally. The morphological appearances indicate gross disturbances in axon-sheath cell relationships and suggest that abnormalities in the transport of various axoplasmic organelles may be involved in the pathogenesis of the @entity0 .

title: Progressive axonopathy: an XXXX of boxer @entity2 . 3. The peripheral axon lesion with special reference to the nerve roots.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Progressive axonopathy is an autosomal @entity1 of Boxer @entity2 with lesions in the CNS and PNS. This paper describes the axonal changes in the lumbar and cervical nerve roots and tibial nerve. By 2 months of age the proximal paranodal areas of many larger diameter fibres show small axonal swellings, sometimes with attenuation or loss of the associated myelin sheath. Axoplasmic changes within swollen and non-swollen fibres include disorganization of the peripheral neurofilaments and small accumulations of vesicles and vesiculo-tubular profiles, particularly in the sub-axolemmal area. Occasional fibres, more often in the cervical roots, are massively distended with disorganized neurofilaments. The frequency of the membranous accumulations decreases with progression of the disease. Many axons show a markedly irregular or corrugated outline and are surrounded by an @entity4 . The peripheral axonal cytoskeleton is disorganized and misaligned, whereas the central structures maintain a more normal arrangement. Regenerating axonal clusters are common in the cervical ventral roots but occur infrequently in the lumbar roots. Similar axonal changes occur in the peripheral nerves but at a much lower frequency. Any membranous accumulations or cytoskeletal disorganization are more probable in the proximal tibial nerves, while the frequency of @entity3 and regeneration increases distally. The morphological appearances indicate gross disturbances in axon-sheath cell relationships and suggest that abnormalities in the transport of various axoplasmic organelles may be involved in the pathogenesis of the @entity0 .

title: Progressive axonopathy: an @entity1 of boxer XXXX . 3. The peripheral axon lesion with special reference to the nerve roots.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A 12-months study on @entity2 was carried out in the Igwun basin, Nigeria. A total of 1,418 individuals (768 males, and 650 females) were examined for microfilaremia and clinical filarial stigmata. There were 14.3% and 11.1% male and female point prevalence rates, respectively, and an overall prevalence of 12.8%. Prevalence rates and microfilarial density increased with age. The highest mff density of 35 mff/20 ml blood occurred in the 40-49 year old male individuals. Disease rates of 55.5 and 65.3% were recorded for males and females respectively. Chyluria (9.3% males, 16.7% females), hydrocele (17.8%), @entity3 (15.9% males, 29.2% females), and enlarged groin glands (16.4% males, 19.4% females) were the major clinical signs, all associated with microfilaremia. @entity1 and Cules pipiens were the principal vectors. The estimated mean daily, weekly, and monthly per capita biting densities were 26, 161, and 753 respectively. The overall @entity0 rate of mosquitoes was 22.3%, with a mean mff density of approximately 5 mff/mosquito. These vector parameters were indicative of active transmission in the area, and may be responsible for the high prevalence of @entity0 , the diversity of clinical signs, and high morbidity rates.

title: XXXX in the Igwun basin, Nigeria: an epidemiological, parasitological, and clinical study in relation to the transmission dynamics.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The cornerstone of @entity1 management is an appropriate diet. Various diets, including one low in @entity2 , have been recommended in the past. The American @entity1 Association currently recommends a diet high in complex @entity2 and fiber. The diet plan should be individualized. Caloric content is based on the @entity0 's body build, weight, energy needs, and activity and may be adjusted according to individual eating habits, type of insulin regimen, and metabolic derangements. The proportion of caloric sources (fat, @entity2 , protein) may be altered depending on the presence of secondary disorders. Several small daily meals, including a bedtime snack, are advised. @entity1 diets are often cost-effective, contrary to common belief. @entity0 should be encouraged to exercise to achieve optimum diabetic control. Active @entity0 participation in the management program is an essential component of therapy.

title: Nutritional therapy in XXXX . Rationale and recommendations.

answer: @entity1


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: If the sentinel lymph nodes (SNs) draining a primary @entity0 are free of @entity3 , then axillary lymph node dissection is not necessary for management of disease. DESIGN AND INTERVENTION: In July 2000, we reported our initial experience of a small cohort of @entity1 who underwent axillary lymph node dissection only if their SNs were involved with @entity2 . We now report outcome data for all @entity1 who underwent breast conservation and sentinel lymph node dissection without completion axillary lymph node dissection between October 1, 1995, and April 30, 1999. SETTING: Tertiary breast referral center. @entity1 : Two hundred thirty-eight @entity1 whose SN staining results were negative for @entity3 by both @entity6 - @entity7 and imunohistochemical stains. Median age was 58.4 years. Most @entity1 (85%) had a T1 @entity3 ; 15% had a T2 @entity3 . Most (86%) had infiltrating @entity4 with or without extensive @entity4 in situ; 10% had @entity5 . RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 38.9 months (range, 6-69 months), we found no axillary recurrences, and 98.3% of @entity1 are alive without evidence of disease. Three @entity1 have died of causes not related to @entity0 . Four @entity1 are alive with metastatic disease but have not developed axillary recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node dissection is a safe and efficacious treatment option for @entity1 with early @entity0 . It provides excellent regional control and is associated with excellent survival. A multicenter trial such as the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0010 is needed to corroborate findings of this single-institution study.

title: The time has come to change the algorithm for the surgical management of early XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: To examine mast cell involvement in @entity2 , levels of tryptase, a specific marker for mast cell activation, and @entity1 , a marker of mast cell and basophil activation, were measured in nasal-lavage fluid after nasal-allergen challenge. Twelve @entity2 and five nonatopic subjects were challenged with timothy grass or ragweed pollen at increasing doses of allergen. Tryptase and @entity1 levels were determined by an ELISA and radioenzyme assay, respectively; clinical responses were measured by assessment of sneezing, @entity3 , nasal congestion, and ocular tearing or itching. A positive clinical response was observed in seven of the atopic subjects and in none of the nonatopic subjects. Tryptase levels increased at least sevenfold higher than baseline levels in 100% of the atopic clinical responders and reached a maximum at the same dose of allergen where clinical symptoms were maximal. In contrast, @entity1 levels were only threefold or greater elevated in five of seven atopic clinical responders at this dose of allergen. ( @entity1 levels were lower in one subject and were only 50% higher in another subject than the corresponding baseline value.) @entity1 levels and symptom scores were maximal at the same dose of allergen in only four of seven clinical responders. Overlap of peak mediator levels in subjects without a clinical response with those of the clinical responders occurred only in the case of @entity1 . Tryptase levels in nasal-lavage fluid appear promising as a useful indicator of @entity0 and indicate that mast cell activation is the major factor in the immediate nasal- @entity0 response.

title: Tryptase levels in nasal-lavage fluid as an indicator of the immediate XXXX response.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of performing the Burch urethropexy (BU) and the abdominal paravaginal repair (APR) through a 1.5-2.5 in suprapubic incision. A prospective clinical study was undertaken by four urogynecologists. Seventy-three @entity0 , each with a urodynamic and clinical diagnosis of genuine stress @entity1 , underwent a BU procedure, with 33 of the 73 having concomitant APR through the same incision. The duration of surgery and any complications were recorded. Postoperative outcome tests included subjective @entity1 questionnaire, cough stress testing, pad testing, measurement of residual volumes, and analgesia requirements. The BU procedure was accomplished in 72 of 73 @entity0 , with 1 requiring conversion to a 5 in incision. The mean operative time was 64.6 +/-21.9 (SD) min. Intraoperatively, 1 @entity0 was noted to have a suture in the bladder. All @entity0 having only a BU (40) went home on the day of surgery or the first postoperative day, and all @entity0 with BU and APR went home within 2 days. All but 1 @entity0 met the criteria for catheter removal within 7 days, with 1 @entity0 suffering obstructive voiding. At a mean follow-up of 9 months, cough stress test and questionnaire demonstrated complete cure in 70 of 72 @entity0 tested. Pad testing confirmed cure in all of the 46 @entity0 who consented to the test. We conclude that the standard Burch procedure and paravaginal repair can be accomplished safely and with excellent short-term efficacy through a 1.5-2.5 in incision.

title: Mini-incisional Burch urethropexy: a less invasive method to accomplish a time-tested procedure for treatment of genuine stress XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 is a potential complication of anti- @entity1 procedures. Reported rates of @entity3 range from 5% to 20%. There is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the appropriate evaluation and management of this distressing problem. A literature search was carried out using Medline (1966-2001) for @entity0 . The key word urethrolysis was cross-referenced with surgical complications and stress urinary @entity1 to identify all published English-language articles. The bibliographies of reviewed articles were searched manually. We also mailed a survey to the members of American Urogynecologic Society (AUGS) regarding their management of this problem. Overall, 262 members (31.4%) responded to the survey. Success rates reported in the literature between retropubic and vaginal techniques of urethrolysis are comparable, but morbidity is lower with the vaginal approach. The success rates are equivalent with (68%) or without (74%) resuspension following transvaginal urethrolysis. The incidence of postoperative SUI is acceptably low even without resuspension of the urethra (6% for both). Results of the AUGS survey reveal that most providers favor a transvaginal approach (74%) when performing urethrolysis, and they do not routinely resupport the @entity2 (82%).

title: Voiding dysfunction after surgery for stress XXXX : literature review and survey results.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several video-assisted techniques have been used to treat @entity6 ( @entity6 ). The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of thoracoscopic @entity1 for @entity6 . METHODS: From 1991 to 2003, 185 consecutive @entity0 , 143 male and 42 female, aged 15 to 60 years (average 31.6) underwent thoracoscopic @entity1 for @entity6 . The indications for surgery were as follows: a first episode with persistent air leak in 33 @entity0 (17.9%), a recurrent @entity6 in 122 @entity0 (65.9%), a previous contralateral pneumothorax in 23 @entity0 (12.4%), and recurrence after surgical treatment in seven @entity0 (3.8%). Bullae were resected in 163 @entity0 (88.1%). Mechanical @entity1 was performed in all cases. RESULTS: There were no deaths. @entity2 occurred in three @entity0 . It was controlled via thoracotomy in one @entity0 and via thoracoscopy in two @entity0 . The postoperative complication rate was 8.1% (15/185). Complications included prolonged air leak in eight @entity0 (4.3%), @entity4 in two (1.1%), @entity5 in one (0.5%), @entity7 in one (0.5%), @entity3 in one (0.5%), and @entity2 in two (1.1%). Postoperative hospital stay ranged between 2 and 17 days (mean, 5). Mean duration of drainage was 3.8 days (range; 1-16). Postoperatively, 111 @entity0 were contacted, with a mean follow-up of 36.5 months. Four of them had a recurrence (3.6%) that did not require reoperation. CONCLUSION: Thoracoscopic @entity1 associated with bullae resection is a safe and efficient treatment for @entity6 . Results remain stable in the long term.

title: Results of thoracoscopic @entity1 for XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several video-assisted techniques have been used to treat @entity6 ( @entity6 ). The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of thoracoscopic @entity1 for @entity6 . METHODS: From 1991 to 2003, 185 consecutive @entity0 , 143 male and 42 female, aged 15 to 60 years (average 31.6) underwent thoracoscopic @entity1 for @entity6 . The indications for surgery were as follows: a first episode with persistent air leak in 33 @entity0 (17.9%), a recurrent @entity6 in 122 @entity0 (65.9%), a previous contralateral pneumothorax in 23 @entity0 (12.4%), and recurrence after surgical treatment in seven @entity0 (3.8%). Bullae were resected in 163 @entity0 (88.1%). Mechanical @entity1 was performed in all cases. RESULTS: There were no deaths. @entity2 occurred in three @entity0 . It was controlled via thoracotomy in one @entity0 and via thoracoscopy in two @entity0 . The postoperative complication rate was 8.1% (15/185). Complications included prolonged air leak in eight @entity0 (4.3%), @entity4 in two (1.1%), @entity5 in one (0.5%), @entity7 in one (0.5%), @entity3 in one (0.5%), and @entity2 in two (1.1%). Postoperative hospital stay ranged between 2 and 17 days (mean, 5). Mean duration of drainage was 3.8 days (range; 1-16). Postoperatively, 111 @entity0 were contacted, with a mean follow-up of 36.5 months. Four of them had a recurrence (3.6%) that did not require reoperation. CONCLUSION: Thoracoscopic @entity1 associated with bullae resection is a safe and efficient treatment for @entity6 . Results remain stable in the long term.

title: Results of thoracoscopic XXXX for @entity6 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Twenty-three @entity0 with 25 @entity6 of the @entity7 were treated during a 7-year period with minimally invasive open reduction of the posterior facet, external ring fixation, and early weightbearing. Skeletal traction and a minimally invasive lateral approach were used to elevate the posterior facet. Percutaneous wires, which were secured to an external ring fixator, were used to stabilize the reduction. The @entity0 were encouraged to bear weight on the first postoperative day and during the time the fixator was in place. A retrospective chart review was performed and the Maryland Foot Score was used. The @entity0 ranged in age from 22 to 68 years (average, 43.8 years). Using the Sanders computed tomography classification, there were 17 (68%) type II, 6 (24%) type III, and 2 (8%) type IV @entity2 patterns. Thirty-two percent of the @entity0 were rated excellent, 60% rated good, and 8% rated fair. @entity5 was >50% of the uninjured foot in 21 of 25 @entity2 . Eight of 23 @entity0 (35%) experienced @entity1 in the rear foot, whereas 4 (17%) complained of @entity1 in the plantar heel. Few complications were observed, with the most common being superficial @entity3 at a wire insertion site. No @entity4 developed. The average length of the treatment period with the fixator was 6.6 weeks (range, 5 to 9 weeks). The range of follow-up was 2 to 7 years. The results with this technique indicate that it is a viable alternative to traditional methods of open reduction and internal fixation for the management of @entity6 of the @entity7 .

title: Management of displaced intraarticular XXXX by using external ring fixation, minimally invasive open reduction, and early weightbearing.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prophylactic use of cranial radiation therapy (CRT) in young @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is associated with significant long-term morbidity. Therefore, current treatment protocols for pediatric B-precursor @entity1 have abandoned prophylactic CRT in favor of intrathecal chemotherapy, combined with either high-dose @entity3 infusions ( @entity6 - @entity4 ) or intensive systemic chemotherapy. In contrast, prophylactic CRT continues to be used in @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ), who historically have had an inferior prognosis. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine the effect on survival of substituting @entity6 - @entity4 for CRT in young @entity0 with @entity1 , a group that faces a high risk of long-term sequelae from CRT. PROCEDURE: Twenty-six @entity0 , diagnosed with @entity1 between the ages of 1 and 5 years, were treated on the same high-risk @entity5 protocol. Central nervous system (CNS) directed therapy consisted of either CRT (1,800 cGy) or @entity6 - @entity4 (three doses of 8 g/m2), depending on the treatment era in which @entity0 were diagnosed. RESULTS: Of the 24 @entity0 who entered remission, 12 received CRT and 12 received @entity6 - @entity4 . Five-year event-free survival (EFS) (+/-SE) was 92 +/- 8% in the @entity6 - @entity4 group versus 75 +/- 13% in the CRT group (P=0.23). Five-year overall survival (OS) was 100% in the @entity6 - @entity4 group versus 75 +/- 13% in the CRT group (P=0.07). There were no CNS recurrences in the @entity6 - @entity4 group. One @entity0 treated with CRT developed a @entity2 . CONCLUSIONS: The use of @entity6 - @entity4 instead of CRT as CNS-directed therapy in very young @entity0 with @entity1 does not compromise survival, while avoiding the adverse long-term effects of cranial irradiation.

title: CNS-directed therapy in young @entity0 with XXXX : High-dose methotrexate versus cranial irradiation.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prophylactic use of cranial radiation therapy (CRT) in young @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ) is associated with significant long-term morbidity. Therefore, current treatment protocols for pediatric B-precursor @entity1 have abandoned prophylactic CRT in favor of intrathecal chemotherapy, combined with either high-dose @entity3 infusions ( @entity6 - @entity4 ) or intensive systemic chemotherapy. In contrast, prophylactic CRT continues to be used in @entity0 with @entity1 ( @entity1 ), who historically have had an inferior prognosis. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine the effect on survival of substituting @entity6 - @entity4 for CRT in young @entity0 with @entity1 , a group that faces a high risk of long-term sequelae from CRT. PROCEDURE: Twenty-six @entity0 , diagnosed with @entity1 between the ages of 1 and 5 years, were treated on the same high-risk @entity5 protocol. Central nervous system (CNS) directed therapy consisted of either CRT (1,800 cGy) or @entity6 - @entity4 (three doses of 8 g/m2), depending on the treatment era in which @entity0 were diagnosed. RESULTS: Of the 24 @entity0 who entered remission, 12 received CRT and 12 received @entity6 - @entity4 . Five-year event-free survival (EFS) (+/-SE) was 92 +/- 8% in the @entity6 - @entity4 group versus 75 +/- 13% in the CRT group (P=0.23). Five-year overall survival (OS) was 100% in the @entity6 - @entity4 group versus 75 +/- 13% in the CRT group (P=0.07). There were no CNS recurrences in the @entity6 - @entity4 group. One @entity0 treated with CRT developed a @entity2 . CONCLUSIONS: The use of @entity6 - @entity4 instead of CRT as CNS-directed therapy in very young @entity0 with @entity1 does not compromise survival, while avoiding the adverse long-term effects of cranial irradiation.

title: CNS-directed therapy in young XXXX with @entity1 : High-dose methotrexate versus cranial irradiation.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This is a prospective study of the effects of maternal use of selective @entity2 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) during pregnancy on newborn neurobehavioral integrity, including systematic measures of behavioral state, sleep organization, motor activity, heart rate variability (HRV), tremulousness, and @entity1 . METHODS: The sample included 17 SSRI-exposed and 17 nonexposed, full-birth-weight newborn @entity0 who had no obvious medical problems and were matched on maternal cigarette use, social class, and maternal age. SSRI exposure was determined by medical records and maternal self-report during a standard interview. Behavioral state, @entity1 , and tremulousness were evaluated for 1 hour between feedings. Automated recordings of motor activity and HRV were also assessed during a 15-minute subset sleep period. HRV was subjected to spectral analysis to detect rhythms in autonomic regulation. Exposed and nonexposed @entity0 groups were compared on measures of neurobehavioral development both before and after adjustment for gestational age as a covariate. RESULTS: SSRI-exposed @entity0 had a shorter mean gestational age; were more motorically active and tremulous; and showed fewer rhythms in HRV, fewer changes in behavioral state, fewer different behavioral states, and a lower peak behavioral state. SSRI-exposed @entity0 also had significantly more rapid eye @entity3 , which was characterized by longer continuous bouts in that state and higher numbers of spontaneous @entity1 or sudden arousals. After effects of gestational age were covaried, significant differences continued to be found in tremulousness and all measures of state and sleep organization, but effects on @entity1 , motor activity, and rhythms in HRV were no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide the first systematic evidence that @entity0 who use SSRIs during pregnancy have healthy, full-birth-weight newborn @entity0 who show disruptions in a wide range of neurobehavioral outcomes. Effects on motor activity, @entity1 , and HRV may be mediated through the effects of SSRI exposure on gestational age. Future research can lead to a better understanding of the effects of SSRI use during pregnancy and an improved public health outcome.

title: Maternal selective XXXX reuptake inhibitor use during pregnancy and newborn neurobehavior.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity6 in @entity0 and @entity0 encountered over a 20 year period are reviewed. A total of 79 @entity0 were treated. Forty-eight had @entity7 or its complications, 17 had @entity4 , 12 had @entity10 and @entity9 , and 2 had @entity2 . The mortality rate for the @entity0 with @entity7 was 17 percent and was limited to @entity0 treated nonoperatively. Idiopathic and drug-induced @entity7 (the latter, particularly from corticosteroids) were the predominant types. Only rarely should such @entity0 undergo operative treatment. Operations performed for various obstructive or traumatic lesions of the pancreas, as well as for complications of @entity7 , obtained uniformly good results. The most common @entity4 was an @entity14 in association with @entity13 ; all @entity0 with this abnormality were successfully treated with bypass procedures. Four @entity0 with an @entity7 underwent successful wedge resection. Nine @entity0 with @entity11 or @entity12 and three @entity0 with islet cell @entity5 underwent successful resection without any @entity3 , although @entity1 due to prolonged preoperative @entity10 were common. Two @entity0 underwent radical resection for @entity8 , one of whom had survived 20 years postoperatively at last follow-up. @entity6 requiring operation in childhood are uncommon, but are likely to be complex and challenging when they do occur.

title: XXXX and childhood.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1 is common and on the rise. @entity3 are the mainstay of treatment and are the most commonly prescribed drugs in Singapore. Treatment-related sedation and its effect on cognition are a major concern. First- and second-generation antihistamines show varying degrees of sedation, but to date, objective studies in @entity0 are lacking. The objective of this study was to assess the sedating effect of @entity4 (second-generation antihistamine) and @entity5 (first-generation antihistamine) compared with placebo using an objective neurophysiological test. METHODS: This was a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, single-dose, 3-way crossover study. Twenty-four @entity0 aged 7 to 14 years with @entity1 completed the study. All @entity0 were randomly allocated to medication sequences and received 3 different drugs on 3 different days, at least 1 week apart. The @entity2 event-related potential was used as an objective test of sedation. Subjective assessment was by a visual analog scale. RESULTS: @entity5 and @entity4 increased @entity2 latency when compared with baseline. No significant increase was obtained with placebo. The significant increase in @entity2 latency was not accompanied by significant change in subjective somnolence as measured by the visual analog scale. CONCLUSION: We have shown that @entity4 has sedative properties in @entity0 . The lack of correlation between @entity2 latency and the visual analog scale indicates that sedation induced by these drugs may not be subjectively noted.

title: Central nervous system side effects of first- and second-generation antihistamines in school XXXX with perennial allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparative study.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity5 is a rare @entity1 caused by mutations in the gene encoding @entity11 ( @entity11 , @entity11 ). Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers the prospect of immune reconstitution in @entity5 . Standard HSCT using high-dose chemoradiotherapy can be followed by serious hepatic problems, including @entity10 , @entity8 , and/or drug-induced hepatotoxicity. In @entity0 whose liver function is compromised before HSCT, such as in @entity5 caused by cholangiopathy and @entity2 related to @entity6 , there is a higher likelihood of hepatotoxicity. We explored nonmyeloablative HSCT in 2 @entity0 with @entity5 . Nonmyeloablative HSCT without liver transplant for @entity5 , to our knowledge, has not been described previously. METHODS: Two @entity0 with @entity5 and persistent @entity4 had documented cholangiopathy on liver biopsy. Both @entity0 underwent nonmyeloablative HSCT from HLA-matched siblings with @entity9 , @entity7 , and anti-thymocyte globulin as their preparative regimen. @entity8 prophylaxis consisted of @entity3 . RESULTS: Both @entity0 are >2 years after their HSCT. One remains a mixed chimera, and the other shows 100% donor chimerism. Both @entity0 are now free of @entity4 and are no longer dependent on intravenous gammaglobulin. Both show response to immunizations. Both have had resolution of their cholangiopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Nonmyeloablative HSCT from HLA-matched siblings can offer immune reconstitution without hepatotoxicity in @entity0 with @entity5 and preexisting cholangiopathy. Even with stable mixed chimerism after allogeneic HSCT, @entity0 may be able to enjoy a normal phenotype. Nonmyeloablative HSCT warrants additional study in @entity5 .

title: Nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplant for XXXX with cholangiopathy.

answer: @entity5


abstract: We have previously shown in a @entity1 model that a single bout of high-intensity aerobic exercise 20 h before a simulated dive reduces bubble formation and after the dive protects from lethal @entity4 . The present study investigated the importance of these findings in @entity0 . Twelve healthy male divers were compressed in a hyperbaric chamber to 280 kPa at a rate of 100 kPa @entity2 ) breathing air and remaining at pressure for 80 min. The ascent rate was 9 m @entity2 ) with a 7 min stop at 130 kPa. Each diver underwent two randomly assigned simulated dives, with or without preceding exercise. A single interval exercise performed 24h before the dive consisted of treadmill running at 90% of maximum heart rate for 3 min, followed by exercise at 50% of maximum heart rate for 2 min; this was repeated eight times for a total exercise period of 40 min. @entity3 bubbles were monitored with an ultrasonic scanner every 20 min for 80 min after reaching surface pressure. The study demonstrated that a single bout of strenuous exercise 24h before a dive to 18 m of seawater significantly reduced the average number of bubbles in the pulmonary artery from 0.98 to 0.22 bubbles cm(-2)(P= 0.006) compared to dives without preceding exercise. The maximum bubble grade was decreased from 3 to 1.5 (P= 0.002) by pre-dive exercise, thereby increasing safety. This is the first report to indicate that pre-dive exercise may form the basis for a new way of preventing serious @entity4 .

title: Aerobic exercise before diving reduces venous gas bubble formation in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity0 @entity3 ( @entity3 ), HER, targeting has formed the basis of extensive and growing drug development programs in various companies. However, receptor biology is often poorly explained and confusing. The HER family of four naturally occurring receptors and one @entity2 -specific mutant can activate signaling via a complex and sophisticated range of mechanisms, which we are only beginning to understand. @entity3 / @entity3 downstream signaling can lead to @entity2 growth and development via a host of processes, including enhanced cellular proliferation, survival, and @entity1 . A range of potential therapeutic targets exists within the HER signaling system, both inside and outside the cell. Monoclonal antibodies and @entity4 kinase inhibitors, acting extracellularly and intracellularly, respectively, comprise two classes of agents most advanced in clinical development or already available for use. Despite promising single-agent activity in chemotherapy-resistant @entity0 with @entity5 ( @entity5 ), disappointing results from two phase III trials of the @entity4 kinase inhibitor @entity6 in @entity5 have been of concern to some. However, many factors may have contributed to this outcome, and it is not necessarily predictive of the future usefulness of these agents. @entity0 characteristics, lack of @entity0 selection, dosing schedule, and trial design may all have played roles. It is important to remember that intracellular targeting of HER is a relatively novel approach, and our knowledge of how best to optimize such treatment is still unfolding. More clinical experience is needed.

title: XXXX / @entity3 targeting: refining the strategy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity0 @entity3 ( @entity3 ), HER, targeting has formed the basis of extensive and growing drug development programs in various companies. However, receptor biology is often poorly explained and confusing. The HER family of four naturally occurring receptors and one @entity2 -specific mutant can activate signaling via a complex and sophisticated range of mechanisms, which we are only beginning to understand. @entity3 / @entity3 downstream signaling can lead to @entity2 growth and development via a host of processes, including enhanced cellular proliferation, survival, and @entity1 . A range of potential therapeutic targets exists within the HER signaling system, both inside and outside the cell. Monoclonal antibodies and @entity4 kinase inhibitors, acting extracellularly and intracellularly, respectively, comprise two classes of agents most advanced in clinical development or already available for use. Despite promising single-agent activity in chemotherapy-resistant @entity0 with @entity5 ( @entity5 ), disappointing results from two phase III trials of the @entity4 kinase inhibitor @entity6 in @entity5 have been of concern to some. However, many factors may have contributed to this outcome, and it is not necessarily predictive of the future usefulness of these agents. @entity0 characteristics, lack of @entity0 selection, dosing schedule, and trial design may all have played roles. It is important to remember that intracellular targeting of HER is a relatively novel approach, and our knowledge of how best to optimize such treatment is still unfolding. More clinical experience is needed.

title: @entity3 / XXXX targeting: refining the strategy.

answer: @entity3


abstract: This data, along with data from other research studies, indicate that PDT is a promising new treatment for noninvasive @entity1 . In the current study at Veterans Administration Medical Center, three of the four @entity0 who received Thiotepa have had recurrences of their @entity1 or positive urine cytology. The three @entity0 who received PDT have not experienced any recurrences or positive urine cytology. Since we have been involved in this trial, we have developed some recommendations that other institutions may want to follow. The tip of the laser fiber is very bright. To @entity2 and fatigue, a lens cap with a green eye shield should be used on the cytoscope. All staff should wear green-colored safety eye glasses. This will protect their eyes from constant exposure to the intense incandescent radiation, and if the fiber should break, it would protect their eyes from the bright red color. With all the extra equipment such as ultrasound, power meters, light sources, and anesthesia equipment, it is important to avoid tripping over extension cords. The cords should be covered. Also, it is important not to bump into the equipment, which can happen because the OR is dark. At this time, the laser technician is the only @entity0 authorized at our medical center to operate the @entity3 -pumped tunable dye laser. In the future, if more research programs are started or therapy is approved for other uses, additional personnel will be trained.

title: Photodynamic laser therapy. A XXXX protocol.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Successful unilateral or minimal-access parathyroid exploration and reoperative surgery of the parathyroid glands requires accurate preoperative localization of @entity2 . Although ultrasound and nuclear imaging techniques have an established role in this regard, the use of computed tomography (CT) for parathyroid exploration is not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to better define the diagnostic utility of CT in preoperative localization of the abnormal gland in surgery for @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: All parathyroid explorations performed at Oregon Health and Science University (Portland, OR) between 2000 and 2002 were reviewed. The study group was limited to @entity0 with @entity1 in whom localization failed preoperatively using ultrasound and/or sestamibi scanning and subsequent investigation using CT imaging was performed. Operative, pathological, and imaging reports were then analyzed to assess the accuracy of CT imaging for localizing @entity2 . RESULTS: Twenty-two @entity0 with @entity1 were investigated preoperatively using CT imaging. Parathyroid exploration was successful in all but one @entity0 , leaving 21 @entity0 in all in the cohort. The majority of cases (67%) were reoperative, and all @entity0 had previously undergone inconclusive ultrasound and/or sestamibi scanning. Computed tomography correctly localized @entity2 in 18 (86%) of the 21 @entity0 who underwent successful extirpation of @entity2 and was able to identify abnormal glands with equal utility in the neck and the chest. CONCLUSION: When ultrasound or sestamibi are unsuccessful, CT imaging can provide valuable preoperative localizing information before surgery for @entity1 , particularly in @entity0 with recurrent or persistent disease.

title: The diagnostic utility of computed tomography for preoperative localization in surgery for XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Early abortion of a abdominal pregnancy is a rare gynecological emergency occurring in 1/10(4) pregnancies in the US. In unconscious @entity0 in the reproductive age this differential diagnosis has to be taken in mind for the choice of the therapeutic management. CASE: A 30- year-old @entity0 (II-gravida, I-para) suffering for about 18 hours from "upper @entity2 " was found in somnolent and in reduced conditions by her relatives. Unconscious and with all signs of a @entity3 , she was transferred to the emergency department of the UKBF. After stabilization of circulation, a diagnostic laparoscopy has been performed with the finding of about 2000 ml of coagulated and fresh blood, but without the confirmation of a extrauterine pregnancy (EUP): the small pelvis and his organs were without any signs of EUP. The laparoscopic approach has been changed into a secondary median laparotomy. After exclusion of other reasons for a @entity3 (such as @entity1 or gastrointestinal bleeding), and the complete removal of all intraabdominal blood clots, a embryo, his placenta and the place of placental insertion has been found in the mesenterium jejuni. The surgical procedure was finished in the usual way. The postoperative healing process was uncomplicated. CONCLUSIONS: Our case did meet Veits criteria of a abdominal pregnancy: intact embryo, no contact between @entity4 , resp., but definitive insertion of the placenta in the distant peritoneum. In @entity0 in their reproductive age suffering from @entity3 , the exclusion of a ectopic pregnancy is essential. In the case of a vital emergency, and because of suboptimal management conditions (without a sufficient @entity0 history, lack of vaginal sonography, instable circulation because of delayed diagnosis), excluding the opportunity of a laparoscopic exploration, the correct diagnosis of the @entity5 of a abdominal pregnancy has to be made by open surgery.

title: [Hemoperitoneum after XXXX of an abdominal pregnancy--reduced therapeutic options in case of delayed diagnosis].

answer: @entity5


abstract: We have examined the chromatin structure around the +1 transcriptional start site of the @entity0 alpha 2(I) collagen gene by studying the accessibility of DNA to several restriction enzymes as well as to @entity2 . In NIH 3T3 cells, which express high levels of alpha 2(I) collagen mRNA, we detect a @entity2 -hypersensitive site from -240 to +110 relative to the start site of transcription at +1. By digesting chromatin with restriction enzymes, which cleave naked DNA at multiple sites within the -2000 to +1000 region, a considerably more complex picture was revealed. DNA sequences upstream of around -550 and downstream of +150 are much less accessible to restriction enzymes than the region between these sites and are, therefore, probably packaged in a more compact conformation. The region from around -550 to -240 although not within the @entity2 -hypersensitive domain is nevertheless accessible to restriction enzymes and, therefore, presumably in a relatively "open" conformation. In addition, beginning 5' to -100 there is a gradual decrease in restriction enzyme accessibility as one approaches +150. Of particular interest is the finding that although sites at +65 and +126 are relatively accessible, a HinfI site at +113 is resistant in chromatin. In v-mos transformed NIH 3T3 cells which express alpha 2(I) collagen at much lower levels than untransformed NIH 3T3 cells, the @entity2 -hypersensitive site as well as the majority of the chromatin restriction enzyme accessibility patterns are similar to those found in untransformed NIH 3T3 cells. However, a SphI site at +58 appears less accessible in the transformed cells. We also examined the chromatin of a @entity1 cell line which does not synthesize alpha 2(I) collagen at detectable levels. In the nuclei of these cells the DNA of the alpha 2(I) collagen promoter is inaccessible to @entity2 and to all restriction enzymes.

title: Restriction enzyme digestions identify discrete domains in the chromatin around the promoter of the XXXX alpha 2(I) collagen gene.

answer: @entity0


abstract: It has long been considered that autoimmune disease of the testis is prevented by sequestration of testis-specific autoantigens on germ cells behind the blood-testis (BT) barrier. However, we now have evidence that not all such antigens are sequestered. Some appear to reside on germ cells in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule where they are accessible to antibodies and to circulating activated T cells. @entity0 immunized with syngeneic testis homogenate are found to have @entity3 ( @entity3 ) bound to cells in the basal compartment before onset of @entity2 . This @entity3 is absorbed from circulation by the testis and, therefore, found only in the serum of @entity0 orchiectomized before immunization. When the @entity3 is eluted from the testis, it is found to react preferentially with testicular cells enriched in preleptotene spermatocytes. T cells from @entity0 immunized with testis can be transferred to naive syngeneic @entity0 where they infiltrate the testis to cause @entity2 . This implies that the BT barrier does not need to be breached directly for specific T cells to have access to testicular autoantigens on antigen presenting cells. Thus, active systemic and/or local immunoregulatory mechanisms must operate to prevent @entity1 . These mechanisms may operate at the level of suppressor T cells, nonspecific suppression in the local environment of the testis, antigen presentation in the testis, or lymphocyte trafficking in the testis. These mechanisms probably operate only on the afferent limb of the immune response since they are overridden and @entity2 occurs once testis-specific activated T cells are generated.

title: Evidence for active immunological regulation in prevention of XXXX independent of the blood-testis barrier.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Since November 1985, 14 neonates and young @entity0 have undergone orthotopic heart transplantation at Loma Linda University Medical Center (LLUMC) as therapy for hypoplastic aortic tract complex. Eleven (78%) survived surgery and are living and well today. Three perioperative @entity3 resulted: one due to perforated peptic ulcer, one due to necrotizing @entity2 , and one due to graft failure unrelated to rejection. No late @entity3 occurred in the 1-29 months of follow-up, during which time noninvasive surveillance techniques were used. Immunosuppression was accomplished using @entity4 and @entity8 . @entity5 and antithymocyte globulin were used for identified rejection episodes only. @entity6 were tolerated well. All survivors were normotensive. There was no late @entity1 . Although inadequate donor resources remain a significant limiting factor for transplantation therapy during early life, these results suggest that cardiac transplantation is effective therapy for selected neonates and young @entity0 with incurable @entity7 .

title: Orthotopic transplantation during early infancy as therapy for incurable XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 is uncommon at diagnosis of @entity6 . Because the clinical significance of this finding has not been reported, a retrospective review of this entity was conducted. PROCEDURE: The radiology reports and medical records of 233 @entity0 with @entity6 who were treated at St. Jude @entity0 's Research Hospital between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. RESULTS: Ten of the 233 @entity0 (4.3%) had @entity5 detected on pre-nephrectomy imaging studies. Computed tomography (CT) scans were more sensitive than chest X-rays in identifying @entity5 . All of the @entity0 with @entity5 had @entity1 of favorable histology. Two @entity0 had @entity2 , five had stage III disease, two had stage IV disease, and one had stage V (bilateral) disease. All of the effusions occurred on the same side as the primary @entity3 and six effusions were associated with @entity4 . The two effusions that were tapped were negative for @entity1 cells. All 10 @entity0 in our series were alive without recurrence with a median follow-up duration of 68 months, yet only two @entity0 were treated with lung irradiation. CONCLUSION: @entity5 at presentation of @entity6 is uncommon and not associated with adverse prognosis. We recommend that @entity5 be tapped whenever feasible if the results will change therapy. @entity0 with @entity5 that are small and difficult to tap may be treated according to their local stage without pulmonary irradiation. Further analysis of @entity5 in a larger group of @entity0 is necessary to confirm our preliminary observations.

title: Significance of XXXX at diagnosis of @entity6 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 is uncommon at diagnosis of @entity6 . Because the clinical significance of this finding has not been reported, a retrospective review of this entity was conducted. PROCEDURE: The radiology reports and medical records of 233 @entity0 with @entity6 who were treated at St. Jude @entity0 's Research Hospital between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. RESULTS: Ten of the 233 @entity0 (4.3%) had @entity5 detected on pre-nephrectomy imaging studies. Computed tomography (CT) scans were more sensitive than chest X-rays in identifying @entity5 . All of the @entity0 with @entity5 had @entity1 of favorable histology. Two @entity0 had @entity2 , five had stage III disease, two had stage IV disease, and one had stage V (bilateral) disease. All of the effusions occurred on the same side as the primary @entity3 and six effusions were associated with @entity4 . The two effusions that were tapped were negative for @entity1 cells. All 10 @entity0 in our series were alive without recurrence with a median follow-up duration of 68 months, yet only two @entity0 were treated with lung irradiation. CONCLUSION: @entity5 at presentation of @entity6 is uncommon and not associated with adverse prognosis. We recommend that @entity5 be tapped whenever feasible if the results will change therapy. @entity0 with @entity5 that are small and difficult to tap may be treated according to their local stage without pulmonary irradiation. Further analysis of @entity5 in a larger group of @entity0 is necessary to confirm our preliminary observations.

title: Significance of @entity5 at diagnosis of XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Abnormal @entity2 inward current through cardiac @entity2 channels during @entity1 has been shown to be an initial signal for activation of myocardial @entity2 -dependent enzymes. This study investigated the contribution of cardiac L- and T-type @entity2 channels in the calpain-mediated @entity3 following @entity4 . @entity4 was induced by permanent ligation of the left coronary artery. Infarcted @entity0 were orally treated with placebo, @entity9 (L-channel blockade; 4 mg/kg/day) or mibefradil (L-/T-channel blockade; 10 mg/kg/day) beginning 7 days before induction of @entity4 . Gene expression, protein levels and enzyme activity of calpains I and II were measured 1, 3, 7 and 14 days postcoronary occlusion in the noninfarcted and @entity6 . Infarct size, @entity10 and interstitial collagen volume fraction were determined in picrosirius red-stained hearts. @entity4 induced an up-regulation of calpain I mRNA, protein and activity in the noninfarcted @entity8 (maximum 14 days postinfarction), whereas mRNA, protein and activity of calpain II were maximally increased in the @entity6 3 days postinfarction. Fourteen days postinfarction, @entity6 size was 49%, the left ventricle was dilated and interstitial collagen volume fraction was increased. @entity9 -inhibited mRNA, protein and activity up-regulation of calpain I decreased interstitial collagen volume fraction and @entity6 size. @entity5 -attenuated mRNA, protein and activity up-regulation of calpain II at all four time points measured and of calpain I at 7 and 14 days postinfarction reduced @entity6 size and prevented @entity10 . @entity6 -induced @entity7 was accompanied by an up-regulation of calpain I, whereas calpain II was up-regulated in the @entity6 . Cardiac L- and T-type @entity2 channel blockade differentially reduced postinfarction remodeling associated with selective inhibition of cardiac calpains I and II, respectively.

title: Calcium channel blockade limits transcriptional, translational and functional up-regulation of the cardiac calpain system after XXXX .

answer: @entity4