abstract: Chitinases were produced by a lot of microorganisms. Chitinase gene expression in most of the chitinase producing bacteria was inducible by chitin. Low levels of chitinase were observed in the presence of @entity0 . To date, however, the regulation of such chitinase gene in @entity1 had not been well studied. In this paper, all 77 @entity1 strains were grown in the medium with or without chitin. We measured quantitatively the chitinase activity of the cultures. Moreover, we investigated the suppressive effect of @entity0 on chitinase of 4 strains. Also we studied the relationship between chitin induction and @entity0 suppression on chitinase. This investigation demonstrated that all tested @entity1 strains could produce chitinase without chitin. After induction, the chitinolytic activity of 31 tested strains had no obvious response to the inducer, whereas 44 stains increased in different degree. Among these strains, most of them did not markedly increase the levels of chitinase, and many stains simultaneously displayed the expression mode of inducible and constitutive. The @entity0 inhibited the inductive effect of chitin, but it could not inhibit the basal expression of chitinase. Two strains No. 38 and No. 75 belonged to different expression types. But we just found several different bases in the regulatory region of chitinase genes chiA and chiB from them.

title: [Essential expression and inducible synthesis polymorphism of chitinase in XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Intravitreally applied @entity2 (TA) is used to treat a variety of @entity0 . Commercially available products of TA are mainly intended for intramuscular application and contain @entity3 (BA) as a bacteriostatic preservative. Since this agent damages ocular tissues, different methods such as filtration techniques and centrifugation are usually used to eliminate BA from commercial products (40 mg/mL TA, 9.9 mg/mL BA). In this study, we evaluated these methods in regard to their ability to eliminate @entity3 and to guarantee standard doses of @entity2 . A new formulation without BA (TA 40 mg/mL) was developped according to the following criteria: autoclavability, stability, and suitability for intravitreal use. For QA/QC evaluation a new rapid and simple HPLC procedure (C18 RP column, mobile phase consisting of @entity1 -water, 48:52, v/v) to quantify the respective compounds was developed and validated according to ICH guidelines. The HPLC method was proven to be selective, linear, precise and accurate. Analysis of preparations based on commercial products undergoing different filtration techniques showed variable results: TA concentrations of 22-80% of the declared amount were found, and BA content was not reduced to safe levels (up to 39% of initial content remained). Centrifugation methods decreased the concentration of the preservative adequately, however agglomerated TA crystals were observed, leading to irreproducible and deviating particle sizes that are potentially harmful with ocular use. The newly developed preservative free formulation (TA 40 mg/mL) delivered uniform doses of TA, revealed no drug loss during forced light exposure and was proven to be stable, sterile and bacterial endotoxin free after autoclaving and after storage for three months,. The new formulation may offer an alternative for the in-house production of intravitreally applicable TA preparations in hospital pharmacies and should enhance medication safety.

title: Evaluation of different preparation methods for a preservative free XXXX preparation for intravitreal administration: a validated stability indicating HPLC-method.

answer: @entity2


abstract: 1. In @entity1 , a venous long-circuit technique was used to measure the blood flows in the superior vena cava and the hepatic, renal and iliac segments of the inferior vena cava. The sum of these flows gave the venous return (minus coronary and bronchial flows). In further experiments using an electromagnetic flowmeter, flow in the portal vein and in the superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries was measured.2. Approximately two-thirds of the hepatic blood flow is derived from the portal vein.3. After block of conduction in the cervical region of the spinal cord, the proportions of the venous return coming from each region during the control periods were not significantly altered although the arterial pressure and total venous return were decreased.4. Intravenous infusions of @entity3 caused an increase in venous return which was associated with a marked @entity0 . The @entity0 was due to an increase in flow in the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein. Flow in the coeliac artery remained unchanged. This response was unaffected by block of the cervical region of the spinal cord and by @entity4 or @entity5 .5. Intravenous infusions of @entity2 caused little change in venous return or regional blood flows. Small increases in superior mesenteric artery flow were occasionally seen and on cessation of the infusion a large but brief increase occurred. These facts suggest that @entity2 has a similar action to @entity3 but this is masked by concomitant vasoconstriction.

title: The effects of @entity3 and XXXX on venous return and regional blood flows in the anaesthetized cat with special reference to intestinal blood flow.

answer: @entity2


abstract: 1. In @entity1 , a venous long-circuit technique was used to measure the blood flows in the superior vena cava and the hepatic, renal and iliac segments of the inferior vena cava. The sum of these flows gave the venous return (minus coronary and bronchial flows). In further experiments using an electromagnetic flowmeter, flow in the portal vein and in the superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries was measured.2. Approximately two-thirds of the hepatic blood flow is derived from the portal vein.3. After block of conduction in the cervical region of the spinal cord, the proportions of the venous return coming from each region during the control periods were not significantly altered although the arterial pressure and total venous return were decreased.4. Intravenous infusions of @entity3 caused an increase in venous return which was associated with a marked @entity0 . The @entity0 was due to an increase in flow in the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein. Flow in the coeliac artery remained unchanged. This response was unaffected by block of the cervical region of the spinal cord and by @entity4 or @entity5 .5. Intravenous infusions of @entity2 caused little change in venous return or regional blood flows. Small increases in superior mesenteric artery flow were occasionally seen and on cessation of the infusion a large but brief increase occurred. These facts suggest that @entity2 has a similar action to @entity3 but this is masked by concomitant vasoconstriction.

title: The effects of XXXX and @entity2 on venous return and regional blood flows in the anaesthetized cat with special reference to intestinal blood flow.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The Habib 4       radiofrequency-assisted bipolar hemostatic device (AngioDynamics) was used during select open partial nephrectomies to minimize @entity4 and prevent warm @entity2 . The article and video demonstrate this novel technique for partial nephrectomies in select renal masses. METHODS: @entity0 with large @entity5 requiring partial nephrectomy where avoidance of warm @entity3 was deemed imperative underwent open partial nephrectomy at our institution utilizing the Habib 4       radiofrequency ablation device to avoid prolonged warm @entity3 time and prevent @entity4 . RESULTS: We have used the device successfully in 4 partial nephrectomies (2 @entity0 with solitary kidneys, 2 @entity0 with bilateral large masses). The mean age was 65 years. Mean @entity1 size was 6.4   cm. All @entity1 were located either in the upper pole or lower pole of the kidney. Mean hospital stay was 4.6 days. No @entity0 received an intraoperative blood transfusion. Two @entity0 required long-term ureteral stenting and surgical drainage for urine leakage. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar radiofrequency ablation offers avoidance of hilar clamping in carefully selected large partial nehrectomies.

title: Use of the Habib 4       radiofrequency-assisted bipolar hemostatic device to avoid warm XXXX in select large partial nephrectomies: description and video of technique.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: With the advances in laparoscopic instruments and surgical techniques, the use of laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) has been increasing rapidly in recent years. In this retrospective analysis, we aimed to determine the competitive edge of LA versus @entity5 ( @entity5 ) in different settings of disease complexity, gender, and age difference. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the @entity0 diagnosed with @entity3 at Changhua and Chang-Bing Show-Chwan Memorial Hospitals from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2009 was conducted. Trend and indication of @entity5 and LA were recorded, combined with a comparison of medical costs, complication rates, wound @entity1 rates, and hospital stays in different settings of disease complexity, gender, and age group. RESULTS: A total of 1366 @entity4 @entity0 were enrolled, and the rate of LA use increased rapidly, from 8.1% in 2004 to 90.3% in 2009. The increased use of LA was seen in both the uncomplicated and @entity2 @entity0 and in both gender and age groups (pediatric, adult, and elderly). Compared with @entity5 , LA was associated with a lower complication rate (9.5% versus 5.8%; P   =   .013), a lower wound @entity1 rate (8.6% versus 4.2%; P   =   .001), and a shorter hospital stay (4.60        3.64 versus 4.06        1.84 days; P   =   .001), but a higher mean cost (32,670        28,568 versus 37,567        12,064 New Taiwan dollars). In the subgroup analysis, the @entity0 with @entity2 , female @entity0 , and pediatric and elderly @entity0 benefited from a reduced hospital stay. LA is about 15% more expensive than @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: LA is as safe and effective as @entity5 in many settings of @entity4 and may be selectively advantageous in @entity0 with @entity2 and in elderly subgroups.

title: Competitive edge of laparoscopic appendectomy versus XXXX : a subgroup comparison analysis.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity0 liver and kidney organ slices were used to investigate the biotransformation competence of the slices in combination with several markers of cell viability and function. The immunosuppressant @entity4 ( @entity6 ) is extensively metabolized in liver slices to the three known primary metabolites and many secondary metabolites. In kidney cortex slices the biotransformation of @entity6 is far more pronounced in @entity0 than in @entity1 . In @entity0 liver slices, levels of @entity8 , the proteins metabolizing @entity6 , are depressed about 25% by 1 and 10 mumol/L @entity6 within 24 h, indicating that high blood or tissue concentrations will inhibit @entity6 clearance. A clinical marker for @entity5 is the release of cellular alpha- @entity7 -S-transferases (alpha GST). In this study the alpha GST levels were used to assess donor organ quality, organ slice incubation conditions, and compound exposure. A marker for cell death in @entity0 cells is the solubilization and release of nuclear matrix proteins (Numa). Increases were apparent only after 48 h of culture. A side-effect of @entity6 is that it induces @entity2 and perturbs the lipid profile of transplant recipients. A potential marker for lipid disturbances is levels of serum lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), which is synthesized in the liver and found only in @entity0 , apes, and nonhuman primates. @entity6 increases Lp(a) levels in the @entity0 liver slice cultures about 2-fold. This study has demonstrated that the biotransformation capability of the organ slices contributes to the optimization of the in vitro system and to the evaluation of markers for drug induced side-effects or @entity3 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Use of XXXX organ slices to evaluate the biotransformation and drug-induced side-effects of pharmaceuticals.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Periodic hemodialysis requires the vascular access to be capable of functioning perfectly for a long time; therefore early diagnosis of the most common complications is very important. Fifty-four @entity0 in dialysis treatment for @entity3 ( @entity3 ) were examined over a six-year period for vascular access (VA) complications. Eighty vascular accesses were studied: 68 @entity5 and 12 @entity6 . The most frequent radiological investigation was phlebography, followed by arteriography by direct puncture of the humeral artery, and, in few cases only, by arteriography through femoral approach; the total number of radiographic examinations performed was 101. The most frequent complications were @entity4 (50%) and stenoses (21%); @entity2 , @entity7 steals were observed in 11% of the cases. Findings prove complications to depend neither on the type of VA ( @entity1 , prosthesis) nor on its site (proximal, distal). In 50% of the cases angiography allowed a therapy to be adopted for VA recovery. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), performed on 3 @entity0 , failed. Thus, in the authors' opinion, angiography is the method of choice for the evaluation of VA pathology, and surgery is the most efficient treatment for complications. Despite failures, PTA represents a valid alternative in the treatment of stenoses in larger vessels and prostheses.

title: [Angiographic study of the complications of vascular access in XXXX under hemodialysis].

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Progressive @entity3 of the spine is rare and surgical treatment is challenging. Few reports have described surgical decompression, fusion, and partial correction by traditional 2-stage anterior decompression and the posterior fixation technique. The goal of this retrospective study was to report a series of 6 @entity0 with this deformity and the outcome after treatment by posterior-only 2-level vertebral column resection (PVCR). METHODS: Between 2011 and 2014, 6 @entity0 were treated for @entity2 with @entity3 . In these 6 @entity0 (2 males and 4 females), the diagnosis included 4 cases of @entity4 and 2  cases of @entity8 ; the distribution of spine level was from T4 to T11; the @entity4 angle of the @entity0 was 115    (range, 107-125  ); the @entity5 angle was 97   (range, 80  -117  ); follow-up ranged from 13 to 51 months (mean, 27 months). Four @entity0 developed progressive onset of @entity1 . All @entity0 underwent surgery by 2-level PVCR for decompression and correction of @entity7 . RESULTS: Postoperatively, the @entity0 all had different @entity4 correction rates, from 49% to 72% (mean, 63%) and @entity5 correction rates, from 57% to 78% (mean, 65%). All @entity0 achieved successful spinal fusion with less than 3   of loss of correction at the latest follow-up evaluation. The 4 @entity0 with @entity1 improved 1 or 2 American @entity6 Association scales at follow-up of at least 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Two-level PVCR is a safe and efficacious surgical option for the treatment of @entity3 in @entity7 and associated @entity1 .

title: Posterior 2-Level Vertebral Column Resection for the Treatment of Progressive Rotational Dislocation in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The treatment of HeLa @entity0 @entity1 cells with @entity3 (T4MPyP) and blue light led to damage of the microtubules (MTs). The morphologies of interphase MTs and the mitotic spindle apparatus were analysed by immunofluorescence staining of alpha-tubulin. The extent of MT damage depended on the light dose and the time after photodynamic treatment. After a period of 1 h after irradiation with doses of 0.3 or 1.5 J cm-2 (sublethal conditions, corresponding to survival rates of 90% and 60% respectively), the normal MT network arrangement of interphase cells and the mitotic spindle apparatus of many cells were clearly affected. However, these effects were found to be transient, and several hours after irradiation most MTs resumed control morphology. Higher irradiation doses (4.5 J cm-2, lethal conditions, less than 10% cell survival) resulted in the irreversible alteration of interphase and mitotic MTs. The change in MT organization appeared to be the reason for the observed increase in the @entity2 ( @entity2 ) after sublethal doses. The largest increase in @entity2 was detected 6 h after treatment (twofold increase over untreated cells) for both sublethal light doses. Most of the cells in mitosis corresponded to metaphase, the number of ana-telophase cells being greatly reduced for the first hours after irradiation with a dose of 1.5 J cm-2. The results, which resemble those observed with inhibitors of MT assembly, suggest that MTs might represent an important target for T4MPyP action.

title: Photodynamic effects of the cationic porphyrin, XXXX , on microtubules of HeLa cells.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity4 smoking by @entity1 @entity0 is associated with increased mortality. Less is known of the impact of smoking on recurrence risk and interaction with chemotherapy treatment. We examined these associations in @entity2 . METHODS: @entity0 were identified from the Alberta Cancer Registry between 1978 and 2010 and were oversampled for less-common histologic @entity2 types. Medical records were abstracted for 678 eligible @entity0 on lifestyle, medical and @entity1 treatment, and review of pathology slides was performed for 605 @entity0 . We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age at diagnosis, race, stage and @entity3 . RESULTS: Among @entity0 receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (N=432), current smoking was significantly associated with shorter duration of overall ( @entity5 ; HR, 8.56; 95% CI, 1.50-48.7) and progression-free (PFS; HR, 5.74; 95% CI, 1.05-31.4) survival from mucinous @entity2 only. There was no significant association between neoadjuvant chemotherapy and survival. However, among @entity0 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (N=44), current smokers had shorter PFS (HR, 4.32; 95% CI, 1.36-13.8; N=32 progressed/9 censored events) compared to never smokers, but the HRs were not statistically different across smoking categories (P interaction=0.87). CONCLUSIONS: Adverse associations were observed between smoking status and @entity5 or PFS among @entity0 with mucinous @entity2 receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. No significant effect was found from neoadjuvant chemotherapy on PFS overall; however, smoking may modify this association. Although needing replication, these findings suggest that @entity0 may benefit from smoking cessation interventions prior to treatment with chemotherapy.

title: Smoking may modify the association between neoadjuvant chemotherapy and survival from XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the @entity3 that followed root canal treatments performed with a single-file reciprocating system on asymptomatic @entity1 teeth with and without foraminal enlargements (FEs). METHODS: Forty-six volunteers were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the established working lengths. The FE group had a working length of 0.0  mm from the apex, and the control group had a working length of 1.0  mm short of the apex. The treatments of both groups were performed with a Reciproc R40 (VDW, Munich, Germany) instrument. Both groups underwent the same treatment protocol with the exception of the established working length. The volunteers were instructed to record their @entity2 (none, mild, moderate, or severe) on a visual analog scale at 24  hours, 72  hours, and 1 week after the procedures. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify significant differences. RESULTS: Overall, 82.22% of the @entity0 indicated no @entity2 or mild @entity2 . A greater proportion of the @entity0 in the FE group reported mild @entity2 compared with @entity0 in the control group in the first 24  hours  (P  <  .05). At 72  hours and 1 week, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups (P  >  .05). CONCLUSIONS: FEs during endodontic treatments of asymptomatic @entity1 , uniradicular teeth that were performed in single visits using the Reciproc R40 reciprocating file resulted in a low incidence of @entity2 . After 24  hours, the FEs resulted in more @entity0 reporting mild @entity2 compared with the control group, but no differences were observed at 72  hours or 1 week.

title: The Effect of Foraminal Enlargement of @entity1 with the Reciproc System on XXXX : A Prospective and Randomized Clinical Trial.

answer: @entity3


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the @entity3 that followed root canal treatments performed with a single-file reciprocating system on asymptomatic @entity1 teeth with and without foraminal enlargements (FEs). METHODS: Forty-six volunteers were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the established working lengths. The FE group had a working length of 0.0  mm from the apex, and the control group had a working length of 1.0  mm short of the apex. The treatments of both groups were performed with a Reciproc R40 (VDW, Munich, Germany) instrument. Both groups underwent the same treatment protocol with the exception of the established working length. The volunteers were instructed to record their @entity2 (none, mild, moderate, or severe) on a visual analog scale at 24  hours, 72  hours, and 1 week after the procedures. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify significant differences. RESULTS: Overall, 82.22% of the @entity0 indicated no @entity2 or mild @entity2 . A greater proportion of the @entity0 in the FE group reported mild @entity2 compared with @entity0 in the control group in the first 24  hours  (P  <  .05). At 72  hours and 1 week, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups (P  >  .05). CONCLUSIONS: FEs during endodontic treatments of asymptomatic @entity1 , uniradicular teeth that were performed in single visits using the Reciproc R40 reciprocating file resulted in a low incidence of @entity2 . After 24  hours, the FEs resulted in more @entity0 reporting mild @entity2 compared with the control group, but no differences were observed at 72  hours or 1 week.

title: The Effect of Foraminal Enlargement of XXXX with the Reciproc System on @entity3 : A Prospective and Randomized Clinical Trial.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The retinofugal and retinopetal projections of the cichlid fish @entity2 were studied by applying cobaltous- @entity0 to the optic nerve. Retinal axons terminate bilaterally in a preoptic-suprachiasmatic region between the base of the third ventricle and the anterior genu of the horizontal commissure and among periventricular cells along the sides of the ventricle. Other retinal axons innervate the tuberal region of the hypothalamus anterior to the infundibulum. Targets innervated in the pretectum include nucleus lateralis geniculatus and dorsal, medial, and ventral pretectal nuclei. Three other targets (nucleus opticus dorsolateralis, nucleus opticus commissurae posterior, nucleus opticus ventrolateralis) are innervated by fibers that leave the medial edge of the dorsal optic tract. Two other targets (basal optic nucleus and accessory optic nucleus) are innervated by fibers from the ventral optic tract. These retinal projections are similar to those previously reported for @entity1 in an experiment that used the cobaltous- @entity0 method (Springer and Gaffney, J. Comp. Neurol. 203:401-424, '81). Retinotectal optic axons were found in a superficial lamina just above the stratum opticum, in the stratum opticum, in three layers of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale, in a lamina just beneath the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale, and in the stratum album centrale just above the stratum periventriculare. This result is similar to that previously reported for @entity1 ; however, the spatial relationships between the various retinorecipient laminae differ for @entity1 and @entity2 . Efferents to the retina originate in two nuclei and both project contralaterally. The first is the nucleus olfactoretinalis, which is located ventrally between the olfactory lobe and telencephalon. It consists of about 400 cells, of which, approximately 200 cells project to the retina. The second retinopetal nucleus, nucleus thalamoretinalis, is a diffuse group of about 200 cells that project to the retina.

title: Retinofugal and retinopetal projections in the cichlid fish XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: To assess the importance of erythrocyte deformability in the pulmonary @entity2 ( @entity2 ) we examined whether alterations in erythrocyte deformability are related to the differences between the brisk @entity2 in @entity1 vs the small @entity2 in hamsters, and between the @entity2 in low altitude @entity1 vs high altitude @entity1 (10 days in 10% @entity0 ). Deformability of the erythrocytes (RBC) was assessed by filtering equal volume of RBC suspension through Nucleopore filters (4.7 micron) using the same pressure head across the filter. The results show that during @entity2 , @entity1 RBC become relatively nondeformable compared to hamster's RBC. This finding is consistent with a large @entity2 in @entity1 but a small @entity2 in hamsters. Furthermore, the deformability of RBC from high altitude @entity1 became unaffected by @entity2 and was associated with blunting in the @entity2 in isolated lungs from high altitude @entity1 . The @entity2 in isolated lungs from low altitude @entity1 was larger when they were perfused with blood from normal @entity1 (= 86% increase in resistance) than when perfused with blood from high altitude @entity1 (= 36% increase in resistance). This finding further supports the possible role of RBC deformability in @entity2 . Inconsistent with the importance of deformability, however, was the finding that high altitude @entity1 lungs had a blunted @entity2 whether they were perfused with normal @entity1 blood or high altitude @entity1 blood. This may be due to restructuring of the pulmonary microvascular bed in the lung from high altitude @entity1 . The results favor the idea that changes in erythrocyte deformability may be responsible for the difference between the @entity2 in low altitude @entity1 and hamsters, and between the @entity2 in low and high altitude @entity1 . We suggest that 'obstruction' of the capillaries by less deformable erythrocyte is another factor, besides smooth muscle contraction, responsible for the @entity2 in the pulmonary vasculature.

title: Role of erythrocyte deformability in the acute XXXX in the pulmonary vasculature.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The limited availability of @entity0 donors makes the search for alternative islet sources mandatory for future developments in pancreatic islet transplantation. In this study, we report on the massive isolation of @entity1 islets of proven in vitro and in vivo viability. The islets were prepared by collagenase digestion, sequential filtrations, and density-gradient purification by modifying a technique previously developed in our laboratory for the porcine pancreas. The prepurification yield was 2,743 +/- 78 islet equivalents (IE)/g pancreas (mean +/- SE), with a postpurification recovery of 78.7 +/- 2.2%. Purity ranged from 80 to 90%. The histological and immunocytochemical studies demonstrated the identity and integrity of the islets with well-preserved @entity7 -, glucagon-, and @entity4 -containing cells. The morphological integrity of cultured @entity1 islets was demonstrated for up to 4 weeks from isolation. @entity7 secretion from freshly isolated islets was similar at 3.3 mmol/l @entity3 (0.36 +/- 0.06 pmol.IE-1.min-1) and at 14 mmol/l @entity3 (0.42 +/- 0.00 pmol.IE-1.min-1), and it increased significantly (P < 0.01) at 25 mmol/l @entity3 (1.44 +/- 0.12 pmol.IE-1.min-1). @entity2 , @entity5 , and @entity6 increased @entity7 secretion from freshly isolated islets at 3.3 and 14 mmol/l @entity3 , but not at 25 mmol/l @entity3 . Islets cultured at 37 degrees C in CMRL 1066 culture medium for at least 10 days were shown to become responsive to a lower @entity3 concentration, as demonstrated by the significant increase of @entity7 release in response to 14 mmol/l @entity3 , when compared with basal secretion. This recovered responsivity to @entity3 was maintained after 4 weeks of culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Massive isolation, morphological and functional characterization, and xenotransplantation of XXXX pancreatic islets.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Obesity and family history of @entity0 are both risk factors for @entity2 ( @entity2 ), but it has been proposed that lean individuals with @entity2 have a greater load of @entity0 susceptibility genes. If this is the case, one might expect a high prevalence of @entity2 in relatives of @entity0 individuals with a low body mass index (BMI). Among Pima Indians participating in an epidemiological study, prevalence of @entity2 was evaluated in relation to BMI of a @entity0 parent or to the average parental BMI when both parents had @entity0 in 1,535 offspring from 547 families. Prevalence of @entity2 was also evaluated in relation to BMI of a randomly selected index @entity0 sibling in 1,722 siblings from 721 families. @entity2 was diagnosed by an oral @entity1 tolerance test. Compared with offspring of @entity0 parent(s) at the 25th percentile of BMI, the odds ratio (OR) for @entity0 in offspring of @entity0 parents at the 75th percentile was 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-0.7), adjusted for age, sex, BMI in offspring, number of @entity0 parents, and age at onset of @entity0 and sex of the @entity0 parent(s). In the analysis according to BMI in a @entity0 sibling, the corresponding OR was 0.8 (95% CI 0.6-0.9). Risk ratios were only modestly higher when the analysis was restricted to relatives of subjects whose BMI had been determined before the onset of @entity0 . @entity2 in the presence of a low BMI is more strongly familial than that at a higher BMI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Familial relationships between obesity and XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Several studies have reported devitalization of teeth following surgical procedures in the area of the root apices. The purpose of this investigation was to observe the 1-4-week wound healing pattern in monkey dental tissues following @entity6 ( @entity6 ). Two adult @entity7 were used in this study. All of the teeth were surgically transected within the apical one-third with a bur. The soft tissues were then closed. At @entity1 , a maxillary and a mandibular quadrant for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks following surgery were obtained after vascular perfusion. Each quadrant was demineralized in @entity3 , processed, serially sectioned at 7 microns and alternately stained with @entity4 and @entity5 , Preece's modified trichome, and McKay's bacterial stains. Examination of sequential @entity6 cuts showed an initial disruption of the @entity2 supply resulting in @entity0 . The pulpal tissues underwent a process of replacement with PDL-like connective tissues and deposition of cementum on all cut dentin surfaces of the tooth roots as well as in some of the pulp chambers. No abscesses, external resorption or @entity8 were found.

title: Vital apicoectomy of the teeth: a 1-4 week histopathological study in XXXX .

answer: @entity7


abstract: PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the effectiveness of chemoembolization of the liver with @entity6 and @entity10 emulsified in ethiodized oil for the treatment of metastatic @entity2 . @entity0 AND METHODS: Twenty @entity0 with hepatic islet cell or @entity11 @entity1 were treated with selected hepatic @entity9 consisting of an emulsion of @entity6 and @entity10 emulsified in @entity12 followed by Gelfoam powder embolization. Fifteen @entity0 had failed intravenous chemotherapy. Two of the @entity0 with @entity2 had three embolizations over 4 and one 6 years earlier with gelatin sponge only. RESULTS: In 14 @entity0 with hormonally active @entity2 , hormones secretion decreased 90% (range 69-98%) in 10 days with relief of symptoms in all @entity0 . Average @entity2 size decrease was 84%. Average hospital stay was 8 days. Six @entity0 are alive and asymptomatic at 14-33 months postembolization. Fourteen @entity0 have died 2-16 months postembolization. Ten @entity0 died 2-37 months postembolization from progressive @entity5 . One of these @entity0 was 103 months @entity8 and 13 months postchemoembolization. In 8 @entity0 , the pancreas was the primary site: 5 were nonfunctioning @entity15 , 1 @entity14 , 1 @entity13 and 1 @entity11 . The primary site in 1 @entity0 with @entity11 was the bronchus, and the primary site was unknown in 1 @entity0 with @entity13 . The remaining 4 @entity0 died with @entity5 under control from @entity3 , @entity4 , @entity7 and generalized bone @entity1 . The response rate was 95% with median duration of response 8.5 months. The median survival was 24 months. CONCLUSION: Chemoembolization with @entity6 and @entity10 emulsified in ethiodized oil is less morbid than embolization with particulate matter alone, is more convenient and less costly, and it is less morbid than the effects of systemic chemotherapy. The median survival, duration and response compare favorably with other reported therapies.

title: Hepatic arterial chemoembolization for metastatic XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity4 ( @entity4 ), an unresolving @entity3 characterized by periportal @entity2 and presence of serum autoantibodies, is distinguished by smooth muscle antibody and/or antinuclear antibody seropositivity. Type-2 @entity4 is characterized by antibodies to liver/kidney microsome type-1. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are highly specific for @entity1 , @entity6 , and, in this report, type-1 @entity4 determined by positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed by perinuclear indirect immunofluorescence staining. The studies described characterize the frequency and nature of ANCA in severe type-1 @entity4 @entity0 and define @entity4 -ANCA specificity and diagnostic significance. METHODS: One hundred four @entity0 , characterized by clinical, immunoserological, virological, histological, and antigenic criteria, were studied. ANCA expression was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: High-titer ANCA is present in 96% of @entity0 with type-1 @entity4 with 92% showing a perinuclear staining pattern (pANCA). Whereas many @entity0 were seropositive for antinuclear antibodies, the titer of ANCA did not correlate with the titer of antinuclear antibodies. ANCA expression did not correlate with the presence or absence of other @entity5 . Finally, 80% of @entity0 with @entity4 examined expressed only immunoglobulin G1 pANCA contrasting with the 33% of @entity0 with PSC with pANCA subclass specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of ANCA seems to be an independent and selective marker for type-1 @entity4 .

title: High-titer antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in type-1 autoimmune XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity10 ( @entity10 ) is one of the most important risk factors that contribute to many @entity7 including @entity6 . One proposed mechanism underlying the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediated by @entity10 is indirectly through enhancing blood pressure. The direct role of @entity10 on BBB integrity is unclear. Our purpose is to determine whether and how @entity10 might be involved in BBB breakdown during @entity2 . To test that, we induced model of @entity11 by permanent middle cerebral artery ligation (pMCAL) in either normal diet or @entity10 fed @entity1 . We observed that @entity10 significantly enhanced @entity2 @entity4 which was associated with enhanced BBB disruption, increased leukocytes infiltration and loss of tight junction (TJ) proteins expression without apparently altering blood pressure. Our in vitro experiment also revealed that @entity12 ( @entity13 ) treatment down-regulated TJ protein expression by endothelial cells and substantially increased BBB permeability during starvation. Inhibition of @entity9 /MAPK/ @entity14 pathway eliminated the effect of @entity13 on BBB permeability in vitro. In addition, we noticed a positive correlation between urinary @entity8 levels and @entity2 lesion size in @entity3 @entity0 . Together, our study demonstrates a @entity5 -independent role of @entity10 during @entity2 and provides rationale for post cerebral @entity2 management.

title: Excess salt exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption via a XXXX /MAPK/ @entity14 -dependent pathway in permanent @entity11 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: @entity10 ( @entity10 ) is one of the most important risk factors that contribute to many @entity7 including @entity6 . One proposed mechanism underlying the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediated by @entity10 is indirectly through enhancing blood pressure. The direct role of @entity10 on BBB integrity is unclear. Our purpose is to determine whether and how @entity10 might be involved in BBB breakdown during @entity2 . To test that, we induced model of @entity11 by permanent middle cerebral artery ligation (pMCAL) in either normal diet or @entity10 fed @entity1 . We observed that @entity10 significantly enhanced @entity2 @entity4 which was associated with enhanced BBB disruption, increased leukocytes infiltration and loss of tight junction (TJ) proteins expression without apparently altering blood pressure. Our in vitro experiment also revealed that @entity12 ( @entity13 ) treatment down-regulated TJ protein expression by endothelial cells and substantially increased BBB permeability during starvation. Inhibition of @entity9 /MAPK/ @entity14 pathway eliminated the effect of @entity13 on BBB permeability in vitro. In addition, we noticed a positive correlation between urinary @entity8 levels and @entity2 lesion size in @entity3 @entity0 . Together, our study demonstrates a @entity5 -independent role of @entity10 during @entity2 and provides rationale for post cerebral @entity2 management.

title: Excess salt exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption via a @entity9 /MAPK/ @entity14 -dependent pathway in permanent XXXX .

answer: @entity11


abstract: @entity10 ( @entity10 ) is one of the most important risk factors that contribute to many @entity7 including @entity6 . One proposed mechanism underlying the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediated by @entity10 is indirectly through enhancing blood pressure. The direct role of @entity10 on BBB integrity is unclear. Our purpose is to determine whether and how @entity10 might be involved in BBB breakdown during @entity2 . To test that, we induced model of @entity11 by permanent middle cerebral artery ligation (pMCAL) in either normal diet or @entity10 fed @entity1 . We observed that @entity10 significantly enhanced @entity2 @entity4 which was associated with enhanced BBB disruption, increased leukocytes infiltration and loss of tight junction (TJ) proteins expression without apparently altering blood pressure. Our in vitro experiment also revealed that @entity12 ( @entity13 ) treatment down-regulated TJ protein expression by endothelial cells and substantially increased BBB permeability during starvation. Inhibition of @entity9 /MAPK/ @entity14 pathway eliminated the effect of @entity13 on BBB permeability in vitro. In addition, we noticed a positive correlation between urinary @entity8 levels and @entity2 lesion size in @entity3 @entity0 . Together, our study demonstrates a @entity5 -independent role of @entity10 during @entity2 and provides rationale for post cerebral @entity2 management.

title: Excess salt exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption via a @entity9 /MAPK/ XXXX -dependent pathway in permanent @entity11 .

answer: @entity14


abstract: BACKGROUND: The diagnostic value of biliary cytology for hilar bile duct stricture is uncertain. This study prospectively examined three methods for the evaluation of biliary cytology in a consecutive group of @entity0 . METHODS: Preoperative bile sampling by aspiration through a drainage catheter (aspiration samples), saline flush through a drainage catheter (saline samples) or direct sampling from a drainage bag (bag samples) was performed in consecutive @entity0 with suspected @entity2 who underwent resection after endoscopic nasobiliary drainage or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. All bile sampling was performed three times on separate days. The accuracy of cytology in the diagnosis of @entity1 was determined. RESULTS: Of 100 consecutive @entity0 with hilar strictures, 97 had histologically proven @entity2 . The proportion of these 97 @entity0 who had a positive finding on cytology in at least one of three sampling sessions was 55 per cent for aspiration samples, 48 per cent for bag samples and 38 per cent for saline samples (P = 0  021, aspiration versus saline). Tumour length correlated significantly with overall positivity. For aspiration samples, sensitivity was 55 per cent, specificity was 100 per cent and accuracy 56  0 per cent. CONCLUSION: For biliary cytology, sampling by catheter aspiration is more effective than catheter flushing or sampling from a drainage bag. Repeated sampling increases sensitivity. Biliary cytology has modest diagnostic yield, but is easy to perform, highly specific, and can provide a definitive diagnosis.

title: Prospective study of biliary cytology in suspected XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Loss of critical endothelial cell function and subsequent vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration is central to the pathology of injury-induced neointimal @entity4 and recurrent @entity2 . @entity5 (TM), well known for its function as an endothelial surface anticoagulant, may have an unknown direct effect on VSMC physiology that would be lost after injury. Here, we examined a novel effect of TM on VSMC by testing the hypothesis that direct application of TM induces favorable changes to the morphology of VSMC and inhibits their migration. METHODS: Primary @entity0 VSMC were harvested using the explant technique and used in early passage (1-4) for all experiments. Laser-scanning confocal fluorescent imaging was performed to assess the effect of soluble TM on VSMC morphology. In  vitro, migration of VSMC was measured using: (1) a 4-hr modified Boyden chemotaxis assay and (2) a 24-hr electric cell-substrate impedance sensing injury migration assay. Migration experiments were conducted with VSMC exposed to increasing doses of soluble recombinant TM. Recombinant @entity1 served as a positive control and serum-free media as a negative control for all experimentation. Data were analyzed using a Student's t-test or repeated measures analysis of variance where appropriate (a  <  0.05). RESULTS: VSMC exposed to TM clearly demonstrated a quiescent morphology with organized stress fibers consistent with a quiescent, differentiated, contractile phenotype; whereas, @entity1 stimulation led to an activated, dedifferentiated, synthetic phenotype. VSMC demonstrated a low, baseline level of migration in unstimulated serum-free conditions. @entity1 significantly stimulated VSMC migration as expected. TM, independent of @entity1 , significantly inhibited baseline VSMC migration in a dose-response fashion. The maximal inhibition was observed at (5   g/mL) with 70% reduction (56      1.7 vs. 18      3.5  cells/5 high-power fields, P  =  0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: TM has a direct effect on VSMC resulting in a quiescent, differentiated and contractile phenotype, and inhibition of migration. This effect is independent of the presence of @entity1 . These findings provide new knowledge in understanding the pathophysiology of @entity3 and support a strategy focused on restoring key endothelial function to prevent intimal @entity4 .

title: XXXX Induces a Quiescent Phenotype and Inhibits Migration in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In  Vitro.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of tissue-engineered periosteum ( @entity4 ) to allgeneic bone in @entity0 . @entity4 was fabricated with osteoinduced @entity1 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS). Allogrfats were cryopreserved radial segments of @entity1 . Forty-eight radial @entity3 ( @entity3 ) were bilaterally produced in 24 @entity1 . The defects were divided into three groups, group A, @entity4 implantation, group B, SIS implantation, and group C allograft. Bone defect reconstruction was kinetically analyzed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks by radiographic and histological scoring system. In group A, @entity0 were radiographically and histologically healed with mature cortex and @entity2 by 12 weeks, while none of the defects healed in group B. Group C showed a slow process of creeping substitution with lymphocyte infiltration. Statistical comparison confirmed that group A had a more efficient and rapid bone defect reparation as well as remodelling than Group B and C. In conclusion, @entity4 is superior to structural allograft in reconstruction of @entity0 . Pure SIS cannot guide bone regeneration in this @entity1 model.

title: Comparative study between tissue-engineered periosteum and structural allograft in XXXX critical-sized radial defect model.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The projections of the olfactory bulb, the primordial dorsal, piriform and @entity0 , and of the dorsal thalamus were studied in the lamprey @entity3 using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and HRP coupled to the @entity1 germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP). There was obtained an experimental morphological evidence of the presence of the direct thalamo- @entity2 projections in this vertebrate species. The anterior and posterior parts of the dorsal thalamic nucleus, the nucleus of Bellonci, the primordial geniculate bodies, the rostral part of the midbrain were identified as the sources of the @entity2 afferents. These connections may serve as a morphological substrate for transmission of nonolfactory impulses to the telencephalon of the lamprey. The projections of the nucleus of Bellonci into the primordial hippocamp were compared to the limbic thalamo-hippocampal pathways of other vertebrates. We have established, that the fibers ascending from the dorsal thalamus were distributed in the same areas, as those descending from the olfactory bulb. These are: mainly the primordial hippocamp and only a few fibers reach the dorsal and piriform pallia, as well as an area free of olfactory projections--the dorsal part of the subhippocampal lobe. We have also demonstrated that, the secondary olfactory fibers mainly projected ipsilaterally to the primordial dorsal and piriform pallia. A lesser dense bulbar projection has been observed ipsilaterally in the primordial hippocamp and in the ventral part of the subhippocampal lobe. Only few olfactory projections were found in the pallial areas and in the subhippocampal lobe contralaterally. The olfactory fiber terminals were also observed ipsilaterally in the septum, striatum, preoptic area and in the contralateral olfactory bulb. Bilateral bulbofugal projections also occur in the diencephalon, namely in the ventral thalamus and in the hypothalamus. Caudally, the secondary olfactory fibers can be traced up to the area of the posterior tuberculum. Afferents to the olfactory bulb in the river lamprey originate in the subhippocampal lobe, in all three pallial formations and probably in the dorsal thalamus. These structures are at the same time the target zones for the olfactory bulb efferent projections, thus being connected reciprocally with the olfactory bulb.

title: Olfactory and nonolfactory projections in the river lamprey ( XXXX ) telencephalon.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes have a devastating impact on global health and this is worsening due to difficulties with existing control measures and climate change. Genetically modified mosquitoes that are refractory to disease transmission are seen as having great potential in the delivery of novel control strategies. Historically the genetic modification of insects has relied upon transposable elements which have many limitations despite their successful use. To circumvent these limitations the @entity5 integrase system has been successfully adapted for site-specific transgene integration in insects. Here, we present the first site-specific transformation of @entity2 , the principal vector of @entity0 @entity1 . Mosquitoes were initially engineered to incorporate the @entity5 targeting site at a defined genomic location. A second phase of genetic modification then achieved site-specific integration of Vida3, a synthetic anti-malarial gene. Expression of Vida3, specifically in the midgut of bloodfed females, offered consistent and significant protection against @entity3 nigeriensis, reducing average parasite intensity by 85%. Similar protection was observed against @entity4 in some experiments, although protection was inconsistent. In the fight against @entity1 , it is imperative to establish a broad repertoire of both anti-malarial effector genes and tissue-specific promoters for their expression, enabling those offering maximum effect with minimum fitness cost to be identified. In the future, this technology will allow effective comparisons and informed choices to be made, potentially leading to complete transmission blockade.

title: Site-specific integration and expression of an anti-malarial gene in transgenic @entity2 significantly reduces XXXX infections.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes have a devastating impact on global health and this is worsening due to difficulties with existing control measures and climate change. Genetically modified mosquitoes that are refractory to disease transmission are seen as having great potential in the delivery of novel control strategies. Historically the genetic modification of insects has relied upon transposable elements which have many limitations despite their successful use. To circumvent these limitations the @entity5 integrase system has been successfully adapted for site-specific transgene integration in insects. Here, we present the first site-specific transformation of @entity2 , the principal vector of @entity0 @entity1 . Mosquitoes were initially engineered to incorporate the @entity5 targeting site at a defined genomic location. A second phase of genetic modification then achieved site-specific integration of Vida3, a synthetic anti-malarial gene. Expression of Vida3, specifically in the midgut of bloodfed females, offered consistent and significant protection against @entity3 nigeriensis, reducing average parasite intensity by 85%. Similar protection was observed against @entity4 in some experiments, although protection was inconsistent. In the fight against @entity1 , it is imperative to establish a broad repertoire of both anti-malarial effector genes and tissue-specific promoters for their expression, enabling those offering maximum effect with minimum fitness cost to be identified. In the future, this technology will allow effective comparisons and informed choices to be made, potentially leading to complete transmission blockade.

title: Site-specific integration and expression of an anti-malarial gene in transgenic XXXX significantly reduces @entity4 infections.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the transfer of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) muscle flaps as a method for preventing wound healing complications in cases of closed calcaneal @entity1 treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). METHOD:                 <AbstractText Label="DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">Retrospective review. @entity0 : Twenty-six cases of acute closed calcaneal @entity1 in @entity0 at risk for serious wound complications or with serious @entity1 . INTERVENTION: During the ORIF surgery, an @entity3 muscle flap was removed and used to cover the plate, filling the gap between the plate and skin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Wound healing rates, @entity2 , and time to heal. RESULTS: All wounds healed uneventfully, except for one case of minor superficial epithelial necrosis during the early postoperative period, which was treated conservatively. All @entity0 regained ambulatory status with regular foot apparel. At last follow-up, the @entity0 presented no clinical, laboratory, or radiological signs of complications. CONCLUSIONS: This @entity3 muscle flap transfer technique appeared to successfully prevent wound healing complications among @entity0 undergoing ORIF for closed calcaneal @entity1 . This method offers a promising treatment option for calcaneal @entity1 in @entity0 at high risk for serious wound complications, and future studies with greater numbers of cases are needed to further investigate its clinical application.

title: Abductor digiti minimi muscle flap transfer to prevent wound healing complications after ORIF of calcaneal XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: This study aimed to compare the long-term outcomes of laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomy for advanced @entity2 . Between January 2007 and December 2014, @entity0 with advanced @entity2 underwent distal gastrectomy by laparoscopic or open approach were identified. @entity0 in both groups were selected after being matched by age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class and clinical @entity3 stage using propensity score method, to create two comparable groups: laparoscopy and open groups, and prognosis were compared between these two groups. After the @entity0 were matched, 86 @entity0 in each group were selected for analysis. There were no significant differences in the clinicopathological features between the two groups. There were significant differences between the laparoscopy and open groups in terms of @entity1 , duration of surgery, and hospital stay. The 5-year overall survival rate was 59% in laparoscopy group, and 56% in open group (P=0.523). The 5-year disease-free survival rate was 52% and 46%, respectively (P=0.362). According to the univariate and multivariate analysis, this type of surgical approach was not a prognostic factor for long-term outcomes. The current results indicated that laparoscopic distal gastrectomy is associated with similar overall survival and disease-free survival for advanced @entity2 .

title: Long-term follow-up after laparoscopic versus open distal gastrectomy for advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity5 ( @entity5 ) is the most common @entity4 with a high incidence in Asia. Most @entity0 would die within 1 year after diagnosis and the 5 year survival rate is less than 10-20% worldwide. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes regulate telomere maintenance, mitosis, and @entity2 , and may help predict individual susceptibility to certain drugs, environmental factor, and risks to @entity3 . The gene-gene interaction and the regulation of SNPs have not been assessed extensively in @entity5 . According to our previous study, the GRB2-associated-binding protein ( @entity9 ) gene @entity10 (X(2) =5.015, P=0.025, OR=0.531, 95% CI 0.304-0.928) and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) gene @entity11 (X(2) =7.934, P=0.005, OR=2.148, 95% CI 1.255-3.675) presented significant difference between @entity5 @entity0 and controls. This study conducted a population-based analysis using 225 @entity5 cases (153 biliary tract @entity1 @entity0 and 72 @entity7 @entity0 ) to assess the association between SNPs and progression of @entity5 @entity0 , including the overall survival and the prognosis analysis. Results showed that an increased susceptibility of BTC was significantly associated with SNP loci distribution frequency in @entity6 @entity12 (X(2) =7.934, P=0.005, OR=2.148, 95% CI 1.255-3.675). Furthermore, multivariate factor regression analysis represented @entity8 medical history of BTC @entity0 can be an effective evaluation criteria of BTC susceptibility in early stage. This study also assessed the relationship between these genotypic polymorphisms and clinicopathologic data, including @entity1 differentiation stage and overall survival. This is the first study identifying that @entity6 polymorphisms are associated with BTC and @entity6 @entity13 polymorphisms may be an important survival predictor in BTC @entity0 .

title: Predictive and prognostic molecular markers for XXXX in Han Chinese population.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Conditionally immortalized (temperature-sensitive) striatal-derived neuronal progenitor cell lines and primary neuroepithelial cells were transplanted into the CNS of gestational day 15-16 @entity0 fetuses using an 'in utero' surgical procedure. Each fetus received 2.5-3 x 10(4) donor cells previously labelled in vitro by incubation with @entity1 ( @entity1 ). At 5 days following transplantation, 69% of the fetuses were still alive. Engrafted cells were detected by @entity1 immunohistochemistry, and the appearance of the engrafted cells and the time course of Nestin and @entity2 expression were measured at 6, 24, 64 h and 5 days after transplantation. The evolution of Large T-Antigen immunoreactivity in engrafted temperature-sensitive (ts) cells was also evaluated at the above time intervals. The results indicate that the majority of the implanted cells were aggregated into clusters 24 h after transplantation. These clusters were not visible at 6 h, when most of the cells were isolated. The clusters were located in both the ventricles and parenchyma. These findings were common to both ts cells and striatal primary neuroepithelial cells. At 64 h and 5 days, isolated cells associated with the germinal layer and scattered throughout the parenchyma were also found. In the clusters, Nestin expression decreased proportionally with time following transplantation. Furthermore, Large T-Antigen immunoreactivity disappeared from ts cells between 6 and 24 h after transplantation. Finally, measurements of the temporal evolution of @entity2 expression within the clusters indicate a progressive reduction in the mitotic activity of the transplanted cells. The results demonstrate that striatal primary neuroepithelial cells and conditionally immortalized neuronal progenitors can survive, migrate and/or compartimentalize into clusters whilst changing their antigenic properties and ability to proliferate.

title: A short term analysis of the behaviour of conditionally immortalized neuronal progenitors and primary neuroepithelial cells implanted into the fetal XXXX brain.

answer: @entity0


abstract: An important role of mitochondria in the process of programmed cell death is widely accepted now. There is a set of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins involved in this process. Apart from this, a mitochondrion contains its own genetic apparatus comprising mtDNA and replication, transcription, and translation systems. However, a mechanism of mitochondria genetic information realization under apoptosis-inducing conditions has been understood poorly. Here, using the real-time PCR technique the number of mitochondrial genes and their transcripts in @entity0 spleen cells after whole-body X-ray irradiation at the dosage of 10 Gy has been evaluated. During 5 h after the irradiation a nuclear DNA was subjected to fragmentation, whereas mtDNA remained intact. Moreover, in the course of time after irradiation the number of mtDNA copies increased threefold. A process of mtDNA transcription was more susceptible to the irradiation: in 1 h after exposure the number of @entity3 , @entity2 and @entity1 gene transcripts were sharply decreased. In 24 and 72 h after the irradiation the amount of @entity3 and @entity2 transcripts was restored to the control values, while the @entity1 one remained low; the number of @entity4 transcripts was compared with the control within the whole period of observation. The difference in levels of mRNAs for the genes transcribed under the control of the same promoter for @entity0 to be grown both under normal conditions and after x-ray irradiation allows us to propose the existing a posttranscriptional mechanism which regulates expression of mitochondrial genes and provides different recovery rates for different mitochondrial transcripts at the development of apoptosis.

title: [Mitochondrial genetic apparatus functioning in XXXX spleen cells under radiation-induced apoptosis].

answer: @entity0


abstract: Examination of ciliary ultrastructure remains the cornerstone diagnostic test for @entity2 ( @entity2 ), a disease of abnormal ciliary structure and/or function. Obtaining a biopsy with sufficient interpretable cilia and producing quality transmission electron micrographs (TEM) is challenging. Methods for processing tissues for optimal preservation of axonemal structures are not standardized. This study describes our experience using a standard operating procedure (SOP) for collecting nasal scrape biopsies and processing TEMs in a centralized laboratory. We enrolled @entity0 with suspected @entity2 at research sites of the @entity1 of Mucociliary Clearance Consortium. Biopsies were performed according to a SOP whereby curettes were used to scrape the inferior surface of the inferior turbinate, with samples placed in fixative. Specimens were shipped to a central laboratory where TEMs were prepared and blindly reviewed. Four hundred forty-eight specimens were obtained from 107 young @entity0 (0-5 years), 189 older @entity0 (5-18 years), and 152 adults (> 18 years), and 88% were adequate for formal interpretation. The proportion of adequate specimens was higher in adults than in @entity0 . Fifty percent of the adequate TEMs showed normal ciliary ultrastructure, 39% showed hallmark ultrastructural changes of @entity2 , and 11% had indeterminate findings. Among specimens without clearly normal ultrastructure, 72% had defects of the outer and/or inner dynein arms (IDA), while 7% had central @entity3 with or without IDA defects. In summary, nasal scrape biopsies can be performed in the outpatient setting and yield interpretable samples, when performed by individuals with adequate training and experience according to an SOP.

title: Diagnostic yield of nasal scrape biopsies in XXXX : a multicenter experience.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The increasing use of concentrate feedstuffs within Northern Ireland dairy systems has resulted in significant farm gate @entity2 (P) surpluses, and these have contributed to increased soil P levels and risk of P loss to overland flow. However, the P content of feed concentrates can be lowered without compromising animal performance. This study focuses on P losses from grassland and evaluates how adjusting the P content of manure impacts on the P composition and concentration in overland flow. Dairy @entity1 were offered diets containing 5.3 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity0 ( @entity0 ) and produced manures with a range of P contents. Manure was applied at a rate of 50 m3 ha(-1) to 0.5-m2 grassland plots, and simulated rainfall (40 mm h(-1)) was applied repeatedly 2, 9, 28, and 49 d after during the summer, winter, and spring. Decreasing the P content in the diet, from the highest to the lowest P treatment (43%), produced a proportionately greater reduction in manure TP content (63%), but reductions were not exclusively in the water-soluble fraction. Following surface applications of manure, P concentrations in overland flow increased in all seasons (P < or = 0.001), while the greatest impact of varying the manure P content was most evident during the first simulated overland flow event. When diet P content was reduced from 5.4 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity0 , a statistically significant reduction in runoff P concentration was observed in all seasons. Elevated P concentrations in overland flow were observed for 28 d in spring and 9 d in summer and winter. The large drop in P concentrations between simulated rainfall events on Day 2 and Day 9 suggests that increasing the time interval between manure application and the generation of overland flow has a greater impact on P losses than does varying the dietary P content.

title: Effect of varying the XXXX content of dairy @entity1 diets on losses of @entity2 in overland flow following surface applications of manure.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The increasing use of concentrate feedstuffs within Northern Ireland dairy systems has resulted in significant farm gate @entity2 (P) surpluses, and these have contributed to increased soil P levels and risk of P loss to overland flow. However, the P content of feed concentrates can be lowered without compromising animal performance. This study focuses on P losses from grassland and evaluates how adjusting the P content of manure impacts on the P composition and concentration in overland flow. Dairy @entity1 were offered diets containing 5.3 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity0 ( @entity0 ) and produced manures with a range of P contents. Manure was applied at a rate of 50 m3 ha(-1) to 0.5-m2 grassland plots, and simulated rainfall (40 mm h(-1)) was applied repeatedly 2, 9, 28, and 49 d after during the summer, winter, and spring. Decreasing the P content in the diet, from the highest to the lowest P treatment (43%), produced a proportionately greater reduction in manure TP content (63%), but reductions were not exclusively in the water-soluble fraction. Following surface applications of manure, P concentrations in overland flow increased in all seasons (P < or = 0.001), while the greatest impact of varying the manure P content was most evident during the first simulated overland flow event. When diet P content was reduced from 5.4 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity0 , a statistically significant reduction in runoff P concentration was observed in all seasons. Elevated P concentrations in overland flow were observed for 28 d in spring and 9 d in summer and winter. The large drop in P concentrations between simulated rainfall events on Day 2 and Day 9 suggests that increasing the time interval between manure application and the generation of overland flow has a greater impact on P losses than does varying the dietary P content.

title: Effect of varying the @entity2 content of dairy @entity1 diets on losses of XXXX in overland flow following surface applications of manure.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The increasing use of concentrate feedstuffs within Northern Ireland dairy systems has resulted in significant farm gate @entity2 (P) surpluses, and these have contributed to increased soil P levels and risk of P loss to overland flow. However, the P content of feed concentrates can be lowered without compromising animal performance. This study focuses on P losses from grassland and evaluates how adjusting the P content of manure impacts on the P composition and concentration in overland flow. Dairy @entity1 were offered diets containing 5.3 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity0 ( @entity0 ) and produced manures with a range of P contents. Manure was applied at a rate of 50 m3 ha(-1) to 0.5-m2 grassland plots, and simulated rainfall (40 mm h(-1)) was applied repeatedly 2, 9, 28, and 49 d after during the summer, winter, and spring. Decreasing the P content in the diet, from the highest to the lowest P treatment (43%), produced a proportionately greater reduction in manure TP content (63%), but reductions were not exclusively in the water-soluble fraction. Following surface applications of manure, P concentrations in overland flow increased in all seasons (P < or = 0.001), while the greatest impact of varying the manure P content was most evident during the first simulated overland flow event. When diet P content was reduced from 5.4 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity0 , a statistically significant reduction in runoff P concentration was observed in all seasons. Elevated P concentrations in overland flow were observed for 28 d in spring and 9 d in summer and winter. The large drop in P concentrations between simulated rainfall events on Day 2 and Day 9 suggests that increasing the time interval between manure application and the generation of overland flow has a greater impact on P losses than does varying the dietary P content.

title: Effect of varying the @entity2 content of dairy XXXX diets on losses of @entity2 in overland flow following surface applications of manure.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: The usual presentation of herpes zoster (HZ) is a self-limiting @entity7 , often accompanied by @entity1 . However, HZ can give rise to other complications, that have unusual presentations and serious sequelae like segmental motor @entity4 of the limbs that is a relatively rare complication. CASE: A 68-year-old @entity0 presented with foot drop on the right side had a history of @entity2 on and around the knee and the popliteal fossa. He was treated with @entity5 by a dermatologist and 10 days after the inital symptoms he developed @entity3 on the right ankle and on the muscles distal to the knee. In a few days foot drop has developed and he was unable to walk without help. Three months later he was admitted to the neurology out @entity0 clinic. On his electrophysiological examination common peroneal nerve could not be stimulated on the right side. The distal latency of the tibial nerve has prolonged, @entity8 amplitude has diminished and the nerve conduction velocity has slowed down. Latency of the sural nerve has prolonged with a small SNAP amplitude and a slow nerve conduction velocity on the right side. Electromyography revealed denervation on the muscles inervated by tibialis anterior and common peroneal nerves distal to the knee. CONCLUSION: The double mononeuropathy of the tibial and common peroneal nerves secondary to HZ was not found in the published data. HZ should be considered as a possible cause of the @entity6 and more attention should be paid to it.

title: Common peroneal and tibial nerve XXXX secondary to herpes @entity2 : a case report.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: The usual presentation of herpes zoster (HZ) is a self-limiting @entity7 , often accompanied by @entity1 . However, HZ can give rise to other complications, that have unusual presentations and serious sequelae like segmental motor @entity4 of the limbs that is a relatively rare complication. CASE: A 68-year-old @entity0 presented with foot drop on the right side had a history of @entity2 on and around the knee and the popliteal fossa. He was treated with @entity5 by a dermatologist and 10 days after the inital symptoms he developed @entity3 on the right ankle and on the muscles distal to the knee. In a few days foot drop has developed and he was unable to walk without help. Three months later he was admitted to the neurology out @entity0 clinic. On his electrophysiological examination common peroneal nerve could not be stimulated on the right side. The distal latency of the tibial nerve has prolonged, @entity8 amplitude has diminished and the nerve conduction velocity has slowed down. Latency of the sural nerve has prolonged with a small SNAP amplitude and a slow nerve conduction velocity on the right side. Electromyography revealed denervation on the muscles inervated by tibialis anterior and common peroneal nerves distal to the knee. CONCLUSION: The double mononeuropathy of the tibial and common peroneal nerves secondary to HZ was not found in the published data. HZ should be considered as a possible cause of the @entity6 and more attention should be paid to it.

title: Common peroneal and tibial nerve @entity4 secondary to herpes XXXX : a case report.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECT: The question of whether to obtain routine or selective preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in pediatric @entity0 with @entity8 remains a controversial topic. Staging of the neuraxis is generally considered beneficial in @entity0 with @entity1 associated with an elevated risk of @entity7 ( @entity7 ). When these studies are obtained preoperatively, there is a decrease in the number of false-positive images related to debris in the immediate postoperative period. Additionally, knowledge of the extent of spread has the potential to affect the risk/benefit analysis of aggressive resection. Although the majority of pediatric neurosurgeons surveyed choose to obtain selective preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in cases of @entity8 "with findings suggestive of high-grade pathology," an evidence-based protocol in the literature is lacking. The goal of this study was to assess radiological characteristics of @entity1 with an elevated risk of @entity7 and identify a method to help guide preoperative imaging of the neuraxis. METHODS: The authors first reviewed the literature to gain an appreciation of the risk of @entity7 of @entity8 based on underlying histopathology and/or grade. Available evidence indicates preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in @entity0 with Grade I @entity1 to be of questionable utility. In contrast, evidence suggested that preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in @entity0 with @entity2 was clinically warranted. The authors then evaluated an extensive base of neuroradiological literature to identify possible MR imaging and/or CT findings with the potential to differentiate Grade I from higher-grade @entity1 in pediatric @entity0 . They analyzed the preoperative radiological findings in 50 pediatric @entity0 who had undergone craniotomy for resection of @entity8 at Vanderbilt @entity0 's Hospital since 2003 with reference to 7 chosen radiological criteria. @entity5 models were fit using radiological features to determine the best predictors of @entity1 . Receiver operating characteristic methods were used to identify diagnostic properties of the best predictors. RESULTS: The relative T2 signal intensity (RT2SI), an indirect measure of the water content of the solid component of the @entity1 , was best able to identify @entity1 with an elevated risk of @entity7 . An RT2SI value of 0.71 was selected by the authors as the best operating point on the curve. Of the 31 @entity1 retrospectively designated as hypointense @entity3 (RT2SI  <= 0.71), 30 (97%) were Grade II or higher. All @entity6 , @entity4 , and high-grade (Grades III and IV) @entity1 were hypointense @entity3 . Of the 19 T2-weighted hyperintense @entity1 (RT2SI > 0.71), 16 (84%) were Grade I and 3 were Grade II. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of the RT2SI can help predict @entity1 at an elevated risk of leptomeningeal spread and guide staging of the neuraxis. Pediatric @entity0 with @entity8 found to have an RT2SI of less than or equal to 0.71 are recommended for neuraxis imaging prior to surgery.

title: Use of T2 signal intensity of XXXX in pediatric @entity0 to guide preoperative staging of the neuraxis.

answer: @entity8


abstract: OBJECT: The question of whether to obtain routine or selective preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in pediatric @entity0 with @entity8 remains a controversial topic. Staging of the neuraxis is generally considered beneficial in @entity0 with @entity1 associated with an elevated risk of @entity7 ( @entity7 ). When these studies are obtained preoperatively, there is a decrease in the number of false-positive images related to debris in the immediate postoperative period. Additionally, knowledge of the extent of spread has the potential to affect the risk/benefit analysis of aggressive resection. Although the majority of pediatric neurosurgeons surveyed choose to obtain selective preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in cases of @entity8 "with findings suggestive of high-grade pathology," an evidence-based protocol in the literature is lacking. The goal of this study was to assess radiological characteristics of @entity1 with an elevated risk of @entity7 and identify a method to help guide preoperative imaging of the neuraxis. METHODS: The authors first reviewed the literature to gain an appreciation of the risk of @entity7 of @entity8 based on underlying histopathology and/or grade. Available evidence indicates preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in @entity0 with Grade I @entity1 to be of questionable utility. In contrast, evidence suggested that preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in @entity0 with @entity2 was clinically warranted. The authors then evaluated an extensive base of neuroradiological literature to identify possible MR imaging and/or CT findings with the potential to differentiate Grade I from higher-grade @entity1 in pediatric @entity0 . They analyzed the preoperative radiological findings in 50 pediatric @entity0 who had undergone craniotomy for resection of @entity8 at Vanderbilt @entity0 's Hospital since 2003 with reference to 7 chosen radiological criteria. @entity5 models were fit using radiological features to determine the best predictors of @entity1 . Receiver operating characteristic methods were used to identify diagnostic properties of the best predictors. RESULTS: The relative T2 signal intensity (RT2SI), an indirect measure of the water content of the solid component of the @entity1 , was best able to identify @entity1 with an elevated risk of @entity7 . An RT2SI value of 0.71 was selected by the authors as the best operating point on the curve. Of the 31 @entity1 retrospectively designated as hypointense @entity3 (RT2SI  <= 0.71), 30 (97%) were Grade II or higher. All @entity6 , @entity4 , and high-grade (Grades III and IV) @entity1 were hypointense @entity3 . Of the 19 T2-weighted hyperintense @entity1 (RT2SI > 0.71), 16 (84%) were Grade I and 3 were Grade II. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of the RT2SI can help predict @entity1 at an elevated risk of leptomeningeal spread and guide staging of the neuraxis. Pediatric @entity0 with @entity8 found to have an RT2SI of less than or equal to 0.71 are recommended for neuraxis imaging prior to surgery.

title: Use of T2 signal intensity of @entity8 in pediatric XXXX to guide preoperative staging of the neuraxis.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Intracellular recording was used in vitro to analyze electrophysiological properties of neurons in myenteric ganglia of @entity1 distal colon. The neurons were classified into six types based on their electrical behavior. Type 1 colonic neurons discharged action potentials throughout depolarizing current pulses and were otherwise similar to S/type 1 neurons found in the @entity1 small bowel. The second type had passive and active electrical properties similar to those of @entity4 /type 2 myenteric neurons of the small intestine. These cells discharged only a single spike at the onset of depolarizing current pulses, and the spikes were followed by long-lasting hyperpolarizing afterpotentials. Excitability of the type 2 neurons was enhanced in the presence of elevated Mg2+ and reduced @entity0 , and the spikes were unaffected by tetrodotoxin. Type 3 colonic neurons showed fast synaptic potentials but did not generate action potentials. The majority of neurons were referred to as type 2 colonic neurons. Type 4 neurons discharged single action potentials only at the onset of depolarizing current pulses, and the spikes were not followed by prolonged hyperpolarizing afterpotentials. Unlike type 2 neurons, excitability remained unchanged in the presence of reduced extracellular @entity0 and elevated @entity3 . Action potentials of type 4 neurons were suppressed or abolished by @entity2 . A group of spontaneously active neurons was classified as type 5 colonic neurons. Type 6 cells were inexcitable and assumed to be glial cells.

title: Electrical behavior of myenteric neurons in XXXX distal colon.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pacific Islanders (PIs) experience high cervical @entity1 rates in the United States. Stage of diagnosis is also later for PIs than non-Hispanic Whites. The @entity2 test is severely underutilized among PIs: only 71% of Asian American and Pacific Islander @entity0 age 25 years or older received a @entity2 test within the last 3 years (U.S. average, 82%). Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is increasingly seen as an essential approach in designing and conducting culturally relevant and appropriate studies that reduce @entity1 incidence and other health disparities among minority and other medically underserved populations. PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to describe the lessons learned thus far regarding the identification, recruitment, and retention of PI community organizations and members into a CBPR-informed, randomized, community trial promoting @entity2 testing. METHODS: This 5-year study used CBPR to develop and test the efficacy of a social support intervention for Chamorro, Samoan, and Tongan @entity0 to increase @entity2 testing in southern California. Eligible @entity0 were between the ages of 21 and 65, and married or in a long-term relationship with a @entity0 for at least 5 years. @entity0 and their husbands or significant others received a 2-hour, culturally tailored workshop that include a group activity, information on @entity2 testing, a video, and corresponding materials. Comparison @entity0 received a brochure about @entity2 testing. Three waves of data are collected from all @entity0 : pretest (before workshop or brochure), posttest 1 (immediately after workshop or brochure), and posttest 2 (6 months follow-up). RESULTS: Of the 76 organizations approached to participate in the study, 67 (88.2%) eventually agreed to participate. Thus far, 473 @entity0 and 419 @entity0 completed the study pretest, post-test, education, and 6-month follow-up. Only 242 @entity0 and 204 @entity0 of the eligible @entity0 have completed the follow-up survey (63.5% of @entity0 and 60.5% of @entity0 retained after 6 months). LESSONS LEARNED: The main strategy to overcome initial recruitment challenges was study staff persistence, because they averaged five contacts with each church or clan leader before receiving confirmation that an educational session can be scheduled. Personal connections provided an introduction to the most appropriate church or clan leader. Other efforts for retention include creation of an online version of the survey, re-attending church services, and creating special events organized around clan activities. CONCLUSIONS: Although CBPR improves the cultural competence and relevance of study activities for ethnically diverse populations, selected past research shows that it does not ensure that such designs overcome all of the unique challenges in ethnically diverse communities. PI-specific organizational recruitment and individual retention is influenced by study issues and cultural factors in each community.

title: CBPR-Informed Recruitment and Retention Adaptations in a Randomized Study of XXXX Testing Among Pacific Islanders in Southern California.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Autophagy is considered to be associated with @entity3 . However, whether autophagy accelerates or ameliorates @entity2 remains to be elucidated. In the present study, 36 @entity1 were divided into two groups: Control @entity1 and @entity0 @entity1 . The @entity0 @entity1 were established by feeding the animals a high fat diet combined with @entity4 . From the two groups, six @entity1 were sacrificed after 1, 6 and 7 months. Cardiac systolic functions were measured. The collagen volume fraction was calculated using Masson's trichome staining and the mRNA expression levels of type  -I and type  -III collagen were measured using reverse transcription  -quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT  -qPCR) to assess the levels of @entity3 . The protein contents of microtubule  -associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and sequestosome 1 ( @entity5 ) were evaluated using western blotting, and the mRNA expression of Beclin 1 was measured using RT  -qPCR, in order to assess autophagy. The results revealed that, in the @entity0 @entity1 , @entity3 developed and cardiac systolic function was reduced. In the hearts of the @entity0 @entity1 , the mRNA expression levels of collagen type I and III, and Beclin1 were upregulated; the ratio of the protein level of LC3  -II/LC3  -I was increased and the content of @entity5 was decreased. All the changes were aggravated as time increased. The changes in autophagy were correlated with those of @entity3 , suggesting that autophagy may have a synergistic role in @entity3 .

title: Sequential changes in autophagy in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite a lack of evidence that @entity1 are precursors to @entity0 , a large proportion of dermatologists continue to treat them as such. Emerging data suggest that histologic grading approach may result in many unnecessary excisions. OBJECTIVE: Using a nongrading approach to diagnosis of Clark/ @entity1 , the current study sought to define and determine the diagnostic uncertainty rate, and to report on the results of re-excisions of such lesions. METHODS: All @entity2 submitted to an academic dermatopathology laboratory between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2013, were categorized. The number of Clark nevi recommended for re-excision divided by the total number of Clark nevi was taken to be the diagnostic uncertainty rate. RESULTS: This nongrading approach resulted in an excision recommendation/diagnostic uncertainty rate of 11.1%. In 2% of the excised specimens, the diagnosis was changed to @entity0 . LIMITATIONS: The study was performed at a single institution, and assigned diagnoses could not be verified other than by the diagnosing dermatopathologists. Lesions that were not submitted as re-excision specimens could have altered the results had they been available for evaluation. CONCLUSION: Compared with previously reported excision rates, the current study shows that the nongrading approach to Clark nevi results in a lower excision rate while still maintaining a low rate of change in diagnosis similar to the grading approach.

title: A nongrading histologic approach to Clark ( XXXX ) nevi: A potential to decrease the excision rate.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In permeabilized single fibers of fast (psoas) and slow (soleus) muscle from the @entity0 , the effect of pH on isometric myofibrillar ATPase activity and force was studied at 15 degrees C, in the pH range 6.4-7.9. ATPase activity was measured photometrically by enzymatic coupling of the regeneration of @entity1 to the oxidation of @entity2 , present in the bathing solution. @entity2 absorbance at 340 nm was determined inside a measuring chamber. To measure @entity1 turnover in single soleus fibers accurately, a new measuring chamber (volume 4 microliters) was developed that produced a sensitivity approximately 8 times higher than the system previously used. Under control conditions (pH 7.3), the isometric force was 136 and 115 kN/m2 and the @entity1 turnover was 0.43 and 0.056 mmol per liter fiber volume per second in psoas and soleus fibers, respectively. Over the pH range studied, isometric force increased monotonically by a factor 1.7 for psoas and 1.2 for soleus fibers. In psoas the isometric ATPase activity remained constant, whereas in soleus it slightly decreased with increasing pH. The pH dependency of relative tension cost (isometric ATPase activity divided by force) was practically identical for psoas and soleus fibers. In both cases it decreased by about a factor 0.57 as pH increased from 6.4 to 7.9. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of cross-bridge kinetics. For both fiber types, estimates of the reaction rates and the distribution of cross-bridges and of their pH dependencies were obtained. A remarkable similarity was found between fast- and slow-twitch fibers in the effects of pH on the reaction rate constants.

title: Effects of pH on myofibrillar ATPase activity in fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers of the XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Diastolic function is an important element of overall left ventricular function. The pattern of flow across the mitral valve is commonly used as a measure of diastolic ventricular function. Magnetic resonance (MR) velocity mapping of blood flow across the mitral valve was compared with Doppler echocardiography. Nineteen @entity0 with known @entity1 (mean age, 62 years; 11 with previous @entity2 ) were studied. The mean value of peak early filling velocity (+/- standard deviation) was 60.1 cm/sec +/- 14.3 with the MR method and 59.4 cm/ @entity4 .7 with echocardiography (P = .732). The mean difference between the two measurements (95% confidence interval) was -0.8 cm/sec (-5.2 cm/sec, +2.2 cm/sec). The mean value of early deceleration was 4.3 m/ @entity3 +/- 1.5 with the MR method and 4.0 m/ @entity3 +/- 1.5 with echocardiography (P = .073). The mean difference was -0.4 cm/ @entity3 (-0.92 cm/ @entity3 , +0.05 cm/ @entity3 ). The mean value of peak atriosystolic velocity was 51 cm/sec +/- 14.6 with the MR method and 62 cm/sec +/- 17.2 with echocardiography (P = .002). The mean difference was -11 cm/sec (-18.1 cm/sec, -3.45 cm/sec). Peak atrial filling was consistently lower with the MR method than with echocardiography. Time-averaged measurements of ventricular filling with MR velocity mapping are an accurate measure of early diastolic filling but underestimate the velocity of atriosystolic filling.

title: Mitral valve flow measured with cine MR velocity mapping in XXXX with ischemic heart disease: comparison with Doppler echocardiography.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Immunoaffinity columns are prepared from the monoclonal antibody (MAb) @entity4 . These columns are used to enrich @entity2 decarboxylase (GAD) from the cytosolic fraction of @entity0 brain homogenates and from Triton X-100 extracts of the brain membrane fraction. In each case enzyme activity is enriched over 400-fold. The immunopurified fractions were analyzed by @entity1 -PAGE. Fractions purified from the cytosol consisted of a quantitatively major band of 59 kDa, and one band of 63 kDa, as well as a group centered around 55 kDa. Fractions purified from membranes consisted primarily of the 59 and 63 kDa components; only traces of the lower-molecular-weight components were present. The entire set of proteins purified on @entity4 immunoaffinity columns is strongly recognized by 2 widely used antisera to GAD, those described in Saito et al. (1974) and Oertel et al. (1981). The 59 kDa protein from the cytosolic fraction was purified to homogeneity by preparative SDS-PAGE; a partial @entity3 sequence of this protein was obtained. The 59 kDa protein has a high degree of sequence homology with the deduced @entity3 sequence of the protein that was coded for by a cDNA for feline GAD (Kaufman et al., 1986; Kobayashi et al., 1987). Thus, these proteins are either products of a single gene that diverged during the evolution of @entity0 and cat from a common ancestor, or are members of a closely related set of genes found in both species. The MAb GAD-6 recognizes the 59 kDa band and the group of bands centered around 55 kDa on Western blots. Therefore, these proteins are immunochemically related. GAD-6 does not recognize the 63 kDa band. In Western blots of unfractionated homogenates of the whole brain, the only band recognized by GAD-6 is a 59 kDa band.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Characterization of the proteins purified with monoclonal antibodies to XXXX decarboxylase.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: In industrialised nations @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is the most common cause of @entity4 and severe @entity1 . @entity3 is a disease of the retina characterized by the accumulation of metabolic products in the macula. In early stages drusen and @entity5 occur, in late stages a dry form is distinguished from the exsudative form with @entity6 . @entity3 causes @entity1 of the central part of the visual field, leading finally to a dark spot. Several therapies are available for the exsudative form, however an exact diagnosis is partially essential. The gold standard for the diagnosis of @entity3 is @entity2 angiography (FA), an invasive investigation with intravenous application of a dye. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a more recent non-invasive procedure. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this HTA report is to investigate the efficacy and efficiency of OCT compared to FA. Ethical, societal and legal aspects are also considered. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in 34 international databases which yielded 2324 articles. Eight publications were included for assessment, according to predefined selection criteria. RESULTS: The number of studies investigating OCT compared to FA in @entity0 with @entity3 is presently very limited and the quality of the studies is generally low. The number of investigated @entity0 is below 35 in four publications and in only one publication it is above 100. Moreover in most of the articles very selected @entity0 groups are studied. Economic studies concerning the efficiency of OCT compared to FA cannot be identified. DISCUSSION: Even though the @entity0 groups investigated and the objectives of the studies are very heterogenous, all publications uniformly show that OCT cannot replace FA. However, OCT yields additional diagnostic findings and may verify unclear findings of FA. Therefore the application of OCT in addition to FA is useful in many cases. With regard to costs German @entity0 on average currently have to pay more for performing OCT than for performing FA. CONCLUSION: Future studies have to show whether OCT may give diagnostic information essential for therapeutic decisions in addition to FA and whether it can replace FA in selected cases. The number of @entity0 included in these studies should be high enough to answer relevant questions with sufficient statistical power. An economic model calculation can be built upon the resulting findings.

title: Evaluation of optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of age related XXXX compared with fluorescence angiography.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Accurate and relatively simple monitoring is essential in managing @entity0 with @entity7 , and becomes particularly important when there is substantial occult @entity2 . @entity6 , said to occur following a 15% @entity2 , is generally regarded as the first reliable sign of @entity4 . However, heart rate is a nonspecific parameter which is affected by factors other than changing intravascular volume. The purpose of this study was to evaluate available means of monitoring volume status and to identify the parameter which is the earliest and most reliable indication of @entity2 . Sixteen mongrel @entity3 were anesthetized and bled by increments of 3% of their total blood volume until the onset of sustained @entity5 or a 25% @entity2 . All @entity3 were monitored with a Swan-Ganz catheter and an arterial line. Vital signs, full hemodynamic parameters, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were measured after each 3% @entity2 . Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated that only Cardiac Index and Mixed Venous @entity1 Saturation showed linearity as function of measure @entity2 . Linear regression analysis generated r values that ranged from 0.85-0.99 with a mean of 0.95 for Mixed Venous @entity1 Saturation; r values for Cardiac Index ranged from 0.39-0.98 with a mean of 0.85. Furthermore, all @entity3 had increased tissue @entity1 extraction after 3-6% @entity2 . Because Central Venous Blood @entity1 Saturation mirrors Mixed Venous @entity1 Saturation and is easily and rapidly measured, we extended our study by repeating all of the previously measured parameters, with the addition of CVP blood gases in an unanesthetized animal model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Central venous blood XXXX saturation: an early, accurate measurement of volume during @entity4 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Accurate and relatively simple monitoring is essential in managing @entity0 with @entity7 , and becomes particularly important when there is substantial occult @entity2 . @entity6 , said to occur following a 15% @entity2 , is generally regarded as the first reliable sign of @entity4 . However, heart rate is a nonspecific parameter which is affected by factors other than changing intravascular volume. The purpose of this study was to evaluate available means of monitoring volume status and to identify the parameter which is the earliest and most reliable indication of @entity2 . Sixteen mongrel @entity3 were anesthetized and bled by increments of 3% of their total blood volume until the onset of sustained @entity5 or a 25% @entity2 . All @entity3 were monitored with a Swan-Ganz catheter and an arterial line. Vital signs, full hemodynamic parameters, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were measured after each 3% @entity2 . Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated that only Cardiac Index and Mixed Venous @entity1 Saturation showed linearity as function of measure @entity2 . Linear regression analysis generated r values that ranged from 0.85-0.99 with a mean of 0.95 for Mixed Venous @entity1 Saturation; r values for Cardiac Index ranged from 0.39-0.98 with a mean of 0.85. Furthermore, all @entity3 had increased tissue @entity1 extraction after 3-6% @entity2 . Because Central Venous Blood @entity1 Saturation mirrors Mixed Venous @entity1 Saturation and is easily and rapidly measured, we extended our study by repeating all of the previously measured parameters, with the addition of CVP blood gases in an unanesthetized animal model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Central venous blood @entity1 saturation: an early, accurate measurement of volume during XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To interrupt transmission of @entity2 colonization in a neonatal intensive care unit and determine the source of ongoing transmission. DESIGN: Multidisciplinary outbreak investigation and simulation of droplet generation by a high-frequency oscillator using fluorescent dye. SETTING: Level III neonatal intensive care unit. @entity0 : Very low birth weight premature @entity0 with @entity1 . INTERVENTIONS: Infection control interventions, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of isolates to determine relatedness, and construction of a scavenging system to capture the circuitry condensate expelled by the oscillator exit port. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Affected @entity0 were housed in the same geographic site. @entity2 isolates were indistinguishable or closely related using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Fluorescent droplet splatter from the circuitry, generated when no containment device covered the exit valve, was visible up to 49 in (107.8 cm) from the source. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation and adherence to infection control measures is essential to prevent transmission of opportunistic pathogens among ventilated @entity0 . Oscillators can generate droplets that travel farther than 1 m from the source.

title: XXXX outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit related to the exit port of an oscillator.

answer: @entity2