abstract: In @entity13 ( @entity13 ), there is a large interfamily variation of phenotype. We report three subjects with @entity13 in a single family (parents, two brothers and two sisters), of whom only one (proband) displayed classical features of the mineralocorticoid excess. The proband was a @entity0 found to be @entity1 and hypokalaemic at the age of 24 years. Plasma @entity4 activity was suppressed and plasma @entity6 was repeatedly elevated. Blood pressure and @entity6 levels normalized within 5 days of @entity2 therapy. The presence of a chimaeric @entity10 / @entity11 gene was demonstrated by long-PCR and Southern blotting (crossover site at the end of intron 3) in the proband, in the younger sister (sibling 1) and in the father. In these @entity0 , sequencing of the chimaeric portion of @entity10 did not reveal any mutation, while sequencing of the chimaeric portion of @entity11 showed a @entity15 polymorphism in exon 7, known to cause only a minimal impairment of enzymatic activity. Sibling 1 was normotensive, normokalaemic and had normal PRA and @entity6 . The father had normal blood pressure and @entity5 , low-normal PRA and normal @entity6 . All three subjects had elevated levels of urinary @entity12 and @entity14 . Baseline @entity9 ( @entity9 ), @entity7 (B) and @entity6 were high in the proband and normal in the father and sibling 1; @entity8 (S) and @entity3 (F) were normal. ACTH induced a normal increase of B, @entity9 , S and F, and an excessive @entity6 increase in all three @entity0 . Abnormalities in the chimaeric portions of CYB11B1 or @entity11 genes did not account for the phenotypic disparity of the different members in a single @entity13 family. Altered regulation of the chimaeric gene may be responsible for differences in its activity.

title: Coexistence of different phenotypes in a family with XXXX .

answer: @entity13


abstract: Cranial @entity4 are rare and comprise less than one percent of all primary @entity3 . These painless progressively expanding destructive @entity3 produce @entity5 (commonest), @entity8 (less common), peripheral @entity10 (uncommon) and compressive central neurological manifestations (rarest). Until recently some of the primary @entity2 were either treated expectantly or excised incompletely. In a significant percentage of cases, these lesions were considered inaccessible. However, with the development of modern neuro-imaging ( @entity11 ) and the applications of current skull base approaches, the more aggressive and radical surgical procedures are being undertaken, with a significant improvement in overall outcome. We present a series of 8 cases of @entity4 in the age group of 10-33 years with a mean age of 19.75 years. Four cases each had monostotic type and polyostotic type. All @entity0 presented with mild to moderate @entity1 , and seven cases with some form of @entity5 . In 4 @entity0 there was a unilateral proptosis, while only two had @entity6 . One @entity0 had @entity9 and one @entity7 . In one case @entity4 was hemicranial, and in another case the disease was pancranial. Neuro-imaging studies have well delineated the extent of the lesions. In two @entity0 with @entity8 , the removal of dysplastic bone, autoclaving and remodeling and replacement were performed. In two @entity0 of sphenoidal wing @entity4 a total excision was possible. In the remaining four @entity0 , a partial excision was performed. Overall outcome was good. There was no mortality. One @entity0 had recurrent post-operative extradural haematomas. The authors present the results of an analysis of eight surgically treated cases of symptomatic @entity4 along with their long-term outcome and the lessons learnt from this series.

title: Symptomatic XXXX : clinico-radiological analysis in a series of eight operative cases with follow-up results.

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of therapeutic modalities on survival of @entity2 and also to evaluate the surgical morbidity and the prognostic importance of surgicopathological variables. METHODS: A hundred and ninety-six @entity2 @entity0 treated at Hacettepe University Hospital between 1982 and 1997 were included. After initial diagnosis all @entity0 underwent surgical procedures including peritoneal cytology, infracolic omentectomy, total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salphingoopherectomy, and complete pelvic-paraaortic lymphadenectomy. The mean age at initial diagnosis was 56 years (SD = 9.9 years) and the @entity0 were followed 3-18 years (median, 8 years). All @entity0 had @entity3 . Stage IC and/or grade 3 @entity1 were considered high-risk factors and by this definition 147 (75%) @entity0 were low risk and 49 (25%) @entity0 were high risk. Forty-nine percent of high-risk @entity0 received adjuvant radiotherapy compared with 3.5% of @entity0 in the low-risk group. RESULTS: The 10-year disease-free and overall survival rates of the entire group were 97 and 98%, respectively. Ten-year overall survival rate for the low-risk group was 100% compared with 94% for @entity0 with high-risk features (P = 0.002). The 10-year disease-free survival rate in the high-risk group was 96% for 24 @entity0 who received adjuvant radiotherapy versus 92% for 25 @entity0 who did not receive adjuvant therapy (P = 0.53). Only high grade was a significant predictor of poor survival (P = 0.0004). Overall surgical morbidity rate was 8.1% without mortality related to surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical staging achieved excellent survival for @entity2 @entity0 without incurring untoward morbidity and mortality. No survival advantage of adjuvant radiotherapy was detected even for high-risk @entity0 , so we suggest the use of radiotherapy may be reserved for relapse.

title: Is there a survival benefit to adjuvant radiotherapy in high-risk surgical XXXX ?

answer: @entity2


abstract: To examine the effects of physical training on @entity1 effectiveness (S(G)), insulin sensitivity (S(I)), and endogenous @entity1 production (EGP) in middle-aged @entity0 , stable-labeled frequently sampled intravenous @entity1 tolerance tests (FSIGTT) were performed on 11 exercise-trained middle-aged @entity0 and 12 age-matched sedentary @entity0 . The time course of EGP during the FSIGTT was estimated by nonparametric stochastic deconvolution. @entity1 uptake-specific indexes of @entity1 effectiveness (S(2*)(G) x 10(2): 0.81 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.05 dl. min(-1). kg(-1), P < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity [S(2*)(I) x 10(4): 24.59 +/- 2.98 vs. 11.89 +/- 2.36 dl. min(-1). (microU/ml)(-1). kg(-1), P < 0.01], which were analyzed using the two-compartment minimal model, were significantly greater in the trained group than in the sedentary group. Plasma clearance rate (PCR) of @entity1 was consistently greater in the trained @entity0 than in sedentary @entity0 throughout FSIGTT. Compared with sedentary controls, EGP of trained middle-aged @entity0 was higher before @entity1 load. The EGP of the two groups was similarly suppressed by approximately 70% within 10 min, followed by an additional suppression after insulin infusion. EGP returned to basal level at approximately 60 min in the trained @entity0 and at 100 min in the controls, followed by its overshoot, which was significantly greater in the trained @entity0 than in the controls. In addition, basal EGP was positively correlated with S(2*)(G) . The higher basal EGP and greater EGP overshoot in trained middle-aged @entity0 appear to compensate for the increased insulin-independent (S(2*)(G)) and -dependent (S(2*)(I)) @entity1 uptake to maintain @entity1 homeostasis.

title: S(G), S(I), and EGP of exercise-trained middle-aged XXXX estimated by a two-compartment labeled minimal model.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity2 are considered unstable spinal lesions. Chronic instability in this region leads to the development of an inflammatory @entity5 , which can progress resulting in @entity4 radiographically and a @entity3 clinically. In this report we document three cases of reversal of @entity5 after @entity6 transarticular screw fixation of an unstable odontoid @entity2 . Three @entity0 were identified with @entity2 and @entity4 due to periodontoid @entity5 formation. All @entity0 presented with a progressive @entity3 . All @entity0 underwent preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the craniovertebral junction. @entity6 transarticular screw fixation was performed for stabilization of @entity6 . Postoperatively there were no complications. Postoperative MRI at 6 months demonstrated resolution of the ventral @entity5 . Moreover, all @entity0 exhibited improvement of preoperative @entity1 . MRI is the imaging technique of choice for diagnosis and follow-up of @entity0 with @entity2 . @entity6 transarticular screw fixation provides a viable method for spinal stabilization in this region. In addition, stabilization can result in resolution of inflammatory @entity5 formation secondary to instability of the @entity6 articulation.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of resolution of periodontoid @entity5 formation following XXXX posterior transarticular screw fixation.

answer: @entity6


abstract: @entity2 are considered unstable spinal lesions. Chronic instability in this region leads to the development of an inflammatory @entity5 , which can progress resulting in @entity4 radiographically and a @entity3 clinically. In this report we document three cases of reversal of @entity5 after @entity6 transarticular screw fixation of an unstable odontoid @entity2 . Three @entity0 were identified with @entity2 and @entity4 due to periodontoid @entity5 formation. All @entity0 presented with a progressive @entity3 . All @entity0 underwent preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the craniovertebral junction. @entity6 transarticular screw fixation was performed for stabilization of @entity6 . Postoperatively there were no complications. Postoperative MRI at 6 months demonstrated resolution of the ventral @entity5 . Moreover, all @entity0 exhibited improvement of preoperative @entity1 . MRI is the imaging technique of choice for diagnosis and follow-up of @entity0 with @entity2 . @entity6 transarticular screw fixation provides a viable method for spinal stabilization in this region. In addition, stabilization can result in resolution of inflammatory @entity5 formation secondary to instability of the @entity6 articulation.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of resolution of periodontoid XXXX formation following @entity6 posterior transarticular screw fixation.

answer: @entity5


abstract: A number of highly virulent, intracellular bacteria are known to induce cell death by apoptosis in infected host cells. In this work we demonstrate that phagocytosis of bacteria from the @entity2 laboratory strain K12 DH5alpha is a potent cell death stimulus for @entity0 macrophages. RAW264.7 @entity0 macrophages took up bacteria and digested them within 2-4 h as investigated with green fluorescent protein-expressing bacteria. No evidence of apoptosis was seen at 8 h postexposure, but at 24 h approximately 70% of macrophages displayed an apoptotic phenotype by a series of parameters. Apoptosis was blocked by inhibition of caspases or by forced expression of the apoptosis-inhibiting protein @entity4 . Processing of @entity1 and @entity7 but not @entity5 was seen suggesting that the mitochondrial branch of the apoptotic pathway was activated. Active effector caspases could be detected in two different assays. Because the adapter molecule @entity6 ( @entity6 ) has been implicated in apoptosis, involvement of the Toll-like receptor pathway was investigated. In RAW264.7 cells, heat-treated bacteria were taken up poorly and failed to induce significant apoptosis. However, cell activation was almost identical between live and heat-inactivated bacteria as measured by extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, generation of free radicals, and @entity3 secretion. Furthermore, primary bone marrow-derived macrophages from wild-type as well as from @entity6 -deficient @entity0 underwent apoptosis upon phagocytosis of bacteria. These results show that uptake and digestion of bacteria leads to @entity6 -independent apoptosis in @entity0 macrophages. This form of cell death might have implications for the generation of the immune response.

title: Caspase-9/-3 activation and apoptosis are induced in @entity0 macrophages upon ingestion and digestion of XXXX bacteria.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A number of highly virulent, intracellular bacteria are known to induce cell death by apoptosis in infected host cells. In this work we demonstrate that phagocytosis of bacteria from the @entity2 laboratory strain K12 DH5alpha is a potent cell death stimulus for @entity0 macrophages. RAW264.7 @entity0 macrophages took up bacteria and digested them within 2-4 h as investigated with green fluorescent protein-expressing bacteria. No evidence of apoptosis was seen at 8 h postexposure, but at 24 h approximately 70% of macrophages displayed an apoptotic phenotype by a series of parameters. Apoptosis was blocked by inhibition of caspases or by forced expression of the apoptosis-inhibiting protein @entity4 . Processing of @entity1 and @entity7 but not @entity5 was seen suggesting that the mitochondrial branch of the apoptotic pathway was activated. Active effector caspases could be detected in two different assays. Because the adapter molecule @entity6 ( @entity6 ) has been implicated in apoptosis, involvement of the Toll-like receptor pathway was investigated. In RAW264.7 cells, heat-treated bacteria were taken up poorly and failed to induce significant apoptosis. However, cell activation was almost identical between live and heat-inactivated bacteria as measured by extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, generation of free radicals, and @entity3 secretion. Furthermore, primary bone marrow-derived macrophages from wild-type as well as from @entity6 -deficient @entity0 underwent apoptosis upon phagocytosis of bacteria. These results show that uptake and digestion of bacteria leads to @entity6 -independent apoptosis in @entity0 macrophages. This form of cell death might have implications for the generation of the immune response.

title: Caspase-9/-3 activation and apoptosis are induced in XXXX macrophages upon ingestion and digestion of @entity2 bacteria.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The first objective of this paper is to report the clinical symptoms of 77 @entity0 and the results of their neurologic, vestibular, and audiological evaluations done with magnetic resonance imaging, which confirmed @entity6 . The second objective is to report how the results of a vestibular evaluation can help neurosurgeons decide on the need for surgical treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of 77 @entity0 seen between 1988 and 2000. SETTING: Tertiary care center. @entity0 : The clinical data of @entity0 under diagnoses of @entity6 , which was filed in the vestibular laboratory computer, was analyzed. INTERVENTION: The cases included in this study were derived from a population of @entity0 who were evaluated for @entity5 , @entity3 , and @entity2 in the Torok Vestibular Laboratory. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Occurrence of central vestibular findings in the @entity0 with @entity6 . RESULTS: In this group of 77 @entity0 , 10 had bilateral @entity4 and 22 had unilateral @entity4 of varying severities. Horizontal spontaneous nystagmus was noted in 27 @entity0 , vertical @entity1 in 3, and downbeat nystagmus in 4 others. Saccadic dysmetria was noted in 4 @entity0 , @entity1 was impaired in 3, and smooth-pursuit impairment was noted in 12 of the group. Positional nystagmus was noted in 9 @entity0 . The Torok monothermal caloric test showed normal responses in 19 @entity0 , hyperactive responses in 43, decruitment in 45, and rebound caloric nystagmus in 20. Surgical decompression of the @entity6 was completed in 33 @entity0 . CONCLUSION: From this study it is clear that the results of the basic vestibular function-test battery reflect the functional deficit in the vestibulocerebellum that is presumed by its ectopic position. These tests results have given our neurosurgeons a stronger foundation on which to base surgical decisions for this disease.

title: The XXXX and the neurotologist.

answer: @entity6


abstract: INTRODUCTION: It is well established that @entity2 , resulting in diminished @entity5 , occurs in @entity0 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) as compared with those who are nondisabled (ND). Although it has been shown that @entity0 with @entity3 display higher values of heart rate (HR) with lower values of @entity1 volume (SV) during exercise, it is not resolved whether there is adequate compensation to produce similar values of cardiac output (.Q) as in ND. PURPOSE: This study examined central cardiovascular responses (HR, SV, and .Q) of 20 subjects with complete thoracic level @entity4 (T(4)-T(11)) and 20 sedentary ND subjects during matched levels of arm-crank (AC) exercise. METHODS: All subjects performed an incremental peak AC test to volitional exhaustion with continuous metabolic analysis and HR measurement via open circuit spirometry and 12-lead electrocardiography, respectively. @entity1 volume was assessed using transthoracic impedance. RESULTS: Heart rate was higher for @entity4 (P< 0.05) with significantly lower values for SV and .Q at rest (approximately 25%). Peak responses were significantly higher for ND in all factors except HR. Although subpeak HRs at matched absolute workloads were significantly higher for @entity4 (12-20 beats.min (-1) ), SV and .Q were significantly lower (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that .Q is significantly lower in @entity4 than in ND during AC, despite significantly greater values of HR. These findings also suggest that the disparity in exercise values of .Q is related to differences exhibited at rest.

title: Hypokinetic circulation in @entity0 with XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: INTRODUCTION: It is well established that @entity2 , resulting in diminished @entity5 , occurs in @entity0 with @entity4 ( @entity4 ) as compared with those who are nondisabled (ND). Although it has been shown that @entity0 with @entity3 display higher values of heart rate (HR) with lower values of @entity1 volume (SV) during exercise, it is not resolved whether there is adequate compensation to produce similar values of cardiac output (.Q) as in ND. PURPOSE: This study examined central cardiovascular responses (HR, SV, and .Q) of 20 subjects with complete thoracic level @entity4 (T(4)-T(11)) and 20 sedentary ND subjects during matched levels of arm-crank (AC) exercise. METHODS: All subjects performed an incremental peak AC test to volitional exhaustion with continuous metabolic analysis and HR measurement via open circuit spirometry and 12-lead electrocardiography, respectively. @entity1 volume was assessed using transthoracic impedance. RESULTS: Heart rate was higher for @entity4 (P< 0.05) with significantly lower values for SV and .Q at rest (approximately 25%). Peak responses were significantly higher for ND in all factors except HR. Although subpeak HRs at matched absolute workloads were significantly higher for @entity4 (12-20 beats.min (-1) ), SV and .Q were significantly lower (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that .Q is significantly lower in @entity4 than in ND during AC, despite significantly greater values of HR. These findings also suggest that the disparity in exercise values of .Q is related to differences exhibited at rest.

title: Hypokinetic circulation in XXXX with @entity3 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Bone grafting plays an important role in the dental rehabilitation of @entity0 with @entity2 . During the period between 1993 and 2001, 12 @entity0 with @entity2 have been treated in our clinic. Cancellous iliac bone grafts were used in all 12 @entity0 . Seven @entity0 had left and five @entity0 had @entity3 and @entity2 operations. All @entity0 had @entity2 . The ages were between 4 and 18 years (mean age, 10.5 y). Seven of them were female (58.4%) and 5 were male (41.6%). All the cancellous grafts survived. Enough filling and the closure of the @entity1 were achieved except one @entity0 who had wound dehiscence and partial graft loss. The @entity0 experienced a limp for 2 days (mean time) because of the donor site. This surgical procedure achieves successful results if it is used with the proper indication in suitable cases.

title: Cancellous bone grafting in XXXX repair: new experience.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Since its description by Morton in 1694, masculine @entity5 has been the subject of much debate. For many, two questions remain unanswered: does @entity5 , as described in @entity0 , exist in @entity0 ? - if so, is it the same disease? We analyzed the data in the literature which demonstrate a lower incidence than in the female population, although estimates are probable low due to underdiagnosis. The behavioral aspects suggest a similarity between masculine and feminine @entity5 although the pure restrictive forms of @entity4 are more rare in @entity0 . There are however a few differences. Affected @entity0 , according to Crips and Burns (1990), are heavier than @entity0 at @entity1 but present a lower body weight during certain periods of the disease. Excessive physical activity is more frequent as is excessive intellectual involvement (Margo, 1987). The problem of @entity6 , on/off periods, is not present in the male form. @entity3 and sexual function decline gradually, in parallel with the state of @entity7 (Anersen, 1990). The @entity0 does not have particular difficulty discussing sexual relations but does exhibit a poor level of experience and mental representations. Contact with the opposite sex is rare and the fantastic life is generally very limited. The frequency of @entity2 would lie between 25% (Herzog, 1984) and 58% (Schneider and Agras, 1987), which is higher than in the female @entity4 population (Herzog, 1984). This observation raises the question concerning the relationship between @entity5 and fragile sexual identity.

title: [Masculine XXXX : realities and perspectives].

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Skin rubdown using a dry towel to scrub the whole body is a traditional procedure. Because massage therapy is effective in improving cellular immunity, skin rubdown may also have the similar effects. MATERIAL/METHODS: Sixteen bedridden old @entity0 , who had suffered a @entity1 , were studied. Skin rubdown for about 10 minutes was added for 10 days. Blood was collected at noon on the day before skin rubdown, 5 and 10 days after initiation and 5 days after completion, and the neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, serum gamma-globulin and @entity4 ( @entity4 ) levels and natural killer cell activity were measured. In 9 of these 16 @entity0 , B, T, @entity2 and @entity3 lymphocyte counts were additionally measured on the same days. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in the time course of the lymphocyte count, @entity4 levels. The neutrophil count increased 10 days after initiation of the skin rubdown, and natural killer cell activity increased 5 and 10 days after initiation, and returned to the baseline level 5 days after completion. Although there were no changes in the time course of the B, T, @entity2 and @entity3 lymphocyte counts, the @entity2 / @entity3 ratio showed an increase 5 days after initiation and completion. CONCLUSIONS: Skin rubdown activates natural killer cells, which may be attributed to the effect of certain mediators released from the T lymphocytes and/or the stimulated effect on the sympathetic nerves. This technique may be used to reduce a variety of complications caused by the decreased immunity observed in bedridden old @entity0 .

title: Skin rubdown with a dry towel activates natural killer cells in bedridden old XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: The role of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) on @entity2 rupture is still not clear. Rupture of an @entity1 occurs when the wall stress exceeds the wall strength at any location on the wall. The purpose of this study was to address the hypothesis that the presence of ILT alters the wall stress distribution or wall stress magnitude in @entity3 . METHODS: @entity0 -specific 3D @entity3 geometries were reconstructed from computed tomographic images. Two geometric features, ILT surface ratio (ILT surface area divided by the total @entity3 surface area) and ILT volume ratio (ILT volume divided by the total @entity3 volume), were calculated for each @entity3 . Two models were created for each @entity0 : one with ILT and one without ILT. Systolic pressure measured at the time of computed tomographic imaging was applied to the internal surface of each model. A nonlinear large deformation algorithm was used to compute wall stress distribution with the finite element method. The Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used to compare the peak wall stress between the two models of each @entity0 . RESULTS: Four @entity0 were studied with ILT surface ratios that ranged from 0.29 to 0.72 and ILT volume ratios that ranged from 0.12 to 0.66. The peak wall stress was reduced (range, 6% to 38% reduction; P =.067) for all models with ILT included (range, 28 to 37 N/cm(2)) as compared with models with no ILT (range, 30 to 44 N/cm(2)). Visual inspection also revealed a marked effect of ILT on the wall stress distribution. CONCLUSION: The presence of ILT alters the wall stress distribution and reduces the peak wall stress in @entity3 . For this reason, ILT should be included in all @entity0 -specific models of @entity3 for evaluation of @entity3 wall stresses.

title: Effect of intraluminal thrombus on wall stress in @entity0 -specific models of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: The role of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) on @entity2 rupture is still not clear. Rupture of an @entity1 occurs when the wall stress exceeds the wall strength at any location on the wall. The purpose of this study was to address the hypothesis that the presence of ILT alters the wall stress distribution or wall stress magnitude in @entity3 . METHODS: @entity0 -specific 3D @entity3 geometries were reconstructed from computed tomographic images. Two geometric features, ILT surface ratio (ILT surface area divided by the total @entity3 surface area) and ILT volume ratio (ILT volume divided by the total @entity3 volume), were calculated for each @entity3 . Two models were created for each @entity0 : one with ILT and one without ILT. Systolic pressure measured at the time of computed tomographic imaging was applied to the internal surface of each model. A nonlinear large deformation algorithm was used to compute wall stress distribution with the finite element method. The Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used to compare the peak wall stress between the two models of each @entity0 . RESULTS: Four @entity0 were studied with ILT surface ratios that ranged from 0.29 to 0.72 and ILT volume ratios that ranged from 0.12 to 0.66. The peak wall stress was reduced (range, 6% to 38% reduction; P =.067) for all models with ILT included (range, 28 to 37 N/cm(2)) as compared with models with no ILT (range, 30 to 44 N/cm(2)). Visual inspection also revealed a marked effect of ILT on the wall stress distribution. CONCLUSION: The presence of ILT alters the wall stress distribution and reduces the peak wall stress in @entity3 . For this reason, ILT should be included in all @entity0 -specific models of @entity3 for evaluation of @entity3 wall stresses.

title: Effect of intraluminal thrombus on wall stress in XXXX -specific models of @entity2 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the preoperative minimal cephalic vein size in the forearm was predictive of successful wrist @entity1 maturation to a functional hemodialysis access. METHODS: Forty-four consecutive @entity0 underwent evaluation before surgery with ultrasound scan imaging to map the entire cephalic vein in preparation for the construction of an @entity2 at the wrist. Measurements of the vein diameter were obtained from the ultrasound scan images at eight representative sites. @entity0 were clinically followed to determine maturation of the @entity1 to provide a functional hemodialysis access. The smallest diameter of the cephalic vein then was used as a preoperative predictor of @entity1 maturation. RESULTS: Successful maturation of the @entity2 was achieved in 22 of the procedures (50%). Cephalic veins with a minimal diameter of 2.0 mm or less were used for anastamosis in 19 @entity0 (43%), and three of these procedures (16%) led to a functional access site. The remaining 25 @entity0 (57%) had minimal cephalic vein diameters greater than 2.0 mm, producing a successful maturation in 19 of the @entity1 creations (76%). A significantly higher rate of successful @entity1 maturation in those @entity0 with a preoperative minimal cephalic vein size greater than 2.0 mm was realized (P =.0002, chi(2) test, with Yates correction for continuity). CONCLUSION: In @entity0 with a minimal cephalic vein size of 2.0 mm or less, a procedure other than wrist @entity1 should be considered for optimization of dialysis access.

title: Prediction of wrist XXXX maturation with preoperative vein mapping with ultrasonography.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The @entity2 analogue deslorelin, in long-acting biocompatible implants, was used as a contraceptive in 31 @entity5 (13 females and 18 males), 21 African wild @entity0 (15 females and 6 males), 10 lionesses and four @entity4 (three females and one male). A dose of 12 or 15 mg deslorelin was administered to lions, whereas 6 mg deslorelin was administered to the other species. Monitoring consisted of observations, measurement of plasma @entity3 and @entity1 concentrations, vaginal cytology and evaluation of semen and sex organs. Deslorelin induced contraception in lionesses for 12-18 months, and in female @entity5 and @entity4 for a minimum of 12 months after treatment. Two male @entity5 had no viable spermatozoa or detectable plasma @entity1 21 months after treatment with deslorelin. Female wild @entity0 responded less consistently and one bitch conceived 4 weeks after implantation. However, in nine bitches, mating could be postponed until the next breeding season. Male @entity0 responded consistently and the contraception was effective for approximately 12 months. Although lionesses and @entity5 may become attractive to males for a few days after treatment, mating was not observed. No side-effects or behavioural changes were noted, indicating that deslorelin is a safe drug to use for the contraception of the species described. Males remain fertile for the first 6 weeks after the insertion of implants and should be separated from cyclic females during this period.

title: Induction of contraception in some African wild carnivores by downregulation of LH and FSH secretion using the XXXX analogue deslorelin.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To medically and audiologically characterize a population of @entity0 diagnosed as @entity3 ( @entity3 ). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective medical chart review. SETTING/SUBJECTS: We identified 22 @entity0 from a pediatric otology clinic in a tertiary care pediatric hospital setting. RESULTS: A genetic factor in @entity3 is suggested by our identification of 3 families with 2 affected @entity0 and 2 other @entity0 with family histories that were positive for @entity2 . Clinical features common among our population included a history of @entity5 (n = 11 [50%]), @entity4 (n = 10 [45%]), @entity3 drug exposure (n = 9 [41%]), family history of @entity2 (n = 8 [36%]), neonatal ventilator dependence (n = 8 [36%]), and @entity1 (n = 2 [9%]). Full clinical and audiological data were available for 18 of the 22 @entity0 , including otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem responses with cochlear microphonics, and age-appropriate audiometric findings. Significantly, 9 of these 18 @entity0 showed improvement in behavioral thresholds over time, indicating that a subset of @entity0 with @entity3 may recover useful hearing levels. Also significant was the success of cochlear implantation in 4 @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Management of @entity3 in @entity0 requires serial clinical and audiometric evaluations, with a prominent role for behavioral testing. Prematurity, genetics, and @entity5 appear to be significant factors in the development of @entity3 ; @entity5 can be associated with spontaneous improvement of hearing thresholds. For those @entity0 not benefiting from amplification or FM systems, cochlear implantation remains a potentially successful method of habilitation.

title: Clinical and audiological features in XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of a craniofacial approach to resection of stage IIIB juvenile @entity8 , performed by an integrated skull base surgical team. DESIGN: A retrospective case-series review was conducted with postoperative follow-up ranging from 28 to 63 months. SETTING: Operations were performed at a tertiary medical center. @entity0 : A referred sample of 5 male @entity0 , ranging in age from 10 to 23 years (mean, 15 years). INTERVENTIONS: All @entity0 underwent resection of nasopharyngeal angiofibromas with @entity6 . The procedure involved an infratemporal fossa approach via zygomatic osteotomy and subtemporal craniectomy. Anterior exposure was gained through a standard facial translocation. Dissection of the cavernous carotid artery was required in 3 @entity0 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraoperative and postoperative morbidity. RESULTS: The average operating time was 12 hours 47 minutes. Estimated @entity3 ranged from 700 to 1750 mL (mean, 1120 mL), with 2 @entity0 requiring intraoperative transfusion. @entity0 were hospitalized for a mean duration of 5.6 days. Long-term morbidity includes @entity5 , nasal crusting, and malodorous nasal discharge. No @entity0 sustained @entity2 , @entity4 , @entity7 . At most recent follow-up, which ranges from 28 to 63 months, @entity1 recurrence has been confirmed in 1 @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: A combined craniofacial approach is appropriate for juvenile @entity8 that extends intracranially. @entity1 removal with acceptable morbidity can be expected.

title: Craniofacial resection of advanced juvenile XXXX .

answer: @entity8


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: A @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is a relatively rare @entity1 and is defined as an abnormal direct communication between any coronary artery and any of the cardiac chambers. This article reviews our experience over the past 27 years, as well as other literature, and discusses the surgical indications and methods relating to @entity2 . METHODS: From 1973, 25 @entity0 aged from 2 to 69 years underwent surgical treatment for congenital @entity2 . Seventeen @entity0 were diagnosed as isolated @entity2 . All @entity0 under 19 years of age with isolated @entity2 were asymptomatic. Twenty fistulas originated from the left coronary artery and 9 from the right. The pulmonary artery was the most dominant drainage site. Four @entity0 among the isolated @entity2 cases were surgically treated without a cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: All @entity0 were discharged from hospital without any perioperative complications. Postoperative coronary angiography was done on all @entity0 with only one slightly residual @entity2 flow. The average follow-up time was 9.6 years and all @entity0 were asymptomatic and doing well. CONCLUSIONS: Definitive surgical correction is safe and effective, with good results. Therefore, it should be considered even in asymptomatic @entity0 because of the risk of future complications.

title: Surgical treatment of XXXX : 27 years' experience and a review of the literature.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare 2 clinical tests of vestibular function, the head autorotation test (HART) and the head thrust test (HTT), and to determine why they give disparate results in @entity0 with known @entity1 ( @entity1 ) due to labyrinthectomy. METHODS: We used scleral coils to measure the horizontal (yaw) vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in 5 healthy @entity0 subjects and in 11 @entity0 who underwent labyrinthectomy. We used 2 paradigms. Using HART, subjects visually fixated a target during self-generated, swept-frequency, sinusoidal, horizontal head rotations. Using HTT, @entity0 fixated the target during horizontal head thrusts delivered randomly in direction and time. RESULTS: In subjects without @entity1 , eye movements were almost perfectly compensatory for both paradigms. In subjects with @entity1 , VOR gain for ipsilesional head thrusts was low for both paradigms, but significantly (P<.001) higher (less abnormal) for HART (0.60 +/- 0.13) than for HTT (0.14 +/- 0.13). Contralesional gain was reduced for both, to 0.64 +/- 0.20 for HART and to 0.57 +/- 0.17 for HTT. Because ipsilesional and contralesional gains were not statistically different for HART (P =.69), comparison of VOR gains for half-cycle responses to the HART stimulus could not reliably identify the side of the known lesion. In contrast, HTT consistently identified the side of the lesion for all subjects with @entity1 . To investigate whether preprogramming contributes to the boost in VOR as measured by HART, we compared the gain and response delay of eye movements during actively self-generated and passively received head thrusts. For subjects without @entity1 , response delays were shorter for active (6 +/- 1 milliseconds) than for passive (12 +/- 1 milliseconds) HTT. For ipsilesional rotations of subjects with @entity1 , active HTT yielded a significantly higher gain (0.44 +/- 0.20) (P<.001) and a shorter delay (15 +/- 6 milliseconds) (P<.001) than did passive HTT (0.14 +/- 0.13 and 37 +/- 15 milliseconds, respectively). Contralesional test results revealed a similar performance boost for active head movements. Data are given as mean +/- SD. CONCLUSION: When comparison of half-cycle gains is used to identify the lesion side, self-generated predictable head movement paradigms, such as HART and active HTT, are less accurate than passive HTT in the characterization of @entity1 , in part because preprogramming can augment the VOR during @entity2 .

title: Comparison of head thrust test with head autorotation test reveals that the vestibulo-ocular reflex is enhanced during XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Controversy persists in the surgical approach to treat @entity3 . This investigation reports the long-term effects of esophageal myotomy and partial fundoplication in treating this disorder. From 1984 to 1998, 32 @entity0 with @entity3 underwent myotomy and partial fundoplication (Belsey Mark IV) using a left thoracotomy. The median follow up is 7.2 years. Assessments include clinical evaluation, esophagogram, radionuclide transit, manometry, 24-h pH, and endoscopy. There is no complication and no mortality. Preoperative assessment was compared with that in 0-3, 3-7, and 7-16 postoperative years. Clinically, the prevalence of @entity2 was decreased from 100% to 6%, 12%, and 13%, respectively (P < 0.001). Heartburn remains unchanged (P > 0.25). On radiology, the prevalence of barium stasis was decreased from 97% to 44%, 48%, and 47%, respectively (P=0.001), whereas a pseudo-diverticulum was observed in two-thirds of @entity0 after operation (P=0.001). Percent radionuclide stasis at 2 min was measured as 70%, 17%, 20%, and 20%, respectively (P=0.001). Manometrically, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) gradient was decreased from 29 to 10, 9, and 9 mmHg, respectively (P=0.001). LES relaxation was improved from 41% preoperatively to 100% postoperatively at each postoperative period (P < 0.001). An abnormal acid exposure was observed in four @entity0 after the operation. Endoscopy documented @entity1 in three @entity0 (P > 0.25). In conclusion, on long-term follow up, myotomy and partial fundoplication for @entity3 relieve obstructive symptoms and improve esophageal emptying, and reduce LES gradient and improve LES relaxation. Acid reflux is recorded in 13% of @entity0 and esophageal @entity1 is identified in 11% of the @entity0 population. A longer myotomy not covered by the fundoplication results in pseudodiverticulum formation and increased esophageal retention.

title: Long-term effects of myotomy and partial fundoplication for XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Symptomatic @entity4 reduces quality of life as a result of the symptoms experienced and possibly as a result of @entity3 and cognitive functioning. Few investigations have measured cognitive functions objectively and it remains uncertain whether @entity4 leads to an objective @entity3 . OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between @entity4 , cognitive functions and psychological well-being. Differences between subjective and objective @entity3 were evaluated. METHODS: The cognitive functions (working memory, memory retrieval, speed of information processing and flexibility of information processing) and psychological well-being of 26 @entity0 with @entity4 and 36 healthy controls matched for intelligence, education, age and sex were compared. The influence of education, intelligence, sex and age was considered. RESULTS: Overall, psychological well-being was significantly impaired in the @entity0 group, as shown by higher scores in feelings of insufficiency, complaints of @entity5 , @entity1 and depressive feelings, whereas cognitive function was not. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 was related to significantly @entity3 and to perceived @entity3 . However, no significant objective @entity3 was found. @entity2 @entity0 may temporarily put more effort into sustaining performance, resulting in earlier exhaustion, which is not noticed during assessment but which impairs psychological well-being.

title: Relationship between XXXX , disturbed cognitive functions and psychological well-being.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The @entity6 antibiotic (AGA) neomycin is a known agonist of the extracellular @entity2 -sensing receptor (CaR). To test whether other AGA drugs stimulate the CaR, we studied the relative effects of four AGAs on intracellular @entity1 concentration ([ @entity1 ](i)) using CaR-transfected @entity0 embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells. @entity3 , @entity5 , and @entity7 evoked dose-dependent increases in [ @entity1 ](i) with EC(50) values of 258, 177, and 43 microM, respectively, in CaR-transfected, but not in non-transfected cells. @entity8 was ineffective at doses <1mM. Thus, AGAs stimulate the CaR with a rank order of potency that correlates positively with the number of their attached @entity4 groups. The CaR is expressed on the apical surface of renal proximal tubule cells, which is also the site of AGA endocytosis and nephrotoxicity. In the current study, reducing extracellular pH from 7.4 to 6.9, to mimic the luminal pH of the proximal tubule, enhanced the sensitivity of the CaR to @entity5 , suggesting that the AGAs may be more potent CaR agonists in the proximal tubule than elsewhere. This pH effect was not observed when stimulating CaR with the non-ionizable agonist, @entity9 , suggesting that the enhanced AGA effect is due to increased ionization of the drug. Thus, we show that a number of AGA drugs are capable of CaR activation and that their potency most likely relates to the number of their @entity4 side chains and to their pH-dependent charge characteristics. The contribution of CaR activation to the pharmacological/toxicological effects of these AGAs remains to be determined.

title: @entity6 antibiotics induce pH-sensitive activation of the XXXX -sensing receptor.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The @entity6 antibiotic (AGA) neomycin is a known agonist of the extracellular @entity2 -sensing receptor (CaR). To test whether other AGA drugs stimulate the CaR, we studied the relative effects of four AGAs on intracellular @entity1 concentration ([ @entity1 ](i)) using CaR-transfected @entity0 embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells. @entity3 , @entity5 , and @entity7 evoked dose-dependent increases in [ @entity1 ](i) with EC(50) values of 258, 177, and 43 microM, respectively, in CaR-transfected, but not in non-transfected cells. @entity8 was ineffective at doses <1mM. Thus, AGAs stimulate the CaR with a rank order of potency that correlates positively with the number of their attached @entity4 groups. The CaR is expressed on the apical surface of renal proximal tubule cells, which is also the site of AGA endocytosis and nephrotoxicity. In the current study, reducing extracellular pH from 7.4 to 6.9, to mimic the luminal pH of the proximal tubule, enhanced the sensitivity of the CaR to @entity5 , suggesting that the AGAs may be more potent CaR agonists in the proximal tubule than elsewhere. This pH effect was not observed when stimulating CaR with the non-ionizable agonist, @entity9 , suggesting that the enhanced AGA effect is due to increased ionization of the drug. Thus, we show that a number of AGA drugs are capable of CaR activation and that their potency most likely relates to the number of their @entity4 side chains and to their pH-dependent charge characteristics. The contribution of CaR activation to the pharmacological/toxicological effects of these AGAs remains to be determined.

title: XXXX antibiotics induce pH-sensitive activation of the @entity2 -sensing receptor.

answer: @entity6


abstract: A @entity2 colonic @entity4 was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in @entity1 . After 7 days, the animals were divided into different groups. Two groups received subcutaneous injections twice daily with 3 or 6 micro g/kg body weight @entity7 , @entity8 and @entity6 . Three groups were respectively treated with 20, 30, and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances. Control group received only saline solution in the same fashion as treated animals. The treatment lasted for 5 days. The @entity0 volume and weight, the relative density of blood vessels, of @entity0 @entity3 tissue, of apoptotic nuclei and of proliferating nuclei were measured. Apoptosis was detected by in situ labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation according to TUNEL method, and proliferation by immunocytochemistry. Morphometry was done with the classical stereological point-counting method. Food consumption, animal weight, faeces weight and its water content were measured for 3 days before and after treatment. Triple therapy with 3 and 6 micro g/kg body weight had no effect on any of the parameters measured, except in reducing the relative volume density of @entity0 blood vessels. Treatment with 20, 30 and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances reduced the @entity0 volume, the relative volume density of blood vessels and increased the relative volume density of @entity3 tissue and of apoptotic nuclei (in the 20 micro g group). However, there was no difference between treated @entity1 and controls regarding the relative volume density of proliferating nuclei. There was no statistical difference between treated animals regarding food consumption, body weight, faeces weight and its water content before and during treatment. The present study confirms that triple therapy with @entity7 , galanin and @entity6 causes regression of a @entity2 @entity5 . It further showed that optimum treatment dose is 20 micro g/kg body weight of each bioactive substance. Moreover, this therapy regime does not show apparent side effects in the experiments carried out on @entity1 .

title: Triple therapy with XXXX , galanin and @entity6 induces @entity3 and increases apoptosis of a @entity2 @entity5 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: A @entity2 colonic @entity4 was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in @entity1 . After 7 days, the animals were divided into different groups. Two groups received subcutaneous injections twice daily with 3 or 6 micro g/kg body weight @entity7 , @entity8 and @entity6 . Three groups were respectively treated with 20, 30, and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances. Control group received only saline solution in the same fashion as treated animals. The treatment lasted for 5 days. The @entity0 volume and weight, the relative density of blood vessels, of @entity0 @entity3 tissue, of apoptotic nuclei and of proliferating nuclei were measured. Apoptosis was detected by in situ labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation according to TUNEL method, and proliferation by immunocytochemistry. Morphometry was done with the classical stereological point-counting method. Food consumption, animal weight, faeces weight and its water content were measured for 3 days before and after treatment. Triple therapy with 3 and 6 micro g/kg body weight had no effect on any of the parameters measured, except in reducing the relative volume density of @entity0 blood vessels. Treatment with 20, 30 and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances reduced the @entity0 volume, the relative volume density of blood vessels and increased the relative volume density of @entity3 tissue and of apoptotic nuclei (in the 20 micro g group). However, there was no difference between treated @entity1 and controls regarding the relative volume density of proliferating nuclei. There was no statistical difference between treated animals regarding food consumption, body weight, faeces weight and its water content before and during treatment. The present study confirms that triple therapy with @entity7 , galanin and @entity6 causes regression of a @entity2 @entity5 . It further showed that optimum treatment dose is 20 micro g/kg body weight of each bioactive substance. Moreover, this therapy regime does not show apparent side effects in the experiments carried out on @entity1 .

title: Triple therapy with @entity7 , galanin and @entity6 induces @entity3 and increases apoptosis of a XXXX @entity5 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: A @entity2 colonic @entity4 was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in @entity1 . After 7 days, the animals were divided into different groups. Two groups received subcutaneous injections twice daily with 3 or 6 micro g/kg body weight @entity7 , @entity8 and @entity6 . Three groups were respectively treated with 20, 30, and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances. Control group received only saline solution in the same fashion as treated animals. The treatment lasted for 5 days. The @entity0 volume and weight, the relative density of blood vessels, of @entity0 @entity3 tissue, of apoptotic nuclei and of proliferating nuclei were measured. Apoptosis was detected by in situ labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation according to TUNEL method, and proliferation by immunocytochemistry. Morphometry was done with the classical stereological point-counting method. Food consumption, animal weight, faeces weight and its water content were measured for 3 days before and after treatment. Triple therapy with 3 and 6 micro g/kg body weight had no effect on any of the parameters measured, except in reducing the relative volume density of @entity0 blood vessels. Treatment with 20, 30 and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances reduced the @entity0 volume, the relative volume density of blood vessels and increased the relative volume density of @entity3 tissue and of apoptotic nuclei (in the 20 micro g group). However, there was no difference between treated @entity1 and controls regarding the relative volume density of proliferating nuclei. There was no statistical difference between treated animals regarding food consumption, body weight, faeces weight and its water content before and during treatment. The present study confirms that triple therapy with @entity7 , galanin and @entity6 causes regression of a @entity2 @entity5 . It further showed that optimum treatment dose is 20 micro g/kg body weight of each bioactive substance. Moreover, this therapy regime does not show apparent side effects in the experiments carried out on @entity1 .

title: Triple therapy with @entity7 , galanin and @entity6 induces @entity3 and increases apoptosis of a @entity2 XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: A @entity2 colonic @entity4 was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in @entity1 . After 7 days, the animals were divided into different groups. Two groups received subcutaneous injections twice daily with 3 or 6 micro g/kg body weight @entity7 , @entity8 and @entity6 . Three groups were respectively treated with 20, 30, and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances. Control group received only saline solution in the same fashion as treated animals. The treatment lasted for 5 days. The @entity0 volume and weight, the relative density of blood vessels, of @entity0 @entity3 tissue, of apoptotic nuclei and of proliferating nuclei were measured. Apoptosis was detected by in situ labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation according to TUNEL method, and proliferation by immunocytochemistry. Morphometry was done with the classical stereological point-counting method. Food consumption, animal weight, faeces weight and its water content were measured for 3 days before and after treatment. Triple therapy with 3 and 6 micro g/kg body weight had no effect on any of the parameters measured, except in reducing the relative volume density of @entity0 blood vessels. Treatment with 20, 30 and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances reduced the @entity0 volume, the relative volume density of blood vessels and increased the relative volume density of @entity3 tissue and of apoptotic nuclei (in the 20 micro g group). However, there was no difference between treated @entity1 and controls regarding the relative volume density of proliferating nuclei. There was no statistical difference between treated animals regarding food consumption, body weight, faeces weight and its water content before and during treatment. The present study confirms that triple therapy with @entity7 , galanin and @entity6 causes regression of a @entity2 @entity5 . It further showed that optimum treatment dose is 20 micro g/kg body weight of each bioactive substance. Moreover, this therapy regime does not show apparent side effects in the experiments carried out on @entity1 .

title: Triple therapy with @entity7 , galanin and @entity6 induces XXXX and increases apoptosis of a @entity2 @entity5 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: A @entity2 colonic @entity4 was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in @entity1 . After 7 days, the animals were divided into different groups. Two groups received subcutaneous injections twice daily with 3 or 6 micro g/kg body weight @entity7 , @entity8 and @entity6 . Three groups were respectively treated with 20, 30, and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances. Control group received only saline solution in the same fashion as treated animals. The treatment lasted for 5 days. The @entity0 volume and weight, the relative density of blood vessels, of @entity0 @entity3 tissue, of apoptotic nuclei and of proliferating nuclei were measured. Apoptosis was detected by in situ labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation according to TUNEL method, and proliferation by immunocytochemistry. Morphometry was done with the classical stereological point-counting method. Food consumption, animal weight, faeces weight and its water content were measured for 3 days before and after treatment. Triple therapy with 3 and 6 micro g/kg body weight had no effect on any of the parameters measured, except in reducing the relative volume density of @entity0 blood vessels. Treatment with 20, 30 and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances reduced the @entity0 volume, the relative volume density of blood vessels and increased the relative volume density of @entity3 tissue and of apoptotic nuclei (in the 20 micro g group). However, there was no difference between treated @entity1 and controls regarding the relative volume density of proliferating nuclei. There was no statistical difference between treated animals regarding food consumption, body weight, faeces weight and its water content before and during treatment. The present study confirms that triple therapy with @entity7 , galanin and @entity6 causes regression of a @entity2 @entity5 . It further showed that optimum treatment dose is 20 micro g/kg body weight of each bioactive substance. Moreover, this therapy regime does not show apparent side effects in the experiments carried out on @entity1 .

title: Triple therapy with @entity7 , galanin and XXXX induces @entity3 and increases apoptosis of a @entity2 @entity5 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Many cell types in the brain express chemokines and chemokine receptors under homeostatic conditions, arguing for a role of these proteins in normal brain processes. Because chemokines have been shown to regulate hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation, we hypothesized that chemokines would regulate neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation as well. Here we show that chemokines activating @entity1 or @entity4 reversibly inhibit NPC proliferation in isolated cells, neurospheres, and in hippocampal slice cultures. Cells induced into quiescence by chemokines maintain their multipotential ability to form both neurons and astrocytes. The mechanism of chemokine action appears to be a reduction of extracellular signal-related kinase phosphorylation as well as an increase in @entity5 expression. The inhibitory effects of chemokines are blocked by heparan @entity2 and @entity3 but not @entity3 , suggesting a regulatory role of these molecules on the effects of chemokines. Additionally, we found that the chemokine fractalkine promotes survival of NPCs. In addition to their role in chemotaxis, chemokines affect both the survival and proliferation of @entity0 NPCs in vitro. The presence of constitutively expressed chemokines in the brain argues that under homeostatic conditions, chemokines promote survival but maintain NPCs in a quiescent state. Our studies also suggest a link between inflammatory chemokine production and the inhibition of neurogenesis.

title: Chemokines promote quiescence and survival of XXXX neural progenitor cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The relationship between first metatarsal length and @entity2 was examined. Retrospectively, 210 randomly selected radiographic files were reviewed between 1988 and 1993. The morbid population consisted of 110 feet with @entity2 . The control population consisted of 100 healthy feet (no deformity). Seventy-seven percent of the @entity0 with @entity2 had a first metatarsal length that was equal to or longer than the second metatarsal. This was defined as a zero-plus first metatarsal. Only 28% of the control population had this same proportion in length. Thus, prevalence of zero-plus first metatarsal was significantly associated with @entity2 formation (chi(2)(1) = 51.15, P <.001). The mean first metatarsal protrusion distance was significantly higher in the bunion population (+1.58 mm) than in the control @entity0 (-2.05 mm) (P <.001). The distribution of head shape differed significantly between the @entity0 with @entity2 and control @entity0 ; @entity0 with @entity2 had predominantly round heads (91%) and the control @entity0 had predominantly square and square with a ridge heads (80%) (chi(2)(2) = 107.7, P <.001). All zero-plus first metatarsals in the @entity2 population had a round first metatarsal head. Only 7.1% of the control @entity0 had a round head with a zero-plus metatarsal. There was a positive relationship between the protrusion distance of the first metatarsal and the severity of the intermetatarsal angle, particularly in those @entity0 with intermetatarsal angles ranging from 13 degrees to 20 degrees (P <.01). It was concluded that a zero-plus first metatarsal is a significant etiologic factor in the development of @entity1 and should be part of the preoperative evaluation.

title: The zero-plus first metatarsal and its relationship to XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The @entity7 ( @entity7 ) is a major cause of morbidity after injury. We hypothesized that alveolar macrophage (AMPhi) chemokine and cytokine release after @entity4 and @entity3 is regulated by NF-kappaB and MAPK. Adult male @entity1 underwent soft tissue @entity2 and @entity4 (~90 min) followed by crystalloid resuscitation. @entity3 was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 20 h after resuscitation. @entity8 hi were harvested, and @entity9 , @entity6 , and @entity11 release and serum @entity6 and @entity9 levels were measured at 5 h after HCLP. Lung tissues were analyzed for activation of NF-kappaB, @entity10 activity, and wet/dry weight ratio. In control animals, @entity8 hi were stimulated with @entity5 with or without inhibitors of NF-kappaB and MAPK. Serum @entity9 and @entity6 levels and spontaneous @entity8 hi @entity9 and @entity11 release were elevated (P < 0.05) after HCLP, concomitantly with the development of @entity0 and leukocyte activation. Activation of NF-kappaB increased in lungs from the @entity4 and CLP group compared with shams. Inhibition of NF-kappaB or the upstream MAPK significantly decreased @entity5 -stimulated AMPhi activation. Because enhanced release of inflammatory mediators by AMPhi may contribute to @entity7 after severe @entity2 , inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways represents a target to attenuate organ injury under those conditions.

title: Alveolar macrophage activation after @entity4 and XXXX is dependent on NF-kappaB and MAPK/ERK mechanisms.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The @entity7 ( @entity7 ) is a major cause of morbidity after injury. We hypothesized that alveolar macrophage (AMPhi) chemokine and cytokine release after @entity4 and @entity3 is regulated by NF-kappaB and MAPK. Adult male @entity1 underwent soft tissue @entity2 and @entity4 (~90 min) followed by crystalloid resuscitation. @entity3 was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 20 h after resuscitation. @entity8 hi were harvested, and @entity9 , @entity6 , and @entity11 release and serum @entity6 and @entity9 levels were measured at 5 h after HCLP. Lung tissues were analyzed for activation of NF-kappaB, @entity10 activity, and wet/dry weight ratio. In control animals, @entity8 hi were stimulated with @entity5 with or without inhibitors of NF-kappaB and MAPK. Serum @entity9 and @entity6 levels and spontaneous @entity8 hi @entity9 and @entity11 release were elevated (P < 0.05) after HCLP, concomitantly with the development of @entity0 and leukocyte activation. Activation of NF-kappaB increased in lungs from the @entity4 and CLP group compared with shams. Inhibition of NF-kappaB or the upstream MAPK significantly decreased @entity5 -stimulated AMPhi activation. Because enhanced release of inflammatory mediators by AMPhi may contribute to @entity7 after severe @entity2 , inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways represents a target to attenuate organ injury under those conditions.

title: Alveolar macrophage activation after XXXX and @entity3 is dependent on NF-kappaB and MAPK/ERK mechanisms.

answer: @entity4


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of morphologically different central @entity2 in @entity0 with @entity6 (MPEs) on short-term outcome. DESIGN: A prospective registry of consecutive @entity0 . SETTING: An 11-bed closed medical ICU at a 860-bed community general hospital @entity0 : Forty-seven @entity0 with @entity3 due to @entity8 and @entity2 detected by transesophageal echocardiography who were treated with thrombolysis between January 1994 and April 2000. PROCEDURES: @entity0 were divided into two groups according to the following characteristics of the detected thromboemboli: group 1, thrombi with one or more long, mobile parts; and group 2, immobile thrombi. Right heart catheterization was performed. RESULTS: The incidence of both types of thromboemboli was comparable. Groups 1 and 2 showed no differences in demographic data, risk factors for @entity6 , length of preceding clinical symptoms, percentage of @entity0 in shock, hemodynamic variables, serum @entity5 levels on hospital admission, and treatment. Seven fatal cases due to @entity7 and right @entity4 were present in group 2, but none were present in group 1 (7 of 23 @entity0 vs 0 of 24 @entity0 , respectively; p < 0.05). At 12 h, the cardiac index was lower in group 2 than in group 1 (2.6 +/- 1.0 vs 3.1 +/- 0.9 L/min/m(2), respectively; p < 0.05), and the central venous pressure (15.0 +/- 6.2 vs 12.5 +/- 3.7 mm Hg, respectively; p < 0.05) and total pulmonary resistance (12.9 +/- 5.9 vs 8.6 +/- 2.7 mm Hg/L/min/m(2), respectively; p < 0.001) were higher in group 2 compared to group 1. On hospital admission, inclusion in group 2 (p < 0.03; hazard ratio, 9.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 76.47) and preexisting chronic medical or @entity1 (p < 0.01; hazard ratio, 16.4; 95% CI, 1.97 to 136.3) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. CONCLUSION: On hospital admission, morphology of the thromboemboli and the presence of pre-existing chronic medical or @entity1 are independent predictors of 30-day mortality. @entity0 with @entity2 have a worse short-term outcome than those with @entity2 .

title: Impact of morphologic characteristics of XXXX in massive @entity6 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of morphologically different central @entity2 in @entity0 with @entity6 (MPEs) on short-term outcome. DESIGN: A prospective registry of consecutive @entity0 . SETTING: An 11-bed closed medical ICU at a 860-bed community general hospital @entity0 : Forty-seven @entity0 with @entity3 due to @entity8 and @entity2 detected by transesophageal echocardiography who were treated with thrombolysis between January 1994 and April 2000. PROCEDURES: @entity0 were divided into two groups according to the following characteristics of the detected thromboemboli: group 1, thrombi with one or more long, mobile parts; and group 2, immobile thrombi. Right heart catheterization was performed. RESULTS: The incidence of both types of thromboemboli was comparable. Groups 1 and 2 showed no differences in demographic data, risk factors for @entity6 , length of preceding clinical symptoms, percentage of @entity0 in shock, hemodynamic variables, serum @entity5 levels on hospital admission, and treatment. Seven fatal cases due to @entity7 and right @entity4 were present in group 2, but none were present in group 1 (7 of 23 @entity0 vs 0 of 24 @entity0 , respectively; p < 0.05). At 12 h, the cardiac index was lower in group 2 than in group 1 (2.6 +/- 1.0 vs 3.1 +/- 0.9 L/min/m(2), respectively; p < 0.05), and the central venous pressure (15.0 +/- 6.2 vs 12.5 +/- 3.7 mm Hg, respectively; p < 0.05) and total pulmonary resistance (12.9 +/- 5.9 vs 8.6 +/- 2.7 mm Hg/L/min/m(2), respectively; p < 0.001) were higher in group 2 compared to group 1. On hospital admission, inclusion in group 2 (p < 0.03; hazard ratio, 9.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 76.47) and preexisting chronic medical or @entity1 (p < 0.01; hazard ratio, 16.4; 95% CI, 1.97 to 136.3) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. CONCLUSION: On hospital admission, morphology of the thromboemboli and the presence of pre-existing chronic medical or @entity1 are independent predictors of 30-day mortality. @entity0 with @entity2 have a worse short-term outcome than those with @entity2 .

title: Impact of morphologic characteristics of @entity2 in massive XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity0 is an emerging health problem. This study assesses the effects of three levels of dietary fat (10%, 32%, and 45% measured by kilocalories) on @entity6 , body composition, energy metabolism, and comorbidity factors in @entity1 from weaning through maturation. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The role of dietary fat on the susceptibility to @entity0 was assessed by feeding diets containing three levels of dietary fat to @entity1 from weaning through 7 months of age. Body composition was analyzed by DXA after 6 and 12 weeks of dietary treatment. Energy metabolism was measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: Energy intake, @entity6 , fat mass, and plasma @entity4 , @entity2 , @entity3 , free @entity5 , leptin, and insulin levels increased dose-dependently with increased dietary fat. No difference in absolute lean mass among the three groups was observed. Therefore, the differences in @entity6 are accounted for primarily by increased fat accretion. Compared with @entity1 that were relatively resistant to @entity0 when on a 45% fat diet, diet-induced @entity0 -prone @entity1 were in positive energy balance and had an elevated respiratory quotient, indicating a switch in energy substrate use from fat to @entity7 , which promotes body-fat accretion. DISCUSSION: Our data support the hypothesis that administration of increasing amount of dietary fat to very young @entity1 enhances susceptibility to diet-induced @entity0 and its comorbidities.

title: Fat intake affects adiposity, comorbidity factors, and energy metabolism of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Exogenous @entity5 (GA) and @entity6 ( @entity4 [ @entity3 ]) strongly stimulated stem elongation in dwarf GA1-deficient le mutants of light-grown @entity2 ( @entity2 .): @entity3 elicited a sharp increase in growth rate after 20 min followed by a slow decline; the GA response had a longer lag (3 h) and growth increased gradually with time. These responses were additive. The effect of GA was mainly in internodes less than 25% expanded, whereas that of @entity3 was in the older, elongating internodes. @entity3 stimulated growth by cell extension; GA stimulated growth by an increase in cell length and cell number. Dwarf lkb GA-response-mutant plants elongated poorly in response to GA (accounted for by an increase in cell number) but were very responsive to @entity3 . GA produced a substantial elongation in lkb plants only in the presence of @entity3 . Because lkb plants contain low levels of @entity3 , growth suppression in dwarf lkb mutants seems to be due to a @entity0 . GA may enhance the auxin induction of cell elongation but cannot promote elongation in the absence of auxin. The effect of GA may, in part, be mediated by auxin. Auxin and GA control separate processes that together contribute to stem elongation. @entity1 in either leads to a dwarfed phenotype.

title: Genetic Dissection of the Relative Roles of Auxin and XXXX in the Regulation of Stem Elongation in Intact Light-Grown @entity2 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Exogenous @entity5 (GA) and @entity6 ( @entity4 [ @entity3 ]) strongly stimulated stem elongation in dwarf GA1-deficient le mutants of light-grown @entity2 ( @entity2 .): @entity3 elicited a sharp increase in growth rate after 20 min followed by a slow decline; the GA response had a longer lag (3 h) and growth increased gradually with time. These responses were additive. The effect of GA was mainly in internodes less than 25% expanded, whereas that of @entity3 was in the older, elongating internodes. @entity3 stimulated growth by cell extension; GA stimulated growth by an increase in cell length and cell number. Dwarf lkb GA-response-mutant plants elongated poorly in response to GA (accounted for by an increase in cell number) but were very responsive to @entity3 . GA produced a substantial elongation in lkb plants only in the presence of @entity3 . Because lkb plants contain low levels of @entity3 , growth suppression in dwarf lkb mutants seems to be due to a @entity0 . GA may enhance the auxin induction of cell elongation but cannot promote elongation in the absence of auxin. The effect of GA may, in part, be mediated by auxin. Auxin and GA control separate processes that together contribute to stem elongation. @entity1 in either leads to a dwarfed phenotype.

title: Genetic Dissection of the Relative Roles of Auxin and @entity5 in the Regulation of Stem Elongation in Intact Light-Grown XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Artemisia annua plants produce a broad range of volatile compounds, including @entity0 , which contribute to the characteristic fragrance of this medicinal species. A cDNA clone, QH6, contained an open reading frame encoding a 582-amino acid protein that showed high sequence identity to plant @entity2 synthases. The prokaryotically expressed QH6 fusion protein converted @entity4 to @entity3 and @entity1 in a 94:6 ratio. QH6 was predominantly expressed in juvenile leaves 2 weeks postsprouting. QH6 transcript levels were transiently reduced following mechanical wounding or fungal elicitor treatment, suggesting that this gene is not directly involved in defense reaction induced by either of these treatments. Under a photoperiod of 12 h/12 h (light/dark), the abundance of QH6 transcripts fluctuated in a diurnal pattern that ebbed around 3 h before daybreak (9th h in the dark phase) and peaked after 9 h in light (9th h in the light phase). The contents of @entity3 in juvenile leaves and in emitted volatiles also varied in a diurnal rhythm, correlating strongly with mRNA accumulation. When A. annua was entrained by constant light or constant dark conditions, QH6 transcript accumulation continued to fluctuate with circadian rhythms. Under constant light, advanced cycles of fluctuation of QH6 transcript levels were observed, and under constant dark, the cycle was delayed. However, the original diurnal pattern could be regained when the plants were returned to the normal light/dark (12 h/12 h) photoperiod. This is the first report that @entity2 biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated in a circadian pattern.

title: Cloning and functional characterization of a XXXX synthase from Artemisia annua that shows a circadian pattern of expression.

answer: @entity3


abstract: AIM: The aim of this pilot project was to evaluate the efficacy of treatment of @entity1 during two months either by homeopathy or by standardised physiotherapy. METHOD: 43 @entity0 suffering from @entity1 were included in this controlled, randomised prospective study. They were divided in two treatment groups: homeopathy and standardised physiotherapy. Based on the initial and final clinical investigations, the Oswestry questionnaire and the visual analogue scale, that were assessed at the beginning, at the end and 18.5 months after therapy, the results were statistically evaluated. A further questionnaire documented the acceptance of treatment. RESULTS: A comparison of the groups from the beginning to the end of treatment reveals a significant decrease of the Oswestry score in @entity0 treated by homeopathy. This tendency could not be confirmed 18.5 months later. Homeopathy was well accepted by most of the @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, nothing can be said against attempting treatment of @entity1 by means of homeopathy. Further research is recommended to confirm the results of our investigation, using a larger number of @entity0 , a third treatment group, homeopathy double blinded.

title: [The Efficacy of homeopathy in the treatment of XXXX compared to standardized physiotherapy].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Nonionic surfactants are widely used in the development of protein pharmaceuticals. However, the low level of residual @entity4 in surfactants can potentially affect the stability of oxidation-sensitive proteins. In this report, we examined the @entity3 formation in @entity5 80 under a variety of storage conditions and tested the potential of @entity4 in @entity5 80 to oxidize a model protein, @entity1 mutein. For the first time, we demonstrated that @entity4 can be easily generated in neat @entity5 80 in the presence of air during incubation at elevated temperatures. @entity5 80 in aqueous solution exhibited a faster rate of @entity3 formation and a greater amount of @entity4 during incubation, which is further promoted/catalyzed by light. @entity3 formation can be greatly inhibited by preventing any contact with air/ @entity0 during storage. @entity1 mutein can be easily oxidized both in liquid and solid states. A lower level of @entity4 in @entity5 80 did not change the rate of @entity1 mutein oxidation in liquid state but significantly accelerated its oxidation in solid state under air. A higher level of @entity4 in @entity6 caused a significant increase in @entity1 mutein oxidation both in liquid and solid states, and @entity2 can significantly inhibit the @entity3 -induced oxidation of @entity1 mutein in a lyophilized formulation. In addition, a higher level of @entity4 in @entity5 80 caused immediate @entity1 mutein oxidation during annealing in lyophilization, suggesting that implementation of an annealing step needs to be carefully evaluated in the development of a lyophilization process for oxidation-sensitive proteins in the presence of @entity5 .

title: XXXX formation in @entity5 80 and protein stability.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Nonionic surfactants are widely used in the development of protein pharmaceuticals. However, the low level of residual @entity4 in surfactants can potentially affect the stability of oxidation-sensitive proteins. In this report, we examined the @entity3 formation in @entity5 80 under a variety of storage conditions and tested the potential of @entity4 in @entity5 80 to oxidize a model protein, @entity1 mutein. For the first time, we demonstrated that @entity4 can be easily generated in neat @entity5 80 in the presence of air during incubation at elevated temperatures. @entity5 80 in aqueous solution exhibited a faster rate of @entity3 formation and a greater amount of @entity4 during incubation, which is further promoted/catalyzed by light. @entity3 formation can be greatly inhibited by preventing any contact with air/ @entity0 during storage. @entity1 mutein can be easily oxidized both in liquid and solid states. A lower level of @entity4 in @entity5 80 did not change the rate of @entity1 mutein oxidation in liquid state but significantly accelerated its oxidation in solid state under air. A higher level of @entity4 in @entity6 caused a significant increase in @entity1 mutein oxidation both in liquid and solid states, and @entity2 can significantly inhibit the @entity3 -induced oxidation of @entity1 mutein in a lyophilized formulation. In addition, a higher level of @entity4 in @entity5 80 caused immediate @entity1 mutein oxidation during annealing in lyophilization, suggesting that implementation of an annealing step needs to be carefully evaluated in the development of a lyophilization process for oxidation-sensitive proteins in the presence of @entity5 .

title: @entity3 formation in XXXX 80 and protein stability.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Our understanding of the aetiology of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) has substantially increased in recent years. As a result, several treatment modalities have been tried with promising results especially in early stages of @entity2 . However, as far as has been ascertained, there is no comprehensive study comparing the efficacy of these agents alone and in combination with each other. One hundered male @entity0 with @entity2 of Hamilton grades II to IV were enrolled in an open, randomized, parallel-group study, designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of oral @entity1 (1 mg per day), topical 2% @entity4 solution and topical 2% @entity3 shampoo alone and in combination. They were randomized into four groups. Group I (30 @entity0 ) was administered oral @entity1 , Group II (36 @entity0 ) was given a combination of @entity1 and topical @entity4 , Group III (24 @entity0 ) applied @entity4 alone and Group IV (10 @entity0 ) was administered @entity1 with topical @entity3 . Treatment efficacy was assessed on the basis of @entity0 and physician assessment scores and global photographic review during the study period of one year. At the end of one year, hair growth was observed in all the groups with best results recorded with a combination of @entity1 and @entity4 (Group II) followed by groups IV, I and III. Subjects receiving @entity1 alone or in combination with @entity4 or @entity3 showed statistically significant improvement (p<0.05) over @entity4 only recipients. No signifcant side-effects related to the drugs were observed. In conclusion, it is inferred that the therapeutic efficacy is enhanced by combining the two drugs acting on different aetiological aspects of @entity2 .

title: Comparative efficacy of various treatment regimens for XXXX in @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Our understanding of the aetiology of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) has substantially increased in recent years. As a result, several treatment modalities have been tried with promising results especially in early stages of @entity2 . However, as far as has been ascertained, there is no comprehensive study comparing the efficacy of these agents alone and in combination with each other. One hundered male @entity0 with @entity2 of Hamilton grades II to IV were enrolled in an open, randomized, parallel-group study, designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of oral @entity1 (1 mg per day), topical 2% @entity4 solution and topical 2% @entity3 shampoo alone and in combination. They were randomized into four groups. Group I (30 @entity0 ) was administered oral @entity1 , Group II (36 @entity0 ) was given a combination of @entity1 and topical @entity4 , Group III (24 @entity0 ) applied @entity4 alone and Group IV (10 @entity0 ) was administered @entity1 with topical @entity3 . Treatment efficacy was assessed on the basis of @entity0 and physician assessment scores and global photographic review during the study period of one year. At the end of one year, hair growth was observed in all the groups with best results recorded with a combination of @entity1 and @entity4 (Group II) followed by groups IV, I and III. Subjects receiving @entity1 alone or in combination with @entity4 or @entity3 showed statistically significant improvement (p<0.05) over @entity4 only recipients. No signifcant side-effects related to the drugs were observed. In conclusion, it is inferred that the therapeutic efficacy is enhanced by combining the two drugs acting on different aetiological aspects of @entity2 .

title: Comparative efficacy of various treatment regimens for @entity2 in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The management of @entity3 gastric varices has not been standardized. Although @entity8 ( @entity8 ) is used in most centers, endoscopic treatment with @entity9 ( @entity6 ) glue has recently been shown to be effective. Cost-effectiveness analyses of these methods are lacking. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of @entity0 with @entity3 gastric varices treated either by @entity8 or @entity6 glue injection. Economic analysis was based on direct costs for a fixed financial year. The two groups were compared for a period of 6 months follow-up, to liver transplantation, or @entity2 for each @entity0 . RESULTS: Between January, 1995 and December, 1999, 20 @entity0 with @entity3 gastric varices had @entity8 ; 23 @entity0 had @entity6 glue injection from January, 2000 to October, 2001. There were no significant differences between the two groups in @entity0 characteristics, transfusion requirement, and gastric variceal anatomy. In the @entity8 group, 15/20 @entity0 had the procedure performed within 24 h of @entity3 , and 90% of stent insertions were successful. Complications consisted of two cases of @entity7 , two cases of severe @entity1 , and a 15% stenosis rate at 6 months. In the glue group, there were 3 +/- 1.5 endoscopies and 2 +/- 1 injections per @entity0 , with a 96% initial hemostasis. There was one case of (glue) @entity4 and one blocked front endoscope lens, which required repair. The initial rebleed rate was significantly lower in @entity0 who had @entity8 (15% vs 30%, p = 0.005). The inpatient stay was shorter in the glue group (13 +/- 1 vs 18 +/- 2 days, p = 0.05), but there was no difference in the overall mortality rate. The median cost within 6 months of @entity5 was  4,138 US dollars ( 3,009- 8,290 US dollars) for glue versus  11,906 US dollars ( 8,200- 16,770 US dollars) for @entity8 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In this comparable group of @entity0 , @entity6 glue injection was more cost effective than @entity8 in the management of @entity5 . A prospective, randomized trial would be required to confirm our analysis.

title: Cost-effectiveness of XXXX ( @entity9 ) glue injections versus @entity8 in the management of @entity5 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: The management of @entity3 gastric varices has not been standardized. Although @entity8 ( @entity8 ) is used in most centers, endoscopic treatment with @entity9 ( @entity6 ) glue has recently been shown to be effective. Cost-effectiveness analyses of these methods are lacking. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of @entity0 with @entity3 gastric varices treated either by @entity8 or @entity6 glue injection. Economic analysis was based on direct costs for a fixed financial year. The two groups were compared for a period of 6 months follow-up, to liver transplantation, or @entity2 for each @entity0 . RESULTS: Between January, 1995 and December, 1999, 20 @entity0 with @entity3 gastric varices had @entity8 ; 23 @entity0 had @entity6 glue injection from January, 2000 to October, 2001. There were no significant differences between the two groups in @entity0 characteristics, transfusion requirement, and gastric variceal anatomy. In the @entity8 group, 15/20 @entity0 had the procedure performed within 24 h of @entity3 , and 90% of stent insertions were successful. Complications consisted of two cases of @entity7 , two cases of severe @entity1 , and a 15% stenosis rate at 6 months. In the glue group, there were 3 +/- 1.5 endoscopies and 2 +/- 1 injections per @entity0 , with a 96% initial hemostasis. There was one case of (glue) @entity4 and one blocked front endoscope lens, which required repair. The initial rebleed rate was significantly lower in @entity0 who had @entity8 (15% vs 30%, p = 0.005). The inpatient stay was shorter in the glue group (13 +/- 1 vs 18 +/- 2 days, p = 0.05), but there was no difference in the overall mortality rate. The median cost within 6 months of @entity5 was  4,138 US dollars ( 3,009- 8,290 US dollars) for glue versus  11,906 US dollars ( 8,200- 16,770 US dollars) for @entity8 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In this comparable group of @entity0 , @entity6 glue injection was more cost effective than @entity8 in the management of @entity5 . A prospective, randomized trial would be required to confirm our analysis.

title: Cost-effectiveness of @entity9 ( XXXX ) glue injections versus @entity8 in the management of @entity5 .

answer: @entity9


abstract: The management of @entity3 gastric varices has not been standardized. Although @entity8 ( @entity8 ) is used in most centers, endoscopic treatment with @entity9 ( @entity6 ) glue has recently been shown to be effective. Cost-effectiveness analyses of these methods are lacking. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of @entity0 with @entity3 gastric varices treated either by @entity8 or @entity6 glue injection. Economic analysis was based on direct costs for a fixed financial year. The two groups were compared for a period of 6 months follow-up, to liver transplantation, or @entity2 for each @entity0 . RESULTS: Between January, 1995 and December, 1999, 20 @entity0 with @entity3 gastric varices had @entity8 ; 23 @entity0 had @entity6 glue injection from January, 2000 to October, 2001. There were no significant differences between the two groups in @entity0 characteristics, transfusion requirement, and gastric variceal anatomy. In the @entity8 group, 15/20 @entity0 had the procedure performed within 24 h of @entity3 , and 90% of stent insertions were successful. Complications consisted of two cases of @entity7 , two cases of severe @entity1 , and a 15% stenosis rate at 6 months. In the glue group, there were 3 +/- 1.5 endoscopies and 2 +/- 1 injections per @entity0 , with a 96% initial hemostasis. There was one case of (glue) @entity4 and one blocked front endoscope lens, which required repair. The initial rebleed rate was significantly lower in @entity0 who had @entity8 (15% vs 30%, p = 0.005). The inpatient stay was shorter in the glue group (13 +/- 1 vs 18 +/- 2 days, p = 0.05), but there was no difference in the overall mortality rate. The median cost within 6 months of @entity5 was  4,138 US dollars ( 3,009- 8,290 US dollars) for glue versus  11,906 US dollars ( 8,200- 16,770 US dollars) for @entity8 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In this comparable group of @entity0 , @entity6 glue injection was more cost effective than @entity8 in the management of @entity5 . A prospective, randomized trial would be required to confirm our analysis.

title: Cost-effectiveness of @entity9 ( @entity9 ) glue injections versus XXXX in the management of @entity5 .

answer: @entity8


abstract: The management of @entity3 gastric varices has not been standardized. Although @entity8 ( @entity8 ) is used in most centers, endoscopic treatment with @entity9 ( @entity6 ) glue has recently been shown to be effective. Cost-effectiveness analyses of these methods are lacking. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of @entity0 with @entity3 gastric varices treated either by @entity8 or @entity6 glue injection. Economic analysis was based on direct costs for a fixed financial year. The two groups were compared for a period of 6 months follow-up, to liver transplantation, or @entity2 for each @entity0 . RESULTS: Between January, 1995 and December, 1999, 20 @entity0 with @entity3 gastric varices had @entity8 ; 23 @entity0 had @entity6 glue injection from January, 2000 to October, 2001. There were no significant differences between the two groups in @entity0 characteristics, transfusion requirement, and gastric variceal anatomy. In the @entity8 group, 15/20 @entity0 had the procedure performed within 24 h of @entity3 , and 90% of stent insertions were successful. Complications consisted of two cases of @entity7 , two cases of severe @entity1 , and a 15% stenosis rate at 6 months. In the glue group, there were 3 +/- 1.5 endoscopies and 2 +/- 1 injections per @entity0 , with a 96% initial hemostasis. There was one case of (glue) @entity4 and one blocked front endoscope lens, which required repair. The initial rebleed rate was significantly lower in @entity0 who had @entity8 (15% vs 30%, p = 0.005). The inpatient stay was shorter in the glue group (13 +/- 1 vs 18 +/- 2 days, p = 0.05), but there was no difference in the overall mortality rate. The median cost within 6 months of @entity5 was  4,138 US dollars ( 3,009- 8,290 US dollars) for glue versus  11,906 US dollars ( 8,200- 16,770 US dollars) for @entity8 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In this comparable group of @entity0 , @entity6 glue injection was more cost effective than @entity8 in the management of @entity5 . A prospective, randomized trial would be required to confirm our analysis.

title: Cost-effectiveness of @entity9 ( @entity9 ) glue injections versus @entity8 in the management of XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Rough mutants of Brucella spp. are attenuated for survival in animal models. However, conflicting in vitro evidence has been obtained concerning the intracellular survival of rough mutants. Transposon-derived rough mutants isolated in our laboratory were previously shown to exhibit small but significant reductions in intracellular survival in a 12-h in vitro assay. Several recent publications report that rough mutants exhibited increased macrophage uptake relative to their smooth parental strains, and a reduction in numbers at the end of the assay has been interpreted as intracellular killing. In an effort to explore the role of O antigen in the interaction between @entity5 and macrophages, we have monitored the uptake of rough mutants and survival in vitro by using the @entity0 macrophage cell line J774.A1. The results confirm a 10- to 20-fold-increased uptake of rough mutants over that of smooth organisms under standard conditions. Recovery of the rough mutants persisted up to 8 h postinfection, but at the point when intracellular replication of the smooth organisms was observed, the number of rough organisms recovered declined. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the intracellular multiplication of both smooth and rough organisms, and assays performed in the absence of antibiotic confirmed the replication of the rough organisms. Examination by phase-contrast microscopy revealed the lytic death of macrophages infected with the rough mutants, which was confirmed by the release of @entity2 dehydrogenase (LDH) from the cell cytoplasm. Thus, the decline in the number of rough organisms was the result of the lysis of macrophages and not from intracellular killing. The cytopathic effect is characterized as @entity1 rather than apoptotic cell death based on early LDH release, annexin V and @entity4 staining, morphological changes of infected cells and nuclei, and @entity3 protection. The cytopathic effect was observed with macrophages at multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of as low as 20 and was not observed with epithelial cells at MOIs of as high as 2000. These findings suggest a role for O antigen during the early stages of host-agent interaction that is essential in establishing an intracellular niche that maintains and supports persistent intracellular infection resulting in disease.

title: XXXX rough mutants are cytopathic for macrophages in culture.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity4 is an essential transcription factor for @entity1 cell development. IL-12 and @entity3 both activate @entity4 , but with different kinetics. In this study we compared their capacities to drive differentiation of @entity0 naive Th cells toward the @entity1 phenotype. The @entity1 -polarizing activity of @entity3 was much weaker than that of IL-12, correlating with a marked difference in the kinetics of @entity4 activation; the response to IL-12 was sustained (>48 h), whereas the response to @entity3 was transient (4 h). The continuous presence of IL-12 was required for sustained @entity4 activation. Similarly, optimal @entity1 polarization was only achieved upon prolonged exposure to IL-12 and could not be induced by a transient IL-12 pulse. Furthermore, the cytokine @entity2 potentiated sustained IL-12/ @entity4 responses through up-regulation of IL-12R expression and synergized with IL-12 in driving @entity1 cell development. Transient @entity3 responses, on the other hand, were not prolonged by @entity2 . @entity3 treatment induced down-regulation of IFN-alphabeta receptor subunit 1, rendering cells refractory to @entity3 , but did not trans-inhibit the IL-12/ @entity4 response. These data indicate that sustained IL-12 signaling is essential for optimal @entity1 cell development and that transient activation of @entity4 in response to @entity3 may explain the poor @entity1 -polarizing capacity of this cytokine. Collectively these data show that the duration of cytokine signaling is important for determining the biological response.

title: Sustained IL-12 signaling is required for XXXX development.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity2 - @entity3 4-epimerases from the @entity0 Kluyvero-myces fragilis and @entity1 are both homodimers but the molecular mass of the former (75 kDa/subunit) is nearly double that of the latter (39 kDa/subunit). Protein databank sequence homology revealed the possibility of mutarotase activity in the excess mass of the @entity0 enzyme. This was confirmed by three independent assay protocols. With the help of specific inhibitors and chemical modification reagents, the catalytic sites of epimerase and mutarotase were shown to be distinct and independent. Partial proteolysis with trypsin in the presence of specific inhibitors, 5'-UMP for epimerase and @entity3 for mutarotase, protected the respective activities. Similar digestion with double inhibitors cleaved the molecule into two fragments of 45 and 30 kDa. After separation by size-exclusion HPLC, they manifested exclusively epimerase and mutarotase activities, respectively. Epimerases from @entity4 , Pachysolen tannophilus and Schizosaccharomyces pombi also showed associated mutarotase activity distinct from the constitutively formed mutarotase activity. Thus, the bifunctionality of homodimeric @entity0 epimerases of 65-75 kDa/subunit appears to be universal. In addition to the inducible bifunctional epimerase/mutarotase, K. fragilis contained a smaller constitutive monomeric mutarotase of approximately 35 kDa.

title: XXXX - @entity3 4-epimerase from @entity4 fragilis. Evidence for independent mutarotation site.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 - @entity3 4-epimerases from the @entity0 Kluyvero-myces fragilis and @entity1 are both homodimers but the molecular mass of the former (75 kDa/subunit) is nearly double that of the latter (39 kDa/subunit). Protein databank sequence homology revealed the possibility of mutarotase activity in the excess mass of the @entity0 enzyme. This was confirmed by three independent assay protocols. With the help of specific inhibitors and chemical modification reagents, the catalytic sites of epimerase and mutarotase were shown to be distinct and independent. Partial proteolysis with trypsin in the presence of specific inhibitors, 5'-UMP for epimerase and @entity3 for mutarotase, protected the respective activities. Similar digestion with double inhibitors cleaved the molecule into two fragments of 45 and 30 kDa. After separation by size-exclusion HPLC, they manifested exclusively epimerase and mutarotase activities, respectively. Epimerases from @entity4 , Pachysolen tannophilus and Schizosaccharomyces pombi also showed associated mutarotase activity distinct from the constitutively formed mutarotase activity. Thus, the bifunctionality of homodimeric @entity0 epimerases of 65-75 kDa/subunit appears to be universal. In addition to the inducible bifunctional epimerase/mutarotase, K. fragilis contained a smaller constitutive monomeric mutarotase of approximately 35 kDa.

title: @entity2 - XXXX 4-epimerase from @entity4 fragilis. Evidence for independent mutarotation site.

answer: @entity3