abstract: Cyclical periods of depolarization (slow waves) underlie peristaltic contractions involved in mixing and emptying of contents in the gastric antrum. Slow waves originate from a myenteric network of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-MY). In this study we have visualized the sequence and propagation of @entity0 transients associated with pacemaker potentials in the ICC network and longitudinal (LM) and circular muscle (CM) layers of the isolated @entity1 gastric antrum. Gastric antrum was dissected to reveal the ICC-MY network, loaded with @entity5 AM and activity was monitored at 37 degrees C. @entity0 waves propagated throughout the ICC-MY network at an average velocity of 3.24 +/- 0.12 mm s(-1) at a frequency of 4.87 +/- 0.16 cycles min(-1) (n= 4). The propagation of the @entity0 wave often appeared 'step-like', with separate regions of the network being activated after variable delays. The direction of propagation was highly variable (Delta angle of propagation 44.3 +/- 10.9 deg per cycle) and was not confined to the axes of the longitudinal or circular muscle. @entity0 waves appeared to spread out radially from the site of initiation. The initiating @entity0 wave in ICC-MY was correlated to secondary @entity0 waves in intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal, ICC-IM, and smooth muscle cells, and the local distortion (contraction) in a field of view. @entity3 (1 microm) had little effect on slow wave or pacemaker potential activity, but @entity4 (50 microm) blocked all @entity0 waves, indicating a pivotal role for intracellular @entity0 stores. @entity2 (2 microm) eliminated the @entity0 transient generated by smooth muscle, but did not affect the fast upstroke associated with ICC-MY. These results indicate that slow waves follow a sequence of activation, beginning with the ICC-MY and ICC-IM network, followed later by a sustained @entity0 transient in the muscle layers that is responsible for contraction.

title: Propagation of pacemaker activity in the XXXX antrum.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to review the management and outcome of pregnancies with a prenatal diagnosis of fetal @entity2 (CCAM). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was performed of all cases since 1995 with a prenatal diagnosis of fetal CCAM from the sole tertiary perinatal referral center in Western Australia. RESULTS: Twenty-one pregnancies with CCAM were identified. The gestational age at diagnosis was <22 weeks in 86% of cases. Macrocysts were seen in 76% of cases during ultrasound examination. Seventeen pregnancies continued until term. Regression of the sonographic appearances was observed in 19% of cases. Fetal hydrops complicated two cases. One neonate died within 24 hours of delivery because of @entity1 . Twelve @entity0 have required @entity1 . No adverse sequelae are evident in surviving @entity0 . CONCLUSION: Most cases of prenatally diagnosed CCAM have had a good outcome. This review has positively influenced the counseling of @entity0 with this diagnosis.

title: Prenatal diagnosis and management of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The financing of health care services in Norway has been changed from a system of global budgeting to a system partly based on Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG). The government has decided to derive a part of the hospital revenue from DRG-based, per- @entity0 financing. The aim of this study is to determine whether the present remuneration system covers the actual hospital expenses of liver transplant @entity0 , and whether the present method of calculating DRG-costs is adequate for our institution. Our group developed a prospective method of determining the actual cost per @entity0 . We closely observed and collected the data of eight liver transplant @entity0 during their hospital stay. We divided each of the @entity0 ' resource requirements into four categories; heavy intensive care, light intensive care, intermediate care, and ordinary care. In addition, we recorded the number of staff involved, the duration of surgery, the major procedures, and the medical- and material costs. The actual cost of each @entity0 was calculated, based on these data. The actual cost was compared with the corresponding hospital remuneration for each @entity0 . Median cost for liver transplantation was @entity1 536.785 (range: @entity1 295.113- @entity1 844.345) (1 =7,5 @entity1 ), while the corresponding hospital refund was @entity1 457.785 (range: @entity1 436.465- @entity1 483.040). The difference is not statistically significant ( P=0.2). The average 100% DRG-based cost of a liver transplantation was @entity1 730.321, which is significantly higher than the actual cost ( P=0.02). The hospital's reimbursement for liver transplantation did not differ significantly from the actual registered cost. The computed cost was significantly lower than the DRG-based cost.

title: A comparison of actual cost, DRG-based cost, and hospital reimbursement for liver transplant XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The tsr gene of @entity0 , located at approximately 99 min on the chromosomal map, encodes a @entity2 -accepting protein that serves as the chemoreceptor and signal transducer for chemotactic responses to @entity1 and several repellents. To determine whether any other @entity3 or motility genes were located in the tsr region, we constructed and characterized two lambda tsr transducing phages that each contain about 12 kilobases of chromosomal material adjacent to tsr. lambda tsr70 carries sequences from the promoter-proximal side of tsr; lambda tsr72 carries sequences from the promoter-distal side of tsr. Restriction maps of the bacterial inserts in these phages and Southern hybridization analyses of the bacterial chromosome indicated that the tsr gene is transcribed in the counterclockwise direction on the genetic map. Insert deletions were isolated in lambda tsr70 and transferred into the host chromosome to examine the null phenotype of tsr. All such strains exhibited wild-type swimming patterns and chemotactic responses to a variety of stimuli, but were specifically defective in @entity1 taxis and other Tsr-mediated responses. In addition, UV programming experiments demonstrated that Tsr and several of its presumptive degradation products were the only bacterial proteins encoded by lambda tsr70 and lambda tsr72 that required host FlbB/FlaI function for expression. These findings indicate that there are probably no other @entity3 -related genes in the tsr region. A series of tsr point mutations were isolated by propagating lambda tsr70 on a mutD host and used to construct a fine-structure map of the tsr locus. These mutations should prove valuable in exploring structure-function relationships in the Tsr transducer.

title: Chemotaxis in XXXX : construction and properties of lambda tsr transducing phage.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The first step in the processing of 47S precursor rRNA in @entity1 cells is reproduced in vitro in an S-100 transcription reaction and consists of an endonucleolytic cleavage at residue +650 of the primary transcript followed by rapid degradation of the fragment upstream from residue +650. An analogous processing occurs in @entity0 rRNA. The @entity1 and @entity0 rRNA sequences are approximately equal to 80% conserved for 200 @entity2 on the 3' side of these processing sites, suggesting that this conserved region may be important in specifying the processing. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a systematic series of deletion mutants approaching the @entity1 rDNA processing region from both the 5' and 3' directions and analyzed the processing of their transcripts in vitro. The 5' boundary of the region required for processing is quite sharp and corresponds to the rRNA cleavage site at the 5' end of the conserved sequence region. The 3' boundary is more complex: The 3' deletions extending to between 250 and 130 @entity2 beyond the processing site cause about a 50% decrease in the amount of the processed RNA. A 3' deletion that extends to 109 @entity2 beyond the processing site greatly reduces the processing efficiency. Deletions to or beyond 91 @entity2 on the 3' side of the processing site virtually eliminate processing. Under altered ionic conditions, transcripts of 3' deletions extending to only 41 @entity2 beyond the processing site can still direct a low level of accurate processing. These results demonstrate that the @entity1 / @entity0 conserved sequence just on the 3' side of the primary rRNA processing site consists of several domains that direct and/or augment both the initial endonucleolytic cleavage and the closely coupled selective degradation of the upstream fragment that together constitute the primary rRNA processing event.

title: Nucleotide sequence determining the first cleavage site in the processing of XXXX precursor rRNA.

answer: @entity1


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity8 presenting as massive intratumoural @entity4 is quite an uncommon entity, with less than 40 clinical reports in the literature. Secondary mass effect compressing the brain stem may be a life threatening condition. CASE REPORT: A 38 years old male was admitted at our hospital with several @entity3 on the right side and decreased level of consciousness (GCS 5) of acute onset. On cranial computed tomography a great haematoma was found in the right cerebello pontine angle, appearing to be an intratumoural bleeding. Emergency surgery was performed with complete removal of the @entity0 related to the @entity5 cranial nerve, which was diagnosed as hypervascularized @entity6 . Clinical outcome was good. CONCLUSIONS: Intratumoural @entity4 in @entity8 is rare, appearing mostly in those @entity0 measuring more than 3 cm and with increased vascularity. In general they manifest with @entity2 . Acute @entity1 with decrease in consciousness level although exceptional may be associated to great mortality rates. The treatment of choice is the complete removal of the haematoma and the @entity0 , in one surgery if possible. Prognosis is good in most cases, with morbidity consisting on @entity3 . @entity7 may restore at least partial facial function. Neurophysiology tests give a clear measurement of @entity3 and their evolution with treatments.

title: [Massive @entity4 as a clinical presentation of XXXX ].

answer: @entity8


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity8 presenting as massive intratumoural @entity4 is quite an uncommon entity, with less than 40 clinical reports in the literature. Secondary mass effect compressing the brain stem may be a life threatening condition. CASE REPORT: A 38 years old male was admitted at our hospital with several @entity3 on the right side and decreased level of consciousness (GCS 5) of acute onset. On cranial computed tomography a great haematoma was found in the right cerebello pontine angle, appearing to be an intratumoural bleeding. Emergency surgery was performed with complete removal of the @entity0 related to the @entity5 cranial nerve, which was diagnosed as hypervascularized @entity6 . Clinical outcome was good. CONCLUSIONS: Intratumoural @entity4 in @entity8 is rare, appearing mostly in those @entity0 measuring more than 3 cm and with increased vascularity. In general they manifest with @entity2 . Acute @entity1 with decrease in consciousness level although exceptional may be associated to great mortality rates. The treatment of choice is the complete removal of the haematoma and the @entity0 , in one surgery if possible. Prognosis is good in most cases, with morbidity consisting on @entity3 . @entity7 may restore at least partial facial function. Neurophysiology tests give a clear measurement of @entity3 and their evolution with treatments.

title: [Massive XXXX as a clinical presentation of @entity8 ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: The replication of type 1 @entity3 in 13 established @entity0 blood cell lines differing in the differentiation stage and cell lineage was investigated. Three T (CCRF-CEM, CCRF-HSB-2, and Molt-3) and three B (Raji, CCRF-SB, and RPMI 8226) cell lines showed no cytopathic effects (CPE) or virus production. CPE associated with virus production were detected in the other seven cell lines: HL-60, ML-1, and KG-1 (granulocytic lineage), U-937 and @entity2 (monocytic lineage), K-562 (erythroid lineage), and Molt-4 (T cell lineage). These susceptible cell lines greatly differed in the speed at which the CPE progressed. The progression of CPE was faster in relatively well-differentiated cell lines such as HL-60 and U-937, independently of the multiplicity of @entity1 , than in less differentiated cell lines such as K-562, KG-1, and @entity2 . Thus, for the same lineage, the speed at which CPE progressed became proportionally higher with subsequent differentiation stages. In the K-562 cell culture, CPE were not observed until at least 5 days postinfection (p.i.), while more than 80% of HL-60 cells were killed within 3 days p.i. There were no significant differences between infected HL-60 and K-562 cells in the @entity1 determined at 8 hr p.i. by the indirect immunofluorescent technique, the rate of virus growth, or the amount of viral capsid protein synthesized. This indicated that there were similar viral replication cycles in the two cell lines. These observations suggest that the killing function of the virus is expressed more slowly in K-562 cells than in HL-60 cells.

title: XXXX @entity1 of established @entity0 blood cell lines: relationship between the differentiation stage and susceptibility of cell killing.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The replication of type 1 @entity3 in 13 established @entity0 blood cell lines differing in the differentiation stage and cell lineage was investigated. Three T (CCRF-CEM, CCRF-HSB-2, and Molt-3) and three B (Raji, CCRF-SB, and RPMI 8226) cell lines showed no cytopathic effects (CPE) or virus production. CPE associated with virus production were detected in the other seven cell lines: HL-60, ML-1, and KG-1 (granulocytic lineage), U-937 and @entity2 (monocytic lineage), K-562 (erythroid lineage), and Molt-4 (T cell lineage). These susceptible cell lines greatly differed in the speed at which the CPE progressed. The progression of CPE was faster in relatively well-differentiated cell lines such as HL-60 and U-937, independently of the multiplicity of @entity1 , than in less differentiated cell lines such as K-562, KG-1, and @entity2 . Thus, for the same lineage, the speed at which CPE progressed became proportionally higher with subsequent differentiation stages. In the K-562 cell culture, CPE were not observed until at least 5 days postinfection (p.i.), while more than 80% of HL-60 cells were killed within 3 days p.i. There were no significant differences between infected HL-60 and K-562 cells in the @entity1 determined at 8 hr p.i. by the indirect immunofluorescent technique, the rate of virus growth, or the amount of viral capsid protein synthesized. This indicated that there were similar viral replication cycles in the two cell lines. These observations suggest that the killing function of the virus is expressed more slowly in K-562 cells than in HL-60 cells.

title: @entity3 XXXX of established @entity0 blood cell lines: relationship between the differentiation stage and susceptibility of cell killing.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The replication of type 1 @entity3 in 13 established @entity0 blood cell lines differing in the differentiation stage and cell lineage was investigated. Three T (CCRF-CEM, CCRF-HSB-2, and Molt-3) and three B (Raji, CCRF-SB, and RPMI 8226) cell lines showed no cytopathic effects (CPE) or virus production. CPE associated with virus production were detected in the other seven cell lines: HL-60, ML-1, and KG-1 (granulocytic lineage), U-937 and @entity2 (monocytic lineage), K-562 (erythroid lineage), and Molt-4 (T cell lineage). These susceptible cell lines greatly differed in the speed at which the CPE progressed. The progression of CPE was faster in relatively well-differentiated cell lines such as HL-60 and U-937, independently of the multiplicity of @entity1 , than in less differentiated cell lines such as K-562, KG-1, and @entity2 . Thus, for the same lineage, the speed at which CPE progressed became proportionally higher with subsequent differentiation stages. In the K-562 cell culture, CPE were not observed until at least 5 days postinfection (p.i.), while more than 80% of HL-60 cells were killed within 3 days p.i. There were no significant differences between infected HL-60 and K-562 cells in the @entity1 determined at 8 hr p.i. by the indirect immunofluorescent technique, the rate of virus growth, or the amount of viral capsid protein synthesized. This indicated that there were similar viral replication cycles in the two cell lines. These observations suggest that the killing function of the virus is expressed more slowly in K-562 cells than in HL-60 cells.

title: @entity3 @entity1 of established XXXX blood cell lines: relationship between the differentiation stage and susceptibility of cell killing.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity3 is known to result in various degrees of disordered haemostasis. Moreover, the recently developed assays of molecular markers of haemostasis can give an accurate reflection of its activation in vivo. The aim of this study was to monitor the levels of prothrombin fraction 1 + 2 ( @entity5 ), thrombin antithrombin complexes (TAT) and D-dimer on the admission of @entity0 to the ICU and up to the fourth day postinjury. Seventeen @entity0 with @entity1 (Glasgow @entity2 scale 12 or less) were studied at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh. Their ages ranged from 10 to 40 years (mean 26). Blood samples were collected from the internal jugular vein, peripheral vein and artery. The mean levels of TAT and @entity5 in the internal jugular vein was significantly higher than in both peripheral venous and arterial blood on admission and 24 h later. Thereafter, the levels in the three locations dropped significantly, but remained elevated above controls. D-dimer levels were very markedly elevated to a similar extent in the three locations throughout the study period. The prothrombin time was significantly prolonged in the three locations in the first two days. Plasma @entity4 levels dropped very significantly in the jugular vein, and increased to above reference values later. Protein S and factor VII showed a significant drop in the first two days and increased to normal range thereafter. Outcome was evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 months postinjury. Haemostatic measurements could not predict good outcome (12 @entity0 ) or bad outcome (four deaths). It was concluded that haemostatic activation is a transient, but common phenomenon after @entity1 and is more prominent in cerebrovascular than in peripheral blood. The number of @entity0 studied is too small to allow reliable association to be drawn between haemostatic changes on admission and prediction of outcome.

title: The coagulopathy in XXXX : comparison of cerebral versus peripheral measurements of haemostatic activation markers.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity0 of the appendix is an endocrine @entity0 that is histologically similar to, but biologically less aggressive than @entity4 arising from other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we examined @entity5 , @entity3 , @entity6 , @entity1 and Ki67 immunoexpression in cases of @entity2 and made a comparison with non- @entity2 tumors. Nine cases of @entity2 and 11 biopsies of @entity4 of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, five cases of the small intestine and six of the stomach were immunohistochemically evaluated for Ki67, @entity1 , @entity6 , @entity5 and @entity3 . Two main patterns of @entity3 staining were observed. The first pattern was characterized as membranous and cytoplasmic, and was seen mainly in the peripheral cells of the nests. The second pattern was diffuse, predominantly membranous. Most (five of seven) @entity2 and only three of 11 non-appendiceal cases showed the first staining pattern (p < 0.05). Immunoexpression of @entity5 and @entity6 was similar in both groups. @entity1 and Ki-67 immunostaining revealed stronger nuclear positivity in the non- @entity2 tumors (statistically not significant). We found a pattern of @entity3 immunostaining in typical @entity0 of the appendix that was different from the pattern seen in non- @entity2 tumors. This alteration suggests that @entity2 may represent a different subtype of @entity0 with different immunohistochemical and biological behavior.

title: Different XXXX immunoexpression in @entity0 of the appendix in comparison to other gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors.

answer: @entity3


abstract: @entity0 of the appendix is an endocrine @entity0 that is histologically similar to, but biologically less aggressive than @entity4 arising from other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we examined @entity5 , @entity3 , @entity6 , @entity1 and Ki67 immunoexpression in cases of @entity2 and made a comparison with non- @entity2 tumors. Nine cases of @entity2 and 11 biopsies of @entity4 of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, five cases of the small intestine and six of the stomach were immunohistochemically evaluated for Ki67, @entity1 , @entity6 , @entity5 and @entity3 . Two main patterns of @entity3 staining were observed. The first pattern was characterized as membranous and cytoplasmic, and was seen mainly in the peripheral cells of the nests. The second pattern was diffuse, predominantly membranous. Most (five of seven) @entity2 and only three of 11 non-appendiceal cases showed the first staining pattern (p < 0.05). Immunoexpression of @entity5 and @entity6 was similar in both groups. @entity1 and Ki-67 immunostaining revealed stronger nuclear positivity in the non- @entity2 tumors (statistically not significant). We found a pattern of @entity3 immunostaining in typical @entity0 of the appendix that was different from the pattern seen in non- @entity2 tumors. This alteration suggests that @entity2 may represent a different subtype of @entity0 with different immunohistochemical and biological behavior.

title: Different @entity3 immunoexpression in XXXX of the appendix in comparison to other gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Primary @entity6 rarely arise from the lower urinary tract, the urethra being the most uncommon site of origin. Herein, we report the immunohistochemical findings of a case of primary marginal zone @entity5 ( @entity4 ) arising from the male urethra. To clarify the clinicopathological findings of primary @entity2 , we reviewed 14 previously reported cases. A 56-year-old @entity0 presented with gross @entity3 . Cystourethroscopy demonstrated a nodular bulge of the urethral wall. Histologically, a transurethral biopsy specimen showed a dense lymphoplasmacytoid infiltrate in the urethral mucosa. The @entity1 cells were composed of centrocyte-like cells, plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. A few plasma cells contained intracytoplasmic pseudoinclusions (Dutcher bodies). Immunohistochemical study revealed monotypic intracytoplasmic kappa-light chain in the plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. The @entity0 received a total of 50 Gy extrabeam irradiation. Follow-up 21 months later did not disclose any sign of local or other recurrences.

title: Primary @entity4 ( @entity4 ) XXXX arising from the male urethra. A case report and review of the literature.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Primary @entity6 rarely arise from the lower urinary tract, the urethra being the most uncommon site of origin. Herein, we report the immunohistochemical findings of a case of primary marginal zone @entity5 ( @entity4 ) arising from the male urethra. To clarify the clinicopathological findings of primary @entity2 , we reviewed 14 previously reported cases. A 56-year-old @entity0 presented with gross @entity3 . Cystourethroscopy demonstrated a nodular bulge of the urethral wall. Histologically, a transurethral biopsy specimen showed a dense lymphoplasmacytoid infiltrate in the urethral mucosa. The @entity1 cells were composed of centrocyte-like cells, plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. A few plasma cells contained intracytoplasmic pseudoinclusions (Dutcher bodies). Immunohistochemical study revealed monotypic intracytoplasmic kappa-light chain in the plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. The @entity0 received a total of 50 Gy extrabeam irradiation. Follow-up 21 months later did not disclose any sign of local or other recurrences.

title: Primary XXXX ( @entity4 ) @entity2 arising from the male urethra. A case report and review of the literature.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Primary @entity6 rarely arise from the lower urinary tract, the urethra being the most uncommon site of origin. Herein, we report the immunohistochemical findings of a case of primary marginal zone @entity5 ( @entity4 ) arising from the male urethra. To clarify the clinicopathological findings of primary @entity2 , we reviewed 14 previously reported cases. A 56-year-old @entity0 presented with gross @entity3 . Cystourethroscopy demonstrated a nodular bulge of the urethral wall. Histologically, a transurethral biopsy specimen showed a dense lymphoplasmacytoid infiltrate in the urethral mucosa. The @entity1 cells were composed of centrocyte-like cells, plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. A few plasma cells contained intracytoplasmic pseudoinclusions (Dutcher bodies). Immunohistochemical study revealed monotypic intracytoplasmic kappa-light chain in the plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. The @entity0 received a total of 50 Gy extrabeam irradiation. Follow-up 21 months later did not disclose any sign of local or other recurrences.

title: Primary @entity4 ( XXXX ) @entity2 arising from the male urethra. A case report and review of the literature.

answer: @entity4


abstract: In this study we investigated the relationship between personality attitudes, psychopathological symptoms and biological parameters in @entity5 . Eighty-four infertile @entity0 underwent a psychological and medical examination at our clinic. The psychological tests comprised the Symptom Checklist 90-R, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the NEO-Five Factor Inventory. Seminal parameters, gonadotrophins, sex @entity2 , @entity4 and prolactin were analyzed to obtain biological data. Compared with questionnaires completed by normal populations those in the study group scored higher on the scales for 'conscientiousness', 'agreeableness', 'alexithymia' and 'somatization' and lower on the scale for ' @entity3 '. Regarding psychobiological correlations we found a negative correlation between seminal parameters and 'extraversion', ' @entity1 ' and 'psychoticism'. 'Alexithymia' was negatively correlated with stress hormones and 'conscientiousness' was correlated with sex @entity2 . The findings suggest above average social competence in the study group. The psychobiological correlations indicate a link between social-competence-related personality traits such as 'extraversion' and 'conscientiousness' and biological fertility characteristics. Implications of a higher alexithymia in infertile @entity0 , which is negatively correlated with stress hormones, are discussed.

title: Relationships between personality traits, seminal parameters and hormones in XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: Kupffer cells constitute a major source of the @entity3 -degrading enzyme, @entity3 oxygenase (HO). This study examined the roles of Kupffer cells in the modulation of accelerated @entity3 catabolism in @entity1 -reperfused @entity0 livers. Livers from @entity0 treated with or without liposome-encapsulated @entity5 , a Kupffer cell-depleting reagent, underwent a 20-min ligation of the portal vein followed by reperfusion, The time course of the biliary output of @entity2 , the terminal @entity3 -degrading product, and the expression of @entity6 mRNA and protein were monitored. @entity6 mRNA levels were elevated 3 to 12 h after @entity1 /reperfusion in both control and Kupffer cell-depleted @entity0 . Immunohistochemical analyses of control livers revealed that Kupffer cells expressed high levels of @entity6 while its expression in hepatocytes was low. In Kupffer cell-depleted livers, however, periportal hepatocytes displayed marked @entity6 expression. Under these conditions the two groups exhibited distinct profiles of biliary @entity2 excretion. In the controls, total @entity2 excretion increased 8-fold and peaked at 10 h after @entity1 /reperfusion. In contrast, the Kupffer cell-depleting treatment resulted in a significant acceleration of the initial rise in @entity2 production, which peaked at 4 h. However, the total amount of @entity2 excreted within the initial 10 h after reperfusion was reduced by 50% as compared with that of the controls. In Kupffer cell-depleted @entity0 , the levels of GOT and @entity4 as well as serum endotoxin concentrations were elevated after @entity1 /reperfusion. These results suggest that Kupffer cells serve as an @entity1 /reperfusion sensor that upregulates @entity3 degradation and @entity2 excretion, and that Kupffer cells protect hepatocytes from gut-derived stressers--including endotoxin--following @entity1 /reperfusion.

title: The protective role of Kupffer cells in the XXXX -reperfused @entity0 liver.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Kupffer cells constitute a major source of the @entity3 -degrading enzyme, @entity3 oxygenase (HO). This study examined the roles of Kupffer cells in the modulation of accelerated @entity3 catabolism in @entity1 -reperfused @entity0 livers. Livers from @entity0 treated with or without liposome-encapsulated @entity5 , a Kupffer cell-depleting reagent, underwent a 20-min ligation of the portal vein followed by reperfusion, The time course of the biliary output of @entity2 , the terminal @entity3 -degrading product, and the expression of @entity6 mRNA and protein were monitored. @entity6 mRNA levels were elevated 3 to 12 h after @entity1 /reperfusion in both control and Kupffer cell-depleted @entity0 . Immunohistochemical analyses of control livers revealed that Kupffer cells expressed high levels of @entity6 while its expression in hepatocytes was low. In Kupffer cell-depleted livers, however, periportal hepatocytes displayed marked @entity6 expression. Under these conditions the two groups exhibited distinct profiles of biliary @entity2 excretion. In the controls, total @entity2 excretion increased 8-fold and peaked at 10 h after @entity1 /reperfusion. In contrast, the Kupffer cell-depleting treatment resulted in a significant acceleration of the initial rise in @entity2 production, which peaked at 4 h. However, the total amount of @entity2 excreted within the initial 10 h after reperfusion was reduced by 50% as compared with that of the controls. In Kupffer cell-depleted @entity0 , the levels of GOT and @entity4 as well as serum endotoxin concentrations were elevated after @entity1 /reperfusion. These results suggest that Kupffer cells serve as an @entity1 /reperfusion sensor that upregulates @entity3 degradation and @entity2 excretion, and that Kupffer cells protect hepatocytes from gut-derived stressers--including endotoxin--following @entity1 /reperfusion.

title: The protective role of Kupffer cells in the @entity1 -reperfused XXXX liver.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Fifty-eight @entity0 underwent @entity2 via the posterior fossa approach between September 1992 and December 1998 at the ENT department of Legnano. All @entity0 presented a history of disabling unilateral Meni  re's disease and underwent complete neuro-otologic evaluation following the 1985 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) guidelines. All @entity0 underwent MRI imaging, ABR and electronystagmographic testing before surgery. Objective analysis of results is reported using the criteria published by the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium of the AAO-HNS in 1985. According to the AAO formula, 52 @entity0 obtained a score of 0, indicating complete control of major vertigo spells, while four were classified within the 'substantial control' group. Immediate hearing results indicated that 93 per cent of the @entity0 maintained a level within 10 dB from the pre-operative level. Only one @entity0 experienced a @entity1 yet retained measurable hearing. No major complications were reported. We conclude that a retrosigmoid approach to @entity2 can be considered a safe and effective procedure in relieving medically refractory vertigo in Meni  re's disease while preserving the hearing. Tinnitus and long-term hearing deterioration are not influenced by the procedure.

title: Posterior fossa XXXX as primary surgical treatment of Meni  re's disease: a re-evaluation.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 , such as @entity5 and @entity3 , are associated with arterial stiffening. Previous studies showed that @entity8 exacerbated @entity5 and induced @entity3 and @entity4 formation in @entity7 -deficient ( @entity7 -KO) @entity1 . The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of chronic treatment of @entity8 on the arterial elastic properties in @entity7 -KO @entity1 . We hypothesized that @entity8 will injure the arterial wall resulting in increased arterial stiffening. Male @entity7 -KO @entity1 were infused with either @entity8 (1.44 mg. kg(-1). day(-1)) or vehicle (PBS) for 30 days. @entity8 treatment accelerated @entity5 in the carotid artery by sixfold (P < 0.001) and increased blood pressure by 30% (P < 0.05). Additionally, our data demonstrated that @entity8 increased arterial stiffening using both in vivo and in vitro methods. @entity8 significantly increased pulse wave velocity by 36% (P < 0.01) and decreased arterial elasticity as demonstrated by a more than 900% increase in maximal stiffening (high strain Young's modulus) compared with vehicle (P < 0.05). These functional changes were correlated with morphological and biochemical changes as demonstrated by an increase in collagen content (60%), a decrease in elastin content (74%), and breaks in the internal elastic lamina in the aortic wall. In addition, endothelium-independent vasorelaxation to @entity6 was impaired in the aortic rings of @entity8 -treated @entity1 compared with vehicle. Thus, the present data indicate that @entity8 injures the artery wall in multiple ways and arterial stiffening may be a common outcome of @entity8 -induced @entity0 .

title: Angiotensin II injures the arterial wall causing increased aortic stiffening in XXXX -deficient @entity1 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity2 , such as @entity5 and @entity3 , are associated with arterial stiffening. Previous studies showed that @entity8 exacerbated @entity5 and induced @entity3 and @entity4 formation in @entity7 -deficient ( @entity7 -KO) @entity1 . The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of chronic treatment of @entity8 on the arterial elastic properties in @entity7 -KO @entity1 . We hypothesized that @entity8 will injure the arterial wall resulting in increased arterial stiffening. Male @entity7 -KO @entity1 were infused with either @entity8 (1.44 mg. kg(-1). day(-1)) or vehicle (PBS) for 30 days. @entity8 treatment accelerated @entity5 in the carotid artery by sixfold (P < 0.001) and increased blood pressure by 30% (P < 0.05). Additionally, our data demonstrated that @entity8 increased arterial stiffening using both in vivo and in vitro methods. @entity8 significantly increased pulse wave velocity by 36% (P < 0.01) and decreased arterial elasticity as demonstrated by a more than 900% increase in maximal stiffening (high strain Young's modulus) compared with vehicle (P < 0.05). These functional changes were correlated with morphological and biochemical changes as demonstrated by an increase in collagen content (60%), a decrease in elastin content (74%), and breaks in the internal elastic lamina in the aortic wall. In addition, endothelium-independent vasorelaxation to @entity6 was impaired in the aortic rings of @entity8 -treated @entity1 compared with vehicle. Thus, the present data indicate that @entity8 injures the artery wall in multiple ways and arterial stiffening may be a common outcome of @entity8 -induced @entity0 .

title: Angiotensin II injures the arterial wall causing increased aortic stiffening in @entity7 -deficient XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: The hyperpolarization-activated excitatory current I(h) shapes rhythmic firing and other components of excitability in differentiating neurons, and may thus influence activity-dependent CNS development. We therefore studied developmental changes in I(h) and underlying hyperpolarization-activated cyclic @entity1 -gated (HCN) channel subunits in pyramidal neurons of neonatal @entity0 hippocampus using electrophysiological and immunofluorescence approaches. I(h) conductance (at -80 mV) tripled in @entity3 neurons and quintupled in @entity2 neurons between postnatal day 1 (P1) and @entity4 ; parallel changes in membrane area resulted in current density maxima at P5 in @entity3 and @entity6 in @entity2 . Concurrently, I(h) activation times fell sevenfold in @entity3 and 10-fold in @entity2 . A computational model indicates that a decrease in I(h) activation time will increase the rhythmic firing rate. Two mechanisms contributed to more rapid I(h) activation at @entity4 in @entity3 and @entity2 neurons: a fall in the intrinsic time constants of two kinetic components, tau(fast) and tau(slow), to 35-40% (at -90 mV) of their P1 values, and a preferential increase in fast component amplitude and contribution to I(h) (from approximately 35% to approximately 74% of total). @entity7 , @entity8 , and @entity5 immunoreactivities showed independent temporal and spatial developmental patterns. @entity7 immunoreactivity was low at @entity9 and increased by @entity4 . @entity8 immunoreactivity was detected at P1 and increased steadily up to @entity4 . @entity5 immunoreactivity was initially low and showed a small increase by @entity4 . We suggest that developmental increases in I(h) amplitude and activation rate reflect changes in the number and underlying structure of I(h) channels, and that I(h) maturation may shape rhythmic activity important for hippocampal circuit maturation.

title: Postnatal development of the hyperpolarization-activated excitatory current Ih in XXXX hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Response prediction in @entity0 undergoing chemotherapy for @entity2 is an important issue, since the cure rate is only about 15-20%. We attempted to develop a semi-empirical model to predict response in individual cases after the first cycle of chemotherapy. MATERIAL/METHODS: This prospective study included 51 cases of advanced @entity2 . A method was standardized to estimate @entity2 volume accurately from CT scan films. This permits the inclusion of @entity0 who have undergone CT scan elsewhere. @entity0 underwent 4-6 cycles of chemotherapy and @entity1 volume was estimated after each cycle. This yielded a @entity1 regression curve for each @entity0 . RESULTS: Percent reduction in @entity1 volume after the first chemo-cycle was a significant prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. Depending upon the rate of regression @entity0 could be classified into Fast Regressing FR (n=29) and Moderately Regressing MR (n=16), whereas 6 @entity0 showed @entity3 ( @entity3 ) despite ongoing chemotherapy. The median survivals for the FR, MR and @entity3 groups were 29.3, 18.9 and 8.5 months respectively. We found that 'percent reduction in volume after first chemo-cycle' could categorize a @entity0 as FR/MR/ @entity3 correctly in 94.1% of cases. This parameter could also detect 5 out of 6 inherently resistant @entity3 cases, who would otherwise undergo further chemotherapy, since early detection of resistance by clinical monitoring is quite difficult. CONCLUSIONS: An individual @entity0 at risk for shorter survival and with inherent drug resistance can be identified after the first cycle of chemotherapy.

title: Potential of CT-scan based XXXX volume as a response indicator in chemotherapy of @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: Response prediction in @entity0 undergoing chemotherapy for @entity2 is an important issue, since the cure rate is only about 15-20%. We attempted to develop a semi-empirical model to predict response in individual cases after the first cycle of chemotherapy. MATERIAL/METHODS: This prospective study included 51 cases of advanced @entity2 . A method was standardized to estimate @entity2 volume accurately from CT scan films. This permits the inclusion of @entity0 who have undergone CT scan elsewhere. @entity0 underwent 4-6 cycles of chemotherapy and @entity1 volume was estimated after each cycle. This yielded a @entity1 regression curve for each @entity0 . RESULTS: Percent reduction in @entity1 volume after the first chemo-cycle was a significant prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. Depending upon the rate of regression @entity0 could be classified into Fast Regressing FR (n=29) and Moderately Regressing MR (n=16), whereas 6 @entity0 showed @entity3 ( @entity3 ) despite ongoing chemotherapy. The median survivals for the FR, MR and @entity3 groups were 29.3, 18.9 and 8.5 months respectively. We found that 'percent reduction in volume after first chemo-cycle' could categorize a @entity0 as FR/MR/ @entity3 correctly in 94.1% of cases. This parameter could also detect 5 out of 6 inherently resistant @entity3 cases, who would otherwise undergo further chemotherapy, since early detection of resistance by clinical monitoring is quite difficult. CONCLUSIONS: An individual @entity0 at risk for shorter survival and with inherent drug resistance can be identified after the first cycle of chemotherapy.

title: Potential of CT-scan based @entity1 volume as a response indicator in chemotherapy of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The cardiovascular derangement that results from the administration of endotoxin in healthy subjects is qualitatively similar to what is observed in @entity0 in @entity1 . The biological response to endotoxin is attributed in part to cytokine release. In experimental @entity4 , recombinant @entity5 (rBPI(23)) has shown a protective effect by binding endotoxin with the subsequent inhibition of the endotoxin-induced cytokine release and of neutrophil activation. In a controlled, blinded crossover study the early cardiovascular effects of rBPI(23) were investigated in an experimental @entity4 model in @entity0 . The beat-to-beat changes in arterial pressure and cardiac output following infusion of endotoxin (40 EU/kg body weight) and rBPI(23) (1 mg/kg) or placebo (human serum albumin, 0.2 mg/kg) were studied for 2 hours in 8 healthy male adults. Endotoxin or rBPI(23) alone did not induce significant cardiovascular changes. Endotoxin following rBPI(23) infusion elicited a fall in total peripheral resistance with its nadir after 4 minutes to 40% (range 16-53; P <.001) of control level. Mean arterial pressure showed little change, and the fall in total peripheral resistance was associated with a reflex increase in heart rate and cardiac output (32%; range 43-106). Changes in cardiovascular variables in the subsequent 2 hours were not significant. In vitro activation of the contact system by, respectively, rBPI(23), @entity3 , and @entity3 -rBPI(23) complexes was assessed. Following incubation with rBPI(23), @entity3 , and @entity3 -rBPI(23) complexes, complex levels were generated at levels comparable to those observed in the buffer control. The rapid vasodilatation by endotoxin administered concomitantly with rBPI(23) is not mediated by complement or contact system activation. The early vasodilatation is compensated by an increase in cardiac output, which therefore does not result in arterial @entity2 . The monitoring of continuous cardiac output allows for the detection of rapid effects on systemic flow and conductance that go unnoticed in a recording of arterial pressure.

title: In vivo interaction of endotoxin and recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI23): hemodynamic effects in a @entity0 XXXX model.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The cardiovascular derangement that results from the administration of endotoxin in healthy subjects is qualitatively similar to what is observed in @entity0 in @entity1 . The biological response to endotoxin is attributed in part to cytokine release. In experimental @entity4 , recombinant @entity5 (rBPI(23)) has shown a protective effect by binding endotoxin with the subsequent inhibition of the endotoxin-induced cytokine release and of neutrophil activation. In a controlled, blinded crossover study the early cardiovascular effects of rBPI(23) were investigated in an experimental @entity4 model in @entity0 . The beat-to-beat changes in arterial pressure and cardiac output following infusion of endotoxin (40 EU/kg body weight) and rBPI(23) (1 mg/kg) or placebo (human serum albumin, 0.2 mg/kg) were studied for 2 hours in 8 healthy male adults. Endotoxin or rBPI(23) alone did not induce significant cardiovascular changes. Endotoxin following rBPI(23) infusion elicited a fall in total peripheral resistance with its nadir after 4 minutes to 40% (range 16-53; P <.001) of control level. Mean arterial pressure showed little change, and the fall in total peripheral resistance was associated with a reflex increase in heart rate and cardiac output (32%; range 43-106). Changes in cardiovascular variables in the subsequent 2 hours were not significant. In vitro activation of the contact system by, respectively, rBPI(23), @entity3 , and @entity3 -rBPI(23) complexes was assessed. Following incubation with rBPI(23), @entity3 , and @entity3 -rBPI(23) complexes, complex levels were generated at levels comparable to those observed in the buffer control. The rapid vasodilatation by endotoxin administered concomitantly with rBPI(23) is not mediated by complement or contact system activation. The early vasodilatation is compensated by an increase in cardiac output, which therefore does not result in arterial @entity2 . The monitoring of continuous cardiac output allows for the detection of rapid effects on systemic flow and conductance that go unnoticed in a recording of arterial pressure.

title: In vivo interaction of endotoxin and recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI23): hemodynamic effects in a XXXX @entity4 model.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity0 papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a number of @entity0 @entity1 and @entity1 , including @entity1 . Epithelial differentiation is required for the complete HPV life cycle and can be achieved using the organotypic (raft) culture system. The CIN-612 9E cell line maintains episomal copies of HPV type 31b (HPV31b), an @entity1 . When grown in the raft system, CIN-612 9E cells form a differentiated epithelium such that infectious virions can be synthesized. Many aspects of the later stages of the HPV31b life cycle have been investigated in CIN-612 9E raft tissues. We used a biologically contained homogenization system for efficient virion extraction from raft epithelial tissues. Purified HPV31b virions were used to infect low-passage-number @entity0 foreskin keratinocytes and a variety of epithelial cell lines. Newly synthesized, spliced HPV31b transcripts were detected by reverse transcription and PCR (RT-PCR) following @entity2 . @entity2 was most efficient and reproducible in HaCaT cells. The onset of viral transcription following @entity2 was also investigated using RT-PCR techniques. Spliced E1(*)I,E2 RNAs were present as early as 4 h postinfection (p.i.), whereas the other major viral transcripts were detected by 8 to 10 h p.i. Furthermore, we characterized the structures and temporal expression of seven novel spliced early transcripts expressed following @entity2 .

title: Human papillomavirus type 31b XXXX of @entity0 keratinocytes and the onset of early transcription.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity0 papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a number of @entity0 @entity1 and @entity1 , including @entity1 . Epithelial differentiation is required for the complete HPV life cycle and can be achieved using the organotypic (raft) culture system. The CIN-612 9E cell line maintains episomal copies of HPV type 31b (HPV31b), an @entity1 . When grown in the raft system, CIN-612 9E cells form a differentiated epithelium such that infectious virions can be synthesized. Many aspects of the later stages of the HPV31b life cycle have been investigated in CIN-612 9E raft tissues. We used a biologically contained homogenization system for efficient virion extraction from raft epithelial tissues. Purified HPV31b virions were used to infect low-passage-number @entity0 foreskin keratinocytes and a variety of epithelial cell lines. Newly synthesized, spliced HPV31b transcripts were detected by reverse transcription and PCR (RT-PCR) following @entity2 . @entity2 was most efficient and reproducible in HaCaT cells. The onset of viral transcription following @entity2 was also investigated using RT-PCR techniques. Spliced E1(*)I,E2 RNAs were present as early as 4 h postinfection (p.i.), whereas the other major viral transcripts were detected by 8 to 10 h p.i. Furthermore, we characterized the structures and temporal expression of seven novel spliced early transcripts expressed following @entity2 .

title: Human papillomavirus type 31b @entity2 of XXXX keratinocytes and the onset of early transcription.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The importance of coupling the process of endocytosis to factors regulating actin dynamics has been clearly demonstrated in @entity0 , and many proteins involved in these mechanisms have been identified and characterized. Here we demonstrate the importance of two additional cortical components, @entity2 and @entity3 , which together are essential for the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and for fluid phase endocytosis. Both @entity2 and @entity3 were identified through two-hybrid screens with different domains of the adaptor protein @entity1 . @entity2 colocalizes with cortical actin and requires the presence of an intact actin cytoskeleton for its cortical localization. Ycl034w/ @entity3 localizes to the cell cortex but does not colocalize with actin. The @entity3 protein contains putative VHS and GAT domains as well as an NPF motif, which are all domains characteristic of proteins involved in membrane trafficking. Deletion of either gene alone does not confer any dramatic phenotype on cells. However, deletion of both genes is lethal at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, at all temperatures this double mutant has depolarized actin and an almost undetectable level of fluid phase endocytosis. Our data demonstrate that @entity2 and @entity3 are important components of complexes involved in overlapping pathways coupling endocytosis with the actin cytoskeleton in @entity0 .

title: Novel proteins linking the actin cytoskeleton to the endocytic machinery in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: From January, 1982 to March, 1983, @entity0 with small cell @entity1 were treated at Kyushu @entity2 Center. Eleven @entity0 received combination chemotherapy-radiotherapy and one @entity0 chemotherapy alone. The chemotherapy regimen consisted of @entity6 , @entity5 and @entity7 which was repeated every 4 weeks for as long as possible. Radiotherapy was administered to the @entity4 and mediastinum following 2 cycles of induction chemotherapy. The overall response rate after receiving 2 cycles of chemotherapy was 75% with 4 complete (33%) and 5 partial responses (42%). After radiotherapy, response increased to 100% with 8 complete (73%) and 3 partial responses (27%). Complete response occurred in 6 of the 7 @entity0 with limited disease and 2 of the 5 @entity0 with @entity3 . Overall survival rate was 73% at 1 year, 36% at 2 years and 12% at 3 years with a median survival time of 21 months. Survival was better in @entity0 with limited disease than in those with @entity3 (median survival time, 21.5 months vs. 14 months). In the 3-Year follow-up period, all @entity0 had recurrences consisting of 4 distant, 2 local and 5 both. Myelosuppression was mild to moderate and there were no deaths related to the side effects of treatment.

title: [Combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy for small cell XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Seventy-one cases of adenoid @entity5 were reviewed according to treatment modality and clinical course. Thirty-six @entity0 (51%) were treated by combined surgery and radiation therapy. The @entity2 were classified by their histologic patterns into tubular, cribriform, and solid forms. Distant @entity1 , in 52%, were the most frequent and ominous sources of failure. In 35% of cases, distant @entity1 developed despite local control at the primary site. In this group, the disease had a more fulminant course with shorter survival. Histopathologically, the cribriform subtype was associated with multiple local recurrences, greater local @entity4 , and a poorer salvage rate as compared with the tubular subtype. Late onset of local recurrences and distant @entity1 was especially associated with the cribriform subtype. Overall prognosis in terms of distant @entity1 and survival was worst for the solid subtype. Control of @entity3 is best achieved with combined surgery and radiation therapy. The high incidence of distant @entity1 may not be affected by this regimen. The ultimate outcome of therapy is poorly predicted. Survival appears to be based on the pattern in which distant @entity1 develop. Overly @entity4 and mutilating surgical approaches for these @entity2 are not recommended in many instances. The need for the development of new, more effective forms of therapy is emphasized.

title: Adenoid XXXX . A histopathologic review of treatment failure patterns.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Surveillance following orchiectomy alone has gained popularity in the management of clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell @entity2 (NSGCT) of the testis. However, long-term follow-up of the retroperitoneal nodes can be difficult. We analysed the results of 71 consecutive @entity0 followed for more than 1 year. Fifty @entity0 (70.5%) remain disease-free and 21 (29.5%) have relapsed. Relapses occurred 2 to 36 months after orchiectomy (median 6 months). Retroperitoneal nodes were involved in 12 cases (17%). In only one @entity0 were retroperitoneal @entity1 diagnosed when smaller than 2 cm and in four they were diagnosed when larger than 5 cm. Furthermore, the late relapses occurred in the retroperitoneal nodes. After treatment of @entity1 , 69 @entity0 (97%) are alive, disease-free and off therapy. As retroperitoneal relapses do not occur after a properly executed retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) and ejaculation problems can be avoided with unilateral RPLND, it is suggested that RPLND can be used for clinical stage I NSGCT of the testis in experienced surgical centres, with the advantage of an easier follow-up.

title: Surveillance or lymph node dissection in clinical stage I non-seminomatous XXXX ?

answer: @entity2


abstract: Nodal marginal zone @entity3 (NMZBL) occasionally represents prominent plasma cell differentiation. Recently, primary lymph node @entity5 has been suggested to represent an extremely plasmacytic differentiation of NMZBL. We here report a case of NMZBL showing histological features resembling @entity5 arising from a plasma cell variant of localized @entity6 (PCLCD). The @entity0 was a 69-year-old Japanese female with a 20-year history of a right inguinal mass. Histologically, a prominent proliferation of plasma cells occupied the interfollicular area of the central portion of the lymph node, whereas @entity2 ( @entity2 ) cells were the main cellular component in the peripheral portion of the lymph node. Although most of the plasma cells were mature 'Marshalko-type', occasional atypical forms with enlarged nuclei were also present. The majority of the lymphoid follicles had @entity4 or regressive germinal centers. A few lymphoid follicles were colonized by @entity2 cells. Immunohistochemistry study revealed that both plasma cells and some @entity2 cells had a monotypic intracytoplasmic lambda light chain. When monoclonal plasma cell infiltration is observed in PCLCD, the light chains are mostly restricted to the lambda chain. This case suggests that some plasma cell-containing @entity1 arising from PCLCD may represent a variant of NMZBL.

title: Nodal marginal zone XXXX resembling @entity5 arising from a plasma cell variant of localized @entity6 : a case report.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Nodal marginal zone @entity3 (NMZBL) occasionally represents prominent plasma cell differentiation. Recently, primary lymph node @entity5 has been suggested to represent an extremely plasmacytic differentiation of NMZBL. We here report a case of NMZBL showing histological features resembling @entity5 arising from a plasma cell variant of localized @entity6 (PCLCD). The @entity0 was a 69-year-old Japanese female with a 20-year history of a right inguinal mass. Histologically, a prominent proliferation of plasma cells occupied the interfollicular area of the central portion of the lymph node, whereas @entity2 ( @entity2 ) cells were the main cellular component in the peripheral portion of the lymph node. Although most of the plasma cells were mature 'Marshalko-type', occasional atypical forms with enlarged nuclei were also present. The majority of the lymphoid follicles had @entity4 or regressive germinal centers. A few lymphoid follicles were colonized by @entity2 cells. Immunohistochemistry study revealed that both plasma cells and some @entity2 cells had a monotypic intracytoplasmic lambda light chain. When monoclonal plasma cell infiltration is observed in PCLCD, the light chains are mostly restricted to the lambda chain. This case suggests that some plasma cell-containing @entity1 arising from PCLCD may represent a variant of NMZBL.

title: Nodal marginal zone @entity3 resembling @entity5 arising from a plasma cell variant of localized XXXX : a case report.

answer: @entity6


abstract: Nodal marginal zone @entity3 (NMZBL) occasionally represents prominent plasma cell differentiation. Recently, primary lymph node @entity5 has been suggested to represent an extremely plasmacytic differentiation of NMZBL. We here report a case of NMZBL showing histological features resembling @entity5 arising from a plasma cell variant of localized @entity6 (PCLCD). The @entity0 was a 69-year-old Japanese female with a 20-year history of a right inguinal mass. Histologically, a prominent proliferation of plasma cells occupied the interfollicular area of the central portion of the lymph node, whereas @entity2 ( @entity2 ) cells were the main cellular component in the peripheral portion of the lymph node. Although most of the plasma cells were mature 'Marshalko-type', occasional atypical forms with enlarged nuclei were also present. The majority of the lymphoid follicles had @entity4 or regressive germinal centers. A few lymphoid follicles were colonized by @entity2 cells. Immunohistochemistry study revealed that both plasma cells and some @entity2 cells had a monotypic intracytoplasmic lambda light chain. When monoclonal plasma cell infiltration is observed in PCLCD, the light chains are mostly restricted to the lambda chain. This case suggests that some plasma cell-containing @entity1 arising from PCLCD may represent a variant of NMZBL.

title: Nodal marginal zone @entity3 resembling XXXX arising from a plasma cell variant of localized @entity6 : a case report.

answer: @entity5


abstract: A preliminary study of protein synthesis and @entity4 transport in @entity0 oocytes was initiated. Qualitative patterns or protein synthesis were examined in individual oocytes cultured in medium containing radiolabeled @entity6 . The protein synthetic profile of immature oocytes, resolved by one-dimensional electrophoresis and fluorography, was observed to change markedly following germinal vesicle breakdown and oocyte maturation. No further differences in the one-dimensional protein synthetic patterns were observed in mature oocytes maintained in culture from 10 hours up to as long as 50 hours. The protein synthetic pattern of follicular cells was observed to be distinct from that of oocytes and was characterized by the predominant synthesis of a polypeptide with Mr = 44,000. Based on the specific activity of the @entity6 precursor, the absolute rate of synthesis was calculated to be about 50 pg protein/oocyte/hour. Total protein content was measured to be about 150 ng/egg. Competition of @entity6 uptake by @entity3 , efflux of radiolabeled @entity6 from preloaded oocytes into medium containing @entity6 and uptake of @entity6 in medium with low @entity5 ion concentration was observed. These findings are consistent with the presence of an L ( @entity3 -preferring) system for neutral @entity4 transport, similar to that in @entity1 and @entity2 eggs. These studies provide basic data for further analysis of oocytes and perhaps preimplantation-stage embryos in the future.

title: Protein synthetic patterns in immature and mature XXXX oocytes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Recent work with isolated blood vessels has emphasized the importance of intact endothelium when the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle is induced by @entity7 ( @entity9 ). However, the physiologic significance of this endothelial-dependent @entity9 response in a complete organ circulation is unclear. We questioned whether diminished @entity9 vasodilation would result from damage of lung vascular endothelium and whether this response could be used as an indication of endothelial injury. We therefore induced @entity5 in one @entity1 model by repeated injections of @entity12 (ANTU) and in a second @entity1 model by exposing @entity1 for 52 h to 100% @entity0 at a barometric pressure of 760 torr ( @entity6 ). @entity1 injected with @entity11 , the solvent for ANTU, or exposed to ambient Denver air served as the respective control animals. The isolated lungs of these @entity1 were perfused with a recirculating cell- and plasma-free, physiological salt solution to study the effect of @entity9 or @entity8 infusion on pulmonary perfusion pressure and vascular responsiveness. ANTU-treated @entity1 demonstrated an intact vasodilatory response after @entity9 infusion when compared with the solvent control animals. The immediate @entity3 after @entity9 infusion was slightly enhanced in the hyperoxic @entity1 lung when compared with the @entity1 exposed to ambient air, but there was no difference between these groups in the prolonged @entity2 of vascular responsiveness to @entity4 or @entity10 . Thus, in both models of lung endothelial cell injury, the pulmonary vascular responses to @entity9 were intact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity7 -induced XXXX in lung vascular injury.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Recent work with isolated blood vessels has emphasized the importance of intact endothelium when the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle is induced by @entity7 ( @entity9 ). However, the physiologic significance of this endothelial-dependent @entity9 response in a complete organ circulation is unclear. We questioned whether diminished @entity9 vasodilation would result from damage of lung vascular endothelium and whether this response could be used as an indication of endothelial injury. We therefore induced @entity5 in one @entity1 model by repeated injections of @entity12 (ANTU) and in a second @entity1 model by exposing @entity1 for 52 h to 100% @entity0 at a barometric pressure of 760 torr ( @entity6 ). @entity1 injected with @entity11 , the solvent for ANTU, or exposed to ambient Denver air served as the respective control animals. The isolated lungs of these @entity1 were perfused with a recirculating cell- and plasma-free, physiological salt solution to study the effect of @entity9 or @entity8 infusion on pulmonary perfusion pressure and vascular responsiveness. ANTU-treated @entity1 demonstrated an intact vasodilatory response after @entity9 infusion when compared with the solvent control animals. The immediate @entity3 after @entity9 infusion was slightly enhanced in the hyperoxic @entity1 lung when compared with the @entity1 exposed to ambient air, but there was no difference between these groups in the prolonged @entity2 of vascular responsiveness to @entity4 or @entity10 . Thus, in both models of lung endothelial cell injury, the pulmonary vascular responses to @entity9 were intact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX -induced @entity3 in lung vascular injury.

answer: @entity7


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze some cytokine profiles of T-helper cells in @entity5 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: 22 adult @entity0 (7 females and 15 males, aged 24-66 years) with advanced and generalized chronic @entity6 were recruited. Clinical and radiographical characteristics of periodontal disease was assessed. From each @entity0 a gingival biopsy was obtained from one randomly selected diseased interproximal site. The soft tissue sample was prepared for immunohistochemical analysis. Double staining was performed to detect cells positive for both the @entity2 marker and different cytokines, i.e. @entity4 , @entity7 , @entity3 and @entity1 ( @entity1 ). RESULTS: The lesions in advanced @entity6 contained similar proportions of cells positive for the different cytokine markers examined. In addition, the number of cells expressing cytokine profiles for either T helper-1 ( @entity1 + @entity4 ) or T helper-2 ( @entity7 + @entity3 ) was similar. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the lesions of @entity6 are regulated by a combined Th-1 and Th-2 function.

title: Some cytokine profiles of T-helper cells in lesions of advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: Precontact communication between gametes is established by chemotaxis. Sperm chemotaxis toward factor(s) in follicular fluid (FF) has been demonstrated in @entity0 and @entity1 . In @entity0 , the chemotactic responsiveness is restricted to capacitated spermatozoa. Here, we investigated whether sperm chemotaxis to factor(s) present in FF also occurs in @entity2 and, if so, whether only capacitated spermatozoa are chemotactically responsive. Chemotaxis assays were performed by videomicroscopy in a Zigmond chamber. We measured chemotactic responsiveness as a function of FF dilution by means of a novel directionality-based method that considers the ratio between the distances traveled by the spermatozoa both parallel to the chemoattractant gradient and perpendicular to it. A peak of maximal response was observed at 10(-4) dilution of FF, resulting in a typical chemotactic concentration-dependent curve in which 23% of the spermatozoa were chemotactically responsive. In contrast, the percentage of cells exhibiting FF-dependent enhanced speed of swimming increased with the FF concentration, whereas the percentage of cells maintaining linear motility decreased with the FF concentration. The percentages of chemotactically responsive cells were very similar to those of capacitated spermatozoa. Depletion of the latter by stimulation of the acrosome reaction resulted in a total loss of the chemotactic response, whereas the reappearance of capacitated cells resulted in a recovery of chemotactic responsiveness. We conclude that @entity2 spermatozoa, like @entity0 spermatozoa, are chemotactically responsive to FF factor(s) and acquire this responsiveness as part of the capacitation process.

title: Chemotaxis of capacitated XXXX spermatozoa to follicular fluid revealed by a novel directionality-based assay.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Sequential treatment of @entity1 embryo (SHE) cells with a chemical carcinogen followed by @entity5 ( @entity8 ) resulted in a higher yield of morphologically transformed cell colonies than treatment of the cells with carcinogen alone. For example, cells treated with @entity3 ( @entity4 ; 3 micrograms/ml) for 3 days, then with @entity8 (25 micrograms/ml) for 4 days, exhibited a transformation frequency more than six times greater than that obtained by summing the transformation frequencies from cells treated with either @entity4 or @entity8 alone. This enhancement/promotion of cell transformation by @entity8 was only expressed after the cells had been pretreated with either @entity7 . Pretreatment of the cells with noncarcinogens or weakly-acting carcinogens or administration of @entity8 prior to treatment with the carcinogen failed to enhance the yield of transformation. Transformation was enhanced even when the @entity8 treatment was delayed for several days after the carcinogen treatment. However, the continued presence of @entity8 was necessary for maintenance of the increased level of transformation. Removal of @entity8 prior to termination of the assay resulted in a reversal of the transformed clonal morphologies to a normal phenotype such that the final yield of transformants was decreased, but was still greater than that observed after carcinogen treatment alone. A similar pattern for reversibility of the transformation enhancement also occurs for the widely recognized @entity0 promoter @entity2 ( @entity6 ). Seven different SHE cell pools were tested for sensitivity to @entity8 promotion following carcinogen treatment. Although the response was heterogeneous, no carcinogen-treated cell pool was refractory to the @entity8 -induced enhancement. A second fluorocompound, @entity9 ( @entity9 ), was also found to enhance carcinogen-induced cell transformation in a manner resembling that of @entity8 .

title: @entity5 promotes morphological transformation of XXXX embryo cells.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Sequential treatment of @entity1 embryo (SHE) cells with a chemical carcinogen followed by @entity5 ( @entity8 ) resulted in a higher yield of morphologically transformed cell colonies than treatment of the cells with carcinogen alone. For example, cells treated with @entity3 ( @entity4 ; 3 micrograms/ml) for 3 days, then with @entity8 (25 micrograms/ml) for 4 days, exhibited a transformation frequency more than six times greater than that obtained by summing the transformation frequencies from cells treated with either @entity4 or @entity8 alone. This enhancement/promotion of cell transformation by @entity8 was only expressed after the cells had been pretreated with either @entity7 . Pretreatment of the cells with noncarcinogens or weakly-acting carcinogens or administration of @entity8 prior to treatment with the carcinogen failed to enhance the yield of transformation. Transformation was enhanced even when the @entity8 treatment was delayed for several days after the carcinogen treatment. However, the continued presence of @entity8 was necessary for maintenance of the increased level of transformation. Removal of @entity8 prior to termination of the assay resulted in a reversal of the transformed clonal morphologies to a normal phenotype such that the final yield of transformants was decreased, but was still greater than that observed after carcinogen treatment alone. A similar pattern for reversibility of the transformation enhancement also occurs for the widely recognized @entity0 promoter @entity2 ( @entity6 ). Seven different SHE cell pools were tested for sensitivity to @entity8 promotion following carcinogen treatment. Although the response was heterogeneous, no carcinogen-treated cell pool was refractory to the @entity8 -induced enhancement. A second fluorocompound, @entity9 ( @entity9 ), was also found to enhance carcinogen-induced cell transformation in a manner resembling that of @entity8 .

title: XXXX promotes morphological transformation of @entity1 embryo cells.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity7 (SP) enhances antigen-dependent T cell @entity3 production. It was determined if a T cell @entity8 ( @entity8 ) was critical for @entity3 regulation. T cells from schistosome-infected @entity0 were mixed with splenocytes from uninfected @entity8 knockout (KO) animals. Thus only the schistosome egg antigen-specific T cells expressed @entity8 . The cells were cultured 18 h with or without SP. SP enhanced antigen-induced @entity3 production fourfold without affecting @entity1 or @entity2 secretion. @entity8 inhibitor blocked this stimulation. Neither purified T cells nor naive KO splenocytes cultured alone responded to antigen. To further define the importance of T cell @entity8 , we developed a T cell-selective @entity8 KO @entity0 by reconstituting T cell-deficient Rag @entity0 with @entity8 KO T cells. These @entity0 challanged with @entity4 . @entity5 size was smaller in T cell-selective @entity8 KO @entity0 compared with @entity5 in Rag reconstituted with normal T cells. Splenocytes and @entity5 cells from @entity8 KO @entity0 made less @entity3 . The @entity0 also made less @entity6 . Thus T cell @entity8 is important for @entity3 regulation.

title: T cell XXXX receptor governs antigen-elicited @entity3 production.

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity7 (SP) enhances antigen-dependent T cell @entity3 production. It was determined if a T cell @entity8 ( @entity8 ) was critical for @entity3 regulation. T cells from schistosome-infected @entity0 were mixed with splenocytes from uninfected @entity8 knockout (KO) animals. Thus only the schistosome egg antigen-specific T cells expressed @entity8 . The cells were cultured 18 h with or without SP. SP enhanced antigen-induced @entity3 production fourfold without affecting @entity1 or @entity2 secretion. @entity8 inhibitor blocked this stimulation. Neither purified T cells nor naive KO splenocytes cultured alone responded to antigen. To further define the importance of T cell @entity8 , we developed a T cell-selective @entity8 KO @entity0 by reconstituting T cell-deficient Rag @entity0 with @entity8 KO T cells. These @entity0 challanged with @entity4 . @entity5 size was smaller in T cell-selective @entity8 KO @entity0 compared with @entity5 in Rag reconstituted with normal T cells. Splenocytes and @entity5 cells from @entity8 KO @entity0 made less @entity3 . The @entity0 also made less @entity6 . Thus T cell @entity8 is important for @entity3 regulation.

title: T cell @entity7 receptor governs antigen-elicited XXXX production.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Our understanding of the pathophysiology of the @entity8 is poor. It has been proposed that localized contractions result in the abnormal stretching of bladder smooth muscle. We hypothesize that stretch regulates the cellular processes that determine tissue size. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stretch on apoptosis, proliferation, cell @entity5 , and growth factor production in @entity0 bladder smooth muscle cells in vitro. Normal @entity0 detrusor muscle was obtained from @entity0 undergoing radical cystectomy for invasive @entity1 , and primary cultures were established. Cells were mechanically stretched on flexible plates at a range of pressures and times. Apoptosis was assessed by @entity10 incorporation and flow cytometry. Radiolabeled @entity4 and @entity3 incorporation were used to assess proliferation and cell @entity5 . ELISA and RT-PCR were used to assess growth factor production. Mechanical stretch inhibits apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner and was associated with increases in the antiapoptotic proteins @entity6 protein-70 and @entity7 . Stretch also increases smooth muscle cell proliferation and @entity5 , but @entity5 is the more dominant response. These changes were associated with increases in @entity2 and basic FGF and a decrease in @entity9 . Mechanical stretch regulates apoptosis, proliferation, and cell @entity5 in @entity0 bladder smooth muscle cells.

title: Mechanical stretch regulates cell survival in XXXX bladder smooth muscle cells in vitro.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The trefoil factor family peptides @entity3 , @entity5 , and @entity4 are important for gut mucosal protection and restitution. @entity2 ( @entity2 ) stimulates proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells with potent effects on goblet cells. To investigate interactions between food intake and @entity2 , @entity0 were fed ad libitum (control), fasted for 72 h, or fasted for 72 h and then refed for 72 h with or without @entity2 (3 mg. kg(-1). day(-1)). With fasting, goblet cell number in duodenum increased, @entity4 mRNA in duodenum and jejunum decreased, and @entity4 protein did not change or increased. @entity2 during fasting stimulated colonic growth, normalized @entity4 mRNA in duodenum and jejunum, and broadly upregulated gut goblet cell number and @entity4 protein expression. With fasting-refeeding, @entity2 increased small bowel and @entity1 , goblet cell number, and @entity4 protein but had variable effects on @entity4 mRNA. @entity2 induced @entity5 mRNA and protein in duodenum and jejunum with both nutritional regimens. We conclude that nutrient availability modifies @entity0 intestinal goblet cell number, @entity4 mRNA, and the gut-trophic effects of @entity2 in a region-specific manner. @entity2 enhances @entity5 expression in proximal small bowel and increases goblet cell number and @entity4 protein content throughout the intestine independent of food intake.

title: Trefoil peptide expression and goblet cell number in @entity0 intestine: effects of XXXX and fasting-refeeding.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The trefoil factor family peptides @entity3 , @entity5 , and @entity4 are important for gut mucosal protection and restitution. @entity2 ( @entity2 ) stimulates proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells with potent effects on goblet cells. To investigate interactions between food intake and @entity2 , @entity0 were fed ad libitum (control), fasted for 72 h, or fasted for 72 h and then refed for 72 h with or without @entity2 (3 mg. kg(-1). day(-1)). With fasting, goblet cell number in duodenum increased, @entity4 mRNA in duodenum and jejunum decreased, and @entity4 protein did not change or increased. @entity2 during fasting stimulated colonic growth, normalized @entity4 mRNA in duodenum and jejunum, and broadly upregulated gut goblet cell number and @entity4 protein expression. With fasting-refeeding, @entity2 increased small bowel and @entity1 , goblet cell number, and @entity4 protein but had variable effects on @entity4 mRNA. @entity2 induced @entity5 mRNA and protein in duodenum and jejunum with both nutritional regimens. We conclude that nutrient availability modifies @entity0 intestinal goblet cell number, @entity4 mRNA, and the gut-trophic effects of @entity2 in a region-specific manner. @entity2 enhances @entity5 expression in proximal small bowel and increases goblet cell number and @entity4 protein content throughout the intestine independent of food intake.

title: Trefoil peptide expression and goblet cell number in XXXX intestine: effects of @entity2 and fasting-refeeding.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Myocardial insulin responsiveness was determined in open-chest @entity6 -anesthetized @entity1 before and after endotoxin administration. Animals were instrumented to measure mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate (HR), and coronary blood flow. Myocardial @entity3 uptake and myocardial @entity0 uptake (MVO2) were determined during a basal control period and after a @entity7 over a wide range of insulin concentrations. The clamp was accomplished by intravenously infusing insulin (0-4000 mU/min) and 20% @entity3 in sufficient amounts to maintain arterial @entity3 concentrations within 5 mg/dl of the control value. In a separate series of experiments, @entity2 responsiveness was determined by use of a single dose of insulin (4000 mU/min). This was done to determine whether antecedent insulin infusions during the sequential clamp procedure would affect the responsiveness of the heart. In control experiments, myocardial @entity3 uptake increased without any changes in HR, MVO2, or MABP. Maximum myocardial @entity3 uptake occurred at an insulin infusion rate between 400 and 4000 mU/min. A single concentration of insulin resulted in similar increases in myocardial @entity3 uptake as with the sequential clamp protocol. @entity4 was induced by bolus injection of 1 mg/kg @entity5 endotoxin (Difco Labs, Detroit, MI). One hour after administration of endotoxin, basal myocardial @entity3 uptake was decreased compared with the control animals. After 1 h of endotoxin shock, the heart was refractory to all concentrations of insulin, suggesting the site for altered insulin response was being mediated by a postreceptor mechanism.

title: Myocardial insulin resistance during acute endotoxin shock in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate after- @entity1 formation in @entity0 having @entity1 surgery with or without dry anterior vitrectomy and possible differences according to age. SETTING: St. Erik's Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 85 eyes of 85 @entity0 from 0 to 15 years old who had @entity1 surgery with or without anterior vitrectomy after the implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL). All @entity0 had primary posterior capsulorhexis but no optic capture. Thirty-five @entity0 received a heparin-surface-modified @entity2 IOL (809C, Pharmacia _ Upjohn) and 50 @entity0 , a foldable acrylic IOL (AcrySof(R), Alcon). The records from follow-up visits at the @entity0 ' home clinics were used for analysis. RESULTS: Significantly fewer @entity0 were operated on for after- @entity1 if they had @entity1 surgery with anterior vitrectomy (P <.05). This applied to both IOL types. In the @entity0 older than 7 years in the AcrySof IOL group, there was no difference in the frequency of after- @entity1 surgery (P >.05). CONCLUSION: In @entity0 younger than 7 years with an AcrySof IOL, the rate of after- @entity1 surgery was significantly less in those who had an anterior vitrectomy at the time of @entity1 surgery (P <.05). In younger @entity0 , it is advantageous to perform @entity1 surgery with anterior vitrectomy to help prevent after- @entity1 formation; however, vitrectomy is not necessary in older @entity0 .

title: Pediatric XXXX surgery with or without anterior vitrectomy.

answer: @entity1


abstract: A consecutive series of 14 @entity0 with @entity5 managed surgically at the Neurological Institute of New York since 1970 is reported. Nine @entity0 and five @entity0 (mean age 40 years) were diagnosed following a mean symptom duration of 33 months. Abnormalities of trigeminal nerve function were present in 11 @entity0 on admission examination. @entity3 was a prominent feature in eight @entity0 . Two @entity0 , both with @entity5 arising from the trigeminal root, presented initially with typical @entity8 . Additional @entity2 or cerebellar or pyramidal tract signs were noted in eight @entity0 . The surgical approach to these @entity1 depends on their anatomical location. Four @entity0 had @entity1 confined to the middle fossa, three @entity0 had @entity1 limited to the posterior fossa, and seven @entity0 had both supratentorial and infratentorial components of their @entity1 . Twenty operative procedures were performed on these @entity0 , resulting in complete extirpation in six @entity0 , nearly complete removal in seven @entity0 , and partial removal in one @entity0 . Adherence of the @entity1 to the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus or the brain stem precluded total removal. There was one @entity4 . In the immediate postoperative period, @entity2 controlling the extraocular muscles were common. In general, these deficits were transient; however, some permanent loss of trigeminal nerve function occurred in nine @entity0 . Two @entity0 required tarsorrhaphy for @entity6 , and two @entity0 underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting procedures for @entity7 or for a persistent CSF leak. The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 177 months (mean 47 months). The clinical features, anatomical considerations, and surgical approach to these rare @entity1 are discussed. A clinical review of 106 additional cases of @entity5 , reported in the English literature since 1935, is also presented.

title: XXXX . Surgical series of 14 cases with review of the literature.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Incubation of nerve with high concentrations of the divalent cation ionophore @entity9 produces myelin vesiculation (Schlaepfer 1977). This observation has now been extended using segments of @entity2 ventral or dorsal root incubated with high (19 microM, 10 micrograms/ml) or low (1-1.5 microM) concentrations of @entity9 , or another divalent ionophore, @entity7 . Low concentrations of @entity9 induced no vesiculation within a 2-h period. However, subsequent incubation of these roots in fresh, ionophore-free medium for 20 h, resulted in a @entity1 at the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures and paranodes of many fibres. At this time (22 h) the Schwann cells associated with some demyelinating internodes appeared vital upon ultrastructural examination: the cells also excluded the nuclear dye nigrosin. High concentrations of @entity9 induced a similar @entity1 in affected fibres within only 15-20 min. While the Schwann cells continued to exclude @entity14 for a further 4 h, their ultrastructural appearance indicated that they were probably in the early stages of @entity3 . Incubation of moribund root with the ionophore produced no myelin vesiculation. At all ionophore concentrations, the myelin vesiculation was dependent upon the presence of extracellular @entity4 , and could be modulated in severity by varying this concentration. Other divalent cations ( @entity11 , @entity5 , @entity6 , @entity8 , @entity10 , @entity13 ) could not substitute for @entity4 . The vesiculation induced by @entity9 could be entirely prevented by the addition of @entity12 (greater than or equal to 1 microM), @entity10 (greater than or equal to 1-10 microM), @entity5 (greater than or equal to 100 microM) or @entity8 (greater than or equal to 100 microM) to the bathing medium. @entity9 applied to only part of an isolated internode resulted in a localization of the myelin disruption to that region. @entity7 (greater than or equal to 1 microM), an ionophore with a greater selectivity for @entity4 than @entity9 , also induced a prompt @entity4 -dependent myelin vesiculation. We conclude that @entity1 can be initiated in vital Schwann cells by a raised intracellular @entity4 concentration. Such @entity1 does not necessarily lead to Schwann cell death. The possible relevance of the findings to vesicular demyelinating @entity0 is discussed, and a hypothesis regarding the mechanism of @entity1 is advanced.

title: XXXX induced by raised intracellular calcium.

answer: @entity1


abstract: In vitro and animal studies indicate that circulating @entity7 ( @entity7 ) can stimulate adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and @entity3 secretion, but it is far from established that @entity7 has a physiologically relevant influence on steroidogenesis. We studied the effects of hypoglycaemia induced with @entity8 injection (0.15 IU/kg) in @entity0 with essential @entity1 to answer this question. Hypoglycaemia was induced before and after a short term course of treatment with the converting enzyme inhibitor @entity9 to obtain a sustained blockade of @entity7 formation. Alterations in serum @entity2 , plasma @entity5 , plasma ACTH, @entity3 , @entity4 activity and @entity6 were examined. In control studies there was a profound fall in serum @entity2 and plasma @entity5 after @entity8 , associated with increments in plasma @entity4 activity, which correlated with those of @entity6 but not with those of ACTH and @entity3 . Chronic @entity9 increased baseline plasma @entity4 activity and lowered baseline @entity6 while leaving ACTH and @entity3 unchanged. During converting enzyme inhibition the @entity8 -induced decrements in @entity2 and @entity5 , as well as the increments in ACTH, @entity3 and @entity6 , were similar to those observed in control studies, whereas the increments in plasma @entity4 activity were much greater. From these results it does not appear that @entity7 has a relevant influence on ACTH and @entity3 production, or on their responses to hypoglycaemic stress. Rather, these findings indicate that even under the present experimental conditions @entity7 is the primary regulator of @entity6 secretion. However, this function can be taken over by ACTH when the generation of @entity7 is blocked.

title: The responses of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and XXXX to @entity8 -induced hypoglycaemic stress in @entity0 are unimpaired during chronic converting enzyme inhibition.

answer: @entity3


abstract: In vitro and animal studies indicate that circulating @entity7 ( @entity7 ) can stimulate adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and @entity3 secretion, but it is far from established that @entity7 has a physiologically relevant influence on steroidogenesis. We studied the effects of hypoglycaemia induced with @entity8 injection (0.15 IU/kg) in @entity0 with essential @entity1 to answer this question. Hypoglycaemia was induced before and after a short term course of treatment with the converting enzyme inhibitor @entity9 to obtain a sustained blockade of @entity7 formation. Alterations in serum @entity2 , plasma @entity5 , plasma ACTH, @entity3 , @entity4 activity and @entity6 were examined. In control studies there was a profound fall in serum @entity2 and plasma @entity5 after @entity8 , associated with increments in plasma @entity4 activity, which correlated with those of @entity6 but not with those of ACTH and @entity3 . Chronic @entity9 increased baseline plasma @entity4 activity and lowered baseline @entity6 while leaving ACTH and @entity3 unchanged. During converting enzyme inhibition the @entity8 -induced decrements in @entity2 and @entity5 , as well as the increments in ACTH, @entity3 and @entity6 , were similar to those observed in control studies, whereas the increments in plasma @entity4 activity were much greater. From these results it does not appear that @entity7 has a relevant influence on ACTH and @entity3 production, or on their responses to hypoglycaemic stress. Rather, these findings indicate that even under the present experimental conditions @entity7 is the primary regulator of @entity6 secretion. However, this function can be taken over by ACTH when the generation of @entity7 is blocked.

title: The responses of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and @entity3 to XXXX -induced hypoglycaemic stress in @entity0 are unimpaired during chronic converting enzyme inhibition.

answer: @entity8


abstract: In vitro and animal studies indicate that circulating @entity7 ( @entity7 ) can stimulate adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and @entity3 secretion, but it is far from established that @entity7 has a physiologically relevant influence on steroidogenesis. We studied the effects of hypoglycaemia induced with @entity8 injection (0.15 IU/kg) in @entity0 with essential @entity1 to answer this question. Hypoglycaemia was induced before and after a short term course of treatment with the converting enzyme inhibitor @entity9 to obtain a sustained blockade of @entity7 formation. Alterations in serum @entity2 , plasma @entity5 , plasma ACTH, @entity3 , @entity4 activity and @entity6 were examined. In control studies there was a profound fall in serum @entity2 and plasma @entity5 after @entity8 , associated with increments in plasma @entity4 activity, which correlated with those of @entity6 but not with those of ACTH and @entity3 . Chronic @entity9 increased baseline plasma @entity4 activity and lowered baseline @entity6 while leaving ACTH and @entity3 unchanged. During converting enzyme inhibition the @entity8 -induced decrements in @entity2 and @entity5 , as well as the increments in ACTH, @entity3 and @entity6 , were similar to those observed in control studies, whereas the increments in plasma @entity4 activity were much greater. From these results it does not appear that @entity7 has a relevant influence on ACTH and @entity3 production, or on their responses to hypoglycaemic stress. Rather, these findings indicate that even under the present experimental conditions @entity7 is the primary regulator of @entity6 secretion. However, this function can be taken over by ACTH when the generation of @entity7 is blocked.

title: The responses of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and @entity3 to @entity8 -induced hypoglycaemic stress in XXXX are unimpaired during chronic converting enzyme inhibition.

answer: @entity0


abstract: This study is drawn from a work programme aimed at developing improved medical counter measures for nerve agent @entity6 . @entity1 were administered @entity5 (5.1 microg/h) or @entity2 (4.7 microg/h) and @entity7 (1.94 microg/h) for 6 days via a subcutaneously implanted mini osmotic pump. @entity5 inhibited red cell @entity9 ( @entity9 ) by 44.2 +/- 2.7% and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) by 29.9 +/- 1.8%. @entity2 and @entity7 inhibited red cell @entity9 by 18.7 +/- 3.7% and plasma ChE by 44.1 +/- 3.1%. On day 6, animals were challenged with a lethal dose of @entity8 (GA; 125 microg/kg), @entity3 (GB; 51.2 microg/kg), @entity4 (GD; 31.2 microg/kg), GF (50 microg/kg) or VX (11.25 microg/kg) administered by the subcutaneous route. Animals were closely observed for signs of @entity6 . The time to the onset of signs of @entity6 was similar for all the agents except for VX, which showed a delay compared to the other agents. Following pretreatment with either @entity5 or @entity2 and @entity7 most animals survived for 2-3 h following nerve agent administration. In contrast, only @entity2 and @entity7 prevented or reduced the duration of the signs of incapacitation and the temperature drop produced by all the agents. @entity5 -pretreated animals showed little or no recovery from incapacitation prior to @entity0 . @entity2 and @entity7 pretreatment provided statistically (P < 0.05) better protection against GB, GD and VX lethality (24 h) than @entity5 pretreatment and better protection against GA and GF lethality.

title: @entity2 and XXXX improves protection against the lethal and incapacitating effects of nerve agent @entity6 in the @entity1 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: This study is drawn from a work programme aimed at developing improved medical counter measures for nerve agent @entity6 . @entity1 were administered @entity5 (5.1 microg/h) or @entity2 (4.7 microg/h) and @entity7 (1.94 microg/h) for 6 days via a subcutaneously implanted mini osmotic pump. @entity5 inhibited red cell @entity9 ( @entity9 ) by 44.2 +/- 2.7% and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) by 29.9 +/- 1.8%. @entity2 and @entity7 inhibited red cell @entity9 by 18.7 +/- 3.7% and plasma ChE by 44.1 +/- 3.1%. On day 6, animals were challenged with a lethal dose of @entity8 (GA; 125 microg/kg), @entity3 (GB; 51.2 microg/kg), @entity4 (GD; 31.2 microg/kg), GF (50 microg/kg) or VX (11.25 microg/kg) administered by the subcutaneous route. Animals were closely observed for signs of @entity6 . The time to the onset of signs of @entity6 was similar for all the agents except for VX, which showed a delay compared to the other agents. Following pretreatment with either @entity5 or @entity2 and @entity7 most animals survived for 2-3 h following nerve agent administration. In contrast, only @entity2 and @entity7 prevented or reduced the duration of the signs of incapacitation and the temperature drop produced by all the agents. @entity5 -pretreated animals showed little or no recovery from incapacitation prior to @entity0 . @entity2 and @entity7 pretreatment provided statistically (P < 0.05) better protection against GB, GD and VX lethality (24 h) than @entity5 pretreatment and better protection against GA and GF lethality.

title: XXXX and @entity7 improves protection against the lethal and incapacitating effects of nerve agent @entity6 in the @entity1 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: This study is drawn from a work programme aimed at developing improved medical counter measures for nerve agent @entity6 . @entity1 were administered @entity5 (5.1 microg/h) or @entity2 (4.7 microg/h) and @entity7 (1.94 microg/h) for 6 days via a subcutaneously implanted mini osmotic pump. @entity5 inhibited red cell @entity9 ( @entity9 ) by 44.2 +/- 2.7% and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) by 29.9 +/- 1.8%. @entity2 and @entity7 inhibited red cell @entity9 by 18.7 +/- 3.7% and plasma ChE by 44.1 +/- 3.1%. On day 6, animals were challenged with a lethal dose of @entity8 (GA; 125 microg/kg), @entity3 (GB; 51.2 microg/kg), @entity4 (GD; 31.2 microg/kg), GF (50 microg/kg) or VX (11.25 microg/kg) administered by the subcutaneous route. Animals were closely observed for signs of @entity6 . The time to the onset of signs of @entity6 was similar for all the agents except for VX, which showed a delay compared to the other agents. Following pretreatment with either @entity5 or @entity2 and @entity7 most animals survived for 2-3 h following nerve agent administration. In contrast, only @entity2 and @entity7 prevented or reduced the duration of the signs of incapacitation and the temperature drop produced by all the agents. @entity5 -pretreated animals showed little or no recovery from incapacitation prior to @entity0 . @entity2 and @entity7 pretreatment provided statistically (P < 0.05) better protection against GB, GD and VX lethality (24 h) than @entity5 pretreatment and better protection against GA and GF lethality.

title: @entity2 and @entity7 improves protection against the lethal and incapacitating effects of nerve agent XXXX in the @entity1 .

answer: @entity6


abstract: This study is drawn from a work programme aimed at developing improved medical counter measures for nerve agent @entity6 . @entity1 were administered @entity5 (5.1 microg/h) or @entity2 (4.7 microg/h) and @entity7 (1.94 microg/h) for 6 days via a subcutaneously implanted mini osmotic pump. @entity5 inhibited red cell @entity9 ( @entity9 ) by 44.2 +/- 2.7% and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) by 29.9 +/- 1.8%. @entity2 and @entity7 inhibited red cell @entity9 by 18.7 +/- 3.7% and plasma ChE by 44.1 +/- 3.1%. On day 6, animals were challenged with a lethal dose of @entity8 (GA; 125 microg/kg), @entity3 (GB; 51.2 microg/kg), @entity4 (GD; 31.2 microg/kg), GF (50 microg/kg) or VX (11.25 microg/kg) administered by the subcutaneous route. Animals were closely observed for signs of @entity6 . The time to the onset of signs of @entity6 was similar for all the agents except for VX, which showed a delay compared to the other agents. Following pretreatment with either @entity5 or @entity2 and @entity7 most animals survived for 2-3 h following nerve agent administration. In contrast, only @entity2 and @entity7 prevented or reduced the duration of the signs of incapacitation and the temperature drop produced by all the agents. @entity5 -pretreated animals showed little or no recovery from incapacitation prior to @entity0 . @entity2 and @entity7 pretreatment provided statistically (P < 0.05) better protection against GB, GD and VX lethality (24 h) than @entity5 pretreatment and better protection against GA and GF lethality.

title: @entity2 and @entity7 improves protection against the lethal and incapacitating effects of nerve agent @entity6 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity1