abstract: CONTEXT: Severe acute @entity6 is associated with high mortality with infectious complications being the most common cause of mortality. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and characteristics of @entity6 in @entity0 with severe acute @entity6 . DESIGN: Prospective study over a one-year period. @entity0 : Fifty-one consecutive @entity0 with severe acute @entity6 . Setting Tertiary care centre, Northern India. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence of @entity6 were noted in consecutive @entity0 with severe acute @entity6 and their effect on disease outcome was assessed. RESULTS: @entity6 was noted in 19 (37.3%) @entity0 ; 14 (27.5%) @entity0 had monomicrobial and 5 (9.8%) @entity0 had @entity2 . In the first week of hospitalization, all positive 6/6 (100%) cultures grew @entity4 , in the second week 5/8 (62.5%) grew @entity4 while after the second week, 2/5 (40.0%) cultures grew @entity4 . A total of 32 (62.7%) @entity0 had evidence of extrapancreatic @entity1 , with 53 positive cultures. Fifteen (29.4%) @entity0 had monomicrobial @entity1 while 17 (33.3%) had @entity2 . The most common site was blood together with intravenous site with 21 positive cultures in 16 @entity0 . @entity7 was most commonly isolated in the blood cultures. There was a statistically significant increase in mortality with @entity3 . The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that most of the bacteria were sensitive to beta lactum antibiotics, @entity5 and imipenem. CONCLUSION: @entity6 are more often monomicrobial with a shift from gram-negative to gram-positive as the @entity6 progressed. @entity1 are more often polymicrobial; most commonly, the blood stream is invaded by gram-positive bacteria.

title: Bacteriology of @entity1 in severe acute XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: CONTEXT: Severe acute @entity6 is associated with high mortality with infectious complications being the most common cause of mortality. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and characteristics of @entity6 in @entity0 with severe acute @entity6 . DESIGN: Prospective study over a one-year period. @entity0 : Fifty-one consecutive @entity0 with severe acute @entity6 . Setting Tertiary care centre, Northern India. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence of @entity6 were noted in consecutive @entity0 with severe acute @entity6 and their effect on disease outcome was assessed. RESULTS: @entity6 was noted in 19 (37.3%) @entity0 ; 14 (27.5%) @entity0 had monomicrobial and 5 (9.8%) @entity0 had @entity2 . In the first week of hospitalization, all positive 6/6 (100%) cultures grew @entity4 , in the second week 5/8 (62.5%) grew @entity4 while after the second week, 2/5 (40.0%) cultures grew @entity4 . A total of 32 (62.7%) @entity0 had evidence of extrapancreatic @entity1 , with 53 positive cultures. Fifteen (29.4%) @entity0 had monomicrobial @entity1 while 17 (33.3%) had @entity2 . The most common site was blood together with intravenous site with 21 positive cultures in 16 @entity0 . @entity7 was most commonly isolated in the blood cultures. There was a statistically significant increase in mortality with @entity3 . The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that most of the bacteria were sensitive to beta lactum antibiotics, @entity5 and imipenem. CONCLUSION: @entity6 are more often monomicrobial with a shift from gram-negative to gram-positive as the @entity6 progressed. @entity1 are more often polymicrobial; most commonly, the blood stream is invaded by gram-positive bacteria.

title: Bacteriology of XXXX in severe acute @entity6 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity1 is associated with specific periodontal pathogens and may persist as @entity3 or progress to more severe disease. The bacteria involved in disease initiation and progression have not been identified. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to compare the levels of @entity4 , @entity5 , and @entity6 , and total bacteria detected by different sampling methods. On the basis of the results of clinical examinations, 57 @entity0 were divided into 3 groups: healthy group (group A), @entity3 group (group B), and @entity2 group (group C). Bacterial samples were collected from saliva, mouthwash, and by paper-point sampling of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and the samples were analyzed with quantitative PCR targeting 16S rRNA. The numbers of total bacteria in samples of GCF, saliva, and mouthwash were 10    to 10   , 10   , and 10   , respectively, per milliliter. The number of @entity4 in GCF samples was lower than 10 in group A; however, in groups B and C, the values were 10   and 10   , respectively, indicating that the number of @entity4 increased with worsening clinical status. Findings were similar in the samples of saliva and mouthwash. The numbers of @entity5 showed a pattern similar to that of @entity4 in all 3 samples. These results suggest that saliva and mouthwash samples are clinically useful for bacterial testing of periodontal diseases by quantitative PCR. In addition, mouthwash sampling is more feasible and straightforward than saliva sampling.

title: Use of quantitative PCR to evaluate methods of bacteria sampling in periodontal XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Envenomation by a large number of hymenopterans can cause significant morbidity and mortality due to venom load. We present the first case of massive Hymenoptera @entity13 by native US Hymenoptera. CASE: A 3-year-old @entity0 and his family were hiking in Oregon and were attacked by yellow jackets. On emergency department arrival, the @entity0 was uncomfortable and @entity4 . Vital signs were normal; physical examination showed more than 90 punctate lesions on the head and neck, and 30 below the neck without @entity2 . Initial laboratory values were normal except for a white blood cell count of 37,500/ L and mild @entity9 , including a normal @entity6 kinase. Intravenously administered fluids, @entity11 , @entity8 , and @entity7 were given for symptom control.Generalized @entity1 developed 12 hours later and was treated with intravenously administered @entity5 and @entity10 . His @entity6 kinase peaked at 2085 U/L after 32 hours. Forty-eight hours after the incident, the @entity0 began to take oral fluids with laboratory values returning to normal. DISCUSSION: Delayed toxic effects of mass @entity13 are due to direct toxic effects from the large venom load, with several cases of @entity3 reported. All prior cases of mass Hymenoptera @entity13 in the United States have involved Africanized "killer" @entity12 . Guidelines recommend admitting all pediatric @entity0 sustaining more than 50 stings for 24 hours for laboratory evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed toxic reaction may be caused by native US species of Hymenoptera. Physicians should be aware that endemic US species can cause this reaction and should have a low threshold to admit pediatric @entity0 with more than 50 stings for 24 hours.

title: Massive hymenoptera XXXX in a 3-year-old.

answer: @entity13


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic, drug-resistant @entity1 can be treated by surgically implanted @entity3 ( @entity3 ). The leads used for @entity3 have not been specifically designed for this application. OBJECTIVE: To study the value of a new 8-contact lead for @entity3 therapy in a series of 6 @entity0 with refractory central @entity2 . METHODS: The study comprised a 1-month randomized phase, starting 1 month after implantation, during which the neurostimulator was switched on in one-half of the @entity0 or remained off in the other half, followed by an open phase of 10 months, during which the stimulator was switched on in all @entity0 . Clinical assessment was performed at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation with the following scales: Visual Analog Scale, Verbal Rating Scale, Brief @entity2 Inventory, McGill @entity2 Questionnaire, Sickness Impact Profile, and Medication Quantification Scale. RESULTS: In the randomized phase, clinical scores were found to be globally reduced in the on- vs off-stimulation condition. In the open follow-up phase, all clinical scores improved significantly over time. The ratio between affective and sensory McGill @entity2 Questionnaire subscores decreased, suggesting a preferential effect of @entity3 on the affective component of @entity2 . Compared with preoperative baseline, 2 @entity0 were totally relieved of central @entity2 , 3 @entity0 were very much relieved, and 1 @entity0 remained unchanged at the final examination. CONCLUSION: A good clinical outcome was observed in all @entity0 except 1, suggesting that this new octopolar lead could be used for @entity3 therapy to treat refractory central @entity2 .

title: Treatment of @entity2 by epidural XXXX with a new octopolar lead.

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic, drug-resistant @entity1 can be treated by surgically implanted @entity3 ( @entity3 ). The leads used for @entity3 have not been specifically designed for this application. OBJECTIVE: To study the value of a new 8-contact lead for @entity3 therapy in a series of 6 @entity0 with refractory central @entity2 . METHODS: The study comprised a 1-month randomized phase, starting 1 month after implantation, during which the neurostimulator was switched on in one-half of the @entity0 or remained off in the other half, followed by an open phase of 10 months, during which the stimulator was switched on in all @entity0 . Clinical assessment was performed at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation with the following scales: Visual Analog Scale, Verbal Rating Scale, Brief @entity2 Inventory, McGill @entity2 Questionnaire, Sickness Impact Profile, and Medication Quantification Scale. RESULTS: In the randomized phase, clinical scores were found to be globally reduced in the on- vs off-stimulation condition. In the open follow-up phase, all clinical scores improved significantly over time. The ratio between affective and sensory McGill @entity2 Questionnaire subscores decreased, suggesting a preferential effect of @entity3 on the affective component of @entity2 . Compared with preoperative baseline, 2 @entity0 were totally relieved of central @entity2 , 3 @entity0 were very much relieved, and 1 @entity0 remained unchanged at the final examination. CONCLUSION: A good clinical outcome was observed in all @entity0 except 1, suggesting that this new octopolar lead could be used for @entity3 therapy to treat refractory central @entity2 .

title: Treatment of XXXX by epidural @entity3 with a new octopolar lead.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Refractory constipation is an extremely common problem in @entity0 and @entity0 . The diagnostic suspicion of @entity1 often arises in this clinical setting. Diagnosing @entity1 can be difficult; however, excluding the diagnosis is much easier, only requiring the demonstration of ganglion cells in the distal rectum. The most common method for obtaining tissue from the rectum involves a blind suction biopsy. This technique has been complicated by serious adverse events, equipment malfunction, and inadequate specimens. Our goal was to evaluate the adequacy of specimens obtained with a flexible endoscope and jumbo biopsy forceps to rule out @entity1 in the @entity0 outside the newborn period. @entity0 AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 668 rectal biopsies taken during 167 endoscopies on 156 @entity0 being evaluated for @entity1 from 2001 to 2008 at the Baystate Medical Center @entity0 's Hospital. Four biopsies were taken from each @entity0 approximately 2.5 cm from the anal verge. Biopsies were obtained using a flexible endoscope and jumbo biopsy forceps. During the first 6 years the Olympus FB-50U-1 large cup fenestrated biopsy forceps was used. During the last 2 years the Boston Scientific Radial Jaw 4 Jumbo biopsy forceps was used instead. RESULTS: The Boston Scientific Radial Jaw 4 Jumbo biopsy forceps yielded adequate specimens 93% of the time, which surpassed most published results of other techniques. There were no complications reported. CONCLUSIONS: Obtaining rectal biopsies with a flexible endoscope and jumbo biopsy forceps is a safe and effective means to rule out the diagnosis of @entity1 in @entity0 .

title: Rectal biopsies obtained with jumbo biopsy forceps in the evaluation of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Several experimental models of cervical @entity5 ( @entity5 ) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the spinal cord (Pearse et al., 2005, Gensel et al., 2006, Anderson et al., 2009), as the majority of @entity0 @entity5 occur here (Young, 2010; www.sci-info-pages.com). @entity2 include @entity3 due to damage to the white matter affecting both descending motor and ascending sensory systems, and to the gray matter containing the segmental circuitry for processing sensory input and motor output for the forelimb. Additionally, a key priority for @entity0 @entity0 with cervical @entity5 is restoration of hand/arm function (Anderson, 2004). Thus, outcome measures that assess both proximal and distal forelimb function are needed. Although there are several behavioral assays that are sensitive to different aspects of forelimb recovery in experimental models of cervical @entity5 (Girgis et al., 2007, Gensel et al., 2006, Ballerman et al., 2001, Metz and Whishaw, 2000, Bertelli and Mira, 1993, Montoya et al., 1991, Whishaw and Pellis, 1990), few techniques provide detailed information on the recovery of fine motor control and digit movement. The current measurement technique, the @entity4 forelimb scale ( @entity4 ), can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation. The @entity4 was generated by observing recovery after a unilateral C6 @entity5 , and involves video recording of animals eating two differently shaped cereals (spherical and doughnut) of a consistent size. These videos were then used to assess features of forelimb use, such as joint position, object support, digit movement and grasping technique. The @entity4 , like other forelimb behavioral tasks, shows a consistent pattern of recovery that is sensitive to injury severity. Furthermore, the @entity4 scale could be used to assess recovery following other @entity1 that impact normal forelimb function.

title: A novel method for assessing proximal and distal forelimb function in the rat: the XXXX ( @entity4 ) forelimb scale.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Several experimental models of cervical @entity5 ( @entity5 ) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the spinal cord (Pearse et al., 2005, Gensel et al., 2006, Anderson et al., 2009), as the majority of @entity0 @entity5 occur here (Young, 2010; www.sci-info-pages.com). @entity2 include @entity3 due to damage to the white matter affecting both descending motor and ascending sensory systems, and to the gray matter containing the segmental circuitry for processing sensory input and motor output for the forelimb. Additionally, a key priority for @entity0 @entity0 with cervical @entity5 is restoration of hand/arm function (Anderson, 2004). Thus, outcome measures that assess both proximal and distal forelimb function are needed. Although there are several behavioral assays that are sensitive to different aspects of forelimb recovery in experimental models of cervical @entity5 (Girgis et al., 2007, Gensel et al., 2006, Ballerman et al., 2001, Metz and Whishaw, 2000, Bertelli and Mira, 1993, Montoya et al., 1991, Whishaw and Pellis, 1990), few techniques provide detailed information on the recovery of fine motor control and digit movement. The current measurement technique, the @entity4 forelimb scale ( @entity4 ), can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation. The @entity4 was generated by observing recovery after a unilateral C6 @entity5 , and involves video recording of animals eating two differently shaped cereals (spherical and doughnut) of a consistent size. These videos were then used to assess features of forelimb use, such as joint position, object support, digit movement and grasping technique. The @entity4 , like other forelimb behavioral tasks, shows a consistent pattern of recovery that is sensitive to injury severity. Furthermore, the @entity4 scale could be used to assess recovery following other @entity1 that impact normal forelimb function.

title: A novel method for assessing proximal and distal forelimb function in the rat: the @entity4 ( XXXX ) forelimb scale.

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the immediate outcome of a large cohort of @entity0 who underwent percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate ( @entity3 ) vertebroplasty for treatment of one or more @entity2 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included seven university-based and private hospitals in the United States. Of 488 consecutive @entity0 (mean age, 76 years) who underwent percutaneous @entity3 vertebroplasty between 1996 and 1999, 245 were successfully interviewed retrospectively after vertebroplasty (median time, 7 months). Through telephone interview, @entity0 completed our self-developed questionnaire designed to measure @entity1 (10-point scale), ambulation (five-point scale), and ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) (five-point scale) before and after vertebroplasty. Differences in reported @entity1 , ambulation, and ability to perform ADL before and after vertebroplasty were evaluated with paired t tests. Differences in proportions were compared with the McNemar test. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the consistency of differences in pre- and postprocedural @entity1 and functional status by @entity0 age, number of @entity2 , time from @entity2 to vertebroplasty, and time from vertebroplasty to questionnaire completion. RESULTS: On a 10-point scale, mean @entity1 decreased from 8.9 before vertebroplasty to 3.4 afterward (P <.001). Seventy-two percent of @entity0 had substantially impaired ambulation before vertebroplasty compared with 28% afterward (P <.001). Ability to perform ADL was also significantly improved following vertebroplasty (P <.001). Twelve @entity0 (4.9%) experienced symptomatic complications (none major or life threatening). CONCLUSION: Treatment of @entity2 with percutaneous @entity3 vertebroplasty appears to be safe and results in substantial immediate @entity1 reduction and improved functional status. A randomized controlled trial appears warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of vertebroplasty.

title: Vertebral compression fractures: XXXX reduction and improvement in functional mobility after percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate vertebroplasty retrospective report of 245 cases.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) is a progressive @entity1 that is characterized by @entity3 depletion in the striatum. One consistent pathophysiological hallmark of @entity2 is an increase in spontaneous oscillatory activity in the basal ganglia thalamocortical networks. We evaluated these effects using resting state functional connectivity MRI in mild to moderate stage @entity2 @entity0 on and off @entity4 and age-matched controls using six different striatal seed regions. We observed an overall increase in the strength of cortico-striatal functional connectivity in @entity2 @entity0 off @entity4 compared to controls. This enhanced connectivity was down-regulated by @entity4 as shown by an overall decrease in connectivity strength, particularly within motor cortical regions. We also performed a frequency content analysis of the BOLD signal time course extracted from the six striatal seed regions. @entity2 off @entity4 exhibited increased power in the frequency band 0.02-0.05   Hz compared to controls and to @entity2 on @entity4 . The @entity4 associated decrease in the power of this frequency range modulated the @entity4 associated decrease in connectivity strength between striatal seeds and the thalamus. In addition, the @entity4 associated decrease in power in this frequency band correlated with the @entity4 associated improvement in cognitive performance. Our results demonstrate that @entity2 and @entity4 modulate striatal resting state BOLD signal oscillations and cortico-striatal network coherence.

title: Altered resting state cortico-striatal connectivity in mild to moderate stage XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: An evolutionarily conserved feature of neural systems is that they can be modified by neuromodulators. These modulatory chemical signals include the biogenic @entity4 , @entity7 (OA), @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity2 (DA). Such modulation effectively broadens the operational range in which specific neural circuits can function adaptively. This report discusses how these @entity4 are themselves modulated; for example, by the @entity0 hormone @entity6 (20-E) or by the addition of a second biogenic @entity5 . Such second-order neuromodulation, termed metamodulation, is discussed in the context of two well-studied invertebrate systems: the @entity3 moth @entity3 , a model of neurodevelopment and plasticity, and the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis, a long-favored preparation used to study neural circuits at the level of identified neurons. A portion of this article reviews our previous research of @entity3 that shows that the 'preadult' rise in 20-E is both necessary and sufficient for the increased levels of @entity7 observed in the adult. Such elevated levels likely play an important role in the production and modulation of adult behaviors. The somatic growth of median octopaminergic neurons and the late expression of OA-immunoreactivity by novel lateral neurons are also demonstrated to be dependent on 20-E. New immunocytochemical results of stained dopaminergic neurons in the larval and adult moth brain are provided as well, and the potential influence of 20-E on the developmental expression of this neuromodulator is presented. Turning attention to the leech, data indicate that the actions of OA are dramatically altered when @entity1 is combined with OA in the bath surrounding the isolated nervous system. Although either OA or @entity1 alone induces fictive swimming behavior, a cocktail of these two @entity4 strongly inhibits the generation of swimming. Subsequent removal of such a mixture induces nearly continuous swimming and constitutes the best swim-inducing stimulus encountered to date. To understand better how these nonadditive effects are achieved, new results are discussed that indicate that the leech brain is the target of metamodulation by the two @entity4 . Both the arthropod and annelid systems presented here highlight the multiple levels of metamodulation that can exist in nervous systems, and the diverse ways that a modulator's actions can become altered over short or long time periods.

title: Metamodulation of the biogenic @entity4 : second-order modulation by XXXX hormones and @entity5 cocktails.

answer: @entity0


abstract: An evolutionarily conserved feature of neural systems is that they can be modified by neuromodulators. These modulatory chemical signals include the biogenic @entity4 , @entity7 (OA), @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity2 (DA). Such modulation effectively broadens the operational range in which specific neural circuits can function adaptively. This report discusses how these @entity4 are themselves modulated; for example, by the @entity0 hormone @entity6 (20-E) or by the addition of a second biogenic @entity5 . Such second-order neuromodulation, termed metamodulation, is discussed in the context of two well-studied invertebrate systems: the @entity3 moth @entity3 , a model of neurodevelopment and plasticity, and the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis, a long-favored preparation used to study neural circuits at the level of identified neurons. A portion of this article reviews our previous research of @entity3 that shows that the 'preadult' rise in 20-E is both necessary and sufficient for the increased levels of @entity7 observed in the adult. Such elevated levels likely play an important role in the production and modulation of adult behaviors. The somatic growth of median octopaminergic neurons and the late expression of OA-immunoreactivity by novel lateral neurons are also demonstrated to be dependent on 20-E. New immunocytochemical results of stained dopaminergic neurons in the larval and adult moth brain are provided as well, and the potential influence of 20-E on the developmental expression of this neuromodulator is presented. Turning attention to the leech, data indicate that the actions of OA are dramatically altered when @entity1 is combined with OA in the bath surrounding the isolated nervous system. Although either OA or @entity1 alone induces fictive swimming behavior, a cocktail of these two @entity4 strongly inhibits the generation of swimming. Subsequent removal of such a mixture induces nearly continuous swimming and constitutes the best swim-inducing stimulus encountered to date. To understand better how these nonadditive effects are achieved, new results are discussed that indicate that the leech brain is the target of metamodulation by the two @entity4 . Both the arthropod and annelid systems presented here highlight the multiple levels of metamodulation that can exist in nervous systems, and the diverse ways that a modulator's actions can become altered over short or long time periods.

title: Metamodulation of the biogenic XXXX : second-order modulation by @entity0 hormones and @entity5 cocktails.

answer: @entity4


abstract: An evolutionarily conserved feature of neural systems is that they can be modified by neuromodulators. These modulatory chemical signals include the biogenic @entity4 , @entity7 (OA), @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity2 (DA). Such modulation effectively broadens the operational range in which specific neural circuits can function adaptively. This report discusses how these @entity4 are themselves modulated; for example, by the @entity0 hormone @entity6 (20-E) or by the addition of a second biogenic @entity5 . Such second-order neuromodulation, termed metamodulation, is discussed in the context of two well-studied invertebrate systems: the @entity3 moth @entity3 , a model of neurodevelopment and plasticity, and the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis, a long-favored preparation used to study neural circuits at the level of identified neurons. A portion of this article reviews our previous research of @entity3 that shows that the 'preadult' rise in 20-E is both necessary and sufficient for the increased levels of @entity7 observed in the adult. Such elevated levels likely play an important role in the production and modulation of adult behaviors. The somatic growth of median octopaminergic neurons and the late expression of OA-immunoreactivity by novel lateral neurons are also demonstrated to be dependent on 20-E. New immunocytochemical results of stained dopaminergic neurons in the larval and adult moth brain are provided as well, and the potential influence of 20-E on the developmental expression of this neuromodulator is presented. Turning attention to the leech, data indicate that the actions of OA are dramatically altered when @entity1 is combined with OA in the bath surrounding the isolated nervous system. Although either OA or @entity1 alone induces fictive swimming behavior, a cocktail of these two @entity4 strongly inhibits the generation of swimming. Subsequent removal of such a mixture induces nearly continuous swimming and constitutes the best swim-inducing stimulus encountered to date. To understand better how these nonadditive effects are achieved, new results are discussed that indicate that the leech brain is the target of metamodulation by the two @entity4 . Both the arthropod and annelid systems presented here highlight the multiple levels of metamodulation that can exist in nervous systems, and the diverse ways that a modulator's actions can become altered over short or long time periods.

title: Metamodulation of the biogenic @entity4 : second-order modulation by @entity0 hormones and XXXX cocktails.

answer: @entity5


abstract: BACKGROUND: Radionuclide imaging-directed, minimally invasive parathyroid operation is promoted in the surgical literature and public domain as the fastest, most successful, and cheapest means of treating primary @entity7 . The validity of these claims is unproven. This study reviews the treatment outcome results of a large series of @entity0 treated with standard parathyroid operation without preoperative localization studies. Cost comparisons are made between this series and previous reports of selected @entity0 in whom preoperative radionuclide imaging preceded minimally invasive parathyroid operation. METHODS: Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome data for 688 consecutive @entity0 undergoing first neck exploration for primary @entity7 were prospectively collected. All @entity0 in our series underwent standard bilateral neck exploration without preoperative localization studies. Intraoperative @entity5 blue was used to aid identification of all parathyroid glands. Surgical findings, pathological diagnosis, operative time, length-of-stay, and treatment success data were collected. Cost data were calculated for our series using the identical calculations used in previous reports. Our outcome and calculated cost data were compared with previous reports by centers advocating scan-directed, minimally invasive parathyroid operation. RESULTS: Of 2,752 predicted total glands, 2,520 (91.6%) were identified using standard neck exploration without radionuclide localization studies. Single @entity4 , with at least 1 normal gland, was found in 542 @entity0 (78.8%), with 8 in a fifth gland. @entity6 was identified in 98 @entity0 (14.2%) and of these 22 (3.2%) were double @entity4 . Ten @entity0 had @entity8 (1.5%), and all received definitive surgical treatment during the primary operation. Cure rates were assessed by measurement of normal serum @entity3 and parathyroid hormone levels at 3 and 12 months after operation, and were 97.7% in our series. Mean operating time for the entire series was 65 minutes, decreased to 35 minutes in @entity0 with single @entity4 , and mean recovery room time was 30 minutes. Mean total costs for @entity0 undergoing standard exploration for single @entity4 was US dollars 1,107, and increased to US dollars 1,243 when @entity0 with @entity2 , @entity6 , or @entity1 were included. CONCLUSIONS: Our series demonstrates operative times and treatment outcomes with costs that are approximately one-third less than those for scan-directed, minimally invasive operation for primary @entity7 . Thus, claims that scan-directed parathyroid operation is the cheapest, fastest, and most successful means of treatment are not supported by these data.

title: Clinical outcomes and fiscal consequences of bilateral neck exploration for primary XXXX without preoperative radionuclide imaging or minimally invasive techniques.

answer: @entity7


abstract: Tight junctions create a rate-limiting barrier to the diffusion of solutes between vertebrate epithelial cells and endothelial cells. They are also controlled within individual cells by a variety of physiologically relevant signals. We investigated the effects of @entity2 on the formation of tight junctions in brain capillary endothelial cells, monitoring the transepithelial electrical resistance, and analyzed the expression of @entity7 messenger RNA. Brain-capillary endothelial cells were grown to confluence on filters and exposed to @entity11 , @entity9 and @entity4 . Transepithelial electrical resistance was determined with voltage-measuring electrodes. The messenger RNA expression of @entity7 was quantitated by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The basal resistance across monolayers of porcine brain capillary endothelial cells was 83+/-8.1 Omega cm(2). Cells cultured in @entity11 and @entity9 , but not @entity5 , displayed a 2.7-fold increase in transepithelial electrical resistance at 10 microM in brain capillary endothelial cells. The expression level of @entity7 messenger RNA increased markedly immediately after the exposure to @entity11 or @entity9 . Following an 8 h exposure to exogenous @entity11 or @entity9 , @entity7 messenger RNA levels were significantly increased. In addition, the rise in transepithelial electrical resistance induced by @entity11 and @entity9 was markedly inhibited by the @entity0 kinase inhibitors @entity1 and @entity10 and protein kinase C inhibitor, @entity8 . In contrast, the rise in transepithelial electrical resistance induced by @entity11 and @entity9 was not inhibited by the PI 3-kinase inhibitor, @entity3 . We conclude that @entity11 and @entity9 increased the transepithelial electrical resistance and the expression of @entity7 messenger RNA in brain capillary endothelial cells. This @entity9 and @entity6 induced assembly of tight junction is likely to be regulated by protein kinase C and @entity0 kinase activity.

title: XXXX induce tight junctions to form in brain capillary endothelial cells.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the spatial variability of a @entity2 relative to the planning target volume boundaries during radical radiotherapy, and furthermore to develop strategies to reduce spatial variability. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Seventeen @entity0 with solitary T2-T4N0M0 @entity2 were treated with a technique delivering 40 Gy/2 Gy in 20 fractions to the whole bladder with a concomitant boost to the @entity2 of 20 Gy in 1 Gy fractions in an overall time of 4 weeks. CT scans were made weekly, immediately after treatment, and matched with the planning CT scan. Spatial variability of the @entity1 , as well as bladder volume and rectal diameter, were scored for each @entity0 each week. RESULTS: In 65% of @entity0 , a part of the @entity1 appeared outside the planning target volume boundaries at least one time during the course of radiotherapy. No consistent relation of this variability with time was found. Bladder volumes and rectal diameters showed marked variability during the course of treatment. A large initial bladder volume and rectal diameter predicted a large volume variation and a large @entity1 spatial variability. CONCLUSION: In this study, a margin of 1.5 to 2 cm seemed to be inadequate in 65% of the @entity0 with respect to spatial variability. Bladder volume and rectal diameter were found to be predictive for spatial variability of a @entity2 during concomitant boost radiotherapy.

title: Influence of bladder and rectal volume on spatial variability of a XXXX during radical radiotherapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: We have investigated the modulation by @entity2 of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral sympathetic neurons. Our study was performed in vitro in @entity0 isolated @entity3 , using intracellular recording techniques. We have used @entity6 , a permeant analog of @entity2 . The effects of @entity6 were first assessed when nicotinic activation was elicited without modulatory mechanisms (fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials triggered by stimulation of the thoracic splanchnic nerves with a single pulse). In all the neurons tested, C(2) @entity2 triggered an increase in the amplitude of the fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials demonstrating a direct facilitatory effect on the nicotinic activation. We then investigated the effects of @entity6 on modulatory mechanisms of this activation. These mechanisms occur when a train of pulses of supramaximum intensity is applied on the splanchnic nerves. During the train, a gradual depression of fast nicotinic activation occurred: the pulses failed to systematically elicit action potentials. We have previously demonstrated that this regulatory phenomenon is partly modulated by @entity1 which exerts a dual effect: facilitation or inhibition of the nicotinic activation. In all the neurons tested, @entity6 decreased the number of action potentials fired during a train of pulses, demonstrating an indirect inhibitory effect on the nicotinic activation. The use of @entity4 ( @entity1 scavenger) suppressed the inhibitory effect of @entity6 , demonstrating that this effect is mediated through the @entity1 pathway. @entity7 , an inactive analog of @entity2 , was without effect on the nicotinic activation of the ganglionic neurons. These results demonstrate that @entity2 exerts a complex modulation of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral neurons: direct facilitation and indirect inhibition involving the @entity1 pathway. In fact, @entity6 plays a key gating role in the dual effect of the @entity1 pathway by activating the inhibitory effect. The existence of this gating mechanism involving @entity2 and @entity1 opens new perspectives in terms of our understanding of the modulation of synaptic transmission within the prevertebral ganglia. Our study demonstrates that @entity5 are involved in complex modulations of the synaptic activation within the prevertebral ganglia, and thus contribute to their integrative properties.

title: Modulation by C2 XXXX of the nicotinic transmission within the @entity3 in the @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: We have investigated the modulation by @entity2 of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral sympathetic neurons. Our study was performed in vitro in @entity0 isolated @entity3 , using intracellular recording techniques. We have used @entity6 , a permeant analog of @entity2 . The effects of @entity6 were first assessed when nicotinic activation was elicited without modulatory mechanisms (fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials triggered by stimulation of the thoracic splanchnic nerves with a single pulse). In all the neurons tested, C(2) @entity2 triggered an increase in the amplitude of the fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials demonstrating a direct facilitatory effect on the nicotinic activation. We then investigated the effects of @entity6 on modulatory mechanisms of this activation. These mechanisms occur when a train of pulses of supramaximum intensity is applied on the splanchnic nerves. During the train, a gradual depression of fast nicotinic activation occurred: the pulses failed to systematically elicit action potentials. We have previously demonstrated that this regulatory phenomenon is partly modulated by @entity1 which exerts a dual effect: facilitation or inhibition of the nicotinic activation. In all the neurons tested, @entity6 decreased the number of action potentials fired during a train of pulses, demonstrating an indirect inhibitory effect on the nicotinic activation. The use of @entity4 ( @entity1 scavenger) suppressed the inhibitory effect of @entity6 , demonstrating that this effect is mediated through the @entity1 pathway. @entity7 , an inactive analog of @entity2 , was without effect on the nicotinic activation of the ganglionic neurons. These results demonstrate that @entity2 exerts a complex modulation of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral neurons: direct facilitation and indirect inhibition involving the @entity1 pathway. In fact, @entity6 plays a key gating role in the dual effect of the @entity1 pathway by activating the inhibitory effect. The existence of this gating mechanism involving @entity2 and @entity1 opens new perspectives in terms of our understanding of the modulation of synaptic transmission within the prevertebral ganglia. Our study demonstrates that @entity5 are involved in complex modulations of the synaptic activation within the prevertebral ganglia, and thus contribute to their integrative properties.

title: Modulation by C2 @entity2 of the nicotinic transmission within the @entity3 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: We have investigated the modulation by @entity2 of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral sympathetic neurons. Our study was performed in vitro in @entity0 isolated @entity3 , using intracellular recording techniques. We have used @entity6 , a permeant analog of @entity2 . The effects of @entity6 were first assessed when nicotinic activation was elicited without modulatory mechanisms (fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials triggered by stimulation of the thoracic splanchnic nerves with a single pulse). In all the neurons tested, C(2) @entity2 triggered an increase in the amplitude of the fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials demonstrating a direct facilitatory effect on the nicotinic activation. We then investigated the effects of @entity6 on modulatory mechanisms of this activation. These mechanisms occur when a train of pulses of supramaximum intensity is applied on the splanchnic nerves. During the train, a gradual depression of fast nicotinic activation occurred: the pulses failed to systematically elicit action potentials. We have previously demonstrated that this regulatory phenomenon is partly modulated by @entity1 which exerts a dual effect: facilitation or inhibition of the nicotinic activation. In all the neurons tested, @entity6 decreased the number of action potentials fired during a train of pulses, demonstrating an indirect inhibitory effect on the nicotinic activation. The use of @entity4 ( @entity1 scavenger) suppressed the inhibitory effect of @entity6 , demonstrating that this effect is mediated through the @entity1 pathway. @entity7 , an inactive analog of @entity2 , was without effect on the nicotinic activation of the ganglionic neurons. These results demonstrate that @entity2 exerts a complex modulation of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral neurons: direct facilitation and indirect inhibition involving the @entity1 pathway. In fact, @entity6 plays a key gating role in the dual effect of the @entity1 pathway by activating the inhibitory effect. The existence of this gating mechanism involving @entity2 and @entity1 opens new perspectives in terms of our understanding of the modulation of synaptic transmission within the prevertebral ganglia. Our study demonstrates that @entity5 are involved in complex modulations of the synaptic activation within the prevertebral ganglia, and thus contribute to their integrative properties.

title: Modulation by C2 @entity2 of the nicotinic transmission within the XXXX in the @entity0 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Angiotensin II ( @entity2 ) type 2 receptors (AT2Rs) have been associated with apoptosis. We hypothesized that AT2Rs are increased in @entity1 and may contribute effects of @entity1 to the brain. To test this, we have examined the expression of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), @entity6 and @entity2 levels in the brain 24 h after transient @entity4 ( @entity4 ). The densities of @entity3 and @entity6 were measured by quantitative autoradiography (n=6). The levels of @entity2 were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) (n=6) and by immunohistochemistry (n=3). @entity3 levels on autoradiography showed a significant decrease (0.87+/-0.06 to 1.39+/-0.07 fmol/mg, p<0.01) in the ventral cortex of the @entity1 side compared to the cortices of non- @entity1 (NS) @entity0 (n=4). There was no significant difference on ATIR in the contralateral verbal cortex of the @entity1 @entity0 compared to NS control. In contrast, levels of @entity6 in the ventral cortex of both the @entity1 and the contralateral sides were significantly increased (0.77+/-0.06, p<0.05 and 0.91+/-0.05, p<0.01 compared to 0.60+/-0.03 fmol/mg tissue, respectively). RIA showed that @entity2 in the ventral cortex of both the @entity1 and the contralateral sides were significantly increased (241.63+/-47.72, p<0.01 and 165.51+/-42.59, p<0.05 compared to 76.80+/-4.10 pg/g tissue, respectively). Also, @entity2 in the hypothalamus was significantly increased (179.50+/-17.49 to 118.50+/-6.65 pg/g tissue, p<0.05). Immunohistochemistry confirmed the increase of @entity2 . These results demonstrate that brain @entity2 and AT2Rs are increased whereas AT1Rs are decreased after transient @entity4 in @entity0 . We conclude that in @entity1 , @entity2 and @entity6 are activated and may contribute neural effects to @entity5 .

title: Expression of angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors in brain after transient XXXX in @entity0 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: Angiotensin II ( @entity2 ) type 2 receptors (AT2Rs) have been associated with apoptosis. We hypothesized that AT2Rs are increased in @entity1 and may contribute effects of @entity1 to the brain. To test this, we have examined the expression of @entity3 ( @entity3 ), @entity6 and @entity2 levels in the brain 24 h after transient @entity4 ( @entity4 ). The densities of @entity3 and @entity6 were measured by quantitative autoradiography (n=6). The levels of @entity2 were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) (n=6) and by immunohistochemistry (n=3). @entity3 levels on autoradiography showed a significant decrease (0.87+/-0.06 to 1.39+/-0.07 fmol/mg, p<0.01) in the ventral cortex of the @entity1 side compared to the cortices of non- @entity1 (NS) @entity0 (n=4). There was no significant difference on ATIR in the contralateral verbal cortex of the @entity1 @entity0 compared to NS control. In contrast, levels of @entity6 in the ventral cortex of both the @entity1 and the contralateral sides were significantly increased (0.77+/-0.06, p<0.05 and 0.91+/-0.05, p<0.01 compared to 0.60+/-0.03 fmol/mg tissue, respectively). RIA showed that @entity2 in the ventral cortex of both the @entity1 and the contralateral sides were significantly increased (241.63+/-47.72, p<0.01 and 165.51+/-42.59, p<0.05 compared to 76.80+/-4.10 pg/g tissue, respectively). Also, @entity2 in the hypothalamus was significantly increased (179.50+/-17.49 to 118.50+/-6.65 pg/g tissue, p<0.05). Immunohistochemistry confirmed the increase of @entity2 . These results demonstrate that brain @entity2 and AT2Rs are increased whereas AT1Rs are decreased after transient @entity4 in @entity0 . We conclude that in @entity1 , @entity2 and @entity6 are activated and may contribute neural effects to @entity5 .

title: Expression of angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors in brain after transient @entity4 in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: Histopathologic features of @entity2 were studied to establish new criteria for grading @entity1 . Thirteen items of histopathologic findings concerning the degree of differentiation and the forms of masses of trophoblasts (Trs), the manner of Tr invasion, and host response of surrounding tissues were studied with relationship to prognosis in 70 @entity0 with uterine lesions (alive, 49; dead, 21). Chi-square test results were examined for each item in relation to prognosis of the @entity0 . Four items were thought to have significance and were selected as criteria: (1) island formation; (2) massive proliferation of intermediate-type Trs; (3) rectangular infiltration of Trs to surrounding muscle fibers; and (4) atypia of Trs at the end-point of @entity1 invasion. A discriminant analysis was carried out (under the standardization of @entity1 extension and the historical staging of treatment). From the results obtained in discriminant analysis, scores were given to the four items that existed in the specimen. New criteria for grading @entity1 are proposed based on scoring these four items. The algebraic sum of the scores had a possible range of +4 to -16. @entity0 with scores of -9 and above had a low-grade @entity1 with a mortality rate of 7%. @entity0 with scores of -10 and lower had a mortality of 69% and were classified as having @entity1 of high-grade @entity1 .

title: Histopathologic classification of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity14 is a novel antimicrobial agent belonging to the monobactam class of antibiotics. It inhibits both beta-lactamase-producing and non-beta-lactamase-producing aerobic gram-negative bacilli, but it has no activity against gram-positive species or against anaerobic species. The efficacy of @entity14 in the treatment of @entity2 in 76 @entity0 and its safety in 87 @entity0 was evaluated. The majority (91 percent) of @entity0 had significant underlying disease, and 47 percent were critically ill. @entity14 produced an overall clinical response of 86 percent, with 10 of 11 cases of @entity9 cured, including four due to @entity5 , seven of eight cases of @entity1 , and seven of nine episodes of @entity12 . Infections due to bacteria resistant to @entity7 , @entity16 , @entity15 , @entity13 , @entity10 , and @entity6 were cured. Although 15 of 18 @entity0 with exacerbations of @entity3 due to @entity5 showed clinical improvement, bacteriologic cure was not achieved, as has been noted with other drugs. Similarly, @entity0 with major underlying structural abnormalities of the urinary tract showed early relapses of @entity4 . @entity14 combined with antistaphylococcal, antistreptococcal, or antianaerobic agents provided an alternative to @entity11 use in these non- @entity8 @entity0 . Administration of 1 or 2 g every eight hours yield serum bactericidal levels well in excess of 1:8 against all Enterobacteriaceae and some @entity5 strains. There was a low incidence of adverse side effects, none serious. Overall, @entity14 is a useful alternative to the drugs available for use in hospital-acquired gram-negative @entity2 and provides a chance for more directed therapy.

title: Use of @entity14 in the treatment of serious @entity2 due to multiresistant gram-negative organisms, including XXXX .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity14 is a novel antimicrobial agent belonging to the monobactam class of antibiotics. It inhibits both beta-lactamase-producing and non-beta-lactamase-producing aerobic gram-negative bacilli, but it has no activity against gram-positive species or against anaerobic species. The efficacy of @entity14 in the treatment of @entity2 in 76 @entity0 and its safety in 87 @entity0 was evaluated. The majority (91 percent) of @entity0 had significant underlying disease, and 47 percent were critically ill. @entity14 produced an overall clinical response of 86 percent, with 10 of 11 cases of @entity9 cured, including four due to @entity5 , seven of eight cases of @entity1 , and seven of nine episodes of @entity12 . Infections due to bacteria resistant to @entity7 , @entity16 , @entity15 , @entity13 , @entity10 , and @entity6 were cured. Although 15 of 18 @entity0 with exacerbations of @entity3 due to @entity5 showed clinical improvement, bacteriologic cure was not achieved, as has been noted with other drugs. Similarly, @entity0 with major underlying structural abnormalities of the urinary tract showed early relapses of @entity4 . @entity14 combined with antistaphylococcal, antistreptococcal, or antianaerobic agents provided an alternative to @entity11 use in these non- @entity8 @entity0 . Administration of 1 or 2 g every eight hours yield serum bactericidal levels well in excess of 1:8 against all Enterobacteriaceae and some @entity5 strains. There was a low incidence of adverse side effects, none serious. Overall, @entity14 is a useful alternative to the drugs available for use in hospital-acquired gram-negative @entity2 and provides a chance for more directed therapy.

title: Use of XXXX in the treatment of serious @entity2 due to multiresistant gram-negative organisms, including @entity5 .

answer: @entity14


abstract: @entity14 is a novel antimicrobial agent belonging to the monobactam class of antibiotics. It inhibits both beta-lactamase-producing and non-beta-lactamase-producing aerobic gram-negative bacilli, but it has no activity against gram-positive species or against anaerobic species. The efficacy of @entity14 in the treatment of @entity2 in 76 @entity0 and its safety in 87 @entity0 was evaluated. The majority (91 percent) of @entity0 had significant underlying disease, and 47 percent were critically ill. @entity14 produced an overall clinical response of 86 percent, with 10 of 11 cases of @entity9 cured, including four due to @entity5 , seven of eight cases of @entity1 , and seven of nine episodes of @entity12 . Infections due to bacteria resistant to @entity7 , @entity16 , @entity15 , @entity13 , @entity10 , and @entity6 were cured. Although 15 of 18 @entity0 with exacerbations of @entity3 due to @entity5 showed clinical improvement, bacteriologic cure was not achieved, as has been noted with other drugs. Similarly, @entity0 with major underlying structural abnormalities of the urinary tract showed early relapses of @entity4 . @entity14 combined with antistaphylococcal, antistreptococcal, or antianaerobic agents provided an alternative to @entity11 use in these non- @entity8 @entity0 . Administration of 1 or 2 g every eight hours yield serum bactericidal levels well in excess of 1:8 against all Enterobacteriaceae and some @entity5 strains. There was a low incidence of adverse side effects, none serious. Overall, @entity14 is a useful alternative to the drugs available for use in hospital-acquired gram-negative @entity2 and provides a chance for more directed therapy.

title: Use of @entity14 in the treatment of serious XXXX due to multiresistant gram-negative organisms, including @entity5 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: The percutaneous absorption of two cosmetic fragrance materials, @entity5 and @entity6 , as well as of cinnamic @entity2 and @entity4 , has been measured at occluded and non-occluded application sites. Absorption values were determined in the @entity3 in vivo. Absorption through @entity0 skin was measured by using excised skin in diffusion cells. Because of the insolubility in water of @entity5 and @entity6 , a nonionic surfactant solution (6% oleth 20) was used in the receptor chamber of the diffusion cell in order to facilitate the partitioning of the compounds from the skin into the receptor fluid. The relative volatility of the compounds was determined in order to aid in the interpretation of the absorption results. The greatest difference between in vivo and in vitro absorption values occurred with @entity5 , which was the least well absorbed and the most volatile compound. @entity4 absorption through non-occluded @entity0 skin (17.8 +/- 4.9%, mean +/- SEM) was significantly lower than through monkey skin (38.6 +/- 8.3%). The values for absorption through @entity0 and monkey skin did not differ significantly for @entity6 (24.0 +/- 5.1% v. 26.1 +/- 2.3%) or cinnamic @entity2 (33.9 +/- 7.3% v. 25.4 +/- 4.4%). Occlusion of the skin resulted in greater permeation of all of the compounds; a significant difference in permeability between the two types of skin occurred only with @entity5 . The fragrances were absorbed well, but their volatility must be considered in a @entity1 evaluation. There was reasonable agreement between the values obtained from the studies of the @entity0 skin in vitro and the monkey skin in vivo.

title: Comparison of percutaneous absorption of fragrances by XXXX and monkeys.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Our previous studies demonstrated that @entity4 (a farnesyltransferase inhibitor) enhanced the antineoplastic activity and induction of apoptosis when combined with @entity2 against @entity0 cells. We found that @entity4 induces endogenous expression of @entity3 Waf-1 in @entity0 cells. @entity4 increased the activity of the p21promoter, the level of @entity3 mRNA, and the amount of @entity3 protein. We hypothesized that @entity3 had a proapoptotic effect in cells treated with @entity4 , or @entity2 , or both agents. By measuring viability and @entity1 activity, we found that stably transfected KAT-4 cells with @entity3 cDNA under the control of a metallothionein promoter were more sensitive to @entity4 alone, @entity2 alone, and @entity4 plus @entity2 when @entity3 was induced. The increased sensitivity of the cells with induced @entity3 was associated with an increase in @entity1 activity (i.e. apoptosis). We also found that cells with both @entity3 alleles deleted were less sensitive to @entity4 plus @entity2 than its wild-type parent cells. Expression of @entity3 per se did not induce apoptosis but enhanced the cytotoxic effects of @entity4 and @entity2 . These findings suggested that @entity3 might be required to maintain cell sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of @entity4 and @entity2 .

title: p21 Waf-1 (Cip-1) enhances apoptosis induced by @entity4 and @entity2 in XXXX cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Our previous studies demonstrated that @entity4 (a farnesyltransferase inhibitor) enhanced the antineoplastic activity and induction of apoptosis when combined with @entity2 against @entity0 cells. We found that @entity4 induces endogenous expression of @entity3 Waf-1 in @entity0 cells. @entity4 increased the activity of the p21promoter, the level of @entity3 mRNA, and the amount of @entity3 protein. We hypothesized that @entity3 had a proapoptotic effect in cells treated with @entity4 , or @entity2 , or both agents. By measuring viability and @entity1 activity, we found that stably transfected KAT-4 cells with @entity3 cDNA under the control of a metallothionein promoter were more sensitive to @entity4 alone, @entity2 alone, and @entity4 plus @entity2 when @entity3 was induced. The increased sensitivity of the cells with induced @entity3 was associated with an increase in @entity1 activity (i.e. apoptosis). We also found that cells with both @entity3 alleles deleted were less sensitive to @entity4 plus @entity2 than its wild-type parent cells. Expression of @entity3 per se did not induce apoptosis but enhanced the cytotoxic effects of @entity4 and @entity2 . These findings suggested that @entity3 might be required to maintain cell sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of @entity4 and @entity2 .

title: p21 Waf-1 (Cip-1) enhances apoptosis induced by XXXX and @entity2 in @entity0 cells.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Our previous studies demonstrated that @entity4 (a farnesyltransferase inhibitor) enhanced the antineoplastic activity and induction of apoptosis when combined with @entity2 against @entity0 cells. We found that @entity4 induces endogenous expression of @entity3 Waf-1 in @entity0 cells. @entity4 increased the activity of the p21promoter, the level of @entity3 mRNA, and the amount of @entity3 protein. We hypothesized that @entity3 had a proapoptotic effect in cells treated with @entity4 , or @entity2 , or both agents. By measuring viability and @entity1 activity, we found that stably transfected KAT-4 cells with @entity3 cDNA under the control of a metallothionein promoter were more sensitive to @entity4 alone, @entity2 alone, and @entity4 plus @entity2 when @entity3 was induced. The increased sensitivity of the cells with induced @entity3 was associated with an increase in @entity1 activity (i.e. apoptosis). We also found that cells with both @entity3 alleles deleted were less sensitive to @entity4 plus @entity2 than its wild-type parent cells. Expression of @entity3 per se did not induce apoptosis but enhanced the cytotoxic effects of @entity4 and @entity2 . These findings suggested that @entity3 might be required to maintain cell sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of @entity4 and @entity2 .

title: p21 Waf-1 (Cip-1) enhances apoptosis induced by @entity4 and XXXX in @entity0 cells.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Integration of @entity3 ) DNA into host genome occurs early in @entity1 development and is probably an important event in @entity1 . The HPV genome integration usually disrupts E2 gene open reading frames. It results in the lack of E2 gene suppressor of the synthesis of E6 and E7 products which, in turn, leads to the overexpression of E6 and E7 genes. The oncogenic HPV types ( @entity4 , -18, -45, and -58) can be present as episomes or may integrate into @entity0 chromosomes. Sixty-six cervical @entity1 @entity0 positive for @entity4 were tested for the presence of @entity7 genes. Multiplex PCR was carried out in all cases. Using cluster analysis, the calculated ratios of @entity5 /(E1*E6) gene amplification products were divided into two or three statistically different groups. These were used for statistical analysis of the prevalence of specific gene types in histological types of @entity1 , different levels of clinical staging, and histologically confirmed nodal metastases. The statistical analysis proved a significant correlation in the ratios of @entity6 only. The @entity6 were higher in @entity2 in situ than in advanced @entity1 . The E2/E6 ratios were lower in higher clinical stages. The multiplex PCR estimation of the E2/E6 ratio could be a simple method for selecting @entity0 with a high risk of a poor outcome in a standard stage-dependent treatment procedure.

title: @entity4 status in cervical XXXX cell DNA assayed by multiplex PCR.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Integration of @entity3 ) DNA into host genome occurs early in @entity1 development and is probably an important event in @entity1 . The HPV genome integration usually disrupts E2 gene open reading frames. It results in the lack of E2 gene suppressor of the synthesis of E6 and E7 products which, in turn, leads to the overexpression of E6 and E7 genes. The oncogenic HPV types ( @entity4 , -18, -45, and -58) can be present as episomes or may integrate into @entity0 chromosomes. Sixty-six cervical @entity1 @entity0 positive for @entity4 were tested for the presence of @entity7 genes. Multiplex PCR was carried out in all cases. Using cluster analysis, the calculated ratios of @entity5 /(E1*E6) gene amplification products were divided into two or three statistically different groups. These were used for statistical analysis of the prevalence of specific gene types in histological types of @entity1 , different levels of clinical staging, and histologically confirmed nodal metastases. The statistical analysis proved a significant correlation in the ratios of @entity6 only. The @entity6 were higher in @entity2 in situ than in advanced @entity1 . The E2/E6 ratios were lower in higher clinical stages. The multiplex PCR estimation of the E2/E6 ratio could be a simple method for selecting @entity0 with a high risk of a poor outcome in a standard stage-dependent treatment procedure.

title: XXXX status in cervical @entity2 cell DNA assayed by multiplex PCR.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity6 is classified by a combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics into Lancefield group C alpha-hemolytic @entity6 . dysgalactiae and Lancefield group C, group G, and group L beta-hemolytic @entity7 . In this study, we report the isolation of a catalase-negative, alpha-hemolytic, optochin- and @entity4 -resistant viridans group strain, which does not grow in 10 or 40% bile, on MacConkey agar or bile esculin agar, or in 6% @entity3 , from the blood culture of a 73-year-old @entity0 with @entity5 and poststreptococcal @entity2 . Lancefield grouping revealed that the strain was a group G @entity7 . The Vitek system (GPI) showed that it was unidentified, and the API system (20 STREP) showed that it was 95.7% @entity6 . dysgalactiae. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that it was a strain of @entity6 . Based on phylogenetic affiliation with 16S rRNA gene or GroEL @entity1 (another bacterial gene, in addition to 16S rRNA gene, that is highly conserved) sequences, the strain is most closely related to Lancefield group C beta-hemolytic @entity7 . PCR amplification and sequencing of the streptolysin S structural gene (sagA) and M protein gene (emm) hypervariable region showed the presence of these suspected primary virulence factors. Further studies would delineate whether the isolate is just a hemolysin-deficient variant of group G beta-hemolytic @entity7 or a novel type of @entity6 . The present case showed that group G alpha-hemolytic @entity7 can be associated with serious invasive infection and poststreptococcal sequelae.

title: Analysis of a viridans group strain reveals a case of bacteremia due to lancefield group G alpha-hemolytic @entity7 in a @entity0 with XXXX and @entity2 .

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity6 is classified by a combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics into Lancefield group C alpha-hemolytic @entity6 . dysgalactiae and Lancefield group C, group G, and group L beta-hemolytic @entity7 . In this study, we report the isolation of a catalase-negative, alpha-hemolytic, optochin- and @entity4 -resistant viridans group strain, which does not grow in 10 or 40% bile, on MacConkey agar or bile esculin agar, or in 6% @entity3 , from the blood culture of a 73-year-old @entity0 with @entity5 and poststreptococcal @entity2 . Lancefield grouping revealed that the strain was a group G @entity7 . The Vitek system (GPI) showed that it was unidentified, and the API system (20 STREP) showed that it was 95.7% @entity6 . dysgalactiae. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that it was a strain of @entity6 . Based on phylogenetic affiliation with 16S rRNA gene or GroEL @entity1 (another bacterial gene, in addition to 16S rRNA gene, that is highly conserved) sequences, the strain is most closely related to Lancefield group C beta-hemolytic @entity7 . PCR amplification and sequencing of the streptolysin S structural gene (sagA) and M protein gene (emm) hypervariable region showed the presence of these suspected primary virulence factors. Further studies would delineate whether the isolate is just a hemolysin-deficient variant of group G beta-hemolytic @entity7 or a novel type of @entity6 . The present case showed that group G alpha-hemolytic @entity7 can be associated with serious invasive infection and poststreptococcal sequelae.

title: Analysis of a viridans group strain reveals a case of bacteremia due to lancefield group G alpha-hemolytic @entity7 in a @entity0 with @entity5 and XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity6 is classified by a combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics into Lancefield group C alpha-hemolytic @entity6 . dysgalactiae and Lancefield group C, group G, and group L beta-hemolytic @entity7 . In this study, we report the isolation of a catalase-negative, alpha-hemolytic, optochin- and @entity4 -resistant viridans group strain, which does not grow in 10 or 40% bile, on MacConkey agar or bile esculin agar, or in 6% @entity3 , from the blood culture of a 73-year-old @entity0 with @entity5 and poststreptococcal @entity2 . Lancefield grouping revealed that the strain was a group G @entity7 . The Vitek system (GPI) showed that it was unidentified, and the API system (20 STREP) showed that it was 95.7% @entity6 . dysgalactiae. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that it was a strain of @entity6 . Based on phylogenetic affiliation with 16S rRNA gene or GroEL @entity1 (another bacterial gene, in addition to 16S rRNA gene, that is highly conserved) sequences, the strain is most closely related to Lancefield group C beta-hemolytic @entity7 . PCR amplification and sequencing of the streptolysin S structural gene (sagA) and M protein gene (emm) hypervariable region showed the presence of these suspected primary virulence factors. Further studies would delineate whether the isolate is just a hemolysin-deficient variant of group G beta-hemolytic @entity7 or a novel type of @entity6 . The present case showed that group G alpha-hemolytic @entity7 can be associated with serious invasive infection and poststreptococcal sequelae.

title: Analysis of a viridans group strain reveals a case of bacteremia due to lancefield group G alpha-hemolytic XXXX in a @entity0 with @entity5 and @entity2 .

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity6 is classified by a combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics into Lancefield group C alpha-hemolytic @entity6 . dysgalactiae and Lancefield group C, group G, and group L beta-hemolytic @entity7 . In this study, we report the isolation of a catalase-negative, alpha-hemolytic, optochin- and @entity4 -resistant viridans group strain, which does not grow in 10 or 40% bile, on MacConkey agar or bile esculin agar, or in 6% @entity3 , from the blood culture of a 73-year-old @entity0 with @entity5 and poststreptococcal @entity2 . Lancefield grouping revealed that the strain was a group G @entity7 . The Vitek system (GPI) showed that it was unidentified, and the API system (20 STREP) showed that it was 95.7% @entity6 . dysgalactiae. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that it was a strain of @entity6 . Based on phylogenetic affiliation with 16S rRNA gene or GroEL @entity1 (another bacterial gene, in addition to 16S rRNA gene, that is highly conserved) sequences, the strain is most closely related to Lancefield group C beta-hemolytic @entity7 . PCR amplification and sequencing of the streptolysin S structural gene (sagA) and M protein gene (emm) hypervariable region showed the presence of these suspected primary virulence factors. Further studies would delineate whether the isolate is just a hemolysin-deficient variant of group G beta-hemolytic @entity7 or a novel type of @entity6 . The present case showed that group G alpha-hemolytic @entity7 can be associated with serious invasive infection and poststreptococcal sequelae.

title: Analysis of a viridans group strain reveals a case of bacteremia due to lancefield group G alpha-hemolytic @entity7 in a XXXX with @entity5 and @entity2 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The increased expression of immediate-early genes is a key feature of the myocardial response to @entity1 stimuli. In this study, we investigated whether pressure overload or @entity2 treatment stimulated myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)-dependent transcriptional activation of c-jun in cardiac myocytes. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of @entity0 myocardium demonstrated that p70(MEF2) is highly expressed in the @entity0 heart and is predominantly located at the nuclei of cardiac myocytes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays of myocardial nuclear extracts revealed a consistent DNA binding activation of MEF2 after 1 and 2 hours of pressure overload. We further showed that pressure overload induced a progressive nuclear translocation and activation of @entity3 ( @entity3 ). Coimmunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assays indicated that the activation of @entity3 was paralleled by increased association of @entity3 /p70(MEF2) and by enhanced ability of @entity3 to phosphorylate p70(MEF2). Experiments with in vivo transfection of the left ventricle with the c-jun promoter reporter gene showed that pressure overload induced a consistent increase of c-jun transcriptional activity in the @entity0 myocardium. Rendering the MEF2 site of the c-jun plasmid inactive by mutation abolished the load-induced activation of the c-jun promoter reporter gene. Mutation of the MEF2 site also abolished the @entity2 -induced c-jun promoter activation in neonatal @entity0 ventricular myocytes. In addition, we demonstrated that neonatal @entity0 ventricular myocyte transfection with @entity3 -antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibited the @entity2 -induced c-jun promoter activation. These findings identify MEF2 as a potential regulator of c-jun transactivation and suggest that @entity3 might be an important mediator of MEF2 and c-jun promoter activation in response to @entity1 stimuli in cardiac myocytes.

title: Load-induced transcriptional activation of c-jun in XXXX myocardium: regulation by myocyte enhancer factor 2.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The diagnosis of @entity0 cases of @entity5 often relies upon the demonstration of an antibody response to @entity4 or the direct culturing of the bacteria from the patient. Antibody response is not detectable until 2 weeks or more after @entity2 , and culturing requires special media and suspicion of @entity5 . In addition, handling live @entity4 poses a risk to laboratory personnel due to the highly infectious nature of this pathogen. In an effort to develop a rapid diagnostic assay for @entity5 , we investigated the use of TaqMan 5' hydrolysis fluorogenic PCR to detect the organism in tissues of infected @entity1 . @entity1 were infected to produce @entity3 . The fopA and tul4 genes of @entity4 were amplified from infected spleen, lung, liver, and kidney tissues sampled over a 5-day period. The samples were analyzed using the laboratory-based Applied Biosystems International 7900 and the Smiths Detection-Edgewood BioSeeq, a hand-held portable fluorescence thermocycler designed for use in the field. A comparison of culturing and PCR for detection of bacteria in infected tissues shows that culturing was more sensitive than PCR. However, the results for culture take 72 h, whereas PCR results were available within 4 h. PCR was able to detect @entity2 in all the tissues tested. Lung tissue showed the earliest response at 2 days when tested with the ABI 7900 and in 3 days when tested with the BioSeeq. The results were in agreement between the ABI 7900 and the BioSeeq when presented with the same sample. Template preparation may account for the loss of sensitivity compared to culturing techniques. The hand-held BioSeeq thermocycler shows promise as an expedient means of forward diagnosis of @entity2 in the field.

title: Detection of XXXX within infected @entity1 tissues by using a hand-held PCR thermocycler.

answer: @entity4


abstract: The diagnosis of @entity0 cases of @entity5 often relies upon the demonstration of an antibody response to @entity4 or the direct culturing of the bacteria from the patient. Antibody response is not detectable until 2 weeks or more after @entity2 , and culturing requires special media and suspicion of @entity5 . In addition, handling live @entity4 poses a risk to laboratory personnel due to the highly infectious nature of this pathogen. In an effort to develop a rapid diagnostic assay for @entity5 , we investigated the use of TaqMan 5' hydrolysis fluorogenic PCR to detect the organism in tissues of infected @entity1 . @entity1 were infected to produce @entity3 . The fopA and tul4 genes of @entity4 were amplified from infected spleen, lung, liver, and kidney tissues sampled over a 5-day period. The samples were analyzed using the laboratory-based Applied Biosystems International 7900 and the Smiths Detection-Edgewood BioSeeq, a hand-held portable fluorescence thermocycler designed for use in the field. A comparison of culturing and PCR for detection of bacteria in infected tissues shows that culturing was more sensitive than PCR. However, the results for culture take 72 h, whereas PCR results were available within 4 h. PCR was able to detect @entity2 in all the tissues tested. Lung tissue showed the earliest response at 2 days when tested with the ABI 7900 and in 3 days when tested with the BioSeeq. The results were in agreement between the ABI 7900 and the BioSeeq when presented with the same sample. Template preparation may account for the loss of sensitivity compared to culturing techniques. The hand-held BioSeeq thermocycler shows promise as an expedient means of forward diagnosis of @entity2 in the field.

title: Detection of @entity4 within infected XXXX tissues by using a hand-held PCR thermocycler.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The blockade of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) is effective in @entity3 prevention. Recently, a brief period of @entity8 mAb treatment was reported to induce tolerance and enhancement of @entity4 (+) @entity6 (+) regulatory T cell activity. We therefore determined the efficacy of @entity8 mAb treatment in autoimmunity that resulted from @entity4 (+) @entity6 (+) regulatory T cell deficiency. @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and oocyte autoantibody response of day 3-thymectomized (d3tx) @entity0 were inhibited by continuous @entity8 mAb treatment from day 3, or from days 10-14, whereas @entity8 mAb treatment confined to the neonatal week was ineffective. The enhanced expression of memory markers ( @entity7 and @entity9 (low)) on @entity4 (+) T cells of the d3tx @entity0 was unaffected by @entity8 mAb treatment. In contrast, their increased T cell activation markers ( @entity10 and @entity6 ) were eliminated by @entity8 mAb treatment. Moreover, ex vivo activated T cells of d3tx @entity0 expressed elevated intracellular @entity2 , and this was also blocked by @entity8 mAb. The memory T cells, although nonpathogenic in @entity8 mAb-positive environment, transferred severe @entity5 to @entity8 mAb(-) neonatal recipients. Most importantly, @entity8 mAb treatment inhibited @entity5 in recipients of T cells from d3tx donors with severe @entity5 and led to regression of @entity5 in d3tx @entity0 documented at 4 wk. Therefore, 1) the continuous presence of @entity8 mAb both prevents and causes regression of @entity5 in the d3tx @entity0 ; and 2) the multiple steps of the d3tx @entity3 , including T cell activation, cytokine production, T cell-mediated @entity1 , and tissue injury, are @entity8 dependent.

title: CD40 ligand in pathogenesis of XXXX of day 3-thymectomized @entity0 : implication for CD40 ligand antibody therapy.

answer: @entity5


abstract: The blockade of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) is effective in @entity3 prevention. Recently, a brief period of @entity8 mAb treatment was reported to induce tolerance and enhancement of @entity4 (+) @entity6 (+) regulatory T cell activity. We therefore determined the efficacy of @entity8 mAb treatment in autoimmunity that resulted from @entity4 (+) @entity6 (+) regulatory T cell deficiency. @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and oocyte autoantibody response of day 3-thymectomized (d3tx) @entity0 were inhibited by continuous @entity8 mAb treatment from day 3, or from days 10-14, whereas @entity8 mAb treatment confined to the neonatal week was ineffective. The enhanced expression of memory markers ( @entity7 and @entity9 (low)) on @entity4 (+) T cells of the d3tx @entity0 was unaffected by @entity8 mAb treatment. In contrast, their increased T cell activation markers ( @entity10 and @entity6 ) were eliminated by @entity8 mAb treatment. Moreover, ex vivo activated T cells of d3tx @entity0 expressed elevated intracellular @entity2 , and this was also blocked by @entity8 mAb. The memory T cells, although nonpathogenic in @entity8 mAb-positive environment, transferred severe @entity5 to @entity8 mAb(-) neonatal recipients. Most importantly, @entity8 mAb treatment inhibited @entity5 in recipients of T cells from d3tx donors with severe @entity5 and led to regression of @entity5 in d3tx @entity0 documented at 4 wk. Therefore, 1) the continuous presence of @entity8 mAb both prevents and causes regression of @entity5 in the d3tx @entity0 ; and 2) the multiple steps of the d3tx @entity3 , including T cell activation, cytokine production, T cell-mediated @entity1 , and tissue injury, are @entity8 dependent.

title: CD40 ligand in pathogenesis of @entity5 of day 3-thymectomized XXXX : implication for CD40 ligand antibody therapy.

answer: @entity0


abstract: AIM: It has been demonstrated that branched-chain @entity2 (BCAA) transaminase activation occurs simultaneously with exercise-induced muscle glycogen reduction, suggesting that BCAA supplementation might play an energetic role in this condition. This study aimed to test whether BCAA supplementation enhances exercise capacity and lipid oxidation in glycogen-depleted subjects. METHODS: Using a double-blind cross-over design, volunteers (N.=7) were randomly assigned to either the BCAA (300 mg . kg . day -1) or the placebo (maltodextrine) for 3 days. On the second day, subjects were submitted to an exercise-induced glycogen depletion protocol. They then performed an exhaustive exercise test on the third day, after which time to exhaustion, @entity3 ( @entity3 ), plasma @entity0 , free @entity4 (FFA), blood @entity5 and @entity1 were determined. BCAA supplementation promoted a greater resistance to fatigue when compared to the placebo (+17.2%). Moreover, subjects supplemented with BCAA showed reduced @entity3 and higher plasma @entity0 levels during the exhaustive exercise test. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, BCAA supplementation increases resistance to fatigue and enhances lipid oxidation during exercise in glycogen-depleted subjects.

title: Branched-chain XXXX supplementation enhances exercise capacity and lipid oxidation during endurance exercise after muscle glycogen depletion.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Adequate opsonic capability is vital for normal host defense against @entity2 . The presence of complement fraction 3 ( @entity5 ) indicates both classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, while complement fraction 4 ( @entity6 ) indicates only classical pathway activation. @entity4 ( @entity4 ) functions as an opsonic substance. We measured serum levels of @entity5 , @entity6 , and @entity4 in 32 @entity1 @entity0 . Six suffered minor @entity1 and 26 suffered major @entity1 . Nineteen of the @entity1 @entity0 developed post- @entity1 @entity3 . Complement levels fell immediately after injury and remained low for approximately 8 days in all @entity0 . @entity4 levels rose by 12 h, peaked at 48 h, and correlated with the severity of injury and the presence of @entity3 . Elevated @entity4 levels after 4 days postinjury indicated the presence of @entity3 in all cases. @entity4 elevations preceded clinical diagnosis by an average of 2.4 days. Serial measurements of @entity4 are valuable in monitoring the course of @entity1 @entity0 and may indicate the presence of septic complications before clinical detection.

title: Responses of opsonic substances to major @entity1 and XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Adequate opsonic capability is vital for normal host defense against @entity2 . The presence of complement fraction 3 ( @entity5 ) indicates both classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, while complement fraction 4 ( @entity6 ) indicates only classical pathway activation. @entity4 ( @entity4 ) functions as an opsonic substance. We measured serum levels of @entity5 , @entity6 , and @entity4 in 32 @entity1 @entity0 . Six suffered minor @entity1 and 26 suffered major @entity1 . Nineteen of the @entity1 @entity0 developed post- @entity1 @entity3 . Complement levels fell immediately after injury and remained low for approximately 8 days in all @entity0 . @entity4 levels rose by 12 h, peaked at 48 h, and correlated with the severity of injury and the presence of @entity3 . Elevated @entity4 levels after 4 days postinjury indicated the presence of @entity3 in all cases. @entity4 elevations preceded clinical diagnosis by an average of 2.4 days. Serial measurements of @entity4 are valuable in monitoring the course of @entity1 @entity0 and may indicate the presence of septic complications before clinical detection.

title: Responses of opsonic substances to major XXXX and @entity3 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study evaluated assessments of physical functioning and social functioning using the @entity1 Impact Scale (SIS) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) to characterize health-related quality of life for @entity0 after @entity1 . METHODS: The SIS and SF-36 were administered to 278 @entity1 subjects approximately 90 days after @entity1 . The SIS-16 and SF-36 Physical Functioning (PF) domain characterize physical function, whereas the SIS Participation and SF-36 Social Functioning (SF) domains characterize social function. Descriptive statistics and an analysis of variance were used to characterize physical and social functioning after @entity1 across levels of the @entity2 ( @entity2 ). Rasch analysis was used to compare the hierarchies and ranges of item difficulties in the SIS-16 and the SF-36 PF domains, as well as in the SIS Participation and the SF-36 SF domains. RESULTS: Item hierarchies for the SIS-16 and SF-36 PF domain demonstrate that the SIS-16 contains less difficult items that could differentiate physical function among @entity0 with more severe limitations. Compared with the SF-36 SF domain, the item hierarchy for the SIS Participation domain contained more difficult items that could differentiate social function among @entity0 who were more active. In contrast to SIS-16, the SF-36 PF has major floor effects. In contrast to SIS Participation, the SF-36 SF domain has major ceiling effects. Both SIS-16 and SF-36 PF were able to discriminate well among the @entity2 levels of 0 to 1, 2, 3, and 4. The SIS Participation domain was also able to discriminate across the @entity2 levels of 0 to 1, 2, and 3 to 4. On the other hand, the SF-36 SF was similar among @entity2 levels 0, 1, and 2 and among @entity2 levels 2, 3, and 4. CONCLUSIONS: Both the physical and participation subscales of the SIS cover a wider range of item difficulty than their counterparts from the SF-36. Compared with the SF-36 PF and SF domains, the SIS-16 and SIS Participation are better able to capture physical functioning and social well-being in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: Physical and social functioning after XXXX : comparison of the @entity1 Impact Scale and Short Form-36.

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study evaluated assessments of physical functioning and social functioning using the @entity1 Impact Scale (SIS) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) to characterize health-related quality of life for @entity0 after @entity1 . METHODS: The SIS and SF-36 were administered to 278 @entity1 subjects approximately 90 days after @entity1 . The SIS-16 and SF-36 Physical Functioning (PF) domain characterize physical function, whereas the SIS Participation and SF-36 Social Functioning (SF) domains characterize social function. Descriptive statistics and an analysis of variance were used to characterize physical and social functioning after @entity1 across levels of the @entity2 ( @entity2 ). Rasch analysis was used to compare the hierarchies and ranges of item difficulties in the SIS-16 and the SF-36 PF domains, as well as in the SIS Participation and the SF-36 SF domains. RESULTS: Item hierarchies for the SIS-16 and SF-36 PF domain demonstrate that the SIS-16 contains less difficult items that could differentiate physical function among @entity0 with more severe limitations. Compared with the SF-36 SF domain, the item hierarchy for the SIS Participation domain contained more difficult items that could differentiate social function among @entity0 who were more active. In contrast to SIS-16, the SF-36 PF has major floor effects. In contrast to SIS Participation, the SF-36 SF domain has major ceiling effects. Both SIS-16 and SF-36 PF were able to discriminate well among the @entity2 levels of 0 to 1, 2, 3, and 4. The SIS Participation domain was also able to discriminate across the @entity2 levels of 0 to 1, 2, and 3 to 4. On the other hand, the SF-36 SF was similar among @entity2 levels 0, 1, and 2 and among @entity2 levels 2, 3, and 4. CONCLUSIONS: Both the physical and participation subscales of the SIS cover a wider range of item difficulty than their counterparts from the SF-36. Compared with the SF-36 PF and SF domains, the SIS-16 and SIS Participation are better able to capture physical functioning and social well-being in @entity0 with @entity1 .

title: Physical and social functioning after @entity1 : comparison of the XXXX Impact Scale and Short Form-36.

answer: @entity1


abstract: The physiological roles of neuronal gap junctions in the intact brain are not known. The recent generation of the connexin-36 knock-out ( @entity5 KO) @entity0 has offered a unique opportunity to examine this problem. Recent in vitro recordings in @entity5 KO @entity0 suggested that @entity5 gap junction contributes to various oscillatory patterns in the theta (approximately 5-10 Hz) and gamma (approximately 30-80 Hz) frequency ranges and affects certain aspects of high-frequency (>100 Hz) patterns. However, the relevance of these pharmacologically induced patterns to the intact brain is not known. We recorded field potentials and unit activity in the @entity3 stratum pyramidale of the hippocampus in the behaving @entity1 ( @entity1 ) and @entity5 KO @entity0 . @entity2 (140-200 Hz) were present in both @entity1 and KO @entity0 and did not differ significantly in power, intraepisode frequency, or probability of occurrence. Thus, fast-field oscillations either may not require electrical synapses or may be mediated by a hitherto unknown class of gap junctions. Theta oscillations, recorded during either wheel running or rapid eye @entity4 , were not different either. However, the power in the gamma frequency band and the magnitude of theta-phase modulation of gamma power were significantly decreased in KO @entity0 compared with @entity1 controls during wheel running. This suggests that @entity5 interneuronal gap junctions selectively contribute to gamma oscillations.

title: Selective impairment of hippocampal gamma oscillations in connexin-36 knock-out XXXX in vivo.

answer: @entity0


abstract: Recently we have shown that acute @entity4 ( @entity2 ) exposure suppresses dorsal root-evoked synaptic potentials in spinal motoneurons. To examine the synaptic mechanisms underlying the reduced excitatory activity, @entity2 actions on properties of action potential-independent miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs and mIPSCs) were studied in spinal motoneurons of newborn @entity0 . Properties of mEPSCs generated by activation of @entity3 receptors (NMDARs) and non- @entity1 receptors and of mIPSCs mediated by @entity7 and @entity5 -A receptors (GlyR and @entity5 (A)R) were examined during acute exposure to 70 and 200 mM @entity2 . In the presence of 70 mM @entity2 , the frequency of NMDAR- and non-NMDAR-mediated mEPSCs decreased to 53 +/- 5 and 45 +/- 7% (means +/- SE) of control values, respectively. In contrast, the frequency of GlyR- and @entity5 (A)R-mediated mIPSCs increased to 138 +/- 15 and 167 +/- 23% of control, respectively. Based on the quantal theory of transmitter release, changes in the frequency of miniature currents are correlated with changes in transmitter release, suggesting that @entity2 decreased presynaptic @entity6 release and increased the release of both @entity7 and @entity5 . @entity2 did not change the amplitude or rise and decay times of either mEPSCs or mIPSCs, indicating that the presynaptic changes were not associated with changes in the properties of postsynaptic receptors/channels. Acute exposure to 200 mM @entity2 increased mIPSC frequency two- to threefold, significantly higher than the increase induced by 70 mM @entity2 . However, the decrease in mEPSC frequency was similar to that observed in 70 mM @entity2 . Those findings implied that the regulatory effect of @entity2 on @entity7 and @entity5 release was dose-dependent. Exposure to the higher @entity2 concentration had opposite actions on mEPSC and mIPSC amplitudes: it attenuated the amplitude of NMDAR- and non-NMDAR-mediated mEPSCs to ~80% of control and increased GlyR- and @entity5 (A)R-mediated mIPSC amplitude by ~20%. @entity2 -induced changes in the amplitude of postsynaptic currents were not associated with changes in their basic kinetic properties. Our data suggested that in spinal networks of newborn @entity0 , @entity2 was more effective in modulating the release of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters than changing the properties of their receptors/channels.

title: XXXX dual modulatory actions on spontaneous postsynaptic currents in spinal motoneurons.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Similar phenotypic changes have evolved independently in many animal taxa. It is unknown whether independent changes involve the same or different developmental and genetic mechanisms. Myriad pigment patterns in the genus @entity0 offer numerous opportunities to address this question. Previous studies identified regulatory and structural genes involved in the development and diversification of pigmentation in selected species. Here, we examine @entity0 americana and @entity0 novamexicana, interfertile species that have evolved dramatic pigmentation differences during the few million years since their divergence. Interspecific genetic analysis was used to investigate the contribution of five specific candidate genes and other genomic regions to phenotypic divergence by testing for associations between molecular markers and pigmentation. At least four distinct genomic regions contributed to pigmentation differences, one of which included the @entity2 gene. @entity2 protein was expressed at higher levels in the more yellow D. novamexicana than the heavily melanized D. americana. Because @entity2 promotes yellow pigment formation and suppresses melanization, the expression difference and genetic association suggest that evolution at the @entity2 locus contributed to pigmentation divergence between D. americana and D. novamexicana. Surprisingly, no genetic association with the yellow locus was detected in this study, and Yellow expression was identical in the two species. Evolution at the yellow locus underlies pigmentation divergence among other @entity0 species; thus, similar pigment patterns have evolved through regulatory changes in different genes in different lineages. These findings bear upon understanding classic models of @entity1 and mimicry.

title: XXXX pigmentation evolution: divergent genotypes underlying convergent phenotypes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: Metastatic @entity2 is frequently treated with @entity9 , a topoisomerase-I inhibitor. The @entity10 gene encodes for an enzyme that metabolizes @entity9 , and its genetic variants were shown to be associated with increased @entity3 . We evaluated clinical outcomes associated with the @entity10 *28 variant. METHODS: The study included 329 @entity2 @entity0 from the Israeli population-based Molecular Epidemiology of @entity2 who were treated with a chemotherapy regimen that included @entity9 . @entity0 with @entity1 or disease recurrence were followed up for a median period of 2 years after occurrence of the event. Study end points were appearance of grade 3-4 hematological and gastroenterological @entity3 , hospitalization due to toxic events (mostly @entity8 , @entity5 , @entity6 , or @entity7 ), length of hospitalization, and overall survival. @entity10 *28 was genotyped from peripheral blood DNA by fragment analysis and reported as number of TATA sequence repeats in the promoter of the gene. RESULTS: The 7/7 variant of @entity10 *28 was detected in 11.9% of the 329 @entity0 . Grade 3-4 hematological @entity3 was significantly higher in 7/7 carriers compared with 6/7 and 6/6 carriers (48.0%,10.2%, and 7.7% respectively; P < .001), as was the risk of @entity3 -related hospitalization (45.8%, 25.3%, and 14.4% respectively; P = .001). Both short-term @entity4 within 2 months of treatment start (12.8%, 5.2%, and 2.9%, respectively) and median overall survival (1.6, 2.0, and 2.4 years, respectively; P = .01) were significantly worse in the 7/7 carriers. The age/stage-adjusted hazard ratio for @entity0 with the 7/7 genotype compared with 6/6 was 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity10 *28 7/7 genotype is strongly associated with severe hematological @entity3 and higher hospitalization rate and predicts lower survival of @entity2 in users of @entity9 .

title: Clinical implications of XXXX *28 genotype testing in @entity2 @entity0 .

answer: @entity10


abstract: BACKGROUND: Metastatic @entity2 is frequently treated with @entity9 , a topoisomerase-I inhibitor. The @entity10 gene encodes for an enzyme that metabolizes @entity9 , and its genetic variants were shown to be associated with increased @entity3 . We evaluated clinical outcomes associated with the @entity10 *28 variant. METHODS: The study included 329 @entity2 @entity0 from the Israeli population-based Molecular Epidemiology of @entity2 who were treated with a chemotherapy regimen that included @entity9 . @entity0 with @entity1 or disease recurrence were followed up for a median period of 2 years after occurrence of the event. Study end points were appearance of grade 3-4 hematological and gastroenterological @entity3 , hospitalization due to toxic events (mostly @entity8 , @entity5 , @entity6 , or @entity7 ), length of hospitalization, and overall survival. @entity10 *28 was genotyped from peripheral blood DNA by fragment analysis and reported as number of TATA sequence repeats in the promoter of the gene. RESULTS: The 7/7 variant of @entity10 *28 was detected in 11.9% of the 329 @entity0 . Grade 3-4 hematological @entity3 was significantly higher in 7/7 carriers compared with 6/7 and 6/6 carriers (48.0%,10.2%, and 7.7% respectively; P < .001), as was the risk of @entity3 -related hospitalization (45.8%, 25.3%, and 14.4% respectively; P = .001). Both short-term @entity4 within 2 months of treatment start (12.8%, 5.2%, and 2.9%, respectively) and median overall survival (1.6, 2.0, and 2.4 years, respectively; P = .01) were significantly worse in the 7/7 carriers. The age/stage-adjusted hazard ratio for @entity0 with the 7/7 genotype compared with 6/6 was 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity10 *28 7/7 genotype is strongly associated with severe hematological @entity3 and higher hospitalization rate and predicts lower survival of @entity2 in users of @entity9 .

title: Clinical implications of @entity10 *28 genotype testing in XXXX @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Metastatic @entity2 is frequently treated with @entity9 , a topoisomerase-I inhibitor. The @entity10 gene encodes for an enzyme that metabolizes @entity9 , and its genetic variants were shown to be associated with increased @entity3 . We evaluated clinical outcomes associated with the @entity10 *28 variant. METHODS: The study included 329 @entity2 @entity0 from the Israeli population-based Molecular Epidemiology of @entity2 who were treated with a chemotherapy regimen that included @entity9 . @entity0 with @entity1 or disease recurrence were followed up for a median period of 2 years after occurrence of the event. Study end points were appearance of grade 3-4 hematological and gastroenterological @entity3 , hospitalization due to toxic events (mostly @entity8 , @entity5 , @entity6 , or @entity7 ), length of hospitalization, and overall survival. @entity10 *28 was genotyped from peripheral blood DNA by fragment analysis and reported as number of TATA sequence repeats in the promoter of the gene. RESULTS: The 7/7 variant of @entity10 *28 was detected in 11.9% of the 329 @entity0 . Grade 3-4 hematological @entity3 was significantly higher in 7/7 carriers compared with 6/7 and 6/6 carriers (48.0%,10.2%, and 7.7% respectively; P < .001), as was the risk of @entity3 -related hospitalization (45.8%, 25.3%, and 14.4% respectively; P = .001). Both short-term @entity4 within 2 months of treatment start (12.8%, 5.2%, and 2.9%, respectively) and median overall survival (1.6, 2.0, and 2.4 years, respectively; P = .01) were significantly worse in the 7/7 carriers. The age/stage-adjusted hazard ratio for @entity0 with the 7/7 genotype compared with 6/6 was 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity10 *28 7/7 genotype is strongly associated with severe hematological @entity3 and higher hospitalization rate and predicts lower survival of @entity2 in users of @entity9 .

title: Clinical implications of @entity10 *28 genotype testing in @entity2 XXXX .

answer: @entity0