abstract: The effect of @entity3 and @entity2 on alkaline phosphatase (AP) expression was investigated in @entity1 @entity0 MCF-7 cells. Cellular AP activity was induced significantly by @entity3 or @entity2 in a time-dependent and dose-dependent fashion. A marked synergistic induction of AP activity was observed when the cells were incubated with both agents simultaneously. Two AP isozymes, tissue-nonspecific ( @entity5 ) and intestinal (IAP), were shown to be expressed in MCF-7 cells as confirmed by the differential rate of thermal inactivation of these isozymes and RT-PCR. Based on the two-isozyme thermal-inactivation model, the specific activities for @entity5 and IAP in each sample were analyzed. @entity5 activity was induced only by @entity3 and IAP activity was induced only by @entity2 . Whereas @entity2 conferred no significant effect on @entity5 activity, @entity3 was shown to inhibit IAP activity by approximately 50%. Interestingly, @entity5 was found to be the only isozyme activity superinduced when the cells were costimulated with @entity3 and @entity2 . Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis were then used to demonstrate that the steady-state @entity5 mRNA level was also superinduced, which indicates that the superinduction is regulated at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. In the presence of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist @entity4 , the @entity2 -mediated induction of IAP activity was blocked completely as expected. However, the ability of @entity4 to antagonize the action of glucocorticoid was greatly compromised in @entity2 -mediated superinduction of @entity5 activity. Furthermore, in the presence of @entity3 , @entity4 behaved as an agonist, and conferred superinduction of @entity5 gene expression in the same way as @entity2 . Taken together, these observations suggest that the induction of IAP activity by @entity2 and the superinduction of @entity5 by @entity2 were mediated through distinct regulatory pathways. In addition, @entity3 plays an essential role in the superinduction of @entity5 gene expression by enabling @entity2 to exert its agonist activity, which otherwise has no effect.

title: Expression and regulation of alkaline phosphatases in @entity1 XXXX MCF-7 cells.

answer: @entity0


abstract: The effect of @entity3 and @entity2 on alkaline phosphatase (AP) expression was investigated in @entity1 @entity0 MCF-7 cells. Cellular AP activity was induced significantly by @entity3 or @entity2 in a time-dependent and dose-dependent fashion. A marked synergistic induction of AP activity was observed when the cells were incubated with both agents simultaneously. Two AP isozymes, tissue-nonspecific ( @entity5 ) and intestinal (IAP), were shown to be expressed in MCF-7 cells as confirmed by the differential rate of thermal inactivation of these isozymes and RT-PCR. Based on the two-isozyme thermal-inactivation model, the specific activities for @entity5 and IAP in each sample were analyzed. @entity5 activity was induced only by @entity3 and IAP activity was induced only by @entity2 . Whereas @entity2 conferred no significant effect on @entity5 activity, @entity3 was shown to inhibit IAP activity by approximately 50%. Interestingly, @entity5 was found to be the only isozyme activity superinduced when the cells were costimulated with @entity3 and @entity2 . Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis were then used to demonstrate that the steady-state @entity5 mRNA level was also superinduced, which indicates that the superinduction is regulated at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. In the presence of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist @entity4 , the @entity2 -mediated induction of IAP activity was blocked completely as expected. However, the ability of @entity4 to antagonize the action of glucocorticoid was greatly compromised in @entity2 -mediated superinduction of @entity5 activity. Furthermore, in the presence of @entity3 , @entity4 behaved as an agonist, and conferred superinduction of @entity5 gene expression in the same way as @entity2 . Taken together, these observations suggest that the induction of IAP activity by @entity2 and the superinduction of @entity5 by @entity2 were mediated through distinct regulatory pathways. In addition, @entity3 plays an essential role in the superinduction of @entity5 gene expression by enabling @entity2 to exert its agonist activity, which otherwise has no effect.

title: Expression and regulation of alkaline phosphatases in XXXX @entity0 MCF-7 cells.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This single-institution experience retrospectively reviews the outcomes of @entity0 undergoing reexploration for @entity2 at a high-volume center. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Many @entity0 are referred to tertiary centers with @entity2 after their @entity1 were deemed unresectable at previous laparotomy. In carefully selected @entity0 , @entity1 resection is often possible; however, the perioperative results and long-term outcome have not been well defined. METHODS: From November 1991 through December 1997, 78 @entity0 who underwent previous exploratory laparotomy and/or palliative surgery for suspected @entity2 underwent reexploration. The operative outcome, resectability rate, pathology, and long-term survival rate were compared with 690 concurrent @entity0 who had not undergone previous exploratory surgery. RESULTS: Fifty-two of the 78 @entity0 (67%) undergoing reexploration underwent successful resection by pancreaticoduodenectomy; the remaining 26 @entity0 (34%) were deemed to have unresectable disease. Compared with the 690 @entity0 who had not undergone recent related surgery, the @entity0 in the reoperative group were similar with respect to gender, race, and resectability rate but were significantly younger. The distribution of @entity1 by site in the reoperative group undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 52) was 60%, 19%, 15%, and 6% for pancreatic, ampullary, distal bile duct, and duodenal @entity1 , respectively. These figures were similar to the 65%, 14%, 16% and 5% for resectable @entity1 found in the primary surgery group (n = 460). Intraoperative @entity3 and transfusion requirements did not differ between the two groups. However, the mean operative time was 7.4 hours in the reoperative group, significantly longer than in the control group. On pathologic examination, reoperative @entity0 had @entity1 , and the percentage of @entity0 with positive lymph nodes in the resection specimen was significantly less. The incidence of positive margins was similar between the two groups. Postoperative lengths of stay, complication rates, and perioperative mortality rates were not higher in reoperative @entity0 . The long-term survival rate was similar between the two resected groups, with a median survival of 24 months in the reoperative group and 20 months in those without previous exploration. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that @entity0 undergoing reoperation for @entity2 have similar resectability, perioperative morbidity and mortality, and long-term survival rates as @entity0 undergoing initial exploration. The results suggest that selected @entity0 considered to have unresectable disease at previous surgery should undergo restaging and reexploration at specialized high-volume centers.

title: Reexploration for XXXX : resectability, perioperative results, pathology, and long-term outcome.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have reviewed the results of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in @entity0 with @entity2 . METHODS: Sixty-seven @entity0 underwent operation for @entity1 and RFA concomitantly with the planned procedure. Twenty-two (32.8%) were male and 45 (67.2%) female. The mean duration of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) was 47.4+/-30.4 months (12-192). Logistic regression test was used to perform a risk factor analysis. RESULTS: Two @entity0 died postoperatively (3.0%) and 3 died in the follow-up period (4.5%). One @entity0 (1.5%) required permanent pacemaker. During the hospitalisation, 24 @entity0 (35.8%) had @entity3 but 6 of them returned to the normal sinus rhythm by the time of discharge. Forty-nine @entity0 (73.1%) were discharged with normal sinus rhythm. The mean duration of follow-up was 15.1+/-15.2 months (0-59). Six @entity0 (9.0%) had recurrent @entity3 during the follow-up period. For early @entity3 recurrence male sex was a significant risk factor (p=0.028) with an odds ratio 8627 (CI 95% 1261-59,006). CONCLUSIONS: The low sinus rhythm rate at discharge and high rates of recurrence may be attributed to the disease nature. Males are at increased risk of early @entity3 recurrence but no significant risk factors for late recurrence have been found.

title: Radiofrequency ablation for @entity3 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have reviewed the results of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in @entity0 with @entity2 . METHODS: Sixty-seven @entity0 underwent operation for @entity1 and RFA concomitantly with the planned procedure. Twenty-two (32.8%) were male and 45 (67.2%) female. The mean duration of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) was 47.4+/-30.4 months (12-192). Logistic regression test was used to perform a risk factor analysis. RESULTS: Two @entity0 died postoperatively (3.0%) and 3 died in the follow-up period (4.5%). One @entity0 (1.5%) required permanent pacemaker. During the hospitalisation, 24 @entity0 (35.8%) had @entity3 but 6 of them returned to the normal sinus rhythm by the time of discharge. Forty-nine @entity0 (73.1%) were discharged with normal sinus rhythm. The mean duration of follow-up was 15.1+/-15.2 months (0-59). Six @entity0 (9.0%) had recurrent @entity3 during the follow-up period. For early @entity3 recurrence male sex was a significant risk factor (p=0.028) with an odds ratio 8627 (CI 95% 1261-59,006). CONCLUSIONS: The low sinus rhythm rate at discharge and high rates of recurrence may be attributed to the disease nature. Males are at increased risk of early @entity3 recurrence but no significant risk factors for late recurrence have been found.

title: Radiofrequency ablation for XXXX in @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Wandering is a @entity1 , which occurs in @entity2 or other @entity4 . @entity0 who wander are at risk of physical harm and untimely death. Moreover, wandering behaviour causes a lot of stress to the caregivers. In the last few years, different geolocation devices have been developed in order to minimise risk and manage unsafe wandering. These detection systems rarely meet @entity0 and caregivers' needs because they are not involved in the devices building process. AIM: The aim is to explore the needs and perceptions of wandering @entity0 and their caregivers towards existing tracking devices as well as their acceptability and usability. This paper reports a dyad case. MATERIALS: The tracking system tested is presented as a mobile @entity3 ( @entity3 ) receiver-shaped, including function of telephony and data transfer via GSM/GPRS. METHOD: Dyad @entity0 /caregiver expressed their needs and perceptions towards tracking devices and gave their impressions about the functioning of the tested device at the end of the test. RESULTS: The @entity0 focused on the device's shape which he found too voluminous and unaesthetic, and was unable to give an opinion about the device's functioning. The spouse highlighted malfunctions and usage difficulties, which made the device not appropriate to her needs. CONCLUSION: Involving end-users in the co-design of new technologies is necessary for building tailored devices. Moreover, in this area of @entity4 care, the @entity0 -centred approach is essential to a tailored wandering management.

title: Electronic tracking system and wandering in XXXX : a case study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity8 ) is one of the most common causes of @entity12 in the world. France and Belgium present one of the highest incidence of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) worldwide. Besides, considering only the male population, HNSCCs represent the fourth most frequent @entity1 after prostate, lung and @entity4 . Although the causal link between high-risk HPVs and @entity11 is well established, the implication of this @entity10 in @entity3 remains debatable. Here, we discuss current knowledge concerning the HPV implication in HNSCCs. Based on our literature review, 20 to 25% of HNSCCs could be associated with oncogenic HPVs, in particular HPV type 16. The oropharynx--more precisely the tonsil--is the head and neck location presenting the highest incidence of @entity9 . Moreover, a clear @entity2 incidence has been described. As observed in cervical @entity2 , HPV positive HNSCCs are sexually transmitted and characterized by alterations of @entity5 and @entity7 signalling pathways. Several studies have shown that HPV positive subgroup presented better prognosis particularly if these @entity0 overexpressed @entity6 . New studies regarding HPV status in HNSCCs are warranted to provide a rationale for large scale HPV vaccination in young male populations.

title: [Involvement of XXXX in upper aero-digestive tracts @entity1 ].

answer: @entity8


abstract: @entity8 ) is one of the most common causes of @entity12 in the world. France and Belgium present one of the highest incidence of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) worldwide. Besides, considering only the male population, HNSCCs represent the fourth most frequent @entity1 after prostate, lung and @entity4 . Although the causal link between high-risk HPVs and @entity11 is well established, the implication of this @entity10 in @entity3 remains debatable. Here, we discuss current knowledge concerning the HPV implication in HNSCCs. Based on our literature review, 20 to 25% of HNSCCs could be associated with oncogenic HPVs, in particular HPV type 16. The oropharynx--more precisely the tonsil--is the head and neck location presenting the highest incidence of @entity9 . Moreover, a clear @entity2 incidence has been described. As observed in cervical @entity2 , HPV positive HNSCCs are sexually transmitted and characterized by alterations of @entity5 and @entity7 signalling pathways. Several studies have shown that HPV positive subgroup presented better prognosis particularly if these @entity0 overexpressed @entity6 . New studies regarding HPV status in HNSCCs are warranted to provide a rationale for large scale HPV vaccination in young male populations.

title: [Involvement of @entity8 in upper aero-digestive tracts XXXX ].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Multidrug-resistant cells are believed to contain a plasma-membrane-efflux pump which is hypothesized to expel anticancer drugs from the cytosol to the cell exterior. Many of these drugs are classified as weak bases whose binding to intracellular targets is pH-dependent. Slight alterations in intracellular pH gradients have been shown to affect accumulation, endocytosis and secretion of drugs. In this study, we developed a new method based on confocal spectral imaging analysis to determine intracellular pH gradients in sensitive and MDR @entity0 cells. @entity1 ( @entity2 ) and @entity3 conjugated to dextran (FRD) and SNAFL-calcein-AM were used to determine pH in acidic compartments. Carboxy-SNARF1-AM was used to examine cytosolic pH. We observed that sensitive (HL60, K562, CEM and MCF7) cells exhibit lower acidity of the subcellular organelles than that corresponding to drug-resistant derivatives. Moreover, results obtained with carboxy-SNARF1-AM show that resistant cells display a more alkaline cytosolic pH. This results in a considerably larger pH gradient between the vesicular compartments and the cytosol of resistant cells than of sensitive cells. The lower pH gradient observed in sensitive cells may be related to a disruption in the organization of the @entity4 ( @entity4 ). In drug-resistant cells, the organization of @entity4 appears compact. In addition, confocal microscopic analysis of cells labelled with FRD and SNAFL-calcein showed that sensitive cells contain a lower number of acidified vesicles. This suggest a diminished capacity of these cells to remove protonated drugs from the cytoplasm to secretory compartments followed by their secretion through the activity of the secretory and recycling pathways.

title: Characterization of intracellular pH gradients in human multidrug-resistant XXXX cells by means of scanning microspectrofluorometry and dual-emission-ratio probes.

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) has been identified as a key angiogenic factor involved in the growth and @entity1 . @entity3 ( @entity3 ) are the most common primary @entity0 @entity7 , histo-pathologically characterized by intense @entity1 angiogenesis. GBMs do not harbour oncogenic Ras mutations, but there is a functional up-regulation of Ras signaling through activation of receptor @entity5 kinases overexpressed by these @entity1 . We demonstrate that Ras pathway activation regulates @entity2 secretion in @entity6 cell lines. Ras pathway inhibition was carried out using genetic and pharmacologic techniques. Astrocytoma cells that were transfected to express the dominant inhibitory mutant H-Ras(N17) demonstrated a reduction in @entity2 secretion under both normoxic and @entity4 conditions. Cells treated with the @entity8 transferase inhibitor @entity10 demonstrated similar reductions in @entity2 secretion. Furthermore, @entity6 cells expressing a constitutively phosphorylated and truncated EGF-R common in GBMs ( @entity9 )) demonstrate further elevations in Ras activation, resulting in a further increase in @entity2 secretion. We have previously demonstrated that activation of Ras plays a vital role in transducing mitogenic signals in @entity0 @entity1 cells. Our present results further extend the role of Ras activation in modulating @entity1 angiogenesis in these @entity1 . We propose that Ras may contribute to the angiogenic switch in @entity6 .

title: Normoxic and XXXX regulation of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) by @entity6 cells is mediated by Ras.

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) has been identified as a key angiogenic factor involved in the growth and @entity1 . @entity3 ( @entity3 ) are the most common primary @entity0 @entity7 , histo-pathologically characterized by intense @entity1 angiogenesis. GBMs do not harbour oncogenic Ras mutations, but there is a functional up-regulation of Ras signaling through activation of receptor @entity5 kinases overexpressed by these @entity1 . We demonstrate that Ras pathway activation regulates @entity2 secretion in @entity6 cell lines. Ras pathway inhibition was carried out using genetic and pharmacologic techniques. Astrocytoma cells that were transfected to express the dominant inhibitory mutant H-Ras(N17) demonstrated a reduction in @entity2 secretion under both normoxic and @entity4 conditions. Cells treated with the @entity8 transferase inhibitor @entity10 demonstrated similar reductions in @entity2 secretion. Furthermore, @entity6 cells expressing a constitutively phosphorylated and truncated EGF-R common in GBMs ( @entity9 )) demonstrate further elevations in Ras activation, resulting in a further increase in @entity2 secretion. We have previously demonstrated that activation of Ras plays a vital role in transducing mitogenic signals in @entity0 @entity1 cells. Our present results further extend the role of Ras activation in modulating @entity1 angiogenesis in these @entity1 . We propose that Ras may contribute to the angiogenic switch in @entity6 .

title: Normoxic and @entity4 regulation of XXXX ( @entity2 ) by @entity6 cells is mediated by Ras.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) has been identified as a key angiogenic factor involved in the growth and @entity1 . @entity3 ( @entity3 ) are the most common primary @entity0 @entity7 , histo-pathologically characterized by intense @entity1 angiogenesis. GBMs do not harbour oncogenic Ras mutations, but there is a functional up-regulation of Ras signaling through activation of receptor @entity5 kinases overexpressed by these @entity1 . We demonstrate that Ras pathway activation regulates @entity2 secretion in @entity6 cell lines. Ras pathway inhibition was carried out using genetic and pharmacologic techniques. Astrocytoma cells that were transfected to express the dominant inhibitory mutant H-Ras(N17) demonstrated a reduction in @entity2 secretion under both normoxic and @entity4 conditions. Cells treated with the @entity8 transferase inhibitor @entity10 demonstrated similar reductions in @entity2 secretion. Furthermore, @entity6 cells expressing a constitutively phosphorylated and truncated EGF-R common in GBMs ( @entity9 )) demonstrate further elevations in Ras activation, resulting in a further increase in @entity2 secretion. We have previously demonstrated that activation of Ras plays a vital role in transducing mitogenic signals in @entity0 @entity1 cells. Our present results further extend the role of Ras activation in modulating @entity1 angiogenesis in these @entity1 . We propose that Ras may contribute to the angiogenic switch in @entity6 .

title: Normoxic and @entity4 regulation of @entity2 ( XXXX ) by @entity6 cells is mediated by Ras.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity2 ( @entity2 ) has been identified as a key angiogenic factor involved in the growth and @entity1 . @entity3 ( @entity3 ) are the most common primary @entity0 @entity7 , histo-pathologically characterized by intense @entity1 angiogenesis. GBMs do not harbour oncogenic Ras mutations, but there is a functional up-regulation of Ras signaling through activation of receptor @entity5 kinases overexpressed by these @entity1 . We demonstrate that Ras pathway activation regulates @entity2 secretion in @entity6 cell lines. Ras pathway inhibition was carried out using genetic and pharmacologic techniques. Astrocytoma cells that were transfected to express the dominant inhibitory mutant H-Ras(N17) demonstrated a reduction in @entity2 secretion under both normoxic and @entity4 conditions. Cells treated with the @entity8 transferase inhibitor @entity10 demonstrated similar reductions in @entity2 secretion. Furthermore, @entity6 cells expressing a constitutively phosphorylated and truncated EGF-R common in GBMs ( @entity9 )) demonstrate further elevations in Ras activation, resulting in a further increase in @entity2 secretion. We have previously demonstrated that activation of Ras plays a vital role in transducing mitogenic signals in @entity0 @entity1 cells. Our present results further extend the role of Ras activation in modulating @entity1 angiogenesis in these @entity1 . We propose that Ras may contribute to the angiogenic switch in @entity6 .

title: Normoxic and @entity4 regulation of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) by XXXX cells is mediated by Ras.

answer: @entity6


abstract: PURPOSE: This article reports on the results of a study of the arthroscopic findings in the joint surfaces of osteoarthritic @entity4 ( @entity4 ). @entity0 AND METHODS: Arthroscopy was performed in the upper joint compartment of 40 @entity4 in 40 @entity0 . Thirty-one @entity4 that were diagnosed with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) constituted the @entity2 group. On the basis of the presence of symptoms related to disc displacement and perforation, @entity2 subgroups were defined. Nine @entity4 that were not involved with @entity2 constituted the control group. During the examination, various arthroscopic variables were recorded. Differences between groups and between subgroups were tested statistically. RESULTS: In the @entity2 group, several arthroscopic variables were found significantly more frequently than in the control group. These included retrodiscal tissue redundancy, adhesions, and heightened attachment to the posterior wall of the glenoid fossa; articular disc displacement and limited mobility; and cartilage @entity1 . Moreover, in the @entity2 group, disc displacement was found significantly more frequently in the period after 6 months than during the first 6 months of clinical signs and symptoms. Anterodiscal hypervascularity was found significantly more frequently during the first year than after the first year, as well as more during the first 2 years than after the first 2 years of clinical signs and symptoms, whereas a lowered attachment on the anterior slope of the articular eminence was found significantly more often after 2 years than during the first 2 years of clinical signs and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study suggest that @entity2 of the @entity4 may initially result in synovial tissue hypervascularity, creeping @entity3 , and redundancy, and subsequently in adhesion formation and a reduction of the posterior and anterior recess. Because of cartilage fibrillation on the articular eminence, and the subsequently reduced surface smoothness, the articular disc may become displaced. Eventually, disc mobility is limited, and adhesions and a reduced posterior and anterior recess prevail.

title: Arthroscopic findings in osteoarthritic XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: PURPOSE: A review of surgical outcomes in 280 @entity0 who underwent in-office excision of @entity3 , open wound therapy, and delayed reconstruction is presented. Advantages of open wound therapy and delayed reconstruction are discussed. @entity0 AND METHODS: The surgical records of all @entity0 treated between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1996 were evaluated for outcome and complications. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen @entity0 presented with biopsy-confirmed @entity3 of the head and neck. After surgical excision of the @entity1 , the wounds were treated with a semiocclusive dressing while waiting for the results of the biopsy report and reconstruction (open wound therapy). Eighty-nine percent of the residual @entity3 were repaired within 10 days. The remaining 11% were closed within 35 days. Except for one @entity2 to @entity4 and slight blood oozing from the wound in two @entity0 , no other complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Open wound therapy is an effective method for managing @entity3 after excision of @entity1 . It is cost-effective and can be done quickly as an in-office procedure under local anesthesia without complications.

title: Delayed repair of skin XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: After reconstruction of jejunal @entity2 at the ligament of Treitz, many @entity0 do not respond to simple tapering and @entity1 requiring repetitive operations because of dysfunction of dilated proximal bowel. A new operative approach using lateral duodenectomy and duodenojejunostomy (LDAD) is reported. METHODS: Three @entity0 with @entity2 within 10 cm of the ligament of Treitz were treated with LDAD, and their records are reviewed retrospectively. The entire duodenum is visualized after creating a malrotation; this is followed by opening the dilated duodenum and resecting dilated proximal jejunum. The resection is extended proximally, incorporating the lateral duodenal incision, excising the lateral duodenal wall, and preserving the ampulla. The residual duodenum is fashioned into a tube and anastomosed to the spatulated distal jejunum. RESULTS: Three @entity0 underwent this procedure over a 4-year period. Two had undergone tapering enteroplasties previously but were unable to tolerate oral feedings; 1 @entity0 had LDAD primarily. All were ultimately successfully managed by LDAD and were feeding within 14 days. Follow-up is from 14 to 49 months. CONCLUSION: Although experience is limited to 3 @entity0 , the prompt return of intestinal function with LDAD may justify primary use of this more radical procedure in difficult-to-treat proximal @entity2 .

title: A novel technique for correction of intestinal XXXX at the ligament of Treitz.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Glucagonlike peptide-2 ( @entity5 ), a product of the posttranslational processing of proglucagon, has been shown to enhance mucosal mass and function in both normal intestine and in the residual intestine after massive small bowel resection. This study was designed to determine if a synthetic, protease-resistant analogue of @entity5 (GLP-2alpha) can enhance mucosal mass in small intestine after @entity2 and reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS: Ten young adult male @entity1 underwent laparotomy and superior @entity3 for a period of 40 minutes. During this period of @entity2 , each @entity1 underwent placement of a jugular venous catheter that was connected to a subcutaneously placed osmotic pump designed to deliver its contents over 3 days. The @entity1 were divided into 2 groups based on the contents of the pumps: group 1, saline at 1 microL/h (n = 6) and group 2, GLP-2alpha at 100 microg/kg/d (n = 4). Three days after insertion of the pumps the small intestine was harvested from the surviving @entity1 for determination of mucosal DNA and protein content. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student's t test. RESULTS: After I/R injury to the small intestine, a 3-day systemic infusion of GLP-2alpha significantly increased mucosal DNA content 41% (P<.05) and mucosal protein content 60% (P<.05) when compared with saline-treated controls. In addition, infusion of GLP-2alpha reduced mortality from 50% to 25%. CONCLUSIONS: These data show for the first time that GLP-2alpha enhances mucosal mass following I/R injury to the small intestine. GLP-2alpha may be of benefit to @entity0 with @entity2 syndromes such as @entity4 and @entity6 .

title: Glucagonlike peptide-2 analogue enhances intestinal mucosal mass after XXXX and reperfusion.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Several studies have demonstrated the importance of achieving the American @entity1 Association (ADA) clinical guidelines in adults. However, research is limited on adherence to these guidelines in the pediatric population. This retrospective chart review examined 56 charts from 6 physician offices and 1 multispecialty health care system in Ohio. Variables of interest included recommendations from the 2007 ADA Standards of Medical Care in @entity1 . HgA1c was measured every 3 months in 44.6% of @entity0 , while 55% achieved A1c goal. Blood pressure was monitored in all @entity0 , with 57% meeting goal. Lipids and urine microalbumin were tested annually in 51.7% and 26.7% of @entity0 , respectively. Dilated eye and foot exams were performed on 53.5% and 37.5% of @entity0 , respectively. Adherence to ADA clinical guidelines for pediatric @entity0 with @entity2 2 @entity1 is suboptimal. The authors recommend that specific evidence-based guidelines be evaluated for @entity0 with @entity2 2 @entity1 .

title: XXXX 2 @entity1 in the pediatric population: Are we meeting ADA clinical guidelines in Ohio?

answer: @entity2


abstract: Several studies have demonstrated the importance of achieving the American @entity1 Association (ADA) clinical guidelines in adults. However, research is limited on adherence to these guidelines in the pediatric population. This retrospective chart review examined 56 charts from 6 physician offices and 1 multispecialty health care system in Ohio. Variables of interest included recommendations from the 2007 ADA Standards of Medical Care in @entity1 . HgA1c was measured every 3 months in 44.6% of @entity0 , while 55% achieved A1c goal. Blood pressure was monitored in all @entity0 , with 57% meeting goal. Lipids and urine microalbumin were tested annually in 51.7% and 26.7% of @entity0 , respectively. Dilated eye and foot exams were performed on 53.5% and 37.5% of @entity0 , respectively. Adherence to ADA clinical guidelines for pediatric @entity0 with @entity2 2 @entity1 is suboptimal. The authors recommend that specific evidence-based guidelines be evaluated for @entity0 with @entity2 2 @entity1 .

title: @entity2 2 XXXX in the pediatric population: Are we meeting ADA clinical guidelines in Ohio?

answer: @entity1


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of @entity3 and endobronchial stent placement for bronchial fibrous stenoses and @entity6 after lung transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bronchial dilation and/or stent placement was performed on 25 lung transplant recipients. Indications included severe @entity4 with @entity1 (n = 24) and @entity5 (n = 1). All @entity0 underwent pulmonary function testing (PFT) before and after bronchial dilation, the results of which were evaluated for changes. A total of 63 procedures were performed between February 1996 and December 1998. Thirty-five lesions were treated (18 were due to @entity6 , 17 were due to @entity2 ). Areas treated included the left mainstem bronchus (n = 11), bronchus intermedius (n = 10), right mainstem bronchus (n = 7), left upper lobe bronchus (n = 4), right lower lobe bronchus (n = 2), and right middle lobe bronchus (n = 1). Bronchoscopic and/or bronchographic follow-up ranged from 1 to 34 months (mean, 15 months). RESULTS: Six-month primary patency of stents placed for @entity6 was 71% (10 of 14), with three of the four occlusions caused by mechanical failure of Palmaz stents in the mainstem bronchi. Six-month primary patency for treatment of @entity2 was 29%. Secondary patency at 1 year was 100% for both @entity6 and @entity2 . After treatment, there was a significant improvement in mean PFT results (P = .01-.0001). There was one acute complication, obstruction of the left lower lobe bronchus by a Wallstent treated by dilating a hole in the side of the stent. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 and stent placement are safe and effective for bronchial strictures and @entity6 after lung transplantation, resulting in significant improvement in PFT results. However, there is almost universal restenosis in @entity0 treated for @entity2 necessitating reintervention for prolonged patency.

title: XXXX and endobronchial stent placement for bronchial strictures after lung transplantation.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The aim of the study was presentation of our experiences in the diagnostics and treatment of @entity4 in confrontation with current opinions. Between 1983 and April 1998 308 @entity0 (198 males and 110 females with mean age 61 years) were treated at our department. In 211 cases @entity1 was primarily localized in the head and in 97 cases (31.5%) in the body or tail of pancreas. The diagnosis was determined on the basis of clinical symptoms and laboratory investigations. Diagnostic accuracy of performed investigations was as following. Ultrasonography-86%, CT-scan-95%, and ERCP-94%. Ultrasonography or CT guided biopsy and serodiagnostics improved detectability of resectionable @entity2 in the last past years. Among 308 @entity0 , 292 underwent surgery. Since 1997 an intraoperative ultrasonography and cholangioscopy of common bile duct and Virsung were performed as a routine. The procedures depended on the localization and the grade of advance of the @entity1 . UICC classification of @entity3 , pTNM (4th edition 1987) it was used. Only in 25 @entity0 (8%) ( @entity1 pT1a-bN0M0) it was possible to perform radical operation (resection of the pancreas). However in 172 @entity0 (56%) only palliative procedures were done (pT2N1M0). In 95 @entity0 (31%) only laparotomy and biopsy were performed ( @entity1 pT2N1M1). The study shows that although diagnostic methods are improved, the @entity1 of the pancreas are diagnosed in stages making unable the radical procedures. Only about 10% of @entity2 are resectable. It is caused by with non-characteristic picture of the disease in its early stage.

title: [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of XXXX ].

answer: @entity4


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Mechanical loading of cell-laden synthetic hydrogels is one strategy for regenerating functional cartilage. This work tests the hypothesis that type of loading (continuous vs intermittent) and timing when loading is applied (immediate vs delayed) influence anabolic and catabolic activities of chondrocytes when encapsulated in @entity1 ( @entity2 ) hydrogels. METHODS: Primary @entity0 chondrocytes encapsulated in @entity2 hydrogels were subjected to unconfined dynamic compressive strains applied continuously or intermittently for 1 week (i.e., immediate) or intermittently for 1 week but after a 1 week free-swelling (FS) period (i.e., delayed). Anabolic activities were assessed by gene expression for collagen II and aggrecan (AGC) and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by (immuno)histochemistry. Catabolic activities were assessed by gene expression for matrix metalloproteinases, @entity5 , and 13. RESULTS: Intermittent loading (IL) upregulated ECM and MMP expressions, e.g., 2-fold, 16-fold and 8-fold for collagen II, @entity3 , @entity4 , respectively. Continuous loading upregulated AGC expression 1.5-fold but down-regulated @entity3 (3-fold) and -3 (2-fold) expressions. For delayed loading, chondrocytes responded to FS conditions by down-regulating MMP expressions (P<0.01), but were less sensitive to loading when applied during week 2. Spatially, deposition of ECM molecules was dependent on the timing of loading, where immediate loading favored enhanced collagen II deposition. CONCLUSIONS: The type and timing of dynamic loading dramatically influenced ECM and MMP gene expression and to a lesser degree matrix deposition. Our findings suggest that early applications of IL is necessary to stimulate both anabolic and catabolic activities, which may be important in regenerating and restructuring the engineered tissue long-term.

title: Mechanical loading regimes affect the anabolic and catabolic activities by chondrocytes encapsulated in XXXX hydrogels.

answer: @entity2


abstract: The administration of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells to @entity0 with advanced @entity1 has yielded encouraging results. The purported ability of LAK cells to be discriminatively tumoricidal, thus sparing normal host tissue, represents a major advance over conventional chemotherapy. However, @entity8 adoptive immunotherapy results in dose-limiting @entity3 characterized by @entity7 , @entity9 , @entity6 , and @entity10 suggestive of a @entity5 . It is unclear whether the observed @entity3 is directly related to @entity8 and/or LAK cells. The authors examined the cytolytic nature of @entity0 LAK cells against @entity0 endothelial, epithelial, and fibroblast cell lines. @entity4 endothelial cells also were studied. Using a 51Cr release assay, the cytolytic potential, time course, and effect of reactive @entity2 intermediate inhibitors were studied. LAK cells were uniformly toxic against all cell lines, in contrast to high dose @entity11 and excipient. Significant cytolysis was observed within 30 minutes and increased over the first 2 hours of LAK cells coming in contact with target cells. Reactive @entity2 intermediate inhibitors did not reduce cytolytic activity. The authors thus found @entity0 LAK cells to be rapidly cytolytic against a variety of @entity0 and @entity4 cell lines. This cytolysis was independent of reactive @entity2 intermediates.

title: Nonspecific XXXX of recombinant @entity8 activated lymphocytes.

answer: @entity3


abstract: The administration of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells to @entity0 with advanced @entity1 has yielded encouraging results. The purported ability of LAK cells to be discriminatively tumoricidal, thus sparing normal host tissue, represents a major advance over conventional chemotherapy. However, @entity8 adoptive immunotherapy results in dose-limiting @entity3 characterized by @entity7 , @entity9 , @entity6 , and @entity10 suggestive of a @entity5 . It is unclear whether the observed @entity3 is directly related to @entity8 and/or LAK cells. The authors examined the cytolytic nature of @entity0 LAK cells against @entity0 endothelial, epithelial, and fibroblast cell lines. @entity4 endothelial cells also were studied. Using a 51Cr release assay, the cytolytic potential, time course, and effect of reactive @entity2 intermediate inhibitors were studied. LAK cells were uniformly toxic against all cell lines, in contrast to high dose @entity11 and excipient. Significant cytolysis was observed within 30 minutes and increased over the first 2 hours of LAK cells coming in contact with target cells. Reactive @entity2 intermediate inhibitors did not reduce cytolytic activity. The authors thus found @entity0 LAK cells to be rapidly cytolytic against a variety of @entity0 and @entity4 cell lines. This cytolysis was independent of reactive @entity2 intermediates.

title: Nonspecific @entity3 of recombinant XXXX activated lymphocytes.

answer: @entity8


abstract: To investigate the relationship between cytologic alterations and cellular proliferation during @entity2 remodeling, we examined experimental @entity3 by immunohistochemistry. Plaques were formed on @entity0 aortas by @entity1 -enriched diets and mechanical stimulation over a period of 2 months. Plaques were examined 1 month and 6 months after induction. We used antibodies RAM-11, HHF-35, and monoclonal anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( @entity5 ) antibody for detection of macrophages (Mphi), @entity4 ( @entity4 ), and @entity5 , respectively. One month after induction, the plaques revealed a thickened intima with a fibrofatty histologic pattern or accumulation of foam cells. With either histologic pattern, foam cells were found to be Mphi and proliferative activity was mainly observed in Mphi. Six months after induction, calcification and organization were seen on the induced plaques, suggesting progression of remodeling. There were fewer Mphi and more @entity4 compared with plaques examined 1 month after induction. Proliferative activity was observed mainly in @entity4 . We have demonstrated that the proliferative activity of cell types changes during remodeling of @entity3 . Our results suggest an important relationship between the proliferative activity of @entity4 and remodeling.

title: Changes in the proliferative activities of cells in experimental XXXX plaques during remodeling.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Multiple @entity5 (SA) residues conjugated to a linear @entity4 backbone are more effective than monomeric SA at inhibiting @entity2 -induced agglutination of red blood cells. However, "polymeric inhibitors" based on @entity4 backbones are cytotoxic. @entity3 offer a nontoxic alternative to @entity4 and may provide a variety of potential synthetic inhibitors of @entity2 virus adhesion due to the wide range of available polymer structures. We evaluated several dendritic polymeric inhibitors, including spheroidal, linear, linear-dendron copolymers, comb-branched, and dendrigraft polymers, for the ability to inhibit virus hemagglutination (HA) and to block @entity1 of @entity0 cells in vitro. Four viruses were tested: @entity2 A @entity6 (selectively propagated two ways), X-31 @entity2 A H3N2, and sendai. The most potent of the linear and spheroidal inhibitors were 32-256-fold more effective than monomeric SA at inhibiting HA by the @entity6 @entity2 virus. Linear-dendron copolymers were 1025-8200-fold more effective against @entity6 @entity2 , X-31 @entity2 , and sendai viruses. The most effective were the comb-branched and dendrigraft inhibitors, which showed up to 50000-fold increased activity against these viruses. We were able to demonstrate significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent reduction of @entity2 @entity1 in @entity0 cells by polymeric inhibitors, the first such demonstration for multivalent SA inhibitors. Effective dendrimer polymers were not cytotoxic to @entity0 cells at therapeutic levels. Of additional interest, variation in the inhibitory effect was observed with different viruses, suggesting possible differences due to specific growth conditions of virus. SA-conjugated dendritic polymers may provide a new therapeutic modality for viruses that employ SA as their target receptor.

title: Inhibition of viral adhesion and @entity1 by XXXX -conjugated dendritic polymers.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Multiple @entity5 (SA) residues conjugated to a linear @entity4 backbone are more effective than monomeric SA at inhibiting @entity2 -induced agglutination of red blood cells. However, "polymeric inhibitors" based on @entity4 backbones are cytotoxic. @entity3 offer a nontoxic alternative to @entity4 and may provide a variety of potential synthetic inhibitors of @entity2 virus adhesion due to the wide range of available polymer structures. We evaluated several dendritic polymeric inhibitors, including spheroidal, linear, linear-dendron copolymers, comb-branched, and dendrigraft polymers, for the ability to inhibit virus hemagglutination (HA) and to block @entity1 of @entity0 cells in vitro. Four viruses were tested: @entity2 A @entity6 (selectively propagated two ways), X-31 @entity2 A H3N2, and sendai. The most potent of the linear and spheroidal inhibitors were 32-256-fold more effective than monomeric SA at inhibiting HA by the @entity6 @entity2 virus. Linear-dendron copolymers were 1025-8200-fold more effective against @entity6 @entity2 , X-31 @entity2 , and sendai viruses. The most effective were the comb-branched and dendrigraft inhibitors, which showed up to 50000-fold increased activity against these viruses. We were able to demonstrate significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent reduction of @entity2 @entity1 in @entity0 cells by polymeric inhibitors, the first such demonstration for multivalent SA inhibitors. Effective dendrimer polymers were not cytotoxic to @entity0 cells at therapeutic levels. Of additional interest, variation in the inhibitory effect was observed with different viruses, suggesting possible differences due to specific growth conditions of virus. SA-conjugated dendritic polymers may provide a new therapeutic modality for viruses that employ SA as their target receptor.

title: Inhibition of viral adhesion and XXXX by @entity5 -conjugated dendritic polymers.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Many cell types are currently being studied as potential sources of cardiomyocytes for cell transplantation therapy to repair and regenerate damaged myocardium. The question remains as to which progenitor cell represents the best candidate. Bone marrow-derived cells and endothelial progenitor cells have been tested in clinical studies. These cells are safe, but their cardiogenic potential is controversial. The functional benefits observed are probably due to enhanced angiogenesis, @entity3 , or to cytokine-mediated effects that promote the survival of endogenous cells. @entity0 embryonic stem cells represent an unlimited source of cardiomyocytes due to their great differentiation potential, but each step of differentiation must be tightly controlled due to the high risk of @entity1 formation. These cells, however, confront ethical barriers and there is a risk of graft rejection. These last two problems can be avoided by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), which can be autologously derived, but the high risk of @entity1 formation remains. Cardiac progenitor cells have the advantage of being cardiac committed, but important questions remain unanswered, such as what is the best marker to identify and isolate these cells? To date the different markers used to identify adult cardiac progenitor cells also recognize progenitor cells that are outside the heart. Thus, it cannot be determined whether the cardiac progenitor cells identified in the adult heart represent resident cells present since fetal life or extracardiac cells that colonized the heart after @entity2 . Developmental studies have identified markers of multipotent progenitors, but it is unknown whether these markers are specific for adult progenitors when expressed in the adult myocardium. Cardiac regeneration is dependent on the stability of the cells transplanted into the host myocardium and on the electromechanical coupling with the endogenous cells. Finally, the promotion of endogenous regenerative processes by mobilizing endogenous progenitors represents a complementary approach to cell transplantation therapy.

title: Progenitor cell therapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: This article provides a systematic review of the frequency and severity of adverse gastrointestinal (GI) events among @entity0 using @entity5 , a @entity4 -selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). A MEDLINE search of English language articles from 1990-1998, a manual search of citations from primary trials and review articles, and a manual search of proceedings from international gastroenterology meetings were conducted. Randomized clinical trials comparing the frequency of GI adverse events for @entity5 versus non- @entity4 -selective NSAIDs were selected. Specific data about the frequency of @entity3 ; perforations, @entity2 , and @entity1 (PUBs); and withdrawal of medication because of adverse GI events was also extracted. From a pool of 62 potentially relevant citations, 12 randomized trials were identified. All trials concerning symptomatic GI adverse events used the World Health Organization's Adverse Reaction Terminology List (WHO-ARTL) to code adverse events. @entity0 using @entity5 had fewer GI adverse events compared with non- @entity4 -selective NSAIDs (odds ratio = 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59-0.69). @entity0 using @entity5 experienced less @entity3 (odds ratio = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.64-0.84), fewer PUBs (odds ratio = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28-0.96), and less frequent discontinuation of NSAID because of adverse GI events (odds ratio = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.52-0.67) compared with non- @entity4 selective NSAIDs. @entity5 , a @entity4 -selective NSAID, appears to cause fewer adverse GI events than standard, non- @entity4 -selective NSAIDs. However, the generalizability of these data may be limited by the low dose of @entity5 used in most trials and the use of the WHO-ARTL to code adverse events.

title: Gastrointestinal safety profile of XXXX : a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

answer: @entity5


abstract: PURPOSE: The primary aim was to describe the response of plasma @entity2 kinase (CK) activity in a sample of African-American @entity0 after a bout of eccentric exercise. The study also described signal intensity changes detected by MR in the musculature of the right lower leg. METHODS: Subjects were 20 male volunteers of African descent (age = 24 +/- 4 [mean +/- SD] yr). Each walked backward for 60 min at 3 km x h(-1) down a 23% grade. Venous blood was sampled before exercise, immediately (0 d) after and 1, 2, 4, and 7 d after exercise for plasma CK assay. @entity3 was evaluated in 18 subjects at selected times during the 7 d postexercise. @entity1 was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: The subjects had high baseline plasma CK activity (187 +/- 127 IU x L(-1); 163 +/- 70 IU x L(-1) with one outlier excluded) compared with typical clinical norms. As a group, CK activity was increased (P < 0.05) 4 d (980 +/- 1331 IU L(-1)) and 7 d (1022 +/- 1031 IU L(-1)) postexercise, compared with preexercise. Eleven (55%) of the subjects had large, delayed increases in plasma CK activity ("hyperresponses"). As a group, the plasma CK response was similar to responses of comparison Caucasian subjects. All subjects reported delayed muscle soreness; there was no association between soreness and plasma CK. Every subject showed MRI evidence of @entity1 but varying in degree and time course. Plasma CK activity correlated to MRI signal intensity (rho = 0.445). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that changes in plasma CK activity and skeletal @entity1 in African-American @entity0 after eccentric exercise do not differ from the responses of Caucasians.

title: Plasma XXXX kinase responses of 18- to 30-yr-old African-American @entity0 to eccentric exercise.

answer: @entity2


abstract: PURPOSE: The primary aim was to describe the response of plasma @entity2 kinase (CK) activity in a sample of African-American @entity0 after a bout of eccentric exercise. The study also described signal intensity changes detected by MR in the musculature of the right lower leg. METHODS: Subjects were 20 male volunteers of African descent (age = 24 +/- 4 [mean +/- SD] yr). Each walked backward for 60 min at 3 km x h(-1) down a 23% grade. Venous blood was sampled before exercise, immediately (0 d) after and 1, 2, 4, and 7 d after exercise for plasma CK assay. @entity3 was evaluated in 18 subjects at selected times during the 7 d postexercise. @entity1 was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: The subjects had high baseline plasma CK activity (187 +/- 127 IU x L(-1); 163 +/- 70 IU x L(-1) with one outlier excluded) compared with typical clinical norms. As a group, CK activity was increased (P < 0.05) 4 d (980 +/- 1331 IU L(-1)) and 7 d (1022 +/- 1031 IU L(-1)) postexercise, compared with preexercise. Eleven (55%) of the subjects had large, delayed increases in plasma CK activity ("hyperresponses"). As a group, the plasma CK response was similar to responses of comparison Caucasian subjects. All subjects reported delayed muscle soreness; there was no association between soreness and plasma CK. Every subject showed MRI evidence of @entity1 but varying in degree and time course. Plasma CK activity correlated to MRI signal intensity (rho = 0.445). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that changes in plasma CK activity and skeletal @entity1 in African-American @entity0 after eccentric exercise do not differ from the responses of Caucasians.

title: Plasma @entity2 kinase responses of 18- to 30-yr-old African-American XXXX to eccentric exercise.

answer: @entity0


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The exposure to intense physical and psychological stress during intensive care can result in @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in survivors. @entity2 is a biological stress mediator that can have a protective effect during severe stress. The administration of stress doses of @entity2 during treatment in the intensive care unit could theoretically result in a lower incidence of @entity3 . We tested this hypothesis in survivors of @entity1 . DESIGN: A retrospective case-controlled analysis. SETTING: A 20-bed multidisciplinary intensive care unit of a tertiary-care university hospital. @entity0 : We identified 27 @entity0 who received standard therapy for @entity1 . These @entity0 served as controls and were compared with an equal number of @entity0 who received @entity2 in addition to standard treatment. These @entity0 were selected from our database with regard to age (+/-4 yrs), gender, and cause of @entity1 to be as similar as possible with control @entity0 . INTERVENTIONS: @entity0 from the @entity2 group had received stress doses of @entity2 (100 mg bolus, followed by 0.18 mg/kg/hr) in addition to standard treatment. @entity0 from the control group received standard protocol-driven treatment only. @entity3 was diagnosed with the Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome-10 inventory, a self-report scale for diagnosis of @entity3 . Health-related quality of life was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Survey (Medical Outcomes Trust, Boston, MA), which consists of 36 questions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: @entity0 who received @entity2 during @entity1 had a significantly lower incidence of @entity3 than @entity0 who received standard treatment only (5 of 27 vs. 16 of 27; p = .01) and had significantly higher scores on the mental health index of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form health-related quality-of-life questionnaire (68 vs. 44 points; p = .009). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study support the hypothesis that the administration of stress doses of @entity2 in doses equivalent to the maximal endocrine secretion rate during @entity1 reduces the incidence of @entity3 and improves emotional well-being in survivors. This hypothesis should be tested in a prospective randomized trial.

title: The effect of stress doses of @entity2 during @entity1 on XXXX and health-related quality of life in survivors.

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The exposure to intense physical and psychological stress during intensive care can result in @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in survivors. @entity2 is a biological stress mediator that can have a protective effect during severe stress. The administration of stress doses of @entity2 during treatment in the intensive care unit could theoretically result in a lower incidence of @entity3 . We tested this hypothesis in survivors of @entity1 . DESIGN: A retrospective case-controlled analysis. SETTING: A 20-bed multidisciplinary intensive care unit of a tertiary-care university hospital. @entity0 : We identified 27 @entity0 who received standard therapy for @entity1 . These @entity0 served as controls and were compared with an equal number of @entity0 who received @entity2 in addition to standard treatment. These @entity0 were selected from our database with regard to age (+/-4 yrs), gender, and cause of @entity1 to be as similar as possible with control @entity0 . INTERVENTIONS: @entity0 from the @entity2 group had received stress doses of @entity2 (100 mg bolus, followed by 0.18 mg/kg/hr) in addition to standard treatment. @entity0 from the control group received standard protocol-driven treatment only. @entity3 was diagnosed with the Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome-10 inventory, a self-report scale for diagnosis of @entity3 . Health-related quality of life was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Survey (Medical Outcomes Trust, Boston, MA), which consists of 36 questions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: @entity0 who received @entity2 during @entity1 had a significantly lower incidence of @entity3 than @entity0 who received standard treatment only (5 of 27 vs. 16 of 27; p = .01) and had significantly higher scores on the mental health index of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form health-related quality-of-life questionnaire (68 vs. 44 points; p = .009). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study support the hypothesis that the administration of stress doses of @entity2 in doses equivalent to the maximal endocrine secretion rate during @entity1 reduces the incidence of @entity3 and improves emotional well-being in survivors. This hypothesis should be tested in a prospective randomized trial.

title: The effect of stress doses of @entity2 during XXXX on @entity3 and health-related quality of life in survivors.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The exposure to intense physical and psychological stress during intensive care can result in @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in survivors. @entity2 is a biological stress mediator that can have a protective effect during severe stress. The administration of stress doses of @entity2 during treatment in the intensive care unit could theoretically result in a lower incidence of @entity3 . We tested this hypothesis in survivors of @entity1 . DESIGN: A retrospective case-controlled analysis. SETTING: A 20-bed multidisciplinary intensive care unit of a tertiary-care university hospital. @entity0 : We identified 27 @entity0 who received standard therapy for @entity1 . These @entity0 served as controls and were compared with an equal number of @entity0 who received @entity2 in addition to standard treatment. These @entity0 were selected from our database with regard to age (+/-4 yrs), gender, and cause of @entity1 to be as similar as possible with control @entity0 . INTERVENTIONS: @entity0 from the @entity2 group had received stress doses of @entity2 (100 mg bolus, followed by 0.18 mg/kg/hr) in addition to standard treatment. @entity0 from the control group received standard protocol-driven treatment only. @entity3 was diagnosed with the Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome-10 inventory, a self-report scale for diagnosis of @entity3 . Health-related quality of life was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Survey (Medical Outcomes Trust, Boston, MA), which consists of 36 questions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: @entity0 who received @entity2 during @entity1 had a significantly lower incidence of @entity3 than @entity0 who received standard treatment only (5 of 27 vs. 16 of 27; p = .01) and had significantly higher scores on the mental health index of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form health-related quality-of-life questionnaire (68 vs. 44 points; p = .009). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study support the hypothesis that the administration of stress doses of @entity2 in doses equivalent to the maximal endocrine secretion rate during @entity1 reduces the incidence of @entity3 and improves emotional well-being in survivors. This hypothesis should be tested in a prospective randomized trial.

title: The effect of stress doses of XXXX during @entity1 on @entity3 and health-related quality of life in survivors.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity7 is an analogue of @entity6 and @entity8 which does not require metabolic activation and is sufficiently soluble to allow parenteral administration. A Phase I trial has been performed at the Royal Marsden Hospital in which two schedules of administration have been evaluated, a single i.v. infusion repeated every 3 weeks and 3 daily doses repeated every 3 weeks. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed at all dose levels on both schedules and a linear correlation was demonstrated between dose and area under the curve. Myelosuppression was dose limiting for single dose administration with a maximum tolerated dose of 2400 mg/m2. Median leukocyte nadirs at 1800, 2100, and 2400 mg/m2 were 3.2, 2.6, and 1.5 x 10(9)/liter. @entity5 and @entity4 also occurred but were not dose limiting. Doses greater than 1500 mg/m2 caused WHO grade 3 @entity2 and @entity3 but no acute sedation. Three day administration appeared to be less myelosuppressive, giving a maximum tolerated dose of 1000 mg/m2. Median leukocyte nadirs at 800, 900, and 1000 mg/m2 daily for 3 days were 3.0, 2.3, and 1.5 x 10(9)/liter. Nonhematological @entity1 were also less marked on the fractionated schedule. Antitumor effects were observed including 1 complete and 9 partial responses. Demonstration of activity in @entity0 has led to further evaluation in this disease using the 3-day schedule at a dose of 800 mg/m2 daily for 3 days.

title: Phase I trial and pharmacokinetics of XXXX ( @entity7 ).

answer: @entity7


abstract: @entity7 is an analogue of @entity6 and @entity8 which does not require metabolic activation and is sufficiently soluble to allow parenteral administration. A Phase I trial has been performed at the Royal Marsden Hospital in which two schedules of administration have been evaluated, a single i.v. infusion repeated every 3 weeks and 3 daily doses repeated every 3 weeks. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed at all dose levels on both schedules and a linear correlation was demonstrated between dose and area under the curve. Myelosuppression was dose limiting for single dose administration with a maximum tolerated dose of 2400 mg/m2. Median leukocyte nadirs at 1800, 2100, and 2400 mg/m2 were 3.2, 2.6, and 1.5 x 10(9)/liter. @entity5 and @entity4 also occurred but were not dose limiting. Doses greater than 1500 mg/m2 caused WHO grade 3 @entity2 and @entity3 but no acute sedation. Three day administration appeared to be less myelosuppressive, giving a maximum tolerated dose of 1000 mg/m2. Median leukocyte nadirs at 800, 900, and 1000 mg/m2 daily for 3 days were 3.0, 2.3, and 1.5 x 10(9)/liter. Nonhematological @entity1 were also less marked on the fractionated schedule. Antitumor effects were observed including 1 complete and 9 partial responses. Demonstration of activity in @entity0 has led to further evaluation in this disease using the 3-day schedule at a dose of 800 mg/m2 daily for 3 days.

title: Phase I trial and pharmacokinetics of @entity7 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity7


abstract: The transformed monocyte/macrophage cell line J774.2 undergoes apoptosis when treated for 48 h with competitive inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes 1 and 2. Many of these nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but in particular @entity2 , induce during this time period a COX activity that coincides with a robust induction of @entity3 protein. Induction of this activity requires high, apoptosis-inducing concentrations of @entity2 (>100 microM). Prolonged treatment of J774.2 cells with lower doses of @entity2 inhibits COX activity, indicating that @entity2 is a time-dependent, pseudoirreversible inhibitor of @entity3 . It is difficult to wash out the inhibition. However, the activity evoked by high concentrations of @entity2 has a profoundly distinct COX active site that allows @entity2 , its inducer, to be washed readily from its active site. The @entity2 -induced activity also has the unusual property of being more sensitive to inhibition by @entity1 (IC50 = 0.1-1.0 mM) than @entity3 induced with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, relative to @entity4 or @entity3 , @entity2 -induced enzyme activity shows significantly reduced sensitivity to inhibition by @entity2 or other competitively acting nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the enzyme activity is insensitive to @entity0 . If the robust induction of @entity3 observed is responsible for @entity2 -induced COX enzyme activity, it is clear that @entity3 can, therefore, exist in two catalytically active states. A luciferase reporter-construct that contains part of the @entity3 structure and binds into the membrane showed that chronic @entity2 treatment of fibroblasts results in marked mobilization of the fusion protein. Such a mobilization could result in enzymatically distinct @entity3 populations in response to chronic @entity2 treatment.

title: Induction of an XXXX -sensitive cyclooxygenase with reduced sensitivity to nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs.

answer: @entity1


abstract: We recently reported that @entity1 -deficient @entity0 showed characteristic @entity2 . In the present study, we investigated how this @entity2 occurred particularly in pre- and postnatal stages. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a number of TSH-immunopositive cells in the @entity1 -/- pituitary on embryonic day 17.5 and at birth. The mutant pituitary at birth in pups born from @entity1 -deficient dams also showed no apparent morphological changes, indicating no requirement of either maternal or embryonic @entity1 for the development of pituitary thyrotrophs. In contrast, apparent decreases in number and level of staining of TSH-immunopositive cells were observed after postnatal day 10 in mutant pituitary. Similar decreases were observed in the 8-week-old mutant pituitary, while no apparent changes were observed in other pituitary hormone-producing cells, and prolonged @entity1 administration completely reversed this effect. Consistent with these morphological results, @entity1 -/- @entity0 showed normal @entity3 levels at birth, but the subsequent postnatal increase was depressed, resulting in @entity2 . As expected, TSH content in the @entity1 -/- pituitary showed a marked reduction to only 40% of that in the wild type. Despite @entity2 in the mutant @entity0 , both the pituitary TSHbeta and alpha mRNA levels were lower than those of the wild-type pituitary. These phenotypic changes were specific to the pituitary thyrotrophs. These findings indicated that 1) @entity1 is essential only for the postnatal maintenance of the normal function of pituitary thyrotrophs, including the normal feedback regulation of the TSH gene by thyroid hormone; 2) neither maternal nor embryonic @entity1 is required for normal development of the fetal pituitary thyrotroph; and 3) @entity1 -deficient @entity0 do not exhibit @entity2 at birth. Moreover, reflecting its name, @entity1 has more critical effects on the pituitary thyrotrophs than on other pituitary hormone-producing cells.

title: Requirement of thyrotropin-releasing hormone for the postnatal functions of pituitary thyrotrophs: ontogeny study of congenital XXXX in @entity0 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: We recently reported that @entity1 -deficient @entity0 showed characteristic @entity2 . In the present study, we investigated how this @entity2 occurred particularly in pre- and postnatal stages. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a number of TSH-immunopositive cells in the @entity1 -/- pituitary on embryonic day 17.5 and at birth. The mutant pituitary at birth in pups born from @entity1 -deficient dams also showed no apparent morphological changes, indicating no requirement of either maternal or embryonic @entity1 for the development of pituitary thyrotrophs. In contrast, apparent decreases in number and level of staining of TSH-immunopositive cells were observed after postnatal day 10 in mutant pituitary. Similar decreases were observed in the 8-week-old mutant pituitary, while no apparent changes were observed in other pituitary hormone-producing cells, and prolonged @entity1 administration completely reversed this effect. Consistent with these morphological results, @entity1 -/- @entity0 showed normal @entity3 levels at birth, but the subsequent postnatal increase was depressed, resulting in @entity2 . As expected, TSH content in the @entity1 -/- pituitary showed a marked reduction to only 40% of that in the wild type. Despite @entity2 in the mutant @entity0 , both the pituitary TSHbeta and alpha mRNA levels were lower than those of the wild-type pituitary. These phenotypic changes were specific to the pituitary thyrotrophs. These findings indicated that 1) @entity1 is essential only for the postnatal maintenance of the normal function of pituitary thyrotrophs, including the normal feedback regulation of the TSH gene by thyroid hormone; 2) neither maternal nor embryonic @entity1 is required for normal development of the fetal pituitary thyrotroph; and 3) @entity1 -deficient @entity0 do not exhibit @entity2 at birth. Moreover, reflecting its name, @entity1 has more critical effects on the pituitary thyrotrophs than on other pituitary hormone-producing cells.

title: Requirement of thyrotropin-releasing hormone for the postnatal functions of pituitary thyrotrophs: ontogeny study of congenital @entity2 in XXXX .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The 66 randomized @entity0 with mild @entity2 who took part in this study were divided into three nearly equal groups. Group one was treated with true acupuncture during the first and the fourth month (up to week 16). Group two was treated similarly but needled at non-acupuncture points. The third group served as a control. All @entity0 were allowed to maintain their normal asthma medication with the recommendation to keep the regimen unchanged until week 20, i. e. 4 weeks after termination of the specific treatment. The changes in peak flow variability up to week 16 served as main outcome criterion. Additional parameters included several spirometric analyses as well as various markers in blood and sputum that are specific for the allergic inflammatory reaction of the upper respiratory tract. The values measured showed considerable individual variability. This impeded the demonstration of efficacy. In conclusion it can be stated that there was a consistent, positive yet unspecified effect of the needling in both treated groups which can be interpreted as a trend in affecting the @entity1 . This effect could have been more pronounced or even clinically relevant for certain individuals had one considered a separate analysis of the data of each @entity0 .

title: [Acupuncture and XXXX ].

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Normal weight @entity1 (NWO) is defined as an excessive body fat associated with a normal body mass index (BMI) and has been associated with early @entity2 , but its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors await investigation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional study including 3213 @entity0 and 2912 @entity0 aged 35-75 years to assess the clinical characteristics of NWO in Lausanne, Switzerland. Body fat was assessed by bioimpedance. NWO was defined as a BMI<25 kg/m(2) and a % body fat >= 66(th) gender-specific percentiles. The prevalence of NWO was 5.4% in @entity0 and less than 3% in @entity0 , so the analysis was restricted to @entity0 . NWO @entity0 had a higher % of body fat than overweight @entity0 . After adjusting for age, smoking, educational level, physical activity and @entity3 consumption, NWO @entity0 had higher blood pressure and lipid levels and a higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia (odds-ratio=1.90 [1.34-2.68]) and fasting hyperglycaemia (odds-ratio=1.63 [1.10-2.42]) than lean @entity0 , whereas no differences were found between NWO and overweight @entity0 . Conversely, no differences were found between NWO and lean @entity0 regarding levels of CRP, @entity6 and liver markers ( @entity5 aminotransferase, @entity4 aminotransferase and @entity7 transferase). Using other definitions of NWO led to similar conclusions, albeit some differences were no longer significant. CONCLUSION: NWO is almost nonexistent in @entity0 . @entity0 with NWO present with higher cardiovascular risk factors than lean @entity0 , while no differences were found for liver or inflammatory markers. Specific screening of NWO might be necessary in order to implement cardiovascular prevention.

title: Normal weight XXXX : relationship with lipids, glycaemic status, liver enzymes and @entity2 .

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Normal weight @entity1 (NWO) is defined as an excessive body fat associated with a normal body mass index (BMI) and has been associated with early @entity2 , but its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors await investigation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional study including 3213 @entity0 and 2912 @entity0 aged 35-75 years to assess the clinical characteristics of NWO in Lausanne, Switzerland. Body fat was assessed by bioimpedance. NWO was defined as a BMI<25 kg/m(2) and a % body fat >= 66(th) gender-specific percentiles. The prevalence of NWO was 5.4% in @entity0 and less than 3% in @entity0 , so the analysis was restricted to @entity0 . NWO @entity0 had a higher % of body fat than overweight @entity0 . After adjusting for age, smoking, educational level, physical activity and @entity3 consumption, NWO @entity0 had higher blood pressure and lipid levels and a higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia (odds-ratio=1.90 [1.34-2.68]) and fasting hyperglycaemia (odds-ratio=1.63 [1.10-2.42]) than lean @entity0 , whereas no differences were found between NWO and overweight @entity0 . Conversely, no differences were found between NWO and lean @entity0 regarding levels of CRP, @entity6 and liver markers ( @entity5 aminotransferase, @entity4 aminotransferase and @entity7 transferase). Using other definitions of NWO led to similar conclusions, albeit some differences were no longer significant. CONCLUSION: NWO is almost nonexistent in @entity0 . @entity0 with NWO present with higher cardiovascular risk factors than lean @entity0 , while no differences were found for liver or inflammatory markers. Specific screening of NWO might be necessary in order to implement cardiovascular prevention.

title: Normal weight @entity1 : relationship with lipids, glycaemic status, liver enzymes and XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: Immune effector mechanisms are central to the disease process in @entity2 , but it is not clear whether the mucosal or @entity10 are primary phenomena, or are secondary to disease activity. Corticosteroid drugs remain the most effective treatment for active disease, but there is no evidence that they are useful for maintenance therapy. Some @entity0 , however, are dependent on low-dose @entity7 , and relapse when the drug is withdrawn. These drugs have widespread actions on the immune response, and monocytes are particularly sensitive to @entity7 . In contrast, @entity12 and @entity11 are effective in maintenance therapy, but do not act primarily by immunosuppressive mechanisms. They are effective in maintenance therapy of @entity4 , and mild relapses of @entity4 and @entity3 . New preparations of @entity11 have reduced side effects, many of which are due to @entity15 . @entity8 and @entity13 are used less widely: in @entity3 there is reasonable evidence for benefit in chronic active disease unresponsive to @entity7 , and maintenance of remission. In @entity4 , the position is less clearcut. Overall, trials favour an effect in chronic active disease, and there are pointers to an effect in maintenance of remission. Because of their side effects, in particular marrow suppression, these drugs should be reserved for second-line therapy. Similarly, other cytotoxic drugs are not used because of their side effects. More recently, @entity6 , with its selective action on @entity9 release and/or synthesis, and inhibition of helper T cell function, has been shown to be helpful in @entity3 . At present it should only be used in controlled trials, for @entity0 with unresponsive disease in whom surgery is contraindicated. @entity1 may limit long term use. There is little data for @entity6 in @entity4 . On the basis that there may be an underlying @entity10 in @entity3 leading to @entity5 , immunostimulant therapy has been used, but there is no evidence for benefit from treatment with BCG or @entity14 in active disease or in maintenance therapy. 7S-Immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis or T-lymphocyte apheresis have been used in acute relapse, but evidence is anecdotal, and does not support their use except as a desperate measure to avoid surgery. Further well-designed controlled trials are needed to define the role of all these drugs, and further research into the mechanism of action on the immune response may shed light on the pathogenesis of @entity2 .

title: Immunosuppressive drugs in XXXX . A review of their mechanisms of efficacy and place in therapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: Weight loss and the acute-phase response have been associated with poor quality of life and survival in advanced @entity3 ; however, little information is available on changes in these factors over time and their interrelationships. This study examined changes in weight, Karnofsky performance status, @entity4 ( @entity4 ), and serum albumin in 25 @entity0 with advanced @entity3 given supportive symptomatic treatment only. @entity0 were assessed at approximately monthly intervals on a total of 70 occasions, allowing assessment of changes over 37 intervals. Overall, @entity0 had a median @entity2 of 2.3 kg/28 days. Median @entity4 levels rose by 15 mg/l, and serum albumin fell by 1 g/l on average over 28 days. Karnofsky performance status fell by 4 points every 28 days. The nine @entity0 assessed close to @entity1 were compared with the 13 assessed close to diagnosis. The increase in @entity4 level and fall in weight and performance status were significantly greater within eight weeks of @entity1 than within eight weeks of diagnosis. Among @entity0 close to diagnosis, 13% had an elevated @entity4 compared with 100% of those close to @entity1 . In multivariate analysis, Karnofsky performance status was significantly associated with percent @entity2 and @entity4 levels. These data further implicate the acute-phase protein response as being associated with the progressive @entity2 seen in @entity0 with advanced @entity3 . Changes appear to accelerate close to @entity1 . Moreover, the development of @entity5 is associated with a reduction in @entity0 ' functional capacity.

title: Changes in nutritional, functional, and inflammatory markers in advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Loss of heterozygosity at tumor-suppressor loci is an important oncogenic mechanism first discovered in @entity2 . We explored this phenomenon by examining a set of matched @entity2 and leukocyte DNA samples from 158 @entity0 informative for DNA polymorphisms. Loss of heterozygosity at the @entity2 locus (13q14) was observed in 101 cases, comprising 7 cases with a somatic deletion causing hemizygosity and 94 with homozygosity (isodisomy). Homozygosity was approximately equally frequent in @entity1 from male and female @entity0 , among @entity0 with a germ-line vs. somatic initial mutation, and among @entity0 in whom the initial mutation occurred on the maternal vs. paternal allele. A set of 75 @entity1 exhibiting homozygosity was investigated with markers distributed in the interval 13cen-13q14. Forty-one @entity1 developed homozygosity at all informative marker loci, suggesting that homozygosity occurred through chromosomal nondisjunction. The remaining cases exhibited mitotic recombination. There was no statistically significant bias in apparent nondisjunction vs. mitotic recombination among male vs. female @entity0 or among @entity0 with germ-line vs. somatic initial mutations. We compared the positions of somatic recombination events in the analyzed interval with a previously reported meiotic recombination map. Although mitotic crossovers occurred throughout the assayed interval, they were more likely to occur proximally than a comparable number of meiotic crossovers. Finally, we observed four triple-crossover cases, suggesting negative interference for mitotic recombination, the opposite of what is usually observed for meiotic recombination.

title: Mitotic recombination map of 13cen-13q14 derived from an investigation of loss of heterozygosity in XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that the sling technique provides better long term tuberosity fixation in hemiarthroplasty for severe @entity2 of the proximal humerus. BACKGROUND: After hemiarthroplasty for @entity3 , problems exist with deterioration of shoulder function by secondary displacement of the initially fixated humeral tuberosities. This study evaluated a new technique for fixation of the greater and lesser tuberosities in uncemented hemiarthroplasties in severely displaced 3- or 4-part @entity3 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 31 uncemented hemiarthroplasties using the new sling technique to repair the tuberosities was evaluated clinically and radiographically with special emphasis on the head-to-tuberosity distance (HTD). A historical cohort of 10 similar uncemented hemiarthroplasties was the control group in which the drill-hole technique was used for fixation of the humeral tuberosities. RESULTS: The sling technique had an overall better tuberosity positioning in terms of HTD compared with the drill-hole technique (8 vs 1 mm; P = .025, U test). There were significantly more normal HTD values in the sling-technique group (81% vs 44%; P = .032, chi(2) test). In the anatomic HTD group, the Constant score (70 vs 52; P = .009), @entity0 satisfaction (7.1 vs 5.7; P = .038), and visual analog scale score (3.2 vs 5.2; P = .025) were statistically significantly superior compared with the nonanatomic HTD group. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The sling technique for tuberosity fixation seems to provide solid fixation. In this study, anatomic HTD fixation was associated with significantly better functional outcome, @entity0 satisfaction, and @entity1 scores.

title: Alternative humeral tubercle fixation in shoulder hemiarthroplasty for XXXX of the proximal humerus.

answer: @entity2


abstract: A @entity0 with suspected @entity2 represents a challenge to the treating physicians. Most @entity0 present with an advanced stage of disease, and in the majority of cases only palliative treatment can be offered. Various treatment modalities are available, which are applied according to the TNM stage of the disease and the performance status of the @entity0 . A precise histological diagnosis and highly accurate @entity1 staging of a @entity0 with @entity2 is a prerequisite for the selection of the most suitable treatment option. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has emerged as the most accurate diagnostic modality for locoregional staging. Problems in identifying early @entity1 stages or @entity1 strictures can be generally overcome by using miniprobe sonography (MPS). EUS/fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) technology provides a valuable means of identifying suspicious locoregional lymph nodes. @entity0 with a proximal @entity1 ( @entity3 bifurcation) should undergo bronchoscopy to rule out infiltration of the tracheobronchial system. Ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and possibly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the diagnostic tools of choice for extended @entity1 staging. After excluding extended @entity1 stage and severe concomitant diseases, diagnostic laparoscopy with intra-abdominal ultrasound should be performed in @entity0 with @entity4 prior to esophagectomy. Intra-abdominal metastases which can be missed preoperatively in some cases have to be ruled out in order to avoid unnecessary surgery.

title: XXXX : current staging strategies.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were threefold: to document complete glottic closure during artificially induced central @entity0 in @entity1 ; to unequivocally confirm that thyroarytenoid muscle electrical activity during @entity2 in @entity1 reflects complete glottic closure; and to evaluate the physiologic significance of this phenomenon in artificially induced @entity2 in @entity1 . METHODS: We recorded thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle EMG, subglottic pressure, and lung volume simultaneously with direct endoscopic vision of the glottis from beneath on nine 11- to 15-day-old @entity1 during artificially induced @entity2 . RESULTS: Thirty-eight @entity2 were induced. Complete glottic closure was present on 35/38 (92%) of these @entity0 . Complete glottic closure was always paralleled by thyroarytenoid muscle electromyogram (EMG) activity (35/38). In no instance was TA EMG recorded without complete glottic closure. Moreover, positive subglottic pressure and maintenance of lung volume above functional residual capacity were observed in 27/30 (90%) and 18/19 (95%), respectively, of these @entity0 where complete glottic closure was present. CONCLUSIONS: Complete glottic closure is present throughout most artificially induced @entity2 in @entity1 . Complete glottic closure is paralleled by TA EMG in artificially induced @entity2 . Thyroarytenoid muscle electromyographic activity is a reliable way to document complete glottic closure during @entity0 , especially in the presence of positive subglottic pressure. These observations suggest that complete glottic closure could be a physiologic mechanism aimed at maintaining higher lung volumes to improve gas exchange during @entity2 .

title: Complete glottic closure during central @entity0 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were threefold: to document complete glottic closure during artificially induced central @entity0 in @entity1 ; to unequivocally confirm that thyroarytenoid muscle electrical activity during @entity2 in @entity1 reflects complete glottic closure; and to evaluate the physiologic significance of this phenomenon in artificially induced @entity2 in @entity1 . METHODS: We recorded thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle EMG, subglottic pressure, and lung volume simultaneously with direct endoscopic vision of the glottis from beneath on nine 11- to 15-day-old @entity1 during artificially induced @entity2 . RESULTS: Thirty-eight @entity2 were induced. Complete glottic closure was present on 35/38 (92%) of these @entity0 . Complete glottic closure was always paralleled by thyroarytenoid muscle electromyogram (EMG) activity (35/38). In no instance was TA EMG recorded without complete glottic closure. Moreover, positive subglottic pressure and maintenance of lung volume above functional residual capacity were observed in 27/30 (90%) and 18/19 (95%), respectively, of these @entity0 where complete glottic closure was present. CONCLUSIONS: Complete glottic closure is present throughout most artificially induced @entity2 in @entity1 . Complete glottic closure is paralleled by TA EMG in artificially induced @entity2 . Thyroarytenoid muscle electromyographic activity is a reliable way to document complete glottic closure during @entity0 , especially in the presence of positive subglottic pressure. These observations suggest that complete glottic closure could be a physiologic mechanism aimed at maintaining higher lung volumes to improve gas exchange during @entity2 .

title: Complete glottic closure during central XXXX in @entity1 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The efficacy of a multidisciplinary approach for the treatment of @entity2 has been well documented. A recent randomized prospective trial by Peters and co-workers confirmed that multidisciplinary management of chronic @entity3 resulted in greater improvement in @entity1 severity, increased employment, and improved functional health scores when compared with a traditional medical approach. Unfortunately, many gynecologists do not have the luxury of working in these types of settings. The SAFE approach allows the busy practitioner to evaluate the nonorganic and organic nature of @entity3 simultaneously to manage these difficult @entity0 better. Initially, it is important to set up regular weekly visits with a prespecified time limit. During these sessions, one should focus on compliance to treatment recommendations. Components of management that have led to @entity1 reduction should be defined. Over time, these short visits can be spaced to bimonthly and monthly intervals; however, this strategy should not be rushed. If possible, the gynecologist should coordinate the care of difficult @entity0 with a physical therapist and mental health provider who can work in tandem on @entity1 reduction strategies and focused psychotherapy. The gynecologist should focus the @entity0 's attention on improvements in @entity1 reports and in functioning at school or work and reinforce the consistent use of medications, even if the recommended dose is low. Small improvements in health beget larger improvements in daily functioning.

title: XXXX . A SAFE approach.

answer: @entity3


abstract: Recent trends in the management of superficial @entity3 consist of improved detection, pretherapeutic staging and reliable criteria for curative endoscopic therapy. The endoscopic treatment is legitimate when the @entity1 is at an early stage, intra-epithelial or microinvasive (m1 or m2) and N0. @entity1 should not be treated with a curative intent by endotherapy. Concerning @entity8 , the oriental and occidental pathologists include high-grade @entity7 in the same group as @entity1 . The distinction is however maintained for @entity4 in the @entity2 . Indications of endoscopic rather than surgical treatment rely on: (1) the small size of the @entity1 (not more than 2 cm in diameter); (2) the endoscopic morphology in the type 0 of the Japanese classification with the flat subtypes IIa and IIb rather than type IIc--there is high risk of submucosal invasion for the polypoid (type I) or ulcerated superficial @entity1 (type III); and (3) the endoscopic ultrasound staging, with confirmed integrity of the @entity6 . The high-frequency (20 MHz) miniprobe is preferred to the standard (7.5 MHz) instrument. The elective procedure for @entity1 eradication is endoscopic mucosectomy. The technique is associated with a 6.8% risk of severe complications ( @entity5 or perforation) and a recurrence rate of 3%-7%. The 5-year survival rate is similar to that of surgery (over 80%). In the small group of @entity0 with superficial @entity3 (less than 10% of the disease) endoscopic treatment may now be proposed in about 30% of cases, surgery is preferred for @entity1 and for @entity1 with a large surface. Areas of high-grade @entity7 in the @entity2 offer a new and increasing sector of indications. The concurrent endoscopic procedure of destruction--photodynamic therapy--is preferred for the destruction of lesions with poorly delineated limits.

title: Endoscopic mucosectomy: an alternative treatment for superficial XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) maintain functional heart valve structure and display transient fibroblast and myofibroblast properties. Most cell characterization studies have been performed on plastic dishes; while insightful, these systems are limited. Thus, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) degradable @entity0 ( @entity1 ) hydrogel system is proposed in this communication as a useful tool for characterizing VIC function in 3D. When encapsulated, VICs attained spread morphology, and proliferated and migrated as shown through real-time cell microscopy. Additionally, fibronectin derived pendant RGD was incorporated into the system to promote integrin binding. As RGD concentration increased from 0 to 2000 microM, VIC process extension and @entity3 ) binding increased within two days. By day 10, integrin binding was equalized between conditions. VIC morphology and rate of process extension were also increased through decreasing the hydrogel matrix density presented to the cells. VIC differentiation in response to exogenously delivered @entity2 ( @entity2 ) was also examined within the hydrogel networks. @entity2 increased expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and collagen-1 at both the mRNA and protein level by day 2 of culture, indicating myofibroblast differentiation, and was sustained over the course of the study (2 weeks). These studies demonstrate the utility, flexibility, and biological activity of this MMP-degradable system for the characterization of VICs, an important cell population for tissue engineering viable valve replacements and understanding valvular pathobiology.

title: Characterization of valvular interstitial cell function in three dimensional matrix metalloproteinase degradable XXXX hydrogels.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Heart rate (HR), freezing score, and motor component were estimated during acoustic startle (ASR) habituation (two sessions with 24-hour interval, 10 trials in a session). It was shown that @entity0 previously exposed to the experimental context (once for 5 min 24 h before training) demonstrated HR decrease in response to the first stimulus and @entity1 in response to the 4th-10th stimuli during the first session. The interstimulus HR declined from the 4th to the 6th trials. The same profile of cardiovascular response was observed in this group at the beginning of the second session with the following (to the 7th trial) habituation of @entity1 . These @entity0 didn't demonstrate the intertrial HR decrease during the second session. Nonadapted @entity0 responded by @entity2 to the 1st and 2nd trials of the first session. The response didn't change for @entity1 with continuation of stimuli presentation. @entity1 appeared only in response to the 7th-10th trials of the second session and didn't habituate. The intertrial HR level decreased in this group only during the second session. The results are discussed in terms of contextual latent inhibition of the cardiac acoustic startle response.

title: [Latent contextual inhibition of the cardiac component in the startle reaction to a sound stimulus in XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: @entity4 and @entity1 are among the most prevalent health problems. The evidence that @entity4 is a risk factor for the development and progression of @entity3 has strengthened over the past several years, but the exact reasons are not yet clear. @entity6 (a) ( @entity7 ) concentrations seem to be the major factor for the progression of the @entity5 and @entity3 . In this study, we measured the plasma levels of @entity7 in 35 @entity0 with @entity4 and 35 healthy controls. The two groups were matched by age and gender. @entity7 measurement was performed using an immunoturbidimetric method. Total @entity2 was significantly lower in the @entity0 group (mean +/-SD: 144.65+/-22.13 vs. 186.14+/-34.48 mg/dl. The @entity7 levels of the @entity0 group differed significantly from control values. @entity0 with @entity4 had higher plasma levels of @entity7 than healthy controls (34.94+/-18.01 vs. 20.08+/-11.27 mg/dl). The results of the present study suggest that the increase of @entity7 may contribute to higher cardiovascular risk in @entity0 with @entity4 .

title: Plasma levels of lipoprotein (a) in @entity0 with major XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: @entity4 and @entity1 are among the most prevalent health problems. The evidence that @entity4 is a risk factor for the development and progression of @entity3 has strengthened over the past several years, but the exact reasons are not yet clear. @entity6 (a) ( @entity7 ) concentrations seem to be the major factor for the progression of the @entity5 and @entity3 . In this study, we measured the plasma levels of @entity7 in 35 @entity0 with @entity4 and 35 healthy controls. The two groups were matched by age and gender. @entity7 measurement was performed using an immunoturbidimetric method. Total @entity2 was significantly lower in the @entity0 group (mean +/-SD: 144.65+/-22.13 vs. 186.14+/-34.48 mg/dl. The @entity7 levels of the @entity0 group differed significantly from control values. @entity0 with @entity4 had higher plasma levels of @entity7 than healthy controls (34.94+/-18.01 vs. 20.08+/-11.27 mg/dl). The results of the present study suggest that the increase of @entity7 may contribute to higher cardiovascular risk in @entity0 with @entity4 .

title: Plasma levels of lipoprotein (a) in XXXX with major @entity4 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: PURPOSE: Eight different subunits of metabotropic @entity3 receptors (mGluRs) are known to date. mGluRs have been linked to an extensive list of neuromodulatory effects, depending on which intracellular or membrane-bound effector system is activated. Activation of mGluRs can influence neuronal activity and can result in changes of intracellular @entity1 homeostasis-that is, changes in factors that are known to be crucial for cellular differentiation and cell death. Because mGluRs are known in modulating both intracellular and intercellular activities, this study was designed to determine which types of mGluRs are coexpressed in a neuron and whether distinct coexpression patterns can be found that reflect the different physiological requirements of a neuron at different stages of development and to learn whether @entity2 results in adaptive changes of mGluR expression. METHODS: Juvenile and adult @entity0 retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and adult RGCs after axotomy were analyzed for their gene expression pattern of mGluRs by single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Adult RGCs predominantly expressed one or two different mGluR mRNAs, whereas juvenile RGCs coexpressed two and more. @entity4 , -5, and -7 mRNAs were found more frequently in juvenile than in adult RGCs. @entity6 was detected in juvenile RGCs in low abundance but never in adult RGCs. However, @entity6 was expressed in adult RGCs after axotomy. @entity5 and -7 were also found more frequently in axotomized RGCs than in the adult control group. CONCLUSIONS: All types of mGluR mRNAs are expressed in RGCs. This is in contrast with previous in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies in which expression of @entity4 , -5, and -6 was not reported. The expression of some mGluR mRNAs seems to be developmental, although no distinct copatterns were found.

title: Coexpression patterns of mGLuR mRNAs in XXXX retinal ganglion cells: a single-cell RT-PCR study.

answer: @entity0