abstract: OBJECTIVES: Functional @entity4 in @entity3 carries a poor prognosis, and its surgical management remains problematic and controversial. The aim of this study was to report the results of our surgical approach to @entity0 who have had @entity6 and have @entity9 , @entity4 , reduced pump function, @entity2 and @entity5 . This surgical approach consists of endoventricular mitral repair without prosthetic ring, ventricular reconstruction with or without patch, and coronary artery bypass grafting. @entity0 : Forty-six @entity0 (aged 64 +/- 10 years) with previous anterior transmural @entity6 and @entity4 comprised the study group. Indication for surgery was @entity7 in 93% of cases; 25 @entity0 were in New York Heart Association functional class IV and 17 were in class III. @entity4 was moderate to severe in 32 cases (69%). RESULTS: All @entity0 underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, with a mean of 3.2 +/- 1.3 grafts. Associated aortic valve replacement was performed in 4 cases. Global operative mortality rate was 15.2%. End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes significantly decreased after surgery (from 140 +/- 40 to 98 +/- 36 mL/m(2) and from 98 +/- 32 to 63 +/- 22 mL/m(2), respectively, P =.001). Systolic pulmonary pressure decreased significantly (from 55 +/- 13 to 43 +/- 16 mm Hg, P =.001). Ejection fraction did not change significantly. Postoperative @entity4 was absent or minimal in 84% of cases; 1 @entity0 had severe @entity4 necessitating valve replacement. New York Heart Association functional class significantly improved. The mean preoperative functional class was 3.4 +/- 0.6 (median 3, range 2-4); after the operation, this decreased to 1.9 +/- 0.7 (median 2, range 1-3, P <.001). Cumulative survival at a 30-month follow-up was 63%. CONCLUSIONS: Our aggressive, combined surgical approach is aimed at correcting the three components of @entity3 : relieving @entity1 , reducing left ventricular wall tension by decreasing left ventricular volumes, and reducing @entity8 and @entity2 by repairing the mitral valve. Despite a relatively high perioperative mortality rate, surviving @entity0 benefitted from the operation, with improved clinical functional class and thus quality of life.

title: XXXX : intraventricular papillary muscle imbrication without mitral ring during left ventricular restoration.

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 may result in significant morbidity and mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and outcome of severe @entity1 , defined as a ratio of @entity3 equal to or greater than 1.0, after cardiac surgery in @entity0 . METHODS: Data from all @entity0 younger than 18 years who had undergone cardiothoracic surgery from January 1, 1994, to December 31, 1998, were examined. To find @entity0 with severe @entity1 , we reviewed intensive care unit charts from @entity0 who had been monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter after the operation (n = 151), had received mechanical ventilation for more than 4 days after the operation (n = 124), or had died in the operating room or the intensive care unit (n = 22). Intraoperative and postoperative measurements of mean pulmonary arterial pressure and postoperative echocardiographic studies during the first 3 postoperative days were used to select the @entity0 . RESULTS: During the study period, 1349 @entity0 (including 164 neonates and 511 @entity0 , median age 12 months) underwent cardiac operations with an overall perioperative mortality of 22 @entity0 (1.6%). Twenty-seven @entity0 (2%, median age 4.2 months) had severe @entity1 . Of these, 2 (7.4%) died within 30 days of the operation, and 3 others (11%) died within a year (median follow-up 53 months). @entity4 inhalation was used in 5 of the 27 cases, and it probably saved the life of 1 @entity0 , may have helped in 1 case, and had no discernible effect in 3 cases. @entity1 was most common after correction of complete @entity2 (14%, n = 12/85). Thirteen of 131 @entity0 with Down syndrome (9.9%) had severe @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Severe postoperative @entity1 occurred after 2% of the cardiac procedures and in most cases was managed successfully with conventional treatment and had a favorable postoperative outcome. The low incidence relative to previous reports may reflect the benefits of early correction and improved intraoperative and postoperative care.

title: How common is severe XXXX after pediatric cardiac surgery?

answer: @entity1


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is a @entity3 characterized by episodes of @entity1 of the skin, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal tract resulting from a defect in the gene that produces @entity6 . Although in vitro laboratory data and past reports suggested that heparin might be efficacious in preventing @entity4 attacks, no controlled study has been reported to examine heparin's efficacy in this regard. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the safety and efficacy of inhaled and subcutaneous heparin versus that of placebo in the prevention of @entity4 attacks. METHODS: We performed a double-blind, double-dummy, saline placebo-controlled, randomized, 3-way crossover study with 11 visits. RESULTS: The study was designed to enroll 24 @entity0 . Twenty-two @entity0 were randomized and received the study drug. @entity0 did not have a significant decrease in average flare intensity after they received injected or inhaled heparin compared with that seen after placebo, the primary endpoint. However, when @entity0 received injected heparin, they had a statistically significant decrease in average flare intensity compared with that seen with inhaled heparin after a normalizing transformation was applied. When the means are back transformed, this translates into median flare intensities of 9.2, 8.0, and 5.1 in the @entity0 treated with inhaled heparin, placebo, and injected heparin, respectively. There were no significant differences when individual symptoms were examined, when total numbers of flares over a 6-week observation period were examined, or when global evaluations by the @entity0 and investigators were evaluated. Adverse event severity was fairly uniform across treatments, with the majority of events classified as moderate and the remainder split between mild and severe. Injected heparin treatment was associated with higher rates of relatedness than other treatments, which was partially explained by 17 adverse events specifically related to the injection process itself (tenderness, @entity5 , redness, @entity2 , and itching at the injection site). The injection treatment was also associated with a larger overall number of reported adverse events (70 vs 48 in the placebo treatment). Tenderness and @entity5 at the injection site were entirely confined to the injected heparin treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Injected and inhaled heparin failed to attenuate average flare intensity, the primary endpoint, compared with placebo. Interestingly, after @entity0 injected heparin, they had a significant decrease in average flare intensity compared with that seen after inhalation of heparin. There were no differences among groups in other efficacy parameters. Taken together, these data indicate that commercial heparin was ineffective in preventing exacerbations of @entity4 .

title: Does heparin prophylaxis prevent exacerbations of XXXX ?

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: The advantages of treating morbidly @entity1 @entity0 via the laparoscopic approach have been demonstrated, in particular, for adjustable @entity3 gastric banding, but this operation is associated with a high rate of late complications. Gastric bypass and malabsorbitive procedures are feasible via the laparoscopic approach, but they entail a prolonged operating time and a consistently high morbidity rate. Laparoscopic vertical banded gastroplasty represents an effective alternative. METHODS: We performed 250 consecutive LVBG between November 1995 and February 2000. The procedure consisted of a personal technique designed to reproduce, by laparoscopy, MacLean's modification of the standard open Mason vertical-banded gastroplasty, with a calibrated transgastric window, a complete division between the staple lines, and a 5-cm-circumference @entity4 collar. RESULTS: The operative time was 95 min and the conversion rate was 0.8%. Operative mortality was nil; early and late complications, respectively, were 4.4% and 4%; the reoperation rate was 2%. Global results at 4 years were as follows: excess @entity2 (EWL) 61%, success rate (excess weight <50%) 76.9%, body mass index (BMI) 29.4 kg/m2. In morbidly @entity1 @entity0 , the EWL at 4 years was 62.2%, with a 77.4% success rate and a 28.4 kg/m2 BMI; in superobese @entity0 , the EWL at 4 years was 54.9% with a 50% success rate and a 35.5 kg/m2 BMI. The overall follow-up rate was 92%. CONCLUSIONS: LVBG is an effective and safe operation in morbidly @entity1 @entity0 , providing good @entity2 with a low morbidity rate, no mortality, and minimum discomfort. However, in superobese @entity0 , the @entity2 results are disappointing; in these @entity0 , LVBG is questionable and more complex procedures should be considered.

title: Laparoscopic vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid XXXX . Assessment of efficacy.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Since the introduction of the high-resolution technique more than ten years ago, HRCT has become an established modality for diagnosing @entity4 . This is especially true for the diagnosis of @entity1 in adults. Experience in HRCT of the lungs is limited in pediatric @entity0 . This review gives an overview of frequent and less frequent HRCT findings in @entity1 in childhood. A purely reticular pattern is rarely observed in @entity0 . @entity1 associated with overinflation are relatively frequent. Paired inspiratory-expiratory scans combine morphological analysis with functional information and have improved the diagnosis of air trapping, e. g. in post-infectious @entity3 or @entity2 . Especially in @entity0 the high radiation exposure is a problem. Even when applying a low-dose protocol the radiation dose of HRCT will still exceed the dose of a chest X-ray by 100 times. The indication for pediatric @entity1 is limited to selected cases and it should be decided in agreement with the pediatric radiologists and the pediatric pulmonologists.

title: [High-resolution computed tomography of the lungs in pediatric XXXX ].

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: dThdPase ( @entity4 phosphorylase) is an enzyme that is involved in @entity5 metabolism. It has been recently reported that dThdPase is identical to platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor. Previous studies demonstrated that the immunohistochemical expression of dThdPase was related with disease progression. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression levels of dThdPase and their prognostic significance in @entity3 , prospectively. METHODOLOGY: We obtained fresh samples ( @entity2 and adjacent normal mucosa) from 263 @entity0 with @entity3 who underwent gastrectomy between April 1998 and March 2000. dThdPase was analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS: The expression levels of dThdPase in @entity2 (98.4 +/- 62.5 U/mg protein) was significantly higher than that in normal mucosa (46.5 +/- 27.8 U/mg protein) (P < 0.0001). Intratumoral dThdPase levels were significantly higher in Borrmann types II and III macroscopically (P < 0.01), in poorly differentiated type histologically (P < 0.05), and in the @entity2 -invading serosa (P < 0.001). The expression levels of dThdPase were also significantly higher in @entity2 tissue from @entity0 with lymph node @entity1 (P < 0.01) and in that from @entity0 with lymphatic invasion (P < 0.05). The survival rate of @entity0 with @entity2 of high dThdPase (> or = 100 U/mg protein) was significantly poorer than that of @entity0 with @entity2 of low dThdPase (< 100 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the measurement of dThdPase may provide useful information for predicting prognosis in @entity3 .

title: Correlation between expression levels of @entity4 phosphorylase (dThdPase) and clinical features in @entity0 XXXX .

answer: @entity3


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: dThdPase ( @entity4 phosphorylase) is an enzyme that is involved in @entity5 metabolism. It has been recently reported that dThdPase is identical to platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor. Previous studies demonstrated that the immunohistochemical expression of dThdPase was related with disease progression. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression levels of dThdPase and their prognostic significance in @entity3 , prospectively. METHODOLOGY: We obtained fresh samples ( @entity2 and adjacent normal mucosa) from 263 @entity0 with @entity3 who underwent gastrectomy between April 1998 and March 2000. dThdPase was analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS: The expression levels of dThdPase in @entity2 (98.4 +/- 62.5 U/mg protein) was significantly higher than that in normal mucosa (46.5 +/- 27.8 U/mg protein) (P < 0.0001). Intratumoral dThdPase levels were significantly higher in Borrmann types II and III macroscopically (P < 0.01), in poorly differentiated type histologically (P < 0.05), and in the @entity2 -invading serosa (P < 0.001). The expression levels of dThdPase were also significantly higher in @entity2 tissue from @entity0 with lymph node @entity1 (P < 0.01) and in that from @entity0 with lymphatic invasion (P < 0.05). The survival rate of @entity0 with @entity2 of high dThdPase (> or = 100 U/mg protein) was significantly poorer than that of @entity0 with @entity2 of low dThdPase (< 100 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the measurement of dThdPase may provide useful information for predicting prognosis in @entity3 .

title: Correlation between expression levels of XXXX phosphorylase (dThdPase) and clinical features in @entity0 @entity3 .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: dThdPase ( @entity4 phosphorylase) is an enzyme that is involved in @entity5 metabolism. It has been recently reported that dThdPase is identical to platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor. Previous studies demonstrated that the immunohistochemical expression of dThdPase was related with disease progression. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression levels of dThdPase and their prognostic significance in @entity3 , prospectively. METHODOLOGY: We obtained fresh samples ( @entity2 and adjacent normal mucosa) from 263 @entity0 with @entity3 who underwent gastrectomy between April 1998 and March 2000. dThdPase was analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS: The expression levels of dThdPase in @entity2 (98.4 +/- 62.5 U/mg protein) was significantly higher than that in normal mucosa (46.5 +/- 27.8 U/mg protein) (P < 0.0001). Intratumoral dThdPase levels were significantly higher in Borrmann types II and III macroscopically (P < 0.01), in poorly differentiated type histologically (P < 0.05), and in the @entity2 -invading serosa (P < 0.001). The expression levels of dThdPase were also significantly higher in @entity2 tissue from @entity0 with lymph node @entity1 (P < 0.01) and in that from @entity0 with lymphatic invasion (P < 0.05). The survival rate of @entity0 with @entity2 of high dThdPase (> or = 100 U/mg protein) was significantly poorer than that of @entity0 with @entity2 of low dThdPase (< 100 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the measurement of dThdPase may provide useful information for predicting prognosis in @entity3 .

title: Correlation between expression levels of @entity4 phosphorylase (dThdPase) and clinical features in XXXX @entity3 .

answer: @entity0


abstract: The analysis of tissue specific gene expression by reverse transcription based @entity4 /PCR methods is currently evaluated as a method for the detection of @entity3 cell dissemination in @entity1 with @entity3 . @entity0 tissues express @entity5 and the level of @entity5 expression in the primary @entity3 correlates with the incidence of @entity2 in the bone. We applied a @entity4 /PCR assay of @entity5 to detect @entity3 cells in the mononuclear cell fraction of peripheral blood (pb) and bone marrow (bm) of @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity0 . @entity5 positivity was found in 18/67 pb and 20/71 bm samples. In a median follow up of 23 months there were 7 metastatic relapses (4 osseous, 2 hepatic, 1 pulmonary) and 9 local relapses in @entity1 with primary lymph node positive @entity0 . The hepatic and pulmonary relapses had been both @entity5 -PCR negative in pb and in bm. Of the 4 @entity1 with metastatic relapses to the bone the samples of bm had been initially negative in all cases, the pb had been positive in 2 cases. Of the 9 @entity1 with local recurrences the pb alone had been positive in 4 @entity1 , 5 @entity1 had been negative in both the pb and the bm. During the period of observation there was no local and metastatic relapse detectable in the group of @entity1 with primary lymph node negative @entity0 . In summary the increased risk for local or systemic relapse would have been predictable by @entity4 /PCR of @entity5 alone in pb in 4 of the 9 local and in 2 of the 7 early metastatic relapses. Further follow-up of the @entity1 cohort analysed is needed to assess the value of the @entity4 /PCR of @entity5 as a prognostic and predictive marker in @entity1 with @entity0 .

title: [Detection of disseminated carcinoma cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood in primary @entity0 with @entity4 /PCR of XXXX ( @entity5 )].

answer: @entity5


abstract: The analysis of tissue specific gene expression by reverse transcription based @entity4 /PCR methods is currently evaluated as a method for the detection of @entity3 cell dissemination in @entity1 with @entity3 . @entity0 tissues express @entity5 and the level of @entity5 expression in the primary @entity3 correlates with the incidence of @entity2 in the bone. We applied a @entity4 /PCR assay of @entity5 to detect @entity3 cells in the mononuclear cell fraction of peripheral blood (pb) and bone marrow (bm) of @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity0 . @entity5 positivity was found in 18/67 pb and 20/71 bm samples. In a median follow up of 23 months there were 7 metastatic relapses (4 osseous, 2 hepatic, 1 pulmonary) and 9 local relapses in @entity1 with primary lymph node positive @entity0 . The hepatic and pulmonary relapses had been both @entity5 -PCR negative in pb and in bm. Of the 4 @entity1 with metastatic relapses to the bone the samples of bm had been initially negative in all cases, the pb had been positive in 2 cases. Of the 9 @entity1 with local recurrences the pb alone had been positive in 4 @entity1 , 5 @entity1 had been negative in both the pb and the bm. During the period of observation there was no local and metastatic relapse detectable in the group of @entity1 with primary lymph node negative @entity0 . In summary the increased risk for local or systemic relapse would have been predictable by @entity4 /PCR of @entity5 alone in pb in 4 of the 9 local and in 2 of the 7 early metastatic relapses. Further follow-up of the @entity1 cohort analysed is needed to assess the value of the @entity4 /PCR of @entity5 as a prognostic and predictive marker in @entity1 with @entity0 .

title: [Detection of disseminated carcinoma cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood in primary @entity0 with @entity4 /PCR of @entity5 ( XXXX )].

answer: @entity5


abstract: The analysis of tissue specific gene expression by reverse transcription based @entity4 /PCR methods is currently evaluated as a method for the detection of @entity3 cell dissemination in @entity1 with @entity3 . @entity0 tissues express @entity5 and the level of @entity5 expression in the primary @entity3 correlates with the incidence of @entity2 in the bone. We applied a @entity4 /PCR assay of @entity5 to detect @entity3 cells in the mononuclear cell fraction of peripheral blood (pb) and bone marrow (bm) of @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity0 . @entity5 positivity was found in 18/67 pb and 20/71 bm samples. In a median follow up of 23 months there were 7 metastatic relapses (4 osseous, 2 hepatic, 1 pulmonary) and 9 local relapses in @entity1 with primary lymph node positive @entity0 . The hepatic and pulmonary relapses had been both @entity5 -PCR negative in pb and in bm. Of the 4 @entity1 with metastatic relapses to the bone the samples of bm had been initially negative in all cases, the pb had been positive in 2 cases. Of the 9 @entity1 with local recurrences the pb alone had been positive in 4 @entity1 , 5 @entity1 had been negative in both the pb and the bm. During the period of observation there was no local and metastatic relapse detectable in the group of @entity1 with primary lymph node negative @entity0 . In summary the increased risk for local or systemic relapse would have been predictable by @entity4 /PCR of @entity5 alone in pb in 4 of the 9 local and in 2 of the 7 early metastatic relapses. Further follow-up of the @entity1 cohort analysed is needed to assess the value of the @entity4 /PCR of @entity5 as a prognostic and predictive marker in @entity1 with @entity0 .

title: [Detection of disseminated carcinoma cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood in primary XXXX with @entity4 /PCR of @entity5 ( @entity5 )].

answer: @entity0


abstract: The analysis of tissue specific gene expression by reverse transcription based @entity4 /PCR methods is currently evaluated as a method for the detection of @entity3 cell dissemination in @entity1 with @entity3 . @entity0 tissues express @entity5 and the level of @entity5 expression in the primary @entity3 correlates with the incidence of @entity2 in the bone. We applied a @entity4 /PCR assay of @entity5 to detect @entity3 cells in the mononuclear cell fraction of peripheral blood (pb) and bone marrow (bm) of @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity0 . @entity5 positivity was found in 18/67 pb and 20/71 bm samples. In a median follow up of 23 months there were 7 metastatic relapses (4 osseous, 2 hepatic, 1 pulmonary) and 9 local relapses in @entity1 with primary lymph node positive @entity0 . The hepatic and pulmonary relapses had been both @entity5 -PCR negative in pb and in bm. Of the 4 @entity1 with metastatic relapses to the bone the samples of bm had been initially negative in all cases, the pb had been positive in 2 cases. Of the 9 @entity1 with local recurrences the pb alone had been positive in 4 @entity1 , 5 @entity1 had been negative in both the pb and the bm. During the period of observation there was no local and metastatic relapse detectable in the group of @entity1 with primary lymph node negative @entity0 . In summary the increased risk for local or systemic relapse would have been predictable by @entity4 /PCR of @entity5 alone in pb in 4 of the 9 local and in 2 of the 7 early metastatic relapses. Further follow-up of the @entity1 cohort analysed is needed to assess the value of the @entity4 /PCR of @entity5 as a prognostic and predictive marker in @entity1 with @entity0 .

title: [Detection of disseminated carcinoma cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood in primary @entity0 with XXXX /PCR of @entity5 ( @entity5 )].

answer: @entity4


abstract: The loop-diuretic @entity4 was used to study the influence of pharmacological donor pretreatment on immediate postischemic function in a @entity3 model of kidney transplantation based on the results of a clinical pilot study [4]. Following laparotomy, both kidneys were flushed via a transaortal catheter with Eurocollins-solution and surgically removed. A cold ischemic period of 1 or 24 h was chosen. After that period, kidneys were reperfused with intraoperatively drawn heparinized blood for one hour. We used a special instrument for hemoperfusion of isolated organs which allows perfusion for several hours under steady-state conditions. Four groups were formed: Control and @entity4 , 1 or 24 h @entity1 . The perfusion of @entity4 -treated organs resulted in a lower perfusion-resistance, calculated as pressure/flow-ratio or as pressure/glomerular filtrationratio. The flow in the pretreated group was higher, thus excluding a higher shunt-volume. In parallel, @entity0 consumption as a parameter of postischemic function start and @entity2 clearance were higher in the @entity4 treated groups. The experiments demonstrate a superior postischemic function of pretreated kidneys in comparison to control organs after 1 and 24 hours of @entity1 in this model.

title: [Prevention of XXXX before @entity1 by pharmcologic donor conditioning--experimental findings].

answer: @entity1


abstract: The loop-diuretic @entity4 was used to study the influence of pharmacological donor pretreatment on immediate postischemic function in a @entity3 model of kidney transplantation based on the results of a clinical pilot study [4]. Following laparotomy, both kidneys were flushed via a transaortal catheter with Eurocollins-solution and surgically removed. A cold ischemic period of 1 or 24 h was chosen. After that period, kidneys were reperfused with intraoperatively drawn heparinized blood for one hour. We used a special instrument for hemoperfusion of isolated organs which allows perfusion for several hours under steady-state conditions. Four groups were formed: Control and @entity4 , 1 or 24 h @entity1 . The perfusion of @entity4 -treated organs resulted in a lower perfusion-resistance, calculated as pressure/flow-ratio or as pressure/glomerular filtrationratio. The flow in the pretreated group was higher, thus excluding a higher shunt-volume. In parallel, @entity0 consumption as a parameter of postischemic function start and @entity2 clearance were higher in the @entity4 treated groups. The experiments demonstrate a superior postischemic function of pretreated kidneys in comparison to control organs after 1 and 24 hours of @entity1 in this model.

title: [Prevention of @entity1 before XXXX by pharmcologic donor conditioning--experimental findings].

answer: @entity1


abstract: Our experience of deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPi-DBS) for @entity1 is summarized. A total of 5 @entity0 with @entity2 underwent GPi-DBS. There were 3 males and 2 females. The age at onset of @entity1 ranged from 8 to 45 years and the age at surgery for GPi-DBS ranged from 17 to 59 years. Two of the @entity0 had been treated previously by bilateral thalamotomy or unilateral pallidotomy at other clinics and then developed new symptoms or recurrence. All were stimulated bilaterally. No surgical complications were encountered. The symptoms of @entity1 were scored by the Burke-Fahn-Marsden @entity1 rating scale (BFMDRS). The scores ranged from 18 to 62 before surgery. An improvement in the symptoms of @entity1 was observed soon after the initiation of GPi-DBS, and additional progressive improvement was noted during a period of months or even years after surgery. The score at 6 months after surgery reached a level ranging from 4 to 23. The improvement in score ranged from -51% to -92%. GPi-DBS produced a marked effect even in @entity0 who had previously undergone thalamotomy or pallidotomy. At 6 months after surgery, all @entity0 were receiving bipolar stimulation with a wide interpolar distance, using contact 0 or 1 as the cathode and contact 2 or 3 as the anode. Stimulation was being performed at an intensity of around 2.0 V with a pulse width of 0.21 ms at a high frequency ranging from 120 to 140 Hz. GPi-DBS represents an important therapeutic option in many @entity0 with @entity2 .

title: Chronic stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for control of XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity6 in @entity3 has been extensively studied during the last three decades. The main hypothesis regarding origin and clinical relevance of this phenomenon, however, has changed significantly. Up to the mid-seventies @entity6 was conceived as consequence of stress modified by the degree of unconscious defense mechanisms in different forms of @entity3 or non- @entity3 @entity1 . At the end of the seventies this point of view changed considerably. @entity6 was regarded as a biological statemarker of the endogenous subtype of @entity3 with clinical differential-diagnostic relevance. An abnormal @entity5 suppression test (DST) was assumed to be the best indication of increased activation of the @entity7 system. These conclusions turned out to be wrong. DST results are not specific for @entity3 and the test seems to be of limited value for measuring the function of the @entity8 . Intervening variables, such as @entity4 , drug and @entity2 withdrawal or situational stress, influence the test results significantly, independent of the nosological classification. Additionally, interindividual differences in the susceptibility of the @entity8 may decisively influence the the activation of the @entity8 as well in healthy subjects under stress as in @entity1 @entity0 .

title: Past and present strategies of research on the XXXX in psychiatry.

answer: @entity8


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents and young adults with uncomplicated @entity1 and to compare it with a random sample of the general population. METHODS: Young @entity0 , aged 13-22 years, meeting the criteria and registered in four Swedish hospitals answered questionnaires (n = 158/193) on HRQOL together with 282 (n = 282/390) random controls living in the same areas in Sweden. The instruments used were "I think I am," "Youth Self Report," "Sense of coherence," and "Family APGAR." Data were analyzed by using factorial analysis of variance. RESULTS: @entity0 had a poorer HRQOL than @entity0 . The @entity1 group reported lower competence (i.e., they were less active, had lower social competence and poorer school achievement). Both groups had an overall positive self-esteem. Differences between @entity0 in the @entity1 and control groups were small, whereas differences among @entity0 were more evident. Older age was related to poorer HRQOL in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study points out the importance of being observant of signs of stigmatization in adolescents with @entity1 .

title: Health-related quality of life in youth: a comparison between adolescents and young adults with uncomplicated XXXX and healthy controls.

answer: @entity1


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is characterized by a high proliferation index and marked propensity for local invasion resulting in poor prognosis for these @entity0 . To develop @entity1 -targeted novel therapeutic agents, here we demonstrate that @entity4 cell lines express receptors for an immune regulatory cytokine, @entity5 . By reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), we found that 16 @entity4 cell lines express equally strong RT-PCR positive bands for mRNA of IL-13Ralpha1 and @entity7 chains. However, only three cell lines, HN12, YCUM911, and KCCT873, expressed a strong band for transcripts for @entity6 chain and five cell lines, YCUL891, KCCTC871, KCCL871, KCCTCM901, and RPMI 2650 expressed faint bands. Transcripts for IL-2Rgamma(c) chain were absent in all of the cell lines tested. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis for four different receptor chains confirmed RT-PCR results and showed pronounced expression of @entity6 protein in three high @entity6 expressing cell lines. All of the cell lines were equally positive for IL-13Ralpha1 and @entity7 chains. Receptor-binding studies demonstrated that @entity6 -positive cell lines expressed a high density of @entity5 receptors. Using two chimeric proteins composed of @entity5 and mutated forms of Pseudomonas exotoxin ( @entity5 -PE38 or @entity5 -PE38QQR), we found that these two fusion toxins were highly and equally cytotoxic to @entity6 -positive @entity4 , whereas @entity6 -negative cell lines showed low or no sensitivity to @entity5 toxins. To additionally substantiate the critical role of the @entity6 chain in @entity6 -mediated @entity3 , two @entity2 cell lines (YCUMS861 and KB), devoid of the transcripts of this chain, were transfected with @entity6 cDNA and then tested for @entity3 . Transient transfection of the @entity6 chain highly sensitized these cells to @entity5 toxin as compared with mock-transfected control cells. Thus, our results indicate that @entity6 is present in 50% @entity4 cell lines; of these, 19% are high expresser for this chain and respond to @entity5 cytotoxin. Thus, @entity5 cytotoxin may be a useful agent for high @entity6 -expressing @entity4 .

title: Heterogeneity in @entity5 receptor expression and subunit structure in squamous cell carcinoma of XXXX : differential sensitivity to chimeric fusion proteins comprised of @entity5 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin.

answer: @entity2


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is characterized by a high proliferation index and marked propensity for local invasion resulting in poor prognosis for these @entity0 . To develop @entity1 -targeted novel therapeutic agents, here we demonstrate that @entity4 cell lines express receptors for an immune regulatory cytokine, @entity5 . By reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), we found that 16 @entity4 cell lines express equally strong RT-PCR positive bands for mRNA of IL-13Ralpha1 and @entity7 chains. However, only three cell lines, HN12, YCUM911, and KCCT873, expressed a strong band for transcripts for @entity6 chain and five cell lines, YCUL891, KCCTC871, KCCL871, KCCTCM901, and RPMI 2650 expressed faint bands. Transcripts for IL-2Rgamma(c) chain were absent in all of the cell lines tested. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis for four different receptor chains confirmed RT-PCR results and showed pronounced expression of @entity6 protein in three high @entity6 expressing cell lines. All of the cell lines were equally positive for IL-13Ralpha1 and @entity7 chains. Receptor-binding studies demonstrated that @entity6 -positive cell lines expressed a high density of @entity5 receptors. Using two chimeric proteins composed of @entity5 and mutated forms of Pseudomonas exotoxin ( @entity5 -PE38 or @entity5 -PE38QQR), we found that these two fusion toxins were highly and equally cytotoxic to @entity6 -positive @entity4 , whereas @entity6 -negative cell lines showed low or no sensitivity to @entity5 toxins. To additionally substantiate the critical role of the @entity6 chain in @entity6 -mediated @entity3 , two @entity2 cell lines (YCUMS861 and KB), devoid of the transcripts of this chain, were transfected with @entity6 cDNA and then tested for @entity3 . Transient transfection of the @entity6 chain highly sensitized these cells to @entity5 toxin as compared with mock-transfected control cells. Thus, our results indicate that @entity6 is present in 50% @entity4 cell lines; of these, 19% are high expresser for this chain and respond to @entity5 cytotoxin. Thus, @entity5 cytotoxin may be a useful agent for high @entity6 -expressing @entity4 .

title: Heterogeneity in XXXX receptor expression and subunit structure in squamous cell carcinoma of @entity2 : differential sensitivity to chimeric fusion proteins comprised of @entity5 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin.

answer: @entity5


abstract: @entity4 ( @entity4 ) is characterized by a high proliferation index and marked propensity for local invasion resulting in poor prognosis for these @entity0 . To develop @entity1 -targeted novel therapeutic agents, here we demonstrate that @entity4 cell lines express receptors for an immune regulatory cytokine, @entity5 . By reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), we found that 16 @entity4 cell lines express equally strong RT-PCR positive bands for mRNA of IL-13Ralpha1 and @entity7 chains. However, only three cell lines, HN12, YCUM911, and KCCT873, expressed a strong band for transcripts for @entity6 chain and five cell lines, YCUL891, KCCTC871, KCCL871, KCCTCM901, and RPMI 2650 expressed faint bands. Transcripts for IL-2Rgamma(c) chain were absent in all of the cell lines tested. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis for four different receptor chains confirmed RT-PCR results and showed pronounced expression of @entity6 protein in three high @entity6 expressing cell lines. All of the cell lines were equally positive for IL-13Ralpha1 and @entity7 chains. Receptor-binding studies demonstrated that @entity6 -positive cell lines expressed a high density of @entity5 receptors. Using two chimeric proteins composed of @entity5 and mutated forms of Pseudomonas exotoxin ( @entity5 -PE38 or @entity5 -PE38QQR), we found that these two fusion toxins were highly and equally cytotoxic to @entity6 -positive @entity4 , whereas @entity6 -negative cell lines showed low or no sensitivity to @entity5 toxins. To additionally substantiate the critical role of the @entity6 chain in @entity6 -mediated @entity3 , two @entity2 cell lines (YCUMS861 and KB), devoid of the transcripts of this chain, were transfected with @entity6 cDNA and then tested for @entity3 . Transient transfection of the @entity6 chain highly sensitized these cells to @entity5 toxin as compared with mock-transfected control cells. Thus, our results indicate that @entity6 is present in 50% @entity4 cell lines; of these, 19% are high expresser for this chain and respond to @entity5 cytotoxin. Thus, @entity5 cytotoxin may be a useful agent for high @entity6 -expressing @entity4 .

title: Heterogeneity in @entity5 receptor expression and subunit structure in squamous cell carcinoma of @entity2 : differential sensitivity to chimeric fusion proteins comprised of XXXX and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Oral @entity11 was used at doses ranging from 500 mg to 1500 mg twice daily for 15 to 476 (mean 139) days for treatment of @entity13 in 38 @entity0 , and acute @entity4 in two. Clinical efficacy could be evaluated in 34 @entity0 ; 22 had resolution of their @entity12 , five improved and there were seven failures. @entity6 was the causative agent in 28 @entity0 . It was eradicated in 22 @entity0 , persisted but remained sensitive to @entity11 in three and persisted with emergence of resistance to @entity11 in three. Nineteen other pathogens, five Gram-negative and 14 Gram-positive, were isolated. Of those, one strain of @entity5 , two of Staph. epidermidis and three of @entity7 remained sensitive to @entity11 during treatment. In one @entity0 , Slr. faecalis persisted with emergence of resistance to @entity11 . Ten adverse events related to @entity11 treatment were observed in nine @entity0 ; two @entity14 , two cases of @entity2 , and one each of @entity10 , @entity3 , malaise, @entity1 , @entity9 and @entity8 . In three @entity0 the adverse events led to treatment discontinuation. In conclusion, @entity11 seems to offer an oral alternative to injectible antibiotics in @entity0 with @entity12 caused by Gram-negative bacteria, including Ps. aeruginosa.

title: Therapy of acute and chronic gram-negative XXXX with @entity11 . Report from a Swedish Study Group.

answer: @entity12


abstract: Oral @entity11 was used at doses ranging from 500 mg to 1500 mg twice daily for 15 to 476 (mean 139) days for treatment of @entity13 in 38 @entity0 , and acute @entity4 in two. Clinical efficacy could be evaluated in 34 @entity0 ; 22 had resolution of their @entity12 , five improved and there were seven failures. @entity6 was the causative agent in 28 @entity0 . It was eradicated in 22 @entity0 , persisted but remained sensitive to @entity11 in three and persisted with emergence of resistance to @entity11 in three. Nineteen other pathogens, five Gram-negative and 14 Gram-positive, were isolated. Of those, one strain of @entity5 , two of Staph. epidermidis and three of @entity7 remained sensitive to @entity11 during treatment. In one @entity0 , Slr. faecalis persisted with emergence of resistance to @entity11 . Ten adverse events related to @entity11 treatment were observed in nine @entity0 ; two @entity14 , two cases of @entity2 , and one each of @entity10 , @entity3 , malaise, @entity1 , @entity9 and @entity8 . In three @entity0 the adverse events led to treatment discontinuation. In conclusion, @entity11 seems to offer an oral alternative to injectible antibiotics in @entity0 with @entity12 caused by Gram-negative bacteria, including Ps. aeruginosa.

title: Therapy of acute and chronic gram-negative @entity12 with XXXX . Report from a Swedish Study Group.

answer: @entity11


abstract: One factor that can strongly influence predicted free energy of binding is the ionization state of functional groups on the ligands and at the binding site at which calculations are performed. This analysis is seldom performed except in very detailed computational simulations. In this work, we address the issues of (i) modeling the complexity resulting from the different ionization states of ligand and protein residues involved in binding, (ii) if, and how, computational methods can evaluate the pH dependence of ligand inhibition constants, and (iii) how to score the protonation-dependent models. We developed a new and fairly rapid protocol called "computational titration" that enables parallel modeling of multiple ionization ensembles for each distinct protonation level. Models for possible protonation combinations for site/ligand ionizable groups are built, and the free energy of interaction for each of them is quantified by the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) software. We applied this procedure to the evaluation of the binding affinity of nine inhibitors (six derived from @entity4 , @entity0 ) of @entity1 virus @entity2 (NA), a surface glycoprotein essential for virus replication and thus a pharmaceutically relevant target for the design of anti- @entity1 drugs. The three-dimensional structures of the NA enzyme-inhibitor complexes indicate considerable complexity as the ligand-protein recognition site contains several ionizable moieties. Each computational titration experiment reveals a peak @entity3 score as a function of added protons. This maximum @entity3 score indicates the optimum pH (or the optimum protonation state of each inhibitor-protein binding site) for binding. The pH at which inhibition is measured and/or crystals were grown and analyzed can vary from this optimum. A protonation model is proposed for each ligand that reconciles the experimental complex structure with measured inhibition and the free energy of binding. Computational titration methods allow us to analyze the effect of pH in silico and may be helpful in improving ligand binding free energy prediction when protonation or deprotonation of the residues or ligand functional groups at the binding site might be significant.

title: Simple, intuitive calculations of free energy of binding for protein-ligand complexes. 2. Computational titration and pH effects in molecular models of XXXX -inhibitor complexes.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Previous reports have shown that oral @entity3 ( @entity4 ) has immune-enhancing properties in injury. However, the effects of parenterally infused @entity4 on @entity2 are not well understood. We used a septic @entity1 model to study @entity4 infusion in inflammatory-related cytokines and blood T lymphocyte population in vivo. METHODS: @entity1 with internal jugular catheters were assigned to one of two groups. Both groups received isonitrogenous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) supplemented with 270 mg of @entity6 per kilogram per day as @entity4 or @entity7 ( @entity8 ). TPN provided 270 kcal/kg of body weight, and the kilocalorie: @entity6 ratio was 143:1. TPN was maintained for 5 d plus 2, 4, or 6 h or 6 d, according to the scheduled deaths of the @entity1 . On day 5, @entity2 was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). After CLP for 2, 4, 6, and 24 @entity9 were killed. RESULTS: The results showed that interleukin-1beta and @entity0 necrosis factor-alpha concentrations in peritoneal lavage fluid at 6 h and @entity5 levels at 24 h after CLP in the @entity8 group were significantly higher than those in the @entity4 group. The T-lymphocyte population in blood showed that CD8(+) suppressor T-cell number was significantly higher in the @entity8 group than in the @entity4 group at 6 h after CLP. The blood @entity11 (+):CD8(+) ratio was significantly higher in the @entity4 group than in the @entity8 group at 24 h after CLP. A negative @entity6 balance was observed in the @entity4 and @entity8 groups after CLP; there was no significant difference in @entity6 balance between the septic groups. No difference in survival rate at 24 h after CLP was observed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that, compared with the @entity8 group, @entity10 preinfused with @entity4 reduces the production of inflammatory mediators at the site of injury and that cellular immunity is enhanced at 24 h after CLP. Parenterally administered @entity4 had no beneficial effect in preventing @entity6 loss and improving survival in septic @entity1 . Whether @entity8 has specific effects that reduce the effects of @entity4 require further investigation.

title: Effects of XXXX -enriched total parenteral nutrition on inflammatory-related mediator and T-cell population in septic @entity1 .

answer: @entity3


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Previous reports have shown that oral @entity3 ( @entity4 ) has immune-enhancing properties in injury. However, the effects of parenterally infused @entity4 on @entity2 are not well understood. We used a septic @entity1 model to study @entity4 infusion in inflammatory-related cytokines and blood T lymphocyte population in vivo. METHODS: @entity1 with internal jugular catheters were assigned to one of two groups. Both groups received isonitrogenous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) supplemented with 270 mg of @entity6 per kilogram per day as @entity4 or @entity7 ( @entity8 ). TPN provided 270 kcal/kg of body weight, and the kilocalorie: @entity6 ratio was 143:1. TPN was maintained for 5 d plus 2, 4, or 6 h or 6 d, according to the scheduled deaths of the @entity1 . On day 5, @entity2 was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). After CLP for 2, 4, 6, and 24 @entity9 were killed. RESULTS: The results showed that interleukin-1beta and @entity0 necrosis factor-alpha concentrations in peritoneal lavage fluid at 6 h and @entity5 levels at 24 h after CLP in the @entity8 group were significantly higher than those in the @entity4 group. The T-lymphocyte population in blood showed that CD8(+) suppressor T-cell number was significantly higher in the @entity8 group than in the @entity4 group at 6 h after CLP. The blood @entity11 (+):CD8(+) ratio was significantly higher in the @entity4 group than in the @entity8 group at 24 h after CLP. A negative @entity6 balance was observed in the @entity4 and @entity8 groups after CLP; there was no significant difference in @entity6 balance between the septic groups. No difference in survival rate at 24 h after CLP was observed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that, compared with the @entity8 group, @entity10 preinfused with @entity4 reduces the production of inflammatory mediators at the site of injury and that cellular immunity is enhanced at 24 h after CLP. Parenterally administered @entity4 had no beneficial effect in preventing @entity6 loss and improving survival in septic @entity1 . Whether @entity8 has specific effects that reduce the effects of @entity4 require further investigation.

title: Effects of @entity3 -enriched total parenteral nutrition on inflammatory-related mediator and T-cell population in septic XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential benefit and risks of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of @entity4 . DESIGN: Prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. @entity0 : Five @entity0 with solitary @entity8 on the temporal portion of the optic nerve presenting with exudative decompensation and decrease in visual acuity (VA). METHODS: All eyes received a standardized PDT treatment with 6 mg/kg body surface area verteporfin and application of 100 J/cm(2) light at 692 nm. One to three PDT courses were performed until resolution of exudation was achieved. A continuous follow-up was provided with documentation 1 week before and at 4 to 6 weeks, 3 months, and 12 months after the last treatment application. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Functional parameters included best-refracted VA (Early Treatment @entity2 Study), and central scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) scotometry and peripheral (automated perimetry) visual fields; anatomic parameters were presence of @entity6 or @entity5 (ophthalmoscopy) and @entity1 size (ultrasonography). RESULTS: Pretreatment VA levels ranged from 20/40 to 20/800; posttreatment levels ranged from 20/64 to 20/2000. Tumor regression with resolution of macular exudate and @entity5 was obtained in all eyes. A decline in VA of 1, 3, and 10 lines, respectively, was documented in three @entity0 . Complications included transient decompensation of vascular permeability, occlusion of retinal vessels, and @entity3 of the optic nerve. CONCLUSIONS: PDT is successful in reducing @entity1 size and exudative activity. Vaso-occlusive effects at the level of the retina and optic nerve compromise the functional benefit. Parameters proven safe in @entity7 may be inappropriate in retinal capillary lesions of the optic nerve.

title: Benefits and complications of photodynamic therapy of papillary XXXX .

answer: @entity8


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare optic disc topography and nerve fiber layer thickness in @entity4 and normal subjects. DESIGN: Prospective, case-controlled study. @entity0 AND CONTROLS: One eye in each of 20 normal and 27 ocular @entity1 @entity0 was enrolled. METHODS: Consecutive normal and ocular @entity1 @entity0 were enrolled. Each @entity0 underwent complete ophthalmic examination, achromatic automated perimetry, short-wavelength automated perimetry, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, confocal scanning laser polarimetry, and optical coherence tomography. The intraocular pressure was 21 mmHg or less for normal subjects and at least 25 mmHg on two separate occasions in @entity4 . Structural parameters were compared between the two groups. Eyes with evidence of @entity3 , @entity2 , or evidence of focal @entity2 during short-wavelength automated perimetry were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Optic nerve head topography and nerve fiber layer thickness. RESULTS: The three imaging technologies could not detect differences in optic disc or nerve fiber layer anatomy between the two groups. Ocular @entity1 eyes had a greater corrected pattern standard deviation than normal eyes during short-wavelength automated perimetry (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular @entity1 eyes with normal achromatic automated perimetry and short-wavelength automated perimetry could not be distinguished from normal subjects with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, confocal scanning laser polarimetry, and optical coherence tomography.

title: Assessment of optic disc anatomy and nerve fiber layer thickness in ocular XXXX subjects with normal short-wavelength automated perimetry.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Leukocytes are recruited from peripheral blood into milk as part of the inflammatory response to @entity2 . However, excessive accumulation of inflammatory cells alters the quality of milk and the proteases produced by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages may lead to mammary tissue damage. To investigate PMN recruitment and the kinetics of their intracytoplasmic enzymes in @entity0 , we generated @entity2 in six @entity1 by intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clinical signs of acute @entity2 were observed in all of the @entity1 , and normal status was resumed by 316 h. Intracytoplasmic elastase, collagenase, and cathepsin activities were measured within live cells by flow cytometry in peripheral blood leukocytes and milk PMNs before and during the inflammatory process (at 10 time points between 4 and 316 h). The proportion of immature PMNs was appreciated by @entity4 surface labeling measured in flow cytometry. @entity3 was observed in the peripheral blood 4 h postinfusion, concomitant to an increase in somatic cell counts in milk. @entity4 (+) PMNs were preferentially recruited from the peripheral blood to milk. Enzymatic activities were detected in PMNs, lymphocytes, and monocytes at levels depending on the cell type, sample nature, and time of collection. Milk PMNs had lower enzymatic activities than peripheral blood PMNs. This study showed that milk PMNs recruited during LPS-induced experimental @entity2 have an immature phenotype and significantly lower enzymatic activities than peripheral blood PMNs. This suggests that @entity4 , an adhesion molecule, may be involved in the egress from blood to milk and that the enzymatic contents of PMNs are partly used during this process.

title: Enzymatic activities of XXXX peripheral blood leukocytes and milk polymorphonuclear neutrophils during intramammary @entity0 caused by lipopolysaccharide.

answer: @entity1


abstract: Leukocytes are recruited from peripheral blood into milk as part of the inflammatory response to @entity2 . However, excessive accumulation of inflammatory cells alters the quality of milk and the proteases produced by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages may lead to mammary tissue damage. To investigate PMN recruitment and the kinetics of their intracytoplasmic enzymes in @entity0 , we generated @entity2 in six @entity1 by intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clinical signs of acute @entity2 were observed in all of the @entity1 , and normal status was resumed by 316 h. Intracytoplasmic elastase, collagenase, and cathepsin activities were measured within live cells by flow cytometry in peripheral blood leukocytes and milk PMNs before and during the inflammatory process (at 10 time points between 4 and 316 h). The proportion of immature PMNs was appreciated by @entity4 surface labeling measured in flow cytometry. @entity3 was observed in the peripheral blood 4 h postinfusion, concomitant to an increase in somatic cell counts in milk. @entity4 (+) PMNs were preferentially recruited from the peripheral blood to milk. Enzymatic activities were detected in PMNs, lymphocytes, and monocytes at levels depending on the cell type, sample nature, and time of collection. Milk PMNs had lower enzymatic activities than peripheral blood PMNs. This study showed that milk PMNs recruited during LPS-induced experimental @entity2 have an immature phenotype and significantly lower enzymatic activities than peripheral blood PMNs. This suggests that @entity4 , an adhesion molecule, may be involved in the egress from blood to milk and that the enzymatic contents of PMNs are partly used during this process.

title: Enzymatic activities of @entity1 peripheral blood leukocytes and milk polymorphonuclear neutrophils during intramammary XXXX caused by lipopolysaccharide.

answer: @entity0


abstract: BACKGROUND: The intestinal microflora provide a strong defence against intestinal pathogens, and may be altered in inflammatory conditions that impact the gut, such as @entity1 . Therefore, intestinal bacteria shed from @entity2 with @entity1 were compared with age-matched healthy controls. A second study assessed the prevalence of @entity0 in female monkeys to determine whether @entity1 is associated with an increased likelihood of @entity0 . METHODS: Differential and selective agars were used to enumerate total and Gram-negative aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria, as well as Lactobacilli, from female monkeys with or without @entity1 . In addition, the prevalence of @entity0 in monkeys with or without @entity1 was determined in a retrospective analysis of necropsy reports. RESULTS: Monkeys with @entity1 had a significantly different profile of shed microflora. Endometriosis was associated with lower Lactobacilli concentrations and higher Gram-negative bacteria concentrations. Moreover, there was a higher prevalence of @entity0 in monkeys with @entity1 in comparison to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Endometriosis is associated with an altered profile of intestinal microflora in @entity2 . Although the exact mechanisms linking @entity1 and the microflora are unknown, it is possible that the microflora were affected by @entity0 .

title: Endometriosis is associated with an altered profile of intestinal microflora in female XXXX .

answer: @entity2


abstract: This study evaluated the clinical outcomes following venous ligation for the treatment of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) with leptomeningeal or cortical venous drainage. The authors conducted a single-centre, retrospective study of 15 @entity0 with @entity6 treated consecutively between 1990 and 2000. There were eight female @entity0 of mean age 60 years (range 36-71). Eight @entity0 presented with @entity4 , two with mass affect, two with @entity1 , one with @entity3 and two @entity0 were asymptomatic. Four @entity2 were located in the petrosal region, three at the torcula, three in the transverse sigmoid region, three in the parasagittal region and two at the foramen magnum. Leptomeningeal or cortical veins drained all @entity6 . Eight @entity0 underwent preoperative embolization of the arterial feeders. @entity5 resulted in obliteration of all @entity2 confirmed by direct visualization of the thrombosed veins and/or radiographic follow up. Mean follow up period was 37 months with a range of 1-112 months. All symptomatic @entity0 improved and there was no surgical morbidity. These results indicated that venous ligation to obliterate @entity6 with leptomeningeal or cortical drainage is safe and effective. With appropriate neuroradiological diagnosis and preoperative neuroendovascular intervention, this technique resulted in obliteration of @entity6 in 15 @entity0 without significant morbidity.

title: XXXX of dural arteriovenous fistulae.

answer: @entity5


abstract: Complications related to @entity8 pumping (IABP) remain a problem despite the development of small caliber balloon catheter shafts and introducer sheaths. The authors report their experience in counterpulsation-related complications of 201 consecutive @entity0 who underwent 212 percutaneous counterpulsation balloon insertions from June 1989 to June 1996 by use of balloons with 8-9.5 French shafts. Of these, 82% were @entity0 and 36 (18%) were @entity0 , with a mean age of 61 +/-12 years. Indications for counterpulsation were @entity7 ( @entity7 ) (67%), severe @entity9 without @entity7 (20%), @entity3 (4%), @entity10 (3%), high-risk supported percutaneous coronary angioplasty (2%), and others (4%). IABP was instituted at the bedside in the intensive care unit in 82 @entity0 (39%) and in the catheterization laboratory in 130 (61%). Median duration of counterpulsation was 48 hours (range 30 minutes to 25 days) with successful weaning from counterpulsation in 70% (148 of 212) of procedures. Overall in-hospital mortality rate was 45% (90 of 201). The overall complication rate was 22/212 (10.4%). Major complications were present in 10/212 procedures (4.7%): 6 @entity0 with @entity1 (1 death directly attributed to this complication, 1 with associated @entity2 and limb amputation, 3 requiring surgical thromboembolectomy, and 1 with persistent @entity1 treated medically until his death caused by intractable @entity9 ), 2 with important @entity6 (1 fatal despite vascular surgical repair and 1 requiring blood transfusion) and 2 with @entity4 requiring vascular surgery. Minor complications were present in 12 procedures (5.7%), 6 with @entity1 , 3 with @entity6 , and 3 with @entity5 . All of these resolved after balloon removal and required no further intervention. When @entity1 did develop it occurred after a median delay of 24 hours following balloon insertion (range 2 to 98 hours). The only predictor of @entity1 among baseline clinical and procedure-related variables was an age greater than 60 years. Compared with previous recent studies, the rate of complications observed in this study performed with small balloon catheters was acceptably low. @entity1 was the most frequent complication, often occurred early, and required further intervention in half the cases.

title: In-hospital complications of percutaneous XXXX .

answer: @entity8


abstract: @entity13 , a @entity14 analogue, is a specific DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, with activity in @entity1 cell lines with MDR expression. @entity13 has a broad spectrum of activity in solid @entity1 (especially in @entity2 ). Early reports have shown that @entity13 could be active in @entity12 ( @entity12 ) with low-dose schedules. To further evaluate the efficacy and @entity5 of @entity13 in @entity0 with refractory or relapsed NHLs, we conducted a phase II trial with escalated doses. @entity0 AND THERAPY: From 04/98 to 05/01, 28 @entity0 with @entity12 were enrolled. @entity0 CHARACTERISTICS: M/F 21/7; median age: 56 years (range 28-72); Ann Arbor stage at the time of the study I/II and III/IV in 6 and 21 @entity0 , respectively. Sixteen @entity0 had @entity3 when they were enrolled in this phase II study and 8 @entity0 were previously treated with high-dose therapy and stem-cell transplantation. @entity13 was administrated at the doses of 350 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Six courses were given in @entity0 who achieved CR, PR or stable disease. @entity0 were evaluated every 2 courses. If no grade II or more @entity5 was observed after the first course, escalated dose (500 mg/m2) was then undertaken. RESULTS: 19/28 @entity0 received more than 2 courses of @entity13 and were evaluated for response. Nine @entity0 received one course of therapy because of either @entity4 (n = 6), @entity5 (n = 2) or refusal (n = 1). Ten @entity0 received escalated dose (500 mg/m2). Complete remission and partial was achieved in 2/19 @entity0 , stable disease in 7/19, and @entity4 in 10/19 @entity0 . Median duration of responses was short (3 months, range 1-8 months). Seventy-five courses were evaluated for @entity5 according to the WHO criteria. @entity6 grade 2 or 3 occurred in 9/75 courses; cholinergic syndrome grade 2 in 3/75 courses; @entity7 grade 3 in 7/75 courses. @entity11 : @entity9 grade 3 or 4 in 21/75 courses; @entity8 grade 3 in 8/75 courses; infectious episodes grade 2 or 3 in 7/75 courses. In 2/7 courses with escalated doses, grade I/IV @entity10 occurred withoutother major @entity5 . CONCLUSION: @entity13 has low activity in heavily pretreated NHLs. Responses were of short duration.

title: Phase II trial of @entity13 ( @entity13 ) in relapsed or XXXX .

answer: @entity12


abstract: @entity13 , a @entity14 analogue, is a specific DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, with activity in @entity1 cell lines with MDR expression. @entity13 has a broad spectrum of activity in solid @entity1 (especially in @entity2 ). Early reports have shown that @entity13 could be active in @entity12 ( @entity12 ) with low-dose schedules. To further evaluate the efficacy and @entity5 of @entity13 in @entity0 with refractory or relapsed NHLs, we conducted a phase II trial with escalated doses. @entity0 AND THERAPY: From 04/98 to 05/01, 28 @entity0 with @entity12 were enrolled. @entity0 CHARACTERISTICS: M/F 21/7; median age: 56 years (range 28-72); Ann Arbor stage at the time of the study I/II and III/IV in 6 and 21 @entity0 , respectively. Sixteen @entity0 had @entity3 when they were enrolled in this phase II study and 8 @entity0 were previously treated with high-dose therapy and stem-cell transplantation. @entity13 was administrated at the doses of 350 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Six courses were given in @entity0 who achieved CR, PR or stable disease. @entity0 were evaluated every 2 courses. If no grade II or more @entity5 was observed after the first course, escalated dose (500 mg/m2) was then undertaken. RESULTS: 19/28 @entity0 received more than 2 courses of @entity13 and were evaluated for response. Nine @entity0 received one course of therapy because of either @entity4 (n = 6), @entity5 (n = 2) or refusal (n = 1). Ten @entity0 received escalated dose (500 mg/m2). Complete remission and partial was achieved in 2/19 @entity0 , stable disease in 7/19, and @entity4 in 10/19 @entity0 . Median duration of responses was short (3 months, range 1-8 months). Seventy-five courses were evaluated for @entity5 according to the WHO criteria. @entity6 grade 2 or 3 occurred in 9/75 courses; cholinergic syndrome grade 2 in 3/75 courses; @entity7 grade 3 in 7/75 courses. @entity11 : @entity9 grade 3 or 4 in 21/75 courses; @entity8 grade 3 in 8/75 courses; infectious episodes grade 2 or 3 in 7/75 courses. In 2/7 courses with escalated doses, grade I/IV @entity10 occurred withoutother major @entity5 . CONCLUSION: @entity13 has low activity in heavily pretreated NHLs. Responses were of short duration.

title: Phase II trial of XXXX ( @entity13 ) in relapsed or @entity12 .

answer: @entity13


abstract: @entity13 , a @entity14 analogue, is a specific DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, with activity in @entity1 cell lines with MDR expression. @entity13 has a broad spectrum of activity in solid @entity1 (especially in @entity2 ). Early reports have shown that @entity13 could be active in @entity12 ( @entity12 ) with low-dose schedules. To further evaluate the efficacy and @entity5 of @entity13 in @entity0 with refractory or relapsed NHLs, we conducted a phase II trial with escalated doses. @entity0 AND THERAPY: From 04/98 to 05/01, 28 @entity0 with @entity12 were enrolled. @entity0 CHARACTERISTICS: M/F 21/7; median age: 56 years (range 28-72); Ann Arbor stage at the time of the study I/II and III/IV in 6 and 21 @entity0 , respectively. Sixteen @entity0 had @entity3 when they were enrolled in this phase II study and 8 @entity0 were previously treated with high-dose therapy and stem-cell transplantation. @entity13 was administrated at the doses of 350 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Six courses were given in @entity0 who achieved CR, PR or stable disease. @entity0 were evaluated every 2 courses. If no grade II or more @entity5 was observed after the first course, escalated dose (500 mg/m2) was then undertaken. RESULTS: 19/28 @entity0 received more than 2 courses of @entity13 and were evaluated for response. Nine @entity0 received one course of therapy because of either @entity4 (n = 6), @entity5 (n = 2) or refusal (n = 1). Ten @entity0 received escalated dose (500 mg/m2). Complete remission and partial was achieved in 2/19 @entity0 , stable disease in 7/19, and @entity4 in 10/19 @entity0 . Median duration of responses was short (3 months, range 1-8 months). Seventy-five courses were evaluated for @entity5 according to the WHO criteria. @entity6 grade 2 or 3 occurred in 9/75 courses; cholinergic syndrome grade 2 in 3/75 courses; @entity7 grade 3 in 7/75 courses. @entity11 : @entity9 grade 3 or 4 in 21/75 courses; @entity8 grade 3 in 8/75 courses; infectious episodes grade 2 or 3 in 7/75 courses. In 2/7 courses with escalated doses, grade I/IV @entity10 occurred withoutother major @entity5 . CONCLUSION: @entity13 has low activity in heavily pretreated NHLs. Responses were of short duration.

title: Phase II trial of @entity13 ( XXXX ) in relapsed or @entity12 .

answer: @entity13


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review relevant literature supporting the use of antihypertensive agents, lipid-lowering agents (i.e., statins), and @entity1 therapy for the primary prevention of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) in an elderly @entity0 population (age >or=65 y). DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1988-January 2003) was conducted. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Primary and tertiary literature involving the uses of antihypertensives, statins, and @entity1 therapy in the elderly were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Mortality due to @entity2 in the US population has decreased 40-50% over the last 30 years; however, @entity2 remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly @entity0 . As the population continues to age, the number of older adults eligible for primary prevention will rise. The American Heart Association clinical practice guidelines for the primary prevention of @entity2 were updated in 2002; however, they are based on findings from clinical trials that enrolled predominantly middle-aged white @entity0 . The recommendations for elderly individuals are predominantly extrapolated from subgroup analyses of randomized clinical trials or cohort studies. This literature suggests that elderly @entity0 are candidates for primary prevention measures and experience reductions in coronary events when treated with appropriate therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that use of antihypertensives, statins, and @entity1 therapy in the elderly appears effective to an extent similar to, and often greater than, that observed in younger @entity0 . We believe these agents should be prescribed to all appropriate high-risk elderly @entity0 . Ongoing and future studies will more clearly elucidate the benefits of primary prevention therapy, particularly in @entity0 >or=75 years of age.

title: Primary prevention of XXXX in the elderly.

answer: @entity2


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety, efficacy, and results of the early treatment of @entity0 with @entity2 using minimally invasive endoscopic strip craniectomies and postoperative helmet molding therapy. METHODS: A total of 100 @entity0 with documented diagnosis of @entity2 were prospectively studied and treated with endoscopic strip craniectomies. A total of 106 stenosed sutures were operated on with the following distribution: 61 sagittal, 23 coronal, 18 metopic, and 4 lambdoid sutures. Sixty-three @entity0 were treated under 16 weeks of age. After surgery, all @entity0 were treated with custom-made molding helmets for up to 7 months. Follow-up ranged between 4 months and 50 months. RESULTS: All @entity0 underwent the surgical procedures successfully and without complications. The mean surgical operative time was 52.7 minutes. The mean estimated @entity3 was 26.2 mL; only 1 @entity0 underwent intraoperative blood transfusion, and 10 @entity0 had a non- life-threatening postoperative blood transfusion. All but 3 @entity0 were discharged on the first postoperative day. There were no infections, dural sinus tears, @entity5 , or @entity1 , and there were no significant complications related to the use of helmet therapy. Most @entity0 have achieved or are in the process of reaching normalization of their @entity4 . CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the early treatment of @entity2 with minimally invasive endoscopic strip craniectomies is a safe, efficacious, and valuable therapeutic alternative to the current extensive surgical treatment modalities. The significantly less @entity3 , need for blood transfusions, and length of stay and decreased costs make this procedure an excellent early option for treating @entity0 who present with @entity2 .

title: Early management of XXXX using endoscopic-assisted strip craniectomies and cranial orthotic molding therapy.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The conduction system in right @entity6 may be complicated by the presence of paired sinus nodes and twin atrioventricular nodes. With a large cohort of @entity0 and @entity0 with right @entity6 , we sought to investigate the nature of atrial rhythm, its prevalence, factors predisposing @entity0 to symptomatic @entity2 , and the relation of @entity2 to long-term morbidity and mortality. METHODS: Standard 12-lead baseline electrocardiograms were performed in 110 @entity0 and @entity0 with right @entity6 at a median age of 1 day, and their clinical records were reviewed. The type, timing, and precipitating factors of symptomatic @entity2 that occurred in 15 @entity0 , among a cohort of 85 @entity0 who had or were awaiting surgical interventions, were noted. RESULTS: All @entity0 except 1 had a sinus rhythm with intact atrioventricular conduction. Of these, 87% (95/109) had single P-wave morphology, whereas 13% (14/109) had multiple P-wave morphologies. For @entity0 with a single P-wave morphology, the frontal P-wave axis was between 0 degrees and 90 degrees in 62% (59/95), 90 degrees and 180 degrees in 23% (22/95), and superior in 15% (14/95). There was no relation between either P-wave axis or morphology and cardiac anatomy. Symptomatic @entity2 occurred in 15 of 85 @entity0 (18%); 11 of the 15 @entity0 had @entity7 , and 1 @entity0 each had @entity1 , @entity4 , @entity5 , and @entity8 . The @entity2 occurred before surgery in 4 @entity0 , early after surgery in 5 @entity0 , and late after surgery in 6 @entity0 . Although 3 of the 7 @entity0 who died suddenly had a history of symptomatic @entity2 , @entity2 was the documented cause of mortality in only 1 of the 32 fatalities (3.1%). Freedom from @entity2 at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years was 93% +/- 3%, 86% +/- 4%, 80% +/- 6%, 73% +/- 9%, and 48% +/- 15% (mean +/- SE), respectively. No risk factors for symptomatic @entity2 were identified by means of logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: The atrial pacemaker varies in location within and between @entity0 with right @entity6 . Although symptomatic @entity2 are not uncommon, they do not seem to relate to the overall high mortality rate and occurrence of @entity3 in this @entity0 group. Nonetheless, detailed assessment and aggressive management of @entity2 once they occur are warranted because of the precarious single ventricular hemodynamics.

title: Cardiac rhythm and symptomatic XXXX in right @entity6 .

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: The conduction system in right @entity6 may be complicated by the presence of paired sinus nodes and twin atrioventricular nodes. With a large cohort of @entity0 and @entity0 with right @entity6 , we sought to investigate the nature of atrial rhythm, its prevalence, factors predisposing @entity0 to symptomatic @entity2 , and the relation of @entity2 to long-term morbidity and mortality. METHODS: Standard 12-lead baseline electrocardiograms were performed in 110 @entity0 and @entity0 with right @entity6 at a median age of 1 day, and their clinical records were reviewed. The type, timing, and precipitating factors of symptomatic @entity2 that occurred in 15 @entity0 , among a cohort of 85 @entity0 who had or were awaiting surgical interventions, were noted. RESULTS: All @entity0 except 1 had a sinus rhythm with intact atrioventricular conduction. Of these, 87% (95/109) had single P-wave morphology, whereas 13% (14/109) had multiple P-wave morphologies. For @entity0 with a single P-wave morphology, the frontal P-wave axis was between 0 degrees and 90 degrees in 62% (59/95), 90 degrees and 180 degrees in 23% (22/95), and superior in 15% (14/95). There was no relation between either P-wave axis or morphology and cardiac anatomy. Symptomatic @entity2 occurred in 15 of 85 @entity0 (18%); 11 of the 15 @entity0 had @entity7 , and 1 @entity0 each had @entity1 , @entity4 , @entity5 , and @entity8 . The @entity2 occurred before surgery in 4 @entity0 , early after surgery in 5 @entity0 , and late after surgery in 6 @entity0 . Although 3 of the 7 @entity0 who died suddenly had a history of symptomatic @entity2 , @entity2 was the documented cause of mortality in only 1 of the 32 fatalities (3.1%). Freedom from @entity2 at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years was 93% +/- 3%, 86% +/- 4%, 80% +/- 6%, 73% +/- 9%, and 48% +/- 15% (mean +/- SE), respectively. No risk factors for symptomatic @entity2 were identified by means of logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: The atrial pacemaker varies in location within and between @entity0 with right @entity6 . Although symptomatic @entity2 are not uncommon, they do not seem to relate to the overall high mortality rate and occurrence of @entity3 in this @entity0 group. Nonetheless, detailed assessment and aggressive management of @entity2 once they occur are warranted because of the precarious single ventricular hemodynamics.

title: Cardiac rhythm and symptomatic @entity2 in right XXXX .

answer: @entity6


abstract: We have developed a new technique to gate lung @entity2 PET images in synchronization with the respiratory motion to reduce smearing due to breathing and improve quantitation of @entity2 uptake in lung lesions. METHODS: A camera-based respiratory gating system, the real-time position management (RPM), is used to monitor the respiratory cycle. The RPM provides a trigger to the PET scanner to initiate the gating cycle. Each respiratory cycle is divided into discrete bins triggered at a defined amplitude or phase within the @entity0 's breathing motion, into which PET data are acquired. The acquired data within the time bins correspond to different lesion positions within the breathing cycle. The study includes 5 @entity0 with @entity1 . RESULTS: Measurements of the lesions' volumes in the gated mode showed a reduction of up to 34% compared with that of the nongated measurement. This reduction in the lesion volume has been accompanied by an increase in the intensity in the @entity2 signal per voxel. This finding has resulted in an improvement in measurement of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV(max)), which increased in 1 @entity0 by as much as 159%. The total lesion glycolysis, defined as the product of the SUV(max) and the lesion volume, was also measured in gated and nongated modes and showed a consistency between the 2 measurements. CONCLUSION: We have shown that image smearing can be reduced by gating @entity2 PET images in synchronization with the respiratory motion. This technique allows a more accurate definition of the lesion volume and improves the quantitation specific activity of the tracer (in this case, @entity2 ), which are distorted because of the breathing motion.

title: Effect of respiratory gating on quantifying PET images of XXXX .

answer: @entity1


abstract: Reverse transcription in @entity2 ( @entity2 ) initiates from the 3' end of a @entity4 primer, which anneals near the 5' end of the RNA genome. The region around the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) forms an elaborate stem structure composed of the U5-inverted repeat (U5-IR) stem, the U5-leader stem, and the association of the tRNA primer with the @entity3 . There is evidence for an additional interaction between the viral U5 RNA and the T psi C loop of the @entity4 (U5-T psi C). We now demonstrate that this U5-T psi C interaction is necessary for efficient replication of @entity2 in culture. By randomizing specific biologically relevant regions of the viral RNA, thereby producing a library of mutant viruses, we are able to select, through multiple rounds of @entity0 , those sequences imparting survival @entity1 . Randomizing the U5-T psi C interaction region of the viral RNA results in selection of largely wild-type sequences after five rounds of @entity0 . Also recovered are mutant viruses that maintain their ability to base pair with the T psi C loop of the @entity4 . To prove this interaction is specific to the tRNA primer, we constructed a second library, in which we altered the @entity3 to anneal to tRNA(Pro), while simultaneously randomizing the viral RNA U5-T psi C region. After five rounds of @entity0 , the consensus sequence 5'-GPuPuCPy-3' emerged, which is complementary to the 5'-GGTTC-3' sequence found in the T psi C loop of tRNA(Pro). These observations confirm the importance of the U5-T psi C interaction in vivo.

title: Replication of @entity2 in vivo requires an interaction between the viral RNA and the TpsiC loop of the XXXX primer.

answer: @entity4


abstract: Reverse transcription in @entity2 ( @entity2 ) initiates from the 3' end of a @entity4 primer, which anneals near the 5' end of the RNA genome. The region around the @entity3 ( @entity3 ) forms an elaborate stem structure composed of the U5-inverted repeat (U5-IR) stem, the U5-leader stem, and the association of the tRNA primer with the @entity3 . There is evidence for an additional interaction between the viral U5 RNA and the T psi C loop of the @entity4 (U5-T psi C). We now demonstrate that this U5-T psi C interaction is necessary for efficient replication of @entity2 in culture. By randomizing specific biologically relevant regions of the viral RNA, thereby producing a library of mutant viruses, we are able to select, through multiple rounds of @entity0 , those sequences imparting survival @entity1 . Randomizing the U5-T psi C interaction region of the viral RNA results in selection of largely wild-type sequences after five rounds of @entity0 . Also recovered are mutant viruses that maintain their ability to base pair with the T psi C loop of the @entity4 . To prove this interaction is specific to the tRNA primer, we constructed a second library, in which we altered the @entity3 to anneal to tRNA(Pro), while simultaneously randomizing the viral RNA U5-T psi C region. After five rounds of @entity0 , the consensus sequence 5'-GPuPuCPy-3' emerged, which is complementary to the 5'-GGTTC-3' sequence found in the T psi C loop of tRNA(Pro). These observations confirm the importance of the U5-T psi C interaction in vivo.

title: Replication of XXXX in vivo requires an interaction between the viral RNA and the TpsiC loop of the @entity4 primer.

answer: @entity2


abstract: We propose herein that there are two functionally abnormal nephron populations in essential @entity3 : (1) a group of @entity1 @entity8 with impaired @entity6 excretion which chronically hypersecrete @entity5 . Numerically, these @entity1 @entity8 comprise a minor subgroup since most @entity0 with essential @entity3 exhibit no overt evidence of @entity4 . (2) In reaction to this, a more numerous group of normal @entity8 appears in adaptive hypernatriuresis. They have an increased distal @entity6 supply and consequently, a chronically suppressed @entity5 secretion. One difference between @entity0 with @entity7 and those with essential @entity3 is the intermingling of these two populations of @entity8 . In our hypothesis, the adapting hyperfiltering normal @entity8 accomplish the hypernatriuresis in response to saline infusion, that is characteristic of all essential @entity3 . However, the unsuppressed secretion of @entity5 , that arises from the @entity1 nephron population attenuates this compensatory natriuresis in the following ways: (1) by inappropriately acting on the hyperfiltering @entity8 to enhance proximal tubular @entity6 reabsorption; (2) by activating TGF-mediated afferent constriction in these @entity8 , and (3) simultaneously, the reactive secretion of @entity5 from @entity1 @entity8 is diluted by non-participation of the adapting hypernatriuretic @entity8 so that plasma @entity5 settles at a level which is insufficient to fully compensate GFR in the @entity1 @entity8 . These adaptive responses provide a basis for the observation that the inhibition of @entity5 activity with converting enzyme inhibitors in essential @entity3 increases renal blood flow and @entity6 excretion. They also explain why converting enzyme inhibitors can effectively reduce blood pressure, even when @entity5 levels are not absolutely elevated, since any circulating @entity5 imposed upon the adapting @entity2 their @entity6 excretion. In addition, the theory explains why basal @entity5 secretion is either not suppressed or inadequately suppressed in @entity0 with essential @entity3 . As a result, whole kidney homeostatic function is compromised because individual @entity8 are responding to their individual stimuli to fulfil their individual need, rather than acting in concert with other @entity8 . The net effect of this uncoordinated response is to shift total renal function so that systemic arterial @entity3 is sustained by abnormal @entity6 retention for the inappropriately high plasma @entity5 level, or vice versa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: On the renal basis for essential @entity3 : nephron heterogeneity with discordant XXXX secretion and @entity6 excretion causing a hypertensive vasoconstriction-volume relationship.

answer: @entity5


abstract: We propose herein that there are two functionally abnormal nephron populations in essential @entity3 : (1) a group of @entity1 @entity8 with impaired @entity6 excretion which chronically hypersecrete @entity5 . Numerically, these @entity1 @entity8 comprise a minor subgroup since most @entity0 with essential @entity3 exhibit no overt evidence of @entity4 . (2) In reaction to this, a more numerous group of normal @entity8 appears in adaptive hypernatriuresis. They have an increased distal @entity6 supply and consequently, a chronically suppressed @entity5 secretion. One difference between @entity0 with @entity7 and those with essential @entity3 is the intermingling of these two populations of @entity8 . In our hypothesis, the adapting hyperfiltering normal @entity8 accomplish the hypernatriuresis in response to saline infusion, that is characteristic of all essential @entity3 . However, the unsuppressed secretion of @entity5 , that arises from the @entity1 nephron population attenuates this compensatory natriuresis in the following ways: (1) by inappropriately acting on the hyperfiltering @entity8 to enhance proximal tubular @entity6 reabsorption; (2) by activating TGF-mediated afferent constriction in these @entity8 , and (3) simultaneously, the reactive secretion of @entity5 from @entity1 @entity8 is diluted by non-participation of the adapting hypernatriuretic @entity8 so that plasma @entity5 settles at a level which is insufficient to fully compensate GFR in the @entity1 @entity8 . These adaptive responses provide a basis for the observation that the inhibition of @entity5 activity with converting enzyme inhibitors in essential @entity3 increases renal blood flow and @entity6 excretion. They also explain why converting enzyme inhibitors can effectively reduce blood pressure, even when @entity5 levels are not absolutely elevated, since any circulating @entity5 imposed upon the adapting @entity2 their @entity6 excretion. In addition, the theory explains why basal @entity5 secretion is either not suppressed or inadequately suppressed in @entity0 with essential @entity3 . As a result, whole kidney homeostatic function is compromised because individual @entity8 are responding to their individual stimuli to fulfil their individual need, rather than acting in concert with other @entity8 . The net effect of this uncoordinated response is to shift total renal function so that systemic arterial @entity3 is sustained by abnormal @entity6 retention for the inappropriately high plasma @entity5 level, or vice versa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: On the renal basis for essential XXXX : nephron heterogeneity with discordant @entity5 secretion and @entity6 excretion causing a hypertensive vasoconstriction-volume relationship.

answer: @entity3


abstract: We propose herein that there are two functionally abnormal nephron populations in essential @entity3 : (1) a group of @entity1 @entity8 with impaired @entity6 excretion which chronically hypersecrete @entity5 . Numerically, these @entity1 @entity8 comprise a minor subgroup since most @entity0 with essential @entity3 exhibit no overt evidence of @entity4 . (2) In reaction to this, a more numerous group of normal @entity8 appears in adaptive hypernatriuresis. They have an increased distal @entity6 supply and consequently, a chronically suppressed @entity5 secretion. One difference between @entity0 with @entity7 and those with essential @entity3 is the intermingling of these two populations of @entity8 . In our hypothesis, the adapting hyperfiltering normal @entity8 accomplish the hypernatriuresis in response to saline infusion, that is characteristic of all essential @entity3 . However, the unsuppressed secretion of @entity5 , that arises from the @entity1 nephron population attenuates this compensatory natriuresis in the following ways: (1) by inappropriately acting on the hyperfiltering @entity8 to enhance proximal tubular @entity6 reabsorption; (2) by activating TGF-mediated afferent constriction in these @entity8 , and (3) simultaneously, the reactive secretion of @entity5 from @entity1 @entity8 is diluted by non-participation of the adapting hypernatriuretic @entity8 so that plasma @entity5 settles at a level which is insufficient to fully compensate GFR in the @entity1 @entity8 . These adaptive responses provide a basis for the observation that the inhibition of @entity5 activity with converting enzyme inhibitors in essential @entity3 increases renal blood flow and @entity6 excretion. They also explain why converting enzyme inhibitors can effectively reduce blood pressure, even when @entity5 levels are not absolutely elevated, since any circulating @entity5 imposed upon the adapting @entity2 their @entity6 excretion. In addition, the theory explains why basal @entity5 secretion is either not suppressed or inadequately suppressed in @entity0 with essential @entity3 . As a result, whole kidney homeostatic function is compromised because individual @entity8 are responding to their individual stimuli to fulfil their individual need, rather than acting in concert with other @entity8 . The net effect of this uncoordinated response is to shift total renal function so that systemic arterial @entity3 is sustained by abnormal @entity6 retention for the inappropriately high plasma @entity5 level, or vice versa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: On the renal basis for essential @entity3 : nephron heterogeneity with discordant @entity5 secretion and XXXX excretion causing a hypertensive vasoconstriction-volume relationship.

answer: @entity6


abstract: BACKGROUND: The optimal strategy for identifying @entity0 with @entity2 requiring surgical repair has not been defined. The potential benefits of diagnostic laparoscopy by incorporating it into the routine diagnostic workup of @entity0 with anterior @entity2 was evaluated in a two-layer, randomized study. METHODS: From May 1997 through January 2002, stable @entity0 without @entity1 but with demonstrated peritoneal violation were randomized (A) to exploratory laparotomy (AEL) (n = 23) or diagnostic laparoscopy (ADL) (n = 20). Simultaneously, @entity0 with equivocal peritoneal violation on local wound exploration were randomized (B) to diagnostic laparoscopy (BDL) (n = 28) or expectant nonoperative management (BNOM) (n = 31). Hospital morbidity, length of stay, and costs were primary endpoints, with postdischarge disability being a secondary endpoint. RESULTS: In @entity0 with peritoneal penetration (AEL vs. ADL), there were minimal differences in the therapeutic operation rate (8 of 23 [AEL] vs. 8 of 20 [ADL], p = 0.761), mortality (none), morbidity (3 of 23 vs. 2 of 20, p = 0.999), hospital stay (mean +/- SD) (5.7 +/- 2.5 vs. 5.1 +/- 4.0 days, p = 0.049), hospital costs (4.6 +/- 1.3 vs. 4.8 +/- 1.9 x 1,000 EUR, p = 0.576), and length of sick leave (34 +/- 12 vs. 29 +/- 11 days, p = 0.305). In @entity0 with equivocal peritoneal penetration (BDL vs. BNOM), laparoscopy found more mostly minor organ injuries (7 of 28 [BDL] vs. 1 of 31 [BNOM], p = 0.022) with no significant difference in therapeutic operations (3 of 28 vs. 1 of 31, p = 0.337) or morbidity (3 of 28 vs. 0 of 31, p = 0.101), but was associated with increased length of stay (2.6 +/- 2.1 vs. 1.9 +/- 1.8 days, p = 0.022), hospital costs (4.2 +/- 1.3 vs. 1.5 +/- 1.1 x 1,000 EUR, p = 0.000), and sick leave requirements (18 of 23 vs. 8 of 28 of eligible @entity0 , p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In @entity0 with demonstrated peritoneal violation, laparoscopy offers little benefit over exploratory laparotomy. In @entity0 with equivocal peritoneal penetration on local wound exploration, laparoscopy detects more mostly minor organ injuries than expectant nonoperative management but is associated with increased hospital stay, costs, and sick leave requirements. Overall, diagnostic laparoscopy cannot be recommended as a routine diagnostic tool in anterolateral abdominal and thoracoabdominal stab wounds.

title: Diagnostic laparoscopy in XXXX : a prospective, randomized study.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Undetected @entity2 ( @entity2 ) can lead to complications such as @entity3 , @entity7 , @entity6 , or otorhinorrhea, and can be the cause of life-threatening @entity8 and can easily be missed. METHODS: We prospectively studied @entity0 with @entity4 between January 2000 and January 2001. All @entity0 were examined by the attending @entity1 physician and then underwent cranial helical computed tomographic (CT) scan independent of clinical findings and Glasgow @entity5 Scale (GCS) score to determine the proportion of @entity2 that would have been missed if diagnosis had been based only on clinical evaluation. RESULTS: Three-hundred fifty consecutive @entity0 with @entity4 were studied during the 12-month period (GCS score: range, 3-15; median, 13). In 34 (9.7%) of these @entity0 , 38 TBF (30 unilateral and 4 bilateral) were diagnosed by CT scan. However, clinical signs of TBF were present in only 22 of the 34 @entity0 (65%). All missed @entity2 were unilateral. Of the @entity0 with missed @entity2 , 8 of 20 (40%) had GCS scores of 14 to 15, 1 of 8 (12.5%) had a GCS score of 9 to 13, and 3 of 6 (50%) had GCS scores < 9. Four of 34 (12%) @entity0 developed clinical complications. CONCLUSION: @entity2 are common injuries in @entity0 with @entity4 . More than one third of these @entity2 may be missed by clinical diagnosis alone. Although the clinical importance of the missed TBF is debatable, 12% of our @entity0 developed complications. Therefore, to rule out these lesions, routine cranial helical CT scan should be recommended in all @entity0 presenting with @entity4 , independent of clinical findings and GCS score.

title: The clinical correlation of XXXX and spiral computed tomographic scan: a prospective and consecutive study at a level I @entity1 center.

answer: @entity2


abstract: BACKGROUND: Undetected @entity2 ( @entity2 ) can lead to complications such as @entity3 , @entity7 , @entity6 , or otorhinorrhea, and can be the cause of life-threatening @entity8 and can easily be missed. METHODS: We prospectively studied @entity0 with @entity4 between January 2000 and January 2001. All @entity0 were examined by the attending @entity1 physician and then underwent cranial helical computed tomographic (CT) scan independent of clinical findings and Glasgow @entity5 Scale (GCS) score to determine the proportion of @entity2 that would have been missed if diagnosis had been based only on clinical evaluation. RESULTS: Three-hundred fifty consecutive @entity0 with @entity4 were studied during the 12-month period (GCS score: range, 3-15; median, 13). In 34 (9.7%) of these @entity0 , 38 TBF (30 unilateral and 4 bilateral) were diagnosed by CT scan. However, clinical signs of TBF were present in only 22 of the 34 @entity0 (65%). All missed @entity2 were unilateral. Of the @entity0 with missed @entity2 , 8 of 20 (40%) had GCS scores of 14 to 15, 1 of 8 (12.5%) had a GCS score of 9 to 13, and 3 of 6 (50%) had GCS scores < 9. Four of 34 (12%) @entity0 developed clinical complications. CONCLUSION: @entity2 are common injuries in @entity0 with @entity4 . More than one third of these @entity2 may be missed by clinical diagnosis alone. Although the clinical importance of the missed TBF is debatable, 12% of our @entity0 developed complications. Therefore, to rule out these lesions, routine cranial helical CT scan should be recommended in all @entity0 presenting with @entity4 , independent of clinical findings and GCS score.

title: The clinical correlation of @entity2 and spiral computed tomographic scan: a prospective and consecutive study at a level I XXXX center.

answer: @entity1


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Current recommendations are to institute nocturnal nasal ventilation for @entity4 @entity0 with a forced vital capacity (FVC) of <50% of predicted normal. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this is appropriate. DESIGN: A total of 87 nocturnal oximetry evaluations were performed on 78 consecutive @entity4 @entity0 symptomatic for @entity2 . Nocturnal oximetry measurements were compared for those with FVC >50% vs. those with FVC of <50% of normal. FVC was measured sitting and supine. RESULTS: A considerable number of these symptomatic @entity0 manifested evidence of @entity3 as measured by oximetry. However, there was no significant difference between @entity0 with sitting percentage-predicted FVC above and below 50% predicted in minimum @entity1 saturation, mean @entity1 saturation, percentage of time spent with @entity1 saturation of <88%, and number of events per hour. There was no significant difference between @entity0 with supine percentage-predicted FVC above and below 50% predicted in minimum @entity1 saturation, mean @entity1 saturation, percentage of time spent with @entity1 saturation of <88%, and number of events per hour. CONCLUSION: The recommendation that FVC be <50% of normal is inappropriate for justifying introduction of nocturnal nasal ventilation. Many @entity0 are symptomatic at higher FVC and manifest evidence of @entity3 . Nocturnal oximetry adds additional practical information for justifying earlier respiratory intervention for symptomatic @entity0 .

title: Nocturnal oximetry: utility in the respiratory management of XXXX .

answer: @entity4


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors on the progression of @entity5 . We hypothesized that risk factors for @entity7 might also be involved in the @entity3 and might lead to reoperation as a result of @entity6 , especially in younger @entity0 with high degeneration rates. METHODS: In 1984 and 1985, 161 @entity0 (74% male; mean age, 54.4 +/- 1.0 years; age range, 17-76 years; median age, 56.5 years) survived isolated aortic (n = 137) or combined aortic and mitral (n = 25) valve replacement with a Hancock extracorporeal pericardial valve. Of these @entity0 , 90 (56%) had reoperations as a result of tissue failure of the aortic valve 5.6 +/- 0.25 years postoperatively. RESULTS: The @entity0 group was split in half at the median age. In @entity0 aged 57 years or younger, @entity1 , female sex, cigarette smoking, and high @entity2 and @entity4 levels were associated with accelerated valve failure. In a multivariate model sex (female, P =.001), smoking (P =.001), @entity1 (P =.020), and @entity2 levels (P =.011) are risk factors for reoperation. @entity0 without risk factors had reoperation after a mean of 9.25 +/- 0.88 years compared with 4.05 +/- 0.43 years (P =.0002) in @entity0 with 2 or 3 risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors of @entity7 might play a substantial role in the @entity8 . Lowering of serum lipid levels, smoking cessation, therapy for @entity1 , and careful @entity0 selection could be new strategies to postpone degeneration. Younger @entity0 could then possibly benefit from the advantages of bioprostheses.

title: Risk factors for XXXX and the degeneration of pericardial valves after aortic valve replacement.

answer: @entity7