abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1205 (Taxotere) is prepared from a noncytotoxic precursor extracted from the needles of the Taxus baccata. Preclinical investigations have demonstrated that @entity1205 is very active in @entity694 @entity19 models. Phase I studies revealed @entity3028 to be the dose-limiting @entity137 . Initial clinical trials also demonstrated @entity1205 's activity in ovarian, breast, and @entity1149 . Because of this encouraging preclinical and clinical activity, we initiated a phase II study of @entity1205 in @entity1 with metastatic @entity14 . @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1205 , 100 mg/m2, was administered as a 1-hour intravenous infusion every 21 days. Nineteen @entity1 were entered on the trial. All @entity1 had measurable disease and had not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease. RESULTS: No complete or partial responses were observed. @entity3028 was the dose-limiting toxic effect. Seventeen @entity1 had grade 4 @entity3028 ; 8 of these patients received antibiotics for @entity1398 fevers. Twelve @entity1 experienced @entity56 , and 15 @entity1 experienced cutaneous toxic reactions. One @entity1 demonstrated evidence of fluid retention. CONCLUSIONS: Administered at the stated dose and schedule, @entity1205 has little activity against metastatic @entity14 . The @entity137 profile, consisting of @entity3028 , @entity56 , cutaneous reactions, and @entity4 , has been previously described in @entity1 receiving @entity1205 .

title: Phase II trial of @entity1205 (Taxotere) in metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['Granulocytopenia', 'granulocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity reactions']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma', 'colorectal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['Docetaxel', 'docetaxel']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1205 (Taxotere) is prepared from a noncytotoxic precursor extracted from the needles of the Taxus baccata. Preclinical investigations have demonstrated that @entity1205 is very active in @entity694 @entity19 models. Phase I studies revealed @entity3028 to be the dose-limiting @entity137 . Initial clinical trials also demonstrated @entity1205 's activity in ovarian, breast, and @entity1149 . Because of this encouraging preclinical and clinical activity, we initiated a phase II study of @entity1205 in @entity1 with metastatic @entity14 . @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1205 , 100 mg/m2, was administered as a 1-hour intravenous infusion every 21 days. Nineteen @entity1 were entered on the trial. All @entity1 had measurable disease and had not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease. RESULTS: No complete or partial responses were observed. @entity3028 was the dose-limiting toxic effect. Seventeen @entity1 had grade 4 @entity3028 ; 8 of these patients received antibiotics for @entity1398 fevers. Twelve @entity1 experienced @entity56 , and 15 @entity1 experienced cutaneous toxic reactions. One @entity1 demonstrated evidence of fluid retention. CONCLUSIONS: Administered at the stated dose and schedule, @entity1205 has little activity against metastatic @entity14 . The @entity137 profile, consisting of @entity3028 , @entity56 , cutaneous reactions, and @entity4 , has been previously described in @entity1 receiving @entity1205 .

title: Phase II trial of XXXX (Taxotere) in metastatic @entity14 .

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: @entity1579 ( @entity1579 ) are @entity179 characterized by the presence of a modified, partially proteinase-resistant host protein, @entity27465 , which accumulates in the brains of infected individuals. Recently it has been reported that @entity2379 ( @entity11015 ) treatment of hamsters infected with scrapie strain 263K prolongs the incubation period of the disease, and dissociates in vivo replication of the scrapie agent from @entity27465 accumulation. We report here on data obtained after treatment with @entity11015 and one of its derivatives, @entity71201 , in experimental scrapie of @entity19 and hamster. Treatment was carried out by the intraperitoneal route 6 days per week, at three different dosages initiated at the time of @entity281 . Two regimens were used: during the early time of @entity281 or throughout the experimental @entity281 . Results indicate that @entity71201 was as efficient as @entity11015 in prolonging the incubation time and decreasing @entity27465 accumulation in the hamster scrapie model. A dose-dependent response was observed in @entity19 treated early after experimental @entity281 . At a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, @entity71201 significantly prolonged the incubation period (by 11.9%). In long-term treatment of @entity19 , @entity71201 and @entity11015 markedly reduced @entity27465 levels in the preclinical stage of the disease. These data demonstrate that the effect of @entity11015 is not restricted to one model (hamster-263K). This regimen leads to an inversion of the @entity27465 to proteinase-sensitive protein (PrPSens) ratio, suggesting PrPSens (presumably cellular @entity27465 ) accumulation occurs before its conversion into @entity27465 . As it has been shown that @entity11015 does not modify the infectivity titre, we conclude that the drugs could act by inhibiting either the interaction of the scrapie agent with PrPSens during the early times of @entity281 or the conversion of PrPSens into @entity27465 .

title: Pharmacological studies of a new derivative of @entity2379 , XXXX , in @entity19 and hamster scrapie.

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity1579 :: ('MESH:D017096', 'Disease') :: ['TSSE', 'Transmissible subacute spongiform encephalopathies']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative diseases']

answer: @entity71201 :: (MESH:C074660,Chemical) :: ['MS-8209']


abstract: @entity1579 ( @entity1579 ) are @entity179 characterized by the presence of a modified, partially proteinase-resistant host protein, @entity27465 , which accumulates in the brains of infected individuals. Recently it has been reported that @entity2379 ( @entity11015 ) treatment of hamsters infected with scrapie strain 263K prolongs the incubation period of the disease, and dissociates in vivo replication of the scrapie agent from @entity27465 accumulation. We report here on data obtained after treatment with @entity11015 and one of its derivatives, @entity71201 , in experimental scrapie of @entity19 and hamster. Treatment was carried out by the intraperitoneal route 6 days per week, at three different dosages initiated at the time of @entity281 . Two regimens were used: during the early time of @entity281 or throughout the experimental @entity281 . Results indicate that @entity71201 was as efficient as @entity11015 in prolonging the incubation time and decreasing @entity27465 accumulation in the hamster scrapie model. A dose-dependent response was observed in @entity19 treated early after experimental @entity281 . At a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, @entity71201 significantly prolonged the incubation period (by 11.9%). In long-term treatment of @entity19 , @entity71201 and @entity11015 markedly reduced @entity27465 levels in the preclinical stage of the disease. These data demonstrate that the effect of @entity11015 is not restricted to one model (hamster-263K). This regimen leads to an inversion of the @entity27465 to proteinase-sensitive protein (PrPSens) ratio, suggesting PrPSens (presumably cellular @entity27465 ) accumulation occurs before its conversion into @entity27465 . As it has been shown that @entity11015 does not modify the infectivity titre, we conclude that the drugs could act by inhibiting either the interaction of the scrapie agent with PrPSens during the early times of @entity281 or the conversion of PrPSens into @entity27465 .

title: Pharmacological studies of a new derivative of XXXX , @entity71201 , in @entity19 and hamster scrapie.

answer: @entity2379 :: (MESH:D000666,Chemical) :: ['amphotericin B']


abstract: @entity1579 ( @entity1579 ) are @entity179 characterized by the presence of a modified, partially proteinase-resistant host protein, @entity27465 , which accumulates in the brains of infected individuals. Recently it has been reported that @entity2379 ( @entity11015 ) treatment of hamsters infected with scrapie strain 263K prolongs the incubation period of the disease, and dissociates in vivo replication of the scrapie agent from @entity27465 accumulation. We report here on data obtained after treatment with @entity11015 and one of its derivatives, @entity71201 , in experimental scrapie of @entity19 and hamster. Treatment was carried out by the intraperitoneal route 6 days per week, at three different dosages initiated at the time of @entity281 . Two regimens were used: during the early time of @entity281 or throughout the experimental @entity281 . Results indicate that @entity71201 was as efficient as @entity11015 in prolonging the incubation time and decreasing @entity27465 accumulation in the hamster scrapie model. A dose-dependent response was observed in @entity19 treated early after experimental @entity281 . At a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, @entity71201 significantly prolonged the incubation period (by 11.9%). In long-term treatment of @entity19 , @entity71201 and @entity11015 markedly reduced @entity27465 levels in the preclinical stage of the disease. These data demonstrate that the effect of @entity11015 is not restricted to one model (hamster-263K). This regimen leads to an inversion of the @entity27465 to proteinase-sensitive protein (PrPSens) ratio, suggesting PrPSens (presumably cellular @entity27465 ) accumulation occurs before its conversion into @entity27465 . As it has been shown that @entity11015 does not modify the infectivity titre, we conclude that the drugs could act by inhibiting either the interaction of the scrapie agent with PrPSens during the early times of @entity281 or the conversion of PrPSens into @entity27465 .

title: Pharmacological studies of a new derivative of @entity2379 , @entity71201 , in XXXX and hamster scrapie.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Bumble @entity5157 (Bombus) are the primary pollinators of tomatoes grown in greenhouses and can significantly increase fruit weight compared with tomatoes that receive no supplemental pollination. More than a million colonies are sold worldwide annually to meet pollination needs. Due to mounting concerns over the transportation of bumble @entity5157 outside of their native ranges, several species native to western North American are currently being investigated as potential commercial pollinators. Here, two western, Bombus huntii Greene and Bombus vosnesenskii Radoszkowski, and one eastern species, @entity27456 Cresson, are compared for their efficacy as pollinators of greenhouse-grown tomatoes. In two experiments, colonies were placed in greenhouses and compared with control plants that received no supplemental pollination. In the first experiment, seed set was significantly increased with B. huntii pollination in one variety of cherry tomatoes. In the second experiment comparing all three bumble @entity5157 species, fruit weight was an average of 25.2   g heavier per fruit pollinated by @entity5157 versus the control, and the number of days to harvest was 2.9   d shorter for @entity5157 -pollinated fruit. In some rounds of pollination, differences were found among bumble @entity5157 species, but these were inconsistent across replicates and not statistically significant overall. Additionally, fruit weight was shown to be highly correlated to fruit diameter and seed set in all tests and, thus, is shown to be a reliable metric for assessing pollination in future studies. These results suggest that commercialization of western bumble @entity5157 is a viable alternative to the current practices of moving of nonnative @entity5157 into western North America to pollinate tomatoes.

title: Bombus huntii, XXXX , and Bombus vosnesenskii (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Pollinate Greenhouse-Grown Tomatoes in Western North America.

entities_list: @entity27456 :: ('132113', 'Species') :: ['Bombus impatiens']

answer: @entity27456 :: (132113,Species) :: ['Bombus impatiens']


abstract: The induction mechanism of @entity1457 70 ( @entity2285 ) gene by @entity3409 was investigated. In @entity1 amniotic WISH cells, @entity2285 was induced by @entity3409 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. @entity3409 -induced @entity2285 mRNA levels were enhanced 3- to 4-fold after depletion of intracellular @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ) by either @entity43840 or @entity3016 . Under these conditions, @entity273 might increase in the absence of substrate for @entity2041 peroxidase. We found that exogenous @entity273 alone induced @entity2285 which was further enhanced significantly after @entity2197 -depletion by diethylmaleate. On the other hand, treatment of cells by @entity8584 , an inhibitor of @entity224 dismutase, induced @entity2285 2-fold over the level of control. This induction was further stimulated by @entity3409 even in the presence of @entity2197 . Furthermore, a 4-fold increase of intracellular @entity2197 by the treatment of cells with @entity71202 did not diminish the @entity3409 -induced @entity2285 . Gel mobility shift assays of nuclear extracts, from these differently treated cells, with oligonucleotide containing a promoter region of @entity2285 gene revealed that the levels of @entity2285 mRNA observed in the present study corresponded to the changes of transcription. These results imply that the induction of @entity2285 mRNA by @entity3409 is mediated at least partly via reactive @entity26 species and attenuated by cellular @entity2197 and that some part of @entity3409 -induced @entity2285 can not be eliminated by @entity2197 , suggesting that multiple signals are functioning for this induction.

title: Induction of @entity1457 70 mRNA by XXXX is mediated by @entity2041 suppressive and non-suppressive triggers.

entities_list: @entity43840 :: ('MESH:C014476', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylmaleate']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity3409 :: ('MESH:D002104', 'Chemical') :: ['Cadmium', 'cadmium']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity8584 :: ('MESH:D004050', 'Chemical') :: ['diethyldithiocarbamate']

entities_list: @entity3016 :: ('MESH:D019328', 'Chemical') :: ['buthionine sulfoximine']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity71202 :: ('MESH:C058293', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione isopropyl ester']

answer: @entity3409 :: (MESH:D002104,Chemical) :: ['cadmium']


abstract: The induction mechanism of @entity1457 70 ( @entity2285 ) gene by @entity3409 was investigated. In @entity1 amniotic WISH cells, @entity2285 was induced by @entity3409 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. @entity3409 -induced @entity2285 mRNA levels were enhanced 3- to 4-fold after depletion of intracellular @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ) by either @entity43840 or @entity3016 . Under these conditions, @entity273 might increase in the absence of substrate for @entity2041 peroxidase. We found that exogenous @entity273 alone induced @entity2285 which was further enhanced significantly after @entity2197 -depletion by diethylmaleate. On the other hand, treatment of cells by @entity8584 , an inhibitor of @entity224 dismutase, induced @entity2285 2-fold over the level of control. This induction was further stimulated by @entity3409 even in the presence of @entity2197 . Furthermore, a 4-fold increase of intracellular @entity2197 by the treatment of cells with @entity71202 did not diminish the @entity3409 -induced @entity2285 . Gel mobility shift assays of nuclear extracts, from these differently treated cells, with oligonucleotide containing a promoter region of @entity2285 gene revealed that the levels of @entity2285 mRNA observed in the present study corresponded to the changes of transcription. These results imply that the induction of @entity2285 mRNA by @entity3409 is mediated at least partly via reactive @entity26 species and attenuated by cellular @entity2197 and that some part of @entity3409 -induced @entity2285 can not be eliminated by @entity2197 , suggesting that multiple signals are functioning for this induction.

title: Induction of @entity1457 70 mRNA by @entity3409 is mediated by XXXX suppressive and non-suppressive triggers.

answer: @entity2041 :: (MESH:D005978,Chemical) :: ['glutathione']


abstract: The induction mechanism of @entity1457 70 ( @entity2285 ) gene by @entity3409 was investigated. In @entity1 amniotic WISH cells, @entity2285 was induced by @entity3409 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. @entity3409 -induced @entity2285 mRNA levels were enhanced 3- to 4-fold after depletion of intracellular @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ) by either @entity43840 or @entity3016 . Under these conditions, @entity273 might increase in the absence of substrate for @entity2041 peroxidase. We found that exogenous @entity273 alone induced @entity2285 which was further enhanced significantly after @entity2197 -depletion by diethylmaleate. On the other hand, treatment of cells by @entity8584 , an inhibitor of @entity224 dismutase, induced @entity2285 2-fold over the level of control. This induction was further stimulated by @entity3409 even in the presence of @entity2197 . Furthermore, a 4-fold increase of intracellular @entity2197 by the treatment of cells with @entity71202 did not diminish the @entity3409 -induced @entity2285 . Gel mobility shift assays of nuclear extracts, from these differently treated cells, with oligonucleotide containing a promoter region of @entity2285 gene revealed that the levels of @entity2285 mRNA observed in the present study corresponded to the changes of transcription. These results imply that the induction of @entity2285 mRNA by @entity3409 is mediated at least partly via reactive @entity26 species and attenuated by cellular @entity2197 and that some part of @entity3409 -induced @entity2285 can not be eliminated by @entity2197 , suggesting that multiple signals are functioning for this induction.

title: Induction of XXXX 70 mRNA by @entity3409 is mediated by @entity2041 suppressive and non-suppressive triggers.

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['heat shock']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a staged treatment strategy is acceptable for @entity1 with @entity5 . BACKGROUND: Synchronous occurrence of esophageal and @entity135 is frequently observed. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 109 @entity1 with @entity5 of the esophagus and H_N treated between 2005 and 2011. Fifty-one @entity1 underwent synchronous treatment and 58 underwent staged treatment. We measured the delay in treatment for the second @entity5 in the staged treatment group and evaluated how many @entity1 experienced progression of the second @entity5 during the first @entity5 treatment. @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) was analyzed in 100 @entity1 who underwent potentially curative treatment. RESULTS: Synchronous treatment strategy was frequently selected for @entity1 with both advanced @entity5 (77  %) compared with those who had @entity5 in either or both organs (43  %) (P  =  0.02). The median delay in the treatment for the second @entity5 was 80  days; 77.5  days in the H_N-first group and 96  days in the esophagus-first group. Only one @entity1 experienced stage progression during the waiting period. There was no significant difference in @entity1349 between the synchronous treatment group and the staged treatment group (P  =  0.73), and no significant difference in @entity1349 among @entity1 who had @entity5 in the H_N, esophagus, or both. CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis of @entity1 with @entity5 depends on that of the more @entity5 , and waiting for treatment of @entity5 may not influence survival. The staged treatment strategy is acceptable when either of the double @entity5 is at an early stage.

title: Efficacy of Staged Treatment Strategy for XXXX with Synchronous Double Cancers of the Esophagus and Head and Neck: A Retrospective Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck (H_N) cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['synchronous cancers', 'synchronous double cancers', 'early cancers', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'advanced cancer']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'Overall survival']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent policy changes by insurance companies have been instituted to encourage @entity365 ( @entity365 ) as the preferred route for removal of the uterus. It is not known if advantages of @entity365 for benign indications apply to @entity1 with @entity5 . OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess trends in surgical approach to hysterectomy among @entity5 @entity1 and to evaluate outcomes by approach. We hypothesized that, among gynecologic oncology @entity1 , @entity260 and hospital stay would differ by surgical approach, and that advantages of @entity365 for benign indications may not apply to @entity5 @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: We performed a population-based retrospective cohort study of cervical, endometrial, or @entity43 @entity1 treated surgically in Washington State from 2004 through 2013 using the Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System. Surgery was categorized as @entity1661 ( @entity1661 ), laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH), or @entity365 . We determined rate of surgical approach by year and the association with length of stay, 30-day readmission rate, and perioperative complications. RESULTS: We identified 10,117 @entity1 who underwent surgery for @entity5 , with 346 (3.4%) @entity365 , 2698 (26.7%) LH, and 7073 (69.9%) @entity1661 . @entity1 undergoing @entity1661 had more comorbidities than @entity1 with @entity365 or LH (Charlson Comorbidity Index >= 2: 11.3%, 7.9%, and 8.1%, respectively; P < .001). From 2004 through 2013 @entity1661 and @entity365 declined (94.4-47.9% and 4.4-0.8%, respectively; P < .001) while LH increased from 1.2-51.4% in 2013 (P < .001). Mean length of stay was 4.6 days for @entity1 undergoing @entity1661 and was 1.9 days shorter for @entity365 (95% confidence interval, 1.6-2.3 days) and 2.6 days shorter for LH (95% confidence interval, 2.4-2.7 days) (P < .001). Risk of 30-day readmission for @entity1 undergoing LH was 40% less likely compared to @entity1661 but not different for @entity365 vs @entity1661 . CONCLUSION: @entity1661 and LH remain the preferred routes for hysterectomy in gynecologic oncology. Over the past decade, there has been a significant shift to LH with lower 30-day readmission and complication rates. There may be a limited role for @entity365 in select @entity1 . Current efforts to standardize the surgical approach to hysterectomy should not apply to @entity1 with known or suspected @entity5 .

title: Route of hysterectomy and surgical outcomes from a statewide gynecologic oncology population: is there a role for XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian/fallopian tube cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['gynecologic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal hysterectomy', 'AH']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity365 :: ('MESH:D014627', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal hysterectomy', 'VH']

answer: @entity365 :: (MESH:D014627,Disease) :: ['vaginal hysterectomy']


abstract: Scabies is a common @entity8143 of the skin caused by Sarcoptes scabiei hominis. This infestation occurs in all geographic areas and across all age groups, races, and social classes. Poor economic conditions and lack of proper hygiene are risk factors for the disease. @entity10970 is characterized by numerous relapsing @entity203 on normal or mildly erythematous skin. The pustular eruption typically involves the flexural sites of the trunk and proximal extremities with @entity111 and irritation symptoms. The pustules are superficial and @entity397 easily, resulting in a superficial crust, and they form annular, circinate, or serpiginous patterns. Here we reported a case of @entity1908 incognito in an elderly @entity1 that presented as @entity10970 . We assumed that this case could be reported because it is an unusual event among the general population. In conclusion, the differential diagnoses of @entity272 should be considered when diagnosing @entity1908 . Thus, unnecessary therapy and contamination among @entity1 can be prevented.

title: Scabies Incognito Presenting as a XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'people']

entities_list: @entity10970 :: ('MESH:D012872', 'Disease') :: ['Subcorneal pustular dermatosis', 'subcorneal pustular dermatosis-like eruption']

entities_list: @entity203 :: ('MESH:D003875', 'Disease') :: ['pustular eruptions']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin diseases']

entities_list: @entity8143 :: ('MESH:D063726', 'Disease') :: ['parasitosis']

answer: @entity10970 :: (MESH:D012872,Disease) :: ['Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis-like Eruption']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The importance of the cumulative dose of @entity10211 with respect to relapse of @entity5477 remains controversial. Although guidelines recommend 0.5-1.0 mg/kg/d to a minimum cumulative dose of 120 mg/kg, there has been a trend toward the use of lower daily dosages with no reference to cumulative dose. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the influence of daily and cumulative dosage on relapse in acne. METHODS: Charts of @entity1 with acne treated with @entity10211 were reviewed. Demographic details and daily cumulative doses and duration were compared between @entity1 who received one course and two or more courses, respectively. RESULTS: Of 1453 @entity1 , 326 (22.4%) received a second course of treatment (study population). The remainder served as controls (n = 1127). Dosage varied from 10 mg/week to 1.1 mg/kg/d, cumulative dosage from 1 to >300 mg/kg, and duration of treatment from 8 weeks to 5 years. Compared with controls, @entity1 who received a second course were more likely to be @entity1 (61 vs. 47%; P < 0.001) and received higher daily (0.71 vs. 0.58 mg/kg/d; P < 0.001) and cumulative (126 vs. 101 mg/kg; P < 0.001) doses. @entity1 treated with very low doses (e.g. 10 mg three times per week) and/or low cumulative doses (e.g. 25-50 mg/kg) did not relapse more often than controls. CONCLUSIONS: Neither daily nor cumulative dosages influenced relapse of @entity5477 in @entity1 treated with varying doses of @entity10211 as long as treatment was continued for >= 2 months after the acne had completely resolved.

title: Making sense of the effects of the cumulative dose of XXXX in @entity5477 .

entities_list: @entity5477 :: ('MESH:D000152', 'Disease') :: ['acne vulgaris']

entities_list: @entity10211 :: ('MESH:D015474', 'Chemical') :: ['isotretinoin']

answer: @entity10211 :: (MESH:D015474,Chemical) :: ['isotretinoin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The importance of the cumulative dose of @entity10211 with respect to relapse of @entity5477 remains controversial. Although guidelines recommend 0.5-1.0 mg/kg/d to a minimum cumulative dose of 120 mg/kg, there has been a trend toward the use of lower daily dosages with no reference to cumulative dose. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the influence of daily and cumulative dosage on relapse in acne. METHODS: Charts of @entity1 with acne treated with @entity10211 were reviewed. Demographic details and daily cumulative doses and duration were compared between @entity1 who received one course and two or more courses, respectively. RESULTS: Of 1453 @entity1 , 326 (22.4%) received a second course of treatment (study population). The remainder served as controls (n = 1127). Dosage varied from 10 mg/week to 1.1 mg/kg/d, cumulative dosage from 1 to >300 mg/kg, and duration of treatment from 8 weeks to 5 years. Compared with controls, @entity1 who received a second course were more likely to be @entity1 (61 vs. 47%; P < 0.001) and received higher daily (0.71 vs. 0.58 mg/kg/d; P < 0.001) and cumulative (126 vs. 101 mg/kg; P < 0.001) doses. @entity1 treated with very low doses (e.g. 10 mg three times per week) and/or low cumulative doses (e.g. 25-50 mg/kg) did not relapse more often than controls. CONCLUSIONS: Neither daily nor cumulative dosages influenced relapse of @entity5477 in @entity1 treated with varying doses of @entity10211 as long as treatment was continued for >= 2 months after the acne had completely resolved.

title: Making sense of the effects of the cumulative dose of @entity10211 in XXXX .

answer: @entity5477 :: (MESH:D000152,Disease) :: ['acne vulgaris']


abstract: The proportion of US couples who were surgically sterile rose from 16% in 1965 to 28% in 1976, according to estimates derived from national fertility surveys carried out in those years. However, surgical sterilization for contraceptive reasons more than doubled--from 8% to 19%--leaving the proportions sterilized for noncontraceptive reasons virtually unchanged over the 11 years. The overall increase was greatest among white couples, couples in which the wife was aged 30-44, and those with 3 or more @entity1 . In 1976 1/2 of all couples with 3 or more @entity1 , @entity676 of those with 2, were surgically sterile. In 1976, about 2.8 million couples--some 10% of those in which wives were aged 15-44--were classified as infertile. @entity249 was higher among blacks than whites in both survey years, and the largest increase in @entity249 occurred among black couples where the wife was aged 20-24. In almost every race, age and parity group surveyed, the proportion fecund declined considerably between the 2 years, mostly as a result of concomitant increases in surgical sterility. In 1965, 73% of all US couples were capable of childbearing; by 1976, this proportion had dropped to 62%. In 1976, only 42% of couples in which the wife was aged 35-39 and 74% in which the wife was aged 25-29 were capable of conceiving a @entity1 . Moreover, only 62% of couples with 2 @entity1 were classified as fecund in 1976--a decline of 15 percentage points in 11 years.

title: XXXX trends among U.S. couples: 1965-1976.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['Infertility', 'infertility']

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['Infertility']


abstract: A @entity1 @entity2 @entity756 subline with acquired resistance to @entity1891 (VCR), a chemotherapeutic agent, was established with incremental increases of the drug. The resistant @entity756 subline ( @entity756 /VCR) shows a 12-fold increase in resistance to VCR and a unique cross-resistance pattern: high cross-resistance to the potent VCR analogue @entity3812 (6.9-fold) and @entity5713 (2.5-fold); lower cross-resistance to @entity4316 (1.8-fold), @entity900 (1.2-fold) and @entity632 (1.3-fold) and a sensitivity to melphalan and @entity2879 which is similar to that of the parental cell line. A reduced accumulation of VCR in the resistant cells was demonstrated. Interestingly, the VCR resistance of the @entity756 /VCR cell line was partially reversed by @entity620 , and the drug uptake was enhanced. In contrast, @entity620 had no effect on drug tolerance and drug accumulation was not observed in either @entity756 parental cells or known multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells, suggesting that VCR resistance in @entity756 /VCR cells results essentially from reduced drug accumulation. It is worth noting that, whereas reduced drug accumulation in the @entity756 /VCR cells was susceptible to modulation by @entity620 , the increased efflux rate characteristic of the resistant cells was not. Further, there was a higher efflux rate in resistant cells than in parental cells. DNA Southern- and RNA Northern-blot hybridization analyses indicate that @entity756 /VCR cells do not contain amplified mdr genes or overexpress P-glycoprotein. In addition, the @entity460 -channel blocker @entity1855 , which acts as a competitive inhibitor of drug binding and efflux, did not affect the resistant phenotype of @entity756 /VCR cells. These findings suggest an @entity620 -sensitive drug uptake mechanism which is important in mediating VCR resistance per se in @entity1 @entity2 cells; this differs from the P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR mechanism.

title: @entity620 increases drug accumulation and reverses @entity1891 resistance of @entity1 non-small-cell XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbic acid']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung-cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin D']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3812 :: ('MESH:D003078', 'Chemical') :: ['colchicine']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung-cancer']


abstract: A @entity1 @entity2 @entity756 subline with acquired resistance to @entity1891 (VCR), a chemotherapeutic agent, was established with incremental increases of the drug. The resistant @entity756 subline ( @entity756 /VCR) shows a 12-fold increase in resistance to VCR and a unique cross-resistance pattern: high cross-resistance to the potent VCR analogue @entity3812 (6.9-fold) and @entity5713 (2.5-fold); lower cross-resistance to @entity4316 (1.8-fold), @entity900 (1.2-fold) and @entity632 (1.3-fold) and a sensitivity to melphalan and @entity2879 which is similar to that of the parental cell line. A reduced accumulation of VCR in the resistant cells was demonstrated. Interestingly, the VCR resistance of the @entity756 /VCR cell line was partially reversed by @entity620 , and the drug uptake was enhanced. In contrast, @entity620 had no effect on drug tolerance and drug accumulation was not observed in either @entity756 parental cells or known multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells, suggesting that VCR resistance in @entity756 /VCR cells results essentially from reduced drug accumulation. It is worth noting that, whereas reduced drug accumulation in the @entity756 /VCR cells was susceptible to modulation by @entity620 , the increased efflux rate characteristic of the resistant cells was not. Further, there was a higher efflux rate in resistant cells than in parental cells. DNA Southern- and RNA Northern-blot hybridization analyses indicate that @entity756 /VCR cells do not contain amplified mdr genes or overexpress P-glycoprotein. In addition, the @entity460 -channel blocker @entity1855 , which acts as a competitive inhibitor of drug binding and efflux, did not affect the resistant phenotype of @entity756 /VCR cells. These findings suggest an @entity620 -sensitive drug uptake mechanism which is important in mediating VCR resistance per se in @entity1 @entity2 cells; this differs from the P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR mechanism.

title: XXXX increases drug accumulation and reverses @entity1891 resistance of @entity1 non-small-cell @entity2 cells.

answer: @entity620 :: (MESH:D001205,Chemical) :: ['Ascorbic acid']


abstract: A @entity1 @entity2 @entity756 subline with acquired resistance to @entity1891 (VCR), a chemotherapeutic agent, was established with incremental increases of the drug. The resistant @entity756 subline ( @entity756 /VCR) shows a 12-fold increase in resistance to VCR and a unique cross-resistance pattern: high cross-resistance to the potent VCR analogue @entity3812 (6.9-fold) and @entity5713 (2.5-fold); lower cross-resistance to @entity4316 (1.8-fold), @entity900 (1.2-fold) and @entity632 (1.3-fold) and a sensitivity to melphalan and @entity2879 which is similar to that of the parental cell line. A reduced accumulation of VCR in the resistant cells was demonstrated. Interestingly, the VCR resistance of the @entity756 /VCR cell line was partially reversed by @entity620 , and the drug uptake was enhanced. In contrast, @entity620 had no effect on drug tolerance and drug accumulation was not observed in either @entity756 parental cells or known multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells, suggesting that VCR resistance in @entity756 /VCR cells results essentially from reduced drug accumulation. It is worth noting that, whereas reduced drug accumulation in the @entity756 /VCR cells was susceptible to modulation by @entity620 , the increased efflux rate characteristic of the resistant cells was not. Further, there was a higher efflux rate in resistant cells than in parental cells. DNA Southern- and RNA Northern-blot hybridization analyses indicate that @entity756 /VCR cells do not contain amplified mdr genes or overexpress P-glycoprotein. In addition, the @entity460 -channel blocker @entity1855 , which acts as a competitive inhibitor of drug binding and efflux, did not affect the resistant phenotype of @entity756 /VCR cells. These findings suggest an @entity620 -sensitive drug uptake mechanism which is important in mediating VCR resistance per se in @entity1 @entity2 cells; this differs from the P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR mechanism.

title: @entity620 increases drug accumulation and reverses XXXX resistance of @entity1 non-small-cell @entity2 cells.

answer: @entity1891 :: (MESH:D014750,Chemical) :: ['vincristine']


abstract: A @entity1 @entity2 @entity756 subline with acquired resistance to @entity1891 (VCR), a chemotherapeutic agent, was established with incremental increases of the drug. The resistant @entity756 subline ( @entity756 /VCR) shows a 12-fold increase in resistance to VCR and a unique cross-resistance pattern: high cross-resistance to the potent VCR analogue @entity3812 (6.9-fold) and @entity5713 (2.5-fold); lower cross-resistance to @entity4316 (1.8-fold), @entity900 (1.2-fold) and @entity632 (1.3-fold) and a sensitivity to melphalan and @entity2879 which is similar to that of the parental cell line. A reduced accumulation of VCR in the resistant cells was demonstrated. Interestingly, the VCR resistance of the @entity756 /VCR cell line was partially reversed by @entity620 , and the drug uptake was enhanced. In contrast, @entity620 had no effect on drug tolerance and drug accumulation was not observed in either @entity756 parental cells or known multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells, suggesting that VCR resistance in @entity756 /VCR cells results essentially from reduced drug accumulation. It is worth noting that, whereas reduced drug accumulation in the @entity756 /VCR cells was susceptible to modulation by @entity620 , the increased efflux rate characteristic of the resistant cells was not. Further, there was a higher efflux rate in resistant cells than in parental cells. DNA Southern- and RNA Northern-blot hybridization analyses indicate that @entity756 /VCR cells do not contain amplified mdr genes or overexpress P-glycoprotein. In addition, the @entity460 -channel blocker @entity1855 , which acts as a competitive inhibitor of drug binding and efflux, did not affect the resistant phenotype of @entity756 /VCR cells. These findings suggest an @entity620 -sensitive drug uptake mechanism which is important in mediating VCR resistance per se in @entity1 @entity2 cells; this differs from the P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR mechanism.

title: @entity620 increases drug accumulation and reverses @entity1891 resistance of XXXX non-small-cell @entity2 cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity418 is currently the eighth most common @entity5 worldwide. Improvements in operative techniques and neoadjuvant therapies have led to improved outcomes. Resection of the esophagus carries a high risk of severe complications and has a negative impact on health-related quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study was to assess which @entity1 -reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used to measure QOL after esophagectomy for @entity5 . A comprehensive search of original articles was conducted investigating QOL after surgery for @entity418 . Two authors independently selected relevant articles, conducted clinical appraisal, and extracted data (PJ and JS). Out of 5893 articles, 58 studies were included, consisting of 41 prospective and 17 retrospective cohort studies, including a total of 6964 @entity1 . These studies included 11 different PROMs. The existing PROMs could be divided into generic, symptom-specific, and disease-specific questionnaires. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) QOL Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ C-30) along with the EORTC QLQ-OESophagus module OES18 was the most widely used; in 42 and 32 studies, respectively. The EORTC and the Functional Assessment of @entity5 Therapy (FACT) questionnaires use an oncological module and an organ-specific module. One validation study was available, which compared the FACT and EORTC, showing moderate to poor correlation between the questionnaires. A great variety of PROMs are being used in the measurement of QOL after surgery for @entity418 . A questionnaire with a general module along with a disease-specific module for assessment of QOL of different treatment modalities seem to be the most desirable, such as the EORTC and the FACT with their specific modules (EORTC QLQ-OES18 and FACT-E). Both are developed in different treatment modalities, such as in surgical @entity1 . With regard to reproducibility of current results, the EORTC is recommended.

title: Systematic review of @entity1 -reported outcome measures in the surgical treatment of @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['Esophageal cancer', 'esophageal cancer', 'esophageal carcinoma']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity418 is currently the eighth most common @entity5 worldwide. Improvements in operative techniques and neoadjuvant therapies have led to improved outcomes. Resection of the esophagus carries a high risk of severe complications and has a negative impact on health-related quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study was to assess which @entity1 -reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used to measure QOL after esophagectomy for @entity5 . A comprehensive search of original articles was conducted investigating QOL after surgery for @entity418 . Two authors independently selected relevant articles, conducted clinical appraisal, and extracted data (PJ and JS). Out of 5893 articles, 58 studies were included, consisting of 41 prospective and 17 retrospective cohort studies, including a total of 6964 @entity1 . These studies included 11 different PROMs. The existing PROMs could be divided into generic, symptom-specific, and disease-specific questionnaires. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) QOL Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ C-30) along with the EORTC QLQ-OESophagus module OES18 was the most widely used; in 42 and 32 studies, respectively. The EORTC and the Functional Assessment of @entity5 Therapy (FACT) questionnaires use an oncological module and an organ-specific module. One validation study was available, which compared the FACT and EORTC, showing moderate to poor correlation between the questionnaires. A great variety of PROMs are being used in the measurement of QOL after surgery for @entity418 . A questionnaire with a general module along with a disease-specific module for assessment of QOL of different treatment modalities seem to be the most desirable, such as the EORTC and the FACT with their specific modules (EORTC QLQ-OES18 and FACT-E). Both are developed in different treatment modalities, such as in surgical @entity1 . With regard to reproducibility of current results, the EORTC is recommended.

title: Systematic review of XXXX -reported outcome measures in the surgical treatment of @entity1 with @entity418 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity418 is currently the eighth most common @entity5 worldwide. Improvements in operative techniques and neoadjuvant therapies have led to improved outcomes. Resection of the esophagus carries a high risk of severe complications and has a negative impact on health-related quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study was to assess which @entity1 -reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used to measure QOL after esophagectomy for @entity5 . A comprehensive search of original articles was conducted investigating QOL after surgery for @entity418 . Two authors independently selected relevant articles, conducted clinical appraisal, and extracted data (PJ and JS). Out of 5893 articles, 58 studies were included, consisting of 41 prospective and 17 retrospective cohort studies, including a total of 6964 @entity1 . These studies included 11 different PROMs. The existing PROMs could be divided into generic, symptom-specific, and disease-specific questionnaires. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) QOL Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ C-30) along with the EORTC QLQ-OESophagus module OES18 was the most widely used; in 42 and 32 studies, respectively. The EORTC and the Functional Assessment of @entity5 Therapy (FACT) questionnaires use an oncological module and an organ-specific module. One validation study was available, which compared the FACT and EORTC, showing moderate to poor correlation between the questionnaires. A great variety of PROMs are being used in the measurement of QOL after surgery for @entity418 . A questionnaire with a general module along with a disease-specific module for assessment of QOL of different treatment modalities seem to be the most desirable, such as the EORTC and the FACT with their specific modules (EORTC QLQ-OES18 and FACT-E). Both are developed in different treatment modalities, such as in surgical @entity1 . With regard to reproducibility of current results, the EORTC is recommended.

title: Systematic review of @entity1 -reported outcome measures in the surgical treatment of XXXX with @entity418 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: This review article highlights the evidence supporting the concept that, like lymphocytes, fibroblasts also consist of subpopulations with unique phenotypes and functions. A new view of the fibroblast is that they are dynamic and consist of subsets which produce cytokines and interact with the immune system. For example, @entity19 lung fibroblasts separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting on the basis of the thymocyte-1 antigen are heterogeneous in their morphology, expression of surface markers, antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, ability to synthesize collagen, and cytokine production. @entity1 lung fibroblasts have also been found to be heterogeneous in surface marker expression, proliferation, and collagen production. Investigation of pulmonary fibroblast heterogeneity is important since the lung is particularly susceptible to @entity82 induced by chemotherapy and radiation, inhaled particles, @entity792 , etc. The inflammatory responses which typically precede fibrotic induction may be controlled by a subset of resident fibroblasts. Another subset may be important for the fibroblast @entity1373 and extensive extracellular matrix production which are hallmarks of @entity82 . In another model system, periodontal fibroblasts, namely those from periodontal ligament (PDL) and gingiva, also reveal heterogeneity. For example, PDL fibroblasts are composed of subpopulations based on collagen production, morphology, and glycogen pools. Subsets of gingival fibroblasts have also been obtained based on receptors for @entity205 and C1q. Specific fibroblast subsets may be involved in @entity2522 and @entity1373 . Studies comparing fibroblasts from normal skin vs skin involved with @entity2631 have found that @entity2631 fibroblasts are activated and able to participate in an inflammatory response. How these fibroblasts become activated is unclear, but it is believed that a subset of fibroblasts is selectively recruited by cytokines at the @entity32 site. Finally, investigation and identification of fibroblast subsets from various tissues and their interaction with the immune system could lead to strategies to prevent or reverse debilitating and potentially fatal fibrotic development.

title: Evidence of fibroblast heterogeneity and the role of fibroblast subpopulations in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2522 :: ('MESH:D005891', 'Disease') :: ['gingival repair']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['systemic autoimmune disease']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Maintaining the cuff pressure of endotracheal tubes (ETTs) within 20-30 @entity10020 O is a standard practice. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of standard practice in maintaining cuff pressure within the target range. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary-care intensive care unit, in which respiratory therapists (RTs) measured the cuff pressure 6 hourly by a handheld manometer. In this study, a @entity138 checked cuff pressure 2-4 h after the clinical RT measurement. Percentages of @entity1 with cuff pressure levels above and below the target range were calculated. We identified predictors of low-cuff pressure. RESULTS: We analyzed 2120 cuff-pressure measurements. The mean cuff pressure was 27        2 @entity10020 O by the clinical RT and 21        5 @entity10020 O by the @entity138 (p   <   0.0001). The clinical RT documented that 98.0  % of cuff pressures were within the normal range. The @entity138 found the cuff pressures to be within the normal range in only 41.5  %, below the range in 53  % and above the range in 5.5  %. Low cuff pressure was found more common with lower ETT size (OR, 0.34 per 0.5 unit increase in ETT size; 95  % CI, 0.15-0.79) and with lower peak airway pressure (OR per one cm @entity4358 increment, 0.93; 95  % CI, 0.87-0.99) on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Cuff pressure is frequently not maintained within the target range with low-cuff pressure being very common approximately 3  h after routine measurements. Low cuff pressure was associated with lower ETT size and lower peak airway pressure. There is a need to redesign the process for maintaining cuff pressure within the target range.

title: Prevalence and predictors of out-of-range cuff pressure of endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes: a prospective cohort study in mechanically ventilated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity138 :: ('MESH:C563738', 'Disease') :: ['research RT']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The use of @entity52 ( @entity52 ) has revolutionized the treatment of @entity249 and is now responsible for 1-5% of all births in industrialized countries. During @entity52 , it is typical for @entity1 to generate multiple embryos. However, only a small proportion of them possess the genetic and metabolic requirements needed in order to produce a healthy pregnancy. The identification of the embryo with the greatest developmental capacity represents a major challenge for fertility clinics. Current methods for the assessment of embryo competence are proven inefficient, and the inadvertent transfer of non-viable embryos is the principal reason why most @entity52 treatments (approximately two-thirds) end in failure. In this study, we investigate how the application of proteomic measurements could improve success rates in clinical embryology. We describe a procedure that allows the identification and quantification of proteins of embryonic origin, present in attomole concentrations in the blastocoel, the enclosed fluid-filled cavity that forms within 5-day-old @entity1 embryos. By using targeted proteomics, we demonstrate the feasibility of quantifying multiple proteins in samples derived from single blastocoels and that such measurements correlate with aspects of embryo viability, such as chromosomal (ploidy) status. This study illustrates the potential of high-sensitivity proteomics to measure clinically relevant biomarkers in minute samples and, more specifically, suggests that key aspects of embryo competence could be measured using a proteomic-based strategy, with negligible risk of harm to the living embryo. Our work paves the way for the development of "next-generation" embryo competence assessment strategies, based on functional proteomics.

title: Characterization and quantification of proteins secreted by single XXXX embryos prior to implantation.

entities_list: @entity52 :: ('MESH:C566179', 'Disease') :: ['IVF', 'in  vitro fertilization']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin-like peptides (ILPs) are important regulators of metabolism, growth, reproduction and lifespan, and mechanisms of insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) have been well conserved over evolution. In insects, between one and 38 ILPs have been identified in each species. Relatively few insect species have been investigated in depth with respect to ILP functions, and therefore we focus mainly on the well-studied fruitfly @entity238 . In @entity238 eight ILPs (DILP1-8), but only two receptors ( @entity21572 and @entity71203 ) are known. @entity71204 are produced by a set of neurosecretory cells (IPCs) in the brain and their biosynthesis and release are controlled by a number of mechanisms differing between larvae and adults. Adult IPCs display cell-autonomous sensing of circulating @entity413 , coupled to evolutionarily conserved mechanisms for @entity71205 release. The @entity413 -mediated @entity71205 secretion is modulated by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, as well as by factors released from the intestine and adipocytes. Larval IPCs, however, are indirectly regulated by @entity413 -sensing endocrine cells producing adipokinetic hormone, or by circulating factors from the intestine and fat body. Furthermore, IIS is situated within a complex physiological regulatory network that also encompasses the lipophilic hormones, @entity11088 and juvenile hormone. After release from IPCs, the ILP action can be modulated by circulating proteins that act either as protective carriers (binding proteins), or competitive inhibitors. Some of these proteins appear to have additional functions that are independent of ILPs. Taken together, the signaling with multiple ILPs is under complex control, ensuring tightly regulated IIS in the organism.

title: Insulin/IGF signaling in XXXX and other insects: factors that regulate production, release and post-release action of the insulin-like peptides.

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster', 'Drosophila']

entities_list: @entity11088 :: ('MESH:D004441', 'Chemical') :: ['20-hydroxyecdysone']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila']


abstract: Based on previous studies we postulated that, whereas the natriuresis observed following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) @entity23703 was mediated by a decrease in renal sympathetic nerve activity, the natriuresis observed following intrarenal (i.r.) infusion of @entity23703 was mediated by a direct stimulation of renal I1- @entity947 preferring receptors. @entity35 were unilaterally nephrectomized and i.c.v. cannulated 7 to 10 days and 3 days prior to the day of the experiment, respectively. On the day of the experiment, @entity35 were anesthetized (pentobarbital) and the renal function was isolated. Administration of i.c.v. as well as i.r. @entity23703 produced an increase in @entity1372 excretion and urine flow fate. Pretreatment with intravenous @entity3159 (0.15 mg/kg) completely attenuated the response to i.c.v. @entity23703 (1 nmol/5 microliters) but only slightly altered the response to i.r. @entity23703 (3 nmol/kg/min). Conversely, intravenous pretreatment with the @entity947 preferring receptor antagonist @entity9006 (0.3 mg/kg) completely blocked the response to i.r. @entity23703 (3 nmol/kg/min) without altering the response to i.c.v. @entity23703 (0.3 nmol/kg). These results would be consistent with the natriuresis observed following i.c.v. @entity23703 as being mediated by @entity947 preferring receptors located centrally, whereas that following i.r. @entity23703 was mediated directly by renal @entity947 -preferring receptors, with a small component of this response conceivably due to activation of central @entity947 preferring receptors. In summary, the antihypertensive effect of @entity947 preferring receptor agonists may be associated with a natriuresis that is due to stimulation of these receptors, found both peripherally (renal) and centrally.

title: Central and renal I1 XXXX preferring receptors: two unique sites mediating natriuresis in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity23703 :: ('MESH:C043482', 'Chemical') :: ['moxonidine']

entities_list: @entity9006 :: ('MESH:D019329', 'Chemical') :: ['idazoxan']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity947 :: ('CHEBI:53094', 'Chemical') :: ['imidazoline']

answer: @entity947 :: (CHEBI:53094,Chemical) :: ['imidazoline']


abstract: Based on previous studies we postulated that, whereas the natriuresis observed following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) @entity23703 was mediated by a decrease in renal sympathetic nerve activity, the natriuresis observed following intrarenal (i.r.) infusion of @entity23703 was mediated by a direct stimulation of renal I1- @entity947 preferring receptors. @entity35 were unilaterally nephrectomized and i.c.v. cannulated 7 to 10 days and 3 days prior to the day of the experiment, respectively. On the day of the experiment, @entity35 were anesthetized (pentobarbital) and the renal function was isolated. Administration of i.c.v. as well as i.r. @entity23703 produced an increase in @entity1372 excretion and urine flow fate. Pretreatment with intravenous @entity3159 (0.15 mg/kg) completely attenuated the response to i.c.v. @entity23703 (1 nmol/5 microliters) but only slightly altered the response to i.r. @entity23703 (3 nmol/kg/min). Conversely, intravenous pretreatment with the @entity947 preferring receptor antagonist @entity9006 (0.3 mg/kg) completely blocked the response to i.r. @entity23703 (3 nmol/kg/min) without altering the response to i.c.v. @entity23703 (0.3 nmol/kg). These results would be consistent with the natriuresis observed following i.c.v. @entity23703 as being mediated by @entity947 preferring receptors located centrally, whereas that following i.r. @entity23703 was mediated directly by renal @entity947 -preferring receptors, with a small component of this response conceivably due to activation of central @entity947 preferring receptors. In summary, the antihypertensive effect of @entity947 preferring receptor agonists may be associated with a natriuresis that is due to stimulation of these receptors, found both peripherally (renal) and centrally.

title: Central and renal I1 @entity947 preferring receptors: two unique sites mediating natriuresis in the XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Fatigue is common and burdensome in @entity309 ( @entity309 ). Despite @entity309 @entity1295 progression varying significantly between individuals in practice, existing longitudinal analyses only examine symptom advancement on a population level. This study aimed to determine @entity1295 trajectories at an individual level and to characterize those @entity1 with the poorest prognosis, with a view to enabling earlier interventions. METHODS: @entity1 with @entity309 reporting clinically relevant baseline @entity1295 (>=  20 mm on a 0-100 mm visual analog scale) were identified from a longterm inflammatory @entity625 cohort (the Norfolk @entity625 Register). Fatigue changes from baseline to 1- and 4-year followups were calculated, and sex-stratified group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) determined trajectories of the symptom between which baseline characteristics were compared. RESULTS: Among 338 @entity1 , only minimal average changes were observed between recruitment to 1 year (6.0 mm, SD 26.9) and 4 years (5.5 mm, SD 29.3). This was despite 45.6% and 40.7% of @entity1 reporting clinically significant improvements (>=  10 mm) at these respective followups. GBTM revealed varied trajectories of @entity1295 , which for both sexes consisted of Improved ( @entity1 , n = 48 and @entity1 , n = 81) or persistent Moderate-high paths (n = 54, n = 105), and further included a persistent High trajectory in @entity1 (n = 50). @entity1 who followed persistent trajectories were best distinguished from improvers by @entity1 -reported rather than demographic or clinical variables. CONCLUSION: Among @entity1 with @entity309 presenting with clinically relevant @entity1295 , distinct longitudinal symptom trajectories were identified on an individual level despite nominal average changes in @entity1295 on a group level. It is possible to identify and characterize subgroups of @entity1 who report persistent @entity1295 and should therefore be targeted to receive future @entity1295 -alleviating interventions.

title: The Longitudinal Course of Fatigue in @entity309 : Results from the Norfolk XXXX Register.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participants', 'men']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['Arthritis', 'polyarthritis']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['Arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Fatigue is common and burdensome in @entity309 ( @entity309 ). Despite @entity309 @entity1295 progression varying significantly between individuals in practice, existing longitudinal analyses only examine symptom advancement on a population level. This study aimed to determine @entity1295 trajectories at an individual level and to characterize those @entity1 with the poorest prognosis, with a view to enabling earlier interventions. METHODS: @entity1 with @entity309 reporting clinically relevant baseline @entity1295 (>=  20 mm on a 0-100 mm visual analog scale) were identified from a longterm inflammatory @entity625 cohort (the Norfolk @entity625 Register). Fatigue changes from baseline to 1- and 4-year followups were calculated, and sex-stratified group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) determined trajectories of the symptom between which baseline characteristics were compared. RESULTS: Among 338 @entity1 , only minimal average changes were observed between recruitment to 1 year (6.0 mm, SD 26.9) and 4 years (5.5 mm, SD 29.3). This was despite 45.6% and 40.7% of @entity1 reporting clinically significant improvements (>=  10 mm) at these respective followups. GBTM revealed varied trajectories of @entity1295 , which for both sexes consisted of Improved ( @entity1 , n = 48 and @entity1 , n = 81) or persistent Moderate-high paths (n = 54, n = 105), and further included a persistent High trajectory in @entity1 (n = 50). @entity1 who followed persistent trajectories were best distinguished from improvers by @entity1 -reported rather than demographic or clinical variables. CONCLUSION: Among @entity1 with @entity309 presenting with clinically relevant @entity1295 , distinct longitudinal symptom trajectories were identified on an individual level despite nominal average changes in @entity1295 on a group level. It is possible to identify and characterize subgroups of @entity1 who report persistent @entity1295 and should therefore be targeted to receive future @entity1295 -alleviating interventions.

title: The Longitudinal Course of Fatigue in XXXX : Results from the Norfolk @entity625 Register.

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['Rheumatoid Arthritis']


abstract: An outbreak of @entity294 and @entity391 began at a hospital for the elderly on the 25 October 1991. The symptoms and pattern of spread suggested a viral aetiology from a point source. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of @entity43939 . The first wave of illness affected 37 @entity1 and 28 staff. Secondary cases occurred on all wards. Analytical studies of food consumed at three lunchtime meetings by staff and visitors to the hospital demonstrated a clear association between eating sandwiches and subsequent illness. The source of the outbreak was probably a food handler involved in the preparation of sandwiches. Control measures were implemented and the outbreak was declared over on the 11 November 1991. At this time 95 @entity1 and 69 staff (including six visitors) had been affected. The implications for the future investigation and prevention of outbreaks of @entity1800 in closed communities are discussed. An audit of the action taken during the outbreak resulted in the development of standards for the investigation and control of local outbreaks.

title: A hospital outbreak due to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral gastroenteritis']

answer: @entity43939 :: (11983,Species) :: ['Norwalk virus']


abstract: A prospective, controlled, and randomized clinical study was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the influence of @entity1943 in the evolution of acute @entity788 . One hundred @entity1 were randomly divided into two groups, a control group (n = 50 @entity1 ) and a @entity1943 group (n = 50 @entity1 to whom a dosage of 250 micrograms/h was administered for 48 h following a bolus of 250 micrograms at the beginning of therapy). The two groups were homogeneous in age, sex, etiology, and severity of clinical picture (on admission). The following parameters were compared in the two groups: 1. Evolution of the Computerized Axial Tomography (CT) findings on admission and after 48 h; 2. Length of hospital stay; 3. Need for surgery; and 4. Mortality. The results from the CT scans showed a significant statistical difference in favor of @entity1943 regarding the evolution of @entity660 and length of stay in the hospital. Another study using a larger sample would be required in order to evaluate the rest of the parameters.

title: Influence of @entity1943 in the evolution of acute XXXX . A prospective randomized study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic lesions']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: A prospective, controlled, and randomized clinical study was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the influence of @entity1943 in the evolution of acute @entity788 . One hundred @entity1 were randomly divided into two groups, a control group (n = 50 @entity1 ) and a @entity1943 group (n = 50 @entity1 to whom a dosage of 250 micrograms/h was administered for 48 h following a bolus of 250 micrograms at the beginning of therapy). The two groups were homogeneous in age, sex, etiology, and severity of clinical picture (on admission). The following parameters were compared in the two groups: 1. Evolution of the Computerized Axial Tomography (CT) findings on admission and after 48 h; 2. Length of hospital stay; 3. Need for surgery; and 4. Mortality. The results from the CT scans showed a significant statistical difference in favor of @entity1943 regarding the evolution of @entity660 and length of stay in the hospital. Another study using a larger sample would be required in order to evaluate the rest of the parameters.

title: Influence of XXXX in the evolution of acute @entity788 . A prospective randomized study.

answer: @entity1943 :: (MESH:D013004,Chemical) :: ['somatostatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity75 ( @entity75 ) are a rare but significant cause of @entity360 . We aimed to define the clinical significance of rebleeding and identify the predictors of rebleeding and mortality in upper @entity344 (UGIDLs). METHODS: @entity1 diagnosed with UGIDLs between January 2004 and June 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to define the predictors of rebleeding and mortality in @entity1 with UGIDLs. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 81 male and 36 female @entity1 . Primary hemostasis was achieved in 115 out of 117 @entity1 (98.3%) with various endoscopic therapies. Rebleeding occurred in 10 @entity1 (8.5%). The mortality rate was significantly higher in @entity1 with rebleeding than in those without rebleeding (30.0% vs. 4.7%, p=0.020). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that @entity8 (p=0.006) and @entity281 (p=0.005) were significant predictors of rebleeding in UGIDLs and that @entity8 (p=0.004) and platelet count (p=0.013) were significant predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Rebleeding has an important prognostic significance in @entity1 with UGIDLs. @entity8 and @entity281 are major predictors of rebleeding and mortality in @entity1 with UGIDLs.

title: Predictors of Rebleeding in Upper XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Kidney disease', 'kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['DLs', 'Dieulafoy lesions']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal Dieulafoy lesions']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['upper gastrointestinal bleeding']

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['Gastrointestinal Dieulafoy Lesions']


abstract: CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the rate of severe @entity56 did not increase when the @entity619 pre-medication dose was reduced to 11   mg prior to @entity1205 infusion. OBJECTIVES: @entity619 is commonly used to prevent the adverse effects of @entity1205 in @entity135 treatment. The recommended @entity619 dose is 8   mg orally twice daily for 3 days for each injection of @entity1205 . This pre-medication reduces the incidence of adverse effects to 1-2% of treated @entity1 . However, many adverse events have been observed with long-term @entity479 use. In an attempt to balance the benefits and harms of @entity479 prophylaxis without affecting the safety of @entity1205 , this study tried to reduce the duration and dose of @entity619 . METHODS: In this study, a total of 336 @entity1 underwent @entity1205 -containing protocols (TP or TPF regimens) to treat @entity135 . @entity1205 was given in doses of 70   mg/m(2) once every 3 weeks. @entity619 (0.75   mg/tablet) pre-medication was given in different doses (45, 24, 18, and 11   mg); the minimum dose included 6   mg orally in the morning and 5   mg intravenously immediately before @entity1205 infusion. RESULTS: Severe @entity56 were experienced by none of 30 @entity1 who received 45   mg (7.5   mg orally twice for 3 days) @entity619 pre-medication in 125 cycles, none of 20 @entity1 who received 24   mg (6   mg orally twice for 2 days) @entity619 in 77 cycles, and none of 20 @entity1 who received 18   mg (4.5   mg orally twice for 2 days) @entity619 in 79 cycles. Three of 266 @entity1 who received 11   mg @entity619 in 1054 applications developed a severe @entity56 with @entity5143 and @entity551 , two of the 266 @entity1 developed a severe @entity1910 , and four developed severe @entity4 .

title: Safe dose reduction of @entity479 pre-medication for XXXX in @entity135 treatment.

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck neoplasm', 'head and neck neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone', 'dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity reaction', 'hypersensitivity reactions']

entities_list: @entity5143 :: ('MESH:D001986', 'Disease') :: ['bronchospasm']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel', 'Docetaxel']

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the rate of severe @entity56 did not increase when the @entity619 pre-medication dose was reduced to 11   mg prior to @entity1205 infusion. OBJECTIVES: @entity619 is commonly used to prevent the adverse effects of @entity1205 in @entity135 treatment. The recommended @entity619 dose is 8   mg orally twice daily for 3 days for each injection of @entity1205 . This pre-medication reduces the incidence of adverse effects to 1-2% of treated @entity1 . However, many adverse events have been observed with long-term @entity479 use. In an attempt to balance the benefits and harms of @entity479 prophylaxis without affecting the safety of @entity1205 , this study tried to reduce the duration and dose of @entity619 . METHODS: In this study, a total of 336 @entity1 underwent @entity1205 -containing protocols (TP or TPF regimens) to treat @entity135 . @entity1205 was given in doses of 70   mg/m(2) once every 3 weeks. @entity619 (0.75   mg/tablet) pre-medication was given in different doses (45, 24, 18, and 11   mg); the minimum dose included 6   mg orally in the morning and 5   mg intravenously immediately before @entity1205 infusion. RESULTS: Severe @entity56 were experienced by none of 30 @entity1 who received 45   mg (7.5   mg orally twice for 3 days) @entity619 pre-medication in 125 cycles, none of 20 @entity1 who received 24   mg (6   mg orally twice for 2 days) @entity619 in 77 cycles, and none of 20 @entity1 who received 18   mg (4.5   mg orally twice for 2 days) @entity619 in 79 cycles. Three of 266 @entity1 who received 11   mg @entity619 in 1054 applications developed a severe @entity56 with @entity5143 and @entity551 , two of the 266 @entity1 developed a severe @entity1910 , and four developed severe @entity4 .

title: Safe dose reduction of XXXX pre-medication for @entity1205 in @entity135 treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity479 :: (D013256,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the rate of severe @entity56 did not increase when the @entity619 pre-medication dose was reduced to 11   mg prior to @entity1205 infusion. OBJECTIVES: @entity619 is commonly used to prevent the adverse effects of @entity1205 in @entity135 treatment. The recommended @entity619 dose is 8   mg orally twice daily for 3 days for each injection of @entity1205 . This pre-medication reduces the incidence of adverse effects to 1-2% of treated @entity1 . However, many adverse events have been observed with long-term @entity479 use. In an attempt to balance the benefits and harms of @entity479 prophylaxis without affecting the safety of @entity1205 , this study tried to reduce the duration and dose of @entity619 . METHODS: In this study, a total of 336 @entity1 underwent @entity1205 -containing protocols (TP or TPF regimens) to treat @entity135 . @entity1205 was given in doses of 70   mg/m(2) once every 3 weeks. @entity619 (0.75   mg/tablet) pre-medication was given in different doses (45, 24, 18, and 11   mg); the minimum dose included 6   mg orally in the morning and 5   mg intravenously immediately before @entity1205 infusion. RESULTS: Severe @entity56 were experienced by none of 30 @entity1 who received 45   mg (7.5   mg orally twice for 3 days) @entity619 pre-medication in 125 cycles, none of 20 @entity1 who received 24   mg (6   mg orally twice for 2 days) @entity619 in 77 cycles, and none of 20 @entity1 who received 18   mg (4.5   mg orally twice for 2 days) @entity619 in 79 cycles. Three of 266 @entity1 who received 11   mg @entity619 in 1054 applications developed a severe @entity56 with @entity5143 and @entity551 , two of the 266 @entity1 developed a severe @entity1910 , and four developed severe @entity4 .

title: Safe dose reduction of @entity479 pre-medication for @entity1205 in XXXX treatment.

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck neoplasm']


abstract: Between January 1, 1982, and November 1, 1986, 169 cadaver renal graft transplantations were performed at this hospital with CsA as induction therapy. OKT3 was not available in this period. Of these grafts, 15.9% were lost within 6 months, 10.7% from acute rejection (AR). Between November 1, 1986, and October 1, 1992, 483 cadaver renal graft transplantation were performed. Induction therapy included @entity870 and OKT3 was available. Of these grafts, 8.7% were lost inside 6 months, 3.1% from AR. Of these last 483 grafts, 113 received 125 courses of OKT3. Ten courses were prophylactic, and 115 courses in 103 @entity1 were for rejection resistant to @entity134 therapy (biopsy proven in all but 2 cases. Ninety-three percent of rejection episodes treated with OKT3 responded, at least initially. Graft survival in OKT3-treated @entity1 was 81%, 77%, and 76% at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively. In contrast, graft survival in @entity134 -resistant rejection during the first period (without OKT3) was 59%, 57%, and 57% at these intervals. There were 8 infective @entity204 within 6 months in the 113 OKT3-treated @entity1 , compared with 2 in the 343 who did not receive OKT3 (P < 0.001). There were 7 viral @entity204 in the OKT3 group compared with none in those not receiving OKT3 (P < 0.001). Prophylaxis with oral @entity1033 and @entity799 was instituted in October 1990 in OKT3-treated @entity1 and @entity4540 use was increased. Since this change, no further viral @entity204 have occurred. OKT3 is a very effective antirejection agent, but its use is associated with an increased mortality from @entity1800 . With appropriate prophylaxis and treatment, however, this mortality can be reduced.

title: Effect of OKT3 in XXXX -resistant renal transplant rejection.

entities_list: @entity1033 :: ('MESH:D000212', 'Chemical') :: ['acyclovir']

entities_list: @entity799 :: ('MESH:D015662', 'Chemical') :: ['cotrimoxazole']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

entities_list: @entity4540 :: ('MESH:D015774', 'Chemical') :: ['ganciclovir']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: A precise knowledge of the depth of invasion of @entity5 is essential for the planning of treatment of @entity5 . Transrectal ultrasonography is a new diagnostic modality that has become useful in determining the depth of invasion preoperatively and the presence or absence of metastatic lymph nodes. Transrectal ultrasonography was used in preoperative staging of 36 @entity1 with @entity5 . Thirty three @entity1 had a radical resection (17 low anterior resection, 15 abdominoperineal resection and 1 pelvic exenteration), one @entity1 had a local excision. Two among these thirty four @entity1 had preoperative radiotherapy. Preoperative transrectal ultrasonographic staging was compared with pathologic findings. In staging depth of invasion, the overall accuracy was 88.8 percent, overstaged in 5.8 percent, understaged in 5.8 percent. Transrectal ultrasonography is the more accurate method than CT in staging of depth of @entity5 invasion (61.8% vs 88.8%). In staging of lymph nodes, the overall accuracy of transrectal ultrasonography was 85.3 percent, sensitivity was 71.7 percent and specificity was 88.8 percent. Transrectal ultrasonography is a safe, inexpensive and accurate staging method in the assessment of both depth of invasion and nodal status.

title: Transrectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer', 'tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: Persistence of social attention by male and female @entity35 was examined following exposure to novel conspecifics. In experiment I we compared performance of castrate female controls. @entity251 significantly prolonged mean social investigation time. Castrate females treated with a 10-day regimen of @entity3033 to that of intact males and castrate females treated with a relatively high dosage of @entity251 failed to differ from intact males. In Experiment II we compared neonatally androgenized female castrates with castrate male and castrate female controls. Postnatal exposure to @entity251 increased sensitivity of females to exogenous @entity251 in maturity as measured by persistence of social investigation. In Experiment III we compared investigation time of intact and castrate males and females at 10-day intervals from 40 to 80 days of age. Intact males investigated novel conspecifics significantly longer than other groups, with longest investigation times at 60 and 70 days of age. In Experiment IV we compared investigation times of 30-day, 60-day, and 200-day-old males. Sixty-day-old males investigated significantly longer than 30-day-old or 200-day-old groups, which failed to differ from each other. The combined results demonstrate a gender and age-related effect of @entity251 on persistence of social investigation.

title: Persistence of attention to a novel conspecific: some developmental variables in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['laboratory rats']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone', 'Testosterone']

entities_list: @entity3033 :: ('MESH:D043343', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone propionate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['laboratory rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1573 intrafusal fibers were classified on the basis of their @entity35374 ( @entity35374 ) composition, which was compared to that of @entity1 nuclear bag and nuclear chain types. METHODS: Immunoreactivities of intrafusal fibers from leg muscles of 8-week-old @entity1573 were evaluated in serial cross-sections after incubation with monoclonal antibodies against slow-twitch, slow-tonic, or fast-twitch @entity35374 and fast muscle C-protein. RESULTS: Four categories of slow intrafusal fiber could be distinguished on the basis of differential expression of slow-twitch and slow-tonic @entity35374 . Segregation into types was most evident at the motor axon supplied pole, followed by the sensory region of the equator. Fiber types were least distinct at the juxtaequator where sensory and motor axons meet. Intrafusal fibers negative for slow myosins reacted with anti-fast myosins. Fast fibers were best viewed as a single group without subdivisions. Immunostaining for fast muscle C-protein paralleled in large part reactivities for neonatal/fast @entity35374 , indicating that proteins other than @entity35374 are useful fiber type markers. CONCLUSIONS: Despite regional changes along the length of intrafusal fibers and some variation within fiber types, the concept of separate @entity35374 -based fiber types was valid as long as typing of fibers was restricted to the proximal polar region. Comparisons of @entity35374 profiles revealed similarities between @entity1573 fast intrafusal fibers and @entity1 nuclear chain fibers and between some @entity1573 slow intrafusal fibers and @entity1 nuclear bag fibers.

title: Type and regional diversity in the distribution of myosin heavy chains in XXXX intrafusal muscle fibers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1573 :: ('9031', 'Species') :: ['chickens', 'chicken', 'Chicken']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: Since the peritoneal cavity is the most common site of initial recurrence in @entity1 after surgery for @entity356 , an intraperitoneal (IP) adjuvant treatment was tested in @entity1 with resected @entity356 with serosal involvement. Between March 1986 and September 1991, 44 consecutive @entity1 with resected T3/T4-N0/N+ @entity356 were given an IP combination, including @entity900 or @entity3003 , @entity2879 , and alpha interferon-2b. The overall survival of these @entity1 was compared with that observed in 47 historical controls (admitted to the same institutions from 1983 to 1986) with similar prognostic characteristics, who had not received adjuvant treatment after surgery. No major complication relating to the IP route was observed. Mild to moderate @entity490 occurred in nine @entity1 . Grade 3-4 myelotoxicity occurred in 14 @entity1 . Interferon had to be reduced in five @entity1 and suspended in one because of severe @entity1295 . Emesis occurred in 23/28 @entity1 given @entity900 and 9/16 given @entity3003 . At the time of this analysis (September 1992) median follow-up was 42 months (range 12-78) in the group receiving IP treatment, and 97 months (range 74-128) in the historical controls. There had been 20 @entity204 among treated @entity1 compared with 36 in the control group. The 5-year estimated survival rate was significantly better in the @entity1 who received IP adjuvant treatment (44% +/- 9 versus 23% +/- 6; P = 0.016). Using the Cox proportional hazard model with a backward procedure to correct for the influence of prognostic pretreatment variables, IP treatment again afforded a significant advantage in terms of survival (P = 0.04). @entity1753 immunochemotherapy appears to improve prognosis compared with historical controls in @entity1 having operable @entity356 with serosal infiltration.

title: Intraperitoneal adjuvant immunochemotherapy in operable XXXX with serosal involvement.

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1753 :: ('MESH:D001169', 'Disease') :: ['Adjuvant IP']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: Seven protein kinase @entity45574 alpha clones were isolated from a @entity19 genomic DNA library. They were assigned to four different genomic loci (A,B,C,D). Locus D was previously identified as a processed pseudogene (Boldyreff et al. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186, 723-730). Here we present sequences of genomic loci B and C and the @entity19 @entity45574 alpha cDNA. Loci B and C are like locus D processed pseudogenes, however, with considerable differences among each other and to the cDNA, especially with respect to the lengths of the putative gene products. Genomic locus D would code for a protein of 82 @entity1522 , locus B for a protein of 132 @entity1522 and locus C product for the full length product of 391 @entity1522 as the @entity19 cDNA.

title: Characterization of the cDNA and three processed pseudogenes from the @entity19 protein kinase XXXX alpha subunit.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

answer: @entity45574 :: (13000(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CK2']


abstract: Seven protein kinase @entity45574 alpha clones were isolated from a @entity19 genomic DNA library. They were assigned to four different genomic loci (A,B,C,D). Locus D was previously identified as a processed pseudogene (Boldyreff et al. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186, 723-730). Here we present sequences of genomic loci B and C and the @entity19 @entity45574 alpha cDNA. Loci B and C are like locus D processed pseudogenes, however, with considerable differences among each other and to the cDNA, especially with respect to the lengths of the putative gene products. Genomic locus D would code for a protein of 82 @entity1522 , locus B for a protein of 132 @entity1522 and locus C product for the full length product of 391 @entity1522 as the @entity19 cDNA.

title: Characterization of the cDNA and three processed pseudogenes from the XXXX protein kinase @entity45574 alpha subunit.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: Extracellular recordings were obtained from neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the substantia nigra, including the zona compacta (SNC) and the zona reticulata (SNR), and the midbrain reticular formation (FOR) of adult female albino @entity35 anesthetized with @entity4774 and @entity22292 . Based on electrophysiological characteristics the neurons were divided into two types. Type I neurons, with relatively long spike durations and slow discharge rates, were confined to the VTA and SNC. @entity528 , with @entity12463 and faster discharge rates, were observed in the SNR and FOR as well as the VTA and SNC. The effects of foot pinch (FP), tail pinch (TP) and stimulation of the vaginal cervix (VC) on the activity of the two types of neurons were investigated. Previously it was demonstrated that FP was aversive, TP elicited locomotion, sniffing and gnawing responses and VC @entity1515 response, vocalization and immobility. For approximately two-thirds of the neurons the effects of the three peripheral stimuli were similar; either they were activated or suppressed. Approximately 8 percent of the neurons were suppressed by FP and TP and activated by VC whereas a similar number were activated by FP and TP and suppressed by VC. Type 1 and @entity528 in the VTA and SN were activated and suppressed by the peripheral stimuli with suppression being the most common response to FP and TP. The results are consistent with the view that VTA and SN neurons integrate a number of central and peripheral inputs.

title: Effects of peripheral stimulation on the activity of neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and midbrain reticular formation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity12463 :: ('MESH:D031261', 'Disease') :: ['shorter spike durations']

entities_list: @entity22292 :: ('MESH:D002697', 'Chemical') :: ['chloral hydrate']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['Type II neurons']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Two cases of pancreatic @entity5 accompanied by @entity9007 are reported. Case 1 was a 60-year-old @entity1 who was admitted to our hospital complaining of left lower abdominal discomfort. A @entity5409 , about 3 cm in diameter, was found in the pancreatic tail by ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT). No signs of chronic @entity788 were found. At operation, an elastic, hard, white @entity5 , about 1 cm in diameter, was felt adjacent to the @entity5409 on the duodenal side. Histologically, this @entity5 was a @entity1358 with an adjacent @entity9007 upstream of the pancreas. Case 2 was a 57-year-old @entity1 who complained of @entity615 and loss of body weight. US and CT examination revealed a @entity5409 , 11 x 7 cm in size, in the tail of the pancreas. Histological examination of the resected specimen revealed both a @entity1358 , 3 cm in size, in the body of the pancreas and a @entity9007 , 9 cm in size. Pseudocysts accompanying @entity189 are thought to develop from obstruction of the pancreatic duct by the @entity189 , followed by intraductal high pressure and disruption of ductules upstream of the pancreas. Thus, we should pay careful attention to @entity9007 , especially when signs of @entity32 cannot be found, to help identify @entity1358 in the early stage. Further detailed examinations of the cyst fluid or pancreatic juice, such as cytology, @entity5 marker determinations, or establishment of @entity984 codon 12 mutation, are needed.

title: Pancreatic carcinoma accompanied by XXXX : report of two cases.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['back pain']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['duct cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity9007 :: ('MESH:D010192', 'Disease') :: ['pseudocyst', 'pseudocyst of the pancreas']

answer: @entity9007 :: (MESH:D010192,Disease) :: ['pseudocyst']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Axillary lymph node status, a major prognostic factor in @entity0 , provides information important for individualized surgical treatment. Because imaging techniques have limited sensitivity to detect @entity3 in axillary lymph nodes, the axilla must be explored surgically. The histology of all resected nodes at the time of @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) has traditionally been regarded as the most accurate method for assessing metastatic spread of disease to the locoregional lymph nodes. However, @entity1600 may result in @entity4269 , @entity128 , @entity409 , and other short-term and long-term complications limiting functionality and reducing quality of life. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a less invasive method of assessing nodal involvement. The concept of SLNB is based on the notion that @entity5 drain in an orderly manner through the lymphatic system. Therefore, the @entity4298 is the first to be affected by @entity3 if the @entity5 has spread, and a @entity5 -free @entity4298 makes it highly unlikely for other nodes to be affected. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become the standard of care for primary treatment of early @entity0 and has replaced @entity1600 to stage clinically node-negative @entity1 , thus reducing @entity1600 -associated morbidity. More than 20 years after its introduction, there are still aspects concerning SLNB and @entity1600 that are currently debated. Moreover, SLNB remains an unstandardized procedure surrounded by many unresolved controversies concerning the technique itself. In this article, we review the main indications, contraindications, and controversies of SLNB in @entity0 in the light of the most recent publications.

title: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in XXXX : Indications, Contraindications, and Controversies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'early-stage breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['shoulder dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['axillary lymph node dissection', 'ALND']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast Cancer']