abstract: Studies among long-term survivors of childhood @entity5 who had received high-dose irradiation therapy of 4-60   Gy, demonstrated acute and chronic dental effects, including @entity2520 . However, the possible effects of low to moderate doses of radiation on dental health are sparse. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between childhood exposure to low-moderate doses of ionizing radiation and periodontal health following 50   years since exposure. The study population included 253 irradiated subjects (treated for @entity3100 in the 1950s) and, 162 non-irradiated subjects. The estimated dose to the teeth was 0.2-0.4   Gy. Dental examination was performed according to the community periodontal index (CPI). Socioeconomic and health behavior variables were obtained through a personal questionnaire. @entity2520 was operationally defined as "deep periodontal pockets." A multivariate logistic regression model was used for the association of irradiation status and other independent variables with periodontal status. The results showed that among the irradiated subjects, 23%, (95% CI 18-28%) demonstrated complete edentulousness or insufficient teeth for CPI scoring as compared to 13% (95% CI 8-19%) among the non-irradiated subjects (p   =   0.01). @entity2520 was detected among 54% of the irradiated subjects as compared to 40% of the non-irradiated (p   =   0.008). Controlling for education and smoking, the ORs for the association between radiation and periodontal disease were 1.61 (95% CI 1.01-2.57) and 1.95 (95% CI 1.1-3.5) for ever never and per 1   Gy absorbed in the salivary gland, respectively. In line with other studies, a protective effect for @entity2520 among those with high education and an increased risk for ever smokers were observed. In conclusion, childhood exposure to low-moderate doses of ionizing radiation might be associated with later outcomes of dental health. The results add valuable data on the long-term health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation and support the implementation of the ALARA principle in childhood exposure to diagnostic procedure involving radiation.

title: Long-Term Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Irradiation on Periodontal Health Status - The XXXX Cohort Study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3100 :: ('MESH:D014006', 'Disease') :: ['Tinea capitis']

entities_list: @entity2520 :: ('MESH:D010510', 'Disease') :: ['Periodontal disease', 'periodontal diseases']

answer: @entity3100 :: (MESH:D014006,Disease) :: ['Tinea capitis']


abstract: Objective. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) utility in diagnosis in malignant and granulomatous @entity3629 has been well demonstrated. We propose to examine the role of EBUS transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in the diagnosis of @entity358 ( @entity358 ) with mediastinal @entity3329 in an area where @entity3219 is endemic. Methods. A retrospective review was performed in a single academic institution between 2009 and 2012 of @entity1 referred for EBUS-TBNA who had radiographic imaging and clinical symptomatology suspicious for @entity358 . Seven @entity1 were reviewed. TBNA results showing @entity738 with areas of @entity39 in the appropriate clinical setting were considered to be adequate for the diagnosis of @entity358 when alternative diagnosis was excluded. @entity1 underwent further clinical follow-up of 12 months to determine the final diagnosis. Results. All seven @entity1 were felt to have @entity358 diagnosis reached by a combination of clinical presentation, EBUS-TBNA results, fungal serologies, and antigen testing. None of the @entity1 needed further invasive procedures. Conclusions. EBUS-TBNA is a minimally invasive tool that can be used to support a diagnosis of @entity358 in @entity1 with a high degree of clinical suspicion. EBUS-TBNA should be considered as an adjunctive diagnostic procedure for @entity1 with @entity358 in an appropriate clinical setting.

title: The Use of Endobronchial Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity3629 :: ('MESH:D008477', 'Disease') :: ['mediastinal disease']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatous disease']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['subacute pulmonary histoplasmosis', 'SPH']

entities_list: @entity3219 :: ('MESH:D006660', 'Disease') :: ['histoplasmosis']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['Subacute Pulmonary Histoplasmosis']


abstract: In severe @entity542 , delayed intracerebral @entity1410 appearing lately is noted due to the spread use of serial CT scan. The authors experienced the autopsy of 5 cases who presented @entity21 ( @entity21 ) among these new lesions in repeated CT scan findings and report the pathohistological findings. Subjects were as follows: The age range of the @entity1 was 15 to 25 years. The consciousness levels of the 5 cases on admission were 6 or less by the Glasgow @entity772 scale. CT findings of @entity21 were revealed @entity548 of the corpus callosum, basal ganglia, tegmentum of pons, intraventricular, and acute @entity4 . Total clinical courses were 2 to 29 days, but most of them were 9 or less days. In the macroscopic findings, marked congestion and @entity4 revealed @entity62 in all 5 cases. Callosal disruption and @entity1410 adjacent the corpus callosum revealed in 4 out of 5 cases. @entity131 with @entity548 revealed in 3 out of 5 cases. @entity548 and @entity510 revealed in 2 out of 5 cases. @entity548 of basal ganglia and base of pons revealed in 2 cases. Microscopic examination of all 5 cases revealed @entity17 and white matter surrounding @entity548 , and abnormal tortuous, swelling and fragmentation of axons in stained preparation. Axonal retraction ball was recognized in 3 out of 5 cases. In conclusion, five autopsied cases who presented acute @entity4 and @entity548 of corpus callosum and tegmentum of pons in serial CT scan were examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Clinicopathological studies of XXXX --five autopsy cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral contusion']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['pallor of myelin in the corpus callosum']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Intraventricular hemorrhage', 'hemorrhagic lesion', 'hemorrhage', 'Hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema', 'brain swelling']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injuries']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['DAI', 'diffuse axonal injury']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['mainly in deep part of the white matter of the frontal lobe']

answer: @entity21 :: (MESH:D001480,Disease) :: ['diffuse axonal injury']


abstract: In isolated slices of @entity35 thalamus, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the nucleus reticularis, were recorded intracellularly in relay neurons in the anterior part of the thalamus. These inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were found to have reversal potentials close to the resting potential of the recorded cell, to reduce neuronal excitability and to be sensitive to electrophoretic application of the @entity1246 antagonists @entity1027 and @entity5094 , indicating that they were @entity1246 -activated, @entity2865 mediated events. Voltage sensitive responses of relay neurons evoked by current injection and by inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were then compared. Hyperpolarizing current pulses and hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potential trains elicited from membrane potentials positive to -70 mV resulted in rebound slow spike activation on repolarization. Depolarizing current pulses and depolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potential trains evoked slow spikes when elicited from membrane potentials negative to -60 mV. There was, however, one major difference, the slow spikes evoked by inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were always delayed to the end of the train. Reversal potentials of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were found to depend on the potential at which the membrane was held immediately before the inhibitory postsynaptic potential was evoked, indicating that passive distribution of @entity2865 ions contributes to their equilibrium potential. Evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials consisted of at least two components with different reversal potentials although current voltage relations indicated that similar decreases in membrane resistance were associated with both components and that they shifted approximately in parallel when inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were evoked from different holding potentials. Trains of @entity1246 -mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, similar to those recorded during spindling, will evoke slow spikes in almost all thalamic relay neurons irrespective of other synaptic inputs. This response will effectively synchronize burst firing in all cells receiving the same inhibitory input.

title: Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked in thalamic neurons by stimulation of the reticularis nucleus evoke slow spikes in isolated XXXX brain slices--I.

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity5094 :: ('MESH:D010852', 'Chemical') :: ['picrotoxin']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Natural interferons (nIFNs) -alpha and -gamma were used to treat @entity19 bearing bilateral xenografts of @entity1 @entity0 cells (MCF-7 and @entity18176 ). The IFNs were administered singly or in combination by means of intralesional (i.l.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections. In the animals treated intralesionally 1 of the 2 @entity5 was injected to study the local therapeutic effects, while the contralateral one was left undisturbed and used to assess systemic effects. Treatment of @entity5 with i.l. injections of nIFN-alpha and nIFN-gamma combined resulted in complete regression of the injected @entity5 in 8 of 20 @entity19 treated for 2 weeks and in 10 of 10 @entity19 of an additional group treated for 4 weeks. The corresponding contralateral @entity5 showed complete regression in 2 @entity19 treated for 4 weeks and partial responses in the others. Incomplete responses were also observed when the IFNs were used singly or when they were delivered intraperitoneally. Similarly, in @entity18176 xenografts the best results were obtained with i.l. injections of the 2 IFNs combined, but no complete regressions were achieved. These experiments provide further evidence for a synergistic interaction of nIFN-alpha and nIFN-gamma in vivo and indicate that the potentiated antitumoral activity is greater when these interferons are administered i.l.

title: Treatment of @entity1 XXXX xenografts using natural interferons-alpha and -gamma injected singly or in combination.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['MCF-7 tumors', 'tumors']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Natural interferons (nIFNs) -alpha and -gamma were used to treat @entity19 bearing bilateral xenografts of @entity1 @entity0 cells (MCF-7 and @entity18176 ). The IFNs were administered singly or in combination by means of intralesional (i.l.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections. In the animals treated intralesionally 1 of the 2 @entity5 was injected to study the local therapeutic effects, while the contralateral one was left undisturbed and used to assess systemic effects. Treatment of @entity5 with i.l. injections of nIFN-alpha and nIFN-gamma combined resulted in complete regression of the injected @entity5 in 8 of 20 @entity19 treated for 2 weeks and in 10 of 10 @entity19 of an additional group treated for 4 weeks. The corresponding contralateral @entity5 showed complete regression in 2 @entity19 treated for 4 weeks and partial responses in the others. Incomplete responses were also observed when the IFNs were used singly or when they were delivered intraperitoneally. Similarly, in @entity18176 xenografts the best results were obtained with i.l. injections of the 2 IFNs combined, but no complete regressions were achieved. These experiments provide further evidence for a synergistic interaction of nIFN-alpha and nIFN-gamma in vivo and indicate that the potentiated antitumoral activity is greater when these interferons are administered i.l.

title: Treatment of XXXX @entity0 xenografts using natural interferons-alpha and -gamma injected singly or in combination.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity25282 is a specific parasite of salmonids that occurs in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. When @entity277 are heavy fish mortality can occur although the factors that are responsible for causing epizootics, especially in wild salmonid populations are still largely unknown. Over the past 20 years this parasite has caused significant economic losses in farmed salmon production and possibly in wild salmonid populations locally. Understanding the connectivity between populations is crucial to an understanding of the epidemiology of @entity281 and for management of @entity281 in aquaculture. Data from genetics, pesticide resistance, larval dispersal models and spatial and temporal patterns of @entity277 in wild and farmed hosts suggests a spatially highly structured metapopulation the components of which have different levels of connectivity, probabilities of extinction and influence on the development of @entity2631 . The population structure is defined mainly by the dispersal dynamics of the planktonic stages and the behaviour of the host. Until recently virtually nothing was known about the relationship between the parasite and the host, or how the host may influence lice at local or population level. Typically, impacts on the host have usually been reported in terms of pathological lesions caused by attachment and feeding of the adult stages, as well as localised mild epithelial responses to juvenile attachment. However many studies report pathology associated with severe @entity277 . Recent new studies on the host-parasite interactions of @entity25282 have shown that this parasite induces stress-related responses systemically in the host skin and gills and that the stress response and immune systems are modulated. In the second part of this review, these new studies are presented, together with results from other host-parasite model systems where data for caligid sea lice are missing. One of the most revealing methods reported recently is the application of a net confinement stressor to examine modulation of the stress response and immune system of the host fish. This approach has shown that although until now, infective stages of @entity25282 were not thought to affect the host, they do induce systematic effects in the host that result in a stress response and modulated immune system. Host-parasite interactions affecting these stress responses and the immune system may be key factors in facilitating epizootics by reducing the host's ability to reject the parasites, as well as reducing disease resistance under some environmental conditions. The host-parasite interaction therefore needs to be incorporated into any model of population structure and dynamics.

title: A review of the population biology and host-parasite interactions of the sea louse XXXX (Copepoda: Caligidae).

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity25282 :: ('72036', 'Species') :: ['Lepeophtheirus salmonis', 'L. salmonis']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['local infestations']

entities_list: @entity277 :: ('MESH:D013984', 'Disease') :: ['infestations', 'infestation']

answer: @entity25282 :: (72036,Species) :: ['Lepeophtheirus salmonis']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity3918 show @entity8814 associated with @entity6126 and a secondary increase in the gonadotropins FSH and LH. By examining ten @entity1 (nine @entity1 , one @entity1 ) with @entity3918 and determining serum FSH and LH concentrations by radioimmunoassay, the authors tried to evaluate whether the decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) seen in @entity3918 might be related to increase levels of gonadotropins. The IOP of the @entity1 with @entity3918 (mean 10.6 mm Hg, SD 3.9 mm Hg) was significantly lower (P less than 0.0005) than that of a randomly selected control group. In all nine male patients serum FSH concentrations (mean 41.7 mIU/ml, SD 18.9 mIU/ml, normal range 0.9-9.8 mIU/ml) and serum LH concentrations (mean 18.6 mIU/ml. SD 6.8 mIU/ml, normal range 2.2-12.0 mIU/ml) were significantly higher (FSH: P less than 0.0005, LH: P less than 0.05) than those of a control group of four normal @entity1 . The female @entity1 's FSH was elevated (11.5 mIU/ml, normal range 1.7-8.5 mIU/ml), her LH concentration was slightly elevated (15.5 mIU/ml, normal range 2.5-15.4 mIU/ml). A statistically significant correlation was found between elevated LH concentrations and decreased IOP (P less than 0.05) but no such correlation between FSH and IOP (P less than = 0.17). Endogenous circulating gonadotropins may play an important role in regulating aqueous inflow via @entity1919 which is produced by ciliary epithelia and causes a decrease in the rate of @entity7462 production. This theory is corroborated by humor production. This theory is corroborated by the authors' data and by experimental studies by Sears and co-workers.

title: [Hypotonia bulbi and gonadotropins in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity8814 :: ('MESH:D015814', 'Disease') :: ['ocular hypotony']

entities_list: @entity7462 :: ('MESH:C562390', 'Disease') :: ['aqueous humor']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['primary hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity3918 :: ('MESH:D009223', 'Disease') :: ['myotonic dystrophy']

answer: @entity3918 :: (MESH:D009223,Disease) :: ['myotonic dystrophy']


abstract: AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Greater glycemic variability and lack of predictability are important issues for @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 . Dietary factors are one of the contributors to this variability, but how closely diet is linked to glycemic fluctuation on a daily basis has not been investigated. We examined the association between @entity1735 intake and glycemic excursion in outpatients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 33 @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 were included in the analyses (age 44.5      14.7  years, @entity6 duration 15.1      8.3  years, 64% female, 30% using @entity2690 pump, glycated hemoglobin 8.1      1.3%). Time spent in euglycemia (70-180  mg/dL), @entity4854 (>180  mg/dL) and @entity4053 (<70  mg/dL) of consecutive 48-h periods of continuous @entity413 monitoring data were collected together with simultaneous records of dietary intake, @entity2690 dose and physical activity. Correlation analyses and multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the contribution of @entity1735 intake to time spent in the target glycemic range. RESULTS: In multiple regression analyses, @entity1735 intake (b  =  0.53, P  =  0.001), basal @entity2690 dose per kg per day (b  =  -0.31, P  =  0.034) and @entity6 duration (b  =  0.30, P  =  0.042) were independent predictors of time spent in euglycemia. @entity1735 intake (b  =  -0.51, P  =  0.001) and @entity2690 pump use (b  =  -0.34, P  =  0.024) were independent predictors of time spent in @entity4854 . @entity2690 pump use (b  =  0.52, P  <  0.001) and bolus @entity2690 dose per kg per day (b  =  0.46, P  =  0.001) were independent predictors of time spent in @entity4053 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1735 intake is associated with time spent in euglycemia in @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 .

title: @entity1735 intake is associated with time spent in the euglycemic range in @entity1 with type 1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate', 'Carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Greater glycemic variability and lack of predictability are important issues for @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 . Dietary factors are one of the contributors to this variability, but how closely diet is linked to glycemic fluctuation on a daily basis has not been investigated. We examined the association between @entity1735 intake and glycemic excursion in outpatients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 33 @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 were included in the analyses (age 44.5      14.7  years, @entity6 duration 15.1      8.3  years, 64% female, 30% using @entity2690 pump, glycated hemoglobin 8.1      1.3%). Time spent in euglycemia (70-180  mg/dL), @entity4854 (>180  mg/dL) and @entity4053 (<70  mg/dL) of consecutive 48-h periods of continuous @entity413 monitoring data were collected together with simultaneous records of dietary intake, @entity2690 dose and physical activity. Correlation analyses and multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the contribution of @entity1735 intake to time spent in the target glycemic range. RESULTS: In multiple regression analyses, @entity1735 intake (b  =  0.53, P  =  0.001), basal @entity2690 dose per kg per day (b  =  -0.31, P  =  0.034) and @entity6 duration (b  =  0.30, P  =  0.042) were independent predictors of time spent in euglycemia. @entity1735 intake (b  =  -0.51, P  =  0.001) and @entity2690 pump use (b  =  -0.34, P  =  0.024) were independent predictors of time spent in @entity4854 . @entity2690 pump use (b  =  0.52, P  <  0.001) and bolus @entity2690 dose per kg per day (b  =  0.46, P  =  0.001) were independent predictors of time spent in @entity4053 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1735 intake is associated with time spent in euglycemia in @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 .

title: XXXX intake is associated with time spent in the euglycemic range in @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 .

answer: @entity1735 :: (CHEBI:16646,Chemical) :: ['Carbohydrate']


abstract: AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Greater glycemic variability and lack of predictability are important issues for @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 . Dietary factors are one of the contributors to this variability, but how closely diet is linked to glycemic fluctuation on a daily basis has not been investigated. We examined the association between @entity1735 intake and glycemic excursion in outpatients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 33 @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 were included in the analyses (age 44.5      14.7  years, @entity6 duration 15.1      8.3  years, 64% female, 30% using @entity2690 pump, glycated hemoglobin 8.1      1.3%). Time spent in euglycemia (70-180  mg/dL), @entity4854 (>180  mg/dL) and @entity4053 (<70  mg/dL) of consecutive 48-h periods of continuous @entity413 monitoring data were collected together with simultaneous records of dietary intake, @entity2690 dose and physical activity. Correlation analyses and multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the contribution of @entity1735 intake to time spent in the target glycemic range. RESULTS: In multiple regression analyses, @entity1735 intake (b  =  0.53, P  =  0.001), basal @entity2690 dose per kg per day (b  =  -0.31, P  =  0.034) and @entity6 duration (b  =  0.30, P  =  0.042) were independent predictors of time spent in euglycemia. @entity1735 intake (b  =  -0.51, P  =  0.001) and @entity2690 pump use (b  =  -0.34, P  =  0.024) were independent predictors of time spent in @entity4854 . @entity2690 pump use (b  =  0.52, P  <  0.001) and bolus @entity2690 dose per kg per day (b  =  0.46, P  =  0.001) were independent predictors of time spent in @entity4053 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1735 intake is associated with time spent in euglycemia in @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 .

title: @entity1735 intake is associated with time spent in the euglycemic range in XXXX with type 1 @entity6 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The @entity8 associated with @entity409 appears to be caused by decreased renal perfusion. Altered renal vascular reactivity (RVR) may contribute to the development of @entity177 . This study was undertaken to assess the effect of bile duct ligation (BDL) on RVR to @entity1063 and @entity1808 in the @entity35 and to evaluate the role of @entity2918 in the modulation of altered RVR. Male @entity35 underwent either sham operation (SO) or BDL. Four days later, isolated kidney perfusions were established. Dose-response curves to @entity1063 (SO, n = 9; BDL, n = 10) and @entity1808 (SO, n = 7; BDL, n = 9) were obtained. The perfusate was modified to contain @entity3352 , 10(-6) mol/L, and dose-response curves to @entity1063 (SO, n = 10; BDL, n = 8) and @entity1808 (SO, n = 4; BDL, n = 8) were obtained as well. Baseline resistances did not differ between any of the groups. RVR to @entity1063 did not appear to be altered by BDL; however, increased RVR to @entity1063 was unmasked by inhibition of @entity3009 synthesis. BDL did not affect the RVR to @entity1808 with or without @entity3352 . BDL is associated with an increase in renal vascular sensitivity to @entity1063 , which is balanced by a compensatory increase in renal @entity3009 activity in response to @entity1063 stimulation. These findings are consistent with theories that decreased renal perfusion associated with @entity409 may be mediated by @entity2661 .

title: Renal vascular reactivity in the bile duct-ligated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['decreased renal blood flow']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The management of synchronous thymic and @entity358 remains a challenge due to the lack of case series and surgical guidelines. This study aims to retrospectively review our preliminary experience and results of performing simultaneous thoracoscopic resection of coexisting @entity358 and thymus. METHODS: Simultaneous thoracoscopic resection was performed to remove coexisting thymic and @entity358 in nine @entity1 from August 2008 to November 2013. @entity1 demographics, preoperative assessment, surgical procedures and postoperative course of these @entity1 were reviewed. RESULTS: There were four female and five male @entity1 between 43 and 70 years old (median age, 64 years). Each @entity1 had @entity6732 and solitary pulmonary lesion on chest computed tomography (CT) scan. Four @entity1 underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy and thymectomy. One @entity1 had thoracoscopic @entity9876 combined with thymic cyst resection (TCR). The other four @entity1 received pulmonary wedge resection and thymectomy (n=3)/TCR (n=1). The operation lasted from 35-480 min (median, 110 min). Intra-operative @entity190 was 20-380 mL (median, 120 mL). Two @entity1 developed post-operative @entity55 without mortality. All the @entity1 were discharged home within 9 days after surgery. Two @entity1 died from metastatic @entity2 14 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous thoracoscopic resection of coexisting @entity358 is safe and feasible in selected @entity1 .

title: Simultaneous thoracoscopic resection for coexisting XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity6732 :: ('MESH:D013953', 'Disease') :: ['thymic neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary lesions', 'pulmonary and thymic lesions', 'diseases of the lung']

entities_list: @entity9876 :: ('MESH:D020232', 'Disease') :: ['bronchovascular sleeve lobectomy']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['pulmonary and thymic lesions']


abstract: The current Indian campaign for the elimination of @entity3754 is largely based on mass drug administration ( @entity1865 ). As part of this campaign, villagers in the Tirukoilur and Mugaiyur 'blocks' (i.e. revenue units) of Villupuram district, in Tamil Nadu, India, were treated with @entity6566 ( @entity6567 ), either alone (Mugaiyur) or with @entity3753 (Tirukoilur), in March 2001. The efficacy of treatment, in each of the two treatment arms, was evaluated by determining the percentages of the subjects who were carrying antigen from adult @entity10065 before, 6 months and 12 months after the @entity1865 . In a cross-sectional survey at each time-point, commercial, immunochromatographic tests were used to check 1000-1200, randomly selected, young residents (aged 2-25 years) of 18 index villages for the antigen; at least 300 villagers aged 2-9 years and at least 170 aged 10-25 years from each treatment arm were screened in each survey. Before the @entity1865 , 12.7% of the subjects aged 2-9 years and 23.6% of those aged 10-25 years were found to be positive for the filarial antigen. Although only about 50% of villagers aged 2-9 years were successfully treated, @entity1865 (with @entity6567 alone or @entity6567 plus @entity3753 ) led to a significant (28.7%) reduction in the prevalence of antigenaemia in this age-group 6 months later (P<0.05). Although, the prevalences of antigenaemia among those aged 2-9 years were higher 12 months post-treatment than 6 months post-treatment, they were still lower (by 16%-23%) than those observed pre-treatment. The addition of @entity3753 to the @entity6567 treatment appeared to offer no additional benefit in terms of the prevalence of antigenaemia in @entity1 aged <10 years; in fact, the use of @entity6567 alone produced a slightly greater reduction in the prevalence of antigenaemia than the use of both @entity6567 and @entity3753 . In the block given @entity1865 based on both @entity6567 and @entity3753 , the prevalences of antigenaemia among the villagers aged 10-25 years were 19.4% and 16.6% lower 6 and 12 months post-treatment, respectively, than observed pre-treatment. Curiously, in the block given @entity6567 alone, the prevalences in this age-group were higher at both post-treatment follow-ups (by 17.4% at 6 months and 35.1% at 12 months) than observed pre-treatment. In concurrent experimental studies, high drug compliance (90%) among young @entity1 (aged 2-5 years) led to a pronounced (62.6%) reduction in the prevalence of antigenaemia after one @entity1865 . In follow-up studies of those found antigen-positive, 40% of those aged 2-9 years but only 23% of those aged 10-25 years cleared their antigenaemias after three (annual) @entity1865 . To maximize the benefits of @entity1865 , greater efforts should be made to increase treatment coverage among young @entity1 .

title: The influence of the mass administration of XXXX , alone or with @entity3753 , on the prevalence of filarial antigenaemia.

entities_list: @entity3753 :: ('MESH:D015766', 'Chemical') :: ['albendazole']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity6566 :: ('MESH:D004049', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylcarbamazine']

entities_list: @entity3754 :: ('MESH:D004605', 'Disease') :: ['lymphatic filariasis']

entities_list: @entity10065 :: ('6293', 'Species') :: ['Wuchereria bancrofti']

answer: @entity6566 :: (MESH:D004049,Chemical) :: ['diethylcarbamazine']


abstract: The current Indian campaign for the elimination of @entity3754 is largely based on mass drug administration ( @entity1865 ). As part of this campaign, villagers in the Tirukoilur and Mugaiyur 'blocks' (i.e. revenue units) of Villupuram district, in Tamil Nadu, India, were treated with @entity6566 ( @entity6567 ), either alone (Mugaiyur) or with @entity3753 (Tirukoilur), in March 2001. The efficacy of treatment, in each of the two treatment arms, was evaluated by determining the percentages of the subjects who were carrying antigen from adult @entity10065 before, 6 months and 12 months after the @entity1865 . In a cross-sectional survey at each time-point, commercial, immunochromatographic tests were used to check 1000-1200, randomly selected, young residents (aged 2-25 years) of 18 index villages for the antigen; at least 300 villagers aged 2-9 years and at least 170 aged 10-25 years from each treatment arm were screened in each survey. Before the @entity1865 , 12.7% of the subjects aged 2-9 years and 23.6% of those aged 10-25 years were found to be positive for the filarial antigen. Although only about 50% of villagers aged 2-9 years were successfully treated, @entity1865 (with @entity6567 alone or @entity6567 plus @entity3753 ) led to a significant (28.7%) reduction in the prevalence of antigenaemia in this age-group 6 months later (P<0.05). Although, the prevalences of antigenaemia among those aged 2-9 years were higher 12 months post-treatment than 6 months post-treatment, they were still lower (by 16%-23%) than those observed pre-treatment. The addition of @entity3753 to the @entity6567 treatment appeared to offer no additional benefit in terms of the prevalence of antigenaemia in @entity1 aged <10 years; in fact, the use of @entity6567 alone produced a slightly greater reduction in the prevalence of antigenaemia than the use of both @entity6567 and @entity3753 . In the block given @entity1865 based on both @entity6567 and @entity3753 , the prevalences of antigenaemia among the villagers aged 10-25 years were 19.4% and 16.6% lower 6 and 12 months post-treatment, respectively, than observed pre-treatment. Curiously, in the block given @entity6567 alone, the prevalences in this age-group were higher at both post-treatment follow-ups (by 17.4% at 6 months and 35.1% at 12 months) than observed pre-treatment. In concurrent experimental studies, high drug compliance (90%) among young @entity1 (aged 2-5 years) led to a pronounced (62.6%) reduction in the prevalence of antigenaemia after one @entity1865 . In follow-up studies of those found antigen-positive, 40% of those aged 2-9 years but only 23% of those aged 10-25 years cleared their antigenaemias after three (annual) @entity1865 . To maximize the benefits of @entity1865 , greater efforts should be made to increase treatment coverage among young @entity1 .

title: The influence of the mass administration of @entity6566 , alone or with XXXX , on the prevalence of filarial antigenaemia.

answer: @entity3753 :: (MESH:D015766,Chemical) :: ['albendazole']


abstract: This paper shows the concurrent use of thermography and artificial @entity1274 (ANN) for the diagnosis of @entity0 , a disease that is growing in prominence in @entity1 all over the world. It has been reported that breast thermography itself could detect @entity0 up to 10 years earlier than the conventional golden methods such as mammography, in particular in the younger @entity1 . However, the accuracy of thermography is dependent on many factors such as the symmetry of the breasts' temperature and temperature stability. A @entity1 's body temperature is known to be stable in certain periods after menstruation and it was found that the accuracy of thermography in @entity1 whose thermal images are taken in a suitable period (5th - 12th and 21st day of menstruation) is higher (80%) than the total population of @entity1 (73%). The stability of the body temperature will depend on physiological state. This paper examines the use of ANN to complement the infrared heat radiating from the surface of the body with other physiological data. Four backpropagation @entity1274 were developed and trained using the results from the Singapore General Hospital @entity1 ' physiological data and thermographs. Owing to the inaccuracies found in thermography and the low population size gathered for this project, the networks developed could only accurately diagnose about 61.54% of the @entity0 cases. Nevertheless, the basic neural network framework has been established and it has great potential for future development of an intelligent @entity0 diagnosis system. This would be especially useful to the teenagers and young adults who are unsuitable for mammography at a young age. An intelligent breast thermography-neural network will be able to give an accurate diagnosis of @entity0 and can make a positive impact on @entity1558 .

title: Computerized detection of XXXX with artificial intelligence and thermograms.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['breast disease detection']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['neural networks']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: In order to upgrade the reliability of xenodiagnosis, attention has been directed towards population dynamics of the parasite, with particular interest for the following factors: 1. Parasite density which by itself is not a research objective, but by giving an accurate portrayal of parasite development and multiplication, has been incorporated in screening of bugs for xenodiagnosis. 2. On the assumption that food availability might increase parasite density, bugs from xenodiagnosis have been refed at biweekly intervals on @entity1573 blood. 3. Infectivity rates and positives harbouring large parasite yields were based on gut @entity281 , in which the parasite population comprised of all developmental forms was more abundant and easier to detect than in fecal @entity281 , thus minimizing the probability of recording false negatives. 4. Since parasite density, low in the first 15 days of @entity281 , increases rapidly in the following 30 days, the interval of 45 days has been adopted for routine examination of bugs from xenodiagnosis. By following the enumerated measures, all aiming to reduce false negative cases, we are getting closer to a reliable xenodiagnostic procedure. Upgrading the efficacy of xenodiagnosis is also dependent on the xenodiagnostic agent. Of 9 investigated vector species, Panstrongylus megistus deserves top priority as a xenodiagnostic agent. Its extraordinary capability to support fast development and vigorous multiplication of the few parasites, ingested from the host with @entity102 , has been revealed by the strikingly close infectivity rates of 91.2% vs. 96.4% among bugs engorged from the same host in the chronic and acute phase of the disease respectively (Table V), the latter comporting an estimated number of 12.3 x 10(3) parasites in the circulation at the time of xenodiagnosis, as reported previously by the authors (1982).

title: Studies in search of a suitable experimental insect model for xenodiagnosis of hosts with Chagas' disease. 2 Attempts to upgrade the reliability and the efficacy of xenodiagnosis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections', 'infection']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ["chronic Chagas' disease"]

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic Chagas' disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Head and neck @entity1823 are rare @entity5 and can arise as a part of @entity74 . Their association with thymic @entity5 is not well known. CASE DESCRIPTION: This report describes a female @entity1 who presented with right sided neck @entity1823 . The histology of the @entity5 was consistent with paraganlioma. Few years later her MRI scan of the chest revealed presence of an anterior mediastinal mass that corresponded to the location of the thymus. Review of her previous scans showed that the mass was present all along and had gradually increased in size. @entity1 developed symptoms including @entity1295 , dyspnoea, @entity625 , @entity2407 and @entity5406 . She had sternotomy and excision of mediastinal mass. The histology was consistent with @entity704 (WHO type B2) and she had radiotherapy. After treatment her constitutional symptoms improved. Her @entity1823 susceptibility genes are negative. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: To our knowledge this is only the second case report in the literature of coexistence of @entity5 and @entity704 . The first case reported was bilateral @entity5 , @entity259 and @entity704 . This case also highlights the importance of long term surveillance, multidisciplinary management and being aware of associated pathologies in @entity1 with @entity1823 .

title: A case of co-existing @entity1823 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['migratory polyarthritis']

entities_list: @entity704 :: ('MESH:D013945', 'Disease') :: ['thymoma', 'cortical thymoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['carotid body tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity2407 :: ('MESH:D011928', 'Disease') :: ["Raynaud's phenomenon"]

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inherited syndromes']

entities_list: @entity1823 :: ('MESH:D010235', 'Disease') :: ['isolated paraganglioma', 'paragangliomas', 'paraganglioma']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid gland adenoma']

entities_list: @entity5406 :: ('MESH:D004893', 'Disease') :: ['erythema nodosum']

answer: @entity704 :: (MESH:D013945,Disease) :: ['thymoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Head and neck @entity1823 are rare @entity5 and can arise as a part of @entity74 . Their association with thymic @entity5 is not well known. CASE DESCRIPTION: This report describes a female @entity1 who presented with right sided neck @entity1823 . The histology of the @entity5 was consistent with paraganlioma. Few years later her MRI scan of the chest revealed presence of an anterior mediastinal mass that corresponded to the location of the thymus. Review of her previous scans showed that the mass was present all along and had gradually increased in size. @entity1 developed symptoms including @entity1295 , dyspnoea, @entity625 , @entity2407 and @entity5406 . She had sternotomy and excision of mediastinal mass. The histology was consistent with @entity704 (WHO type B2) and she had radiotherapy. After treatment her constitutional symptoms improved. Her @entity1823 susceptibility genes are negative. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: To our knowledge this is only the second case report in the literature of coexistence of @entity5 and @entity704 . The first case reported was bilateral @entity5 , @entity259 and @entity704 . This case also highlights the importance of long term surveillance, multidisciplinary management and being aware of associated pathologies in @entity1 with @entity1823 .

title: A case of co-existing XXXX and @entity704 .

answer: @entity1823 :: (MESH:D010235,Disease) :: ['paraganglioma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity2332 during vascular clamping protects the kidney from @entity63 -induced @entity393 . Traditionally, cooling is achieved by packing the kidney in ice, which lowers the temperature of the rest of the surgical field as well, and the method cannot be used during laparoscopy. We evaluated the utility of a newly developed ureteral access system for circulating ice-cold saline. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity12526 underwent retrograde endoscopic cooling through an access sheath without (N = 2) or with (N = 3) @entity432 , traditional ice-slush cooling with @entity432 (N = 3), or occlusion without @entity2332 (N = 3). Five days later, the @entity1707 were sacrificed and the kidneys and ureters examined histologically. RESULTS: Endoscopic cooling with @entity432 and ice-slush cooling both produced @entity8 . The former produced medullary and cortical temperatures of 21.3 degrees C and 27.3 degrees C, respectively, and the latter medullary and cortical temperatures of 28.8 degrees C and 23.7 degrees C, respectively. Histologically, there were minimal changes in the first three groups, whereas @entity450 , multifocal @entity32 , and periarteriolar @entity548 were seen after @entity432 without @entity2332 . CONCLUSION: Retrograde endoscopic @entity8 is effective and requires no novel equipment or special surgical skills. Clinical application has not yet been attempted.

title: XXXX achieved by retrograde intracavitary saline perfusion.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal hypothermia']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity12526 :: ('9825', 'Species') :: ['Domestic pigs']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['venous congestion']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['renal artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['nephron loss']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia', 'Hypothermia']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['Renal hypothermia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A @entity308 -awareness campaign delivered through the Internet has been recommended as a public health approach that would enhance mental health literacy and encourage help-seeking attitudes. However, the outcomes of such a campaign remain understudied. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an online @entity308 awareness campaign, which was informed by the theory of planned behavior, to encourage help-seeking attitudes for @entity308 and to enhance mental health literacy in Hong Kong. The second aim was to examine click-through behaviors by varying the affective facial expressions of @entity1 in the Facebook advertisements. METHODS: Potential @entity1 were recruited through Facebook advertisements, using either a happy or sad face illustration. Volunteer @entity1 registered for the study by clicking on the advertisement and were invited to leave their personal email addresses to receive educational content about @entity308 . The @entity1 were randomly assigned into two groups (campaign or control), and over a four consecutive week period, received either the campaign material or official information developed by the Hospital Authority in Hong Kong. Pretests and posttests were conducted before and after the campaign to measure the differences in help-seeking attitudes and mental health literacy among the campaign and control groups. RESULTS: Of the 199 @entity1 that registered and completed the pretest, 116 (55 campaign and 62 control) completed the campaign and the posttest. At the posttest, we found no significant changes in help-seeking attitudes between the campaign and control groups, but the campaign group @entity1 demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in mental health literacy (P=.031) and a higher willingness to access additional information (P<.001) than the control group. Moreover, the happy face Facebook advertisement attracted more click-throughs by users into the website than did the sad face advertisement (P=.03). CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides evidence that an online campaign can enhance @entity1 's mental health literacy. It also demonstrates the practicality and effectiveness of an online @entity308 awareness campaign using a Facebook-based recruitment strategy and distribution of educational materials through emails. It is important for future studies to take advantage of the popularity of online social media and conduct evaluative research on mental health promotion campaigns.

title: Evaluation of an Online Campaign for Promoting Help-Seeking Attitudes for XXXX Using a Facebook Advertisement: An Online Randomized Controlled Experiment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['Depression']


abstract: Acute massive @entity63 is an abdominal catastrophe. Prompt diagnosis and restoration of blood flow is essential; otherwise, massive intestinal resection occurs, leading to @entity204 or, in the survivors, intestinal cripples. In this study, the time of warm reversible @entity63 in the @entity235 intestine was explored. After this time was established, fluids and antibiotics were administered to note change in survival times. Massive @entity63 (superior mesenteric artery was clamped) was tolerated without @entity204 for five hours (20 @entity235 in each group). With six hours of @entity63 , a 10 per cent mortality rate occurred; with seven hours of @entity63 , a 90 per cent mortality rate occurred. These @entity235 had a maintenance of 75 milliliters of fluid administered per hour. Using this group of @entity235 as the control (that is, the group with seven hour clamping time of the superior mesenteric artery with maintenance intravenously administered replacement), fluids were given to @entity235 in the experimental group to keep the pulmonary artery wedge pressure at a normal value (average of 300 milliliters per hour). This group of @entity235 had an increased survival rate of 40 per cent (ten dogs). Antibiotics were given to the @entity235 in the experimental group both before and after clamping, increasing the over-all survival rate to more than 80 per cent (46 @entity235 ). Aggressive fluid replacement and antibiotic coverage may lengthen the so-called golden period in which @entity63 may be reversed by revascularization.

title: Effect of antibiotic and fluid resuscitation upon survival time in experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal ischemia', 'ischemia']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['intestinal ischemia']


abstract: The poor prognosis of @entity1 with unresectable pulmonary metastases of soft @entity242 is well known. In order to evaluate the beneficial effect of radiotherapy, we have treated 44 @entity1 with pulmonary metastases of grade 3 soft @entity242 from 1980 to 1986. In 36 @entity1 the treatment volume was restricted to the single metastases up to a dose of 50 to 60 (9 to 10 Gy/week). The survival rate at one year was 18% and at two years 6%. Eight @entity1 were treated with a combined regimen, consisting of @entity900 and @entity1260 with simultaneous whole lung irradiation. Irradiation was performed with 8 or 16 MV photons at a hyperfractionation of 2 x 0.8 Gy/day (8 Gy/week). After a dose of 12 Gy, the single metastases were boosted up to 50 to 60 Gy, with a second course of chemotherapy. In six of eight @entity1 complete remissions were achieved, one @entity1 showed a partial remission. The survival rate at 27 months was 50%. The @entity1 with partial remission died from pulmonary progression at 23 months. One @entity1 died after twelve months from a loco-regional recurrence in the tonsillar fossa without evidence of @entity358 . Side effects included @entity1665 and moderate @entity236 approximately twelve days after each chemotherapy cycle. Pulmonary @entity82 was observed only at the high dose volume without @entity1576 . From these observations the conclusion is drawn that whole lung irradiation simultaneously with @entity900 and @entity1260 chemotherapy provides good palliative results without relevant morbidity in @entity1 with high grade unresectable pulmonary metastases of soft tissue @entity242 .

title: [Results of whole lung irradiation and chemotherapy in comparison with partial lung irradiation in metastasizing, undifferentiated soft tissue XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas', 'tissue sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of respiratory function']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow suppression']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcomas']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Nomilin is a potential anticancer agent. In this study, a rapid, sensitive, and simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry methodology was established and validated to quantify nomilin in @entity35 plasma. Plasma samples were prepared through liquid-liquid extraction using @entity1046 . @entity1172 was performed using an Acquity HSS T3 column. @entity1626 and water containing 0.1% (v/v) @entity5189 were used as mobile phases at a flow rate of 0.3   mL/min. Nomilin and @entity3092 (internal standard) were detected and quantified via a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in the positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring. Tandem mass spectrometry detection was performed by monitoring the fragmentations of m/z 515.3  >  m/z 161.0 and m/z 303.2  >  m/z 153.1 of nomilin and @entity3092 , respectively. Good linearity (R(2)   >   0.996) was observed in the concentration range of 1   ng/mL to 500   ng/mL with a lower limit of quantification of 1   ng/mL for nomilin. The average extraction recoveries of nomilin and @entity3092 were >   82.3% and 82.0%, respectively. Intra- and interday precisions were less than 15% and accuracy ranged from 85.0% to 90.1%. Indeed, the proposed method was successfully applied to analyze the pharmacokinetics of nomilin after 3 and 50   mg/kg @entity46145 were administered to @entity35 via intravenous and oral routes, respectively.

title: A Rapid, Selective and Sensitive UPLC-MS/MS Method for Quantification of Nomilin in XXXX Plasma and Its Application in a Pharmacokinetic Study.

entities_list: @entity1046 :: ('MESH:C007650', 'Chemical') :: ['ethyl acetate']

entities_list: @entity1626 :: ('MESH:C032159', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetonitrile']

entities_list: @entity1172 :: ('MESH:D001010', 'Disease') :: ['Chromatographic separation']

entities_list: @entity3092 :: ('MESH:D011794', 'Chemical') :: ['quercetin']

entities_list: @entity5189 :: ('MESH:C030544', 'Chemical') :: ['formic acid']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rat']


abstract: Breus' mole (massive @entity1410 ) is a rare entity most often found in the placentae of macerated stillborn fetuses. Previously considered to represent a postmortem event, recent evidence suggests that it occurs prior to fetal demise. A 23-week gestation male neonate was delivered of a 23-year-old gravida 3, para 2 @entity1 and survived for 49 min. An autopsy with chromosomal studies resulted in a diagnosis of @entity8338 . Placental examination showed the presence of both Breus' mole and also partial hydatidiform mole. DNA samples extracted from portions of the fresh @entity1410 and from the fetal spleen were compared using molecular techniques. PCR analysis showed the presence of Y chromosome specific DNA in the placental clot, but a semiquantitative Southern blot demonstrated that roughly 85% of the clot DNA was of maternal origin. These findings suggest that Breus' mole represents primarily maternal @entity715 rather than @entity548 . We hypothesize that the partial mole could have contributed to the formation of the Breus' mole as some of the hydropic villi may have focally obstructed the maternal venous return from the intervillus space causing sluggish flow and promoting @entity715 . A review of the literature on Breus' mole shows that the majority of reported cases have not included cytogenetic findings. However, several authors have reported an association with @entity2008 characterized by scattered placental hydropic villi. Thus, we suggest that obstruction of maternal venous return by hydropic villi may have played a contributory role in some of these other reported cases.

title: Association between Breus' mole and partial hydatidiform mole: chance or can hydropic villi precipitate placental massive subchorionic XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['triploidy and other chromosomal anomalies']

entities_list: @entity8338 :: ('MESH:D057885', 'Disease') :: ['triploidy']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['fetal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematoma', 'subchorionic hematoma']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: First-catch urine specimens were obtained before clinical examination from 101 sexually active @entity1 who attended a sexually transmitted diseases clinic with a complaint of urethral discharge. Urethral swab specimens were used for preparation of smears and were then cultured on Martin-Lewis medium. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests were performed on (1) uncentrifuged urine, (2) urine sediment, and (3) urine sediment diluted 1:6 with detergent buffer. Urethral cultures from 65 (64%) of the 101 @entity1 were positive for @entity6368 . EIA performed on urine sediment diluted 1:6 yielded the highest sensitivity: 98.5% (64/65). Sensitivity of EIA for uncentrifuged urine was only 66% (43/65). Specificity of all samples tested exceeded 97.2%. Overall agreement between results of EIA on diluted urine sediment and culture was 98% (99/101). Discordant culture and EIA results were unrelated to urine volume, time since prior urination, quantity of gonococcal growth on Martin-Lewis medium, duration of urine storage (less than 72 hours) before testing, or immunotype. EIA tests using urine sediment are highly sensitive and specific, and they offer an alternative means of diagnosing @entity2954 in @entity1 who refuse urethral manipulation. They also provide a means of screening @entity1 at high risk for @entity2954 who have submitted a urine specimen for other reasons.

title: XXXX diagnosed from enzyme immunoassay of urine sediment.

entities_list: @entity2954 :: ('MESH:D006069', 'Disease') :: ['gonorrhea']

entities_list: @entity6368 :: ('485', 'Species') :: ['N. gonorrhoeae']

answer: @entity2954 :: (MESH:D006069,Disease) :: ['Gonococcal urethritis']


abstract: @entity30847 ( @entity30847 ) is a major plant phospholipase family involved in many cellular processes such as signal transduction, membrane remodeling, and lipid degradation. Five classes of PLDs have been identified in @entity958 , and @entity141 and polyphosphoinositides have been suggested as key regulators for these enzymes. To investigate the catalysis and regulation mechanism of individual PLDs, surface-dilution kinetics studies were carried out on the newly identified PLDdelta from @entity958 . PLDdelta activity was dependent on both bulk concentration and surface concentration of substrate phospholipids in the Triton X-100/phospholipid mixed micelles. V(max), K(s)(A), and K(m)(B) values for PLDdelta toward @entity2434 or @entity3633 were determined; @entity3633 was the preferred substrate. PLDdelta activity was stimulated greatly by @entity1078 ( @entity1078 ). Maximal activation was observed at a PIP(2) molar ratio around 0.01. Kinetic analysis indicates that PIP(2) activates @entity30847 by promoting substrate binding to the enzyme, without altering the bulk binding of the enzyme to the micelle surface. @entity141 is required for PLDdelta activity, and it significantly decreased the interfacial Michaelis constant K(m)(B). This indicates that @entity141 activates @entity30847 by promoting the binding of phospholipid substrate to the catalytic site of the enzyme.

title: Kinetic analysis of @entity958 phospholipase Ddelta. Substrate preference and mechanism of activation by XXXX and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate.

entities_list: @entity1078 :: ('CHEBI:18348', 'Chemical') :: ['PIP(2)', 'phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis', 'Arabidopsis thaliana']

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity3633 :: ('MESH:C483858', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylethanolamine']

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca2+']


abstract: @entity30847 ( @entity30847 ) is a major plant phospholipase family involved in many cellular processes such as signal transduction, membrane remodeling, and lipid degradation. Five classes of PLDs have been identified in @entity958 , and @entity141 and polyphosphoinositides have been suggested as key regulators for these enzymes. To investigate the catalysis and regulation mechanism of individual PLDs, surface-dilution kinetics studies were carried out on the newly identified PLDdelta from @entity958 . PLDdelta activity was dependent on both bulk concentration and surface concentration of substrate phospholipids in the Triton X-100/phospholipid mixed micelles. V(max), K(s)(A), and K(m)(B) values for PLDdelta toward @entity2434 or @entity3633 were determined; @entity3633 was the preferred substrate. PLDdelta activity was stimulated greatly by @entity1078 ( @entity1078 ). Maximal activation was observed at a PIP(2) molar ratio around 0.01. Kinetic analysis indicates that PIP(2) activates @entity30847 by promoting substrate binding to the enzyme, without altering the bulk binding of the enzyme to the micelle surface. @entity141 is required for PLDdelta activity, and it significantly decreased the interfacial Michaelis constant K(m)(B). This indicates that @entity141 activates @entity30847 by promoting the binding of phospholipid substrate to the catalytic site of the enzyme.

title: Kinetic analysis of XXXX phospholipase Ddelta. Substrate preference and mechanism of activation by @entity141 and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate.

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: Fifty crossbred gilts immunized against bovine serum albumin (BSA) or @entity2671 conjugated to BSA ( @entity195 ) were used in three experiments. Primary immunizations were given at 120 d of age and boosters at 148 and 176 d. Gilts were moved to pens containing four to five animals each and exposed to boars beginning at 180 d of age. Immunization against @entity195 did not affect age at puberty, percentage of gilts exhibiting estrus or duration of first estrous cycle. Over the three experiments, ovulation rate was 24% greater for @entity195 -immunized gilts than for controls, and the number of corpora lutea was related positively (r = .82) to the log of the antibody titer. Number of ovulations decreased as interval from booster immunization to onset of estrus increased. During diestrus of the first estrous cycle, gilts immunized against @entity195 had more follicles 5 to 10 mm in diameter, more total ovarian follicles and more total ovarian structures (corpora lutea plus follicles) than controls. Immunization against @entity195 increased the frequency of LH pulses on d 16 but not on d 17 or 18, of the estrous cycle. However, average serum concentrations of LH, FSH and @entity53 from 5 d before until 2 d after expected estrus were not different between treatment groups. Concentrations of @entity195 in follicles 4 to 6 and greater than 7 mm in diameter were greater in gilts immunized against @entity195 . Mean serum @entity1420 was higher on d 9 and 12 after mating in @entity195 immunized gilts than in controls. Immunization against @entity195 had no effect on maintenance of pregnancy or embryo survival rate.

title: Ovarian function and hormone secretion of gilts actively immunized against XXXX .

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity2671 :: ('MESH:D000735', 'Chemical') :: ['androstenedione']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

answer: @entity2671 :: (MESH:D000735,Chemical) :: ['androstenedione']


abstract: Intracellular localization of and an assay method for endogenous peroxidase (PO) activity were studied using primary culture of thyroid cells obtained from @entity1 with @entity1378 . PO activity was visualized by cytochemical reaction and was located mainly in perinuclear cisternae and rough endoplasmic reticulum. With increased culture time, the number of cells showing positive PO activity and amount of the enzyme reaction product in individual cells showed a parallel decrease. For measurement of PO activity, cultured thyroid cells were frozen and thawed and then incubated with @entity1792 buffer solution containing @entity15729 (opd) and @entity273 . After incubation, the optical density (OD) of the solution colorized by endogenous peroxidase was measured at 405 nm using a microplate reader. About 1 X 10(4) cells were sufficient for assay of PO activity. Using the above method to assay PO activity and sandwich enzyme immunoassay for @entity3745 (TG), chronological changes in the PO activity and TG concentration in the culture medium were examined. Although the cells showed no decrease in number, PO activity and TG concentration decreased chronologically. When the ratio of PO activity to TG concentration was calculated, in 3 cases the ratio was almost constant, and in the remaining two, it decreased chronologically. The present biochemical method thus seems useful for determining peroxidase activity of cultured thyroid en masse.

title: Endogenous peroxidase activity in primary culture of XXXX thyroid cells. Localization and measurement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity15729 :: ('MESH:C034193', 'Chemical') :: ['o-phenylenediamine']

entities_list: @entity1792 :: ('MESH:D019343', 'Chemical') :: ['citric acid']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: The study was to utilize both color Doppler sonography and power Doppler sonography to analyze the enhancement characteristics of @entity99 known to have a clinical or histologically confirmed diagnosis of @entity157 , @entity2695 , or @entity4383 . METHODOLOGY: Twenty-two @entity157 , 6 @entity2695 , and 2 @entity4383 were observed with color Doppler sonography and power Doppler sonography before and after contrast agent (Levovist) administration. Color Doppler sonography and power Doppler sonography were used to detect the intratumoral vasculature and their sensitivity would be evaluated. RESULTS: Significant improvement in the detection of color flow signals was obtained in @entity157 after administering Levovist (32% (7/22) vs. 91% (20/22); p = 0.0002), but it was not significant in @entity2695 (0% (0/6) vs. 33% (2/6); p = 0.454). Power Doppler sonography was more sensitive than color Doppler sonography in the detection of flow signals in @entity157 after administering Levovist (91% (20/22) vs. 50% (11/22); p = 0.008). Eighty percent (16/20) of @entity157 had signals of curvilinear type versus spotty type (p = 0.0005), the detected signal in both @entity2695 was iris diaphragm phenomenon. The typical spoke-wheel appearance of @entity4383 was more easily demonstrated after administering Levovist. The @entity157 with absent baseline flow (1.2-5.6 cm, mean: 3.1 +/- 1.0 cm) tended to be @entity157 with baseline flows (2.3-8.3 cm, mean: 4.9 +/- 2.2 cm) (p = 0.06). The 9 @entity157 (largest diameter: 1.2-3.8 cm, mean: 2.6 +/- 0.8 cm) with enhanced flows only observed by power Doppler sonography was smaller than the 11 @entity157 (largest diameter: 2.3-8.3 cm, mean: 4.5 +/- 1.8 cm) with enhanced flows observed by color Doppler sonography and power Doppler sonography (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced color flow study may aid in the detection of flow signals or sonographic differentiation of @entity99 .

title: Enhanced color flows in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['smaller than the hepatocellular carcinomas', 'hepatocellular carcinoma', 'hepatocellular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['focal nodular hyperplasias', 'focal nodular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioma', 'hemangiomas']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatic tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Contrast radiology predicts the outcome of treatment for @entity1 with @entity1744 . The optimal method of contrast radiology to determine the indications for and timing of surgery is controversial. METHODOLOGY: Contrast radiology was performed for @entity1 with @entity86 between April 1, 2000 and March 31, 2001. Nearly 40 mL of gastrografin mixed with 40 mL of water was administered either orally or via a nasogastric tube to each @entity1 within 24 hours of hospital admission. Serial erect and supine plain abdominal radiographs were taken 4, 8, 16 and 24 hour later. RESULTS: Of 107 @entity1 with @entity86 , 97 @entity1 had the examination completed. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of this study as an indicator for non-operative treatment were 98.9%, 66.6%, 96.9%, 97.8% and 80%. However, contrast radiology had little impact on the diagnosis of 6 @entity1 with strangulated @entity1744 . Ninety-two of 93 @entity1 (98.9%) who were resolved with non-operative treatment were resolved within 48 hours of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast radiology should be considered for @entity1 with @entity1744 who did not improve with non-operative measures after 48 hours of hospitalization.

title: The value of contrast radiology for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['simple small bowel obstruction', 'small bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative adhesive small bowel obstruction']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['postoperative adhesive small bowel obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Photodynamic therapy is a potentially curative method with the best cost/effectiveness ratio in early stage @entity5 . A two-phase study on long-term results of photodynamic therapy for T1N0M0 @entity1820 was started in 1988: the first phase was connected with application of pure @entity3838 Hp/5 (Italy) while the second one was associated with application of a Bulgarian @entity3838 derivative HEMATODREX. The aim of the study is to report the 5 and 10-year survival. METHODOLOGY: @entity1 under study should never received any kind of antitumor and immunostimulant treatment prior to photodynamic therapy or in the course of the follow-up. Any cause of @entity204 in @entity1 under study should be confirmed by a hospital autopsy protocol. Follow-up until the end of the 5th year was carried out by means of regular check ups, while between the 5th and the 10th year by means of yearly questionnaires by mail. Thirteen cases entirely fulfilled the requirements of the study, 10 cases in the first phase and three cases in the second one. RESULTS: Crude survival rate was 128.0 months (approx. 10 years and 8 months) and the @entity5 -related mortality reached 7.7%. Three-year survival reached 100.0% while the 5-year survival was 92.3%. Longest survival was observed in the first phase--163.0 months (approx. 13 years and 7 months) with @entity5 rate of 10.0%. The second phase group is still under follow-up with a promise for better results. CONCLUSIONS: The future belongs to real radical photodynamic therapy used in early stages as a more natural and organ-preserving method.

title: Long-term results after photodynamic therapy (PDT) of T1N0M0 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer-related death', 'tumors', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3838 :: ('MESH:D006415', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoporphyrin']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal tumors']

answer: @entity1820 :: (MESH:D005770,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal (GI) tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate imaging characteristics and surgical results of @entity1412 and @entity5 . METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study set in the First Department of Surgery, University of Tokushima, Japan. From 1994 to 1997, 33 @entity1 with 55 @entity157 (< or = 3 cm) and 10 @entity75 (3 @entity1412 , 5 atypical @entity1412 , 2 atypical @entity1412 with @entity5 ) were enrolled for this study. The detectability of these lesions on imaging was evaluated. Cumulative survival and disease-free survival rates were also calculated. RESULTS: Twenty-eight @entity1 were incidentally diagnosed on ultrasonography during follow-up study for @entity102 . In the conventional studies, detection rates of ultrasonography, computed tomography and angiography for @entity157 and @entity75 were 76% 80%, 33% 10% and 36% 20%, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging, intraoperative ultrasonography, helical computed tomography and portal angiographic computed tomography showed better results of 67% 20%, 100% 90%, 70% 50% and 74% 56%, respectively. On differential diagnosis, the ratio of echo level in @entity157 was significantly higher than that in @entity75 . The 3-year and 5-year survival rates for all @entity1 were 61% and 41%, while disease-free survival rates at the corresponding times were 15% and 7%, respectively. A total of 25 @entity1 (76%) developed intrahepatic recurrence during a mean follow-up of 33.8 months, although there was no recurrent lesion in 4 @entity1412 @entity1 treated with microwave coagulation therapy and @entity1068 injection intraoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity5 larger than 1 cm in diameter, the detection rates with various diagnostic modalities were rather high. However, the differential diagnosis of @entity157 could be based on pathologic studies only. Early detection of small hepatic lesions and treatment by methods such as resection or @entity1068 injection are of critical importance in improving long-term survival.

title: Differential diagnosis of @entity157 and XXXX and therapeutic strategy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['focal malignancy', 'early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['borderline lesions']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['small hepatocellular carcinomas', 'borderline lesions from small hepatocellular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous hyperplasia']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['borderline lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate imaging characteristics and surgical results of @entity1412 and @entity5 . METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study set in the First Department of Surgery, University of Tokushima, Japan. From 1994 to 1997, 33 @entity1 with 55 @entity157 (< or = 3 cm) and 10 @entity75 (3 @entity1412 , 5 atypical @entity1412 , 2 atypical @entity1412 with @entity5 ) were enrolled for this study. The detectability of these lesions on imaging was evaluated. Cumulative survival and disease-free survival rates were also calculated. RESULTS: Twenty-eight @entity1 were incidentally diagnosed on ultrasonography during follow-up study for @entity102 . In the conventional studies, detection rates of ultrasonography, computed tomography and angiography for @entity157 and @entity75 were 76% 80%, 33% 10% and 36% 20%, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging, intraoperative ultrasonography, helical computed tomography and portal angiographic computed tomography showed better results of 67% 20%, 100% 90%, 70% 50% and 74% 56%, respectively. On differential diagnosis, the ratio of echo level in @entity157 was significantly higher than that in @entity75 . The 3-year and 5-year survival rates for all @entity1 were 61% and 41%, while disease-free survival rates at the corresponding times were 15% and 7%, respectively. A total of 25 @entity1 (76%) developed intrahepatic recurrence during a mean follow-up of 33.8 months, although there was no recurrent lesion in 4 @entity1412 @entity1 treated with microwave coagulation therapy and @entity1068 injection intraoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity5 larger than 1 cm in diameter, the detection rates with various diagnostic modalities were rather high. However, the differential diagnosis of @entity157 could be based on pathologic studies only. Early detection of small hepatic lesions and treatment by methods such as resection or @entity1068 injection are of critical importance in improving long-term survival.

title: Differential diagnosis of XXXX and @entity75 and therapeutic strategy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['small hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: Endocrine studies, using the four hypothalamic releasing hormones, gonadotrophin releasing hormone, thyrotrophin releasing hormone, corticotrophin releasing hormone and growth hormone releasing hormone, were performed in 33 males after admission with a major @entity542 . The test was repeated 7 days later in all 33 @entity1 and after 3-6 months in 21 @entity1 . All @entity1 had a period of unconsciousness followed by post-traumatic @entity2730 of greater than 24 h. The results obtained from investigating the @entity444 are reported in this paper. The levels of total and free @entity251 , basal FSH and basal LH fell significantly during the first 3 days after injury, when the LH and FSH responses to @entity1176 achieved their highest peak levels. This hormone pattern has not previously been reported in the @entity444 and may be a consequence of @entity1640 . The severity of the injury was negatively correlated to the @entity251 concentration on admission and to the basal and peak FSH concentrations 1 week later. Persistent @entity6126 was found in five of the 21 @entity1 retested after 3-6 months, with low @entity251 concentrations and three continued to have an exaggerated LH response to @entity1176 . Thus major @entity542 frequently results in @entity6126 shortly after injury, with an increased gonadotrophin response to @entity1176 . In addition, a substantial minority of @entity1 continue to be hypogonadal after 3-6 months. In view of these findings we strongly suggest that all @entity1 should be endocrinologically assessed at intervals following severe @entity542 .

title: @entity1640 following major XXXX .

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity444 :: ('MESH:D006059', 'Disease') :: ['gonadal axis']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['head injury']


abstract: Endocrine studies, using the four hypothalamic releasing hormones, gonadotrophin releasing hormone, thyrotrophin releasing hormone, corticotrophin releasing hormone and growth hormone releasing hormone, were performed in 33 males after admission with a major @entity542 . The test was repeated 7 days later in all 33 @entity1 and after 3-6 months in 21 @entity1 . All @entity1 had a period of unconsciousness followed by post-traumatic @entity2730 of greater than 24 h. The results obtained from investigating the @entity444 are reported in this paper. The levels of total and free @entity251 , basal FSH and basal LH fell significantly during the first 3 days after injury, when the LH and FSH responses to @entity1176 achieved their highest peak levels. This hormone pattern has not previously been reported in the @entity444 and may be a consequence of @entity1640 . The severity of the injury was negatively correlated to the @entity251 concentration on admission and to the basal and peak FSH concentrations 1 week later. Persistent @entity6126 was found in five of the 21 @entity1 retested after 3-6 months, with low @entity251 concentrations and three continued to have an exaggerated LH response to @entity1176 . Thus major @entity542 frequently results in @entity6126 shortly after injury, with an increased gonadotrophin response to @entity1176 . In addition, a substantial minority of @entity1 continue to be hypogonadal after 3-6 months. In view of these findings we strongly suggest that all @entity1 should be endocrinologically assessed at intervals following severe @entity542 .

title: XXXX following major @entity542 .

answer: @entity1640 :: (MESH:D007027,Disease) :: ['Hypothalamic hypogonadism']


abstract: Radiofibrinogen tests were applied to 88 surgical and urological @entity1 with @entity715 of deep veins to establish point and time of @entity715 origin and courses taken by thrombi. Most of the thrombi thus recorded had originated from venous bulges of the @entity291 , the soleus sinus. These accounted for 83 per cent of all thrombi detected. Progress was in all cases in proximal direction, towards the popliteofemoral veins. The intraoperative phase was found to be the most dangerous juncture for the development of thrombi, with 36 per cent of all thrombi emerging on the day of surgery and another 22 per cent on the first and second postoperative days. Prophylaxis against @entity715 , therefore, should be initiated prior to surgical intervention in any case. Bilateral @entity715 was recorded from 22 cases. Sixty-one per cent of all @entity715 were localised on the left side, and 81 per cent of all postoperative @entity715 were clinically latent. There were six non-lethal outbreaks of @entity1151 and one lethal case. While the majority of @entity291 vein @entity715 was relatively harmless, the risk of @entity1151 increased considerably, as thrombi emerged at the level of the popliteal vein. Radioisotope investigation can be used to identify @entity1150 and to figure out those @entity1 in whom @entity1151 or @entity4096 may be expected to develop.

title: [Radioisotope studies of the spontaneous course of postoperative XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity4096 :: ('MESH:D014689', 'Disease') :: ['chronic venous insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative thrombosis', 'thromboses', 'thrombus', 'thrombosis']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep venous thrombosis']


abstract: The @entity1278 (BN) are multifactorial syndromes of unknown origin which occur typically in female adolescents or young @entity1 . Nowadays, @entity1278 and BN are most often triggered by dietary restriction. Both are treatable conditions. As in other @entity146 , a lower comorbidity, a shorter duration of illness, less familial psychopathology, and, in @entity1278 , a higher minimal weight have been shown to be associated with a better outcome. So far, no abnormalities specific to @entity1278 or BN that would shed light on their etiology have been identified. Controlled and uncontrolled studies testing antipsychotic, antidepressant, weight-promoting, and prokinetic drugs have demonstrated that the core symptoms of @entity1278 are refractory to currently available psychotropic medication. For relapse prevention, however, antidepressant medication may be useful. Renutrition, psychotherapy, and family therapy remain the cornerstones of treatment for @entity1278 . Placebo-controlled studies with antidepressant drugs have been far more promising for treating BN in the short term. Recent studies have found that lasting symptomatic improvement and remission require the addition of psychological treatments in the form of cognitive and interpersonal psychotherapy. The steady stream of newly identified peptides and other molecules involved in appetite and body weight control may ultimately provide cues to better targeted treatments of @entity1277 .

title: How useful are pharmacological treatments in XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['eating disorders']

entities_list: @entity1278 :: ('MESH:D000856', 'Disease') :: ['eating disorders anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa', 'AN']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders']

answer: @entity1277 :: (MESH:D001068,Disease) :: ['eating disorders']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity619 ( @entity9170 )-induced spontaneous @entity397 and decreased self-repair capability is very common in clinical practice. The metaplasia of adipose tissue in the ruptured tendon indicates that @entity9170 may induce tendon stem cells (TSCs) to differentiate into adipocytes, but the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we used in vitro methods to investigate the effects of @entity9170 on @entity35 TSC differentiation and the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. METHODS: First, we used qPCR and Western blotting to detect the expression of the adipogenic differentiation markers @entity12891 and @entity16596 after treating the TSCs with @entity9170 . Oil red staining was used to confirm that high concentration @entity9170 promoted adipogenic differentiation of @entity35 TSCs. Next, we used qPCR and Western blotting to detect the effect of a high concentration of @entity619 on molecules related to the canonical @entity29972 -catenin pathway in TSCs. RESULTS: Treating @entity35 TSCs with @entity9170 promoted the synthesis of the inhibitory molecule @entity60974 ( @entity60974 ) at the mRNA and protein levels. Western blotting results further showed that @entity9170 downregulated the cellular signaling molecule phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3b (P-GSK-3 b (ser9)), upregulated P- @entity9096 (tyr216), and downregulated the pivotal signaling molecule b-catenin. Furthermore, @entity60974 knockdown attenuated @entity9170 -induced inhibition of the canonical @entity29972 -catenin pathway and of the adipogenic differentiation of TSCs. @entity13557 ( @entity20134 , a @entity9096 inhibitor) reduced @entity9170 -induced inhibition of the classical @entity29972 -catenin pathway in TSCs and of the differentiation of TSCs to adipocytes. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, by upregulating @entity60974 expression, reducing the level of P- @entity9096 (ser9), and increasing the level of P- @entity9096 (tyr216), @entity9170 causes the degradation of b-catenin, the central molecule of the classical @entity29972 pathway, thereby inducing @entity35 TSCs to differentiate into adipocytes.

title: @entity60974 Up-Regulation Induced by a High Concentration of XXXX Promotes @entity35 Tendon Stem Cells to Differentiate Into Adipocytes.

entities_list: @entity13557 :: ('MESH:D018021', 'Chemical') :: ['Lithium chloride']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone', 'dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['tendon rupture']

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['Dexamethasone']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity619 ( @entity9170 )-induced spontaneous @entity397 and decreased self-repair capability is very common in clinical practice. The metaplasia of adipose tissue in the ruptured tendon indicates that @entity9170 may induce tendon stem cells (TSCs) to differentiate into adipocytes, but the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we used in vitro methods to investigate the effects of @entity9170 on @entity35 TSC differentiation and the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. METHODS: First, we used qPCR and Western blotting to detect the expression of the adipogenic differentiation markers @entity12891 and @entity16596 after treating the TSCs with @entity9170 . Oil red staining was used to confirm that high concentration @entity9170 promoted adipogenic differentiation of @entity35 TSCs. Next, we used qPCR and Western blotting to detect the effect of a high concentration of @entity619 on molecules related to the canonical @entity29972 -catenin pathway in TSCs. RESULTS: Treating @entity35 TSCs with @entity9170 promoted the synthesis of the inhibitory molecule @entity60974 ( @entity60974 ) at the mRNA and protein levels. Western blotting results further showed that @entity9170 downregulated the cellular signaling molecule phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3b (P-GSK-3 b (ser9)), upregulated P- @entity9096 (tyr216), and downregulated the pivotal signaling molecule b-catenin. Furthermore, @entity60974 knockdown attenuated @entity9170 -induced inhibition of the canonical @entity29972 -catenin pathway and of the adipogenic differentiation of TSCs. @entity13557 ( @entity20134 , a @entity9096 inhibitor) reduced @entity9170 -induced inhibition of the classical @entity29972 -catenin pathway in TSCs and of the differentiation of TSCs to adipocytes. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, by upregulating @entity60974 expression, reducing the level of P- @entity9096 (ser9), and increasing the level of P- @entity9096 (tyr216), @entity9170 causes the degradation of b-catenin, the central molecule of the classical @entity29972 pathway, thereby inducing @entity35 TSCs to differentiate into adipocytes.

title: XXXX Up-Regulation Induced by a High Concentration of @entity619 Promotes @entity35 Tendon Stem Cells to Differentiate Into Adipocytes.

answer: @entity60974 :: (293897(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['Dickkopf1']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity619 ( @entity9170 )-induced spontaneous @entity397 and decreased self-repair capability is very common in clinical practice. The metaplasia of adipose tissue in the ruptured tendon indicates that @entity9170 may induce tendon stem cells (TSCs) to differentiate into adipocytes, but the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we used in vitro methods to investigate the effects of @entity9170 on @entity35 TSC differentiation and the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. METHODS: First, we used qPCR and Western blotting to detect the expression of the adipogenic differentiation markers @entity12891 and @entity16596 after treating the TSCs with @entity9170 . Oil red staining was used to confirm that high concentration @entity9170 promoted adipogenic differentiation of @entity35 TSCs. Next, we used qPCR and Western blotting to detect the effect of a high concentration of @entity619 on molecules related to the canonical @entity29972 -catenin pathway in TSCs. RESULTS: Treating @entity35 TSCs with @entity9170 promoted the synthesis of the inhibitory molecule @entity60974 ( @entity60974 ) at the mRNA and protein levels. Western blotting results further showed that @entity9170 downregulated the cellular signaling molecule phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3b (P-GSK-3 b (ser9)), upregulated P- @entity9096 (tyr216), and downregulated the pivotal signaling molecule b-catenin. Furthermore, @entity60974 knockdown attenuated @entity9170 -induced inhibition of the canonical @entity29972 -catenin pathway and of the adipogenic differentiation of TSCs. @entity13557 ( @entity20134 , a @entity9096 inhibitor) reduced @entity9170 -induced inhibition of the classical @entity29972 -catenin pathway in TSCs and of the differentiation of TSCs to adipocytes. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, by upregulating @entity60974 expression, reducing the level of P- @entity9096 (ser9), and increasing the level of P- @entity9096 (tyr216), @entity9170 causes the degradation of b-catenin, the central molecule of the classical @entity29972 pathway, thereby inducing @entity35 TSCs to differentiate into adipocytes.

title: @entity60974 Up-Regulation Induced by a High Concentration of @entity619 Promotes XXXX Tendon Stem Cells to Differentiate Into Adipocytes.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rat']


abstract: Intramammary devices (IMD) were abraded with medium-grade emery cloth or were left smooth. One IMD of each type was inserted into a mammary quarter of each of 5 lactating @entity291 . The remaining 2 quarters served as controls. Quarter foremilk, bucket milk, and stripping milk samples were collected for 3 consecutive days at 2 weeks after IMD insertion, and milk somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined. Milk samples also were collected immediately after and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 11 hours after milking. All quarters were challenge exposed with 250 colony-forming units of @entity8211 at 2 months after IMD insertion. Foremilk and stripping milk samples were collected for bacteriologic culture and SCC at the next 10 milkings. Mean foremilk, bucket milk, and stripping milk SCC (X 10(6) cells/ml) were 0.18, 0.07, and 0.91, respectively, for quarters with @entity1652 ; 0.06, 0.05, and 0.43, respectively, for quarters with smooth IMD; and 0.03, 0.03, and 0.15, respectively, for control quarters. Mean SCC after milking (X 10(6) cells/ml) for the various intervals were 0.70, 1.29, 0.70, 0.97, 1.15, 1.17, 0.77, and 0.85 for quarters with @entity1652 ; 0.43, 0.62, 0.61, 0.45, 0.64, 0.60, 0.31, and 0.26 for quarters with smooth IMD; and 0.15, 0.24, 0.15, 0.19, 0.15, 0.15, 0.14 and 0.06 for control quarters. After challenge exposure, 2 of 5 of the quarters with @entity1652 , 4 of 5 of the quarters with smooth IMD, and 8 of 9 control quarters became infected. Results indicated that @entity1652 increased SCC in stripping milk to concentrations that provided 60% protection against challenge exposure with @entity8211 .

title: Effect of abraded intramammary device on outcome in lactating @entity291 after challenge exposure with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1652 :: ('MESH:D009471', 'Disease') :: ['abraded IMD']

entities_list: @entity8211 :: ('1349', 'Species') :: ['S uberis', 'Streptococcus uberis']

answer: @entity8211 :: (1349,Species) :: ['Streptococcus uberis']


abstract: Intramammary devices (IMD) were abraded with medium-grade emery cloth or were left smooth. One IMD of each type was inserted into a mammary quarter of each of 5 lactating @entity291 . The remaining 2 quarters served as controls. Quarter foremilk, bucket milk, and stripping milk samples were collected for 3 consecutive days at 2 weeks after IMD insertion, and milk somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined. Milk samples also were collected immediately after and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 11 hours after milking. All quarters were challenge exposed with 250 colony-forming units of @entity8211 at 2 months after IMD insertion. Foremilk and stripping milk samples were collected for bacteriologic culture and SCC at the next 10 milkings. Mean foremilk, bucket milk, and stripping milk SCC (X 10(6) cells/ml) were 0.18, 0.07, and 0.91, respectively, for quarters with @entity1652 ; 0.06, 0.05, and 0.43, respectively, for quarters with smooth IMD; and 0.03, 0.03, and 0.15, respectively, for control quarters. Mean SCC after milking (X 10(6) cells/ml) for the various intervals were 0.70, 1.29, 0.70, 0.97, 1.15, 1.17, 0.77, and 0.85 for quarters with @entity1652 ; 0.43, 0.62, 0.61, 0.45, 0.64, 0.60, 0.31, and 0.26 for quarters with smooth IMD; and 0.15, 0.24, 0.15, 0.19, 0.15, 0.15, 0.14 and 0.06 for control quarters. After challenge exposure, 2 of 5 of the quarters with @entity1652 , 4 of 5 of the quarters with smooth IMD, and 8 of 9 control quarters became infected. Results indicated that @entity1652 increased SCC in stripping milk to concentrations that provided 60% protection against challenge exposure with @entity8211 .

title: Effect of abraded intramammary device on outcome in lactating XXXX after challenge exposure with @entity8211 .

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cows']