abstract: We have discussed the importance of staging in making decisions about the type and extent of surgery and in determining prognosis, and at the same time have noted the remarkably poor accuracy of clinical staging. We have detailed the present and potential accuracy of MR imaging for assessing size and extent of @entity5 and its advantages compared to clinical and other (primarily CT) staging. The question that naturally arises is that if MR imaging is so good, why isn't it used more often? In a critical review of the use of CT for staging, Moore et al noted that "Ultimately, a diagnostic test can be considered useful only if it provides information leading to a change in therapy with @entity1 benefit." In a retrospective review of 246 @entity1 divided into those who did and those who did not undergo pretreatment CT, they found that only 8 @entity1 had improved survival from treatment modifications based on CT, while in the same group 8 @entity1 underwent additional surgical procedures because of CT findings that proved to be erroneous. They concluded that "Considering the high cost and limited benefit, CT for @entity5 staging is not recommended." Although this sort of critical outcome analysis has not yet been done for MR imaging, it is evident from our discussion that MR imaging has much to offer that CT does not, and that MR imaging can indeed provide information leading to a change in therapy. Unlike CT, MR imaging can measure accurately the size of the @entity5 , determine whether or not it is confined within the cervix, and determine extension to the vagina, parametrium, or myometrium. MR imaging even has advantages in assessing lymph node involvement and is particularly recommended when clinical @entity5 diameter approaches 3 cm, in which case the incidence of lymph node @entity3 approaches 50%. With rapid improvements in techniques and hardware, especially dedicated coils, fast acquisition pulse sequences, and dynamic enhancement methods, it can be expected that MR imaging will become even more accurate in identifying and staging disease. Given this, the question still remains as to why MR imaging is not used more in the work-up of @entity1 with @entity5 . In part this may be caused by na lack of awareness by clinicians of the advantages of MR imaging in this application. In part this may be caused by limited availability of MR imaging systems, although by now most midsized and probably all large hospitals have at least one MR imaging unit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Magnetic resonance imaging applications in uterine XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: Spermatogenesis of 18 male @entity1 who underwent pelvic irradiation for @entity978 was assessed. All @entity1 had supplemental testicular shielding to limit the testicular dose. The total calculated gonadal dose ranged from 28 to 135 rad, delivered in 22 to 29 fractions, whereas the adjacent lymph nodes were treated to 3750-4500 rad. Sperm concentration of 20 million per ml or greater was considered fertile. @entity204 were considered subfertile. Whereas only one of six @entity1 (17%) was fertile when tested less than 18 months following pelvic radiotherapy, four of six (66%) were fertile when tested between 18 and 26 months following therapy. Seven of eight @entity1 (88%) were fertile when tested more than 26 mo following completion of treatment. The results are compared to other reports in the literature. Our data support the concept of a time-dependent recovery of spermatogenesis following irradiation. The observed relatively short duration of temporary sterilization should encourage the use of meticulous pelvic shielding, including supplemental testicular shielding to minimize the absorbed gonadal dose.

title: Recovery of spermatogenesis following pelvic irradiation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['Oligospermic and azoospermic determinations']

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1756 of @entity5487 ( @entity5487 ) after radiotherapy for @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ) are rare, and no definite treatment has been established for distal @entity5487 @entity2849 . We describe a 61-year-old @entity1 who underwent Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) for left @entity5513 . Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed partial regression of the @entity5 . Twelve years after GKS, he suffered from @entity510 . Initial angiogram showed no @entity455 ; second left vertebral angiogram, 10 days after admission, demonstrated a @entity2849 in the lateral pontine segment of the left @entity5487 . The proximal portion of the @entity5487 was occluded by a coil. Postoperative MRI revealed an @entity1188 on the left side of the pons and brachium pontis. Although the @entity1 suffered from mild @entity6447 , he was discharged 1 month postoperatively requiring no assistance with activities of daily living. Twelve months later, he recovered satisfactorily with a modified Rankin Scale grade of 1, and no recanalization of the @entity439 was found on MR angiography. Endovascular parent artery occlusion for @entity1756 at distal @entity5487 carries the risk of @entity11401 , but should be considered when no other option is available such as after radiotherapy for @entity5513 .

title: Ruptured Pseudoaneurysm after Gamma Knife Surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['VS', 'vestibular schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity11401 :: ('MESH:D020526', 'Disease') :: ['brain stem infarction']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity5487 :: ('MESH:D014854', 'Disease') :: ['anterior inferior cerebellar artery', 'AICA']

entities_list: @entity6447 :: ('MESH:D002524', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative cerebellar ataxia and facial and abducens nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm', 'pseudoaneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['Ruptured aneurysms', 'ruptured aneurysms']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['Vestibular Schwannoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between anthropometric factors, @entity1017 during adulthood, and mammographic features among 1,435 @entity1 recruited at screening mammography. METHODS: Spearman's partial coefficients were used to evaluate the correlation of anthropometric factors with mammographic features (percent density, absolute dense area, and non-dense area). Multivariate generalized linear models were used to evaluate the associations between weight change categories and mammographic features. RESULTS: Body mass index was inversely correlated with percent density (r  =  -0.49, p  <  0.0001) or absolute dense area (r  =  -0.21, p  <  0.0001) and positively correlated with absolute non-dense area (r  =  0.69, p  <  0.0001). However, body mass index was positively correlated with absolute dense area when adjusting for absolute non-dense area (r  =  0.16, p  <  0.0001). Similar results were observed for weight, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio with mammographic features. Within increasing categories of weight change, percent density (p trend  <  0.0001) and absolute dense area (p trend  =  0.025) increased, while absolute non-dense area decreased (p trend  <  0.0001). After stratification by the median of non-dense area, the positive association between @entity1017 and absolute dense area remained only among @entity1 with higher non-dense area. CONCLUSIONS: Adiposity seems positively associated with both dense and non-dense areas following adjustment for each other. Our findings suggest a higher breast dense area among @entity1 who gained weight and that a minimum of breast fat may be needed to promote the proliferation of this fibroglandular tissue.

title: Anthropometric factors, adult XXXX , and mammographic features.

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

answer: @entity1017 :: (MESH:D015430,Disease) :: ['weight gain']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To review the pattern of @entity5 treated at Mulago hospital with the new Chinese GWGP80 @entity1953 -60 unit and to analyse its breakdowns, downtime and attempts at repairs during its first two years of operation and to assess its reliability and safety. DESIGN: A retrospective cross-sectional study. DATA SOURCE: This involved analysing data from the radiotherapy records book, the @entity1 's case notes and a "fault's Log book" which was opened on the day the machine was commissioned. All causes of non-performance were documented in this book and an assessment of the severity of breakdowns, period of downtime and repairs carried out was done. Faults requiring only a few minutes maintenance work or non-performance due to general power failure were however excluded. All @entity1 who had been treated earlier on the orthovoltage machine and were re-treated on the @entity1953 unit were also excluded from the analysis. SETTING: Department of Radiotherapy, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. RESULTS: One thousand and forty eight new @entity1 were treated during this period. Three hundred and fifty nine were males and 689 were females. @entity5 was by far the commonest @entity5 seen (37.2%) followed by @entity135 (16.0%), @entity0 (13.8%) and @entity2826 (10.5%). There were 47 machine faults. Most of these were relatively minor requiring only a few hours of maintenance work. Two of these faults were however major with downtime of more than a week. These were due to a failure of the "force back system" of the radioactive source necessitating it to be hammered back into the safe position. CONCLUSION: The Chinese GWGP80 @entity1953 unit has effectively treated a large number of @entity5 @entity1 but the failures of the "force back system" of its radioactive source compromise its radiation safety and ideally would require a change in the engineering design to decrease on the associated radiation hazards.

title: Pattern and experience with @entity5 treated with the Chinese GWGP80 XXXX unit at Mulago Hospital, Kampala.

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancers']

entities_list: @entity2826 :: ('MESH:D012514', 'Disease') :: ["Kaposi's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'Cancer of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity1953 :: ('MESH:D003035', 'Chemical') :: ['Cobalt', 'cobalt']

answer: @entity1953 :: (MESH:D003035,Chemical) :: ['cobalt']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To review the pattern of @entity5 treated at Mulago hospital with the new Chinese GWGP80 @entity1953 -60 unit and to analyse its breakdowns, downtime and attempts at repairs during its first two years of operation and to assess its reliability and safety. DESIGN: A retrospective cross-sectional study. DATA SOURCE: This involved analysing data from the radiotherapy records book, the @entity1 's case notes and a "fault's Log book" which was opened on the day the machine was commissioned. All causes of non-performance were documented in this book and an assessment of the severity of breakdowns, period of downtime and repairs carried out was done. Faults requiring only a few minutes maintenance work or non-performance due to general power failure were however excluded. All @entity1 who had been treated earlier on the orthovoltage machine and were re-treated on the @entity1953 unit were also excluded from the analysis. SETTING: Department of Radiotherapy, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. RESULTS: One thousand and forty eight new @entity1 were treated during this period. Three hundred and fifty nine were males and 689 were females. @entity5 was by far the commonest @entity5 seen (37.2%) followed by @entity135 (16.0%), @entity0 (13.8%) and @entity2826 (10.5%). There were 47 machine faults. Most of these were relatively minor requiring only a few hours of maintenance work. Two of these faults were however major with downtime of more than a week. These were due to a failure of the "force back system" of the radioactive source necessitating it to be hammered back into the safe position. CONCLUSION: The Chinese GWGP80 @entity1953 unit has effectively treated a large number of @entity5 @entity1 but the failures of the "force back system" of its radioactive source compromise its radiation safety and ideally would require a change in the engineering design to decrease on the associated radiation hazards.

title: Pattern and experience with XXXX treated with the Chinese GWGP80 @entity1953 unit at Mulago Hospital, Kampala.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancers']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Polymorphous low-grade @entity420 (PLGA) is a rare @entity5 that usually arises in the minor salivary glands. Growth factors are cell-secreted peptides that regulate biological processes such as growth, proliferation, and differentiation. In @entity5 , immunoexpression of growth factors and their receptors is associated with cell proliferation, @entity3 . This study analyzed the expression of growth factors and receptors in PLGA, in other to better understand the mechanisms involved in the process of neoplastic cell proliferation and @entity5 progression. METHODS: The expression of growth factors @entity540 , @entity6005 , @entity6006 and receptors @entity7167 , @entity7991 , @entity675 , and @entity470 was analyzed in 24 PLGA samples in comparison with normal salivary glands, by immunohistochemistry. A semi-quantitative analysis determined cell positivity in all stained sections. Scores were assigned according to percentage of reactive cells: score 0 < 10%; score 1-10 to 25%; score 2-25% to 50%; score 3->50%. The level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Most of the growth factors and receptors, apart from @entity7991 , were significantly reactive in PLGA. Comparing to salivary acini, all of the reactive growth factors and receptors were significantly stronger in PLGA. Comparing to salivary ducts, the expression of @entity540 , @entity6006 , @entity7167 , and @entity470 was significantly stronger in the nuclei and/or cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells. CONCLUSIONS: The increased expression of the growth factors and receptors in the PLGA, compared to normal salivary glands, may be related to cell proliferation, somehow participating in the oncogenic process.

title: Immunoexpression of growth factors and receptors in polymorphous low-grade XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'salivary gland tumors', 'malignant tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['malignant transformation, and tumor invasion']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma']


abstract: The @entity2858 @entity2859 ( @entity2859 ) @entity2859 and gp41 mediate entry and are the targets for neutralizing antibodies. Within gp41, a continuous epitope defined by the broadly neutralizing antibody 2F5, is one of the few conserved sites accessible to antibodies on the functional @entity645 @entity2859 spike. Recently, as an initial attempt at structure-guided design, we transplanted the 2F5 epitope onto several non- @entity645 acceptor scaffold proteins that we termed epitope scaffolds (ES). As immunogens, these ES proteins elicited antibodies with exquisite binding specificity matching that of the 2F5 antibody. These novel 2F5 epitope scaffolds presented us with the opportunity to test heterologous prime:boost immunization strategies to selectively boost antibody responses against the engrafted gp41 2F5 epitope. Such strategies might be employed to target conserved but poorly immunogenic sites on the @entity2858 @entity2859 , and, more generally, other structurally defined pathogen targets. Here, we assessed ES prime:boosting by measuring epitope specific serum antibody titers by ELISA and B cell responses by ELISpot analysis using both free 2F5 peptide and an unrelated ES protein as probes. We found that the heterologous ES prime:boosting immunization regimen elicits cross-reactive humoral responses to the structurally constrained 2F5 epitope target, and that incorporating a promiscuous T cell helper epitope in the immunogens resulted in higher antibody titers against the 2F5 graft, but did not result in virus neutralization. Interestingly, two epitope scaffolds ( @entity6238 and @entity19716 ), which did not elicit a detectable 2F5 epitope-specific response on their own, boosted such responses when primed with the ES5. Together, these results indicate that heterologous ES prime:boost immunization regimens effectively focus the humoral immune response on the structurally defined and immunogen-conserved @entity2858 2F5 epitope.

title: Heterologous epitope-scaffold prime:boosting immuno-focuses B cell responses to the XXXX gp41 2F5 neutralization determinant.

answer: @entity2858 :: (11676,Species) :: ['HIV-1']


abstract: The experience with interferon-alpha in @entity320 resembles, to some degree, the experience with various kinds of adjuvant immunotherapeutic agents where 25 years of phase III trials of adjuvant therapy in stage II-IIII @entity320 have not defined a standard therapy. Most trials failed to demonstrate an impact on disease-free survival and overall survival. Currently, data from 12 randomized interferon-alpha trials are available. The data in almost 3000 @entity1 , approximately 50% of the total @entity1 population, is immature and thus, inconclusive. Mature trials show that interferon-alpha significantly prolongs disease-free survival, but does not prolong overall survival, across different dose levels. Ultra-low-dose (1 MIU flat dose), interferon-alpha failed to even have an effect on disease-free survival. Although two trials with high-dose (10-20 MIU/m(2)) interferon-alpha have shown an impact on overall survival, these data are inconclusive since this impact was transient, inconsistent in subsequent trials, and the data was somewhat immature. Inconsistent results have also been observed for intermediate- (5-10 MIU flat dose) and low-dose (3 MIU flat dose) interferon-alpha regimens. The results, overall, suggest that these doses do have an impact on disease-free survival, but not on overall survival. Preliminary results regarding distant metastasis-free survival (the closest surrogate for overall survival available) of the very large European Organisation for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) 18952 trial suggests that there is a benefit with long-term low intermediate doses and support the anti-angiogenic concept of long-term maintenance treatment with interferon-alpha. The efficacy of short-term high-dose and long-term intermediate-dose treatment is being investigated in new trials. For now the role of interferon-alpha still remains to be determined and its use should be restricted to the setting of clinical trials.

title: Does adjuvant systemic therapy with interferon-alpha for stage II-III XXXX prolong survival?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'malignant melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: Twenty-four male and eight female 1-year-old @entity2608 ( @entity2608 ) were observed for social interaction with other yearlings and with their mothers. The males comprised three groups which differed in the level of neonatal @entity342 exposure. One group received the @entity1176 antagonist Antide during their first four neonatal months (Antide n = 8), which suppressed pituitary LH secretion resulting in peak neonatal T levels < 0.7 nmol/liter. A second group received Antide treatment combined with a long-lasting @entity251 replacement (Ant/And n = 8), which resulted in peak neonatal T levels of 29.1 +/- 3.8 nmol/liter. The third group (Vehicle n = 8) received the Antide and @entity342 vehicles and had intermediate peak T levels of 5.2 +/- 1.0 nmol/liter. Behavior of males was compared to that of unmanipulated control females living in the same social group (Control Female n = 8) when @entity342 levels were uniformly low (< 0.7 nmol/liter) in all male groups. Subjects received 12 weekly 30-min focal observations by an observer blind to the neonatal treatments. Marked sex differences were found in several categories of sociosexual behavior. All three groups of males engaged in significantly more sexual and play behavior than females, with the exception of quiet solitary play, which females exhibited significantly more frequently In addition, females exhibited significantly more interest in @entity1 than did any male group. There were no differences between groups in agonistic behavior or time spent in contact with other individuals, but females spent significantly more time than any male group in proximity to other animals. Both females and Antide males initiated proximity and followed animals significantly more frequently than Ant/And males, but not Vehicle males. Proximity durations with mothers initiated and terminated by yearlings were longer for females than for any male group and for Antide males than for Ant/and males. Antide males were groomed significantly longer than any other group. These results demonstrate effects of neonatal @entity251 exposure on social behavior in yearling rhesus. @entity1155 did not affect sexually dimorphic patterns of play and @entity146 , but altered the character of interactions with their mothers. Whether this reflects a delay in the development of maternal independence or a fundamental alteration in patterns of social interaction remains to be resolved.

title: Effects of neonatal testicular suppression with a GnRH antagonist on social behavior in group-living juvenile XXXX .

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['sexual behavior']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity1155 :: ('MESH:D011596', 'Disease') :: ['Suppression of neonatal T']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys', 'Macaca mulatta']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkeys']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate effect and safty evaluation of stellate ganglion catheter retention with discontinuous block on @entity2459 . METHOD: One hundred and twenty-six patiens with @entity2459 were randomly divided into Catheterp and block and control groups with 42 cases in each group. All @entity1 ' throats were given conventional blood activating drugs, hormone and hyperbaric @entity26 therapy. stellate ganglion puncture retained catheter were administrated to the @entity1 in catheter group followed by @entity1342 block 1 times/day, block group stellate ganglion puncture and @entity1342 block 1 times/day. The @entity1 in control group were only received routine comprehensive treatment. @entity1 in both catheter group and block groups were treated by hyperbaric @entity26 therapy after the block treatment. Curative effects of three groups were observed. The @entity1 ' satisfaction, heart rate, the chages of blood pressure before and after the block, @entity1713 , and adverse drug reaction were recorded. RESULT: The effect of the treatment in both catheter group, block group was better than in control group (85.7%, 37 cases); 83.3%, 35 cases) vs 64.3%, 27 cases, P < 0.05). The satisfactory rate in the @entity1 in catheter group was significantly higher than block group (83.3%, 35 cases vs 61.9%, 26 cases, P < 0.05). The heart rate and the blood pressure before and 5 minutes after catheterization in catheter group and block groupwere changed obviously. Moreover, no adverse drug reaction and @entity1713 were observed. CONCLUSION: It is a safe and effective administration of stellate ganglion catheter retention with interrupted @entity1342 block.

title: [Stellate ganglion catheter retention with discontinuous block on efficacy and safety in the treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['detachment of tubes']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

entities_list: @entity2459 :: ('MESH:D003639', 'Disease') :: ['sudden monaural deafness', 'sudden deafness']

answer: @entity2459 :: (MESH:D003639,Disease) :: ['sudden deafness']


abstract: We studied the use of video-assisted thoracoscopic (VAT) surgery in the management of @entity3 . From September 1993 to March 1994, we performed a total of 11 VAT wedge resections of pulmonary @entity3 in seven @entity1 (six males, one female, age 12 to 46 years). Three @entity1 had bilateral procedures performed either under the same anaesthesia or in stages. One @entity1 had two operations on the same side. The average number of nodules excised was three. Two @entity1 subsequently required formal lobectomies when the @entity5 were either too big or too close to the hilum for safe wedge resections. There was one death on postoperative day 3 due to @entity943 . One @entity1 died 5 months later from a progression of his underlying disease. Two @entity1 remained disease free up to 8 and 12 months, respectively, from their first operations. The average postoperative chest drain duration was 1.4 +/- 0.7 days and hospital stay 2.3 +/- 1.1 days. The procedure was well tolerated and postoperative morbidity was minimal. We conclude that although VAT wedge resection of pulmonary @entity3 is feasible technically and is associated with a short hospital stay and minimal morbidity, this approach cannot be recommended when complete resection of all @entity3 is the goal as the technique relies heavily on computed tomographic scans to detect nodules. Recurrence of @entity3 from 4 to 6 months in three of seven @entity1 argues against VAT surgery being an adequate procedure. The high cost of the staplers, in addition, is a secondary consideration.

title: Video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resections of pulmonary XXXX : should it be performed?

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['dysrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumours']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases', 'metastatic osteosarcoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastatic osteosarcoma']


abstract: A total of six @entity1 with cutaneous @entity5426 involving the head and neck were treated during the period 1985-1994. The distribution of sites between the scalp and the rest of the head and neck was equal. Initial local treatment involved surgery for four @entity1 and radiotherapy for two @entity1 . In the surgical group, following seemingly adequate macroscopic surgical excision, all four @entity1 had inadequate surgical margins on histology. Five of six @entity1 had disease recurrence within the head and neck and of these a further three went on to have a second episode of recurrence. Median time to recurrence was 8 months. All cases were misdiagnosed clinically at initial presentation and three of six had initial inconclusive histology. @entity5426 of the head and neck is an aggressive @entity5 . Radiotherapy offers the only real chance of obtaining adequate local control even if surgical excision is carried out. Radiotherapy must encompass wide fields and whole scalp irradiation is mandatory for scalp lesions. A combination of laterally opposed photon and electron fields provides a simple, quick and effective means to deliver a tumoricidal dose of 50 Gy to the whole scalp with minimal irradiation of the underlying brain.

title: Treatment of cutaneous XXXX of the head and neck.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['angiosarcomas', 'Cutaneous angiosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['multicentric cancer']

answer: @entity5426 :: (MESH:D006394,Disease) :: ['angiosarcomas']


abstract: The canonical Wnt/b-catenin pathway is a key regulator of body plan organization and @entity2270 formation in metazoans, being involved in germ layer specification, posterior growth and patterning of the anteroposterior @entity2270 . Results from animals spanning a wide phylogenetic range suggest that a unifying function of b-catenin in metazoans is to define the posterior/vegetal part of the embryo. Although the specification of vegetal territories (endoderm) by b-catenin has been demonstrated in distantly related animals (cnidarians, a protostome, echinoderms and ascidians), the definition of the posterior part of the embryo is well supported only for vertebrates and planarians. To gain insights into b-catenin functions during deuterostome evolution, we have studied the early development of the direct developing hemichordate @entity72862 . We show that the zygote is polarized after fertilization along the @entity4409 by cytoplasmic rearrangements resembling the @entity2472 . This early asymmetry is translated into nuclear accumulation of b-catenin at the vegetal pole, which is necessary and sufficient to specify endomesoderm. We show that endomesoderm specification is crucial for anteroposterior @entity2270 establishment in the ectoderm. The endomesoderm secretes as yet unidentified signals that posteriorize the ectoderm, which would otherwise adopt an anterior fate. Our results point to a conserved function at the base of deuterostomes for b-catenin in germ layer specification and to a causal link in the definition of the posterior part of the embryonic ectoderm by way of activating posteriorizing endomesodermal factors. Consequently, the definition of the vegetal and the posterior regions of the embryo by b-catenin should be distinguished and carefully re-examined.

title: b-catenin specifies the endomesoderm and defines the posterior organizer of the hemichordate XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4409 :: ('MESH:D000820', 'Disease') :: ['animal-vegetal axis']

entities_list: @entity72862 :: ('10224', 'Species') :: ['Saccoglossus kowalevskii']

entities_list: @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['ascidian vegetal contraction']

answer: @entity72862 :: (10224,Species) :: ['Saccoglossus kowalevskii']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is often associated with @entity1109 . With the absence of @entity146 instruments utilized in the current literature, the assessment of @entity74 is limited, and the effectiveness of surgical intervention in improving such disorders in ENS are not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in @entity308 and @entity148 before and after surgical treatment for ENS STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study in a tertiary medical center. METHODS: ENS @entity1 indicated for surgical treatment were enrolled. The Beck @entity308 Inventory II (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) questionnaires were completed by these @entity1 before and after surgery to assess the level of @entity308 and @entity148 . RESULTS: A total of 20 @entity1 completed the BDI-II and BAI before and after surgical treatment. A majority of @entity1 developed @entity308 and @entity148 prior to surgical treatment. The severity of @entity308 and @entity148 were significantly decreased following the surgery; the mean scores of both the BDI-II and BAI improved from moderate severity to normal (both P < .001). The preoperative total score was found to be a powerful predictor for the postoperative improvement in both BDI-II and BAI (P < .001). Female @entity1 had significantly worse preoperative scores (P = .005) and greater postoperative improvement (P = .012) in the BDI-II. CONCLUSIONS: @entity308 and @entity148 are @entity74 prevalent among ENS @entity1 . Surgical treatment for ENS is effective in improving @entity308 and @entity148 . @entity1 with worse preoperative BDI-II and BAI scores as well as female @entity1 may be better candidates for surgical intervention. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 2015.

title: Evaluation of XXXX and @entity148 in empty nose syndrome after surgical treatment.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['psychological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['psychological disorders', 'psychological disorder']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is often associated with @entity1109 . With the absence of @entity146 instruments utilized in the current literature, the assessment of @entity74 is limited, and the effectiveness of surgical intervention in improving such disorders in ENS are not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in @entity308 and @entity148 before and after surgical treatment for ENS STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study in a tertiary medical center. METHODS: ENS @entity1 indicated for surgical treatment were enrolled. The Beck @entity308 Inventory II (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) questionnaires were completed by these @entity1 before and after surgery to assess the level of @entity308 and @entity148 . RESULTS: A total of 20 @entity1 completed the BDI-II and BAI before and after surgical treatment. A majority of @entity1 developed @entity308 and @entity148 prior to surgical treatment. The severity of @entity308 and @entity148 were significantly decreased following the surgery; the mean scores of both the BDI-II and BAI improved from moderate severity to normal (both P < .001). The preoperative total score was found to be a powerful predictor for the postoperative improvement in both BDI-II and BAI (P < .001). Female @entity1 had significantly worse preoperative scores (P = .005) and greater postoperative improvement (P = .012) in the BDI-II. CONCLUSIONS: @entity308 and @entity148 are @entity74 prevalent among ENS @entity1 . Surgical treatment for ENS is effective in improving @entity308 and @entity148 . @entity1 with worse preoperative BDI-II and BAI scores as well as female @entity1 may be better candidates for surgical intervention. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 2015.

title: Evaluation of @entity308 and XXXX in empty nose syndrome after surgical treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity291 @entity378 (bTB), caused by @entity2497 ( @entity2499 ), is a serious re-emerging disease in both animals and @entity1 . The evolution of the Multi- and Extensively drug-resistant @entity2499 strains ( @entity6371 and @entity5295 ) represents a global threat to public health. Worldwide, the disease is responsible for great economic losses in the veterinary field, serious threat to the ecosystem, and about 3.1% of @entity1 @entity1906 cases, up to 16% in Tanzania. Only thorough investigation to understand the pathogen's epidemiology can help in controlling the disease and minimizing its threat. For this purpose, various tools have been developed for use in advanced molecular epidemiological studies of bTB, either alone or in combination with standard conventional epidemiological approaches. These techniques enable the analysis of the intra- and inter-species transmission dynamics of bTB. The delivered data can reveal detailed insights into the source of @entity281 , correlations among @entity1 and @entity291 isolates, strain diversity and evolution, spread, geographical localization, host preference, tracing of certain virulence factors such as antibiotic resistance genes, and finally the risk factors for the maintenance and spread of @entity2499 . They also allow for the determination of epidemic and endemic strains. This, in turn, has a significant diagnostic impact and helps in vaccine development for bTB eradication programs. The present review discusses many topics including the aetiology, epidemiology and importance of @entity2499 , the prevalence of bTB in @entity1 and animals in various countries, the molecular epidemiology of @entity2499 , and finally applied molecular epidemiological techniques.

title: Molecular Epidemiology of @entity2497 in @entity1 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity2497 :: ('1765', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium bovis']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['Cattle']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity291 @entity378 (bTB), caused by @entity2497 ( @entity2499 ), is a serious re-emerging disease in both animals and @entity1 . The evolution of the Multi- and Extensively drug-resistant @entity2499 strains ( @entity6371 and @entity5295 ) represents a global threat to public health. Worldwide, the disease is responsible for great economic losses in the veterinary field, serious threat to the ecosystem, and about 3.1% of @entity1 @entity1906 cases, up to 16% in Tanzania. Only thorough investigation to understand the pathogen's epidemiology can help in controlling the disease and minimizing its threat. For this purpose, various tools have been developed for use in advanced molecular epidemiological studies of bTB, either alone or in combination with standard conventional epidemiological approaches. These techniques enable the analysis of the intra- and inter-species transmission dynamics of bTB. The delivered data can reveal detailed insights into the source of @entity281 , correlations among @entity1 and @entity291 isolates, strain diversity and evolution, spread, geographical localization, host preference, tracing of certain virulence factors such as antibiotic resistance genes, and finally the risk factors for the maintenance and spread of @entity2499 . They also allow for the determination of epidemic and endemic strains. This, in turn, has a significant diagnostic impact and helps in vaccine development for bTB eradication programs. The present review discusses many topics including the aetiology, epidemiology and importance of @entity2499 , the prevalence of bTB in @entity1 and animals in various countries, the molecular epidemiology of @entity2499 , and finally applied molecular epidemiological techniques.

title: Molecular Epidemiology of XXXX in @entity1 and @entity291 .

answer: @entity2497 :: (1765,Species) :: ['Mycobacterium bovis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity291 @entity378 (bTB), caused by @entity2497 ( @entity2499 ), is a serious re-emerging disease in both animals and @entity1 . The evolution of the Multi- and Extensively drug-resistant @entity2499 strains ( @entity6371 and @entity5295 ) represents a global threat to public health. Worldwide, the disease is responsible for great economic losses in the veterinary field, serious threat to the ecosystem, and about 3.1% of @entity1 @entity1906 cases, up to 16% in Tanzania. Only thorough investigation to understand the pathogen's epidemiology can help in controlling the disease and minimizing its threat. For this purpose, various tools have been developed for use in advanced molecular epidemiological studies of bTB, either alone or in combination with standard conventional epidemiological approaches. These techniques enable the analysis of the intra- and inter-species transmission dynamics of bTB. The delivered data can reveal detailed insights into the source of @entity281 , correlations among @entity1 and @entity291 isolates, strain diversity and evolution, spread, geographical localization, host preference, tracing of certain virulence factors such as antibiotic resistance genes, and finally the risk factors for the maintenance and spread of @entity2499 . They also allow for the determination of epidemic and endemic strains. This, in turn, has a significant diagnostic impact and helps in vaccine development for bTB eradication programs. The present review discusses many topics including the aetiology, epidemiology and importance of @entity2499 , the prevalence of bTB in @entity1 and animals in various countries, the molecular epidemiology of @entity2499 , and finally applied molecular epidemiological techniques.

title: Molecular Epidemiology of @entity2497 in XXXX and @entity291 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Humans']


abstract: We have reported the characteristic dynamic changes at the base of the brain in childhood @entity7025 in terms of follow-up angiography. So we have classified the angiographical findings of @entity7025 into six stages. However, there have been no report that proved these findings in long-term follow-up. On the other hand, these angiographical findings are mainly observed in @entity1 , we can seldom to find out any changes in adults. We performed long-term follow up angiography in adult cases whose onset was in childhood to clarify the natural course of this disease and to understand the difference between the cases of @entity1 and adults. Eleven cases (4 males and 7 females) of @entity7025 were investigated by angiography. Average onset was 5.1 years old. All of them were diagnosed by initial angiography in childhood (average age were 6.5 years old) and they grew up into adolescence (average age were 18.6 years old) at the time of follow-up study. Initial symptoms of them were all @entity63 ( @entity4905 7, RIND 2 or @entity64 ). The symptoms at the time of follow-up were @entity1032 in 5 @entity1 , slight @entity51 in 1, @entity4905 in 2 and normal in 3. Among them, one @entity1 had suffered from @entity548 . The results were as follows: the progression of angiographical stages was observed in 95% of sides. In 71% of sides, angiographical stage was in 5 or 6 which is thought to be an end stage of this disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Long-term follow-up angiography of XXXX --cases followed from childhood to adolescence].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['completed stroke 2']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity7025 :: ('MESH:D009072', 'Disease') :: ['Moyamoya disease']

answer: @entity7025 :: (MESH:D009072,Disease) :: ['moyamoya disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The shortage of nurses is a global problem. One strategy for producing more registered nurses worldwide and in Israel in particular is to offer graduate entry nursing programs for individuals with non-nursing @entity4207 degrees. In order to recruit @entity4207 degree holders into the nursing profession, it is important to identify factors that might attract them. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to explore whether the perception of nurse characteristics by @entity4207 degree holders is associated with their interest in enrolling in a graduate entry nursing program or in recommending this program to a family member, and whether ethnic background, gender and interaction with a nurse have an effect on this interest. DESIGN: A cross-sectional quantitative study. SETTINGS: The setting of the study was on the campus of @entity9604 Aviv University. @entity1 : A convenience sample of 522 individuals with an @entity4207 education, @entity1 and @entity1 , aged 18-60 and equally distributed between Jewish and Arab Israelis, took part in the study. METHODS: @entity1 completed a questionnaire based on the Porter Nursing Image Scale. RESULTS: A moderate positive correlation was found between perception of nurses and interest in nursing (r=0.32, p<0.01). Arab Israelis, @entity1 , and individuals who have or have had interactions with nurses, viewed nurses in a more positive light and had a higher interest in nursing than their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts should be made to foster a positive public image of nursing among the population of @entity1 with an @entity4207 education. Recruitment strategies should be tailored to each of this population's subgroups.

title: Interest in nursing among XXXX degree holders in Israel: A cross-sectional quantitative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people', 'men']

answer: @entity4207 :: (MESH:D007859,Disease) :: ['academic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: One of the suggested contributory factors to the development of dermal @entity82 is a decrease in collagenase activity, which may be related to levels of serum @entity2843 ( @entity2843 ). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of serum @entity2843 levels in @entity785 ( @entity785 ). METHODS: We measured serum @entity2843 concentration in 62 @entity1 with @entity785 , 11 @entity1 with @entity1252 , 14 @entity1 with @entity309 , and 22 members of a normal control group. The clinical features of the @entity1 with @entity785 and elevated @entity2843 levels were examined. RESULTS: The mean @entity2843 level in the @entity1 with @entity785 was significantly higher than that in the members of the control group or the @entity1 with @entity1252 or @entity309 . In 44% of the @entity1 with @entity785 the serum @entity2843 level was elevated. The mean serum @entity2843 level in @entity1 with diffuse cutaneous @entity785 (dSSc) was significantly higher than that in those with limited cutaneous @entity785 . The @entity1 with dSSc and elevated serum @entity2843 levels showed a significantly greater incidence of @entity82 and anti-topoisomerase I antibody than those with normal serum @entity2843 levels. The @entity2843 level and diffusing capacity for @entity1223 in the @entity1 with @entity785 were negatively correlated. Increased mitogenic activity on dermal fibroblasts caused by serum from @entity1 with dSSc was partially blocked by anti- @entity2843 IgG. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that serum @entity2843 level is a useful indicator of disease activity in @entity1 with @entity785 and that @entity2843 is involved in the pathogenesis of @entity785 .

title: Serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'lung fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1223 :: ('MESH:D002248', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon monoxide']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity2843 :: ('7076', 'Gene') :: ['TIMP-1', 'TIMP', 'tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis', 'SSc']

answer: @entity785 :: (MESH:D012595,Disease) :: ['systemic sclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: One of the suggested contributory factors to the development of dermal @entity82 is a decrease in collagenase activity, which may be related to levels of serum @entity2843 ( @entity2843 ). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of serum @entity2843 levels in @entity785 ( @entity785 ). METHODS: We measured serum @entity2843 concentration in 62 @entity1 with @entity785 , 11 @entity1 with @entity1252 , 14 @entity1 with @entity309 , and 22 members of a normal control group. The clinical features of the @entity1 with @entity785 and elevated @entity2843 levels were examined. RESULTS: The mean @entity2843 level in the @entity1 with @entity785 was significantly higher than that in the members of the control group or the @entity1 with @entity1252 or @entity309 . In 44% of the @entity1 with @entity785 the serum @entity2843 level was elevated. The mean serum @entity2843 level in @entity1 with diffuse cutaneous @entity785 (dSSc) was significantly higher than that in those with limited cutaneous @entity785 . The @entity1 with dSSc and elevated serum @entity2843 levels showed a significantly greater incidence of @entity82 and anti-topoisomerase I antibody than those with normal serum @entity2843 levels. The @entity2843 level and diffusing capacity for @entity1223 in the @entity1 with @entity785 were negatively correlated. Increased mitogenic activity on dermal fibroblasts caused by serum from @entity1 with dSSc was partially blocked by anti- @entity2843 IgG. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that serum @entity2843 level is a useful indicator of disease activity in @entity1 with @entity785 and that @entity2843 is involved in the pathogenesis of @entity785 .

title: Serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in XXXX with @entity785 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This qualitative study examines how the @entity2 Nurse Specialist (LCNS) role operates and why they may be able to increase access to treatment. SETTING: 4 Hospital NHS Foundation Trusts in England. DESIGN: A multiple case study design using semistructured interviews, observation and Framework Analysis techniques. @entity1 : Four LCNSs, comprised the 'cases'. Twenty four clinicians who worked with the LCNS participated in individual interviews. Six LCNSs took part in a group interview and 60 @entity2 multidisciplinary team (MDT) members and co-ordinators were observed in the MDT meeting. RESULTS: The LCNS is crucial within the MDT and can act as a catalyst to @entity1 access to treatment. The study identified the clinical activity (assessment, managing symptoms, psychological support and information provision) and role characteristics that can facilitate treatment access. These characteristics are the LCNS's presence across the @entity1 pathway, acting as the 'hub' of the MDT, maintaining a holistic @entity1 focus and working to an advanced level of practice. The findings indicate how factors may have a cumulative impact on treatment access. CONCLUSIONS: If UK @entity1 with @entity2 survival rates are to improve in line with comparable countries, we need to employ every advantage. This study demonstrates how the LCNS role may open doors to positive @entity1 outcomes, including treatment. Further research is required to explore @entity1 ' experiences, decision-making and attitudes to treatment.

title: XXXX treatment rates and the role of the @entity2 nurse specialist: a qualitative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'Lung Cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['Lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This qualitative study examines how the @entity2 Nurse Specialist (LCNS) role operates and why they may be able to increase access to treatment. SETTING: 4 Hospital NHS Foundation Trusts in England. DESIGN: A multiple case study design using semistructured interviews, observation and Framework Analysis techniques. @entity1 : Four LCNSs, comprised the 'cases'. Twenty four clinicians who worked with the LCNS participated in individual interviews. Six LCNSs took part in a group interview and 60 @entity2 multidisciplinary team (MDT) members and co-ordinators were observed in the MDT meeting. RESULTS: The LCNS is crucial within the MDT and can act as a catalyst to @entity1 access to treatment. The study identified the clinical activity (assessment, managing symptoms, psychological support and information provision) and role characteristics that can facilitate treatment access. These characteristics are the LCNS's presence across the @entity1 pathway, acting as the 'hub' of the MDT, maintaining a holistic @entity1 focus and working to an advanced level of practice. The findings indicate how factors may have a cumulative impact on treatment access. CONCLUSIONS: If UK @entity1 with @entity2 survival rates are to improve in line with comparable countries, we need to employ every advantage. This study demonstrates how the LCNS role may open doors to positive @entity1 outcomes, including treatment. Further research is required to explore @entity1 ' experiences, decision-making and attitudes to treatment.

title: @entity2 treatment rates and the role of the XXXX nurse specialist: a qualitative study.

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: Using immunohistochemical techniques a small population of @entity1877 acetyltransferase ( @entity4268 ) immunoreactive (IR) neurones has been identified in the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) of @entity840 (4.6% of all neurones), ferret (6.4%) and @entity35 (0.4%). A detailed study in the @entity840 IMG revealed that the vast majority of cholinergic neurones did not express @entity669 hydroxylase (TH)-IR, indicating that they were non-catecholaminergic. The cholinergic neurones were significantly larger than the TH-positive neurones. The majority of the @entity4268 -IR cells (64%) was observed in small clusters which were consistently located in the caudal lobe of the IMG close to the @entity129 . 83% of the @entity4268 -IR cells also contained neuropeptide Y (NPY). Since the vast majority of TH-negative cells were @entity4268 -positive (94%), the TH negativity was taken as an indirect indication for @entity4268 -IR. NPY-IR, @entity1943 (SOM)-IR and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-IR were found in both the TH-IR cells (22, 84 and 1%, respectively) and the putative cholinergic population (95, 84 and 70, respectively). Thus the majority of cholinergic neurones in the IMG were likely to contain NPY, SOM and VIP. TH-IR cells exhibited an extensive innervation of fibers immunoreactive for @entity4268 , VIP, ENK and NOS. In contrast, only a sparse plexus of @entity4268 -, ENK-, NOS-, NPY- and SOM-positive fibres was found around the TH-negative cells. VIP-IR fibres did not appear to innervate @entity4268 neurones.

title: XXXX acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurones in a prevertebral sympathetic ganglion, the inferior mesenteric ganglion.

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['entry of the hypogastric nerves']

entities_list: @entity840 :: ('10141', 'Species') :: ['guinea-pig', 'guinea pig']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity1877 :: (MESH:D002794,Chemical) :: ['Choline']


abstract: Gut samples prepared from laboratory-reared tsetse flies and applied in dots onto nitrocellulose (NC) membrane were found to stain the membrane with differing coloration and intensity. The stains were, predominantly, either reddish to brown or blackish-brown to black and occasionally greenish to almost colourless, depending on the stage of digestion of the bloodmeal in the @entity238 . NC membrane strips applied with tsetse gut samples from @entity3177 infected and uninfected control flies were tested with the standard antigen detection dot enzyme-linked immunoassay (dot-ELISA), using a T. brucei specific monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and horseradish peroxidase goat anti-mouse conjugate. The stains in both infected and uninfected sample dots persisted through the assay. Furthermore, the staining intensity of some assayed uninfected sample dots were enhanced as a result of non-specific reactivity, making it difficult to distinguish between the infected and uninfected flies. This necessitated the development of a simple technique by which the non-specific stains and reactions could be removed. Sample 'dotted' NC membrane strips were destained by incubation with 5% @entity273 ( @entity274 ) diluted in 5% skimmed milk in Tris buffer, pH 8.0. After washing, the destained strips were tested in the dot-ELISA. This method gave satisfactory reproducible results, since the most intense stains could be removed, and it had no effect on trypanosome antigens detected by a panel of four @entity3177 species-specific, three T. vivax species-specific, four T. congolense species-specific and four Nannomonas subgenus-specific MoAbs. Using the destaining process in a modified dot-ELISA, 86 out of 95 (90.5%) of Glossina morsitans centralis flies experimentally infected with @entity3177 , were identified. The destaining method was also used successfully to decolorize NC membrane bound tsetse faecal material.

title: XXXX destaining: a new method for removing non-specific stains in nitrocellulose membrane-based dot-ELISA for the detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (Glossina spp.).

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

answer: @entity273 :: (MESH:D006861,Chemical) :: ['Hydrogen peroxide']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1 with loss of @entity935 due to @entity191 are impaired at learning from reward. However, it remains unknown precisely which aspect of learning is impaired. In particular, learning from reward, or reinforcement learning, can be driven by two distinct computational processes. One involves habitual stamping-in of stimulus-response associations, hypothesized to arise computationally from 'model-free' learning. The other, 'model-based' learning, involves learning a model of the world that is believed to support goal-directed behaviour. Much work has pointed to a role for @entity935 in model-free learning. But recent work suggests model-based learning may also involve @entity935 modulation, raising the possibility that model-based learning may contribute to the @entity4207 in @entity191 . To directly test this, we used a two-step reward-learning task which dissociates model-free versus model-based learning. We evaluated learning in @entity1 with @entity191 tested ON versus OFF their @entity935 replacement medication and in healthy controls. Surprisingly, we found no effect of disease or medication on model-free learning. Instead, we found that @entity1 tested OFF medication showed a marked impairment in model-based learning, and that this impairment was remediated by dopaminergic medication. Moreover, model-based learning was positively correlated with a separate measure of working memory performance, raising the possibility of common neural substrates. Our results suggest that some @entity4207 in @entity191 may be related to an inability to pursue reward based on complete representations of the environment.

title: XXXX selectively remediates 'model-based' reward learning: a computational approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['learning deficits', 'learning impairment']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['Dopamine']


abstract: PURPOSE: Common @entity146 are a major cause of long-term sickness absence and a reason for disability benefits, although many @entity1 with these disorders remain employed. Therefore, it is important to prevent them from taking sick leave or relying on disability benefits. Consequently, we wished to identify the factors associated with sickness presence among @entity1 undergoing treatment. METHOD: @entity1 were recruited from @entity1 who met for their first session at a Return to Work clinic. A total of 251 @entity1 completed a questionnaire that included questions on background information, mental health and functioning, and @entity2673 . Of these, 49% were fully working, 21.9% were partially working, and 29.1% were on full sickness absence. RESULTS: Fully working @entity1 had fewer symptoms, functioned better, and experienced greater well-being than @entity1 wholly on sick leave. They also experienced work as less demanding, were more appreciative, and had more employment security and autonomy. They reported symptoms, functioning, and well-being at the same level as the partially working group. However, their therapists reported that they functioned better and they themselves considered work demands somewhat less stressful. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that both symptoms and functional capacity, in addition to work environment, are perceived as more favorable among fully working @entity1 , compared with those completely on sick leave. However, because of the cross-sectional design, we need more studies with prospective design to examine whether these relationships are causal, and to examine when sickness presence is beneficial for @entity1 .

title: Sickness absence and presence among employees in treatment for common XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity2673 :: ('MESH:C535569', 'Disease') :: ['psychosocial work factors']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorders']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['mental disorders']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Considerable evidence on @entity72 emergence comes from longitudinal high-risk samples (i.e. younger siblings of @entity1 with @entity72 ). Diagnostic stability to age 3 is very good when diagnosed as early as 18-24   months, but sensitivity is weaker, and relatively little is known beyond toddlerhood. We examined stability and change in blinded, clinical best-estimate diagnosis from age 3 to middle childhood (mean age   =   9.5   years) in 67 high-risk siblings enrolled in infancy. Good agreement emerged for clinical best-estimate diagnoses (89.6% overall; kappa   =   0.76, p   <   0.001, 95% confidence interval   =   0.59-0.93). At age 3, 18 cases (26.9%) were classified with " @entity72 ": 17 retained their @entity72 diagnosis (94.4%; 13 @entity1 , 4 @entity1 ) and 1 no longer met @entity72 criteria at follow-up. Among "non- @entity72 " cases at age 3, 43/49 remained non- @entity72 at follow-up (87.8%; 22 @entity1 , 21 @entity1 ) and 6/49 met lower @entity2438 symptomatology criteria ("Later-Diagnosed"; 3 @entity1 , 3 @entity1 ). Later-diagnosed cases had significantly lower @entity72 symptomatology and higher receptive language at age 3 and trends toward lower @entity2438 symptoms and higher cognitive abilities at follow-up. Emerging developmental concerns were noted in all later-diagnosed cases, by age 3 or 5. High-risk @entity1 need to be followed up into middle childhood, particularly when showing differences in @entity2438 -related domains.

title: Stability and change in XXXX diagnosis from age 3 to middle childhood in a high-risk sibling cohort.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['autism spectrum disorder']

answer: @entity72 :: (MESH:D002659,Disease) :: ['autism spectrum disorder']


abstract: The issue of whether @entity1 who have @entity189 in an otherwise benign polyp should undergo surgical resection of that bowel segment is controversial. We examined the records of 83 @entity1 with such @entity1127 that were removed endoscopically between 1978 and 1981. After exclusion of 18 @entity1 from the study for various reasons, our study group consisted of 65 @entity1 who had undergone complete endoscopic removal of 69 @entity1127 that contained a malignant process. @entity2735 was found in 34 @entity1127 , and 3 @entity1 with such @entity1127 had a recurrent malignant lesion of the same degree. These recurrent @entity5 were treated successfully by aggressive endoscopic removal. Seventeen @entity1127 that contained @entity189 were treated endoscopically without resection, and two @entity1 in this group subsequently had recurrent @entity189 at the site of the original polyp. These recurrent lesions were resected, and neither @entity1 had evidence of nodal @entity3 . Of the 18 @entity1 who underwent immediate resection of @entity189 , 2 had residual @entity189 at the time of the resection, although no lymph node @entity3 was found. We conclude that @entity1586 in situ can be treated safely with complete endoscopic removal. @entity189 in a polyp can be treated safely with complete polypectomy, and immediate resection may not be necessary. This group of @entity1 , however, should undergo thorough follow-up studies and periodic endoscopic reexamination.

title: An appraisal of endoscopic removal of malignant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2735 :: ('MESH:D002278', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinoma in situ']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Invasive carcinoma', 'carcinoma', 'invasive carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1586 :: ('MESH:D003111', 'Disease') :: ['colonic polyps with carcinoma']

answer: @entity1586 :: (MESH:D003111,Disease) :: ['colonic polyps']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the era of novel antithrombotic therapy, the optimal treatment for @entity1 with nonvalvular @entity955 ( @entity955 ) or flutter undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is undetermined. STUDY DESIGN: The AVIATOR 2 study is a multicenter prospective observational registry that will enroll approximately 2,500 @entity1 with nonvalvular @entity955 or flutter undergoing PCI starting March 2015 over an 18-month enrollment period. Antithrombotic therapy selection will be at the discretion of the treating physician. An integral feature of this study is the use of a smartphone-based survey to capture physician and @entity1 perspectives regarding antithrombotic therapies after PCI. Survey-derived @entity1 treatment concerns, perceived need, and affordability will be used to calculate the risk of non-adherence. Subjective risk for @entity63 or @entity548 events will be correlated with previously validated risk scores as well as observed event rates at 1, 6, or 12 months post-PCI. ENDPOINTS: The primary efficacy end point will be major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, a composite occurrence of @entity204 , nonfatal @entity583 , @entity64 , stent @entity715 , and clinically driven @entity75 revascularization at 1 year. The primary safety end point will be major @entity548 as per Bleeding Academic Research Consortium criteria types 2, 3, or 5. The secondary end points will include (i) net adverse clinical events, a composite occurrence of all major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, and major @entity548 at 1 year; (ii) correlation between estimated subjective and objective (CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, stent @entity715 score, HAS-BLED, and ATRIA scores) @entity63 and @entity548 risks; (iii) modes of antithrombotic therapy cessation and their impact on outcomes; and (iv) correlation between observed and expected non-adherence to treatment. SUMMARY: AVIATOR 2 is a real-world registry designed to evaluate @entity63 and @entity548 outcomes according to conventional and novel antithrombotic regimens in @entity1 with nonvalvular @entity955 or flutter undergoing PCI. The study will also provide insights in to physician- and @entity1 -centered factors affecting treatment selection and adherence and their overall impact on clinical outcomes. The study is registered on clinicaltrials.gov NCT02362659.

title: Antithrombotic strategy variability in XXXX and obstructive coronary disease revascularized with PCI-rationale and study design of the prospective observational multicenter AVIATOR 2 registry.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['target lesion']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['ATrial fibrillation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6288 is defined as the loss of muscle mass and function with age and is associated with decline in mobility, frailty, falls and mortality. There is considerable interest in understanding the underlying mechanisms. Our aim was to characterise muscle morphology changes associated with @entity6288 among community dwelling older @entity1 . METHODS: One hundred and five @entity1 aged 68-76 years were recruited to the @entity6288 ( @entity6288 ) for detailed characterisation of muscle including measures of muscle mass, strength and function. Muscle tissue was obtained from a biopsy of the vastus lateralis for 99 @entity1 and was processed for immunohistochemical studies to determine myofibre distribution and area, capillarisation and satellite cell (SC) density. RESULTS: Six (6  %) @entity1 had @entity6288 as defined by the European Working Group on @entity6288 in Older @entity1 (EWGSOP) criteria. These @entity1 had lower SC density (1.7 cells/mm(2) vs 3.8 cells/mm(2), p   =   0.06) and lower SC/fibre ratio (0.02 vs 0.06, p   =   0.06) than @entity1 without @entity6288 . Although @entity1 with @entity6288 tended to have smaller myofibres and lower capillary to fibre ratio, these relationships were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We have shown that there may be altered muscle morphology parameters in older @entity1 with @entity6288 . These results have the potential to help identify cell and molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. This work now requires extension to larger studies which also include @entity1 .

title: Skeletal muscle morphology in XXXX defined using the EWGSOP criteria: findings from the @entity6288 ( @entity6288 ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['People', 'women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6288 :: ('MESH:D055948', 'Disease') :: ['HSS', 'Sarcopenia', 'sarcopenia', 'Hertfordshire Sarcopenia Study']

answer: @entity6288 :: (MESH:D055948,Disease) :: ['sarcopenia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6288 is defined as the loss of muscle mass and function with age and is associated with decline in mobility, frailty, falls and mortality. There is considerable interest in understanding the underlying mechanisms. Our aim was to characterise muscle morphology changes associated with @entity6288 among community dwelling older @entity1 . METHODS: One hundred and five @entity1 aged 68-76 years were recruited to the @entity6288 ( @entity6288 ) for detailed characterisation of muscle including measures of muscle mass, strength and function. Muscle tissue was obtained from a biopsy of the vastus lateralis for 99 @entity1 and was processed for immunohistochemical studies to determine myofibre distribution and area, capillarisation and satellite cell (SC) density. RESULTS: Six (6  %) @entity1 had @entity6288 as defined by the European Working Group on @entity6288 in Older @entity1 (EWGSOP) criteria. These @entity1 had lower SC density (1.7 cells/mm(2) vs 3.8 cells/mm(2), p   =   0.06) and lower SC/fibre ratio (0.02 vs 0.06, p   =   0.06) than @entity1 without @entity6288 . Although @entity1 with @entity6288 tended to have smaller myofibres and lower capillary to fibre ratio, these relationships were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We have shown that there may be altered muscle morphology parameters in older @entity1 with @entity6288 . These results have the potential to help identify cell and molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. This work now requires extension to larger studies which also include @entity1 .

title: Skeletal muscle morphology in @entity6288 defined using the EWGSOP criteria: findings from the XXXX ( @entity6288 ).

answer: @entity6288 :: (MESH:D055948,Disease) :: ['Hertfordshire Sarcopenia Study']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6288 is defined as the loss of muscle mass and function with age and is associated with decline in mobility, frailty, falls and mortality. There is considerable interest in understanding the underlying mechanisms. Our aim was to characterise muscle morphology changes associated with @entity6288 among community dwelling older @entity1 . METHODS: One hundred and five @entity1 aged 68-76 years were recruited to the @entity6288 ( @entity6288 ) for detailed characterisation of muscle including measures of muscle mass, strength and function. Muscle tissue was obtained from a biopsy of the vastus lateralis for 99 @entity1 and was processed for immunohistochemical studies to determine myofibre distribution and area, capillarisation and satellite cell (SC) density. RESULTS: Six (6  %) @entity1 had @entity6288 as defined by the European Working Group on @entity6288 in Older @entity1 (EWGSOP) criteria. These @entity1 had lower SC density (1.7 cells/mm(2) vs 3.8 cells/mm(2), p   =   0.06) and lower SC/fibre ratio (0.02 vs 0.06, p   =   0.06) than @entity1 without @entity6288 . Although @entity1 with @entity6288 tended to have smaller myofibres and lower capillary to fibre ratio, these relationships were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We have shown that there may be altered muscle morphology parameters in older @entity1 with @entity6288 . These results have the potential to help identify cell and molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. This work now requires extension to larger studies which also include @entity1 .

title: Skeletal muscle morphology in @entity6288 defined using the EWGSOP criteria: findings from the @entity6288 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity6288 :: (MESH:D055948,Disease) :: ['HSS']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity8395 ( @entity8395 ) inhibitor may be therapeutic in @entity1 with relapsed or refractory @entity978 ( @entity978 ). This study examined the prognostic significance of @entity8395 and two @entity8395 ligands ( @entity4634 and @entity14797 ) in uniformly treated @entity978 . Diagnostic tissues from 109 @entity978 @entity1 treated with a @entity632 , @entity1732 , @entity5713 , and @entity2699 regimen were evaluated retrospectively by immunohistochemical analysis of @entity4634 , @entity14797 , and @entity8395 expressions. The median follow-up time was 4.91  years (range, 0.17-17.33  years). Thirteen @entity1 (11  %) expressed @entity8395 protein in the peritumoral microenvironment, which was associated with poor @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) (P   =   0.017). @entity4634 or @entity14797 expression was not associated with @entity1349 . There was no correlation between @entity4634 and @entity8395 expression or between @entity14797 and @entity8395 expression. Multivariate analysis identified @entity8395 protein as an independent prognostic factor for @entity1349 (P   =   0.019). Subgroup analysis according to the Ann Arbor stage of @entity978 showed that @entity8395 protein expression had a prognostic value in limited-stage @entity978 (P   =   0.048). @entity8395 is an independent prognostic factor in @entity978 and may allow the identification of a subgroup of @entity1 with limited-stage @entity978 who require more intensive therapy and who may benefit from anti- @entity8395 agents.

title: Programmed death 1 expression in the peritumoral microenvironment is associated with a poorer prognosis in classical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity2699 :: ('MESH:D003606', 'Chemical') :: ['dacarbazine']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

entities_list: @entity8395 :: ('5133', 'Gene') :: ['Programmed cell death protein-1', 'PD-1']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["classical Hodgkin's lymphoma", 'cHL']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the value of @entity1496 concentration (IC) in computed tomography data acquired with 80  kVp, as a surrogate for perfusion imaging in @entity157 ( @entity157 ) and @entity706 by comparing @entity1496 related attenuation (IRA) with quantitative Volume Perfusion CT (VPCT)-parameters. METHODS: VPCT-parameters were compared with intra-tumoral IC at 5 time points after the aortic peak enhancement (APE) with a temporal resolution of 3.5  sec in untreated 30 @entity157 and 30 @entity706 @entity1 . RESULTS: Intra-tumoral perfusion parameters for @entity157 showed a blood flow (BF) of 52.7        17.0  mL/100  mL/min, blood volume (BV) 12.6        4.3  mL/100  mL, arterial liver perfusion (ALP) 44.4        12.8  mL/100  mL/min. Lesion IC 7  sec after APE was 133.4        57.3  mg/100  mL. Lymphoma showed a BF of 36.8        13.4  mL/100  mL/min, BV of 8.8        2.8  mL/100  mL and IC of 118.2        64.5  mg/100  mL 3.5  sec after APE. Strongest correlations exist for VPCT-derived BF and ALP with IC in @entity157 7  sec after APE (r   =   0.71 and r   =   0.84) and 3.5  sec after APE in @entity706 (r   =   0.77). Significant correlations are also present for BV (r   =   0.60 and r   =   0.65 for @entity157 and @entity706 , respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We identified a good, time-dependent agreement between VPCT-derived flow values and IC in @entity157 and @entity706 . Thus, CT-derived ICs 7  sec after APE in @entity157 and 3.5  sec in @entity706 may be used as surrogate imaging biomarkers for @entity5 perfusion with 80  kVp. KEY POINTS:     @entity1496 concentration derived from low kVp CT is regarded as perfusion surrogate     Correlation with Perfusion CT was performed to elucidate timing and histology dependencies     Highest correlation was present 7  sec after aortic peak enhancement in @entity157     In @entity706 , highest correlation was calculated 3.5  sec after aortic peak enhancement     With these results, further optimization of Dual energy CT protocols is possible.

title: XXXX concentration as a perfusion surrogate marker in oncology: Further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms using Volume Perfusion CT with 80 kVp.

entities_list: @entity1496 :: ('MESH:D007455', 'Chemical') :: ['iodine', 'Iodine']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'lymphoma lesions']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity1496 :: (MESH:D007455,Chemical) :: ['Iodine']


abstract: MR angiography using 3D and 2D time-of-flight techniques were used to evaluate pediatric @entity16 . MRA (arteriography) and MRV (venography) were abnormal in 63 and 45 cases, respectively. Conventional cerebral angiography was performed in 30 cases. These techniques were compared with MRI and conventional angiography. In addition, the value of MR angiography for surgical planning was subjectively evaluated. Our results showed that intracranial vessels were invariably better shown on MR angiography than on MRI. MRA and MRV were most useful in evaluating @entity455 related to @entity75 and @entity5 . MRA was valuable in detecting arterial narrowing but overestimated the degree of @entity850 compared with conventional angiography. MRV was the technique of choice for evaluation of dural sinus and @entity49 and compression. MRA played little to no role in preoperative @entity1462 and @entity439 . It did not appear to be accurate in assessing @entity5 vascularity or lesions in small arteries and @entity3468 .

title: MR angiography in pediatric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular distortions']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['congenital brain malformations']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'intracranial tumors']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disorders']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity3468 :: ('MESH:D001167', 'Disease') :: ['arteritis']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['planning of vascular malformations']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['neurological disorders']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To obtain pilot data about the incidence, need for surgical intervention, and demographics of recurrent @entity1576 in the United States. DESIGN: Otolaryngologists were surveyed using a questionnaire with structured and open-ended questions. @entity1 : One thousand board-certified otolaryngologists practicing in the United States as of January 1, 1993, through a random mailing list provided by the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and all active US members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology and the American Bronchoesophagological Association. A total of 1346 questionnaires were distributed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physician's responses to questions about their current @entity1 load of @entity1 and adults with recurrent @entity1576 , their surgical and anesthetic management of the disease, and their clinical experiences with risk factors for developing recurrent @entity1576 . RESULTS: Projected totals for recurrent @entity1576 among @entity1 were 2354 new cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 1448 to 3260) and 5970 active cases (95% CI, 3465 to 8474), requiring 16,597 surgical procedures (95% CI, 6938 to 26,255) at a cost of  109 million (95% CI,  45 to 172 million) for @entity3490 , 1993 to March 31, 1994. Projected totals for adult recurrent @entity1576 were 3623 new cases (95% CI, 2359 to 4887) and 9015 active cases (95% CI, 6435 to 11,591) requiring 9284 surgical procedures (95% CI, 6003 to 12,565) at a cost of  42 million (95% CI,  27 to  59 million) for @entity3490 , 1993 to March 31, 1994. The incidence of recurrent @entity1576 among @entity1 is estimated at 4.3 per 100,000; among adults, 1.8 per 100,000. The @entity544 laser was favored by 92% of respondents. No consensus was reached on the role for cesarean section. Forty-six percent of respondents favored the use of a laser-safe endotracheal tube for anesthetic management. CONCLUSION: A registry of @entity1 with recurrent @entity1576 would benefit future research protocols and provide long-term follow-up of @entity1 .

title: Task force on recurrent XXXX . A preliminary report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory papillomas']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['respiratory papillomas']


abstract: In November 1984, due to an accident at a chemical plant, toxic @entity5497 gas spread into the town of Geneva, Switzerland, at concentrations over five times the maximal admissible concentration (MAC). Monitoring of atmospheric brome concentrations allowed the determination both of the duration of exposure and the geographical area concerned. Description of the immediate measures taken at the time of the accident illustrates how mass panic reactions can be generated or controlled, and clearly shows the vital importance of an effective communication network: it was lacking in this case and caused further insecurity for the population and isolation of the hospital. Immediate and systematic data collection enabled us to carry out an "acute" epidemiological survey of the accident. It is the first report of mass @entity5497 intoxication in the medical literature. 91 @entity1 with symptoms of @entity5497 exposure were seen in the outpatient and casualty departments of the cantonal Hospital, but the clinical course was mild and self-limited in nearly all cases. One @entity1 was admitted for 24 hours. The most common symptoms were upper respiratory tract symptoms, cough and @entity10 . In 20-30% of cases these pesisted for more than three days, and sometimes up to one month. Recording the location of @entity1 at the time when their first symptoms occurred made it possible to define the exposed area with precision. When the initial data collected in this "acute" fashion is reliable, it should be possible to undertake more elaborate epidemiological studies at a later stage if necessary.

title: [ XXXX cloud in Geneva. Epidemiologic study of the short-term effects on a population sample].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity5497 :: (MESH:D001966,Chemical) :: ['Bromine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of drug treatment on laboratory exercise tests in relation to measures of daily activity in @entity1 with @entity712 . SETTING: University teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: 18 @entity1 with mild to moderate @entity712 (New York Heart Association functional class II-III) and 10 age matched healthy controls. METHODS: Assessments were made before and after 12 weeks of vasodilator drug treatment. Exercise capacity was measured during two different types of treadmill exercise, one using a ramp protocol and the other a fixed work load. Corridor walk tests at three self selected speeds were also undertaken and measures of customary activity assessed from pedometer scores. RESULTS: Exercise times were significantly increased from baseline (P < 0.01) with both treadmill protocols after 12 weeks of drug treatment, with a positive correlation between the duration of treadmill exercise for both protocols (r = 0.69, P < 0.01). Corridor walk tests of 100 m at a self selected slow speed also improved (P < 0.02) but these did not correlate with the changes in treadmill exercise time. The pedometer scores of the @entity1 with @entity712 were greatly reduced compared with those of the controls (258 (45) x 10(2) v 619 (67) x 10(2) steps/week, P < 0.001) and after 12 weeks of treatment were unchanged (261 (42) x 10(2) steps/week). CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the need to use different exercise protocols when assessing the benefits of drug treatment in @entity1 with @entity712 . Treatments that seem effective with conventional laboratory based exercise tests may not improve daily activities. This may reflect a failure of apparently successful treatment and should be considered when interpreting clinical trials.

title: Failure of "effective" treatment for XXXX to improve normal customary activity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['chronic heart failure', 'heart failure']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: Recent immigration trends have resulted in an increased prevalence of amebic @entity99 in southern states and in many northern American cities. Because amebic @entity99 generally do not require drainage, differentiation from pyogenic @entity99 is important. We, therefore, reviewed the records of @entity1 admitted to the UCLA Medical Center from 1968 through 1983 to compare the clinical manifestations and to access the results of treatment of @entity99 . During this 15 year period, 82 @entity1 (42 pyogenic and 40 amebic) with @entity99 were admitted. Factors which distinguished @entity1 with pyogenic abscesses included: age greater than 50 years; @entity1087 ; @entity111 ; @entity295 and @entity1457 ; a palpable mass; elevated @entity648 level; elevated alkaline phosphatase level, and abnormal abdominal roentgenograms. @entity1 with @entity9111 were more likely to have Mexican ancestry, recently traveled to an endemic area, @entity490 , @entity294 , abdominal tenderness, @entity382 and positive amebic serology. Hepatic scans and ultrasonography were excellent methods of detecting the presence of but not the type of @entity99 . Over-all, the mortality was 40 per cent for @entity1 with pyogenic abscesses whereas all 40 of the @entity1 with an amebic abscess survived. However, operative mortality was only 4.5 per cent for the 22 @entity1 with @entity867 who were managed with systemic antibiotics and surgical drainage. We conclude that many clinical and laboratory parameters can aid in the differentiation and, as a result, management of @entity1 with @entity99 .

title: Differentiation of pyogenic from amebic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity9111 :: ('MESH:D008101', 'Disease') :: ['amebic abscesses of the liver']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity382 :: ('MESH:D006529', 'Disease') :: ['hepatomegaly']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic abscess', 'hepatic abscesses', 'pyogenic and amebic hepatic abscesses']

entities_list: @entity867 :: ('MESH:D001922', 'Disease') :: ['pyogenic abscess']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatic abscesses']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Stimulus deprivation @entity4457 is the principal cause of @entity227 in @entity1 with unilateral congenital @entity231 . Even if lensectomy is undertaken at an early age, intensive postoperative occlusion of the phakic eye is essential for the development of useful vision in the aphakic eye. Despite this, the optimum method of regulating occlusion therapy is uncertain. METHODS: Interocular acuity differences identified using clinical preferential looking techniques (Keeler cards) were used to regulate target levels of @entity432 in a prospective evaluation of 10 systemically, metabolically, and neurologically normal @entity1 in whom dense unilateral @entity231 was diagnosed before 8 weeks of age, and operated upon by 10 weeks. @entity432 levels were recorded each day by parents in a diary. The development of preferential looking acuity in the phakic and aphakic eye were compared with prediction intervals derived from observations on 43 normal @entity1 . RESULTS: Aphakic eye preferential looking acuities were within the normal range at last review in all but one @entity1 . Interocular acuity differences were < or = 0.5 octave in all @entity1 older than 1 year of age at last review, and > or = 1 octave in three of four @entity1 less than 1 year old at last review (Fisher exact p = 0.033). Phakic eye acuities were within the normal range in all @entity1 at all visits. CONCLUSION: Within the first 2 years of life, normal preferential looking acuity may be achieved in both eyes of @entity1 undergoing early surgery for unilateral congenital @entity231 if occlusion therapy is modulated according to interocular acuity differences quantified by clinical preferential looking techniques.

title: Modulation of @entity4457 therapy following early surgery for unilateral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['phakic eye occlusion', 'Actual occlusion']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopia']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['congenital cataracts']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Stimulus deprivation @entity4457 is the principal cause of @entity227 in @entity1 with unilateral congenital @entity231 . Even if lensectomy is undertaken at an early age, intensive postoperative occlusion of the phakic eye is essential for the development of useful vision in the aphakic eye. Despite this, the optimum method of regulating occlusion therapy is uncertain. METHODS: Interocular acuity differences identified using clinical preferential looking techniques (Keeler cards) were used to regulate target levels of @entity432 in a prospective evaluation of 10 systemically, metabolically, and neurologically normal @entity1 in whom dense unilateral @entity231 was diagnosed before 8 weeks of age, and operated upon by 10 weeks. @entity432 levels were recorded each day by parents in a diary. The development of preferential looking acuity in the phakic and aphakic eye were compared with prediction intervals derived from observations on 43 normal @entity1 . RESULTS: Aphakic eye preferential looking acuities were within the normal range at last review in all but one @entity1 . Interocular acuity differences were < or = 0.5 octave in all @entity1 older than 1 year of age at last review, and > or = 1 octave in three of four @entity1 less than 1 year old at last review (Fisher exact p = 0.033). Phakic eye acuities were within the normal range in all @entity1 at all visits. CONCLUSION: Within the first 2 years of life, normal preferential looking acuity may be achieved in both eyes of @entity1 undergoing early surgery for unilateral congenital @entity231 if occlusion therapy is modulated according to interocular acuity differences quantified by clinical preferential looking techniques.

title: Modulation of XXXX therapy following early surgery for unilateral @entity231 .

answer: @entity4457 :: (MESH:D000550,Disease) :: ['amblyopia']


abstract: The authors' interest was focused on the direct determination of differences between the salient features of @entity0 in @entity1 and @entity1 in a large number of @entity1 . Various epidemiological features were analyzed in a group of 386 male and 21,491 @entity0 @entity1 registered in the Cancer Registry of the Republic of Croatia from 1968 until 1988. This was a population-based study, and all male and @entity0 cases recorded during the mentioned period were included in the study. During this 21-year period, the total incidence rate of @entity0 in @entity1 was about 0.83/100,000, and the mortality 0.2,/100.000. In the same interval, in @entity1 the rates doubled from 30 to 60/100,000, and 13 to 29/100,000, respectively. The highest incidence rates were recorded in the 80-84 age group in @entity1 , and 60-64 age group in @entity1 . The mean age at diagnosis was 63.4 years in @entity1 and 58.2 years in @entity1 . The distribution in terms of @entity2802 -stages in @entity1 was: stage I-10.10%; II-40.67%; III-32.40%; IV-16.83%; in @entity1 ; I-12.19%; II-49.36%; III-27-58%; IV-10.86%. The results showed that @entity0 in @entity1 had epidemiological characteristics of a @entity66 , occurring continuously at a specific mean frequency in the general population and being little affected by environmental impacts. Conversely, in @entity1 affected by the disease there was a tendency of continuous rise in the morbidity and mortality, which might have been due to the trigger action of one or more environmental factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Differences between male and XXXX . I. Epidemiological features.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['sporadic disease']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['female breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['female breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Omalizumab is indicated for treatment of @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity56 . Previous studies have shown 70% of these @entity1 also have @entity102 ( @entity102 ). The present series examines the impact of omalizumab on medication use for @entity102 in a cohort of asthmatic @entity102 @entity1 who received this therapy. METHODS: The sample included 25 @entity1 with adequate prescription data preinitiation and postinitiation of therapy. Data was available for a full 12 months both preinitiation and postinitiation of therapy in 20 of 25 @entity1 and for 4 to 8 months in the remaining 5 of 25. Average antibiotic use (# of unique prescriptions per month) and systemic @entity479 dose (mg/month) were tabulated for each @entity1 and compared before and after initiation of therapy. RESULTS: Mean antibiotic prescriptions/month decreased by 37%, and this was statistically significant (p = 0.013). Antibiotic use decreased in 15 of 25 (60%), was the same in 7 of 25 (28%), and increased in 3 of 25 (12%) @entity1 . Chronic @entity479 administration was required in 19 of 25 @entity1 , and dosing was highly variable. Mean monthly @entity479 dose decreased substantially in 8 of 19 (42%) @entity1 , with reduction ranging from 40% to 100% from pretreatment levels. A modest decrease of 17% to 30% was observed in 4 of 19 (21%) @entity1 . @entity479 use was essentially unchanged in 4 of 19 (21%), but dramatically increased (71% to 366% above pretreatment dose) in 3 of 19 (15%) @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Omalizumab therapy is associated with a decrease in overall antibiotic use for @entity102 . A subset of @entity1 also experience significant reduction in @entity479 dependence. Further study is necessary to determine factors predictive of response.

title: Impact of omalizumab therapy on medication requirements for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic asthma']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic rhinosinusitis', 'CRS']

entities_list: @entity479 :: ('D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid', 'Steroid']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic rhinosinusitis']