abstract: UNASSIGNED: Diminished @entity413 metabolism accompanies many @entity179 including @entity195 . An understanding of the relation of these metabolic changes to the disease will enable development of novel therapeutic strategies. Following a metabolic challenge, cells generally conserve energy to preserve viability. This requires activation of many cellular repair/regenerative processes such as mitophagy/autophagy and fusion/fission. These responses may diminish cell function in the long term. Prolonged fission induces mitophagy/autophagy which promotes repair but if prolonged progresses to mitochondrial degradation. Abnormal @entity413 metabolism alters protein signaling including the release of proteins from the mitochondria or migration of proteins from the cytosol to the mitochondria or nucleus. This overview provides an insight into the different mechanisms of autophagy/mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in response to the diminished metabolism that occurs with @entity66 , especially @entity179 such as @entity195 . The review discusses multiple aspects of mitochondrial responses including different signaling proteins and pathways of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. Improving cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial dynamics will alter protein signaling and improve cellular/mitochondrial repair and regeneration. An understanding of these changes will suggest new therapeutic strategies.

title: Abnormal @entity413 Metabolism in XXXX : Relation to Autophagy/Mitophagy and Therapeutic Approaches.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diseases']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative diseases']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's Disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Diminished @entity413 metabolism accompanies many @entity179 including @entity195 . An understanding of the relation of these metabolic changes to the disease will enable development of novel therapeutic strategies. Following a metabolic challenge, cells generally conserve energy to preserve viability. This requires activation of many cellular repair/regenerative processes such as mitophagy/autophagy and fusion/fission. These responses may diminish cell function in the long term. Prolonged fission induces mitophagy/autophagy which promotes repair but if prolonged progresses to mitochondrial degradation. Abnormal @entity413 metabolism alters protein signaling including the release of proteins from the mitochondria or migration of proteins from the cytosol to the mitochondria or nucleus. This overview provides an insight into the different mechanisms of autophagy/mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in response to the diminished metabolism that occurs with @entity66 , especially @entity179 such as @entity195 . The review discusses multiple aspects of mitochondrial responses including different signaling proteins and pathways of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. Improving cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial dynamics will alter protein signaling and improve cellular/mitochondrial repair and regeneration. An understanding of these changes will suggest new therapeutic strategies.

title: Abnormal XXXX Metabolism in @entity195 : Relation to Autophagy/Mitophagy and Therapeutic Approaches.

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['Glucose']


abstract: The Chenopodiaceae Suaeda salsa L. was grown under different salt concentrations and under osmotic stress. The fresh weight was markedly stimulated by 0.1 M @entity1219 , 0.4 M @entity1219 and 0.1 M @entity4338 and reduced by osmotic stress ( @entity970 iso-osmotic to 0.1 M @entity1219 ). Treatment with 0.4 M @entity4338 severely damaged the plants. Membrane vesicle fractions containing tonoplast vesicles were isolated by @entity969 gradient from leaves of the S. salsa plants and modulations of V-ATPase and V- @entity13977 depending on the growth conditions were determined. Western blot analysis revealed that V-ATPase of S. salsa consists of at least nine subunits (apparent molecular masses 66, 55, 52, 48, 36, 35, 29, 18, and 16 kDa). This polypeptide pattern did not depend on culture conditions. V- @entity13977 is composed of a single polypeptide (69 kDa). An additional polypeptide (54 kDa) was detected in the fractions of @entity1219 -, @entity4338 - and @entity970 -treated plants. It turned out that the main strategy of salt-tolerance of S. salsa seems to be an up-regulation of V-ATPase activity, which is required to energize the tonoplast for ion uptake into the vacuole, while V- @entity13977 plays only a minor role. The increase in V-ATPase activity is not obtained by structural changes of the enzyme, but by an increase in V-ATPase protein amount.

title: Effects of salt treatment and osmotic stress on V-ATPase and V- XXXX in leaves of the halophyte Suaeda salsa.

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

answer: @entity13977 :: (5464,Gene) :: ['PPase']


abstract: @entity189 of @entity135 is a rare high-grade malignancy that may cause diagnostic and therapeutic controversies. A characteristic of this entity consistently reported but not entirely validated is its relative radioresistance and the general belief is that surgery is the treatment of choice. The objective of this retrospective study was to determine if @entity1 treated with radiation for early glottic @entity189 had worse outcomes than those achieved with @entity7841 for the more @entity957 . Twenty-eight cases of early stage (T1-T2) sarcomatoid @entity189 treated with definitive doses of megavoltage @entity7841 between 1969 and 1995 at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center form the cohort for this analysis. All pathologic material was reviewed to confirm the diagnosis. All @entity5 manifested spindle cell features with marked cytomorphologic abnormalities characteristic of this entity. Sixteen @entity5 (57%) had the more typical polypoid gross morphology of @entity189 . Twenty-one @entity1 (75%) were staged T1 and seven @entity1 (25%) had stage T2 disease. All @entity1 were treated with small laryngeal fields, median size 20 cm2, and to a median dose of 65 Gy. Follow-up ranged from 1.5 to 24 years (median, 10 years). Four @entity1 (14%) had @entity66 recurrence, and all had salvage total laryngectomies and remained free of @entity66 . The 5-year actuarial local control rates for @entity1 with T1 and T2 lesions were 94% and 54%, respectively. Only one @entity1 developed regional and distant disease. The 10-year actuarial disease-specific and overall survival rates were 92% and 63%, respectively. @entity1 with early stage @entity189 of the glottis treated with radiation had similar control rates to irradiated @entity1 with similar @entity66 with the more @entity957 . The authors contend that the histologic diagnosis of @entity189 by itself should not influence the decision to treat a @entity1 with early stage @entity66 with @entity7841 .

title: Radiation therapy for early stage (T1-T2) XXXX of true vocal cords: outcomes and patterns of failure.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck mucosal sites']

entities_list: @entity7841 :: ('MESH:D012793', 'Disease') :: ['irradiation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['glottic disease', 'local disease', 'volume disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['typical squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomatoid carcinoma', 'Sarcomatoid carcinoma', 'carcinoma of the larynx']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['sarcomatoid carcinoma']


abstract: Results in epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that a diet rich in saturated fat may affect insulin sensitivity. However, no published data are available on the effect of @entity3106 in this respect. Therefore, we examined the effects of a high- @entity3106 diet and a high- @entity3952 diet on @entity413 metabolism, serum lipids and lipoproteins, and @entity1003 factors in 15 healthy female subjects. Subjects followed the two experimental diets for 4 weeks according to a randomized crossover design. Both experimental diet periods were preceded by consumption of a baseline diet for 2 weeks. The diets provided 36% of energy (E%) as fat. In the experimental diets, 5 E% stearic or @entity3952 was substituted for 5 E% of @entity1718 in the baseline diet. After the experimental diets, no differences were found in the insulin sensitivity index (mean+/-SEM, 5.4+/-1.9 v 5.2+/-1.6 x 10(-4) min(-1) x microU(-1) x mL(-1), nonsignificant [NS]), @entity413 effectiveness (0.026+/-0.006 v 0.026+/-0.003 min(-1), NS), or first-phase insulin reaction ([FPIR] 368+/-57 v 374+/-66 mU/L x min, NS). The concentration of serum lipids and lipoproteins and @entity1003 factors did not differ after the diet periods. In conclusion, a diet rich in @entity3106 did not deteriorate @entity413 tolerance or insulin action in young healthy female subjects as compared with a diet rich in @entity3952 .

title: A high- XXXX diet does not impair @entity413 tolerance and insulin sensitivity in healthy women.

entities_list: @entity3106 :: ('MESH:C031183', 'Chemical') :: ['stearic acid']

entities_list: @entity3952 :: ('MESH:D019301', 'Chemical') :: ['oleic acid']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['blood coagulation']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['saturated fatty acids']

answer: @entity3106 :: (MESH:C031183,Chemical) :: ['stearic acid']


abstract: Results in epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that a diet rich in saturated fat may affect insulin sensitivity. However, no published data are available on the effect of @entity3106 in this respect. Therefore, we examined the effects of a high- @entity3106 diet and a high- @entity3952 diet on @entity413 metabolism, serum lipids and lipoproteins, and @entity1003 factors in 15 healthy female subjects. Subjects followed the two experimental diets for 4 weeks according to a randomized crossover design. Both experimental diet periods were preceded by consumption of a baseline diet for 2 weeks. The diets provided 36% of energy (E%) as fat. In the experimental diets, 5 E% stearic or @entity3952 was substituted for 5 E% of @entity1718 in the baseline diet. After the experimental diets, no differences were found in the insulin sensitivity index (mean+/-SEM, 5.4+/-1.9 v 5.2+/-1.6 x 10(-4) min(-1) x microU(-1) x mL(-1), nonsignificant [NS]), @entity413 effectiveness (0.026+/-0.006 v 0.026+/-0.003 min(-1), NS), or first-phase insulin reaction ([FPIR] 368+/-57 v 374+/-66 mU/L x min, NS). The concentration of serum lipids and lipoproteins and @entity1003 factors did not differ after the diet periods. In conclusion, a diet rich in @entity3106 did not deteriorate @entity413 tolerance or insulin action in young healthy female subjects as compared with a diet rich in @entity3952 .

title: A high- @entity3106 diet does not impair XXXX tolerance and insulin sensitivity in healthy women.

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Listeriosis is an @entity166 of animals, birds, fish, crustaceans and @entity1 . It is an important @entity6766 caused by @entity5125 , an intracellular pathogen with unique potential to spread from cell to cell, thereby crossing blood-brain, intestinal and placental barriers. The organism possesses a pile of virulence factors that help to infect the host and evade from host immune machinery. Though disease occurrence is sporadic throughout the world, it can result in severe damage during an outbreak. Listeriosis is characterized by @entity295 , @entity198 , @entity693 , @entity5422 , @entity5852 , stillbirth, @entity281 and @entity1902 with the incubation period varying with the form of @entity281 . @entity5125 has been isolated worldwide from @entity1 , animals, poultry, environmental sources like soil, river, decaying plants, and food sources like milk, meat and their products, seafood and vegetables. Since appropriate vaccines are not available and @entity281 is mainly transmitted through foods in @entity1 and animals, hygienic practices can prevent its spread. The present review describes etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, pathogenesis, public health significance, and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and treatment of this disease. Special attention has been given to novel as well as prospective emerging therapies that include bacteriophage and cytokine therapy, avian egg yolk antibodies and herbal therapy. Various vaccines, including advances in recombinant and DNA vaccines and their modes of eliciting immune response, are also discussed. Due focus has also been given regarding appropriate prevention and control strategies to be adapted for better management of this zoonotic disease.

title: Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance ( XXXX ) and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review.

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicaemia']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity6766 :: ('MESH:D005517', 'Disease') :: ['food-borne zoonosis']

entities_list: @entity5422 :: ('MESH:D008590', 'Disease') :: ['meningoencephalitis']

entities_list: @entity5125 :: ('1639', 'Species') :: ['Listeria monocytogenes', 'L. monocytogenes']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'perinatal infections']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious and fatal disease']

answer: @entity6766 :: (MESH:D005517,Disease) :: ['food-borne zoonosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is little information on elderly @entity1 who suffer from out-of-hospital @entity1167 (OHCA). AIM: To determine 30-day mortality and neurological outcome in elderly @entity1 with OHCA. METHODS: OHCA @entity1 >=  70 years of age who were registered in the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Register between 1990 and 2013 were included and divided into three age categories (70-79, 80-89, and >=  90 years). Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of 30-day survival. RESULTS: Altogether, 36,605 cases were included in the study. Thirty-day survival was 6.7% in @entity1 aged 70-79 years, 4.4% in @entity1 aged 80-89 years, and 2.4% in those over 90 years. For @entity1 with witnessed OHCA of cardiac aetiology found in a shockable rhythm, survival was higher: 20%, 15%, and 11%, respectively. In 30-day survivors, the distribution according to the cerebral performance categories (CPC) score at discharge from hospital was similar in the three age groups. In multivariate analysis, in @entity1 over 70 years of age, the following factors were associated with increased chance of 30-day survival: younger age, OHCA outside the home, witnessed OHCA, CPR before arrival of EMS, shockable first-recorded rhythm, and short emergency response time. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age is an independent predictor of mortality in OHCA @entity1 over 70 years of age. However, even in @entity1 above 90 years of age, defined subsets with a survival rate of more than 10% exist. In survivors, the neurological outcome remains similar regardless of age.

title: Out-of-hospital XXXX in the elderly: A large-scale population-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrest']


abstract: The availability of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa, eptacog alfa activated) has greatly advanced the care of @entity1 with @entity447 or B who have developed inhibitors against the infused replacement factor. Recombinant FVIIa is licensed for the on-demand treatment of @entity548 episodes and the prevention of @entity548 in surgery or invasive procedures in @entity1 with @entity447 with inhibitors. This article attempts to review in detail the extensive evidence of rFVIIa in @entity447 @entity1 with inhibitors. @entity1 with @entity548 are best treated on demand at home, to achieve the short- and long-term benefits of rapid bleed control. Key prospective studies have shown that rFVIIa achieves consistently high efficacy rates in the management of acute (including joint) @entity548 in inhibitor @entity1 in the home treatment setting. Substantial post-approval data from key registries also support the on-demand efficacy profile of rFVIIa established by the prospective clinical trials. The availability of rFVIIa has allowed major surgery to become a reality for inhibitor @entity1 . Studies in key surgery, including orthopaedic procedures, have found that rFVIIa provides consistently high efficacy rates. Importantly, the wealth of data does not raise any unexpected safety concerns surrounding rFVIIa use; this is likely because rFVIIa is a recombinant product with a localised mechanism of action at the site of @entity1317 . In summary, rFVIIa is established as an effective and well-tolerated first-line treatment for on-demand @entity548 control and bleed prevention during minor and major (including elective orthopaedic) surgery in inhibitor @entity1 . Use of rFVIIa has been a major step towards narrowing the gap in outcomes between inhibitor @entity1 and non-inhibitor @entity1 .

title: Recombinant activated factor VII in the treatment of @entity548 and for the prevention of surgery-related XXXX in @entity447 with inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['acute bleeding episodes', 'bleeding', 'bleeds']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['congenital haemophilia', 'haemophilia A']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: The availability of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa, eptacog alfa activated) has greatly advanced the care of @entity1 with @entity447 or B who have developed inhibitors against the infused replacement factor. Recombinant FVIIa is licensed for the on-demand treatment of @entity548 episodes and the prevention of @entity548 in surgery or invasive procedures in @entity1 with @entity447 with inhibitors. This article attempts to review in detail the extensive evidence of rFVIIa in @entity447 @entity1 with inhibitors. @entity1 with @entity548 are best treated on demand at home, to achieve the short- and long-term benefits of rapid bleed control. Key prospective studies have shown that rFVIIa achieves consistently high efficacy rates in the management of acute (including joint) @entity548 in inhibitor @entity1 in the home treatment setting. Substantial post-approval data from key registries also support the on-demand efficacy profile of rFVIIa established by the prospective clinical trials. The availability of rFVIIa has allowed major surgery to become a reality for inhibitor @entity1 . Studies in key surgery, including orthopaedic procedures, have found that rFVIIa provides consistently high efficacy rates. Importantly, the wealth of data does not raise any unexpected safety concerns surrounding rFVIIa use; this is likely because rFVIIa is a recombinant product with a localised mechanism of action at the site of @entity1317 . In summary, rFVIIa is established as an effective and well-tolerated first-line treatment for on-demand @entity548 control and bleed prevention during minor and major (including elective orthopaedic) surgery in inhibitor @entity1 . Use of rFVIIa has been a major step towards narrowing the gap in outcomes between inhibitor @entity1 and non-inhibitor @entity1 .

title: Recombinant activated factor VII in the treatment of XXXX and for the prevention of surgery-related @entity548 in @entity447 with inhibitors.

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeds']


abstract: The availability of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa, eptacog alfa activated) has greatly advanced the care of @entity1 with @entity447 or B who have developed inhibitors against the infused replacement factor. Recombinant FVIIa is licensed for the on-demand treatment of @entity548 episodes and the prevention of @entity548 in surgery or invasive procedures in @entity1 with @entity447 with inhibitors. This article attempts to review in detail the extensive evidence of rFVIIa in @entity447 @entity1 with inhibitors. @entity1 with @entity548 are best treated on demand at home, to achieve the short- and long-term benefits of rapid bleed control. Key prospective studies have shown that rFVIIa achieves consistently high efficacy rates in the management of acute (including joint) @entity548 in inhibitor @entity1 in the home treatment setting. Substantial post-approval data from key registries also support the on-demand efficacy profile of rFVIIa established by the prospective clinical trials. The availability of rFVIIa has allowed major surgery to become a reality for inhibitor @entity1 . Studies in key surgery, including orthopaedic procedures, have found that rFVIIa provides consistently high efficacy rates. Importantly, the wealth of data does not raise any unexpected safety concerns surrounding rFVIIa use; this is likely because rFVIIa is a recombinant product with a localised mechanism of action at the site of @entity1317 . In summary, rFVIIa is established as an effective and well-tolerated first-line treatment for on-demand @entity548 control and bleed prevention during minor and major (including elective orthopaedic) surgery in inhibitor @entity1 . Use of rFVIIa has been a major step towards narrowing the gap in outcomes between inhibitor @entity1 and non-inhibitor @entity1 .

title: Recombinant activated factor VII in the treatment of @entity548 and for the prevention of surgery-related @entity548 in XXXX with inhibitors.

answer: @entity447 :: (MESH:D006467,Disease) :: ['congenital haemophilia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The National Comorbidity Survey is a nationally representative survey of the prevalences and correlates of DSM-III-R disorders in the US household population. METHODS: Retrospective age-at-onset reports were used to study predictive relationships between lifetime @entity4697 and @entity308 . RESULTS: Strong associations were found between the lifetime prevalences of @entity4697 and major @entity308 (odds ratios: for @entity4697 with @entity308 , 6.2; for @entity4697 with @entity308 , 6.8). These associations were not significantly influenced by the inclusion or exclusion of respondents with @entity162 . Temporally primary @entity308 predicted a first onset of subsequent @entity4697 but not of @entity4697 . Temporally primary @entity4697 , with or without @entity4697 and whether or not the @entity4697 was persistent, predicted a first onset of subsequent @entity308 . The associations between @entity4697 and @entity308 were attenuated in models that controlled for prior traumatic life experiences and histories of other DSM-III-R disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Lifetime @entity308 comorbidity characterizes most community respondents with @entity4697 and a substantial few of those with @entity308 . The absence of a dose-response relationship suggests that primary @entity4697 is a marker, rather than a causal risk factor, of subsequent @entity308 . Primary @entity308 , in comparison, appears to be a genuine risk factor for secondary @entity4697 . That primary @entity308 predicts @entity4697 but not @entity4697 suggests that secondary @entity4697 is a severity marker of @entity308 rather than a comorbid condition. These results are far from definitive because they are based on retrospective reports, lay-administered diagnostic interviews, and only 1 survey. However, they raise important questions that could lead to a fundamental rethinking of @entity308 comorbidity if they are replicated in future epidemiological and clinical studies.

title: Lifetime XXXX comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive episodes', 'depression', 'major depression', 'panic-depression']

entities_list: @entity4697 :: ('MESH:D016584', 'Disease') :: ['panic', 'panic attacks', 'panic attack', 'panic disorder']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['panic-depression']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Neuropeptide B and W (NPB and NPW) are cognate peptide ligands for @entity47344 ( @entity47344 ), a G protein-coupled receptor. In rodents, they have been implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine/autonomic responses, and social interactions. Although localization of these peptides and their receptors in adult rodent brain has been well documented, their expression in @entity19 brain during development is unknown. Here we demonstrate the transient expression of NPW mRNA in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) of postnatal @entity19 brain and its co-localization with @entity32327 ( @entity32327 ) mRNA. Neurons expressing both NPW and @entity32327 mRNAs begin to emerge in the DMH at about postnatal day 0 (P-0) through P-3. Their expression is highest around @entity3843 , declines after @entity5207 , and by @entity22386 only a faint expression of NPW and @entity32327 mRNA remains. In @entity43876 brains, we detected NPW neurons in the region spanning the subincertal nucleus (SubI), the lateral hypothalamic (LH) perifornical (PF) areas, and the DMH, where the highest expression of NPW mRNA was observed. The majority of these postnatal hypothalamic NPW neurons co-express @entity32327 mRNA. A cross of NPW-iCre knock-in @entity19 with a Cre-dependent tdTomato reporter line revealed that more than half of the reporter-positive neurons in the adult DMH, which mature from the transiently NPW-expressing neurons, are sensitive to peripherally administrated leptin. These data suggest that the DMH neurons that transiently co-express NPW and @entity32327 in the peri-weaning period might play a role in regulating energy homeostasis during postnatal development.

title: Transient expression of neuropeptide W in postnatal XXXX hypothalamus - A putative regulator of energy homeostasis.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation in the management of @entity7185 ( @entity7185 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A MEDLINE (PubMed) search from January 1990 to April 2015 was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search was restricted to the English language and @entity1 subjects. Inclusion criteria were @entity1 with @entity7185 who underwent TIPS creation for any indication. Exclusion criteria was age < 18 years. RESULTS: Ten studies consisting of 12 @entity1 with @entity7185 were included. Eight @entity1 had very severe @entity7185 , 2 had severe @entity7185 , and 2 had moderate @entity7185 . Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation was technically successful in all @entity1 , without complications. Mean portosystemic pressure gradients before and after the procedure were 18.2 mm Hg (range, 10-30 mm Hg) and 6.5 mm Hg (range, 3-15 mm Hg), respectively. The mean duration of follow-up was 9.3 months (range, 0.75-36 mo). Improvement in oxygenation occurred in 9 @entity1 but was not sustained after 4 months in 2 @entity1 . In the remaining 3 @entity1 , oxygenation remained unchanged; it worsened after 4 months in 1 @entity1 . Four @entity1 underwent liver transplantation. Two @entity1 died of multiple @entity881 and 1 died of @entity295 . The remaining @entity1 were alive and well at the time of last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation shows promise in the management of @entity7185 . Future prospective studies are warranted.

title: Role of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts in the XXXX : A Systemic Literature Review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7185 :: ('MESH:D020065', 'Disease') :: ['hepatopulmonary syndrome', 'HPS']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['organ dysfunction syndrome']

answer: @entity7185 :: (MESH:D020065,Disease) :: ['Management of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome']


abstract: There is currently intense interest in the development of gene therapy for @entity65 . The stimulation of therapeutic angiogenesis for @entity741 has been one of the areas of greatest promise. Encouraging results have been obtained with the angiogenic cytokines @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and basic fibroblast growth factor in animal models, leading to clinical trials in @entity741 . @entity7 also has therapeutic potential in a second area of cardiovascular gene therapy, the enhancement of arterioprotective endothelial functions to prevent postangioplasty restenosis and bypass graft @entity4065 . The endothelial cell growth and survival functions of @entity7 promote endothelial regeneration, whereas @entity7 -induced endothelial production of NO and @entity4770 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Inhibition of neointimal @entity1373 may also be achieved by gene transfer of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), PGI synthase, or cell cycle regulators ( @entity995 , @entity1364 or @entity1364 -dependent kinase inhibitors, @entity876 , growth arrest homeobox gene, @entity12 ) or antisense oligonucleotides to @entity13327 , @entity517 , proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappaB and E2F. An improved understanding of etiologically complex pathologies involving the interplay of genes and the environment, such as @entity731 and systemic @entity101 , has led to the identification of new targets for gene therapy, with the potential to alleviate inherited @entity74 such as @entity753 . The use of vasodilator gene overexpression and antisense knockdown of vasoconstrictors to reduce blood pressure in animal models of @entity120 offers the prospect of gene therapy for @entity1 @entity101 disease. The renin-angiotensin system has been the target of choice for antihypertensive strategies because of its wide distribution and additional effects on fibrinolytic and oxidative stress pathways. Gene therapy in @entity65 has an exciting future but remains at an early stage. Further developments in gene transfer vector technology and the identification of additional target genes will be required before its full therapeutic potential can be realized.

title: Gene therapy for XXXX : a case for cautious optimism.

entities_list: @entity4065 :: ('MESH:C537440', 'Disease') :: ['arteriopathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['familial hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['systemic and pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic defects']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: The word "serious" appears in laws and policies regarding genetics services but is not defined. Genetics professionals would most likely be consulted if definitions are made. We surveyed all U.S. board-certified genetics services providers and all members of the European Society of @entity1 Genetics (ESHG), Canadian College of Medical Geneticists (CCMG), and Ibero-American Society of @entity1 Genetics (IASHG), using anonymous, mailed questionnaires. Respondents were asked to list three conditions they considered lethal, three that were serious but not lethal, and three that were not serious. Of 3,317 asked to respond, 1,481 (45%) returned questionnaires. Analysis was limited to responses of the 1,264 (85%) who saw @entity1 . Respondents listed 537 conditions, with extensive overlap between categories; 46% of conditions listed as serious were also listed as not serious and 41% were listed as lethal. Respondents did not want professional societies, laws, or national ethics committees to define serious. They favored individual @entity1 as decision makers, with the help of individual doctors. Their reasons were that @entity74 vary in expression, individuals perceive @entity74 could be unfair to minority groups, definitions tend to be inflexible when new treatments appear. In the United States, most would not use a definition of serious to limit reproductive services, carrier screening, or neonatal intensive care; outside the United States, more supported limitations. There is not sufficient consensus among experienced genetics professionals to define serious genetic conditions for purposes of law or policy. Responses point to social and economic influences on perceptions of what constitutes a serious @entity74 .

title: XXXX : can or should they be defined?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic disorders', 'disorders differently, professional or legal definitions', 'genetic disorder']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['Serious genetic disorders']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this article was to investigate the safety, outcome, length of stay, and cost of hospital admission in @entity1 with @entity30 who underwent laparoscopy compared with open surgery. METHODS: Among 51 consecutive @entity1 with @entity29 (1996-2000), 46 with @entity30 were included in this nonrandomized prospective study. Of these, 20 @entity1 underwent laparoscopic surgery and 26 underwent open surgery. Data collected included the following information: age, gender, body mass index, diagnosis, duration of disease, preoperative medical treatment, previous abdominal surgery, present indication for surgery, and procedure performed (comparability measures), as well as conversion to open surgery, operating time, time to resolution of ileus, morbidity, duration of hospital stay, and cost of hospital admission (outcome measures). RESULTS: There was no significant difference with respect to comparability measures between the laparoscopic and the open-surgery groups. There was no mortality. There was no intraoperative complication in either group and no conversion in the laparoscopic group. Operating time was significantly longer in the laparoscopic group (302 minutes) vs. the open group (244.7 minutes) (P < 0.05), but this difference disappeared when data were adjusted for the extra time required to perform the laparoscopic hand-sewn anastomoses (288.2 minutes vs. 244.7 minutes). Bowel function returned more quickly in the laparoscopic group vs. the open group in terms of passage of flatus (3.7 vs. 4.7 days) (P < 0.05) and resumption of oral intake (4.2 vs. 6.3 day) (P < 0.01). There were significantly fewer @entity260 in the laparoscopic group (9.5 percent) vs. the open group (18.5 percent) (P < 0.05); the length of stay was significantly shorter in the laparoscopic group (8.3 days) vs. the open group (13.2 days) (P < 0.01); and the cost of hospital admission was significantly lower in the laparoscopic group ( 6106, United States dollars) vs. the open group ( 9829, United States dollars) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a reduction in the @entity86 , length of stay, cost of hospital admission, and @entity260 rate in the laparoscopic group. Laparoscopic surgery for @entity30 is safe, and it is potentially more cost-effective than traditional open surgery.

title: Can laparoscopy reduce hospital stay in the treatment of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications', 'postoperative complication']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative ileus']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: Retroflexion of the endoscope during rectal examination may increase diagnostic yield but is not routinely performed because of concerns about safety and a lack of appreciation of its importance. The purpose of this study was to examine the yield, safety, and tolerance of endoscopic @entity3455 . METHODS: Prospective cohorts of subjects undergoing unsedated screening flexible sigmoidoscopy were examined with and without routine retroflexion. @entity158 scores were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 526 subjects (mean age 60 (range, 55-66) years) underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy in the first period when the endoscope was not routinely retroflexed. Of these, 480 (mean age 60 (range, 55-66) years) were subsequently examined with routine retroflexion. Retroflexion was impossible in 17 subjects (3.5 percent) because of discomfort. In the second group, 12 subjects (2.5 percent) had @entity1127 in the lower rectum seen only on retroflexion. Of these, eight had metaplastic and four had @entity6523 (3 tubular <5 mm, 1 tubulovillous 15 mm). There was no difference in mean @entity158 scores between the groups (no retroflexion = 2.13, retroflexion = 2.18). CONCLUSION: With an @entity652 pick-up rate of 8 to 12 percent for screening flexible sigmoidoscopy, retroflexion increases @entity652 detection by approximately 1 percent without adverse effects and should be an integral part of flexible sigmoidoscopy.

title: XXXX : an essential part of lower gastrointestinal endoscopic examination.

entities_list: @entity3455 :: ('MESH:D060725', 'Disease') :: ['rectal retroflexion']

entities_list: @entity6523 :: ('MESH:D018256', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous polyps']

answer: @entity3455 :: (MESH:D060725,Disease) :: ['Rectal retroflexion']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to assess typical findings of @entity12040 on serial CT examinations following therapy. METHOD: Serial CT studies were performed on 16 @entity1 with early phase @entity12040 . Mural or luminal changes of the aorta on successive CT scans were compared with clinical data. RESULTS: @entity455 progressed during follow-up in 6 of 16 @entity1 . In one @entity1 , progression of lesions was symptomatic. In the other five of six @entity1 with worsening lesions, vascular progression occurred without new clinical symptoms and was first identified on CT scans. One of these five had dilatation of the ascending aorta and required aortic repair. Four others had progression of @entity455 leading to changes in medical treatment only or in combination with either surgery or angioplasty. For two of them, CT examinations showed @entity8 after changes in medical treatment. CONCLUSION: CT examinations performed in treated @entity1 with @entity12040 demonstrate either regression, stabilization, or progression of @entity455 . Serial CT examinations may thus be useful for evaluating response to treatment.

title: Follow-up electron beam CT for the management of early phase XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12040 :: ('MESH:D013625', 'Disease') :: ['Takayasu arteritis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['decreased mural lesions']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['stenotic vascular lesions', 'vascular lesions', 'Vascular lesions']

answer: @entity12040 :: (MESH:D013625,Disease) :: ['Takayasu arteritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the capability of an escapement-driven inverted pendulum with springs and damping model to estimate the effects of impairments (e.g. @entity508 , @entity425 ) on the dynamics and patterns of locomotion of @entity1 with @entity306 . METHODS: Kinematic data of six @entity1 with spastic @entity306 and six matched, typically developing @entity1 were collected at five different self-selected overground walking speeds ('very slow' to 'very fast'). Changes in forcing, stiffness and gravitational potentials were estimated during the stance phase of each leg according to the model's equation of motion. RESULTS: Significantly greater stiffness and decreased forcing was observed in the more affected limbs of @entity1 with spastic @entity306 and compared to typically developing peers. The forcing term of the non-affected limb was greater than that of the matched typically developing @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Results support the claim that disabled individuals with losses in dynamic resources (stiffness, muscle forcing capability) exploit and develop the remaining resources in their adapted gait patterns. It was suggested that clinical interventions aimed at normalizing a gait pattern may be contraindicated, and that rehabilitation might be more effective if focused at the level of dynamics. RELEVANCE: Pattern formation is seen as an optimal solution based on the individuals' action capabilities and dynamic properties under environmental and task demands. This perspective could lead to the development of interventions that address these dynamic variables with the objective of improving the functional capabilities of @entity1 with @entity306 .

title: A dynamical model of locomotion in spastic XXXX : influence of walking speed.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['spastic cerebral palsy', 'hemiplegic cerebral palsy', 'cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity306 :: (MESH:D002547,Disease) :: ['hemiplegic cerebral palsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Concern has been expressed that @entity1 are not adequately represented in clinical trials evaluating treatments for medical conditions they commonly experience. This study was designed to assess the reporting of data on @entity1 in recently published trials of drug therapy for @entity583 , including those funded by an agency with a gender-related policy. METHODS: All randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses of drug therapies for @entity583 published in The New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, The Journal of the American Medical Association, the Annals of Internal Medicine and the British Medical Journal from January 1992 to December 1996 were evaluated. On preliminary review 102 articles met the inclusion criteria; these were reviewed in detail, and 59 were excluded. Two reviewers independently extracted gender-related information from the 43 articles; discrepancies were resolved by consensus. RESULTS: @entity1 presented up to 48% of the trial @entity1 (mean 24.1%). In the trials funded by an agency with a gender-related policy, only 16.8% of @entity1 , on average, were @entity1 . Of the 43 articles in the sample, only 14 (32%) provided gender-related results. Funding from an agency with gender-related policy did not affect the reporting of gender-related information. Subgroup analyses were provided for 14 (32%) of the 43 trials, including 2 (29%) of 7 trials funded by an agency with a gender-related policy. Of the 12 trials that included interaction analyses (excluding the 2 trials in which secondary analyses were conducted specifically to identify differences between @entity1 and @entity1 ), 7 (58%) conducted an interaction analysis to determine if @entity1 responded differently than @entity1 ; for one of these the interaction analysis was for a secondary outcome measure (drug safety). Only 5 (12%) of the 43 articles mentioned the differences between @entity1 and @entity1 in the Discussion section; 2 of these were studies that used secondary analyses to examine sex differences. Of the 5, only 1 was funded by an agency with a gender-related policy. INTERPRETATION: @entity1 were poorly represented in the randomized controlled trials in this sample, regardless of whether the trials were funded by an agency with a gender-related policy. Structured reporting of gender-related information for clinical trials may improve the quality of information available about @entity1 and therefore facilitate the application of research findings to the care of @entity1 .

title: Reporting of gender-related information in clinical trials of drug therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: The insertion(I)/deletion(D) polymorphism of the @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) gene has been associated with an increased risk of @entity583 , @entity64 , and with an increased intimal-medial thickness in several populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the @entity1289 I/D genotype is associated with @entity850 of extracranial arteries and @entity64 in middle-aged and aged @entity1 and @entity1 . We studied 388 @entity1 (247 male, 141 female) using Doppler and Duplex ultrasound of the extracranial arteries. @entity1 ' history was obtained by standard questionnaire and by the hospital case records. Genomic DNA was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the I/D polymorphism, with a second insertion specific PCR in samples classified as homozygous @entity336 genotypes to prevent mistyping. The @entity1289 genotype groups ( @entity336 132, ID 164, II 92) were well matched for the basic characteristics. The @entity336 genotype was more common in @entity1 with @entity2791 > or = 50%, compared with @entity1 without @entity850 (59/147 versus 73/241, odds ratio 1.54, 95%-CI 1.01-2.37), but was not associated with a history of @entity64 (30/91 versus 102/297, odds ratio 0.94, 95%-CI 0.57-1.54). The association of the @entity336 genotype with @entity2791 was also present in @entity101 subjects (n = 206, odds ratio 1.76, 95%-CI 0.99-3.17). In the whole group multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the association of the @entity336 genotype with @entity2791 was independent of age, gender, @entity101 , @entity407 , and @entity6 . In conclusion, the @entity1289 @entity336 genotype is a weak risk factor for hemodynamically relevant @entity850 of extracranial arteries, but not for @entity64 .

title: Association between angiotensin I-converting enzyme genotypes, @entity2791 , and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['lacunar stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting-enzyme']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['extracranial artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: The insertion(I)/deletion(D) polymorphism of the @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) gene has been associated with an increased risk of @entity583 , @entity64 , and with an increased intimal-medial thickness in several populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the @entity1289 I/D genotype is associated with @entity850 of extracranial arteries and @entity64 in middle-aged and aged @entity1 and @entity1 . We studied 388 @entity1 (247 male, 141 female) using Doppler and Duplex ultrasound of the extracranial arteries. @entity1 ' history was obtained by standard questionnaire and by the hospital case records. Genomic DNA was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the I/D polymorphism, with a second insertion specific PCR in samples classified as homozygous @entity336 genotypes to prevent mistyping. The @entity1289 genotype groups ( @entity336 132, ID 164, II 92) were well matched for the basic characteristics. The @entity336 genotype was more common in @entity1 with @entity2791 > or = 50%, compared with @entity1 without @entity850 (59/147 versus 73/241, odds ratio 1.54, 95%-CI 1.01-2.37), but was not associated with a history of @entity64 (30/91 versus 102/297, odds ratio 0.94, 95%-CI 0.57-1.54). The association of the @entity336 genotype with @entity2791 was also present in @entity101 subjects (n = 206, odds ratio 1.76, 95%-CI 0.99-3.17). In the whole group multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the association of the @entity336 genotype with @entity2791 was independent of age, gender, @entity101 , @entity407 , and @entity6 . In conclusion, the @entity1289 @entity336 genotype is a weak risk factor for hemodynamically relevant @entity850 of extracranial arteries, but not for @entity64 .

title: Association between angiotensin I-converting enzyme genotypes, XXXX , and @entity64 .

answer: @entity2791 :: (MESH:D012078,Disease) :: ['extracranial artery stenosis']


abstract: The type of emergency treatment administered to @entity1 with suspected @entity548 is important, as the episode is associated with a high mortality rate. Moreover, rebleeding is common during the first few days after the initial @entity548 . Several techniques are available to control variceal @entity548 including pharmacotherapy ( @entity1951 , @entity8508 , @entity1943 and @entity2390 ), balloon tamponade, endoscopic techniques, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and shunt surgery. The majority of these require specialized equipment and/or experienced personnel, which are not always available in every hospital. In such situations, pharmacotherapy represents the most practical method of establishing haemodynamic control prior to the administration of definitive treatment. Pharmacotherapy can be initiated immediately upon admission to stabilize the @entity1 prior to diagnostic endoscopy, which subsequently improves the efficacy and ease of administration of further endoscopic intervention. The optimal pharmacological agent should be both effective and safe. A drug with no side effects will not complicate the management of critical @entity1 and can be administered over an extended period to reduce the incidence of rebleeding and improve prognosis. Meta-analysis of clinical studies has revealed that of the vasoactive drugs available @entity1943 is effective with significantly fewer side effects and currently appears to represent the best choice for treatment. The available evidence suggests that the early administration of pharmacotherapy, as part of a specific treatment regimen, offers significant benefit to @entity1 with @entity548 and its administration optimizes emergency care.

title: Optimizing emergency care of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['variceal bleeding', 'haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1951 :: ('MESH:D014667', 'Chemical') :: ['vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity8508 :: ('MESH:C012078', 'Chemical') :: ['terlipressin']

entities_list: @entity2390 :: ('MESH:D015282', 'Chemical') :: ['octreotide']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity33 remains an important problem following BMT and may delay discharge from hospital. @entity1 -controlled analgesia ( @entity4901 ) systems have been reported to be of benefit in controlling BMT-associated @entity33 . The present study comprised 65 @entity1 (age range 16-68 years; 19 allografts, 29 peripheral blood stem cell autografts and 17 autologous bone marrow). Subjects were prospectively randomised to receive intravenous @entity4521 for @entity158 relief either by conventional continuous infusion (CI) or by @entity4901 , using a Medex Walkman 440 delivery system. Each @entity1 assessed his/her @entity158 control and @entity390 daily by a visual analogue scale. Twenty-two @entity1 did not require any @entity4521 . Four @entity1 required @entity4521 for @entity158 other than @entity33 , and four @entity1 failed @entity4901 control. Of 35 assessable cases, no difference in @entity158 control was noted between CI and @entity4901 . However, @entity4901 -controlled @entity1 required significantly less @entity4521 than CI controlled @entity1 (mean, 131 +/- 23 mg for @entity4901 vs 296 +/- 40 mg for CI; P = 0.001), and @entity4901 required fewer days of @entity4521 than CI (mean, 7.17 +/- 0.66 days for @entity4901 , 9.00 +/- 0.65 days for CI; P = 0.03). Side-effects were minimal and equivalent in the two arms. The findings suggest that @entity4901 and CI offer equivalent control of the @entity158 of BMT-associated @entity33 , but @entity4901 requires less total consumption and duration of @entity4521 therapy.

title: Comparison of a @entity1 -controlled analgesia system with continuous infusion for administration of @entity4521 for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity4521 :: ('MESH:D003932', 'Chemical') :: ['diamorphine']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis', 'Mucositis']

answer: @entity33 :: (MESH:D052016,Disease) :: ['mucositis']


abstract: @entity33 remains an important problem following BMT and may delay discharge from hospital. @entity1 -controlled analgesia ( @entity4901 ) systems have been reported to be of benefit in controlling BMT-associated @entity33 . The present study comprised 65 @entity1 (age range 16-68 years; 19 allografts, 29 peripheral blood stem cell autografts and 17 autologous bone marrow). Subjects were prospectively randomised to receive intravenous @entity4521 for @entity158 relief either by conventional continuous infusion (CI) or by @entity4901 , using a Medex Walkman 440 delivery system. Each @entity1 assessed his/her @entity158 control and @entity390 daily by a visual analogue scale. Twenty-two @entity1 did not require any @entity4521 . Four @entity1 required @entity4521 for @entity158 other than @entity33 , and four @entity1 failed @entity4901 control. Of 35 assessable cases, no difference in @entity158 control was noted between CI and @entity4901 . However, @entity4901 -controlled @entity1 required significantly less @entity4521 than CI controlled @entity1 (mean, 131 +/- 23 mg for @entity4901 vs 296 +/- 40 mg for CI; P = 0.001), and @entity4901 required fewer days of @entity4521 than CI (mean, 7.17 +/- 0.66 days for @entity4901 , 9.00 +/- 0.65 days for CI; P = 0.03). Side-effects were minimal and equivalent in the two arms. The findings suggest that @entity4901 and CI offer equivalent control of the @entity158 of BMT-associated @entity33 , but @entity4901 requires less total consumption and duration of @entity4521 therapy.

title: Comparison of a @entity1 -controlled analgesia system with continuous infusion for administration of XXXX for @entity33 .

answer: @entity4521 :: (MESH:D003932,Chemical) :: ['diamorphine']


abstract: @entity33 remains an important problem following BMT and may delay discharge from hospital. @entity1 -controlled analgesia ( @entity4901 ) systems have been reported to be of benefit in controlling BMT-associated @entity33 . The present study comprised 65 @entity1 (age range 16-68 years; 19 allografts, 29 peripheral blood stem cell autografts and 17 autologous bone marrow). Subjects were prospectively randomised to receive intravenous @entity4521 for @entity158 relief either by conventional continuous infusion (CI) or by @entity4901 , using a Medex Walkman 440 delivery system. Each @entity1 assessed his/her @entity158 control and @entity390 daily by a visual analogue scale. Twenty-two @entity1 did not require any @entity4521 . Four @entity1 required @entity4521 for @entity158 other than @entity33 , and four @entity1 failed @entity4901 control. Of 35 assessable cases, no difference in @entity158 control was noted between CI and @entity4901 . However, @entity4901 -controlled @entity1 required significantly less @entity4521 than CI controlled @entity1 (mean, 131 +/- 23 mg for @entity4901 vs 296 +/- 40 mg for CI; P = 0.001), and @entity4901 required fewer days of @entity4521 than CI (mean, 7.17 +/- 0.66 days for @entity4901 , 9.00 +/- 0.65 days for CI; P = 0.03). Side-effects were minimal and equivalent in the two arms. The findings suggest that @entity4901 and CI offer equivalent control of the @entity158 of BMT-associated @entity33 , but @entity4901 requires less total consumption and duration of @entity4521 therapy.

title: Comparison of a XXXX -controlled analgesia system with continuous infusion for administration of @entity4521 for @entity33 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate short-term efficacy of awareness programs (AP) in reducing @entity301 ( @entity301 ). METHODS: High risk @entity753 @entity1 were divided in 2 groups during 16 weeks. Group A (n = 417, 54.3 +/- 10.0 years, 55% males) received verbal and written orientation on @entity301 control, and group B (n = 180, 54.4 +/- 10.9 years, 45% males) received only verbal orientation. All @entity1 received @entity8673 10 mg q.d. for 12 weeks. The evolution of body weight, arterial pressure, lipid profile, Castelli's I and II indexes (TC/HDL and LDL/HDL), and Framingham scores were evaluated. RESULTS: At baseline, A had a lower HDL-C (40.0 +/- 11.0 vs 43.0 +/- 11.0 mg/dl, p = 0.013) and a higher index I (8.2 +/- 3.0 vs 7.6 +/- 2.3, p = 0.008) than B. After 16 weeks, A had greater change than B in TC (-28.0 vs -25.0, p < 0.05), @entity11429 (-29.0 vs -27.6, p < 0.05), HDL-C levels (+13.7 vs +10.8, p < 0.05) and in the Castelli's Index (-39.0 vs -33.0; p < 0.05). In both groups @entity8673 use potentialized the effects of diet on the lipid profile. CONCLUSION: The AP seemed to be more effective than verbal orientation alone in @entity301 reduction at short-term.

title: [Assessment of short-term effects of awareness programs and XXXX therapy on subjects from private clinics at high risk for cardiovascular disease].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHDRF', 'coronary heart disease risk factors']

entities_list: @entity8673 :: ('MESH:D017035', 'Chemical') :: ['pravastatin']

answer: @entity8673 :: (MESH:D017035,Chemical) :: ['pravastatin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical characteristics and risk factors of suppurative postsurgical @entity1764 according to its etiology. METHODS: Suppurative postsurgical @entity1764 developed in 45 (2.5%) of 1779 @entity1 who underwent open-heart surgery at the Hospital Virgen del Roc  o in Seville, Spain, from 1986 to 1996. Microbiological diagnosis was available in 42 @entity1 . RESULTS: Gram-negative rods were isolated in 19 cases and Gram-positive cocci in 23 cases. Seventeen isolates (38%) were sensitive to the antimicrobial agent used perioperatively. @entity1 with Gram-negative @entity281 had a longer duration of bypass (127plus minus36 min versus 96plus minus34 min, p<0.01), and a worse postoperative condition. Longer mechanical ventilation (4plus minus7 days versus 1plus minus2 days, p<0.05) and concomitant infection in a remote site (pulmonary and/or @entity293 ) were more frequently observed in this group than in @entity1 with Gram-positive @entity281 (58% versus 22%, p<0.05). Twenty @entity1 (51%) were bacteremic. The mortality rate was 20% (five of 45). CONCLUSIONS: Preventable postoperative remote-site infection may lead to @entity1764 , especially if Gram-negative rods are involved.

title: Suppurative XXXX after open-heart surgery: a comparison between cases caused by Gram-negative rods and by Gram-positive cocci.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections', 'rod infection']

entities_list: @entity1764 :: ('MESH:D008480', 'Disease') :: ['mediastinitis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary infection']

answer: @entity1764 :: (MESH:D008480,Disease) :: ['mediastinitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to discuss the presenting signs and symptoms important for the early diagnosis and to review the medical and surgical management of @entity1 presenting with intracranial complications of @entity1244 . METHODS: Retrospective review of the medical records of all @entity1 admitted with intracranial infections between 1990 and 1999 at the Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Neurosurgery and Department of @entity166 , University of Cluj, Romania. RESULTS: Sixteen @entity1 had 23 intracranial complications of @entity1244 . These were @entity693 (6 cases), @entity75 (6 cases), @entity7181 (5 cases), @entity3553 (4 cases), and cavernous sinus @entity2268 (2 cases). In almost all @entity1 , early symptoms included @entity10 and @entity221 . Clinical diagnosis was confirmed by imaging. Management of these infections included intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics, appropriate neurosurgical and sinus drainage. Among these @entity1 , there was one @entity204 and 4 @entity1 developed significant neurologic sequelae. Poor prognosis was associated with the presence of @entity3553 and a prolonged time interval between the onset of symptoms and the beginning of treatment. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis of intracranial complication of @entity1244 can reduce morbidity and mortality associated with these complications.

title: Intracranial complications of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity3553 :: ('MESH:D013354', 'Disease') :: ['subdural abscess']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['frontal lobe abscess']

entities_list: @entity2268 :: ('MESH:D013924', 'Disease') :: ['thrombophlebitis']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity7181 :: ('MESH:D020802', 'Disease') :: ['epidural abscess']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['Infectious Diseases']

answer: @entity1244 :: (MESH:D012852,Disease) :: ['sinusitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Determination of serum @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) levels is an usual practice. However, its place in the diagnosis process is not clear. We have collected serum LDH levels superior to 2-fold the normal rate and we tried to determine their diagnostics interest and, predictive and progressive values. METHODS: Retrospective study during 3 months in hospitalized adults. LDH levels were measured by spectrophotometry (Normal rate: 313-618 UI/L). RESULTS: 196 cases with LDH level elevations higher than 1236 UI/L were analyzed. The etiology of LDH level elevations were was benign in 60% of cases, malignant in 36% and, undetermined in 5%. There was no difference in between average values of LDH level average values of benign and malignant etiology (2708 vs 2842 UI/l). LDH rates and high LDH level elevations were not helpful for in the diagnosis process (a variety of 43 etiology was able to elevate increased LDH rates). In 45% cases, LDH level was 2 to 3-fold the normal rate; in 47.5% cases, 3 to 10-fold normal rate, and in 7.5% cases, superior to 10-fold normal rate. LDH elevations superior to 10-fold the normal rate were caused by benign etiology in 11 cases and @entity5 in 4 cases. A level superior to 10-fold the normal rate was not helpful in determining to determine the benign or malignant characteristics of the @entity66 . However, LDH rate superior to 10 normal rate was a pejorative predictive criteria (hospitalization in intensive careunity in 73% of cases and mortality rate of 53%). During follow up of a @entity5 or malignant hemopathy follow up, several LDH measurements LDH level determinations were determined in for a small number of @entity1 . LDH level normalizations is are attributable to efficientan effective treatment; LDH level elevations are associated with a therapeutic failure echappment. Evolution in LDH levels evolution was influenced by progression in @entity5 and malignant hemopathy evolution and also by various several treatments such as like blood transfusions, growth factors, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: LDH level elevation, however whatever its rate, don't seem to do not help in differentiating have interest to differentiate benign from malignant diseases. However, an elevation LDH elevation higher than 10-fold the normal rate is a pejorative predictive criteria, since because the mortality rate is superior toupper than 50%. During follow-up of in the @entity5 and malignant hemopathy follow up, so long as they are measured at distance from treatment, variations in LDH levels are a good marker of evolution, rate variations represent an evolutive marker conditionally the level determination would be realize remote several treatment.

title: [Elevation of serum XXXX dehydrogenase. Diagnostic, prognostic and evolutive values].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['initial disease']

answer: @entity880 :: (MESH:D019344,Chemical) :: ['lactate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: ARN syndrome follows severeintraocular @entity281 by herpes viruses and primarily affects the peripheral retina. Following scar formation, despite antiviral treatment, @entity1713 occurs very often. Prophylactic argon laser photocoagulation has therefore been proposed. We report our experience. @entity1 : We treated five @entity1 presenting clinically with advanced unilateral ARN with @entity1033 . All eyes received a prophylactic confluent double row of @entity3503 laser treatment (500 microns, 0.2 s, gray-white lesions) central to the affected area as soon as was possible, depending on the vitreous clouding. Four @entity1 were treated with Aspirin. RESULTS: One of the five @entity1 had a @entity1713 that was limited by the argon laser row. Another @entity1 had a tractional detachment needing vitreoretinal surgery. Two eyes developed @entity548 of unknown origin. CONCLUSION: A lower rate of rhegmatogenous @entity1713 than expected occurred post-laser treatment. @entity548 was more frequent than previously reported. The @entity548 probably originated from @entity2479 and may have been enhanced by @entity117 treatment. We recommend early prophylactic argon laser photocoagulation in all ARN @entity1 in agreement with the results of previous studies.

title: [Acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Argon laser coagulation for prevention of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1033 :: ('MESH:D000212', 'Chemical') :: ['acyclovir']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['vitreal hemorrhage', 'bleeding', 'Vitreal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['anterior retinal neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['rhegmatogenous retinal detachment', 'peripheral rhegmatogenous retinal detachment', 'retinal detachments']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['Aspirin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity1713 :: (MESH:D012163,Disease) :: ['rhegmatogenic retinal detachment']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Preliminary results indicate that pulsed dye lasers (PDL) with 1.5 ms pulsewidth and 595 nm wavelength are effective in the treatment of leg @entity8721 . The aim of this study was to evaluate if the clinical results could be improved by a) an effective skin cooling with ice cubes and b) the longer wavelength of 600 nm. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 87 @entity1 with vessels up to 1 mm in diameter, 257 single test treatments were performed using wavelengths of 595 and 600 nm, fluences of 16, 18, and 20 J/cm2, a 1.5 ms pulse duration, and an elliptical spot of 2 x 7 mm. In 7 @entity1 , the skin surface temperature curve was measured after cooling with ice cubes vs hydrogel dressings, and spot geometry and fluence were investigated with and without the gel dressing. RESULTS: Vessel clearance was evaluated 6-8 weeks after treatment. 20 J/cm2 were most effective (80% clearance >50%), and 18 J/cm2 were more effective than 16 J/cm2 (66.2 vs 52.5% clearance >50%). There was a tendency towards better results with 595 nm, but the differences were not significant. Vessels with a diameter <0.5 mm cleared significantly better than those with 0.5-1 mm (69.1 vs 31.9% clearance >50%). Hypo- and @entity2117 were seen in 32% of the @entity1 . Cooling with ice cubes proved to be far more effective than with hydrogel dressings (temperature decrease approx 15 vs 5 degrees C). Additionally, the gel dressing caused an energy loss of approx 35% and an irregular spot geometry as shown on burn paper. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of leg @entity8721 with the 1.5 ms-PDL is safe and effective, especially in vessels smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter; 595 nm and 18 J/cm2 seem to be somewhat more effective as 600 nm and 16 J/cm2; and 20 J/cm2 are even more effective, but persistent @entity2117 cannot yet be excluded due to insufficient follow-up time. Cooling with ice cubes is more effective and less expensive than gel dressings, and the short term clinical results are equivalent, even if the frequency of transient pigmentary changes is increased.

title: Leg XXXX treatment with a 1.5 ms pulsed dye laser, ice cube cooling of the skin and 595 vs 600 nm: preliminary results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2117 :: ('MESH:D017495', 'Disease') :: ['hyperpigmentation']

entities_list: @entity8721 :: ('MESH:D013684', 'Disease') :: ['telangiectasia']

answer: @entity8721 :: (MESH:D013684,Disease) :: ['telangiectasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Timely diagnosis and continued monitoring of @entity1 with @entity1120 is critical because skeletal involvement can permanently disable @entity1 and visceral organ involvement can lead to @entity490 and secondary hematologic and biochemical complications. OBJECTIVE: To seek clinical consensus for minimum recommendations for effective diagnosis and monitoring of @entity1 with @entity1120 . @entity1 , EVIDENCE, AND CONSENSUS PROCESS: Contributing authors collaborated in quarterly meetings over a 2-year period to synthesize recommendations from peer-reviewed publications and their own medical experiences. These physicians care for most @entity1 with @entity1120 in the United States and serve as the US Regional Coordinators for the International Collaborative Gaucher Group Registry, the world's largest database for this disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The definitive method of diagnosis is enzyme assay of beta-glucocerebrosidase activity. Schedules differ for monitoring complications of @entity1120 , depending on symptoms and whether enzyme replacement therapy is used. Hematologic and biochemical involvement should be assessed by complete blood cell count, including platelets, acid phosphatase, and liver enzymes, at baseline and every 12 months in untreated @entity1 and every 3 months and at enzyme replacement therapy changes in treated @entity1 . Visceral involvement should be assessed at diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomographic scans. Skeletal involvement should be assessed at diagnosis using T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the entire femora and plain radiography of the femora, spine, and symptomatic sites. Follow-up skeletal and visceral assessments are recommended every 12 to 24 months in untreated @entity1 , and every 12 months and at enzyme replacement therapy changes in treated @entity1 .

title: XXXX : recommendations on diagnosis, evaluation, and monitoring.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1120 :: ('MESH:D005776', 'Disease') :: ['Gaucher disease', 'type I Gaucher disease']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

answer: @entity1120 :: (MESH:D005776,Disease) :: ['Gaucher disease']


abstract: RATIONALE: @entity15221 ( @entity2933 ) is an endogenous chemical found in the @entity1 brain that when administered systemically readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and produces behavioral effects. Some previously reported observations, including reports of specific antagonism by @entity33738 ( @entity33738 ), support the hypothesis that @entity2933 is a neurotransmitter with its own receptor system. In addition to its uncertain physiological role, the recent interest in @entity2933 has been engendered by its illicit use and abuse. OBJECTIVES: To further characterize the behavioral effects of @entity2933 and to evaluate @entity33738 for its potential antagonistic effects. METHODS: Following the administration of @entity2933 alone and in combination with @entity33738 , @entity19 were tested in a Functional Observational Battery (FOB) and for their effects on locomotor activity and on schedule-maintained behavior. Additionally, spontaneous and @entity33738 -precipitated withdrawal in @entity35 chronically treated with @entity2933 was examined. RESULTS: In the FOB, @entity2933 generally produced depressant-like effects that were generally not reversed by @entity33738 . @entity2933 also dose dependently reduced locomotor activity and rates of operant behavior, which were generally not reversed by co-administrations with @entity33738 . Neither spontaneous nor @entity33738 -precipitated signs of physical dependence were observed following chronic @entity2933 administration. CONCLUSION: @entity2933 dose dependently produced depressant-like effects on learned and unlearned behavior. The putative @entity2933 antagonist @entity33738 failed to convincingly antagonize these effects. @entity734 was not evident following spontaneous withdrawal or @entity33738 challenge. Taken together, these results suggest that @entity33738 's ability to antagonize @entity2933 's effects may be very limited.

title: Effects of the putative antagonist XXXX on the behavioral pharmacological actions of @entity15221 in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity15221 :: ('MESH:D012978', 'Chemical') :: ['Gammahydroxybutyrate']

entities_list: @entity33738 :: ('MESH:C066471', 'Chemical') :: ['NCS382', '6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-[H]-benzocycloheptene-5- ol-4-ylidene acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['Physical dependence']

answer: @entity33738 :: (MESH:C066471,Chemical) :: ['NCS382']


abstract: RATIONALE: @entity15221 ( @entity2933 ) is an endogenous chemical found in the @entity1 brain that when administered systemically readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and produces behavioral effects. Some previously reported observations, including reports of specific antagonism by @entity33738 ( @entity33738 ), support the hypothesis that @entity2933 is a neurotransmitter with its own receptor system. In addition to its uncertain physiological role, the recent interest in @entity2933 has been engendered by its illicit use and abuse. OBJECTIVES: To further characterize the behavioral effects of @entity2933 and to evaluate @entity33738 for its potential antagonistic effects. METHODS: Following the administration of @entity2933 alone and in combination with @entity33738 , @entity19 were tested in a Functional Observational Battery (FOB) and for their effects on locomotor activity and on schedule-maintained behavior. Additionally, spontaneous and @entity33738 -precipitated withdrawal in @entity35 chronically treated with @entity2933 was examined. RESULTS: In the FOB, @entity2933 generally produced depressant-like effects that were generally not reversed by @entity33738 . @entity2933 also dose dependently reduced locomotor activity and rates of operant behavior, which were generally not reversed by co-administrations with @entity33738 . Neither spontaneous nor @entity33738 -precipitated signs of physical dependence were observed following chronic @entity2933 administration. CONCLUSION: @entity2933 dose dependently produced depressant-like effects on learned and unlearned behavior. The putative @entity2933 antagonist @entity33738 failed to convincingly antagonize these effects. @entity734 was not evident following spontaneous withdrawal or @entity33738 challenge. Taken together, these results suggest that @entity33738 's ability to antagonize @entity2933 's effects may be very limited.

title: Effects of the putative antagonist @entity33738 on the behavioral pharmacological actions of @entity15221 in XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: RATIONALE: @entity15221 ( @entity2933 ) is an endogenous chemical found in the @entity1 brain that when administered systemically readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and produces behavioral effects. Some previously reported observations, including reports of specific antagonism by @entity33738 ( @entity33738 ), support the hypothesis that @entity2933 is a neurotransmitter with its own receptor system. In addition to its uncertain physiological role, the recent interest in @entity2933 has been engendered by its illicit use and abuse. OBJECTIVES: To further characterize the behavioral effects of @entity2933 and to evaluate @entity33738 for its potential antagonistic effects. METHODS: Following the administration of @entity2933 alone and in combination with @entity33738 , @entity19 were tested in a Functional Observational Battery (FOB) and for their effects on locomotor activity and on schedule-maintained behavior. Additionally, spontaneous and @entity33738 -precipitated withdrawal in @entity35 chronically treated with @entity2933 was examined. RESULTS: In the FOB, @entity2933 generally produced depressant-like effects that were generally not reversed by @entity33738 . @entity2933 also dose dependently reduced locomotor activity and rates of operant behavior, which were generally not reversed by co-administrations with @entity33738 . Neither spontaneous nor @entity33738 -precipitated signs of physical dependence were observed following chronic @entity2933 administration. CONCLUSION: @entity2933 dose dependently produced depressant-like effects on learned and unlearned behavior. The putative @entity2933 antagonist @entity33738 failed to convincingly antagonize these effects. @entity734 was not evident following spontaneous withdrawal or @entity33738 challenge. Taken together, these results suggest that @entity33738 's ability to antagonize @entity2933 's effects may be very limited.

title: Effects of the putative antagonist @entity33738 on the behavioral pharmacological actions of XXXX in @entity19 .

answer: @entity15221 :: (MESH:D012978,Chemical) :: ['gammahydroxybutyrate']


abstract: Defensins are a recently described family of peptides that play an important role in innate immunity. Recent studies have shown that defensins exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi. Three families have been identified so far in mammals, alpha-defensins, @entity5357 , presumably derived from a common ancestral defensin. A long-term study on the evolution of these multigene families among primates has been undertaken to investigate: (1) the degree of interspecific differentiation; (2) the genetic mechanisms responsible for the variability of these molecules; and (3) the possible role of different environmental factors in their evolution. @entity377 sequences have been obtained from great and lesser apes, several African and Asian catarrhine monkeys and one New World monkey. A comparison of rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous ( @entity535 changing) @entity377 substitution indicates that the primate @entity16448 gene evolved under a pattern of random @entity377 substitution as predicted by the neutral theory of molecular evolution. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis that the primate @entity16448 gene has diversified in response to changes in the microbial species to which a given host is exposed. Analyses of interpecific variability have yielded some insights about the pattern of molecular evolution of the gene among primates. @entity1 and great apes present high levels of sequence similarity, differing in only one @entity535 residue in the mature peptide. Compared with these taxa, hylobatids and cercopithecids exhibit 3-4 @entity535 substitutions, some of which increase the net charge of the active molecule.

title: XXXX gene variability among non- @entity1 primates.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid', 'amino-acid']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide', 'Nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity5357 :: ('MESH:D012497', 'Disease') :: ['beta-defensins and theta-defensins']

answer: @entity16448 :: (1672,Gene) :: ['Beta-defensin 1']


abstract: Defensins are a recently described family of peptides that play an important role in innate immunity. Recent studies have shown that defensins exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi. Three families have been identified so far in mammals, alpha-defensins, @entity5357 , presumably derived from a common ancestral defensin. A long-term study on the evolution of these multigene families among primates has been undertaken to investigate: (1) the degree of interspecific differentiation; (2) the genetic mechanisms responsible for the variability of these molecules; and (3) the possible role of different environmental factors in their evolution. @entity377 sequences have been obtained from great and lesser apes, several African and Asian catarrhine monkeys and one New World monkey. A comparison of rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous ( @entity535 changing) @entity377 substitution indicates that the primate @entity16448 gene evolved under a pattern of random @entity377 substitution as predicted by the neutral theory of molecular evolution. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis that the primate @entity16448 gene has diversified in response to changes in the microbial species to which a given host is exposed. Analyses of interpecific variability have yielded some insights about the pattern of molecular evolution of the gene among primates. @entity1 and great apes present high levels of sequence similarity, differing in only one @entity535 residue in the mature peptide. Compared with these taxa, hylobatids and cercopithecids exhibit 3-4 @entity535 substitutions, some of which increase the net charge of the active molecule.

title: @entity16448 gene variability among non- XXXX primates.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity9596 ( @entity9596 )-targeted cytotoxin, @entity4047 -PE38QQR, composed of @entity4047 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE), is found to be highly and specifically cytotoxic to @entity1 solid @entity5 cell lines. However, the mechanism of @entity5 cell death mediated by @entity4047 toxin is still not known. To elucidate the mechanism, we utilized four @entity135 cell lines (SCC-25, HN12, KCCT873, and YCUM911), which express high levels of @entity9596 , and @entity4047 toxin is highly cytotoxic to these cells. We observed chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation, indicating apoptotic cell death, after treatment with @entity4047 toxin, as determined by @entity2455 staining and DNA ladder assays. However, @entity4047 did not induce cell death. Flow cytometric analysis suggested that these @entity5 cell lines increased the sub-G1/G0 phase DNA population in a dose- and time-dependent manner (ranged between 10 and 30%) after treatment with @entity4047 toxin. By Western blot analysis, cleavage of @entity522 and @entity9190 was observed after treatment with a high concentration of @entity4047 toxin, also suggesting apoptotic cell death. In addition, the results of immunofluorescence and RT-PCR assays showed that the apoptosis-regulator, @entity588 was downregulated after treatment with @entity4047 toxin, while @entity589 was upregulated. Moreover, significant @entity3542 production was detected in the HN12 cell line after treatment with @entity4047 toxin for 48--96 h. Taken together, our results suggest that @entity4047 toxin-induced @entity137 is at least partially mediated by the apoptosis and @entity842 pathways. This information may be useful in developing specific approaches where apoptotic bodies from @entity5 cells may be used to pulse antigen-presenting cells for immunotherapy of @entity5 .

title: Apoptotic pathways of cell death induced by an interleukin-13 receptor-targeted recombinant cytotoxin in XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity9596 :: ('3598', 'Gene') :: ['IL-13R', 'Interleukin 13 receptor']

entities_list: @entity2455 :: ('MESH:D006690', 'Chemical') :: ['bis-benzimide']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: Developing new anticancer therapeutic regimens requires the measurement of @entity5 cell growth in response to treatment. This is often accomplished by injecting immunocompromised @entity19 with cells from @entity5 tissue or cell lines. After treating the animals, @entity5 weight or volume is measured. Such methods are complicated by inaccuracies in measuring @entity5 mass and often animals must be killed to measure @entity5 burden. An in vivo @entity5 model system is presented in which the @entity5 cell line was stably transfected with a constitutively expressed marker gene: secreted @entity1 placental alkaline phosphatase protein (SEAP). The SEAP gene codes for a heat-stable protein that is produced at levels proportional to the amount of @entity5 cells in the animal. The SEAP protein is detectable in small blood samples so that animals can be repeatedly sampled over the trial period to monitor the course of @entity5 progression. METHODS: @entity70727 @entity43 cells were stably transfected with pCMV-SEAP. The @entity70727 -SEAP cells were maintained in vitro to monitor the relationship between cell number and SEAP production. Experiments were performed in vivo to determine whether SEAP levels in blood corresponded to @entity5 burden. @entity70727 -SEAP cells were injected s.c. or intraperitoneally into @entity19 and @entity5 volume was measured as well as plasma SEAP levels as the @entity5 developed. RESULTS: S.c. @entity5 volume correlated well with plasma SEAP levels ( R(2)=0.95). @entity70727 -SEAP cells were also injected intraperitoneally into @entity19 and grown as @entity5 . After 3 weeks the animals were killed and the @entity5 were dissected and weighed. SEAP levels in plasma samples from the time of @entity204 correlated with @entity5 weight ( R(2)=0.87). Experiments were performed to determine whether measuring SEAP levels could be used to monitor @entity43 cell response to @entity902 -containing chemotherapeutic drugs. @entity70727 -SEAP cells cultured in vitro were treated with the @entity902 -containing drug @entity3003 . @entity3003 treatment decreased both cell proliferation and SEAP levels in culture medium. The constitutive rate of SEAP secretion per cell (nanograms SEAP per microgram DNA) was found not to be altered by @entity3003 treatment. Therefore changes in SEAP level reflect changes in @entity70727 @entity5 cell number, and not changes in regulation of SEAP secretion due to @entity902 containing chemotherapeutic drug treatment. @entity70727 cells were injected intraperitoneally into @entity19 and the @entity19 were treated with the @entity902 -containing drugs @entity900 or @entity3003 . Measurements of plasma SEAP over the treatment period showed @entity70727 -SEAP @entity43 growth to be inhibited by @entity900 and @entity3003 treatment. CONCLUSION: The SEAP marker protein is constitutively expressed by @entity5 cells and blood levels are correlated with @entity5 cell number and burden. The results of these studies indicate that SEAP may be used as an in vivo reporter gene in a @entity19 model to monitor @entity5 growth and response to therapeutics. Future studies will utilize this model to investigate novel chemotherapeutic approaches to treating @entity43 .

title: An in vivo XXXX reporter gene ( @entity1 secreted alkaline phosphatase) model to monitor @entity43 growth and response to therapeutics.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinoma', 'ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'abdominal tumors', 'cancer', 'intraperitoneal tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['Carboplatin', 'carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: PURPOSE: Developing new anticancer therapeutic regimens requires the measurement of @entity5 cell growth in response to treatment. This is often accomplished by injecting immunocompromised @entity19 with cells from @entity5 tissue or cell lines. After treating the animals, @entity5 weight or volume is measured. Such methods are complicated by inaccuracies in measuring @entity5 mass and often animals must be killed to measure @entity5 burden. An in vivo @entity5 model system is presented in which the @entity5 cell line was stably transfected with a constitutively expressed marker gene: secreted @entity1 placental alkaline phosphatase protein (SEAP). The SEAP gene codes for a heat-stable protein that is produced at levels proportional to the amount of @entity5 cells in the animal. The SEAP protein is detectable in small blood samples so that animals can be repeatedly sampled over the trial period to monitor the course of @entity5 progression. METHODS: @entity70727 @entity43 cells were stably transfected with pCMV-SEAP. The @entity70727 -SEAP cells were maintained in vitro to monitor the relationship between cell number and SEAP production. Experiments were performed in vivo to determine whether SEAP levels in blood corresponded to @entity5 burden. @entity70727 -SEAP cells were injected s.c. or intraperitoneally into @entity19 and @entity5 volume was measured as well as plasma SEAP levels as the @entity5 developed. RESULTS: S.c. @entity5 volume correlated well with plasma SEAP levels ( R(2)=0.95). @entity70727 -SEAP cells were also injected intraperitoneally into @entity19 and grown as @entity5 . After 3 weeks the animals were killed and the @entity5 were dissected and weighed. SEAP levels in plasma samples from the time of @entity204 correlated with @entity5 weight ( R(2)=0.87). Experiments were performed to determine whether measuring SEAP levels could be used to monitor @entity43 cell response to @entity902 -containing chemotherapeutic drugs. @entity70727 -SEAP cells cultured in vitro were treated with the @entity902 -containing drug @entity3003 . @entity3003 treatment decreased both cell proliferation and SEAP levels in culture medium. The constitutive rate of SEAP secretion per cell (nanograms SEAP per microgram DNA) was found not to be altered by @entity3003 treatment. Therefore changes in SEAP level reflect changes in @entity70727 @entity5 cell number, and not changes in regulation of SEAP secretion due to @entity902 containing chemotherapeutic drug treatment. @entity70727 cells were injected intraperitoneally into @entity19 and the @entity19 were treated with the @entity902 -containing drugs @entity900 or @entity3003 . Measurements of plasma SEAP over the treatment period showed @entity70727 -SEAP @entity43 growth to be inhibited by @entity900 and @entity3003 treatment. CONCLUSION: The SEAP marker protein is constitutively expressed by @entity5 cells and blood levels are correlated with @entity5 cell number and burden. The results of these studies indicate that SEAP may be used as an in vivo reporter gene in a @entity19 model to monitor @entity5 growth and response to therapeutics. Future studies will utilize this model to investigate novel chemotherapeutic approaches to treating @entity43 .

title: An in vivo @entity19 reporter gene ( @entity1 secreted alkaline phosphatase) model to monitor XXXX growth and response to therapeutics.

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian tumor']


abstract: PURPOSE: Developing new anticancer therapeutic regimens requires the measurement of @entity5 cell growth in response to treatment. This is often accomplished by injecting immunocompromised @entity19 with cells from @entity5 tissue or cell lines. After treating the animals, @entity5 weight or volume is measured. Such methods are complicated by inaccuracies in measuring @entity5 mass and often animals must be killed to measure @entity5 burden. An in vivo @entity5 model system is presented in which the @entity5 cell line was stably transfected with a constitutively expressed marker gene: secreted @entity1 placental alkaline phosphatase protein (SEAP). The SEAP gene codes for a heat-stable protein that is produced at levels proportional to the amount of @entity5 cells in the animal. The SEAP protein is detectable in small blood samples so that animals can be repeatedly sampled over the trial period to monitor the course of @entity5 progression. METHODS: @entity70727 @entity43 cells were stably transfected with pCMV-SEAP. The @entity70727 -SEAP cells were maintained in vitro to monitor the relationship between cell number and SEAP production. Experiments were performed in vivo to determine whether SEAP levels in blood corresponded to @entity5 burden. @entity70727 -SEAP cells were injected s.c. or intraperitoneally into @entity19 and @entity5 volume was measured as well as plasma SEAP levels as the @entity5 developed. RESULTS: S.c. @entity5 volume correlated well with plasma SEAP levels ( R(2)=0.95). @entity70727 -SEAP cells were also injected intraperitoneally into @entity19 and grown as @entity5 . After 3 weeks the animals were killed and the @entity5 were dissected and weighed. SEAP levels in plasma samples from the time of @entity204 correlated with @entity5 weight ( R(2)=0.87). Experiments were performed to determine whether measuring SEAP levels could be used to monitor @entity43 cell response to @entity902 -containing chemotherapeutic drugs. @entity70727 -SEAP cells cultured in vitro were treated with the @entity902 -containing drug @entity3003 . @entity3003 treatment decreased both cell proliferation and SEAP levels in culture medium. The constitutive rate of SEAP secretion per cell (nanograms SEAP per microgram DNA) was found not to be altered by @entity3003 treatment. Therefore changes in SEAP level reflect changes in @entity70727 @entity5 cell number, and not changes in regulation of SEAP secretion due to @entity902 containing chemotherapeutic drug treatment. @entity70727 cells were injected intraperitoneally into @entity19 and the @entity19 were treated with the @entity902 -containing drugs @entity900 or @entity3003 . Measurements of plasma SEAP over the treatment period showed @entity70727 -SEAP @entity43 growth to be inhibited by @entity900 and @entity3003 treatment. CONCLUSION: The SEAP marker protein is constitutively expressed by @entity5 cells and blood levels are correlated with @entity5 cell number and burden. The results of these studies indicate that SEAP may be used as an in vivo reporter gene in a @entity19 model to monitor @entity5 growth and response to therapeutics. Future studies will utilize this model to investigate novel chemotherapeutic approaches to treating @entity43 .

title: An in vivo @entity19 reporter gene ( XXXX secreted alkaline phosphatase) model to monitor @entity43 growth and response to therapeutics.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']