abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity619 ( @entity9170 ) is widely used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases in the clinic. Increasingly, there is more attention being paid to the side effect of @entity9170 . In this study, we investigated the involvement and mechanism of @entity9170 exposure in accelerating mineralization during long bone formation. We first determined that @entity9170 exposure could accelerate long bone mineralization in  vivo, but there was no apparent difference between control and @entity9170 -treated in the phalanges model in  vitro. Next, we established that @entity9170 exposure promoted angiogenesis in the @entity1573 yolk sac membrane model. In addition, it increased @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation and migration in culture. We found that @entity9170 could enhance angiogenesis when phalanges were cultured on @entity1573 chorioallantoic membrane and correspondingly increased the expression of angiogenesis-related genes in the phalanges. Furthermore, we also revealed that @entity9170 exposure reduced the number of osteoblasts and simultaneously increased the number of osteocytes in ex vivo-cultured phalanges. @entity57830 and @entity57831 expressions were up-regulated by @entity9170 exposure, indicating that @entity9170 exposure accelerated the terminal differentiation of osteoblasts. Lastly, we demonstrated that @entity19 cells cultured in the presence of @entity9170 accelerated their mineralization. In summary, we have shown that the ability of @entity9170 to initiate angiogenesis is the mechanism that allows it to accelerate mineralization during long bone formation.

title: @entity619 Exposure Accelerates Endochondral Ossification of XXXX Embryos Via Angiogenesis.

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['Chick']


abstract: We infused glucagon into normal @entity1 while preventing changes in plasma @entity413 and @entity2690 . @entity2690 (0.45 mU . @entity1009 . kg-1) were infused for 90 min, while euglycemia was maintained by a variable @entity413 infusion. Subsequently, glucagon (6 ng . @entity1009 . kg-1) was added, and changes in plasma @entity413 were avoided by appropriately reducing the @entity413 infusion. With @entity2690 alone, @entity413 production (GP) fell to zero. When hyperglucagonemia (530 +/- 32 pg/ml) was superimposed, GP rose promptly and then slowly declined. However, between 180 and 240 min, GP remained elevated (1.72 +/- 0.30 mg . @entity1009 . kg-1) as compared to an @entity2690 control study (0.03 +/- 0.20, P less than 0.025). When @entity4854 (+25 mg/100 ml) was induced between 180 and 240 min, glucagon-stimulated GP was completely suppressed. To determine whether this effect was mediated by @entity4854 per se or @entity413 -induced @entity3190 , between 180 and 240 min we increased either a) the @entity2690 infusion (by 0.25 mU . @entity1009 . kg-1) while maintaining euglycemia or b) plasma @entity413 (+25 mg/100 ml) while blocking @entity2690 release with @entity1943 . When the @entity2690 was increased, GP declined by 68 +/- 13% (P less than 0.02). When plasma @entity413 alone was raised, GP fell from 1.44 +/- 0.09 to 0.07 +/- 0.16 mg . @entity1009 . kg-1 (less than 0.002). In conclusion, the hepatic response to sustained hyperglucagonemia is more persistent if changes in plasma @entity413 are prevented, and its transient nature is in part explained by a feedback adjustment to glucagon-induced @entity4854 and @entity3190 .

title: Transient hepatic response to glucagon in @entity1 : role of @entity2690 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['hyperglycemia']


abstract: We infused glucagon into normal @entity1 while preventing changes in plasma @entity413 and @entity2690 . @entity2690 (0.45 mU . @entity1009 . kg-1) were infused for 90 min, while euglycemia was maintained by a variable @entity413 infusion. Subsequently, glucagon (6 ng . @entity1009 . kg-1) was added, and changes in plasma @entity413 were avoided by appropriately reducing the @entity413 infusion. With @entity2690 alone, @entity413 production (GP) fell to zero. When hyperglucagonemia (530 +/- 32 pg/ml) was superimposed, GP rose promptly and then slowly declined. However, between 180 and 240 min, GP remained elevated (1.72 +/- 0.30 mg . @entity1009 . kg-1) as compared to an @entity2690 control study (0.03 +/- 0.20, P less than 0.025). When @entity4854 (+25 mg/100 ml) was induced between 180 and 240 min, glucagon-stimulated GP was completely suppressed. To determine whether this effect was mediated by @entity4854 per se or @entity413 -induced @entity3190 , between 180 and 240 min we increased either a) the @entity2690 infusion (by 0.25 mU . @entity1009 . kg-1) while maintaining euglycemia or b) plasma @entity413 (+25 mg/100 ml) while blocking @entity2690 release with @entity1943 . When the @entity2690 was increased, GP declined by 68 +/- 13% (P less than 0.02). When plasma @entity413 alone was raised, GP fell from 1.44 +/- 0.09 to 0.07 +/- 0.16 mg . @entity1009 . kg-1 (less than 0.002). In conclusion, the hepatic response to sustained hyperglucagonemia is more persistent if changes in plasma @entity413 are prevented, and its transient nature is in part explained by a feedback adjustment to glucagon-induced @entity4854 and @entity3190 .

title: Transient hepatic response to glucagon in @entity1 : role of XXXX and @entity4854 .

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['insulin']


abstract: We infused glucagon into normal @entity1 while preventing changes in plasma @entity413 and @entity2690 . @entity2690 (0.45 mU . @entity1009 . kg-1) were infused for 90 min, while euglycemia was maintained by a variable @entity413 infusion. Subsequently, glucagon (6 ng . @entity1009 . kg-1) was added, and changes in plasma @entity413 were avoided by appropriately reducing the @entity413 infusion. With @entity2690 alone, @entity413 production (GP) fell to zero. When hyperglucagonemia (530 +/- 32 pg/ml) was superimposed, GP rose promptly and then slowly declined. However, between 180 and 240 min, GP remained elevated (1.72 +/- 0.30 mg . @entity1009 . kg-1) as compared to an @entity2690 control study (0.03 +/- 0.20, P less than 0.025). When @entity4854 (+25 mg/100 ml) was induced between 180 and 240 min, glucagon-stimulated GP was completely suppressed. To determine whether this effect was mediated by @entity4854 per se or @entity413 -induced @entity3190 , between 180 and 240 min we increased either a) the @entity2690 infusion (by 0.25 mU . @entity1009 . kg-1) while maintaining euglycemia or b) plasma @entity413 (+25 mg/100 ml) while blocking @entity2690 release with @entity1943 . When the @entity2690 was increased, GP declined by 68 +/- 13% (P less than 0.02). When plasma @entity413 alone was raised, GP fell from 1.44 +/- 0.09 to 0.07 +/- 0.16 mg . @entity1009 . kg-1 (less than 0.002). In conclusion, the hepatic response to sustained hyperglucagonemia is more persistent if changes in plasma @entity413 are prevented, and its transient nature is in part explained by a feedback adjustment to glucagon-induced @entity4854 and @entity3190 .

title: Transient hepatic response to glucagon in XXXX : role of @entity2690 and @entity4854 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study evaluated the functional and oncological outcomes of @entity4094 ( @entity4094 ) in comparison with @entity348 ( @entity348 ) for upper-third @entity356 ( @entity356 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of upper-third @entity356 @entity1 who had undergone @entity4094 (n=192) or @entity348 (n=157) were reviewed. The @entity4094 group was further subdivided into @entity1 who had undergone conventional open @entity4094 (cPG; n=157) or modified laparoscopy-assisted @entity4094 (mLAPG; n=35). @entity1 who had undergone mLAPG had a longer portion of their intra-abdominal esophagus preserved than @entity1 who had undergone cPG. Surgical morbidity, recurrence, long-term nutritional status, and the incidence of @entity354 were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The rate of @entity260 was significantly lower for @entity4094 than @entity348 (16.7% vs. 31.2%), but the five-year overall survival rate was comparable between the two groups (99.3% vs. 96.3%). Postoperative levels of hemoglobin and albumin were significantly higher for @entity1 who had undergone @entity4094 . However, the incidence of @entity354 was higher for @entity4094 than for @entity348 (37.4% vs. 3.7%; P<0.001). mLAPG was related to a lower incidence of @entity354 after @entity4094 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to @entity348 , @entity4094 showed an advantage in terms of postoperative morbidity and nutrition, and there was a comparable prognosis between the two procedures. Preserving the intra-abdominal esophagus may lower the incidence of @entity354 associated with @entity4094 .

title: Clinical Outcome of Modified Laparoscopy-Assisted Proximal Gastrectomy Compared to Conventional Proximal Gastrectomy or Total Gastrectomy for Upper-Third Early XXXX with Special References to Postoperative @entity354 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['PG', 'proximal gastrectomy']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['total gastrectomy', 'TG']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['reflux esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['EGC', 'early gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['Gastric Cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study evaluated the functional and oncological outcomes of @entity4094 ( @entity4094 ) in comparison with @entity348 ( @entity348 ) for upper-third @entity356 ( @entity356 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of upper-third @entity356 @entity1 who had undergone @entity4094 (n=192) or @entity348 (n=157) were reviewed. The @entity4094 group was further subdivided into @entity1 who had undergone conventional open @entity4094 (cPG; n=157) or modified laparoscopy-assisted @entity4094 (mLAPG; n=35). @entity1 who had undergone mLAPG had a longer portion of their intra-abdominal esophagus preserved than @entity1 who had undergone cPG. Surgical morbidity, recurrence, long-term nutritional status, and the incidence of @entity354 were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The rate of @entity260 was significantly lower for @entity4094 than @entity348 (16.7% vs. 31.2%), but the five-year overall survival rate was comparable between the two groups (99.3% vs. 96.3%). Postoperative levels of hemoglobin and albumin were significantly higher for @entity1 who had undergone @entity4094 . However, the incidence of @entity354 was higher for @entity4094 than for @entity348 (37.4% vs. 3.7%; P<0.001). mLAPG was related to a lower incidence of @entity354 after @entity4094 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to @entity348 , @entity4094 showed an advantage in terms of postoperative morbidity and nutrition, and there was a comparable prognosis between the two procedures. Preserving the intra-abdominal esophagus may lower the incidence of @entity354 associated with @entity4094 .

title: Clinical Outcome of Modified Laparoscopy-Assisted Proximal Gastrectomy Compared to Conventional Proximal Gastrectomy or Total Gastrectomy for Upper-Third Early @entity356 with Special References to Postoperative XXXX .

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['Reflux Esophagitis']


abstract: The definition of @entity5520 -related @entity89 (BRONJ) was recently broadened and it is now known as medication-related @entity89 (MRONJ). To date, the management of MRONJ is controversial. Conservative treatment is recommended, but it is difficult to successfully treat stage 3 MRONJ. Administration of @entity15896 for the MRONJ treatment has only been documented in independent case reports and there are few reports on @entity1 with MRONJ treated with @entity15896 . An 81-year-old @entity1 was referred in May 2014 for treatment of an unhealed tooth extraction wound in the mandible. He took @entity63038 (1mg/d orally) for 2 years because of @entity170 cure. On clinical examination, soft tissue @entity4 in the left mandibular first molar region extended to the inferior border of the mandible with extraoral @entity292 . Computed tomography (CT) revealed @entity3061 extending to the inferior border resulting in pathologic @entity174 of mandibular bone. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of stage 3 MRONJ was made. We performed conservative treatment, including @entity115 , but his symptoms did not improve. He was then treated with once-weekly subcutaneous injection of @entity15896 . Although @entity15896 injections were started without antibiotics, after 1 week, @entity4 , erythema, and purulent discharge from the extraoral @entity292 increased rapidly. Therefore, we combined the once-weekly @entity15896 injection with @entity115 administration. Three months later, the @entity2530 had healed and CT showed significant bone regeneration and healing of the mandibular pathologic @entity174 . In addition, the mandibular @entity292 showed healing and the intraoral @entity292 was covered with normal mucosa.

title: Treatment of XXXX of the Jaw.

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity15896 :: ('MESH:D019379', 'Chemical') :: ['teriparatide']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['swelling']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity5520 :: ('D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonate']

entities_list: @entity89 :: ('MESH:D007571', 'Disease') :: ['osteonecrosis of the jaw']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity63038 :: ('MESH:C087958', 'Chemical') :: ['minodronic acid hydrate']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['osteonecrosis']

answer: @entity2530 :: (MESH:D010020,Disease) :: ['Osteonecrosis']


abstract: 1. Recent molecular genetic studies have implicated the @entity754 gene locus ( @entity754 , at chromosome 19p13.2) in @entity28 in essential @entity101 @entity1 and in the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. The present study examined genotypes for the @entity28 -associated ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism of @entity754 , and genotypes for a @entity101 -associated RsaI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the @entity8277 gene ( @entity8277 ) locus, which is linked to @entity754 , in relation to plasma lipids, body mass index and blood pressure in 27 @entity28 and 57 @entity28 Caucasians with severe essential @entity101 , selected on the basis of having parents who were both @entity101 , and in 25 @entity28 and 45 @entity28 normotensive subjects selected on the basis of having parents who were both normotensive after the age of 50 years. 2. Plasma @entity1674 and low-density-lipoprotein- @entity165 were elevated in @entity101 @entity1 , but did not differ between the @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 groups. Significant positive correlations were seen between body mass index and @entity1674 and low-density-lipoprotein- @entity165 in the @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 , respectively. In addition, @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure than @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 . 3. The eight @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 who were homozygous for the @entity28 -associated 6.6 kb allele of the ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism of @entity754 ('6.6. kb homozygotes') had a significantly higher body mass index [34 +/- 6.0 (SD) kg/m2] than the 18 heterozygotes (29 +/- 2.7 kg/m2) and the single subject who was homozygous for the 9.4 kb allele (29 kg/m2) (P = 0.012 by one-way analysis of variance). The body mass index of the eight @entity101 6.6 kb homozygotes was also greater than the body mass index of 29 +/- 2.4 kg/m2 observed for the eight @entity28 normotensive 6.6 kb homozygotes. In addition, the eight @entity28 @entity101 6.6 kb homozygotes had a higher plasma @entity1674 [4.2 +/- 0.77 (SEM) mmol/l] than the 18 @entity28 @entity101 heterozygotes (2.4 +/- 0.33 mmol/l; P = 0.045). Non- @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 showed no significant genotypic differences in relation to the @entity754 restriction fragment length polymorphism. 4. In the normotensive group, however, the frequency of the 6.6 kb allele of the @entity754 ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism in @entity28 subjects (0.54) was not significantly greater than in @entity28 subjects (0.48) [cf. the significantly (P = 0.004( different values of 0.63 and 0.39, respectively, in @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Significant relationships of plasma lipids and body mass index with polymorphisms at the linked @entity754 gene and XXXX gene loci (19p13.2) in essential @entity101 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity754 :: ('3949', 'Gene') :: ['low-density-lipoprotein receptor', 'LDLR']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['non-obese', 'obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity8277 :: ('3643', 'Gene') :: ['INSR', 'insulin receptor']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity8277 :: (3643,Gene) :: ['insulin receptor']


abstract: 1. Recent molecular genetic studies have implicated the @entity754 gene locus ( @entity754 , at chromosome 19p13.2) in @entity28 in essential @entity101 @entity1 and in the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. The present study examined genotypes for the @entity28 -associated ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism of @entity754 , and genotypes for a @entity101 -associated RsaI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the @entity8277 gene ( @entity8277 ) locus, which is linked to @entity754 , in relation to plasma lipids, body mass index and blood pressure in 27 @entity28 and 57 @entity28 Caucasians with severe essential @entity101 , selected on the basis of having parents who were both @entity101 , and in 25 @entity28 and 45 @entity28 normotensive subjects selected on the basis of having parents who were both normotensive after the age of 50 years. 2. Plasma @entity1674 and low-density-lipoprotein- @entity165 were elevated in @entity101 @entity1 , but did not differ between the @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 groups. Significant positive correlations were seen between body mass index and @entity1674 and low-density-lipoprotein- @entity165 in the @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 , respectively. In addition, @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure than @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 . 3. The eight @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 who were homozygous for the @entity28 -associated 6.6 kb allele of the ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism of @entity754 ('6.6. kb homozygotes') had a significantly higher body mass index [34 +/- 6.0 (SD) kg/m2] than the 18 heterozygotes (29 +/- 2.7 kg/m2) and the single subject who was homozygous for the 9.4 kb allele (29 kg/m2) (P = 0.012 by one-way analysis of variance). The body mass index of the eight @entity101 6.6 kb homozygotes was also greater than the body mass index of 29 +/- 2.4 kg/m2 observed for the eight @entity28 normotensive 6.6 kb homozygotes. In addition, the eight @entity28 @entity101 6.6 kb homozygotes had a higher plasma @entity1674 [4.2 +/- 0.77 (SEM) mmol/l] than the 18 @entity28 @entity101 heterozygotes (2.4 +/- 0.33 mmol/l; P = 0.045). Non- @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 showed no significant genotypic differences in relation to the @entity754 restriction fragment length polymorphism. 4. In the normotensive group, however, the frequency of the 6.6 kb allele of the @entity754 ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism in @entity28 subjects (0.54) was not significantly greater than in @entity28 subjects (0.48) [cf. the significantly (P = 0.004( different values of 0.63 and 0.39, respectively, in @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Significant relationships of plasma lipids and body mass index with polymorphisms at the linked XXXX gene and @entity8277 gene loci (19p13.2) in essential @entity101 @entity1 .

answer: @entity754 :: (3949,Gene) :: ['low-density-lipoprotein receptor']


abstract: 1. Recent molecular genetic studies have implicated the @entity754 gene locus ( @entity754 , at chromosome 19p13.2) in @entity28 in essential @entity101 @entity1 and in the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. The present study examined genotypes for the @entity28 -associated ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism of @entity754 , and genotypes for a @entity101 -associated RsaI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the @entity8277 gene ( @entity8277 ) locus, which is linked to @entity754 , in relation to plasma lipids, body mass index and blood pressure in 27 @entity28 and 57 @entity28 Caucasians with severe essential @entity101 , selected on the basis of having parents who were both @entity101 , and in 25 @entity28 and 45 @entity28 normotensive subjects selected on the basis of having parents who were both normotensive after the age of 50 years. 2. Plasma @entity1674 and low-density-lipoprotein- @entity165 were elevated in @entity101 @entity1 , but did not differ between the @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 groups. Significant positive correlations were seen between body mass index and @entity1674 and low-density-lipoprotein- @entity165 in the @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 , respectively. In addition, @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure than @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 . 3. The eight @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 who were homozygous for the @entity28 -associated 6.6 kb allele of the ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism of @entity754 ('6.6. kb homozygotes') had a significantly higher body mass index [34 +/- 6.0 (SD) kg/m2] than the 18 heterozygotes (29 +/- 2.7 kg/m2) and the single subject who was homozygous for the 9.4 kb allele (29 kg/m2) (P = 0.012 by one-way analysis of variance). The body mass index of the eight @entity101 6.6 kb homozygotes was also greater than the body mass index of 29 +/- 2.4 kg/m2 observed for the eight @entity28 normotensive 6.6 kb homozygotes. In addition, the eight @entity28 @entity101 6.6 kb homozygotes had a higher plasma @entity1674 [4.2 +/- 0.77 (SEM) mmol/l] than the 18 @entity28 @entity101 heterozygotes (2.4 +/- 0.33 mmol/l; P = 0.045). Non- @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 showed no significant genotypic differences in relation to the @entity754 restriction fragment length polymorphism. 4. In the normotensive group, however, the frequency of the 6.6 kb allele of the @entity754 ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism in @entity28 subjects (0.54) was not significantly greater than in @entity28 subjects (0.48) [cf. the significantly (P = 0.004( different values of 0.63 and 0.39, respectively, in @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Significant relationships of plasma lipids and body mass index with polymorphisms at the linked @entity754 gene and @entity8277 gene loci (19p13.2) in essential XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: 1. Recent molecular genetic studies have implicated the @entity754 gene locus ( @entity754 , at chromosome 19p13.2) in @entity28 in essential @entity101 @entity1 and in the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. The present study examined genotypes for the @entity28 -associated ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism of @entity754 , and genotypes for a @entity101 -associated RsaI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the @entity8277 gene ( @entity8277 ) locus, which is linked to @entity754 , in relation to plasma lipids, body mass index and blood pressure in 27 @entity28 and 57 @entity28 Caucasians with severe essential @entity101 , selected on the basis of having parents who were both @entity101 , and in 25 @entity28 and 45 @entity28 normotensive subjects selected on the basis of having parents who were both normotensive after the age of 50 years. 2. Plasma @entity1674 and low-density-lipoprotein- @entity165 were elevated in @entity101 @entity1 , but did not differ between the @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 groups. Significant positive correlations were seen between body mass index and @entity1674 and low-density-lipoprotein- @entity165 in the @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 , respectively. In addition, @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure than @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 . 3. The eight @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 who were homozygous for the @entity28 -associated 6.6 kb allele of the ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism of @entity754 ('6.6. kb homozygotes') had a significantly higher body mass index [34 +/- 6.0 (SD) kg/m2] than the 18 heterozygotes (29 +/- 2.7 kg/m2) and the single subject who was homozygous for the 9.4 kb allele (29 kg/m2) (P = 0.012 by one-way analysis of variance). The body mass index of the eight @entity101 6.6 kb homozygotes was also greater than the body mass index of 29 +/- 2.4 kg/m2 observed for the eight @entity28 normotensive 6.6 kb homozygotes. In addition, the eight @entity28 @entity101 6.6 kb homozygotes had a higher plasma @entity1674 [4.2 +/- 0.77 (SEM) mmol/l] than the 18 @entity28 @entity101 heterozygotes (2.4 +/- 0.33 mmol/l; P = 0.045). Non- @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 showed no significant genotypic differences in relation to the @entity754 restriction fragment length polymorphism. 4. In the normotensive group, however, the frequency of the 6.6 kb allele of the @entity754 ApaLI restriction fragment length polymorphism in @entity28 subjects (0.54) was not significantly greater than in @entity28 subjects (0.48) [cf. the significantly (P = 0.004( different values of 0.63 and 0.39, respectively, in @entity28 and @entity28 @entity101 @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Significant relationships of plasma lipids and body mass index with polymorphisms at the linked @entity754 gene and @entity8277 gene loci (19p13.2) in essential @entity101 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: CASE: Emily is a 4 and half-year-old @entity1 whose foster mother is concerned about her odd eating behaviors. Emily has been with her foster mother for 1 year after exposure to domestic violence. Emily's habit of eating nonfood items led to her foster mother providing "100% supervision." Emily constantly picks up, smells, and tastes nonfood items, particularly rocks and things made of metal. She "explores everything with her tongue." Emily scoops dirt and gravel from sidewalk crevices into @entity3250 . Although toileting, she catches and licks urine in her hand and searches for stool to put in @entity3250 . With redirection, Emily stopped putting feces into @entity3250 , but after spending time with her biological family, this behavior recurred.Emily does not like to eat foods that are hard or require chewing. She does not choke or gag on solid foods or liquids. She likes foods that are sweet. She refuses to eat vegetables and foods with certain textures. Emily pulls food apart with her hands before putting it in @entity3250 .Emily has @entity245 , @entity306 , @entity1159 in her legs, and strabismus. A medical workup resulted in a diagnosis of trisomy 4p and monosomy 9p. Emily works with a physical therapist and occupational therapist; she attends preschool in a special day class. She is an alert, playful, and socially engaging @entity1 who walks with an abnormal gait, speaks in short sentences, and follows simple directions.

title: Pica in a Four-Year-Old @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['global developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity1159 :: ('MESH:D003286', 'Disease') :: ['contractures']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity245 :: (MESH:D002658,Disease) :: ['Global Developmental Delay']


abstract: CASE: Emily is a 4 and half-year-old @entity1 whose foster mother is concerned about her odd eating behaviors. Emily has been with her foster mother for 1 year after exposure to domestic violence. Emily's habit of eating nonfood items led to her foster mother providing "100% supervision." Emily constantly picks up, smells, and tastes nonfood items, particularly rocks and things made of metal. She "explores everything with her tongue." Emily scoops dirt and gravel from sidewalk crevices into @entity3250 . Although toileting, she catches and licks urine in her hand and searches for stool to put in @entity3250 . With redirection, Emily stopped putting feces into @entity3250 , but after spending time with her biological family, this behavior recurred.Emily does not like to eat foods that are hard or require chewing. She does not choke or gag on solid foods or liquids. She likes foods that are sweet. She refuses to eat vegetables and foods with certain textures. Emily pulls food apart with her hands before putting it in @entity3250 .Emily has @entity245 , @entity306 , @entity1159 in her legs, and strabismus. A medical workup resulted in a diagnosis of trisomy 4p and monosomy 9p. Emily works with a physical therapist and occupational therapist; she attends preschool in a special day class. She is an alert, playful, and socially engaging @entity1 who walks with an abnormal gait, speaks in short sentences, and follows simple directions.

title: Pica in a Four-Year-Old XXXX with @entity245 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Girl']


abstract: Phosphorescence spectroscopy and optical detection of triplet state magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy have been used to characterize bases that contribute to the phosphorescence emission of @entity526 valine-specific transfer ribonucleic acid. When it is excited with 335-nm light, a short-lived phosphorescence with an origin near 435 nm is observed and is assigned to @entity20101 ( @entity71196 ) at position 8 of the tRNA sequence. With excitation at 290-300 nm, a structured, long-lived phosphorescence is observed with an origin near 380 nm, in addition to the s4U phosphorescence. Comparison was made of the phosphorescence and ODMR spectra between @entity1025 -containing and @entity1025 -free tRNA samples. The s4U phosphorescence of the @entity1025 -containing sample is more structured, and the peak is blue shifted relative to the @entity1025 -free sample. Both samples give a single low-frequency (ca. 2.9 GHz) ODMR signal, but the high-frequency signal region (ca. 19-20 GHz) is structured. The @entity1025 -containing sample has a partially resolved group of lines centered at 19.3 GHz, whereas the @entity1025 -free sample has two broad bands centered at 19.2 and 20.0 gHz. The differences are attributed to effects of @entity1025 on the tRNA conformation. The ODMR signals observed by monitoring the long-lived phosphorescence are assigned to a @entity35343 , possibly @entity71197 in the anticodon.

title: Optically detected magnetic resonance of the phosphorescent bases of XXXX valine-specific transfer ribonucleic acid.

entities_list: @entity71197 :: ('CHEBI:27240', 'Chemical') :: ['5-(carboxy-methoxy)uridine']

entities_list: @entity35343 :: ('CHEBI:26440', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidine nucleoside']

entities_list: @entity20101 :: ('MESH:D013891', 'Chemical') :: ['4-thiouridine']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The extent of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) use for @entity1 with @entity1576 in Canadian hospitals, indications for use and associated outcomes are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To describe NIV practice variation in the acute setting. METHODS: A prospective observational study involving 11 Canadian tertiary care centres was performed. Data regarding NIV indication, mode and outcomes were collected for all adults (>16 years of age) treated with NIV for @entity1576 during a four-week period (between February and August 2011). Logistic regression with site as a random effect was used to examine the association between preselected predictors and mortality or intubation. RESULTS: A total of 330 @entity1 (mean [   SD] 30  12 per centre) were included. The most common indications for NIV initiation were @entity3126 (104 [31.5%]) and @entity1030 (99 [30.0%]). Significant differences in indications for NIV use across sites, specialty of ordering physician and location of NIV initiation were noted. Although intubation rates were not statistically different among sites (range 10.3% to 45.4%), mortality varied significantly (range 6.7% to 54.5%; P=0.006). In multivariate analysis, the most significant independent predictor of avoiding intubation was do-not-resuscitate status (OR 0.11 [95% CI 0.03 to 0.37]). CONCLUSION: Significant variability existed in NIV use and associated outcomes among Canadian tertiary care centres. Assignment of do-not-resuscitate status prevented intubation.

title: Noninvasive ventilation practice patterns for XXXX in Canadian tertiary care centres: A descriptive analysis.

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['acute respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['acute respiratory failure']


abstract: The clinical course of 15 @entity1 with overt @entity1375 manifested in childhood were studied. Nine female @entity1 with @entity1375 due to @entity10972 showed almost normal height and became euthyroid spontaneously during @entity1496 restriction. The other 6 nongoitrous @entity1 (3M and 3F) ( @entity1374 in 2, @entity71198 in 2 and probable hypoplastic thyroid in 2) showed physical @entity851 and remained irreversibly @entity1375 requiring replacement therapy. In the reversible group, the characteristic findings were high thyroidal radioactive @entity1496 uptake (58 +/- 19%/24 h, N = 8) and positive perchlorate discharge test. Serum nonhormonal @entity1496 levels were high in 4 of 6 @entity1 measured. During the long-term follow-up period of 6 years in 6 @entity1 , 2 @entity1 remained euthyroid with normal growth and regular menstrual cycle and 4 @entity1 became @entity1375 again (after eating seaweed in 1, despite @entity1496 restriction in 2 and after the episode of @entity1374 in 1). @entity1032 of growth was observed during the second episode of @entity1375 . In the irreversible group, one @entity1 with blocking type TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulin (TBII) became thyrotoxic 4 years later with the decrease in activity of blocking type TBII. These results suggested that reversible recovery of the thyroid function could be expected in @entity1 with @entity1375 due to @entity10972 after (1) @entity1496 restriction, (2) improvement of immunological perturbation, or (3) disappearance of blocking type TBII. However, careful follow-up is necessary, because @entity1375 would recur again with transient retardation of growth in @entity1 .

title: @entity1375 manifested in childhood with special reference to various types of reversible XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroid', 'hypothyroidism', 'goitrous hypothyroidism', 'juvenile hypothyroidism', 'primary hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['Transient retardation']

entities_list: @entity10972 :: ('MESH:C535842', 'Disease') :: ['chronic thyroiditis']

entities_list: @entity71198 :: ('MESH:D047268', 'Disease') :: ['lingual goiter']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['painless thyroiditis', 'atrophic thyroiditis']

answer: @entity1375 :: (MESH:D007037,Disease) :: ['hypothyroidism']


abstract: The clinical course of 15 @entity1 with overt @entity1375 manifested in childhood were studied. Nine female @entity1 with @entity1375 due to @entity10972 showed almost normal height and became euthyroid spontaneously during @entity1496 restriction. The other 6 nongoitrous @entity1 (3M and 3F) ( @entity1374 in 2, @entity71198 in 2 and probable hypoplastic thyroid in 2) showed physical @entity851 and remained irreversibly @entity1375 requiring replacement therapy. In the reversible group, the characteristic findings were high thyroidal radioactive @entity1496 uptake (58 +/- 19%/24 h, N = 8) and positive perchlorate discharge test. Serum nonhormonal @entity1496 levels were high in 4 of 6 @entity1 measured. During the long-term follow-up period of 6 years in 6 @entity1 , 2 @entity1 remained euthyroid with normal growth and regular menstrual cycle and 4 @entity1 became @entity1375 again (after eating seaweed in 1, despite @entity1496 restriction in 2 and after the episode of @entity1374 in 1). @entity1032 of growth was observed during the second episode of @entity1375 . In the irreversible group, one @entity1 with blocking type TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulin (TBII) became thyrotoxic 4 years later with the decrease in activity of blocking type TBII. These results suggested that reversible recovery of the thyroid function could be expected in @entity1 with @entity1375 due to @entity10972 after (1) @entity1496 restriction, (2) improvement of immunological perturbation, or (3) disappearance of blocking type TBII. However, careful follow-up is necessary, because @entity1375 would recur again with transient retardation of growth in @entity1 .

title: XXXX manifested in childhood with special reference to various types of reversible @entity1375 .

answer: @entity1375 :: (MESH:D007037,Disease) :: ['Primary hypothyroidism']


abstract: 1. The characteristics of adrenoceptors mediating relaxation to @entity2661 in @entity35 isolated jejunum were investigated. 2. @entity2661 and @entity3047 produced relaxation of the @entity4338 -contracted strips with an order of potency of @entity3044 (1.0) > @entity3047 (0.63) > @entity1063 (0.1) > @entity1425 (0.04). 3. In the presence of both @entity3159 (1 microM) and @entity1169 (1 microM) only small dextral shifts of the concentration-response curves to agonists were observed and an order of potency of @entity3047 (2.5) > @entity3044 (1.0) > @entity1063 (0.2) > @entity1425 (0.1) was obtained. 4. In the presence of @entity3159 (1 microM) and @entity1169 (1 microM), @entity30828 (0.1-10 microM) produced a concentration-dependent rightward shift of the concentration-response curve to @entity1425 with a Schild slope not significantly different from unity and a mean pA2 value of 7.01. 5. The resistance of relaxant responses to @entity1169 , the relatively high potency of @entity3047 compared to @entity2661 and the competitive antagonism of relaxant responses to @entity1425 by @entity30828 suggest that beta-adrenoceptors in @entity35 small intestine are mainly atypical in nature.

title: Adrenoceptors mediating relaxation to XXXX in @entity35 isolated jejunum.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity30828 :: ('MESH:C047975', 'Chemical') :: ['cyanopindolol']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprenaline']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines', 'Catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity2661 :: (MESH:D002395,Chemical) :: ['catecholamines']


abstract: 1. The characteristics of adrenoceptors mediating relaxation to @entity2661 in @entity35 isolated jejunum were investigated. 2. @entity2661 and @entity3047 produced relaxation of the @entity4338 -contracted strips with an order of potency of @entity3044 (1.0) > @entity3047 (0.63) > @entity1063 (0.1) > @entity1425 (0.04). 3. In the presence of both @entity3159 (1 microM) and @entity1169 (1 microM) only small dextral shifts of the concentration-response curves to agonists were observed and an order of potency of @entity3047 (2.5) > @entity3044 (1.0) > @entity1063 (0.2) > @entity1425 (0.1) was obtained. 4. In the presence of @entity3159 (1 microM) and @entity1169 (1 microM), @entity30828 (0.1-10 microM) produced a concentration-dependent rightward shift of the concentration-response curve to @entity1425 with a Schild slope not significantly different from unity and a mean pA2 value of 7.01. 5. The resistance of relaxant responses to @entity1169 , the relatively high potency of @entity3047 compared to @entity2661 and the competitive antagonism of relaxant responses to @entity1425 by @entity30828 suggest that beta-adrenoceptors in @entity35 small intestine are mainly atypical in nature.

title: Adrenoceptors mediating relaxation to @entity2661 in XXXX isolated jejunum.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: 1. Pharmacological experiments on vascular tissue are normally performed on isometric ring or strip preparations. The aim of this study was to compare the isometric characteristics with the characteristics obtained if vessels were examined under the more physiologically appropriate isobaric condition. 2. @entity35 mesenteric small arteries were mounted either on two steel wires for isometric force measurement (wire-myograph) or cannulated for measurement of the internal diameter under isobaric conditions (pressure-myograph). 3. The passive pressure-diameter characteristics of the small arteries were similar on the wire- and pressure-myograph (using the Laplace relation to convert wall tension-internal circumference data from the wire-myograph to effective pressure-diameter characteristics). 4. In cumulative concentration-response experiments with @entity1063 and @entity2647 , the threshold concentration was 8-10 times lower, and the EC50-concentration was 4-5 times lower, in the pressure myograph compared to the wire-myograph. Thus vessels were not only more sensitive on the pressure myograph, but the slopes of the concentration-response curves were less steep. Similar experiments with @entity1951 also showed this difference in the threshold-concentration and slope, but EC50 concentrations were similar. 5. Cumulative concentration-response experiments with K+ showed no difference either in EC50 or in slope on the wire- and pressure-myographs. 6. On the wire-myograph, some vessels were stretched longitudinally (to mimic the longitudinal stretch which had to be used in the pressure-myograph to avoid buckling). Such stretch did not affect the passive characteristics. 7. The differences between the EC50 determined on the wire- and pressure-myographs as regards @entity1063 and @entity2647 were eliminated when neuronal @entity1063 uptake was inhibited by denervation. However, the slope of the concentration-response curves on the wire-myograph was not affected by denervation.8. When vessels were exposed to @entity2072 (3 MicroM) the @entity1063 concentration-response curves were the same on the wire- and pressure-myographs as regards both EC50 and slope.9. On the wire-myograph, the @entity460 antagonist, @entity4473 , (D600) reduced the maximal contractile effect of @entity1063 by 50%, but on the pressure-myograph D600 did not affect the maximal response.10. The present results show that results obtained from vascular tissue under isometric conditions may differ substantially from the characteristics which would be obtained under isobaric conditions.

title: Differences in sensitivity of XXXX mesenteric small arteries to agonists when studied as ring preparations or as cannulated preparations.

entities_list: @entity4473 :: ('MESH:D005711', 'Chemical') :: ['methoxyverapamil']

entities_list: @entity1951 :: ('MESH:D014667', 'Chemical') :: ['vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We previously identified a @entity5 signature of @entity983 , @entity1594 , @entity1096 , and @entity4910 that, together with clinical features, was associated with lethal outcomes among @entity263 @entity1 . In the current study, we sought to validate the molecular model using time-dependent measures of AUC and predictive values for discriminating lethal from non-lethal @entity263 . METHODS: Using data from the initial study, we fit survival models for @entity1 with @entity263 who were @entity1 in the Physicians' Health Study (PHS; n   =   276). Based on these models, we generated prognostic risk scores in an independent population, the @entity283 ( @entity283 ; n   =   347) to evaluate external validity. In each cohort, @entity1 were followed prospectively from @entity5 diagnosis through 2011 for development of distant @entity3 or @entity5 mortality. We measured @entity5 expression of @entity983 , @entity1594 , @entity1096 , and @entity4910 on tissue microarrays. RESULTS: During a median of 11.9 and 14.3 years follow-up in the PHS and @entity283 cohorts, 24 and 32 @entity1 (9%) developed @entity66 . When used as a prognostic factor in a new population, addition of the four markers to clinical variables did not improve discriminatory accuracy through 15 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Although the four markers have been identified as key biological mediators in metastatic progression, they do not provide independent, long-term prognostic information beyond clinical factors when measured at diagnosis. This finding may underscore the broad heterogeneity in @entity263 and highlight the challenges that may result from overfitting in discovery-based research.

title: Evaluating a 4-marker signature of XXXX using time-dependent AUC.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive prostate tumors', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['lethal disease']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['HPFS', 'Health Professionals Follow-up Study']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'protein tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['aggressive prostate cancer']


abstract: We have purified a soluble @entity95 reticulocyte protein, previously termed the supernatant factor, that reverses the inhibition of protein synthesis in hemin-deficient lysate by promoting the inactivation of the hemin-controlled eIF-2 alpha kinase (HCR) mediating the effect of @entity942 . We have identified the supernatant factor as a member of the @entity1457 protein 70 family, denoted hsp 70(R), based upon its size (72 kDa), specific reaction to a monoclonal antibody against eukaryotic hsp 70, strong binding affinity for @entity855 , and endogenous ATPase activity. We have investigated the role of hsp 70(R) and hemin in the regulation of the activation of HCR from its latent precursor (ProHCR) and the translational control of protein synthesis in @entity95 reticulocyte lysate. We find that autophosphorylation of Pro-HCR is reduced by about 75% by adding saturating hsp 70(R) and almost completely reduced by adding either saturating hemin or limiting hemin plus limiting hsp 70(R). In contrast, autophosphorylation of HCR, which is similar in magnitude to that of ProHCR, is unaffected by adding either saturating hsp 70(R), saturating hemin, or limiting amounts of both. The activation of HCR (measured by inhibition of protein synthesis) from isolated ProHCR is completely prevented by hsp 70(R) in the presence, but not absence, of @entity3902 . This suppression appears to be due to the association of hsp 70(R) with ProHCR, since hsp 70(R) action is prevented by @entity855 /Mg2+ and because activation of HCR from less purified ProHCR, that has associated hsp 70(R), is suppressed by @entity3902 alone. This association is confirmed by @entity969 gradient centrifugation, which shows co-sedimentation of some hsp 70(R) with ProHCR following preincubation together that is prevented by @entity855 /Mg2+ and does not occur after conversion of ProHCR to HCR. Limiting hsp 70(R) reduces the concentration of hemin required to prevent activation of HCR from isolated ProHCR from 0.75 to 0.15 microM and the optimal hemin concentration needed to maintain protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysate from 25 to 10 microM. Limiting hsp 70(R) also allows the delayed addition of hemin to suppress activation of HCR from ProHCR and to reverse inhibition of protein synthesis in hemin deficient lysate. The association of hsp 70(R) with ProHCR also underlies the observation that much more protein is synthesized in reticulocyte lysate in the absence of hemin at 25 degrees C than at temperatures of 30 degrees C or greater. These observed effects may be specific to hsp 70(R), since they are not observed with @entity95 reticulocyte eIF-2 or eIF-2B, and since the comparable hsp 70 from @entity291 brain is incapable of maintaining or restoring protein synthesis in hemin-deficient lysate.

title: Control of protein synthesis by hemin. Purification of a XXXX reticulocyte hsp 70 and characterization of its regulation of the activation of the hemin-controlled eIF-2(alpha) kinase.

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity3902 :: ('MESH:D004229', 'Chemical') :: ['dithiothreitol']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['hemin deficiency']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9229 is a long-acting @entity935 -agonist drug that suppresses prolactin secretion and restores gonadal function in @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 . We designed a study to compare its safety and efficacy with those of @entity2847 , which has been the standard therapy. METHODS: A total of 459 @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 were treated with either @entity9229 (0.5 to 1.0 mg twice weekly) or @entity2847 (2.5 to 5.0 mg twice daily), administered in a double-blind fashion for 8 weeks and subsequently in an open fashion for 16 weeks, during which adjustments in the dose were made according to the response. Of the 459 @entity1 , 279 had @entity2013 , 3 had @entity2013 , 1 had a @entity976 , 167 had idiopathic @entity4089 , and the remainder had an @entity4776 . Clinical and biochemical status was assessed at 2-week intervals for 8 weeks and monthly thereafter for a total of 6 months, with an additional assessment at 14 weeks. RESULTS: Stable normoprolactinemia was achieved in 186 of the 223 @entity1 treated with @entity9229 (83 percent) and 138 of the 236 @entity1 treated with @entity2847 (59 percent, P < 0.001). Seventy-two percent of the @entity1 treated with @entity9229 and 52 percent of those treated with @entity2847 had ovulatory cycles or became pregnant during treatment (P < 0.001). @entity2588 persisted in 7 percent of the @entity9229 -treated @entity1 and 16 percent of the @entity2847 -treated @entity1 . Adverse effects were recorded in 68 percent of the @entity1 taking @entity9229 and 78 percent of those taking @entity2847 (P = 0.03); 3 percent discontinued taking @entity9229 , and 12 percent stopped taking @entity2847 (P < 0.001) because of drug intolerance. Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly less frequent, less severe, and shorter-lived in the @entity1 treated with @entity9229 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity9229 is more effective and better tolerated than @entity2847 in @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 .

title: A comparison of @entity9229 and XXXX in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 . @entity9229 Comparative Study Group.

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinemia']

entities_list: @entity2013 :: ('MESH:D015175', 'Disease') :: ['microprolactinomas', 'macroprolactinomas']

entities_list: @entity9229 :: ('MESH:C047047', 'Chemical') :: ['Cabergoline', 'cabergoline']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity4776 :: ('MESH:D004652', 'Disease') :: ['empty sella']

entities_list: @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['craniopharyngioma']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['Amenorrhea', 'amenorrhea']

answer: @entity2847 :: (MESH:D001971,Chemical) :: ['bromocriptine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9229 is a long-acting @entity935 -agonist drug that suppresses prolactin secretion and restores gonadal function in @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 . We designed a study to compare its safety and efficacy with those of @entity2847 , which has been the standard therapy. METHODS: A total of 459 @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 were treated with either @entity9229 (0.5 to 1.0 mg twice weekly) or @entity2847 (2.5 to 5.0 mg twice daily), administered in a double-blind fashion for 8 weeks and subsequently in an open fashion for 16 weeks, during which adjustments in the dose were made according to the response. Of the 459 @entity1 , 279 had @entity2013 , 3 had @entity2013 , 1 had a @entity976 , 167 had idiopathic @entity4089 , and the remainder had an @entity4776 . Clinical and biochemical status was assessed at 2-week intervals for 8 weeks and monthly thereafter for a total of 6 months, with an additional assessment at 14 weeks. RESULTS: Stable normoprolactinemia was achieved in 186 of the 223 @entity1 treated with @entity9229 (83 percent) and 138 of the 236 @entity1 treated with @entity2847 (59 percent, P < 0.001). Seventy-two percent of the @entity1 treated with @entity9229 and 52 percent of those treated with @entity2847 had ovulatory cycles or became pregnant during treatment (P < 0.001). @entity2588 persisted in 7 percent of the @entity9229 -treated @entity1 and 16 percent of the @entity2847 -treated @entity1 . Adverse effects were recorded in 68 percent of the @entity1 taking @entity9229 and 78 percent of those taking @entity2847 (P = 0.03); 3 percent discontinued taking @entity9229 , and 12 percent stopped taking @entity2847 (P < 0.001) because of drug intolerance. Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly less frequent, less severe, and shorter-lived in the @entity1 treated with @entity9229 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity9229 is more effective and better tolerated than @entity2847 in @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 .

title: A comparison of XXXX and @entity2847 in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 . @entity9229 Comparative Study Group.

answer: @entity9229 :: (MESH:C047047,Chemical) :: ['cabergoline']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9229 is a long-acting @entity935 -agonist drug that suppresses prolactin secretion and restores gonadal function in @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 . We designed a study to compare its safety and efficacy with those of @entity2847 , which has been the standard therapy. METHODS: A total of 459 @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 were treated with either @entity9229 (0.5 to 1.0 mg twice weekly) or @entity2847 (2.5 to 5.0 mg twice daily), administered in a double-blind fashion for 8 weeks and subsequently in an open fashion for 16 weeks, during which adjustments in the dose were made according to the response. Of the 459 @entity1 , 279 had @entity2013 , 3 had @entity2013 , 1 had a @entity976 , 167 had idiopathic @entity4089 , and the remainder had an @entity4776 . Clinical and biochemical status was assessed at 2-week intervals for 8 weeks and monthly thereafter for a total of 6 months, with an additional assessment at 14 weeks. RESULTS: Stable normoprolactinemia was achieved in 186 of the 223 @entity1 treated with @entity9229 (83 percent) and 138 of the 236 @entity1 treated with @entity2847 (59 percent, P < 0.001). Seventy-two percent of the @entity1 treated with @entity9229 and 52 percent of those treated with @entity2847 had ovulatory cycles or became pregnant during treatment (P < 0.001). @entity2588 persisted in 7 percent of the @entity9229 -treated @entity1 and 16 percent of the @entity2847 -treated @entity1 . Adverse effects were recorded in 68 percent of the @entity1 taking @entity9229 and 78 percent of those taking @entity2847 (P = 0.03); 3 percent discontinued taking @entity9229 , and 12 percent stopped taking @entity2847 (P < 0.001) because of drug intolerance. Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly less frequent, less severe, and shorter-lived in the @entity1 treated with @entity9229 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity9229 is more effective and better tolerated than @entity2847 in @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 .

title: A comparison of @entity9229 and @entity2847 in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 . XXXX Comparative Study Group.

answer: @entity9229 :: (MESH:C047047,Chemical) :: ['Cabergoline']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9229 is a long-acting @entity935 -agonist drug that suppresses prolactin secretion and restores gonadal function in @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 . We designed a study to compare its safety and efficacy with those of @entity2847 , which has been the standard therapy. METHODS: A total of 459 @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 were treated with either @entity9229 (0.5 to 1.0 mg twice weekly) or @entity2847 (2.5 to 5.0 mg twice daily), administered in a double-blind fashion for 8 weeks and subsequently in an open fashion for 16 weeks, during which adjustments in the dose were made according to the response. Of the 459 @entity1 , 279 had @entity2013 , 3 had @entity2013 , 1 had a @entity976 , 167 had idiopathic @entity4089 , and the remainder had an @entity4776 . Clinical and biochemical status was assessed at 2-week intervals for 8 weeks and monthly thereafter for a total of 6 months, with an additional assessment at 14 weeks. RESULTS: Stable normoprolactinemia was achieved in 186 of the 223 @entity1 treated with @entity9229 (83 percent) and 138 of the 236 @entity1 treated with @entity2847 (59 percent, P < 0.001). Seventy-two percent of the @entity1 treated with @entity9229 and 52 percent of those treated with @entity2847 had ovulatory cycles or became pregnant during treatment (P < 0.001). @entity2588 persisted in 7 percent of the @entity9229 -treated @entity1 and 16 percent of the @entity2847 -treated @entity1 . Adverse effects were recorded in 68 percent of the @entity1 taking @entity9229 and 78 percent of those taking @entity2847 (P = 0.03); 3 percent discontinued taking @entity9229 , and 12 percent stopped taking @entity2847 (P < 0.001) because of drug intolerance. Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly less frequent, less severe, and shorter-lived in the @entity1 treated with @entity9229 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity9229 is more effective and better tolerated than @entity2847 in @entity1 with hyperprolactinemic @entity2588 .

title: A comparison of @entity9229 and @entity2847 in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic XXXX . @entity9229 Comparative Study Group.

answer: @entity2588 :: (MESH:D000568,Disease) :: ['amenorrhea']


abstract: Mechanisms of the analgesic actions of alpha 2-adrenergic agonists are likely related to various modulating systems of nociceptive neurotransmission, especially those dependent on opiate receptors. Analgesic action of alpha 2-adrenergic agonists implies alpha 2-adrenergic receptors, strategically located on the dorsal horn neurones of the spinal cord to inhibit the release of @entity4757 in response to peripheral stimuli. However, these receptors are included in the control that supraspinal sites exert via the descending medullospinal noradrenergic pathway. Because of its high lipophilic structure, alpha 2-adrenergic agonist can easily penetrate into the central nervous system, reproducing the effects of activation of medullospinal noradrenergic pathway. Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists have been found to be efficient in @entity1 @entity158 treatment after systemic, spinal or troncular administration, but there were few randomized clinical studies comparing @entity1337 potency and adverse effects of either systemic or regional administrations. @entity1338 added to local anaesthetic agents increases the analgesic effects in a greater extent than systemic administration of similar dose, probably because this effect depends on the local @entity1338 concentration. Extradural administration of @entity1338 is also more efficient than systemic administration, at least when high doses are injected. This superiority is questionable when low-dose @entity1338 is used. Adverse effects are quite similar in both systemic and spinal routes. Invasiveness of extradural route may be considered in regard to the gain which may be expected in @entity1337 efficiency.

title: [Which way for the administration of alpha 2-adrenergic agents to obtain the best XXXX ?].

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['Clonidine', 'clonidine']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: The @entity71199 catalyzes the first three steps in de novo @entity7391 biosynthesis in @entity1 cells. @entity1160 -dependent @entity12116 synthetase (CPSase), @entity492 transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase activities are carried by a 243-kDa polypeptide chain that is organized into discrete functional domains connected by interdomain linkers. One of the connecting chain segments, the DA linker bridging the dihydroorotase and @entity492 transcarbamylase domains, is unusually long (109 residues) and conserved in length in all eukaryotic species. A plasmid (pCK-CAD10) that encodes the entire 243-kDa polypeptide was constructed and expressed in @entity526 . The recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The purified protein had kinetic parameters that were close to those obtained for native CAD. Moreover, the CPSase activity was allosterically regulated. Gel filtration showed that the recombinant protein had the same molecular mass as native CAD. Thus, this complex @entity1 protein is expressed and folds correctly in bacterial cells and, despite its extreme protease sensitivity, can be isolated intact. A deletion mutant that lacked the DA linker was then constructed. The kinetic parameters of the mutant protein were, for the most part, unaltered, showing that the DA linker is not essential for the proper folding or optimal functioning of the individual domains. However, a significant decrease in the thermal stability of the CPSase domain suggested that the linker helps to stabilize the complex. Moreover, the channeling of @entity12116 , determined by measuring the extent to which the exogenously added intermediate could dilute the endogenous @entity12116 pool, was appreciably reduced when the DA linker was removed. Thus, although the domains function autonomously, some of the linkers are important for interdomain interactions in CAD.

title: Cloning and expression of the @entity1 @entity71199 in XXXX . Characterization of the recombinant protein and a deletion mutant lacking the major interdomain linker.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity71199 :: ('790', 'Gene') :: ['multifunctional protein CAD']

entities_list: @entity12116 :: ('MESH:D002221', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamyl phosphate', 'carbamyl-phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutamine']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity7391 :: ('MESH:C030986', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidine']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: The @entity71199 catalyzes the first three steps in de novo @entity7391 biosynthesis in @entity1 cells. @entity1160 -dependent @entity12116 synthetase (CPSase), @entity492 transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase activities are carried by a 243-kDa polypeptide chain that is organized into discrete functional domains connected by interdomain linkers. One of the connecting chain segments, the DA linker bridging the dihydroorotase and @entity492 transcarbamylase domains, is unusually long (109 residues) and conserved in length in all eukaryotic species. A plasmid (pCK-CAD10) that encodes the entire 243-kDa polypeptide was constructed and expressed in @entity526 . The recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The purified protein had kinetic parameters that were close to those obtained for native CAD. Moreover, the CPSase activity was allosterically regulated. Gel filtration showed that the recombinant protein had the same molecular mass as native CAD. Thus, this complex @entity1 protein is expressed and folds correctly in bacterial cells and, despite its extreme protease sensitivity, can be isolated intact. A deletion mutant that lacked the DA linker was then constructed. The kinetic parameters of the mutant protein were, for the most part, unaltered, showing that the DA linker is not essential for the proper folding or optimal functioning of the individual domains. However, a significant decrease in the thermal stability of the CPSase domain suggested that the linker helps to stabilize the complex. Moreover, the channeling of @entity12116 , determined by measuring the extent to which the exogenously added intermediate could dilute the endogenous @entity12116 pool, was appreciably reduced when the DA linker was removed. Thus, although the domains function autonomously, some of the linkers are important for interdomain interactions in CAD.

title: Cloning and expression of the @entity1 XXXX in @entity526 . Characterization of the recombinant protein and a deletion mutant lacking the major interdomain linker.

answer: @entity71199 :: (790,Gene) :: ['multifunctional protein CAD']


abstract: The @entity71199 catalyzes the first three steps in de novo @entity7391 biosynthesis in @entity1 cells. @entity1160 -dependent @entity12116 synthetase (CPSase), @entity492 transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase activities are carried by a 243-kDa polypeptide chain that is organized into discrete functional domains connected by interdomain linkers. One of the connecting chain segments, the DA linker bridging the dihydroorotase and @entity492 transcarbamylase domains, is unusually long (109 residues) and conserved in length in all eukaryotic species. A plasmid (pCK-CAD10) that encodes the entire 243-kDa polypeptide was constructed and expressed in @entity526 . The recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The purified protein had kinetic parameters that were close to those obtained for native CAD. Moreover, the CPSase activity was allosterically regulated. Gel filtration showed that the recombinant protein had the same molecular mass as native CAD. Thus, this complex @entity1 protein is expressed and folds correctly in bacterial cells and, despite its extreme protease sensitivity, can be isolated intact. A deletion mutant that lacked the DA linker was then constructed. The kinetic parameters of the mutant protein were, for the most part, unaltered, showing that the DA linker is not essential for the proper folding or optimal functioning of the individual domains. However, a significant decrease in the thermal stability of the CPSase domain suggested that the linker helps to stabilize the complex. Moreover, the channeling of @entity12116 , determined by measuring the extent to which the exogenously added intermediate could dilute the endogenous @entity12116 pool, was appreciably reduced when the DA linker was removed. Thus, although the domains function autonomously, some of the linkers are important for interdomain interactions in CAD.

title: Cloning and expression of the XXXX @entity71199 in @entity526 . Characterization of the recombinant protein and a deletion mutant lacking the major interdomain linker.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Data on the analgesic properties of alpha 2 agonists and their interactions with opioids are conflicting. Experiments were conducted in @entity35 to evaluate whether various available alpha 2 agonists can potentiate the analgesic properties of opioids and to determine the route of administration needed for optimal interaction. METHODS: The tail-withdrawal reaction test was used as an @entity1337 assay. In separate experiments, the interactions between systemic (subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal) and spinally (epidural and intrathecal) administered alpha 2 agonists and opioids were evaluated. The antagonism of @entity8998 plus @entity3575 with @entity1510 and/or @entity9006 also was studied. RESULTS: All alpha 2 agonists tested, when injected subcutaneously with @entity3575 , potentiated the opioid-induced @entity1337 . In terms of a reduction of the amount of @entity3575 needed to produce a deep surgical @entity1337 (tail-withdrawal reaction latency > or = 10 s) over more than 2 h, the relative order of potency of the alpha 2 agonists tested was: @entity8998 > @entity6948 > @entity4763 > @entity1338 > @entity4931 . For some of these alpha 2 agonists there was a biphasic effect: at the larger doses tested, a reduction in the @entity3575 potentiation was present. The potentiation of the opioid activity with alpha 2 agonists was also demonstrated in terms of a longer duration of @entity1337 after combined treatment with fixed doses of opioids. The interaction between the alpha 2 agonists and the opioids remained present when a more profound criterion of @entity1337 (tail-withdrawal reaction latency > or = 30 s) was used. Furthermore, the interactions between the alpha 2 agonists tested and @entity3575 or @entity681 appeared to be independent of the route of administration. Potentiations were observed after simultaneous subcutaneous injections of both groups of compounds, after the combination of intraperitoneal (alpha 2 agonist) plus subcutaneous (opioid), intravenous (alpha 2 agonist) plus epidural (opioid) and simultaneous epidural or intrathecal administrations. With regard to antagonism of the analgesic activity of combined treatment with alpha 2 agonists plus opioids, @entity1510 provided total antagonism, whereas the alpha 2 antagonist @entity9006 overcame only the alpha 2 agonist-induced potentiation of @entity3575 . CONCLUSIONS: The tested alpha 2 agonists can potentiate the analgesic properties of opioids, but they have no intrinsic antinociceptive effects on spinal reflexes on their own. The potentiating activities of the alpha 2 agonists could be measured both in terms of a reduction of the amount of opioid needed to reach a particular level of @entity1337 and in terms of a longer duration of @entity1337 with a fixed dose of the opioid. The potentiations were observed with various alpha 2 agonists and opioids and appeared independent of the routes of administration.

title: Potentiation of the analgesic properties of XXXX -like opioids with alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity681 :: ('MESH:D017409', 'Chemical') :: ['sufentanil']

entities_list: @entity4931 :: ('MESH:C041255', 'Chemical') :: ['detomidine']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity9006 :: ('MESH:D019329', 'Chemical') :: ['idazoxan']

entities_list: @entity4763 :: ('MESH:D014991', 'Chemical') :: ['xylazine']

entities_list: @entity6948 :: ('MESH:D020927', 'Chemical') :: ['dexmedetomidine']

entities_list: @entity8998 :: ('MESH:D020926', 'Chemical') :: ['medetomidine']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity3575 :: (MESH:D005283,Chemical) :: ['fentanyl']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Data on the analgesic properties of alpha 2 agonists and their interactions with opioids are conflicting. Experiments were conducted in @entity35 to evaluate whether various available alpha 2 agonists can potentiate the analgesic properties of opioids and to determine the route of administration needed for optimal interaction. METHODS: The tail-withdrawal reaction test was used as an @entity1337 assay. In separate experiments, the interactions between systemic (subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal) and spinally (epidural and intrathecal) administered alpha 2 agonists and opioids were evaluated. The antagonism of @entity8998 plus @entity3575 with @entity1510 and/or @entity9006 also was studied. RESULTS: All alpha 2 agonists tested, when injected subcutaneously with @entity3575 , potentiated the opioid-induced @entity1337 . In terms of a reduction of the amount of @entity3575 needed to produce a deep surgical @entity1337 (tail-withdrawal reaction latency > or = 10 s) over more than 2 h, the relative order of potency of the alpha 2 agonists tested was: @entity8998 > @entity6948 > @entity4763 > @entity1338 > @entity4931 . For some of these alpha 2 agonists there was a biphasic effect: at the larger doses tested, a reduction in the @entity3575 potentiation was present. The potentiation of the opioid activity with alpha 2 agonists was also demonstrated in terms of a longer duration of @entity1337 after combined treatment with fixed doses of opioids. The interaction between the alpha 2 agonists and the opioids remained present when a more profound criterion of @entity1337 (tail-withdrawal reaction latency > or = 30 s) was used. Furthermore, the interactions between the alpha 2 agonists tested and @entity3575 or @entity681 appeared to be independent of the route of administration. Potentiations were observed after simultaneous subcutaneous injections of both groups of compounds, after the combination of intraperitoneal (alpha 2 agonist) plus subcutaneous (opioid), intravenous (alpha 2 agonist) plus epidural (opioid) and simultaneous epidural or intrathecal administrations. With regard to antagonism of the analgesic activity of combined treatment with alpha 2 agonists plus opioids, @entity1510 provided total antagonism, whereas the alpha 2 antagonist @entity9006 overcame only the alpha 2 agonist-induced potentiation of @entity3575 . CONCLUSIONS: The tested alpha 2 agonists can potentiate the analgesic properties of opioids, but they have no intrinsic antinociceptive effects on spinal reflexes on their own. The potentiating activities of the alpha 2 agonists could be measured both in terms of a reduction of the amount of opioid needed to reach a particular level of @entity1337 and in terms of a longer duration of @entity1337 with a fixed dose of the opioid. The potentiations were observed with various alpha 2 agonists and opioids and appeared independent of the routes of administration.

title: Potentiation of the analgesic properties of @entity3575 -like opioids with alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The possibility of @entity74 caused by @entity9479 has been supported by anatomo-clinical findings, stereotaxic surgery and more recently by radiological investigations with new techniques, i.e. ct and brain scan. A case of thalamic @entity2026 investigated with these techniques and the Luria's neuropsychological test is reported in this paper. The case concerns a 50 years old @entity1 who developed a @entity2459 with marked @entity5785 . C.T. and radioisotope brain scan revealed a left capsular @entity548 with involvement of thalamic structures. Later, when this @entity1 's @entity2026 decreased, Luria's test showed reduction of spontaneous speech, @entity5547 , @entity74 , distractibility without @entity73 and repitition. These findings are similar to those reported by some AA. in @entity9479 and similar to aphasic syndromes caused by @entity75 . Another important observation was the presence of widespread cortical functional disorder involving the left fronto-temporo-parietal region without evidence of cortical anatomical alteration. The above data and those reported in the literature suggest a very close relationship between thalamic structures, other central nuclei and cortical areas particularly in the control of speech.

title: [On a case of XXXX with @entity9479 (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cortical lesions']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of comprehension']

entities_list: @entity5785 :: ('MESH:D001039', 'Disease') :: ['motor aphasia']

entities_list: @entity9479 :: ('MESH:D013786', 'Disease') :: ['left thalamic lesions', 'thalamic lesions']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['paraphasic and disarthric disorder', 'aphasic disorder']

entities_list: @entity2459 :: ('MESH:D003639', 'Disease') :: ['sudden right hemiplegia']

answer: @entity2026 :: (MESH:D001037,Disease) :: ['aphasia']


abstract: The possibility of @entity74 caused by @entity9479 has been supported by anatomo-clinical findings, stereotaxic surgery and more recently by radiological investigations with new techniques, i.e. ct and brain scan. A case of thalamic @entity2026 investigated with these techniques and the Luria's neuropsychological test is reported in this paper. The case concerns a 50 years old @entity1 who developed a @entity2459 with marked @entity5785 . C.T. and radioisotope brain scan revealed a left capsular @entity548 with involvement of thalamic structures. Later, when this @entity1 's @entity2026 decreased, Luria's test showed reduction of spontaneous speech, @entity5547 , @entity74 , distractibility without @entity73 and repitition. These findings are similar to those reported by some AA. in @entity9479 and similar to aphasic syndromes caused by @entity75 . Another important observation was the presence of widespread cortical functional disorder involving the left fronto-temporo-parietal region without evidence of cortical anatomical alteration. The above data and those reported in the literature suggest a very close relationship between thalamic structures, other central nuclei and cortical areas particularly in the control of speech.

title: [On a case of @entity2026 with XXXX (author's transl)].

answer: @entity9479 :: (MESH:D013786,Disease) :: ['thalamic lesion']


abstract: 65 consecutive @entity8 stenosis reconstructions for the treatment of severe @entity2792 are reported. 63% of the cases were males, 37% females. The disease was caused by @entity4288 in 66% of cases and in 23% by @entity4267 or other pathological changes of the @entity8 ; the mean age was 47 in the former. and 31 years in the latter group. An aortorenal saphenous vein bypass was performed in 35% cases, a dacron graft was used in 29% and thrombendarteriectomy was carried out in 23% cases. Positive results were achieved in 68.8% of the @entity1 . 63% of the females became normotensive. Operative mortality due to faulty technique was 4.9% initially. The operative mortality has been zero since 1973. nor have there been any therapeutic failures on a technical basis. No significant correlation was established between age of the @entity1 and result of operation.

title: [Problems arising in connection with surgical management of XXXX (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal artery']

entities_list: @entity2792 :: ('MESH:D006978', 'Disease') :: ['renovascular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity4267 :: ('MESH:D005352', 'Disease') :: ['fibromuscular dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity4288 :: ('MESH:D001161', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerosis']

answer: @entity2792 :: (MESH:D006978,Disease) :: ['renovascular hypertension']


abstract: The activation and subsequent differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into functionally distinct effector cells is a vital step in the generation of an effective immune response to protein antigens. To analyse the development of effector T cells following the activation of resting, naive CD4+ T cells, we have utilized a transgenic @entity19 model in which the majority of T cells express a common T-cell receptor V beta molecule. The resting T cells were purified and stimulated in vitro with staphylococcal enterotoxin B, in the presence of accessory cells expressing class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. We found that the cells which developed from these primary cultures were capable of producing varying levels of @entity2047 ( @entity2047 ), @entity58 and @entity60 ( @entity60 ) following restimulation with anti-V beta 8 antibody, irrespective of whether B cells or macrophages/dendritic cells were the accessory cells in the primary cultures. The addition of @entity58 during primary stimulation enhanced the differentiation of @entity58 -producing cells and suppressed the expansion of @entity60 -producing cells, especially when B cells were the @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). Neutralization of endogenously produced @entity5003 , even in the presence of exogenous @entity58 , did not inhibit the differentiation of @entity58 -producing T cells. Strikingly, @entity1618 completely suppressed the development of effector T cells when adherent macrophages/dendritic cells were utilized as accessory cells in the primary cultures, but had minimal effect in the presence of B cells. @entity60 suppressed the generation of @entity58 -producing cells, presumably by inhibiting their expansion following primary activation. Finally, in vitro-generated @entity58 -producing T cells were the most potent helpers for B lymphocytes. Thus, exogenous cytokines alter the patterns of T-cell differentiation in vitro, and the effects of cytokines vary depending on the types of accessory cells present during initial T-cell activation.

title: Differentiation of V beta 8.2+ CD4+ T cells induced by a superantigen: roles of XXXX and cytokines.

entities_list: @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma', 'IFN-gamma']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['APC', 'antigen-presenting cells']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['antigen-presenting cells']


abstract: BACKGROUND: "Inappropriate" @entity7129 (IST) is an uncommon and poorly defined @entity591 characterized by inappropriate @entity591 and exaggerated acceleration of heart rate with "normal" P wave. The mechanism of this @entity591 is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of autonomic balance in the genesis of IST. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six female @entity1 aged 23 to 38 years with IST and 10 age- and sex-matched control subjects were assessed with the following autonomic function tests: (1) sympathovagal balance to the sinus node assessed by calculating the LF/HF (low frequency/high frequency) ratio using power spectral analysis both in the supine position and after 10 minutes of head-up tilt to 60 degrees, (2) cardiovagal reflex assessed by cold face test (CFT), (3) beta-adrenergic sensitivity as determined by calculating @entity3044 dose-response curves and @entity3044 chronotropic dose 25 (CD25), and (4) intrinsic heart rate (IHR) assessed after autonomic blockade with @entity3897 0.04 mg/kg and @entity1169 0.2 mg/kg administered as an intravenous bolus. No significant differences in the LF/HF ratio both in the supine position (2.8 +/- 0.3 versus 2.6 +/- 0.4) and during upright tilt (8.7 +/- 1.3 versus 8.5 +/- 0.5) were observed between control subjects and IST @entity1 . Cardiovagal response to CFT was markedly @entity308 in all @entity1 (6.3% IST @entity1 versus 24.2% control subjects, P < .001). beta-Adrenergic @entity56 to @entity3044 was noted in all @entity1 (mean CD25, 0.29 +/- 0.10 microgram IST @entity1 versus 1.27 +/- 0.4 microgram control subjects; P < .001), and high IHR was noted in all cases. The @entity1 were treated with high doses of beta-blockers with adequate short-term control. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of the sinus node area was performed in one drug-refractory @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the mechanism leading to IST is related to a primary @entity1817 characterized by a high IHR, @entity308 efferent cardiovagal reflex, and beta-adrenergic @entity56 .

title: XXXX . Role of sympathovagal balance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia', 'atrial tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1817 :: ('MESH:D012804', 'Disease') :: ['sinus node abnormality']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity7129 :: ('MESH:D013616', 'Disease') :: ['sinus tachycardia']

answer: @entity7129 :: (MESH:D013616,Disease) :: ['Mechanism of 'inappropriate' sinus tachycardia']


abstract: Angiogenesis is a process fundamental to the growth of many solid @entity5 . Agents that inhibit angiogenesis may have a role in preventing @entity5 growth. @entity10822 , a synthetic analogue of @entity19525 , has been shown to inhibit @entity5 growth in several extracranial @entity5 models. Its use has been reported to have minimal side effects. No studies have been reported using @entity10822 in the treatment of an @entity5 . To determine the effect of @entity10822 on an @entity5 , we used an improved implantation technique to place 80,000 9L @entity5 cells into the right caudate nucleus of 25 male Fischer 344 @entity35 . Starting on the first post-implantation day, 12 animals received 30 mg kg-1 @entity10822 via intraperitoneal injection every other day until @entity204 . Thirteen control animals received vehicle only. Evidence of @entity5 was apparent in 22/23 animals (96%). All animals treated with @entity10822 experienced a progressive and significant @entity353 when compared to controls. At day 17, treated animals retained 80.0 +/- 2.2% of their initial weight, (mean +/- SD) compared to 100.9 +/- 3.6% for controls (p = 2.25 x 10(-12); student's t-test). @entity10822 had no effect on survival. Median survival in the treatment group was 24.5 days compared to 25 days in the controls (p = 0.95; Mann-Whitney). @entity10822 , although promising in @entity5 models, may not be as effective in controlling the growth of @entity5 , and its use is not without significant systemic effects. More studies are needed before this drug is used in @entity1 @entity1313 trials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The effect of XXXX in an improved intracranial 9L gliosarcoma @entity35 model.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumour']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial tumour', 'intracranial glial tumour', 'solid tumour', 'extracranial tumour', 'tumours', 'intracranial tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity19525 :: ('MESH:C026211', 'Chemical') :: ['fumagillin']

answer: @entity10822 :: (MESH:C066515,Chemical) :: ['AGM-1470']


abstract: Angiogenesis is a process fundamental to the growth of many solid @entity5 . Agents that inhibit angiogenesis may have a role in preventing @entity5 growth. @entity10822 , a synthetic analogue of @entity19525 , has been shown to inhibit @entity5 growth in several extracranial @entity5 models. Its use has been reported to have minimal side effects. No studies have been reported using @entity10822 in the treatment of an @entity5 . To determine the effect of @entity10822 on an @entity5 , we used an improved implantation technique to place 80,000 9L @entity5 cells into the right caudate nucleus of 25 male Fischer 344 @entity35 . Starting on the first post-implantation day, 12 animals received 30 mg kg-1 @entity10822 via intraperitoneal injection every other day until @entity204 . Thirteen control animals received vehicle only. Evidence of @entity5 was apparent in 22/23 animals (96%). All animals treated with @entity10822 experienced a progressive and significant @entity353 when compared to controls. At day 17, treated animals retained 80.0 +/- 2.2% of their initial weight, (mean +/- SD) compared to 100.9 +/- 3.6% for controls (p = 2.25 x 10(-12); student's t-test). @entity10822 had no effect on survival. Median survival in the treatment group was 24.5 days compared to 25 days in the controls (p = 0.95; Mann-Whitney). @entity10822 , although promising in @entity5 models, may not be as effective in controlling the growth of @entity5 , and its use is not without significant systemic effects. More studies are needed before this drug is used in @entity1 @entity1313 trials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The effect of @entity10822 in an improved intracranial 9L gliosarcoma XXXX model.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Based on the experience in a psychosomatic clinic, @entity734 among @entity1118 @entity1 are reported. The following three theses have evolved: 1. By far most important of all is the problem of tranquilizer abuse, which entails serious, and sometimes dramatic, @entity3347 . An indication for continuous tranquilizer medication does not exist. 2. Compound preparations are problematical, in particular if they contain codeine. We frequently see abuse and even dependence. 3. Opium derivatives continue to be rarely prescribed in non- @entity5 @entity1118 . Several instances of incorrect @entity158 management have been found, such as prescription to substance abusers, on insufficient indication, or prescription on request instead of time-schedule therapy.

title: [Problems of XXXX medication and dependence].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3347 :: ('MESH:D013375', 'Disease') :: ['withdrawal syndromes']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug dependency problems']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: @entity565 is generally managed with bronchodilator therapy and/or anti-inflammatory drugs. Guidelines now advocate selection of drugs and pharmaceutical formulations (long-acting vs short-acting, inhaled vs systemic) on the basis of disease severity. Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic margin. Clearance is highly variable and plasma concentrations should be monitored to avoid the occurrence of plasma concentration-related adverse effects. The rate of absorption of @entity2544 differs depending on the sustained release formulation administered. Some products do not provide sufficient plasma drug concentrations for therapeutic efficacy over a 12-hour period, particularly in @entity1 with high clearance rates (e.g. @entity1 and @entity1 who smoke). Administration of drugs via inhalation offers several advantages over systemic routes of administration (e.g. adverse effects are decreased). Inhalation is now advocated as first-line therapy. Aerosol medications available for the treatment of @entity565 are @entity2263 -agonist (including the newer long-acting agents such as @entity10453 ), corticosteroids, anticholinergic drugs, @entity9992 (cromolyn @entity1372 ) and nedocromil. To reach the airways, aerosolised particles should be 1 to 5 microns in diameter. Particles of this size can be produced by nebuliser for continuous administration or by metered-dose inhaler and drug powder inhaler for unit dose medication. For efficient use of the metered-dose inhaler, slow inhalation and actuation must be coordinated. However, efficacy and convenience can be improved when spacer devices are used. Furthermore, spacer devices lessen the oropharyngeal adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids. Dry powder inhalers are more easily used by @entity1 and elderly @entity1 than metered-dose inhalers. Regardless of the device used, a maximum of 10% of the inhaled dose reaches the airways. The rest of the dose is swallowed and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most inhaled drugs have low oral bioavailability, either because of a high first-pass metabolism ( @entity2263 -agonists and glucocorticoids) or because of lack of absorption ( @entity9992 ). Sulphation of @entity2263 -agonists occurs in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and extensive metabolism of inhaled corticosteroids occurs in the liver. Low bioavailability of the swallowed fraction contributes to reduced adverse effects. The pharmacokinetic properties of an inhaled drug are of interest. The fraction of the dose absorbed through the lung has the same disposition characteristics as an intravenous dose, and the swallowed fraction has the same disposition as an orally administered dose. However, for many drugs, pharmacokinetic data after inhalation are limited and cannot be used as a criteria for selection of therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Pharmacokinetic optimisation of XXXX treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity9992 :: ('MESH:D004205', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium cromoglycate']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'Asthma']

entities_list: @entity10453 :: ('MESH:C057823', 'Chemical') :: ['salmeterol']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an Orthobunyavirus that induces abortion, @entity2209 and @entity600 in ruminants. @entity778 induces a long lasting seroconversion under natural conditions. The persistence of the protective immunity and the isotype specific antibody response upon @entity778 of @entity742 has however not been studied in detail. Five @entity742 were kept in BSL3 facilities for more than 16  months and subjected to repeated @entity778 . Blood was regularly sampled and organs were collected at euthanasia. The presence of SBV RNA in serum and organs was measured with quantitative real-time PCR. The appearance and persistence of neutralizing and SBV nucleoprotein (N) isotype specific antibodies was determined with virus neutralization tests (VNT) and ELISAs. The primo @entity778 protected ewes against clinical signs, viraemia and virus replication in organs upon challenge infections more than 15  months later. Production of neutralizing SBV specific antibodies was first detected around 6  days post primo-inoculation with VNT and correlated with the appearance of SBV-N specific IgM antibodies. These IgM antibodies remained present for 2  weeks. SBV-N specific IgG antibodies were first detected between 10 and 21 dpi and reached a plateau at 28 dpi. This plateau remained consistently high and no significant decrease in titre was found over a period of more than 1  year. Similar results were found for the neutralising antibody response. In conclusion, the SBV specific IgM response probably eliminates SBV from the blood and the protective immunity induced by @entity778 protects @entity742 against reinfection for at least 16  months.

title: Persistence of the protective immunity and kinetics of the isotype specific antibody response against the viral nucleocapsid protein after experimental Schmallenberg virus infection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2209 :: ('MESH:D050497', 'Disease') :: ['stillbirths']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['SBV infections', 'SBV infection']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformations']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']