abstract: AIM: Impaired fibrinolysis is frequently observed in @entity1 with the @entity209 . Aim of the study was to examine the short-term effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade on the fibrinolytic system. METHODS: Seventy-four @entity1 with mild @entity101 were randomly assigned to a 7-day treatment period with either 16 mg @entity22666 or placebo. Several variables of the fibrinolytic system such as @entity2289 ( @entity2289 ) antigen and activity, @entity3479 ) antigen and activity as well as circulating @entity3479 / @entity2289 complexes were determined. RESULTS: At baseline, the body mass index but not blood pressure was positively associated with @entity2289 antigen (r=0.314, p<0.01) and @entity2289 activity (r=0.425, p<0.01) but negatively with @entity3479 activity (r=-0.187, p < 0.05). A 7-day treatment with 16 mg @entity22666 resulted in a significant greater reduction of diastolic blood pressure (-10.3 +/- 10.8 mmHg vs.-5.8 +/- 8.5 mmHg, p=0.03). However, there was no significant effect of @entity1564 on all parameters of the fibrinolytic system under investigation, i.e. circulating @entity2289 antigen, @entity2289 activity, @entity3479 antigen, @entity3479 activity and @entity3479 / @entity2289 complexes. Furthermore, @entity1564 did not affect the characteristic circadian pattern of the variables of the fibrinolytic system. CONCLUSION: We conclude that short-term blockade of the angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 with @entity1564 does not have an impact on fibrinolysis in @entity1 with mild @entity101 .

title: Effect of the angiotensin II receptor blocker @entity1564 on fibrinolysis in @entity1 with mild XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2289 :: ('5054', 'Gene') :: ['plasminogen activator inhibitor-1', 'PAI-1']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1564 :: ('MESH:C081643', 'Chemical') :: ['candesartan']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity22666 :: ('MESH:C077793', 'Chemical') :: ['candesartan cilexetil']

entities_list: @entity3479 :: ('5327', 'Gene') :: ['tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA', 't-PA']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: AIM: Impaired fibrinolysis is frequently observed in @entity1 with the @entity209 . Aim of the study was to examine the short-term effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade on the fibrinolytic system. METHODS: Seventy-four @entity1 with mild @entity101 were randomly assigned to a 7-day treatment period with either 16 mg @entity22666 or placebo. Several variables of the fibrinolytic system such as @entity2289 ( @entity2289 ) antigen and activity, @entity3479 ) antigen and activity as well as circulating @entity3479 / @entity2289 complexes were determined. RESULTS: At baseline, the body mass index but not blood pressure was positively associated with @entity2289 antigen (r=0.314, p<0.01) and @entity2289 activity (r=0.425, p<0.01) but negatively with @entity3479 activity (r=-0.187, p < 0.05). A 7-day treatment with 16 mg @entity22666 resulted in a significant greater reduction of diastolic blood pressure (-10.3 +/- 10.8 mmHg vs.-5.8 +/- 8.5 mmHg, p=0.03). However, there was no significant effect of @entity1564 on all parameters of the fibrinolytic system under investigation, i.e. circulating @entity2289 antigen, @entity2289 activity, @entity3479 antigen, @entity3479 activity and @entity3479 / @entity2289 complexes. Furthermore, @entity1564 did not affect the characteristic circadian pattern of the variables of the fibrinolytic system. CONCLUSION: We conclude that short-term blockade of the angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 with @entity1564 does not have an impact on fibrinolysis in @entity1 with mild @entity101 .

title: Effect of the angiotensin II receptor blocker XXXX on fibrinolysis in @entity1 with mild @entity101 .

answer: @entity1564 :: (MESH:C081643,Chemical) :: ['candesartan']


abstract: AIM: Impaired fibrinolysis is frequently observed in @entity1 with the @entity209 . Aim of the study was to examine the short-term effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade on the fibrinolytic system. METHODS: Seventy-four @entity1 with mild @entity101 were randomly assigned to a 7-day treatment period with either 16 mg @entity22666 or placebo. Several variables of the fibrinolytic system such as @entity2289 ( @entity2289 ) antigen and activity, @entity3479 ) antigen and activity as well as circulating @entity3479 / @entity2289 complexes were determined. RESULTS: At baseline, the body mass index but not blood pressure was positively associated with @entity2289 antigen (r=0.314, p<0.01) and @entity2289 activity (r=0.425, p<0.01) but negatively with @entity3479 activity (r=-0.187, p < 0.05). A 7-day treatment with 16 mg @entity22666 resulted in a significant greater reduction of diastolic blood pressure (-10.3 +/- 10.8 mmHg vs.-5.8 +/- 8.5 mmHg, p=0.03). However, there was no significant effect of @entity1564 on all parameters of the fibrinolytic system under investigation, i.e. circulating @entity2289 antigen, @entity2289 activity, @entity3479 antigen, @entity3479 activity and @entity3479 / @entity2289 complexes. Furthermore, @entity1564 did not affect the characteristic circadian pattern of the variables of the fibrinolytic system. CONCLUSION: We conclude that short-term blockade of the angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 with @entity1564 does not have an impact on fibrinolysis in @entity1 with mild @entity101 .

title: Effect of the angiotensin II receptor blocker @entity1564 on fibrinolysis in XXXX with mild @entity101 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The treatment of @entity3217 fungoides and S  zary syndrome is unique. The treatments of choice are highly stage-and practitioner-dependent. For early stage @entity1 , treatment with palliative topical therapies is often adequate to yield excellent, high-quality and durable responses. For the more advanced stages, systemic approaches are more appropriate, either alone or in combination, to palliate @entity1 . There is still little convincing evidence from randomized trials that any single approach is favorable for improving survival. Many practitioners believe the disease can be controlled with the host immune system, but there again is little scientific support for this conclusion. It has been hypothesized that some of our therapies work through this mechanism, such as photopheresis and perhaps even psoralen and ultraviolet A. Unfortunately, even the use of biologic response modifiers, such as interferon and the interleukins, is not absolutely supportive of an active role for immune surveillance since these agents have been shown to have cytotoxic and differentiating effects. Because of the above, many practitioners have actively discouraged the use of chemotherapy because it may impair the host immune system; certainly, the @entity10043 analogs would fall into this category. However, there is little evidence supporting significant immune effects for other chemotherapeutics, and clearly, the responses seen would support their use in appropriate @entity1 . As the present authors will detail in this paper, the advances in understanding cancer biology and mechanisms of resistance should, in the future, lead to optimal selection of agents that are predicted to be optimally active, limiting the @entity137 and waste associated with ineffective drug usage.

title: Systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of XXXX fungoides and S  zary syndrome.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

answer: @entity3217 :: (MESH:D015821,Disease) :: ['mycosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The intraductal growth (IG) type of @entity201 has a better prognosis than the @entity3928 ( @entity3928 ) and periductal infiltrating (PI) types. @entity1476 and @entity1495 , regulated by @entity1552 and @entity2843 , respectively, play important roles in the degradation of the basement membrane during @entity5 invasion. Alteration in MMPs and TIMPs may regulate the gross morphology of @entity201 . METHODS: @entity1476 and @entity1495 were analyzed in 35 @entity201 and 4 normal livers with fresh tissue using zymography and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and expressions of @entity1476 , @entity1495 , @entity2843 , and @entity1552 were evaluated in 76 @entity201 by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Activity of @entity1476 and its active form were detected in 80% and 57% of @entity201 respectively. The total @entity1476 , active 62 kDa @entity1476 , and @entity1476 mRNA increased 5.4 and 8.2 times, 4.4 and 10.9 times, and 2.9 and 5.8 times in the @entity3928 and PI types, respectively, compared to the IG type. The majority of @entity1495 was in the proform and active 82 kDa @entity1495 was detected in 9% of @entity201 . @entity1495 revealed no significant difference in relation to the gross types. The balanced expressions of @entity1476 / @entity1552 and @entity1495 / @entity2843 were significantly decreased in the @entity3928 and PI types, compared to the IG type. In the normal and nonneoplastic livers, the expressions of @entity1476 and @entity1495 were very low without active forms. CONCLUSIONS: The activities of @entity1476 and loss of balanced expressions of @entity1476 / @entity1552 and @entity1495 / @entity2843 are suggested as playing important roles in invasive growth related to the gross type of @entity201 .

title: Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and -2 in intraductal and nonintraductal growth type of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1552 :: ('7077', 'Gene') :: ['TIMP-2', 'tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2']

entities_list: @entity1476 :: ('4313', 'Gene') :: ['MMP-2', 'Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2']

entities_list: @entity3928 :: ('MESH:C536030', 'Disease') :: ['MF', 'mass forming']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinomas', 'cholangiocarcinoma']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify facilitators of and barriers to vaccination in @entity1 from a range of socioeconomic levels. DESIGN: A survey was conducted in 2001 using computer-assisted telephone interviewing. SETTING: @entity1 from inner-city health centers and suburban practices were interviewed. @entity1 : Inclusion criteria were aged 66 and older and an office visit after September 30, 1998. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported @entity683 and pneumococcal vaccination status and facilitating conditions, attitudes, social influences, and perceived consequences from the Triandis model were assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 557 interviews were completed with 775 eligible @entity1 (72%). @entity1 who reported having received pneumococcal vaccine more frequently believed that their physicians recommended the vaccine than did the unvaccinated (97% vs 49%; P=.001). This was also true for @entity683 vaccine (99% vs 80%; P<.001). More unvaccinated @entity1 than vaccinated @entity1 felt that obtaining either vaccine was more trouble than it is worth (pneumococcal 19% vs 1%; P=.04, @entity683 20% vs 1%; P=.004). The vaccinated were more likely to be willing to obtain the @entity683 and pneumococcal vaccines at the same time (pneumococcal 91% vs 59%; P=.002, @entity683 91% vs 55%; P=.014). CONCLUSION: Physicians should take every opportunity to recommend vaccination to their eligible adult @entity1 . Offering @entity683 and pneumococcal vaccines at the same visit is an acceptable means to ensure that adults are fully vaccinated.

title: Barriers to pneumococcal and XXXX vaccination in older community-dwelling adults (2000-2001).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

answer: @entity683 :: (MESH:D007251,Disease) :: ['influenza']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The complexity of @entity9292 is different in @entity1 with and without @entity30 and in @entity1 and @entity1 . This may affect the localization of the internal orifice. We compared the characteristics of @entity9292 and the accuracy of Goodsall's rule in predicting the position of the internal orifice in male and female @entity30 @entity1 . METHODS: A total of 191 @entity292 tracks in 182 consecutive @entity1 (110 @entity1 and 72 @entity1 ) were analyzed prospectively. Of the @entity1 , 63 were diagnosed with @entity30 . The positions of the orifices were recorded and the accuracy of Goodsall's rule determined. RESULTS: The distribution of @entity292 subtypes among @entity30 @entity1 differed significantly (p = 0.0471). Fistulas with an anterior external opening occurred more frequently in @entity30 @entity1 (p = 0.0350) and in @entity1 (p = 0.0030). Fistulas with a posterior external orifice were observed more frequently in non- @entity30 @entity1 (p = 0.0350) and in @entity1 (p = 0.0028). Overall, Goodsall's rule performed less well in @entity1 compared with @entity1 (p = 0.0633). The accuracy of Goodsall's rule overall was not affected by @entity30 . In female non- @entity30 @entity1 , the positive predictive value of a posterior external orifice was lower than in @entity1 (p = 0.0406). CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of @entity292 subtypes and the ratio of anterior and posterior external openings among @entity30 @entity1 differ significantly. @entity292 defy Goodsall's rule, particularly in @entity1 and when applied to fistulas with anterior external orifices. The popular rule, however, falls equally short in @entity30 .

title: Do XXXX in @entity30 behave differently and defy Goodsall's rule more frequently than fistulas that are cryptoglandular in origin?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity9292 :: ('MESH:D012003', 'Disease') :: ['anal fistulas']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['Many fistulas', 'fistula']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's and non-Crohn's", "Crohn's and non-Crohn's fistulas", "Crohn's", "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity9292 :: (MESH:D012003,Disease) :: ['anal fistulas']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The complexity of @entity9292 is different in @entity1 with and without @entity30 and in @entity1 and @entity1 . This may affect the localization of the internal orifice. We compared the characteristics of @entity9292 and the accuracy of Goodsall's rule in predicting the position of the internal orifice in male and female @entity30 @entity1 . METHODS: A total of 191 @entity292 tracks in 182 consecutive @entity1 (110 @entity1 and 72 @entity1 ) were analyzed prospectively. Of the @entity1 , 63 were diagnosed with @entity30 . The positions of the orifices were recorded and the accuracy of Goodsall's rule determined. RESULTS: The distribution of @entity292 subtypes among @entity30 @entity1 differed significantly (p = 0.0471). Fistulas with an anterior external opening occurred more frequently in @entity30 @entity1 (p = 0.0350) and in @entity1 (p = 0.0030). Fistulas with a posterior external orifice were observed more frequently in non- @entity30 @entity1 (p = 0.0350) and in @entity1 (p = 0.0028). Overall, Goodsall's rule performed less well in @entity1 compared with @entity1 (p = 0.0633). The accuracy of Goodsall's rule overall was not affected by @entity30 . In female non- @entity30 @entity1 , the positive predictive value of a posterior external orifice was lower than in @entity1 (p = 0.0406). CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of @entity292 subtypes and the ratio of anterior and posterior external openings among @entity30 @entity1 differ significantly. @entity292 defy Goodsall's rule, particularly in @entity1 and when applied to fistulas with anterior external orifices. The popular rule, however, falls equally short in @entity30 .

title: Do @entity9292 in XXXX behave differently and defy Goodsall's rule more frequently than fistulas that are cryptoglandular in origin?

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: A 31-yr-old @entity1 presented with a 1-wk history of @entity221 , chills, @entity425 , @entity10 , and a significant 20-lb weight loss over the preceding 2 months. His past medical history was relevant for @entity409 during childhood. Two days before admission, the @entity1 noticed @entity1087 . He denied @entity490 or other @entity1109 , and there was no history of @entity167 intake, medications, or illicit drugs. His physical examination revealed generalized @entity1087 , @entity828 , and bilateral leg @entity4 . Neurologically, the @entity1 was agitated, with periods of disorientation, and he had bilateral flapping. His blood tests revealed @entity3043 , @entity177 , @entity1578 , and @entity1003 . Because the @entity1 had a @entity221 , @entity828 , and @entity3043 , a further workup also included a bone marrow and liver biopsy. No conclusive diagnosis could be made from the above tests, and the @entity1 died 5 days after admission. Postmortem evaluation, including flow cytometry and gene rearrangement in the tissue obtained from the liver, revealed @entity1892 . This case illustrates an unusual presentation of @entity1893 . Current information regarding this entity is scant, mainly owing to its rarity. We present a review of the literature, including the incidence, presentation, treatment, and prognosis of primary @entity99 .

title: Primary XXXX : case report and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver amebiasis']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['GI symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathy']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity828 :: ('MESH:C535727', 'Disease') :: ['hepatosplenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity3043 :: ('MESH:D010198', 'Disease') :: ['pancytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['large B cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["hepatic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic lymphoma']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['hepatic non-Hodgkin's lymphomas']


abstract: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as in sunlight, can modulate immune responses in animals and @entity1 . This immunomodulation can lead to positive health effects especially with respect to certain @entity792 and @entity566 . However, UV-induced immunomodulation has also been shown to be deleterious. Experimental animal studies have revealed that UV exposure can impair resistance to many infectious agents, such as bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. Importantly, these effects are not restricted to @entity272 , but also concern @entity281 . The real consequences of UV-induced immunomodulation on resistance to @entity166 are not known for @entity1 . Risk estimations have been performed through extrapolation of animal data, obtained from infection models, to the @entity1 situation. This estimation indicated that UV doses relevant to outdoor exposure can impair the @entity1 immune system sufficiently to have effects on resistance to infections. To further quantify and validate this risk estimation, data, e.g., from @entity1 volunteer studies, are necessary. Infection models in @entity1 are not allowed for ethical reasons. However, vaccination against an @entity166 evokes a similar immune response as the pathogen and thereby provides an opportunity to measure the effect of UV radiation on the immune system and an estimate of the possible consequences of altered resistance to infectious agents. Effects of controlled UVB exposure on immune responses after @entity1956 vaccination have been established in @entity19 and @entity1 volunteers. In @entity19 , cellular and @entity630 -associated humoral immune responses to @entity1956 were significantly impaired, whereas in @entity1 volunteers no significant effect of UVB on these responses could be found. Preliminary data indicate that cytokine polymorphisms might be, at least in part, responsible for interindividual differences in immune responses and in susceptibility to UVB-induced immunomodulation. In addition, adaptation to UV exposure needs to be considered as a possible explanation for the difference between @entity19 and @entity1 that was observed in the @entity1956 vaccination model.

title: Ultraviolet radiation, resistance to XXXX , and vaccination responses.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergies']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['systemic infections']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases', 'infectious disease']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin-associated infections']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity166 :: (MESH:D003141,Disease) :: ['infectious diseases']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and maximum tolerated dose of (90)Yttrium-CC49 ((90)Y-CC49) as the radioimmunotherapy (RIT) component of an i.p. combined modality treatment for recurrent @entity43 . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A Phase I trial of (90)Y-CC49 RIT was conducted in @entity43 @entity1 who had persistent or recurrent @entity1320 , had failed one or two prior chemotherapy regimens, and demonstrated @entity2797 expression. @entity1 were treated with a previously established combined modality treatment protocol of s.c. IFN alpha2b, i.p. @entity1311 , and increasing dosages of i.p. (90)Y-CC49. @entity1 were monitored for @entity137 , generation of human antimouse antibody response, and clinical efficacy. RESULTS: Twenty eligible @entity1 were treated per study specifications. All @entity1 had been treated with debulking and @entity1311 / @entity3003 -based chemotherapy at initial diagnosis. The @entity1 included 11 @entity1 with persistent disease at the time of second look laparotomy and 9 @entity1 with delayed recurrence. @entity1 were treated with i.p. (90)Y-CC49 given in combination with s.c. IFN alpha2b (dose of 3 x 10(6) units for a total of four doses) and i.p. @entity1311 (dose of 100 mg/m(2)). RIT treatment was associated with primarily hematological @entity137 . The maximum tolerated dose of i.p. (90)Y-CC49 was established at 24.2 mCi/m(2) in this combined regimen. Of nine @entity1 with measurable disease, two had partial responses lasting 2 and 4 months. Of 11 @entity1 with nonmeasurable disease, median time to progression was 6 months in 7 @entity1 who recurred; 4 of these @entity1 remain no evidence of disease at 9+, 18+, 19+, and 23+ months. CONCLUSIONS: (90)Yttrium-CC49-based RIT in combination with @entity4020 b and i.p. @entity1311 is feasible and well tolerated at a dose of < or =24.2 mCi/m(2).

title: A Phase I study of combined modality (90)Yttrium-CC49 intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal disease']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Concerns exist about the quality of care provided to @entity712 @entity1 by primary care physicians. Using an evidence-based clinical guideline, we evaluated the care given to @entity1 with @entity712 . METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 420 @entity1 from 25 primary care practices in upstate New York who had received a diagnosis of @entity712 . Chart documentation confirmed the diagnosis (n = 395). We excluded @entity1 with noncardiogenic @entity1284 or correctable @entity340 (n = 338). Performance profiles measured use of diagnostic tests, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measurement, @entity1 education, and prescription of @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors. For treatment recommendations, @entity1 were classified according to LVEF status. RESULTS: Only 82% of the @entity1 studied had an LVEF test result documented in their charts. Of these, 49% had an LVEF < or = 40%. @entity1289 inhibitor use was greater among @entity1 with low LVEF (91%) than among those with a normal LVEF (62%). Among @entity1 with @entity712 taking @entity1289 inhibitors, 87% were at target doses. Adherence measures were low for laboratory evaluation and @entity1 -education criteria. CONCLUSIONS: @entity712 with normal LVEF was as prevalent as @entity712 in these primary care practices. Performance profiles for the physicians' prescriptions of @entity1289 inhibitors exceeded those published in the literature. @entity1 who did not have a documented measure of LVEF, however, received lower quality of care as measured by this disease-specific guideline. This underscores the importance of measuring LVEF.

title: XXXX in primary care: measuring the quality of care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Heart failure', 'systolic heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular disease']

entities_list: @entity1284 :: ('MESH:D019190', 'Disease') :: ['volume overload']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['Heart failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To establish the value of a new technique called transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy for exploration of the @entity43 in the management of @entity1 with @entity249 . METHODS: A total of 120 @entity1 with primary or secondary @entity249 , and without obvious pelvic pathology, were included in the study. The first 14 @entity1 received general anesthesia and underwent transvaginal laparoscopy immediately before standard laparoscopy. The remaining 106 @entity1 had transvaginal laparoscopy performed under local anesthesia, with standard laparoscopy performed only on those with pathology, which required operative intervention. Information on pathology, complications, and successful access to the pouch of Douglas were recorded. RESULTS: The successful rate of access was 93%. Pathology was found in 29 @entity1 , of whom 15 required operative laparoscopy. Also, out of 19 @entity1 with adhesions, 11 (58%) had normal dye test bilateral, and only two (11%) had bilateral occlusion of the tubes. No complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy is a safe and well-tolerated method for investigating the @entity43 in @entity249 . It is superior to hysterosalpingography for diagnosis of adhesions.

title: Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy: a new diagnostic tool in XXXX investigation.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['tubo-ovarian structures']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility', 'unexplained infertility']

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['infertility']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity195 Assessment Scale ( @entity11509 ) is often used in international multicenter trials. Use across countries presupposes correct translation and adaptation of the scale, and maintenance of its psychometric properties. OBJECTIVES: To compare the various translations of the @entity11509 used in Western Europe, to design internationally harmonized translations and to validate these. SETTING: International cooperative study in eight European countries. METHODS: An inventory was made of existing versions of the @entity11509 -Cog used in eight European countries, and adaptations were made. The concurrent validity of the harmonized versions of the @entity11509 was tested in 283 @entity1 with probable or possible @entity195 . The Nurses Observation Scale for Geriatrics (NOSGER), CAMCOG-R and MMSE was used to assess concordance between cognitive and behavioral measures. RESULTS: Differences between the versions mainly involved object naming, items for verbal memory, such as the number of trials allowed, the imagery value of the words selected as targets or distractors, and the number of parallel versions. These differences were eliminated by adapting and harmonizing the various versions of the @entity11509 -Cog. Thereafter, only small differences between the different countries were found, and patterns of correlation between @entity11509 -Cog, and the NOSGER, CAMCOG-R and MMSE were consistent. CONCLUSIONS: The study underlines the need to use harmonized versions of instruments for rating @entity303 in multinational studies. The findings indicate that the harmonization of the @entity11509 -Cog was successful.

title: Cross-national comparison and validation of the XXXX Assessment Scale: results from the European Harmonization Project for Instruments in @entity303 (EURO-HARPID).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease", "Alzheimer's Disease"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's Disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity195 Assessment Scale ( @entity11509 ) is often used in international multicenter trials. Use across countries presupposes correct translation and adaptation of the scale, and maintenance of its psychometric properties. OBJECTIVES: To compare the various translations of the @entity11509 used in Western Europe, to design internationally harmonized translations and to validate these. SETTING: International cooperative study in eight European countries. METHODS: An inventory was made of existing versions of the @entity11509 -Cog used in eight European countries, and adaptations were made. The concurrent validity of the harmonized versions of the @entity11509 was tested in 283 @entity1 with probable or possible @entity195 . The Nurses Observation Scale for Geriatrics (NOSGER), CAMCOG-R and MMSE was used to assess concordance between cognitive and behavioral measures. RESULTS: Differences between the versions mainly involved object naming, items for verbal memory, such as the number of trials allowed, the imagery value of the words selected as targets or distractors, and the number of parallel versions. These differences were eliminated by adapting and harmonizing the various versions of the @entity11509 -Cog. Thereafter, only small differences between the different countries were found, and patterns of correlation between @entity11509 -Cog, and the NOSGER, CAMCOG-R and MMSE were consistent. CONCLUSIONS: The study underlines the need to use harmonized versions of instruments for rating @entity303 in multinational studies. The findings indicate that the harmonization of the @entity11509 -Cog was successful.

title: Cross-national comparison and validation of the @entity195 Assessment Scale: results from the European Harmonization Project for Instruments in XXXX (EURO-HARPID).

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['Dementia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the current randomized Phase II study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of @entity416 combined with @entity2600 as first-line treatment in metastatic @entity14 ( @entity14 ). METHODS: A total of 140 @entity1 received @entity416 at a dose of 1250 mg/m(2) twice daily on Days 2-15 and @entity2600 at a dose of either 300 mg/m(2) on Day 1 (Arm A) or 150 mg/m(2) on Days 1 and 8 (Arm B) every 3 weeks. During the course of the study, enrollment was continued using lower doses of @entity416 (1000 mg/m(2) twice daily) and @entity2600 (Arm A: 240 mg/m(2); Arm B: 120 mg/m(2)) to improve the safety profile of the combinations. RESULTS: Efficacy was evaluable in 134 @entity1 (68 in Arm A, 66 in Arm B). Objective responses were observed in 46% of the @entity1 (8% complete response [CR]), including 47% in Arm A (9% CR; 38% partial response [PR]) and 44% in Arm B (8% CR; 36% PR). The median progression-free survival was 8.3 months in Arm A and 7.6 months in Arm B. Among the first 52 @entity1 treated with the higher doses, the most frequent Grade 3-4 adverse event was @entity294 (27%). The lower doses adopted in the subsequent 88 @entity1 led to better @entity294 control, particularly in Arm A, and significant reductions in the incidence of all-grade @entity8566 and @entity490 . CONCLUSIONS: The @entity416 and @entity2600 combination was a highly active first-line therapy in metastatic @entity14 . An acceptable safety profile was observed after dose reduction, particularly when @entity2600 was administered on 1 day.

title: Randomized multicenter Phase II trial of two different schedules of @entity2600 combined with @entity416 as first-line treatment in metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity416 :: ('MESH:C110904', 'Chemical') :: ['capecitabine']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity8566 :: ('MESH:D060831', 'Disease') :: ['hand-foot syndrome']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the current randomized Phase II study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of @entity416 combined with @entity2600 as first-line treatment in metastatic @entity14 ( @entity14 ). METHODS: A total of 140 @entity1 received @entity416 at a dose of 1250 mg/m(2) twice daily on Days 2-15 and @entity2600 at a dose of either 300 mg/m(2) on Day 1 (Arm A) or 150 mg/m(2) on Days 1 and 8 (Arm B) every 3 weeks. During the course of the study, enrollment was continued using lower doses of @entity416 (1000 mg/m(2) twice daily) and @entity2600 (Arm A: 240 mg/m(2); Arm B: 120 mg/m(2)) to improve the safety profile of the combinations. RESULTS: Efficacy was evaluable in 134 @entity1 (68 in Arm A, 66 in Arm B). Objective responses were observed in 46% of the @entity1 (8% complete response [CR]), including 47% in Arm A (9% CR; 38% partial response [PR]) and 44% in Arm B (8% CR; 36% PR). The median progression-free survival was 8.3 months in Arm A and 7.6 months in Arm B. Among the first 52 @entity1 treated with the higher doses, the most frequent Grade 3-4 adverse event was @entity294 (27%). The lower doses adopted in the subsequent 88 @entity1 led to better @entity294 control, particularly in Arm A, and significant reductions in the incidence of all-grade @entity8566 and @entity490 . CONCLUSIONS: The @entity416 and @entity2600 combination was a highly active first-line therapy in metastatic @entity14 . An acceptable safety profile was observed after dose reduction, particularly when @entity2600 was administered on 1 day.

title: Randomized multicenter Phase II trial of two different schedules of @entity2600 combined with XXXX as first-line treatment in metastatic @entity14 .

answer: @entity416 :: (MESH:C110904,Chemical) :: ['capecitabine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the current randomized Phase II study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of @entity416 combined with @entity2600 as first-line treatment in metastatic @entity14 ( @entity14 ). METHODS: A total of 140 @entity1 received @entity416 at a dose of 1250 mg/m(2) twice daily on Days 2-15 and @entity2600 at a dose of either 300 mg/m(2) on Day 1 (Arm A) or 150 mg/m(2) on Days 1 and 8 (Arm B) every 3 weeks. During the course of the study, enrollment was continued using lower doses of @entity416 (1000 mg/m(2) twice daily) and @entity2600 (Arm A: 240 mg/m(2); Arm B: 120 mg/m(2)) to improve the safety profile of the combinations. RESULTS: Efficacy was evaluable in 134 @entity1 (68 in Arm A, 66 in Arm B). Objective responses were observed in 46% of the @entity1 (8% complete response [CR]), including 47% in Arm A (9% CR; 38% partial response [PR]) and 44% in Arm B (8% CR; 36% PR). The median progression-free survival was 8.3 months in Arm A and 7.6 months in Arm B. Among the first 52 @entity1 treated with the higher doses, the most frequent Grade 3-4 adverse event was @entity294 (27%). The lower doses adopted in the subsequent 88 @entity1 led to better @entity294 control, particularly in Arm A, and significant reductions in the incidence of all-grade @entity8566 and @entity490 . CONCLUSIONS: The @entity416 and @entity2600 combination was a highly active first-line therapy in metastatic @entity14 . An acceptable safety profile was observed after dose reduction, particularly when @entity2600 was administered on 1 day.

title: Randomized multicenter Phase II trial of two different schedules of XXXX combined with @entity416 as first-line treatment in metastatic @entity14 .

answer: @entity2600 :: (MESH:C051890,Chemical) :: ['irinotecan']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Almost half the @entity1 who undergo hernia repair with mesh report a feeling of stiffness and a foreign body in the groin. This study evaluated whether @entity1 noticed any difference between lightweight and standard @entity7502 mesh for the repair of @entity169 . METHODS: @entity1 scheduled for elective repair of unilateral or bilateral, primary or recurrent @entity169 by the Lichtenstein technique were randomized to receive either a conventional densely woven @entity7502 mesh (100-110 g/m(2)) or a lightweight composite multifilament mesh ( @entity7502 27-30 g/m(2)). Quality of life was assessed using Short Form 36 before operation and 6 months after surgery. @entity158 was assessed by means of a visual analogue scale 2 days and 6 months after surgery. The primary outcome measure was the feeling of a foreign body in the groin at 6 months. RESULTS: Some 122 @entity547 were randomized; 117 were included in the analysis of perioperative data, and 106 were re-examined after 6 months. There were no differences between the treatment groups with respect to early and late surgical complications. Use of lightweight mesh was associated with significantly less @entity158 on exercise after 6 months (P = 0.042). In addition, fewer @entity1 reported the feeling of a foreign body after repair with lightweight mesh (17.2 versus 43.8 per cent with conventional mesh; P = 0.003). Quality of life was improved significantly at 6 months compared with the preoperative assessment, and there were no differences between the treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Lightweight @entity7502 mesh may be preferable for Lichtenstein repair of @entity169 . Larger cohorts with longer follow-up are needed before it can be recommended for routine use.

title: Randomized clinical trial of lightweight composite mesh for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernia']

answer: @entity169 :: (MESH:D006552,Disease) :: ['Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Delay in the diagnosis of @entity0 has important clinical and medicolegal implications. This study assessed the frequency, causes and effects of delay in the diagnosis of @entity0 in a specialist breast unit. METHODS: Details of @entity1 who attended the breast clinic between 1988 and 1999 inclusive, and for whom the interval between first attendance and diagnosis of @entity0 was greater than 2 months, were reviewed. Potential causes of delay were identified and the consequence of the delay assessed. The clinical features were compared with those of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity0 during a 2-year period from 1999 and 2001. RESULTS: @entity0 was diagnosed in 5283 @entity1 during the interval reviewed; delay in diagnosis was suggested in 72 @entity1 (1.4 per cent). @entity1 with a delayed diagnosis were younger (P < 0.001) and had a smaller @entity5 at diagnosis (P = 0.011) compared with all @entity1 diagnosed with @entity0 between 1999 and 2001. There were no differences in the rate of axillary node positivity or the need for mastectomy. @entity1 unsuitable for conservation therapy in the delayed group had a significantly longer interval to diagnosis (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The likelihood that conservation therapy will be appropriate is reduced when the hospital delay in the diagnosis of @entity0 is more than 240 days. All @entity1 with a palpable mass require triple assessment to minimize delay in diagnosis of @entity0 .

title: Diagnostic delay in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'invasive breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: AIM: To explore the effect of @entity6 duration and blood @entity413 level on @entity2135 ( @entity2135 ) gene expression and serum @entity2135 level. METHODS: @entity6 was induced into @entity35 by @entity10835 and then the @entity35 were subdivided into different groups with varying blood @entity413 level and @entity6 duration. The parameters were measured as follows: @entity2135 mRNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), @entity2135 peptide and serum @entity2135 concentration by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: During early @entity6 stage (week 2), in comparison with normal control group (NC), @entity2135 mRNA (1.17 +/- 0.069 vs 0.79 +/- 0.048, P<0.001; 1.17 +/- 0.069 vs 0.53 +/- 0.023, P<0.0005, respectively), @entity2135 peptide contents [(196.66 +/- 14.9) ng/mg(-1) vs (128.2 +/- 11.25) ng/mg(-1), P<0.0005; (196.66 +/- 14.9) ng/mg(-1) vs (74.43 +/- 5.33) ng/mg(-1), P<0.0001, respectively] were reduced in liver tissues of @entity6 @entity35 . The @entity2135 gene downregulation varied with @entity413 control level of the @entity6 state, and deteriorated gradually further with duration of @entity6 . By month 6, hepatic tissue @entity2135 mRNA was 0.71 +/- 0.024 vs 1.12 +/- 0.056, P<0.001; 0.47 +/- 0.021 vs 1.12 +/- 0.056, P<0.0005, respectively. @entity2135 peptide was (114.35 +/- 8.09) ng/mg(-1) vs (202.05 +/- 15.73) ng/mg(-1), P<0.0005; (64.58 +/- 3.89) ng/mg(-1) vs (202.05 +/- 15.73) ng/mg(-1), P<0.0001 respectively. Serum @entity2135 was also lowered in @entity6 group with poor control of blood @entity413 . On week 2, serum @entity2135 concentrations were (371.0 +/- 12.5) ng/mg(-1) vs (511.2 +/- 24.7) ng/mg(-1), P<0.0005, (223.2 +/- 9.39) ng/mg(-1) vs (511.2 +/- 24.7) ng/mg(-1), P<0.0001 respectively. By month 6, (349.6 +/- 18.62) ng/mg(-1) vs (520.7 +/- 26.32) ng/mg(-1), P<0.0005, (188.5 +/- 17.35 vs 520.7 +/- 26.32) ng/mg(-1), P<0.0001, respectively. Serum @entity2135 peptide change was significantly correlated with that in liver tissue (r=0.99, P<0.001). Furthermore, no difference was found in the above parameters between @entity6 @entity35 with euglycemia and non- @entity6 control group. CONCLUSION: The influence of @entity6 status on @entity2135 gene expression in liver tissues is started from early @entity6 stage, causing down regulation of @entity2135 expression, and progresses with the severity and duration of @entity6 state. Accordingly serum @entity2135 level decreases. This might indicate that liver tissue @entity2135 gene expression is greatly affected in @entity6 , thus contributing to reduction of serum @entity2135 level.

title: Expression of liver insulin-like growth factor 1 gene and its serum level in patients with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2135 :: ('24482(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-1', 'insulin like growth factor 1']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: beta-CIT was labeled with 131I by the peracetic acid method. Cat model of @entity304 was set up with @entity5212 . Each of normal and @entity1726 model @entity468 was given an injection of 74 MBq/0.5 ml 131I-beta-CIT into the femur vein. Then the blood samples were obtained at 4 h and 20 h, the radioactivity was counted with calibrator. The biodistribution data of 131I-beta-CIT in cat body was calculated (ID%/g). The @entity468 were subjected to imaging at 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 20 h after the administration of radiopharmaceutical. The radioactivity in striatum and cerebellum was measured and striatal specific binding ratios were calculated. The Results showed that the radio chemical purity of 131I-beta-CIT was 97.62% +/- 0.31%. The 131I-beta-CIT remained stable for at least 4 h after incubation with water and serum respectively. Following intravenous administration in @entity468 , 131I-beta-CIT showed high accumulation in striatum. The study of imaging in @entity468 showed that striatal specific uptake of 131I-beta-CIT at 20 h after injection was 4.83 +/- 0.82 in normal @entity468 and 2.92 +/- 0.66 in @entity1726 @entity468 . There was a significant reduction of striatal tracer uptake in @entity1726 @entity468 , compared to the controls. The results of biodistribution study was in agreement with the results of imaging study. These results suggest that beta-CIT is an ideal agent for @entity935 transporter imaging and can be used for the diagnosis of @entity191 .

title: [Basic study of XXXX transporter imaging with 131I-beta-CIT].

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinsonism']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We aimed to reduce mortality and morbidity in anaesthesia by identifying common factors contributing to critical incidences and 'near misses'. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a prospective survey over a 2-year period from May 1999 to April 2001 of all reported @entity3124 in @entity1 undergoing anaesthesia. @entity3124 were reported anonymously, using the Anaesthetic Incident Monitoring Study form. This consisted of structured questions with tick box answers. Completed forms were reviewed and after open discussion with the department, preventive strategies and guidelines were developed and introduced. RESULTS: A total of 116 critical incidences were reported in 108 @entity1 . These are events that have resulted or could have resulted in an adverse outcome for the @entity1 . Airway incidences were the commonest incidence reported (33.6%), followed by pharmacological problems like wrong drug or dose (28.4%). These occurred most often during maintenance and recovery from anaesthesia largely due to @entity1 factors like inattention, haste and failure to check equipment. They were preventable in 76% of cases. As a consequence, 33.6% of incidents resulted in @entity1167 or major physiological change. There was no adverse outcome in 36.2%. From a review of the critical incident reporting, organisation of manpower was improved to ensure adequate supervision of junior staff. Checking of equipment and drug before use was constantly emphasized. CONCLUSION: Critical incident reporting is a useful tool for quality assurance programmes. It analyses @entity1 and systems problems to ensure improved @entity1 care.

title: A prospective audit of XXXX in anaesthesia in a university teaching hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critical incidents', 'Critical incidents']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity3124 :: (MESH:D016638,Disease) :: ['critical incidents']


abstract: AIMS: To obtain baseline information about @entity286 use prevalence, knowledge and attitude among school personnel in Eight North-eastern states of India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of schools with probability proportional to the enrollment in grades 8-10. Anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used for all personnel working in the selected schools. RESULTS: The school response rate was 100% in all states except Meghalaya (96%) and Tripura (92%). Over 70% of school personnel participated in the survey, the proportion of @entity1 being 56% (Meghalaya) to 83% (Assam). The prevalence of daily smoking ranged from 25.9% (Mizoram) to 12.8% (Arunachal Pradesh) and of smokeless @entity286 use from 57.8% (Mizoram) to 10.7% (Assam). Daily smoking among @entity1 and @entity1 was similar in five states but not in Arunachal Pradesh ( @entity1 15.0%, @entity1 4.0%), Nagaland ( @entity1 18.7%, 5.0%), and Tripura ( @entity1 18.6%, @entity1 0.4%). In four states cigarette was the most prevalent form of smoking (range 41% to 55%) whereas in other four states it was bidi (range 34% to 53%). Although the number of @entity1 was small, cigarettes smoking was reported more among @entity1 than @entity1 in four states: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Nagaland. Over 50% of current smokeless @entity286 users reported using betel quid in six states, except Mizoram (20%) and Sikkim (16%). CONCLUSION: @entity286 use among school personnel was high. High smoking rates reported by @entity1 were unexpected.

title: XXXX use among school personnel in eight North-eastern states of India.

entities_list: @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco', 'Tobacco']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['Tobacco']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Wound care is a very important aspect of surgical care. Knowledge of the epidemiology of bacterial pathogens associated with @entity2737 is critical in formulating policies on infection control. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of bacterial pathogens in wounds from various units of a Nigerian tertiary hospital orthopedics and traumatology department, as well as changes over time, if any, in the prevalence rates. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using laboratory records from 1995 to 2001. RESULTS: 670 bacterial isolates from 629 @entity1 were studied. The most common isolates were Pseudomonas spp.-29.9%, and @entity794 ( @entity794 )--27.5%. Others were @entity4005 spp.-18.5%, @entity795 spp.--15.1%, and @entity526 (E. coli)--7%. The least common were Streptococci--2%, and Enterococci--0.3%. Pseudomonas spp. accounted for 33% of isolates in the adult wards, while @entity794 was 21% and @entity526 8%. The pattem is similar in the pediatric ward (33.9%, 23.7%, and 8.5%, respectively) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (40%, 6.7%, and zero, respectively). @entity794 was the most common isolate from the orthopedic clinics (OPD) 40%, and the A_E (35%), followed by @entity2782 spp.-25.4% and 19%, respectively. The odds of a wound being infected with Gram-negative bacilli among inpatients compared with outpatients is 2.44 (95% CL = 1.72-3.47; P = 0.0000003) Between 1995 and 2001, the prevalence of Gram-positive bacteria decreased, while that of Gram-negative bacilli increased. The prevalence of Pseudomonas spp. and @entity794 also increased. CONCLUSION: Wounds from @entity1 in the orthopedics and @entity130 services are more frequently infected with Gram-negative bacilli than by Gram-positive bacteria. The prevalence of the former is higher in the ICU and least in the OPD. Pseudomonas spp. was the most common isolate. It was more common among inpatients, while @entity794 was more common among outpatients. The prevalence of Pseudomonas spp. in particular and Gram-negative bacilli in general is increasing.

title: Prevalence of bacterial pathogens in XXXX in a tertiary hospital, 1995-2001: any change in trend?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2782 :: ('MESH:D011552', 'Disease') :: ['pseudomonas']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['infected wounds']

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity2737 :: (MESH:D014946,Disease) :: ['infected wounds']


abstract: 381 @entity645 serodiagnostic tests were carried out between August 1989 and June 1992 at the Roosevelt Hospital in Guatemala. 80 were positive, and 45 of those met the US Centers for Disease Control clinical criteria for @entity791 . 80% of the @entity1 were from Guatemala City. 80% of the subjects underwent testing for some clinical indication. All tests were anonymous, confidential, and voluntary. 34 of the 45 @entity1 with @entity791 were male. Over 85% were aged between 21 and 40 years. All the @entity1 and 48.5% of the @entity1 with @entity791 reported they were heterosexual. 45.5% of the @entity1 were bisexual and 6% homosexual. @entity378 , cryptosporidium, cryptococcosis, @entity2910 , and chronic herpes were the most common @entity1292 . 44% of the @entity1 with @entity791 had died and 8% did not return for follow-up after testing. Average survival after diagnosis was 6.5 +or- 1.3 months.

title: [ XXXX : clinical experiences in Roosevelt Hospital].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic infections']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['Extrapulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: At a 1994 symposium on sex preference in Asia, represented countries were grouped as follows: a) rapid fertility decline, strong son preference, and abnormal sex ratio at birth (China, Taiwan, and the Republic of Korea); b) rapid fertility decline, no son preference, and normal sex ratio at birth (Indonesia, @entity3595 Lanka, and Thailand); and c) slow fertility decline, strong son preference, and normal sex ratio at birth (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan). This article reviews the factors responsible for strong son preference in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan and the reasons for the lack of son preference in @entity3595 Lanka. Abnormal sex ratios are attributed to sex-selective abortions. Sex preference in South Asia results in excessive mortality of female @entity1 . Mention is made of a higher mortality risk of daughters in Indian households with more older female @entity1 . Bairagi is cited for his evidence that in Bangladesh daughters having older sisters have a higher mortality risk. In Pakistan survey results indicate that sons are preferred. Numerous authors are cited for evidence suggesting that fertility might be lower if son preference were reduced. Rajaretnam and Deshpande are cited for findings that contraceptive prevalence in south India would increase by about 12% in high-prevalence areas and about 25% in low-prevalence areas in the absence of sex preference. Bourne and Walker and Das Gupta are identified as authors providing evidence that increased economic opportunities for @entity1 , increased @entity1 's status, and increased value placed on @entity1 's work would reduce the desire for sons. @entity9909 argues for better old-age security and better access to food and medical care. Abeykoon has shown that weakened son preference in @entity3595 Lanka occurred over a 20-year period as improvements were made in @entity1 's status. Parents in @entity3595 Lanka give greater value to the small-family norm than to the sex of the @entity1 . A slight preference was found in 1975 and 1992. Discrimination in food and medical care in @entity3595 Lanka was apparent only prior to 1962. @entity3595 Lankan @entity1 have experienced rapid expansion of literacy and educational attainment, improved life expectancy, and wide economic involvement. @entity1 in @entity3595 Lanka are also less vulnerable to oppression within the family.

title: Sex preference in South Asia: XXXX Lanka an outlier.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'Women', 'child']

answer: @entity3595 :: (6717,Gene) :: ['Sri']


abstract: On the basis of program experience and new scientific advances, attention is directed to changes in understanding of the treatment of @entity294 and innovative program approaches involving the private sector, @entity1 's groups, and community organizations. It now is evident that successful treatment of @entity294 calls for more than administration of oral rehydration solution. Good case management -- education, treatment, and follow-up -- also requires continued feeding during and after diarrheal episodes. Referral to medical facilities of those diarrheal cases that cannot be managed at home is also part of good case management. Early administration of fluids, such as @entity579 water or cereal gruel, at the 1st sign of loose stools, can help prevent @entity2700 . Such home-available fluids provide substantial benefit during @entity2700 diarrheal episodes when the more desirable, prepackaged oral rehydration solution is unavailable. A control of @entity5163 program should try to identify the particular fluid in the home which would be most beneficial and advocate it specifically. The fluid should contain some salt and starch and should be safe and effective in preventing @entity2700 , locally available and affordable, culturally acceptable, easily prepared, and one that mothers are likely to use when needed. In developing countries the concept that feeding and/or breastfeeding should continue during @entity294 is beginning to gain credence. To enhance the effectiveness of educational efforts, program planners need to conduct field studies to investigate which locally-used foods are best for treating @entity294 . Dysentery treatment should include the administration of fluids and feed, as in simple @entity294 , but these therapies are insufficient. Dysentery also should be treated with antibiotics. 1 particularly successful approach is to involve already existing @entity1 's organizations in the national control of @entity5163 programs. Many local private voluntary organizations have extensive networks and credibility at the grassroots level. These organizations, in coordination with national control of @entity5163 programs, can be very effective in educating village dwellers on oral rehydration therapy and in providing services. Traditional healers also can be mobilized to provide ORT services.

title: Beyond ORT: a new look at XXXX control.

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity5163 :: ('MESH:D004403', 'Disease') :: ['diarrheal disease']

answer: @entity5163 :: (MESH:D004403,Disease) :: ['diarrheal disease']


abstract: In order to overcome the problem of rapid clearance of the polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (Hyal) in the treatment of @entity571 ( @entity571 ), a 50% cross-linked Hyal hydrogel (Hyal 50%) was synthesised. The 50% refers to the amount of @entity1473 groups of the polysaccharide involved in the cross-linking reaction. i.e. 50% of the total amount. The rheological behaviour of the Hyal 50% hydrogel, and in particular the possibility to inject it through a needle, was studied. The results obtained demonstrated that the hydrogel injected through the needle still behaved like a gel, although it showed a reduction of the dynamic moduli. The most appropriate sterilisation technique for this kind of hydrogel was also evaluated. Liophilised Hyal 50% samples were sterilised by steam, @entity11540 ( @entity6157 ) and gamma-rays. @entity6157 and gamma-rays did not modify the characteristics of the hydrogel in terms of swellability and morphology. Lastly, the in vivo effect of Hyal 50% hydrogel in the treatment of @entity154 in @entity95 knee was also studied. The results obtained showed the Hyal 50% injections improved chondrocytes density and matrix appearance. Furthermore, the permanence in situ of the hydrogel was longer than that of the linear Hyal.

title: Hyaluronic acid hydrogel in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['chondral defect']

entities_list: @entity11540 :: ('MESH:D005027', 'Chemical') :: ['Ethylene Oxide']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis']


abstract: AIMS: To evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and long-term effect of intrapericardial treatment with @entity900 in large @entity2294 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Out of the registry of 260 @entity1 undergoing pericardiocentesis, 42 @entity1 with @entity2294 (69% males, mean age 58.8+/-13.2 years) were selected for treatment with @entity900 (single instillation of 30 mg.m(-2) x 24h(-1)) in addition to the @entity5 -specific systemic chemotherapy. All @entity1 underwent clinical examination, echocardiography, pericardiocentesis, pericardioscopy, and epicardial biopsy. Pericardial effusion and biopsy analyses included biochemistry, cytology, serology, microbiology, histology, immunohistology, and PCR. The following @entity5 were established: @entity2 , 52.4%; @entity0 , 19.0%; @entity978 , 4.8%; @entity5 , 2.4%; @entity2615 , 2.4%; @entity694 , 4.8%; and undifferentiated @entity5 of unknown origin, 14.2%. @entity900 appeared to prevent recurrence of @entity2294 during the first 3 months of the follow-up in 92.8%, and after 6 months in 83.3% of the @entity1 . @entity2 @entity1 had fewer effusion relapses at the 6 months follow-up (4.5%) than @entity0 @entity1 (37.5%)(P<0.05). @entity741 occurred after 1/42 @entity900 instillations, but there were no other complications. CONCLUSION: Intrapericardial treatment with @entity900 appeared to successfully prevent recurrences of @entity2294 . The treatment was more successful in lung than in @entity0 @entity1 .

title: @entity2294 . Efficacy and safety of intrapericardial treatment with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic pericardial effusion', 'neoplastic pericardial effusions', 'pericardial effusion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['oesophageal cancer', 'cancer', 'malignancies', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung cancer', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: AIMS: To evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and long-term effect of intrapericardial treatment with @entity900 in large @entity2294 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Out of the registry of 260 @entity1 undergoing pericardiocentesis, 42 @entity1 with @entity2294 (69% males, mean age 58.8+/-13.2 years) were selected for treatment with @entity900 (single instillation of 30 mg.m(-2) x 24h(-1)) in addition to the @entity5 -specific systemic chemotherapy. All @entity1 underwent clinical examination, echocardiography, pericardiocentesis, pericardioscopy, and epicardial biopsy. Pericardial effusion and biopsy analyses included biochemistry, cytology, serology, microbiology, histology, immunohistology, and PCR. The following @entity5 were established: @entity2 , 52.4%; @entity0 , 19.0%; @entity978 , 4.8%; @entity5 , 2.4%; @entity2615 , 2.4%; @entity694 , 4.8%; and undifferentiated @entity5 of unknown origin, 14.2%. @entity900 appeared to prevent recurrence of @entity2294 during the first 3 months of the follow-up in 92.8%, and after 6 months in 83.3% of the @entity1 . @entity2 @entity1 had fewer effusion relapses at the 6 months follow-up (4.5%) than @entity0 @entity1 (37.5%)(P<0.05). @entity741 occurred after 1/42 @entity900 instillations, but there were no other complications. CONCLUSION: Intrapericardial treatment with @entity900 appeared to successfully prevent recurrences of @entity2294 . The treatment was more successful in lung than in @entity0 @entity1 .

title: XXXX . Efficacy and safety of intrapericardial treatment with @entity900 .

answer: @entity2294 :: (MESH:D010490,Disease) :: ['Neoplastic pericardial effusion']


abstract: A semipurified, @entity165 -free diet containing 40% @entity1735 can produce aortic sudanophilia or @entity731 in @entity3176 ( @entity3176 pygerethrus) depending on the particular @entity1735 fed. Four groups of @entity3176 (three males and three females per group) were fed semipurified diets containing @entity1132 . Two of the groups were also fed 15% cellulose (C) or 15% cellulose plus 0.1% @entity165 (CC); the two other groups were fed 15% pectin (P) or 15% pectin plus 0.1% @entity165 (PC). The average serum total @entity165 and low density lipoprotein @entity165 levels over the entire feeding period (mg/dl +/- SEM) were, for C, 156 +/- 14 and 95 +/- 5; for P, 173 +/- 15 and 112 +/- 8; for CC, 187 +/- 27 and 122 +/- 21; and for PC, 155 +/- 11 and 108 +/- 7. @entity165 levels at autopsy (mg/dl +/- SEM) were, for C, 103 +/- 6; for P, 108 +/- 16; for CC, 92 +/- 9; and for PC, 106 +/- 7. Aortic sudanophilia (percentage of area) was, for C, 5.9 +/- 2.7; for P, 13.5 +/- 9.4; for CC, 5.3 +/- 2.1; and for PC, 21.6 +/- 10.3. Dietary pectin led to more severe sudanophilia (increased by 129% in the absence of @entity165 and @entity10991 % in its presence) than did cellulose. Analysis of aortic glycosaminoglycans (GAG) revealed that @entity12953 levels fell in both @entity165 -fed groups, and chondroitin sulfate fell in aortas of group CC. Heparan @entity597 levels were unaffected by @entity165 feeding. @entity50017 , @entity11485 and @entity21775 levels were elevated in the pectin-fed monkeys, but levels were unaffected by dietary @entity165 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Influence of dietary fiber on lipids and aortic composition of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity21775 :: ('CHEBI:24586', 'Chemical') :: ['hexosamine']

entities_list: @entity11485 :: ('MESH:D005688', 'Chemical') :: ['galactosamine']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity50017 :: ('CHEBI:24592', 'Chemical') :: ['Hexuronic acid']

entities_list: @entity12953 :: ('MESH:D003871', 'Chemical') :: ['dermatan sulfate']

entities_list: @entity3176 :: ('9534', 'Species') :: ['Cercopithecus aethiops', 'vervet monkeys']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['aortic atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['Cholesterol', 'cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity3176 :: (9534,Species) :: ['vervet monkeys']


abstract: The combined effect of X-irradiation and transposon mobility on the frequencies of @entity1112 and dominant lethals was investigated in female hybrids in the P-M system of hybrid @entity16490 . X-linked lethals were measured in G2 hybrid dysgenic females whose X chromosome was derived from the M X P cross. To test for additivity or synergism, the mutation rate in irradiated dysgenic females was compared to that of unirradiated females as well as to irradiated nondysgenic hybrid females derived from M X M crosses. Eggs collected for 2 days after irradiation, were represented by the more radiation-sensitive A and B oocytes (about 75%) and the least sensitive C oocytes (about 25%). The production of X-linked lethal events in X-irradiated dysgenic females was 8.1%, as compared to 4.5% in dysgenic controls and 3.4% in irradiated, nondysgenic controls, demonstrating an additive effect of radiation and @entity16490 -induced @entity74 . The effect of irradiation on sterility of dysgenic hybrid females was a negative one, resulting in 20% less sterility than expected from an additive effect. The combined effect of radiation and @entity16490 on dominant lethality tested in A, B and C oocytes of the same hybrid females was synergistic. Egg broods collected for 3.5 days after irradiation showed that significantly more damage was induced in the presence of ionizing radiation in dysgenic females than in their nondysgenic counterparts. This effect was most obvious in B and C oocytes. The synergism observed may be related to the inability of cells to repair the increased number of chromosome breaks induced both by radiation and transposon mobility.

title: The relationship between radiation-induced and transposon-induced XXXX during Drosophila oogenesis.

entities_list: @entity1112 :: ('MESH:D040181', 'Disease') :: ['X-linked recessive lethals']

entities_list: @entity16490 :: ('MESH:D050033', 'Disease') :: ['dysgenesis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic damage']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['genetic damage']


abstract: Beef carcass sponge samples collected from July to August 1999 at four large processing plants in the United States were surveyed for the presence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing @entity526 (STEC). Twenty-eight (93%) of 30 single-source lots surveyed included at least one sample containing non-O157 STEC. Of 334 carcasses sampled prior to evisceration, 180 (54%) were found to harbor non-O157 STEC. Non-O157 STEC isolates were also recovered from 27 (8%) of 326 carcasses sampled after the application of antimicrobial interventions. Altogether, 361 non-O157 STEC isolates, comprising 41 different O serogroups, were recovered. O serogroups that previously have been associated with @entity1 disease accounted for 178 (49%) of 361 isolates. Although 40 isolates (11%) carried a combination of virulence factor genes (enterohemorrhagic @entity526 @entity24498 , eae, and at least one stx gene) frequently associated with STEC strains causing severe @entity1 disease, only 12 of these isolates also belonged to an O serogroup previously associated with @entity1 disease. Combining previously reported data on O157-positive samples (R. O. Elder, J. E. Keen, G. R. Siragusa, G. A. Barkocy-Gallagher, M. Koohmaraie, and W. W. Laegreid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:2999-3003, 2000) with these data regarding non-O157-positive samples indicated total STEC prevalences of 72 and 10% in preevisceration and postprocessing beef carcass samples, respectively, showing that the interventions used by the beef-processing industry effected a sevenfold reduction in carcass contamination by STEC.

title: Prevalence and characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing XXXX on carcasses in commercial beef cattle processing plants.

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: PURPOSE: This clinicopathologic study describes the histopathologic, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopic features of oral @entity6725 ( @entity6725 ) in @entity1 . DESIGN: The study population consisted of 5 @entity1 (5 months to 10 years of age) with biopsy-proven JXGs obtained for consultation. RESULTS: Lesion sites were @entity14705 , and tongue and were described by the clinicians as (1). @entity146 fibroma; (2). granulation tissue; (3). pedunculated granular nodule; (4). @entity75 ; and (5). brown-red umbilicated papule. Tissue was available for histopathologic (n = 5), immunocytochemical (n = 5), and ultrastructural (n = 3) studies. Three cases showed early @entity6725 lesions possessing abundant histiocytes, but lacking @entity7468 . The other 2 cases had classic @entity6725 lesions with vacuolated histiocytes and @entity7468 . Immunocytochemical findings were (1). @entity469 (KP1, @entity13929 ), moderate to diffuse; (2). fascin, moderate to diffuse; (3). factor XIIIa, focal to diffuse; (4). alpha-1-antitrypsin, moderate to diffuse; (5). S-100 protein, focal to diffuse; and (6). @entity4896 , negative in all cases. Ultrastructural examination displayed histiocytic and dendritic cells lacking pentalaminar structures (Birbeck granules). CONCLUSION: JXGs of the oral cavity vary in their clinical and histopathologic appearances and necessitate that @entity4085 ( @entity4085 ) be excluded. @entity6725 and @entity4085 may occur concurrently, before or after each other, in some @entity1 .

title: Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the oral cavity in XXXX : a clinicopathologic study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity14705 :: ('MESH:D007967', 'Disease') :: ['gingiva, buccal mucosa']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritation']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['papilloma-like lesion']

entities_list: @entity6725 :: ('MESH:D014972', 'Disease') :: ['JXG', 'juvenile xanthogranuloma']

entities_list: @entity7468 :: ('MESH:D018286', 'Disease') :: ['Touton giant cells']

entities_list: @entity4085 :: ('MESH:D009081', 'Disease') :: ['LCD', "Langerhans' cell disease"]

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Studies testing theories of urban primacy and foreign penetration in developing nations largely support the premise that these phenomena both prevail and negatively impact economic growth in developing nations. This paper, however, presents results of a study of @entity233 as an exception to patterns reflective of the world-system model and dependency theory found in ideal-typic developing nations. Theoretically, 1 or 2 major urban centers may distort and fragment the @entity2414 of a developing nation. These cities are able to politically and economically manipulate/regulate national policy in their self-interest, and leave nonprimate regions as fragmented local markets. As such, these cities impede the development of an integrated @entity2414 . From the birth of the Turkish nation-state in 1923, however, a strong central government has structured economic and political patterns to direct national control away from Istanbul-centric interest groups. Moreover, little support exists for the presence of foreign economic domination. The paper then examines to what extent the Turkish @entity2414 has become less distorted and fragmented. It subjects 1955-80 data to modernization theory and @entity1 ecology, and finds no support for ecological arguments linking integrative activity to system size or contact technology. Study results confirm the modernization argument about @entity2414 , with more modernized provinces showing proportionately higher levels of integrative activity. Finding implications are briefly discussed.

title: Spatial economy and integrative labor in XXXX : an ecological, modernization, and world-system investigation.

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['spatial economy']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: This report describes molecular analysis of the @entity8251 gene in 37 Israeli @entity1 suspected of having @entity6694 ( @entity6694 ). The @entity1 were from various Jewish ethnic groups and from Arabic origin. Of the 17 @entity1 with classical @entity6694 , bi-directional sequencing of the coding exons revealed @entity8251 mutations in 14 @entity1 . About 66% of the mutations were located in previously described hot-spots. One case presented a novel mutation ( @entity70862 ). Mutation-negative @entity1 were further analyzed by Southern blot, which detected a novel gross rearrangement in another classical case. Altogether, detection rate in classical cases was 88%. In a non-classical case, a novel missense mutation ( @entity70863 ) was detected in an affected @entity1 and in her normal father, suggesting that this is a non-pathogenic alteration. Another variant ( @entity70864 ) was detected in an affected @entity1 and in her healthy mother and also in another affected @entity1 and her healthy father, suggesting that this variant too, is non-pathogenic. No significant difference in mutation type was noted among the different ethnic groups. In one familial case, the same mutation was detected in two sibs but not in their mother, suggesting germ-line mosaicism. Our results suggest that mutation-negative cases should be further assessed for gross rearrangements and that molecular analysis of the parents is often required when previously undescribed sequence alterations are detected.

title: @entity8251 mutations in Israel: implications for molecular analysis, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6694 :: ('MESH:D015518', 'Disease') :: ['RTT', 'Rett syndrome']

answer: @entity6694 :: (MESH:D015518,Disease) :: ['Rett syndrome']


abstract: This report describes molecular analysis of the @entity8251 gene in 37 Israeli @entity1 suspected of having @entity6694 ( @entity6694 ). The @entity1 were from various Jewish ethnic groups and from Arabic origin. Of the 17 @entity1 with classical @entity6694 , bi-directional sequencing of the coding exons revealed @entity8251 mutations in 14 @entity1 . About 66% of the mutations were located in previously described hot-spots. One case presented a novel mutation ( @entity70862 ). Mutation-negative @entity1 were further analyzed by Southern blot, which detected a novel gross rearrangement in another classical case. Altogether, detection rate in classical cases was 88%. In a non-classical case, a novel missense mutation ( @entity70863 ) was detected in an affected @entity1 and in her normal father, suggesting that this is a non-pathogenic alteration. Another variant ( @entity70864 ) was detected in an affected @entity1 and in her healthy mother and also in another affected @entity1 and her healthy father, suggesting that this variant too, is non-pathogenic. No significant difference in mutation type was noted among the different ethnic groups. In one familial case, the same mutation was detected in two sibs but not in their mother, suggesting germ-line mosaicism. Our results suggest that mutation-negative cases should be further assessed for gross rearrangements and that molecular analysis of the parents is often required when previously undescribed sequence alterations are detected.

title: XXXX mutations in Israel: implications for molecular analysis, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis in @entity6694 .

answer: @entity8251 :: (4204,Gene) :: ['MECP2']


abstract: Our laboratory has been comparing the activity of a water extract of @entity2708 bract (CBE) with the isolated trachealis smooth muscle of the @entity235 , @entity840 , and cat. CBE induced contractions that were not mediated by @entity750 ( @entity750 ), @entity112 , or muscarinic receptors. The active agent(s) in CBE was dialyzable (less than 14,000 molecular weight), and substantial activity was retained after low-temperature ashing. CBE potentiated contractions of @entity235 trachealis to @entity112 and @entity750 and relaxation responses to @entity3044 , whereas it had no effect on responses to @entity2710 and @entity4338 . In the @entity840 trachealis, CBE reduced responsiveness to @entity4338 , potentiated relaxations to @entity859 and @entity855 , and did not alter the responses to the remaining agents. Responses of cat trachealis to @entity4338 and @entity3044 were potentiated by CBE, while those to @entity750 were unaffected. Neurogenic cholinergic contractile responses were potentiated by CBE in the trachealis of the @entity235 , but not of the @entity840 , while neurogenic relaxations were potentiated by CBE in @entity840 trachealis but not in the @entity235 trachealis. There are thus marked species differences in the acute effects of CBE on airway smooth muscle. Due to recent interest in the possible involvement of bacterial endotoxins in the etiology of @entity3312 , we examined the effects of @entity526 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in @entity840 trachealis. An initial examination revealed that LPS potentiated responses to @entity112 , but not those to @entity2710 and @entity3044 . This effect vanished upon a second appraisal with a different batch of LPS. The effect of LPS in airway smooth muscle is thus, at present, equivocal.

title: An overview of species differences in the effects of a water extract of @entity2708 bract on isolated airway smooth muscle, and effects of XXXX lipopolysaccharide.

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine', '5-HT']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity3312 :: ('MESH:D002095', 'Disease') :: ['byssinosis']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['E. coli']


abstract: Our laboratory has been comparing the activity of a water extract of @entity2708 bract (CBE) with the isolated trachealis smooth muscle of the @entity235 , @entity840 , and cat. CBE induced contractions that were not mediated by @entity750 ( @entity750 ), @entity112 , or muscarinic receptors. The active agent(s) in CBE was dialyzable (less than 14,000 molecular weight), and substantial activity was retained after low-temperature ashing. CBE potentiated contractions of @entity235 trachealis to @entity112 and @entity750 and relaxation responses to @entity3044 , whereas it had no effect on responses to @entity2710 and @entity4338 . In the @entity840 trachealis, CBE reduced responsiveness to @entity4338 , potentiated relaxations to @entity859 and @entity855 , and did not alter the responses to the remaining agents. Responses of cat trachealis to @entity4338 and @entity3044 were potentiated by CBE, while those to @entity750 were unaffected. Neurogenic cholinergic contractile responses were potentiated by CBE in the trachealis of the @entity235 , but not of the @entity840 , while neurogenic relaxations were potentiated by CBE in @entity840 trachealis but not in the @entity235 trachealis. There are thus marked species differences in the acute effects of CBE on airway smooth muscle. Due to recent interest in the possible involvement of bacterial endotoxins in the etiology of @entity3312 , we examined the effects of @entity526 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in @entity840 trachealis. An initial examination revealed that LPS potentiated responses to @entity112 , but not those to @entity2710 and @entity3044 . This effect vanished upon a second appraisal with a different batch of LPS. The effect of LPS in airway smooth muscle is thus, at present, equivocal.

title: An overview of species differences in the effects of a water extract of XXXX bract on isolated airway smooth muscle, and effects of @entity526 lipopolysaccharide.

answer: @entity2708 :: (3635,Species) :: ['cotton']


abstract: Accurate diagnosis of diseases of the ventricular conducting system is essential for their appropriate therapy. Some conduction abnormalities, such as exercise-induced @entity714 (EX-LBBB), are not apparent on resting electrocardiograms. Phase analysis of rest and exercise radionuclide ventriculograms (RVG's) was used to compare four EX-LBBB @entity1 with six normal controls. All @entity1 had normal resting electrocardiograms, ejection fractions, and visually normal wall motion. First harmonic phase images were generated reflecting the timing of ventricular contraction. Dynamic phase displays were reviewed and graded in a blinded fashion by three independent experienced observers. Phase angle histograms of the right and left ventricle were determined for both resting and exercise images. The mean phase angle and standard deviation were also calculated for each ventricle. Visual grading of the resting phase images failed to show a significant difference between normal @entity1 and @entity1 with EX-LBBB. Quantitative analysis, however, revealed a significant difference in mean phase angle differences (LV-RV) in resting studies: 0.8 degrees (+/- 1.9 degrees SEM) in normals versus 9.3 degrees (+/- 2.3 degrees SEM) in EX-LBBB @entity1 (P less than 0.03). Exercise accentuated the phase angle differences: 1.8 degrees in normals vs. 31.2 degrees in EX-LBBB @entity1 (P less than 0.001). Quantitative phase analysis of resting RVG's permits the diagnosis of @entity299 that is not apparent on the resting EKG and may result in better monitoring and treatment.

title: Diagnosis of exercise-induced XXXX at rest by scintigraphic phase analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac conduction disease']

entities_list: @entity714 :: ('MESH:D002037', 'Disease') :: ['left bundle branch block']

answer: @entity714 :: (MESH:D002037,Disease) :: ['left bundle branch block']


abstract: Infliximab (Remicade), a biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), binds to and inhibits the activity of @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha, which is thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of @entity309 . Intravenous infliximab plus @entity1499 is recommended in @entity1 with @entity309 who have not achieved satisfactory disease control with adequate courses of other DMARDs. Pharmacoeconomic analyses have been based on efficacy data from the pivotal placebo-controlled Anti- @entity5 Necrosis Factor Trial in @entity309 with Concomitant Therapy (ATTRACT) trial in @entity1 with active, refractory @entity309 . Infliximab every 8 weeks plus @entity1499 demonstrated rapid and sustainable improvements in clinical response, delayed radiographic progression, and/or improved functional status and health-related QOL compared with placebo plus @entity1499 at weeks 30, 54 and 102. In cost-utility analyses of infliximab plus @entity1499 conducted from a healthcare payer and/or societal perspective in the US, Europe, Portugal, Sweden and the UK, infliximab 3 mg/kg every 8 weeks plus @entity1499 was associated with acceptable (< US50,000 per discounted QALY gained) cost-utility ratios relative to @entity1499 alone in @entity1 with active, refractory @entity309 . When only direct costs were considered, the lifetime incremental cost per discounted QALY gained with infliximab plus @entity1499 relative to @entity1499 alone was  US30,500-38,700 (year of costing 1998 or not reported; treatment duration 54 or 102 weeks or lifelong) in the US and Europe analyses, and euro39 500 (year of costing not reported; lifelong treatment) in the Portuguese analysis. The cost-utility ratios were more favourable when lost productivity costs or the additional benefit of infliximab on radiographic stabilisation were considered. In the Swedish and UK analyses with a 10-year time horizon, infliximab plus @entity1499 for 1 or 2 years was associated with cost-utility ratios of euro28 600-56 100 (year of costing not reported) when direct costs were considered, and euro3440-48 200 when direct costs plus loss-of-productivity costs were considered. In conclusion, cost-utility analyses, which were based on modelling of data from the pivotal clinical trial of infliximab plus @entity1499 , indicate that infliximab plus @entity1499 is associated with acceptable cost-effectiveness ratios (< US50,000 per discounted QALY gained) relative to @entity1499 monotherapy in @entity1 with active @entity309 who have not responded to previous @entity1499 or other DMARD therapy. The cost effectiveness of infliximab versus other DMARDs is at present unclear, but will be clarified when appropriate data from directly comparative clinical and/or pharmacoeconomic studies become available. In @entity1 in whom adequate courses of other DMARDs have failed to achieve satisfactory disease control, infliximab plus @entity1499 may prevent or delay disability, which may produce reductions in nondrug costs that can help offset its acquisition cost.

title: Infliximab: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['Rheumatoid Arthritis', 'rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: We created a model of @entity1224 that avoids long-term toxic exposure. @entity130 was induced in 7 @entity235 by exposure to nebulized 1% @entity32428 ( @entity20298 ) on alternate days for 4 wk. Lung mechanics were measured prior to exposure and after 2 and 4 wk. Both TLC and VC decreased and the FRC/TLC ratio increased. Expiratory flows decreased while breathing air and an 80% helium-20% @entity26 mixture; the volume of isoflow increased. Pulmonary resistance increased and dynamic compliance decreased. On single-breath @entity1568 washout, there were increases in the slope of phase III and in closing capacity. Histologically, there was widespread chronic @entity32 , slight epithelial changes, slight peribronchiolar @entity82 , and an increase in smooth muscle. Pathologic scores were significantly higher in the @entity20298 -exposed group than in the control group. Scores for peripheral and central airway pathology were correlated with results of tests of @entity1224 .

title: A @entity235 model of XXXX induced by @entity32428 . Lung mechanics and morphologic features.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['airway inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity32428 :: ('MESH:D017942', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric acid']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Bronchial injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['bronchial injury']


abstract: We created a model of @entity1224 that avoids long-term toxic exposure. @entity130 was induced in 7 @entity235 by exposure to nebulized 1% @entity32428 ( @entity20298 ) on alternate days for 4 wk. Lung mechanics were measured prior to exposure and after 2 and 4 wk. Both TLC and VC decreased and the FRC/TLC ratio increased. Expiratory flows decreased while breathing air and an 80% helium-20% @entity26 mixture; the volume of isoflow increased. Pulmonary resistance increased and dynamic compliance decreased. On single-breath @entity1568 washout, there were increases in the slope of phase III and in closing capacity. Histologically, there was widespread chronic @entity32 , slight epithelial changes, slight peribronchiolar @entity82 , and an increase in smooth muscle. Pathologic scores were significantly higher in the @entity20298 -exposed group than in the control group. Scores for peripheral and central airway pathology were correlated with results of tests of @entity1224 .

title: A @entity235 model of @entity130 induced by XXXX . Lung mechanics and morphologic features.

answer: @entity32428 :: (MESH:D017942,Chemical) :: ['nitric acid']


abstract: We created a model of @entity1224 that avoids long-term toxic exposure. @entity130 was induced in 7 @entity235 by exposure to nebulized 1% @entity32428 ( @entity20298 ) on alternate days for 4 wk. Lung mechanics were measured prior to exposure and after 2 and 4 wk. Both TLC and VC decreased and the FRC/TLC ratio increased. Expiratory flows decreased while breathing air and an 80% helium-20% @entity26 mixture; the volume of isoflow increased. Pulmonary resistance increased and dynamic compliance decreased. On single-breath @entity1568 washout, there were increases in the slope of phase III and in closing capacity. Histologically, there was widespread chronic @entity32 , slight epithelial changes, slight peribronchiolar @entity82 , and an increase in smooth muscle. Pathologic scores were significantly higher in the @entity20298 -exposed group than in the control group. Scores for peripheral and central airway pathology were correlated with results of tests of @entity1224 .

title: A XXXX model of @entity130 induced by @entity32428 . Lung mechanics and morphologic features.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: We examined @entity1583 in 74 @entity1 with various @entity5 . The proportions of @entity1 with @entity417 in the case of @entity418 , @entity356 , @entity14 , @entity157 , and @entity3123 were 75%, 87.5%, 77%, 64% and 87.5%, respectively. @entity19333 was mainly observed in showed @entity1 with @entity189 of the gastro-intestinal tract which showed severe @entity548 . The major proportion of @entity1 with @entity157 and @entity3123 showed @entity417 . The WBC count was usually within the normal range except for @entity1 with @entity1575 or generalized @entity3 who showed decreased WBC counts. The mean lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood, which is thought to be correlated with the prognosis of @entity5 @entity1 , was less than 1,500/microliter except for @entity1 with @entity356 , whose five-year survival rate was 28.6%. Monocytosis was mainly observed in @entity1 with @entity14 and @entity3123 , accounting for 24.5% of the total cases. This finding may suggest some relationship between @entity5 and monocytes. @entity1148 was seen in @entity1 with severe @entity548 , but @entity882 was seen in @entity1 with @entity1575 . Most @entity5 @entity1 showed normo-cellular marrow and normal M/E. We also examined the ferrokinetics and ferritin levels in @entity5 @entity1 .

title: [Hematological disorders in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1148 :: ('MESH:D013922', 'Disease') :: ['Thrombocytosis']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['anemia', 'normochromic normocytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity19333 :: ('MESH:C536357', 'Disease') :: ['Hypochromic microcytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematopoietic disorders']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignancy']


abstract: A prospective, randomized comparison of continuous, absorbable, No. 2, coated, @entity6886 suture (Dexon-Plus) vs interrupted, nonabsorbable, No. 28 monofilament stainless steel wire suture was performed in 105 @entity1 for midline @entity4438 following gastric surgery for morbid @entity28 . The preoperative weight, sex distribution, and type of operation were not significantly different between the two groups. No significant difference was found in the wound complication rate between the two closure methods (7/54 for wire and 8/51 for @entity6886 ). There were one dehiscence and five incisional @entity547 in the wire group and five @entity547 in the @entity6886 group. Continuous closure was accomplished in significantly less time (21 +/- 8 minutes) than interrupted closure (43 +/- 19 minutes). An additional 121 @entity1 underwent continuous No. 2 @entity6886 @entity4438 after the end of the randomized trial, with 13 wound complications, including ten incisional @entity547 . In conclusion, continuous, absorbable suture closure for laparotomy wounds is recommended for its economy of time and the lack of significant difference from an interrupted, nonabsorbable wound closure.

title: Continuous absorbable vs interrupted nonabsorbable XXXX . A prospective, randomized comparison.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4438 :: ('MESH:C563219', 'Disease') :: ['fascial closure']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity6886 :: ('CHEBI:53492', 'Chemical') :: ['polyglycolic acid']

answer: @entity4438 :: (MESH:C563219,Disease) :: ['fascial closure']