abstract: Unexpected plasma @entity413 responses to different mixed meals fed to normal and @entity6 volunteers have recently been reported. We have therefore examined in normal volunteers the effect of mixing @entity1735 foods of different glycemic indices (GIs) without the addition of fat and protein. The observed GI of the mixed meal was within 2% of the expected value. In studies in the literature where fat and protein were added to mixed meals, the observed blood @entity413 responses also related significantly to the meal GIs calculated from the individual foods. Addition of fat and protein in the quantities used did not obscure this relationship. Studies to determine sources of error in comparing glycemic responses showed that @entity1605 @entity6 @entity1 displayed the least within-individual variation, and type I @entity6 @entity1 the most. Expression of results as the GI rather than as absolute glycemic response areas reduced by 50% the between-subject variation. The mean GI values of @entity579 tested in type I and @entity1605 @entity1 were similar (82 +/- 22 compared with 74 +/- 19) and the reproducibility 22 mo later in the same group of subjects was excellent (81 +/- 15 compared with 83 +/- 15). However, the lack of precise GI values for all foods fed in the test meals indicates a need for GI values to be derived for a wider range of individual foodstuffs. The GI approach to classifying foods according to physiologic effect may play a useful role in planning meals and diets in which specific blood @entity413 profiles are required.

title: Prediction of the relative blood XXXX response of mixed meals using the white bread glycemic index.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although @entity65 is a crucial problem for Mongolian @entity1 , little information about @entity209 , which is well known to be associated with the development of @entity65 , is available in Mongolia. The aim of this study was to observe the epidemiological features of @entity209 in a general Mongolian population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed in 1911 general Mongolian subjects (717 @entity1 , 1194 @entity1 ), who were >= 40 years old and free of @entity741 , by using a dataset from a nationwide population-based cohort study in Mongolia. The prevalence of @entity209 , as defined by International @entity6 Federation criteria, was determined. @entity285 consumption, smoking habits, and physical activity were evaluated. Education, marital status, income, and occupation were also examined as factors of socioeconomic status (SES). Their association with @entity209 was determined by logistic regression models. RESULTS: The prevalence of @entity209 was significantly higher in @entity1 (n=488, 40.6%) than in @entity1 (n=138, 19.4%). The prevalence of @entity209 was high, especially in the Khangai region, in @entity1 . Moderate-to-high @entity285 consumption was a significantly positively associated factor of @entity209 in @entity1 [odds ratio (OR)=2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15-3.51; adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.41; 95% CI 1.31-4.44] and widowed status was a significantly positively associated factor of @entity209 in @entity1 (OR=1.61, 95% CI 1.18-2.18; AOR=1.49, 95% CI 1.07-2.08). CONCLUSIONS: @entity209 was prevalent in @entity1 compared with @entity1 among Mongolian adults. Preventive strategies aimed at @entity1 with a higher @entity285 consumption and @entity1 with widowed status may help reduce @entity209 , thereby improving @entity65 conditions in Mongolia.

title: Epidemiologic Features of XXXX in a General Mongolian Population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome', 'Metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity285 :: ('D000431', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'Alcohol']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular health', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['Metabolic Syndrome']


abstract: From January 1976 - end of 1979, 427 @entity1 with cervical @entity5 were treated in the Department of Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong. Twenty-seven (6%) had primary @entity420 . Eighteen @entity1 with stage I and early stage II were treated by preoperative irradiation and Wertheim hysterectomy. Serial cervical biopsies were taken to assess the response to radiotherapy. All the cervical biopsies as well as the surgical specimens were read by the same pathologist. 83% showed residual dividing @entity5 cells in the surgical specimens. One hundred and forty-five @entity1 with early @entity5 were similarly treated during the same period; only 13% had @entity5 in the specimens (chi square test p is less than 0.001). All the @entity1 are being followed up regularly. Fifteen @entity1 with early cervical @entity420 are free from disease. The shortest period of follow-up is 5 1/4 years.

title: Combined treatment in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of cervix', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumour', 'cancer', 'squamous cervical cancer', 'tumour']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma of cervix']


abstract: AIM: Pedometers and accelerometers have recently become applicable for not only monitoring but increasing level of physical activity (PA). We summarize the effects of pedometer- and accelerometer-based exercise interventions on @entity413 metabolism in subjects with @entity6 ( @entity6 ). METHODS: We searched intervention studies that investigated the effects of step-defined exercise interventions using pedometers and accelerometers on the levels of @entity413 metabolism markers, such as plasma @entity413 and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), in adult subjects with type 2 @entity6 . The study characteristics and findings of @entity413 metabolism markers were reviewed. RESULTS: Of 16 eligible studies reviewed, significant improvements in @entity413 metabolism markers were found in the intervention group compared to that observed in the control group in six studies: the HbA1c level in four studies, both the HbA1c and plasma @entity413 levels in one study and continuous @entity413 monitoring in one study. Four of these six studies emphasized a significance of PA intensity in addition to PA amount. Five studies found a significant increase in the number of steps, but only one of these studies showed significant reductions in @entity413 metabolism markers. No studies demonstrated a dose-response relationship between changes in the number of steps and @entity413 metabolism markers. CONCLUSION: Limited studies showed significant improvements in @entity413 metabolism markers and steps among subjects with type 2 @entity6 . Future studies are needed regarding how to use pedometers and accelerometers to achieve improvements in @entity413 metabolism with increases in PA in such subjects, especially more focus on PA intensity.

title: Pedometer- and accelerometer-based exercise in subjects with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus', 'DM']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes mellitus']


abstract: Ovaries from sexually mature virgin @entity95 were dissected free on both sides and cannulated in situ via that part of the aortic segment supplying the ovarian arteries. The ovaries were mounted in a closed, recirculating perfusion system for oxygenation in vitro. Ovulation was induced by @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin ( @entity1465 ) given either i.v. (100 IU) or directly into the perfusion medium (20 IU). @entity397 occurred in 42 out of a total of 54 ovaries. The in vivo route of @entity1465 administration was found to be most efficient, with ovulations occurring after a mean of 11.5 h, which corresponds well with the incidence of ovulations in situ. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, @entity3352 , totally abolished the @entity1465 -induced ovulations. beta-Adrenoreceptor stimulation in vitro with @entity4183 or with @entity1063 in the presence of alpha-receptor blockade with @entity5333 caused a significantly increased number of gonadotropin-induced ovulations. @entity5521 or @entity5333 given alone reduced the number of ruptured follicles. @entity1063 (in the absence of @entity1465 ) and @entity1338 augmented the incidence of ovulation. The results indicate that local adrenoreceptor mechanisms participate in the process of ovulation, both via alpha-adrenoreceptors (probably affecting the follicular smooth musculature) and beta-adrenoreceptors (possibly through some trophic or endocrine mechanism other than a mechanical factor).

title: Influence of adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists on ovulation in the XXXX ovary perfused in vitro.

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['Phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity5333 :: ('MESH:D010643', 'Chemical') :: ['phenoxybenzamine']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['Follicular ruptures']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Noradrenaline', 'noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity4183 :: ('MESH:D013726', 'Chemical') :: ['terbutaline']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: An in vitro system was devised for studying phosphorylation of @entity2060 axonemal proteins. Many of the polypeptides phosphorylated in this system could be identified as previously described axonemal components that are phosphorylated in vivo. The in vitro system apparently preserved the activities of diverse axonemal kinases without greatly altering the substrate specificity of the enzymes. The in vitro system was used to study the effect of @entity460 concentration on axonemal protein phosphorylation. @entity460 has previously been demonstrated to initiate the axonemal reversal reaction of the photophobic response; the in vitro system made it possible to investigate the possibility that this @entity460 effect is mediated by protein phosphorylation. @entity460 specifically altered the phosphorylation of only two axonemal proteins; the phosphorylation of an otherwise unidentified 85,000 Mr protein was repressed by @entity460 concentrations greater than or equal to 10(-6) M, while the phosphorylation of the previously identified 95,000 Mr protein b4 was stimulated by @entity460 at concentrations greater than 10(-6) M. Protein b4 is one of six polypeptides that are deficient in the mbo mutants, strains that do not exhibit a photophobic reversal reaction. Therefore, this @entity460 -stimulated phosphorylation may be involved in initiating the photophobic response. Neither calmodulin nor the C-kinase could be implicated in b4 phosphorylation. The @entity460 -dependent activation of the b4 kinase was not affected by several drugs that bind to and inhibit calmodulin, or by the addition of exogenous calmodulin. Activators and inhibitors of the @entity460 -phospholipid-dependent C kinase also had no effect on b4 phosphorylation.

title: Phosphorylation in isolated XXXX axonemes: a phosphoprotein may mediate the Ca2+-dependent photophobic response.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

entities_list: @entity2060 :: ('3055', 'Species') :: ['Chlamydomonas reinhardtii']

answer: @entity2060 :: (3055,Species) :: ['Chlamydomonas']


abstract: The involvement of soluble growth-promoting factors in stretch-induced @entity1184 of the @entity121 ( @entity121 ) in the @entity1573 wing was investigated. Soluble extracts were prepared from young @entity1573 @entity121 muscles made @entity1184 by passive stretch and from unstretched contralateral controls. Extracts were tested for their ability to stimulate cell proliferation and @entity908 phosphokinase (CPK) activity in primary monolayer cultures of @entity1573 embryo muscle cells. Factors were present in muscle extracts which showed a dose-dependent stimulation of cell proliferation and CPK activity in vitro. Passive stretch for 5 days produced a rapid @entity1184 of the @entity121 which was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the activity of the growth factor(s). Release of stretch resulted in an arrest of growth and an immediate fall in growth factor activity. The difference in growth-stimulating activity between control and stretched @entity121 extracts could be demonstrated in @entity1573 transferrin-sensitive @entity1573 myoblast cultures. Stretch thus induces an increase in a class-specific growth factor, possibly Transferrin, in the @entity121 . Stretched @entity121 extracts stimulated: (a) @entity1573 myoblast proliferation to a greater extent than an optimum concentration of @entity1573 embryo extract, and (b) CPK activity in vitro to a greater extent than excess Transferrin. Both control and stretched @entity121 extracts supported the growth of @entity35 myoblasts. We conclude that @entity121 muscle extracts also contain unknown growth factor(s) which are different from Transferrin.

title: Stretch-induced growth in XXXX wing muscles: role of soluble growth-promoting factors.

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy', 'hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['Patagialis muscle', 'PAT']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Assessing driving aptitude in @entity303 @entity1 is critically important for both @entity1 and public safety. However, there have been only a few reports on the driving behaviours and accident risk of @entity1 with @entity303 , especially @entity747 ( @entity747 ). Therefore, we compared the characteristics of driving behaviours in @entity1 with @entity747 and those with @entity195 ( @entity195 ). METHODS: The subjects were 28 @entity747 and 67 @entity195 @entity1 who visited the Department of Psychiatry, Kochi Medical School Hospital. We conducted semi-structured interviews with their families and caregivers about traffic accident history and changes in @entity1 driving behaviours after @entity303 onset and then compared the findings between the two groups. RESULTS: Overall changes in driving behaviours were reported in 89% (25/28) and 76% (51/67) of the @entity747 and @entity195 @entity1 , respectively (P = 0.17). In the @entity747 group, difficulty in judging inter-vehicle distances, ignoring road signs and traffic signals, and distraction were reported in 50% (14/28), 61% (17/28), and 50% (14/28) of @entity1 , respectively, and 75% (21/28) @entity1 had caused a traffic accident after @entity303 onset. The risk of causing an accident was higher in the @entity747 group than in the @entity195 group (odds ratio = 10.4, 95% confidence interval = 3.7-29.1). In addition, the mean duration between @entity303 onset and a traffic accident was 1.35 years in the @entity747 group compared with 3.0 years in the @entity195 group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity747 were more likely to show dangerous driving behaviours than those with @entity195 , and the risk of causing a traffic accident may be higher in @entity1 with @entity747 from an @entity66 stage.

title: Comparing the driving behaviours of individuals with XXXX and those with @entity195 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['early disease']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity747 :: ('MESH:D057174', 'Disease') :: ['frontotemporal lobar degeneration', 'FTLD']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity747 :: (MESH:D057174,Disease) :: ['frontotemporal lobar degeneration']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Assessing driving aptitude in @entity303 @entity1 is critically important for both @entity1 and public safety. However, there have been only a few reports on the driving behaviours and accident risk of @entity1 with @entity303 , especially @entity747 ( @entity747 ). Therefore, we compared the characteristics of driving behaviours in @entity1 with @entity747 and those with @entity195 ( @entity195 ). METHODS: The subjects were 28 @entity747 and 67 @entity195 @entity1 who visited the Department of Psychiatry, Kochi Medical School Hospital. We conducted semi-structured interviews with their families and caregivers about traffic accident history and changes in @entity1 driving behaviours after @entity303 onset and then compared the findings between the two groups. RESULTS: Overall changes in driving behaviours were reported in 89% (25/28) and 76% (51/67) of the @entity747 and @entity195 @entity1 , respectively (P = 0.17). In the @entity747 group, difficulty in judging inter-vehicle distances, ignoring road signs and traffic signals, and distraction were reported in 50% (14/28), 61% (17/28), and 50% (14/28) of @entity1 , respectively, and 75% (21/28) @entity1 had caused a traffic accident after @entity303 onset. The risk of causing an accident was higher in the @entity747 group than in the @entity195 group (odds ratio = 10.4, 95% confidence interval = 3.7-29.1). In addition, the mean duration between @entity303 onset and a traffic accident was 1.35 years in the @entity747 group compared with 3.0 years in the @entity195 group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity747 were more likely to show dangerous driving behaviours than those with @entity195 , and the risk of causing a traffic accident may be higher in @entity1 with @entity747 from an @entity66 stage.

title: Comparing the driving behaviours of individuals with @entity747 and those with XXXX .

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: Phytohormone @entity3785 (SA) is a crucial component of plant-induced defense against biotrophic pathogens. Although the key players of the SA pathway are known, there are still gaps in the understanding of the molecular mechanism and the regulation of particular steps. In our previous research, we showed in @entity958 suspension cells that @entity10439 , which specifically modulates @entity30847 activity, significantly suppresses the transcription of the pathogenesis related ( @entity40887 ) gene, which is generally accepted as the SA pathway marker. In the presented study, we have investigated the site of @entity10439 action in the SA pathway. We were able to show in @entity958 plants treated with SA that @entity10439 inhibits the transcription of defense genes ( @entity40887 , @entity71618 ). Fluorescence microscopy of @entity958 mutants expressing 35S:: @entity14349 -GFP (nonexpressor pathogenesis related 1) revealed significantly decreased nuclear localization of @entity14349 in the presence of @entity10439 . On the other hand, @entity10439 did not decrease the nuclear localization of @entity14349 in 35S::npr1C82A-GFP and 35S::npr1C216A-GFP mutants constitutively expressing @entity14349 monomers. Mass spectrometric analysis of plant extracts showed that @entity10439 significantly changes the metabolic fingerprinting while @entity23053 had no effect. We found groups of the plant metabolites, influenced differently by SA and @entity10439 treatment. Thus, we proposed several metabolites as markers for @entity10439 action.

title: XXXX affects translocation of @entity14349 to the nucleus in @entity958 .

entities_list: @entity3785 :: ('MESH:D020156', 'Chemical') :: ['salicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana', 'Arabidopsis']

answer: @entity30847 :: (820816(Tax:3702),Gene) :: ['Phospholipase D']


abstract: Phytohormone @entity3785 (SA) is a crucial component of plant-induced defense against biotrophic pathogens. Although the key players of the SA pathway are known, there are still gaps in the understanding of the molecular mechanism and the regulation of particular steps. In our previous research, we showed in @entity958 suspension cells that @entity10439 , which specifically modulates @entity30847 activity, significantly suppresses the transcription of the pathogenesis related ( @entity40887 ) gene, which is generally accepted as the SA pathway marker. In the presented study, we have investigated the site of @entity10439 action in the SA pathway. We were able to show in @entity958 plants treated with SA that @entity10439 inhibits the transcription of defense genes ( @entity40887 , @entity71618 ). Fluorescence microscopy of @entity958 mutants expressing 35S:: @entity14349 -GFP (nonexpressor pathogenesis related 1) revealed significantly decreased nuclear localization of @entity14349 in the presence of @entity10439 . On the other hand, @entity10439 did not decrease the nuclear localization of @entity14349 in 35S::npr1C82A-GFP and 35S::npr1C216A-GFP mutants constitutively expressing @entity14349 monomers. Mass spectrometric analysis of plant extracts showed that @entity10439 significantly changes the metabolic fingerprinting while @entity23053 had no effect. We found groups of the plant metabolites, influenced differently by SA and @entity10439 treatment. Thus, we proposed several metabolites as markers for @entity10439 action.

title: @entity30847 affects translocation of XXXX to the nucleus in @entity958 .

answer: @entity14349 :: (842733(Tax:3702),Gene) :: ['NPR1']


abstract: Phytohormone @entity3785 (SA) is a crucial component of plant-induced defense against biotrophic pathogens. Although the key players of the SA pathway are known, there are still gaps in the understanding of the molecular mechanism and the regulation of particular steps. In our previous research, we showed in @entity958 suspension cells that @entity10439 , which specifically modulates @entity30847 activity, significantly suppresses the transcription of the pathogenesis related ( @entity40887 ) gene, which is generally accepted as the SA pathway marker. In the presented study, we have investigated the site of @entity10439 action in the SA pathway. We were able to show in @entity958 plants treated with SA that @entity10439 inhibits the transcription of defense genes ( @entity40887 , @entity71618 ). Fluorescence microscopy of @entity958 mutants expressing 35S:: @entity14349 -GFP (nonexpressor pathogenesis related 1) revealed significantly decreased nuclear localization of @entity14349 in the presence of @entity10439 . On the other hand, @entity10439 did not decrease the nuclear localization of @entity14349 in 35S::npr1C82A-GFP and 35S::npr1C216A-GFP mutants constitutively expressing @entity14349 monomers. Mass spectrometric analysis of plant extracts showed that @entity10439 significantly changes the metabolic fingerprinting while @entity23053 had no effect. We found groups of the plant metabolites, influenced differently by SA and @entity10439 treatment. Thus, we proposed several metabolites as markers for @entity10439 action.

title: @entity30847 affects translocation of @entity14349 to the nucleus in XXXX .

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Activation of the @entity2986 branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in response to protein misfolding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in the transient repression of protein synthesis, mediated by the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 ( @entity22643 ). This is part of a wider integrated physiological response to maintain @entity5085 in the face of ER stress, the dysregulation of which is increasingly associated with a wide range of diseases, @entity179 . In prion-diseased @entity19 , persistently high levels of @entity22643 cause sustained translational repression leading to catastrophic @entity3124 , resulting in synaptic failure and @entity528 . We previously showed that restoration of global protein synthesis using the @entity2986 inhibitor @entity71619 was profoundly neuroprotective, preventing clinical disease in prion-infected @entity19 . However, this occured at the cost of @entity137 to secretory tissue, where UPR activation is essential to healthy functioning. Here we show that pharmacological modulation of @entity22643 -P-mediated translational inhibition can be achieved to produce neuroprotection without pancreatic @entity137 . We found that treatment with the small molecule ISRIB, which restores translation downstream of @entity22643 , conferred neuroprotection in prion-diseased @entity19 without adverse effects on the pancreas. Critically, ISRIB treatment resulted in only partial restoration of global translation rates, as compared with the complete restoration of protein synthesis seen with @entity71619 . ISRIB likely provides sufficient rates of protein synthesis for neuronal survival, while allowing some residual protective UPR function in secretory tissue. Thus, fine-tuning the extent of UPR inhibition and subsequent translational de-repression uncouples neuroprotective effects from pancreatic @entity137 . The data support the pursuit of this approach to develop new treatments for a range of @entity179 that are currently incurable.

title: Partial restoration of protein synthesis rates by the small molecule ISRIB prevents @entity179 without pancreatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5085 :: ('MESH:D057165', 'Disease') :: ['proteostasis']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of critical proteins']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['particularly neurodegenerative disorders', 'neurodegenerative disorders']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal loss']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Activation of the @entity2986 branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in response to protein misfolding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in the transient repression of protein synthesis, mediated by the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 ( @entity22643 ). This is part of a wider integrated physiological response to maintain @entity5085 in the face of ER stress, the dysregulation of which is increasingly associated with a wide range of diseases, @entity179 . In prion-diseased @entity19 , persistently high levels of @entity22643 cause sustained translational repression leading to catastrophic @entity3124 , resulting in synaptic failure and @entity528 . We previously showed that restoration of global protein synthesis using the @entity2986 inhibitor @entity71619 was profoundly neuroprotective, preventing clinical disease in prion-infected @entity19 . However, this occured at the cost of @entity137 to secretory tissue, where UPR activation is essential to healthy functioning. Here we show that pharmacological modulation of @entity22643 -P-mediated translational inhibition can be achieved to produce neuroprotection without pancreatic @entity137 . We found that treatment with the small molecule ISRIB, which restores translation downstream of @entity22643 , conferred neuroprotection in prion-diseased @entity19 without adverse effects on the pancreas. Critically, ISRIB treatment resulted in only partial restoration of global translation rates, as compared with the complete restoration of protein synthesis seen with @entity71619 . ISRIB likely provides sufficient rates of protein synthesis for neuronal survival, while allowing some residual protective UPR function in secretory tissue. Thus, fine-tuning the extent of UPR inhibition and subsequent translational de-repression uncouples neuroprotective effects from pancreatic @entity137 . The data support the pursuit of this approach to develop new treatments for a range of @entity179 that are currently incurable.

title: Partial restoration of protein synthesis rates by the small molecule ISRIB prevents XXXX without pancreatic @entity137 .

answer: @entity179 :: (MESH:D019636,Disease) :: ['neurodegeneration']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: During @entity309 ( @entity309 ), fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) critically promote disease pathogenesis by aggressively invading the extracellular matrix of the joint. The @entity8264 ( @entity8264 ) signaling pathway is emerging as a contributor to the anomalous behavior of @entity309 FLS. The receptor protein @entity4149 phosphatase a (RPTPa), which is encoded by the @entity26509 gene, is a key promoter of @entity8264 signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate whether RPTPa mediates FLS @entity146 and @entity309 pathogenesis. METHODS: Through RPTPa knockdown, we assessed FLS gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, invasion and migration by Transwell assays, survival by @entity10440 and @entity2667 staining, adhesion and spreading by immunofluorescence microscopy, and activation of signaling pathways by Western blotting of FLS lysates. @entity625 development was examined in RPTPa-knockout (KO) @entity19 using the K/BxN serum-transfer model. The contribution of radiosensitive and radioresistant cells to disease was evaluated by reciprocal bone marrow transplantation. RESULTS: RPTPa was enriched in the @entity309 synovial lining. RPTPa knockdown impaired @entity309 FLS survival, spreading, migration, invasiveness, and responsiveness to platelet-derived growth factor, @entity5 @entity39 factor, and interleukin-1 stimulation. These phenotypes correlated with increased phosphorylation of @entity19640 on inhibitory Y(527) and decreased phosphorylation of @entity8264 on stimulatory Y(397) . Treatment of @entity309 FLS with an inhibitor of @entity8264 phenocopied the knockdown of RPTPa. RPTPa-KO @entity19 were protected from @entity625 development, which was due to radioresistant cells. CONCLUSION: By regulating the phosphorylation of @entity19640 and @entity8264 , RPTPa mediates proinflammatory and proinvasive signaling in @entity309 FLS, correlating with the promotion of disease in an FLS-dependent model of @entity309 .

title: Receptor Protein XXXX Phosphatase a-Mediated Enhancement of Rheumatoid Synovial Fibroblast Signaling and Promotion of @entity625 in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['Arthritis', 'arthritis']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity4149 :: (D014443,Chemical) :: ['Tyrosine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: During @entity309 ( @entity309 ), fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) critically promote disease pathogenesis by aggressively invading the extracellular matrix of the joint. The @entity8264 ( @entity8264 ) signaling pathway is emerging as a contributor to the anomalous behavior of @entity309 FLS. The receptor protein @entity4149 phosphatase a (RPTPa), which is encoded by the @entity26509 gene, is a key promoter of @entity8264 signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate whether RPTPa mediates FLS @entity146 and @entity309 pathogenesis. METHODS: Through RPTPa knockdown, we assessed FLS gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, invasion and migration by Transwell assays, survival by @entity10440 and @entity2667 staining, adhesion and spreading by immunofluorescence microscopy, and activation of signaling pathways by Western blotting of FLS lysates. @entity625 development was examined in RPTPa-knockout (KO) @entity19 using the K/BxN serum-transfer model. The contribution of radiosensitive and radioresistant cells to disease was evaluated by reciprocal bone marrow transplantation. RESULTS: RPTPa was enriched in the @entity309 synovial lining. RPTPa knockdown impaired @entity309 FLS survival, spreading, migration, invasiveness, and responsiveness to platelet-derived growth factor, @entity5 @entity39 factor, and interleukin-1 stimulation. These phenotypes correlated with increased phosphorylation of @entity19640 on inhibitory Y(527) and decreased phosphorylation of @entity8264 on stimulatory Y(397) . Treatment of @entity309 FLS with an inhibitor of @entity8264 phenocopied the knockdown of RPTPa. RPTPa-KO @entity19 were protected from @entity625 development, which was due to radioresistant cells. CONCLUSION: By regulating the phosphorylation of @entity19640 and @entity8264 , RPTPa mediates proinflammatory and proinvasive signaling in @entity309 FLS, correlating with the promotion of disease in an FLS-dependent model of @entity309 .

title: Receptor Protein @entity4149 Phosphatase a-Mediated Enhancement of Rheumatoid Synovial Fibroblast Signaling and Promotion of XXXX in @entity19 .

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['Arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: During @entity309 ( @entity309 ), fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) critically promote disease pathogenesis by aggressively invading the extracellular matrix of the joint. The @entity8264 ( @entity8264 ) signaling pathway is emerging as a contributor to the anomalous behavior of @entity309 FLS. The receptor protein @entity4149 phosphatase a (RPTPa), which is encoded by the @entity26509 gene, is a key promoter of @entity8264 signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate whether RPTPa mediates FLS @entity146 and @entity309 pathogenesis. METHODS: Through RPTPa knockdown, we assessed FLS gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, invasion and migration by Transwell assays, survival by @entity10440 and @entity2667 staining, adhesion and spreading by immunofluorescence microscopy, and activation of signaling pathways by Western blotting of FLS lysates. @entity625 development was examined in RPTPa-knockout (KO) @entity19 using the K/BxN serum-transfer model. The contribution of radiosensitive and radioresistant cells to disease was evaluated by reciprocal bone marrow transplantation. RESULTS: RPTPa was enriched in the @entity309 synovial lining. RPTPa knockdown impaired @entity309 FLS survival, spreading, migration, invasiveness, and responsiveness to platelet-derived growth factor, @entity5 @entity39 factor, and interleukin-1 stimulation. These phenotypes correlated with increased phosphorylation of @entity19640 on inhibitory Y(527) and decreased phosphorylation of @entity8264 on stimulatory Y(397) . Treatment of @entity309 FLS with an inhibitor of @entity8264 phenocopied the knockdown of RPTPa. RPTPa-KO @entity19 were protected from @entity625 development, which was due to radioresistant cells. CONCLUSION: By regulating the phosphorylation of @entity19640 and @entity8264 , RPTPa mediates proinflammatory and proinvasive signaling in @entity309 FLS, correlating with the promotion of disease in an FLS-dependent model of @entity309 .

title: Receptor Protein @entity4149 Phosphatase a-Mediated Enhancement of Rheumatoid Synovial Fibroblast Signaling and Promotion of @entity625 in XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity694 ( @entity694 ) might potentially replace absent or injured large intestine, but the enteric nervous system (ENS), a key component, has not been investigated. In various enteric @entity1109 in which the @entity694 is derived from aganglionic donor colon, the resulting construct might also be aganglionic, limiting tissue engineering applications in conditions such as @entity1963 ( @entity1963 ). We hypothesized that @entity694 might contain a diverse population of enteric neuronal subtypes, and that aganglionic @entity694 can be populated by neurons and glia when supplemented with ENS progenitor cells in the form of neurospheres. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 and @entity19 organoid units (OU) and multicellular clusters containing epithelium and mesenchyme were isolated from both @entity19 and @entity1 donor tissues, including from normally innervated and aganglionic colon. The OU were seeded onto a biodegradable scaffold and implanted within a host @entity19 , resulting in the growth of @entity694 . Aganglionic @entity19 and @entity1 OU were supplemented with cultured neurospheres to populate the absent ENS not provided by the OU to rescue the @entity1963 phenotype. RESULTS: @entity694 demonstrated abundant smooth muscle and clusters of neurons and glia beneath the epithelium and deeper within the mesenchyme. Motor and afferent neuronal subtypes were identified in @entity694 . Aganglionic OU formed @entity694 with absent neural elements, but neurons and glia were abundant when aganglionic OU were supplemented with ENS progenitor cells. CONCLUSION: @entity19 and @entity1 @entity694 contain key components of the ENS that were not previously identified, including glia, neurons, and fundamental neuronal subtypes. @entity694 derived from aganglionic colon can be populated with neurons and glia when supplemented with neurospheres. Combining tissue engineering and cellular replacement therapies represents a new strategy for treating enteric @entity16 , particularly @entity1963 .

title: XXXX and @entity19 Tissue-Engineered Colon Exhibit Diverse Neuronal Subtypes and Can Be Populated by Enteric Nervous System Progenitor Cells When Donor Colon Is Aganglionic.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'murine', 'Murine']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathies']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic diseases']

entities_list: @entity1963 :: ('MESH:D006627', 'Disease') :: ['HD', 'Hirschsprung disease']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['Tissue-engineered colon', 'TEC']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity694 ( @entity694 ) might potentially replace absent or injured large intestine, but the enteric nervous system (ENS), a key component, has not been investigated. In various enteric @entity1109 in which the @entity694 is derived from aganglionic donor colon, the resulting construct might also be aganglionic, limiting tissue engineering applications in conditions such as @entity1963 ( @entity1963 ). We hypothesized that @entity694 might contain a diverse population of enteric neuronal subtypes, and that aganglionic @entity694 can be populated by neurons and glia when supplemented with ENS progenitor cells in the form of neurospheres. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 and @entity19 organoid units (OU) and multicellular clusters containing epithelium and mesenchyme were isolated from both @entity19 and @entity1 donor tissues, including from normally innervated and aganglionic colon. The OU were seeded onto a biodegradable scaffold and implanted within a host @entity19 , resulting in the growth of @entity694 . Aganglionic @entity19 and @entity1 OU were supplemented with cultured neurospheres to populate the absent ENS not provided by the OU to rescue the @entity1963 phenotype. RESULTS: @entity694 demonstrated abundant smooth muscle and clusters of neurons and glia beneath the epithelium and deeper within the mesenchyme. Motor and afferent neuronal subtypes were identified in @entity694 . Aganglionic OU formed @entity694 with absent neural elements, but neurons and glia were abundant when aganglionic OU were supplemented with ENS progenitor cells. CONCLUSION: @entity19 and @entity1 @entity694 contain key components of the ENS that were not previously identified, including glia, neurons, and fundamental neuronal subtypes. @entity694 derived from aganglionic colon can be populated with neurons and glia when supplemented with neurospheres. Combining tissue engineering and cellular replacement therapies represents a new strategy for treating enteric @entity16 , particularly @entity1963 .

title: @entity1 and XXXX Tissue-Engineered Colon Exhibit Diverse Neuronal Subtypes and Can Be Populated by Enteric Nervous System Progenitor Cells When Donor Colon Is Aganglionic.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Murine']


abstract: A @entity1 @entity5 cell line MCAS, which was derived from mucinous @entity43 , was established. The tissue specimen was obtained on December 1, 1983 and the culture was maintained in Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum. Continuous growth made possible cell transfer every 3-5 days and the seventy-third passage was achieved on August 15, 1984. This cell line has the following characteristics. The doubling time of the MCAS cell line was 27 hours and the saturation density was 5.1 X 10(4)/cm2. The cultured cells appeared monolayer and the cellular arrangement was a pavement-like pattern. Rather large cells with vacuoles in the cytoplasm appeared in the confluent state and PAS staining proved to be positive specifically in these large cells. A chromosomal analysis revealed a peritetraploid tendency. By heterotransplantation of MCAS cells to the nude athymic @entity19 , the @entity5 developed and had both cystic and solid components. The cystic content was mucinous. @entity5 was @entity4937 and alcian blue staining was positive. The characteristics of the original mucinous @entity7157 have been precisely maintained in this cell line.

title: [Establishment and characterization of a cell line derived from mucinous XXXX of @entity1 ovary].

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Histopathological diagnosis of the tumor']

entities_list: @entity4937 :: ('MESH:D000231', 'Disease') :: ['papillary adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity7157 :: ('MESH:D003536', 'Disease') :: ['cystadenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity7157 :: (MESH:D003536,Disease) :: ['cystadenocarcinoma']


abstract: A @entity1 @entity5 cell line MCAS, which was derived from mucinous @entity43 , was established. The tissue specimen was obtained on December 1, 1983 and the culture was maintained in Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum. Continuous growth made possible cell transfer every 3-5 days and the seventy-third passage was achieved on August 15, 1984. This cell line has the following characteristics. The doubling time of the MCAS cell line was 27 hours and the saturation density was 5.1 X 10(4)/cm2. The cultured cells appeared monolayer and the cellular arrangement was a pavement-like pattern. Rather large cells with vacuoles in the cytoplasm appeared in the confluent state and PAS staining proved to be positive specifically in these large cells. A chromosomal analysis revealed a peritetraploid tendency. By heterotransplantation of MCAS cells to the nude athymic @entity19 , the @entity5 developed and had both cystic and solid components. The cystic content was mucinous. @entity5 was @entity4937 and alcian blue staining was positive. The characteristics of the original mucinous @entity7157 have been precisely maintained in this cell line.

title: [Establishment and characterization of a cell line derived from mucinous @entity7157 of XXXX ovary].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: A recognized side effect of @entity288 @entity3853 ( @entity3853 ) is the onset of @entity2790 . The aim of our study was to analyze changes in short-term intraocular pressure (IOP) after @entity3853 of sustained-release @entity619 implant in order to provide an appropriate monitoring scheme. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the charts of 44 eyes of 42 @entity1 treated by @entity3853 of @entity619 implant for @entity1103 resulting from @entity2994 were reviewed. The IOP measurements were performed at baseline and at 15 minutes, 7 days (D7), 1 month (M1), 2 months (M2), and 4 months (M4) after @entity3853 . RESULTS: Mean IOP was 13.4    2.5 mm Hg at baseline. Twelve eyes out of 44 (27.3%) were treated with antihypertensive eyedrops for a well-controlled @entity726 at baseline. Following @entity3853 , mean IOP was 11.5    3.6 mm Hg at 15 minutes, 14.7    3.1 mm Hg at D7, 16.4    7.0 mm Hg at M1, 19.3    7.9 mm Hg at M2, and 13.5    3.1 mm Hg at M4. An IOP >= 25 mm Hg or increased by 10 mm Hg or more was not observed in any eye at 15 minutes, D7, or M4 after @entity3853 , but in 8.6% of cases at M1 and in 25% at M2. CONCLUSIONS: It seems reasonable to perform the first IOP monitoring 1 month after @entity3853 of @entity619 implant and at each efficacy assessment visit (M2, M4). Special attention should be given to @entity1 at risk, such as @entity726 @entity1 . An IOP measurement immediately after @entity3853 and in the following days (1 week) does not seem to be appropriate on a routine basis.

title: Intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of XXXX implant for @entity1103 resulting from @entity2994 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3853 :: ('MESH:C536369', 'Disease') :: ['IVT', 'intravitreal injections']

entities_list: @entity2994 :: ('MESH:D012170', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vein occlusion']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['macular edema']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['ocular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['dexamethasone']


abstract: PURPOSE: A recognized side effect of @entity288 @entity3853 ( @entity3853 ) is the onset of @entity2790 . The aim of our study was to analyze changes in short-term intraocular pressure (IOP) after @entity3853 of sustained-release @entity619 implant in order to provide an appropriate monitoring scheme. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the charts of 44 eyes of 42 @entity1 treated by @entity3853 of @entity619 implant for @entity1103 resulting from @entity2994 were reviewed. The IOP measurements were performed at baseline and at 15 minutes, 7 days (D7), 1 month (M1), 2 months (M2), and 4 months (M4) after @entity3853 . RESULTS: Mean IOP was 13.4    2.5 mm Hg at baseline. Twelve eyes out of 44 (27.3%) were treated with antihypertensive eyedrops for a well-controlled @entity726 at baseline. Following @entity3853 , mean IOP was 11.5    3.6 mm Hg at 15 minutes, 14.7    3.1 mm Hg at D7, 16.4    7.0 mm Hg at M1, 19.3    7.9 mm Hg at M2, and 13.5    3.1 mm Hg at M4. An IOP >= 25 mm Hg or increased by 10 mm Hg or more was not observed in any eye at 15 minutes, D7, or M4 after @entity3853 , but in 8.6% of cases at M1 and in 25% at M2. CONCLUSIONS: It seems reasonable to perform the first IOP monitoring 1 month after @entity3853 of @entity619 implant and at each efficacy assessment visit (M2, M4). Special attention should be given to @entity1 at risk, such as @entity726 @entity1 . An IOP measurement immediately after @entity3853 and in the following days (1 week) does not seem to be appropriate on a routine basis.

title: Intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of @entity619 implant for XXXX resulting from @entity2994 .

answer: @entity1103 :: (MESH:D008269,Disease) :: ['macular edema']


abstract: PURPOSE: A recognized side effect of @entity288 @entity3853 ( @entity3853 ) is the onset of @entity2790 . The aim of our study was to analyze changes in short-term intraocular pressure (IOP) after @entity3853 of sustained-release @entity619 implant in order to provide an appropriate monitoring scheme. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the charts of 44 eyes of 42 @entity1 treated by @entity3853 of @entity619 implant for @entity1103 resulting from @entity2994 were reviewed. The IOP measurements were performed at baseline and at 15 minutes, 7 days (D7), 1 month (M1), 2 months (M2), and 4 months (M4) after @entity3853 . RESULTS: Mean IOP was 13.4    2.5 mm Hg at baseline. Twelve eyes out of 44 (27.3%) were treated with antihypertensive eyedrops for a well-controlled @entity726 at baseline. Following @entity3853 , mean IOP was 11.5    3.6 mm Hg at 15 minutes, 14.7    3.1 mm Hg at D7, 16.4    7.0 mm Hg at M1, 19.3    7.9 mm Hg at M2, and 13.5    3.1 mm Hg at M4. An IOP >= 25 mm Hg or increased by 10 mm Hg or more was not observed in any eye at 15 minutes, D7, or M4 after @entity3853 , but in 8.6% of cases at M1 and in 25% at M2. CONCLUSIONS: It seems reasonable to perform the first IOP monitoring 1 month after @entity3853 of @entity619 implant and at each efficacy assessment visit (M2, M4). Special attention should be given to @entity1 at risk, such as @entity726 @entity1 . An IOP measurement immediately after @entity3853 and in the following days (1 week) does not seem to be appropriate on a routine basis.

title: Intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of @entity619 implant for @entity1103 resulting from XXXX .

answer: @entity2994 :: (MESH:D012170,Disease) :: ['retinal vein occlusion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity12120 is an asymptomatic and potentially malignant change in the oral mucosa and high frequencies have been reported among smokers. The present study concerned the prevalence of @entity286 use and @entity12120 and also associations between the two. STUDY DESIGN: This cross sectional survey was conducted amongst the Gond tribal population of Kundam Block, Jabalpur district, Madhya Pradesh state, Central India during 2007 to 2009. Screening for @entity12120 was conducted by a medical officer with @entity2133 mirrors. It is only based on visual inspection and oral pathology was not performed. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic and smoking habits. Prevalence of @entity12120 among users and non-users of @entity286 was calculated in terms of percentages. RESULTS: Of 1,552 individuals aged more than 12 years of age who were screened, 144 (9.3%) were found to have @entity8407 . The prevalence of @entity12120 was significantly elevated among @entity286 users as compared to non-users (11% vs 2.5%; p<0.001). The percentage of @entity12120 was almost similar in both @entity286 smokers and chewers (9% vs 11%; p=0.304). However, the percentage of @entity12120 was especially high among those chewers who also smoked @entity286 (21.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study showed a positive effect of @entity286 use and prevalence of @entity12120 . Also the prevalence was very high among Gond tribe, a marginalized population living in central India. There is a need for effective screening and treatment of @entity12120 in this area.

title: @entity286 Use and XXXX : Cross-sectional Study among the Gond Tribe in Madhya Pradesh.

entities_list: @entity12120 :: ('MESH:D007971', 'Disease') :: ['leukoplakia', 'Leukoplakia']

entities_list: @entity8407 :: ('MESH:D007972', 'Disease') :: ['oral leukoplakia']

answer: @entity8407 :: (MESH:D007972,Disease) :: ['Oral Leukoplakia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity12120 is an asymptomatic and potentially malignant change in the oral mucosa and high frequencies have been reported among smokers. The present study concerned the prevalence of @entity286 use and @entity12120 and also associations between the two. STUDY DESIGN: This cross sectional survey was conducted amongst the Gond tribal population of Kundam Block, Jabalpur district, Madhya Pradesh state, Central India during 2007 to 2009. Screening for @entity12120 was conducted by a medical officer with @entity2133 mirrors. It is only based on visual inspection and oral pathology was not performed. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic and smoking habits. Prevalence of @entity12120 among users and non-users of @entity286 was calculated in terms of percentages. RESULTS: Of 1,552 individuals aged more than 12 years of age who were screened, 144 (9.3%) were found to have @entity8407 . The prevalence of @entity12120 was significantly elevated among @entity286 users as compared to non-users (11% vs 2.5%; p<0.001). The percentage of @entity12120 was almost similar in both @entity286 smokers and chewers (9% vs 11%; p=0.304). However, the percentage of @entity12120 was especially high among those chewers who also smoked @entity286 (21.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study showed a positive effect of @entity286 use and prevalence of @entity12120 . Also the prevalence was very high among Gond tribe, a marginalized population living in central India. There is a need for effective screening and treatment of @entity12120 in this area.

title: XXXX Use and @entity8407 : Cross-sectional Study among the Gond Tribe in Madhya Pradesh.

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['Tobacco']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2675 accounts for less than 1% of all @entity5 found in @entity1 . It usually presents at a later age and stage as compared to female @entity0 . Treatment strategies are extrapolated from the management of female @entity0 . Our study here looked at 18 @entity1 diagnosed with and treated for @entity2675 at The Aga Khan University Hospital in Pakistan. We compared our findings with the existing data from Asian and Western countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted looking at @entity1 with @entity2675 between January 1986 and December 2009. @entity1 and disease characteristics were analyzed and 5 year overall survival was calculated using Microsoft Excel and SPSS. RESULTS: The average age at diagnosis was 52 years (38-67 years). Twelve (66.7%) @entity1 had @entity3329 . @entity34 was the most common stage at presentation (9 @entity1 , 50%). @entity513 was seen in 16 @entity1 (88.8%). Seven lesions were positive for both @entity172 and @entity1420 receptors. Sixteen @entity1 had surgery in the form of either modified radical mastectomy or radical mastectomy. Radiation was used in 7 @entity1 in an adjuvant setting. The five year overall survival for stage I, II, III and IV disease was 100% vs 78% vs 50% vs 0%( p<0.05). Five year overall survival was 61%. None of the other prognostic factors were statistically significant. Median follow up was 15 months (3-202 months). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2675 may be on a slow rise but is still an uncommon disease. @entity5 stage and lymph node status are important prognostic markers. Public awareness and screening may help in detecting the disease at an earlier stage. Prospective trials are needed to improve the management of this disease.

title: XXXX : a 24 year experience of a tertiary care hospital in pakistan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['axillary lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2675 :: ('MESH:D018567', 'Disease') :: ['Male breast cancer', 'male breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['Infiltrating ductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['Stage II disease']

answer: @entity2675 :: (MESH:D018567,Disease) :: ['Male breast cancer']


abstract: Fifty-six @entity1 with @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) were treated with recombinant DNA-derived interferon alpha (rIFN alpha A). The first 30 @entity1 were randomized between doses of 2 X 10(6) U/m2 and 20 X 10(6) U/m2 intramuscularly daily. No complete (CR) or partial (PR) remissions were achieved in 15 @entity1 receiving the low dose. In contrast, 27% of those receiving the high dose achieved CR or PR. Subsequently, 26 additional @entity1 were given the high dose and achieved a 31% response rate. Remissions lasted from 1 to more than 12 months (median, 3 months). Responses occurred predominantly in lung parenchyma or mediastinal node metastases. @entity137 of the high dose required dose reduction in 50% of the patients. Neutralizing antibodies to rIFN alpha A developed in seven of 12 responsive (58%) and nine of 29 (31%) nonresponsive @entity1 (P = greater than .5). The median duration of remission among the antibody-positive and antibody-negative @entity1 were 2 and 10 months, respectively (P = .009). The clinical significance of the antibodies to rIFN alpha A remains unclear, but the coincidence between the detection of antibodies and the early relapse of the disease in some responsive @entity1 suggests that these antibodies may abrogate the biologic activity of rIFN alpha A. This effect, however, was not associated with adverse clinical sequelae.

title: Antitumor activity of recombinant-derived interferon alpha in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['RCC', 'metastatic renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['metastatic renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The study examines effects of hot spells on @entity65 ( @entity65 ) morbidity and mortality in the population of the Czech Republic, with emphasis on differences between @entity299 ( @entity299 ) and @entity66 ( @entity66 ) and between morbidity and mortality. Daily data on @entity65 morbidity (hospital admissions) and mortality over 1994-2009 were obtained from national hospitalization and mortality registers and standardized to account for long-term changes as well as seasonal and weekly cycles. Hot spells were defined as periods of at least two consecutive days with average daily air temperature anomalies above the 95  % quantile during June to August. Relative deviations of mortality and morbidity from the baseline were evaluated. Hot spells were associated with excess mortality for all examined cardiovascular causes ( @entity65 , @entity299 and @entity66 ). The increases were more pronounced for @entity66 than @entity299 mortality in most population groups, mainly in males. In the younger population (0-64  years), however, significant excess mortality was observed for @entity299 while there was no excess mortality for @entity66 . A short-term displacement effect was found to be much larger for mortality due to @entity66 than @entity299 . Excess @entity65 mortality was not accompanied by increases in hospital admissions and below-expected-levels of morbidity prevailed during hot spells, particularly for @entity299 in the elderly. This suggests that out-of-hospital deaths represent a major part of excess @entity65 mortality during heat and that for in-hospital excess @entity65 is a masked comorbid condition rather than the primary diagnosis responsible for hospitalization.

title: Contrasting patterns of hot spell effects on morbidity and mortality for XXXX in the Czech Republic, 1994-2009.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease', 'CD']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease', 'deaths CVD']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic heart disease', 'IHD']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular diseases']


abstract: The effects of electrical and chemical stimulation on the mechanical or electrical properties of the circular smooth muscle cells of the @entity1494 , and proximal urethra of the male @entity95 were investigated by means of micro-electrode, double-sucrose-gap and tension-recording methods. In the @entity1494 , application of short current pulses (50 microseconds) produced an initial excitatory junction potential (e.j.p.) with a superimposed spike, followed by a late depolarization, and these electrical events evoked contraction. The initial e.j.p. was unaffected by @entity2997 , @entity5521 , @entity3858 or @entity8765 , indicating the initial e.j.p. is not mediated by activation of adrenergic, tryptaminergic or histaminergic receptors. The late depolarization was enhanced by pre-treatment with @entity1339 (10(-7) M) and abolished by @entity3897 (10(-6) M). In the proximal urethra, electrical-field stimulation evoked phasic contraction which was followed by relaxation, associated with initial e.j.p.s, late depolarization and inhibitory junction potentials (i.j.p.s). @entity2997 (10(-5) M) or @entity5521 (10(-6) M) reduced the size of the initial e.j.p. to 40-50% of the control value and combined application of @entity2997 and @entity3897 further reduced the amplitude of the e.j.p. to 20-30%. There was a parallel reduction in the mechanical response. The late depolarization was enhanced by @entity1339 and abolished by @entity3897 . The i.j.p. and @entity121 were not affected by @entity1169 , @entity5521 , @entity2997 or @entity3897 . These results indicate that the proximal urethral smooth muscle cells are innervated by adrenergic and cholinergic excitatory, and by non-cholinergic non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve fibres. In the prostatic urethra, field stimulations also evoked twitch contractions with or without following phasic contraction and relaxation. The twitch contractions were abolished by @entity2899 (10(-6) M), suggesting that they arise from striated muscle. Exogenously applied @entity3009 (PG) E1, @entity1421 or PGF2 alpha (greater than 10(-10) M) evoked sustained increase in the muscle tone in the presence or absence of @entity3352 , and enhanced the amplitude of @entity121 evoked by the field stimulation without affecting the resting membrane potential. @entity3352 (10(-6)-10(-5) M) gradually reduced the muscle tone of the proximal urethra with no change in the resting membrane potential. At the reduced muscle tone, electrical-field stimulation did not evoke @entity121 . Thus, the amplitude of @entity121 evoked by field stimulation was dependent on the level of muscle tone of the circular muscle strips.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: The neural and non-neural mechanisms involved in urethral activity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2997 :: ('MESH:D006145', 'Chemical') :: ['guanethidine', 'Guanethidine']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity3858 :: ('MESH:D008784', 'Chemical') :: ['methysergide']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder neck']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity8765 :: ('MESH:D011738', 'Chemical') :: ['mepyramine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin', 'Indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity2899 :: ('MESH:D014403', 'Chemical') :: ['d-tubocurarine']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle relaxation']

entities_list: @entity1339 :: ('MESH:D009388', 'Chemical') :: ['neostigmine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The group-level responsiveness of the original, 30-item @entity64 Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement measure (STREAM-30) is similar to that of the simplified STREAM (STREAM-15), even though the STREAM-30 has twice as many items as those of the STREAM-15. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the responsiveness of the STREAM-30 and STREAM-15 at both group and individual levels in @entity1 with @entity64 . For the latter level, the Rasch-calibrated 27-item STREAM (STREAM-27) was used because the individual-level indexes of the STREAM-30 could not be estimated. DESIGN: A repeated-measurements design was used. In total, 195 @entity1 were assessed with the STREAM-30 at both admission and discharge. METHODS: The Rasch scores of the STREAM-27 and STREAM-15 were estimated from the @entity1 ' responses on the STREAM-30. We calculated the paired t-test value, effect size, and standardized response mean as the indexes of group-level responsiveness. The significance of change for each @entity1 was estimated as the individual-level responsiveness index, and the paired t test and test of marginal homogeneity were used for individual-level comparisons between the STREAM-27 and STREAM-15. RESULTS: At the group level, the STREAM-30, STREAM-27, and STREAM-15 showed sufficient and comparable responsiveness. At the individual level, the STREAM-27 detected significantly more @entity1 with significant improvement and fewer @entity1 with no change or deterioration compared with the STREAM-15. LIMITATIONS: Few @entity1 with subacute @entity64 showed deterioration at discharge, so the abilities of the 2 measures to detect deterioration remain inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS: The STREAM-27 detected more @entity1 with significant recovery compared with the STREAM-15, although the group-level responsiveness of the 2 measures was the same. The STREAM-27 is recommended as an outcome measure to demonstrate the treatment effects of movement and mobility for @entity1 with @entity64 .

title: Comparison of the Responsiveness of the Long-Form and Simplified XXXX Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement: Group- and Individual-Level Analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['Stroke']


abstract: The ability of Shiga toxin-producing @entity526 (STEC) to cause severe @entity221 in @entity1 is determined by multiple host factors and bacterial characteristics, including Shiga toxin (Stx) subtype. Given the link between Stx2a subtype and disease severity, we sought to identify the stx subtypes present in @entity5555 ( @entity5555 ) of 444 isolates of STEC O157. Difficulties in assembling the stx genes in some strains were overcome by using two complementary bioinformatics methods: mapping and de novo assembly. We compared the @entity5555 analysis with the results obtained using a PCR approach and investigated the diversity within and between the subtypes. All strains of STEC O157 in this study had stx1a, stx2a or stx2c or a combination of these three genes. There was over 99% (442/444) concordance between PCR and @entity5555 . When common source strains were excluded, 236/349 strains of STEC O157 had multiple copies of different Stx subtypes and 54 had multiple copies of the same Stx subtype. Of those strains harbouring multiple copies of the same Stx subtype, 33 had variants between the alleles while 21 had identical copies. Strains harbouring Stx2a only were most commonly found to have multiple alleles of the same subtype (42%). Both the PCR and @entity5555 approach to stx subtyping provided a good level of sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the @entity5555 data also showed there were a significant proportion of strains harbouring multiple alleles of the same Stx subtype associated with clinical disease in England.

title: Insight into Shiga toxin genes encoded by XXXX O157 from whole genome sequencing.

entities_list: @entity5555 :: ('MESH:D042822', 'Disease') :: ['WGS', 'whole genome sequences']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: INRODUCTION: The @entity23845 ( @entity23845 ), or @entity23845 , is a rare and @entity5 that affects the jaw. @entity23845 can be divided into 2 clinico-topographic variants: Intraosseous (central) or Extraosseous (peripheral), with an incidence of 94% and 6%, respectively. The @entity5 have a predilection for the mandible, and most @entity5 arise in the molar and premolar region of the mandible. When present, extraosseous @entity5 are often located in the anterior jaw and involve the gingiva. PURPOSE: In this article we present a unique rare variety of @entity23845 of mandible with both intraosseous _ extraosseous presentation and also locally @entity146 behavior. CASE REPORT: A 35 year old @entity1 presented with @entity23845 ( @entity23845 ) of mandible with both intraosseous and extraosseous variant in a single lesion, extending from right premolar region to the left molar region. DISCUSSION: @entity23845 is an uncommon @entity5 accounting for less than 1% of all @entity5 . Although @entity23845 is considered less @entity146 clinically than typical infiltrating @entity1567 , but our case is a rarity which was @entity146 and also rapidly progressive in short duration, with intra and extraosseous presentation. Hence it was managed surgically similar to a @entity5 . CONCLUSION: Presentation of two different variants of an @entity5 in a single lesion and @entity146 behavior of rather slow growing @entity5 , mimicking @entity5 definitely shows possibility of rare variations in different magnitude. Hence proper diagnosis for management with better prognosis of these kinds of @entity5 is very much essential.

title: Peripheral and central @entity146 form of XXXX of mandible - A rare case report.

entities_list: @entity1567 :: ('MESH:D000564', 'Disease') :: ['ameloblastoma']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lesion', 'odontogenic tumors', 'tumor', 'benign odontogenic neoplasm', 'odontogenic tumor', 'neoplasm', 'tumors', 'intraosseous tumors']

entities_list: @entity23845 :: ('MESH:C537961', 'Disease') :: ['Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor', 'CEOT', 'calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor', 'Pindborg tumor']

answer: @entity23845 :: (MESH:C537961,Disease) :: ['Pindborg tumor']


abstract: INRODUCTION: The @entity23845 ( @entity23845 ), or @entity23845 , is a rare and @entity5 that affects the jaw. @entity23845 can be divided into 2 clinico-topographic variants: Intraosseous (central) or Extraosseous (peripheral), with an incidence of 94% and 6%, respectively. The @entity5 have a predilection for the mandible, and most @entity5 arise in the molar and premolar region of the mandible. When present, extraosseous @entity5 are often located in the anterior jaw and involve the gingiva. PURPOSE: In this article we present a unique rare variety of @entity23845 of mandible with both intraosseous _ extraosseous presentation and also locally @entity146 behavior. CASE REPORT: A 35 year old @entity1 presented with @entity23845 ( @entity23845 ) of mandible with both intraosseous and extraosseous variant in a single lesion, extending from right premolar region to the left molar region. DISCUSSION: @entity23845 is an uncommon @entity5 accounting for less than 1% of all @entity5 . Although @entity23845 is considered less @entity146 clinically than typical infiltrating @entity1567 , but our case is a rarity which was @entity146 and also rapidly progressive in short duration, with intra and extraosseous presentation. Hence it was managed surgically similar to a @entity5 . CONCLUSION: Presentation of two different variants of an @entity5 in a single lesion and @entity146 behavior of rather slow growing @entity5 , mimicking @entity5 definitely shows possibility of rare variations in different magnitude. Hence proper diagnosis for management with better prognosis of these kinds of @entity5 is very much essential.

title: Peripheral and central XXXX form of @entity23845 of mandible - A rare case report.

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['aggressive']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cryobiology is an essential tool in assisted reproductive technology. Research in this area focuses on the possibility of restoring fertility in @entity1 with reproductive problems or after @entity5 treatments. AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate viability of oocytes, In vitro maturation and embryo development in vitrified germinal vesicle oocytes with and without cumulus cell after single and stepwise vitrification procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Germinal vesicle oocytes with or without cumulus cells were obtained from 4 weeks old female @entity19 48h after intraperitoneal injection of 7.5 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). For vitrification collected oocytes vitrification were exposed to cryoprotectant, which was composed of 30% (v/v) @entity10977 , 18% (w/v) Ficoll-70, and 0.3 M @entity969 , either by single step or in a step-wise way. After exposure to cryoprotectant and immerged in liquid @entity1568 , the oocytes were thawed and washed in medium TCM199 two times. Then the oocytes transferred to IVM medium for maturation and embryo development to blastocyst. RESULTS: The oocytes survival rates after vitrifying-warming, maturation rate, the capacity of fertilization and embryonic development to blastocyst were examined in vitro. The oocytes survival, maturation to MII, fertilization developmental rate in the step-wise exposure and with cumulus cell was significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared with corresponding rate in the single step procedure without cumulus cell. CONCLUSION: The results of present study indicated that oocytes vitrified with cumulus cells and stepwise procedure had positive effect on maturation and developmental rate to blastocyst than oocytes without cumulus cell and single step procedure.

title: The Nuclear Maturation and Embryo Development of XXXX Germinal Vesicle Oocytes with and without Cumulus Cell after Vitrification.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity10977 :: ('MESH:D019855', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylene glycol']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The serodiagnostic tests for @entity378 ( @entity378 ) present a high variability in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Data on @entity1 with @entity9178 ( @entity9178 ) and @entity1 in high prevalence settings are still limited. The present study aimed to evaluate an in-house strip test for detection of anti-M. @entity378 antibodies in @entity378 @entity1 , mostly @entity1 aged under 15 y, grouped into four diagnostic categories: active @entity378 , @entity9178 , healthy @entity378 contacts, and other @entity378 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The diagnostic performance of strip test was compared with the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Sensitivity and specificity were assessed for all three diagnostic tests. The detection accuracy among the tests was calculated by using a receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: TST and IGRA could diagnose the active @entity378 cases correctly (100%). The sensitivity of strip test for active @entity378 was 58.3% and 37.5% for @entity9178 , while the sensitivities of TST and IGRA for @entity9178 were 90.3% and 37.5%, respectively. The overall specificities of strip test and IGRA were 91.5% and 95.7%, respectively, which were superior to that of TST (68.1%). CONCLUSION: The strip test did not appear to be useful for diagnosis of active @entity378 in comparison with the current diagnostic standard. The assay may be particularly significant in situations where @entity378 is clinically difficult to diagnose like @entity9178 and could be a meaningful tool in terms of high specificity and simplicity for ruling in pediatric @entity378 in countries with high @entity378 rate. Further studies are needed to determine whether strip test can be improved in its sensitivity and should be implemented into routine clinical practice.

title: Performance of a rapid strip test for the serologic diagnosis of XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity9178 :: ('MESH:D055985', 'Disease') :: ['LTBI', 'latent TB infection']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['non-TB diseases', 'TB infection', 'TB', 'tuberculosis']

answer: @entity9178 :: (MESH:D055985,Disease) :: ['latent tuberculosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The serodiagnostic tests for @entity378 ( @entity378 ) present a high variability in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Data on @entity1 with @entity9178 ( @entity9178 ) and @entity1 in high prevalence settings are still limited. The present study aimed to evaluate an in-house strip test for detection of anti-M. @entity378 antibodies in @entity378 @entity1 , mostly @entity1 aged under 15 y, grouped into four diagnostic categories: active @entity378 , @entity9178 , healthy @entity378 contacts, and other @entity378 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The diagnostic performance of strip test was compared with the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Sensitivity and specificity were assessed for all three diagnostic tests. The detection accuracy among the tests was calculated by using a receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: TST and IGRA could diagnose the active @entity378 cases correctly (100%). The sensitivity of strip test for active @entity378 was 58.3% and 37.5% for @entity9178 , while the sensitivities of TST and IGRA for @entity9178 were 90.3% and 37.5%, respectively. The overall specificities of strip test and IGRA were 91.5% and 95.7%, respectively, which were superior to that of TST (68.1%). CONCLUSION: The strip test did not appear to be useful for diagnosis of active @entity378 in comparison with the current diagnostic standard. The assay may be particularly significant in situations where @entity378 is clinically difficult to diagnose like @entity9178 and could be a meaningful tool in terms of high specificity and simplicity for ruling in pediatric @entity378 in countries with high @entity378 rate. Further studies are needed to determine whether strip test can be improved in its sensitivity and should be implemented into routine clinical practice.

title: Performance of a rapid strip test for the serologic diagnosis of @entity9178 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: RATIONALE: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has demonstrated physiological, symptom-reducing, psychosocial, and health economic benefits for @entity1 with chronic @entity1576 , yet it is underutilized worldwide. Insufficient funding, resources, and reimbursement; lack of healthcare professional, payer, and @entity1 awareness and knowledge; and additional @entity1 -related barriers all contribute to the gap between the knowledge of the science and benefits of PR and the actual delivery of PR services to suitable @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this document are to enhance implementation, use, and delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation to suitable individuals worldwide. METHODS: Members of the American @entity1514 Society (ATS) Pulmonary Rehabilitation Assembly and the @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ) Rehabilitation and Chronic Care Group established a Task Force and writing committee to develop a policy statement on PR. The document was modified based on feedback from expert peer reviewers. After cycles of review and revisions, the statement was reviewed and formally approved by the Board of Directors of the ATS and the Science Council and Executive Committee of the @entity1576 . MAIN RESULTS: This document articulates policy recommendations for advancing healthcare professional, payer, and @entity1 awareness and knowledge of PR, increasing @entity1 access to PR, and ensuring quality of PR programs. It also recommends areas of future research to establish evidence to support the development of an updated funding and reimbursement policy regarding PR. CONCLUSIONS: The ATS and @entity1576 commit to undertake actions that will improve access to and delivery of PR services for suitable @entity1 . They call on their members and other health professional societies, payers, @entity1 , and @entity1 advocacy groups to join in this commitment.

title: An Official American XXXX Society/ @entity1576 Policy Statement: Enhancing Implementation, Use, and Delivery of Pulmonary Rehabilitation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory diseases', 'ERS', 'European Respiratory Society']

answer: @entity1514 :: (MESH:D013896,Disease) :: ['Thoracic']


abstract: RATIONALE: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has demonstrated physiological, symptom-reducing, psychosocial, and health economic benefits for @entity1 with chronic @entity1576 , yet it is underutilized worldwide. Insufficient funding, resources, and reimbursement; lack of healthcare professional, payer, and @entity1 awareness and knowledge; and additional @entity1 -related barriers all contribute to the gap between the knowledge of the science and benefits of PR and the actual delivery of PR services to suitable @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this document are to enhance implementation, use, and delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation to suitable individuals worldwide. METHODS: Members of the American @entity1514 Society (ATS) Pulmonary Rehabilitation Assembly and the @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ) Rehabilitation and Chronic Care Group established a Task Force and writing committee to develop a policy statement on PR. The document was modified based on feedback from expert peer reviewers. After cycles of review and revisions, the statement was reviewed and formally approved by the Board of Directors of the ATS and the Science Council and Executive Committee of the @entity1576 . MAIN RESULTS: This document articulates policy recommendations for advancing healthcare professional, payer, and @entity1 awareness and knowledge of PR, increasing @entity1 access to PR, and ensuring quality of PR programs. It also recommends areas of future research to establish evidence to support the development of an updated funding and reimbursement policy regarding PR. CONCLUSIONS: The ATS and @entity1576 commit to undertake actions that will improve access to and delivery of PR services for suitable @entity1 . They call on their members and other health professional societies, payers, @entity1 , and @entity1 advocacy groups to join in this commitment.

title: An Official American @entity1514 Society/ XXXX Policy Statement: Enhancing Implementation, Use, and Delivery of Pulmonary Rehabilitation.

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['European Respiratory Society']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The present study aimed to investigate the dose response chemopreventive potential of @entity9080 ( @entity16786 ) against @entity3653 ( @entity106 ) induced mammary @entity105 in female @entity35 . @entity5 was induced by a single dose of @entity106 (25mg/ @entity35 ) injected subcutaneously near mammary gland. We observed reduced body weight and @entity5 , @entity5 incidence and @entity5 volume in @entity106 -induced @entity35 . We also observed decreased antioxidant status (SOD, CAT, GPX and @entity2197 ) and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS and LOOH) in plasma and mammary tissues. Increased levels of CYP450, Cyt-b5 and decreased levels of phase II (GST and GR) biotransformation enzymes noticed in liver and mammary tissues of @entity106 -induced @entity35 . Further, increased levels of lipid profile (TC, TG, PL and FFA) and lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL) were noticed. Whereas, decreased level of HDL in plasma and decreased levels of PL and FFA in mammary tissue. Oral administration of @entity16786 different doses (10, 20 and 40mg/kgbw) inhibited the @entity5 incidence and restored levels of biochemical markers. Biochemical findings are supported by histopathological studies. These results suggested that @entity16786 at a dose of 20mg/kgbw significantly exert chemopreventive potential against @entity106 -induced mammary @entity105 .

title: Dose response chemopreventive potential of @entity9080 against @entity3653 induced mammary XXXX in female @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity3653 :: ('CHEBI:254496', 'Chemical') :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene']

entities_list: @entity9080 :: ('MESH:C004471', 'Chemical') :: ['allyl isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['increased in total number of tumors', 'Mammary tumor', 'tumor']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity105 :: (MESH:D063646,Disease) :: ['carcinogenesis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The present study aimed to investigate the dose response chemopreventive potential of @entity9080 ( @entity16786 ) against @entity3653 ( @entity106 ) induced mammary @entity105 in female @entity35 . @entity5 was induced by a single dose of @entity106 (25mg/ @entity35 ) injected subcutaneously near mammary gland. We observed reduced body weight and @entity5 , @entity5 incidence and @entity5 volume in @entity106 -induced @entity35 . We also observed decreased antioxidant status (SOD, CAT, GPX and @entity2197 ) and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS and LOOH) in plasma and mammary tissues. Increased levels of CYP450, Cyt-b5 and decreased levels of phase II (GST and GR) biotransformation enzymes noticed in liver and mammary tissues of @entity106 -induced @entity35 . Further, increased levels of lipid profile (TC, TG, PL and FFA) and lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL) were noticed. Whereas, decreased level of HDL in plasma and decreased levels of PL and FFA in mammary tissue. Oral administration of @entity16786 different doses (10, 20 and 40mg/kgbw) inhibited the @entity5 incidence and restored levels of biochemical markers. Biochemical findings are supported by histopathological studies. These results suggested that @entity16786 at a dose of 20mg/kgbw significantly exert chemopreventive potential against @entity106 -induced mammary @entity105 .

title: Dose response chemopreventive potential of @entity9080 against XXXX induced mammary @entity105 in female @entity35 .

answer: @entity3653 :: (CHEBI:254496,Chemical) :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The present study aimed to investigate the dose response chemopreventive potential of @entity9080 ( @entity16786 ) against @entity3653 ( @entity106 ) induced mammary @entity105 in female @entity35 . @entity5 was induced by a single dose of @entity106 (25mg/ @entity35 ) injected subcutaneously near mammary gland. We observed reduced body weight and @entity5 , @entity5 incidence and @entity5 volume in @entity106 -induced @entity35 . We also observed decreased antioxidant status (SOD, CAT, GPX and @entity2197 ) and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS and LOOH) in plasma and mammary tissues. Increased levels of CYP450, Cyt-b5 and decreased levels of phase II (GST and GR) biotransformation enzymes noticed in liver and mammary tissues of @entity106 -induced @entity35 . Further, increased levels of lipid profile (TC, TG, PL and FFA) and lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL) were noticed. Whereas, decreased level of HDL in plasma and decreased levels of PL and FFA in mammary tissue. Oral administration of @entity16786 different doses (10, 20 and 40mg/kgbw) inhibited the @entity5 incidence and restored levels of biochemical markers. Biochemical findings are supported by histopathological studies. These results suggested that @entity16786 at a dose of 20mg/kgbw significantly exert chemopreventive potential against @entity106 -induced mammary @entity105 .

title: Dose response chemopreventive potential of XXXX against @entity3653 induced mammary @entity105 in female @entity35 .

answer: @entity9080 :: (MESH:C004471,Chemical) :: ['allyl isothiocyanate']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The present study aimed to investigate the dose response chemopreventive potential of @entity9080 ( @entity16786 ) against @entity3653 ( @entity106 ) induced mammary @entity105 in female @entity35 . @entity5 was induced by a single dose of @entity106 (25mg/ @entity35 ) injected subcutaneously near mammary gland. We observed reduced body weight and @entity5 , @entity5 incidence and @entity5 volume in @entity106 -induced @entity35 . We also observed decreased antioxidant status (SOD, CAT, GPX and @entity2197 ) and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS and LOOH) in plasma and mammary tissues. Increased levels of CYP450, Cyt-b5 and decreased levels of phase II (GST and GR) biotransformation enzymes noticed in liver and mammary tissues of @entity106 -induced @entity35 . Further, increased levels of lipid profile (TC, TG, PL and FFA) and lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL) were noticed. Whereas, decreased level of HDL in plasma and decreased levels of PL and FFA in mammary tissue. Oral administration of @entity16786 different doses (10, 20 and 40mg/kgbw) inhibited the @entity5 incidence and restored levels of biochemical markers. Biochemical findings are supported by histopathological studies. These results suggested that @entity16786 at a dose of 20mg/kgbw significantly exert chemopreventive potential against @entity106 -induced mammary @entity105 .

title: Dose response chemopreventive potential of @entity9080 against @entity3653 induced mammary @entity105 in female XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We present a very rare case of focal @entity3 of @entity1204 to the small bowel entirely managed laparoscopically. METHODS: A 58 year-old @entity1 with a FIGO I B G2 N0 stage @entity1204 was found to have a vaginal cuff recurrence and an isolated distant @entity3 to the small bowel 13 months after primary treatment. In this video we show a fully laparoscopic management mainly focusing on the small bowel resection with intracorporal @entity254 . A laparoscopic partial colpectomy was also performed. RESULTS: Operative time was 180 min. Intraoperative @entity190 was less than 100 cc. The operation was performed successfully with no intra-operative complications. Pathological finding showed recurrent disease in the vaginal cuff and in the resected small bowel segment with free resection margins in both specimens and three mesenteric local nodes negative for @entity3 . @entity1 was discharged on day three and 26 days later started adjuvant chemotherapy. After a 16 months follow-up period, the @entity1 is still disease free and in good general conditions. CONCLUSION: This case shows a successful laparoscopic management of a case of recurrent @entity1204 requiring complex surgical procedures.

title: Laparoscopic Management of A Small Bowel Recurrence of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['Endometrial Cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND:    Norovirus is a leading cause of @entity697 ( @entity697 ). Noroviruses bind to gut histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), but only 70-80% of individuals have a functional copy of the @entity11632 ("secretor") gene required for gut @entity10355 expression; these individuals are known as "secretors." Susceptibility to some noroviruses depends on @entity11632 secretor status, but the population impact of this association is not established. METHODS:    From 12/2011 to 11/2012, active @entity697 surveillance was performed at six geographically diverse US pediatric sites. Cases under five years were recruited from emergency departments and inpatient units; age-matched healthy controls were recruited at well- @entity1 visits. Salivary DNA was collected to determine secretor status and genetic ancestry. Stool was tested for norovirus by realtime RT-PCR. Norovirus genotype was then determined by sequencing. RESULTS:    Norovirus was detected in 302 (21%) of 1465 @entity697 cases and 52 (6%) of 826 healthy controls. Norovirus @entity697 cases were 2.8-fold more likely than norovirus-negative controls to be secretors (p<0.001) in a logistic regression model adjusted for ancestry, age, site, and health insurance. Secretors comprised all 155 cases and 21 @entity4092 with the most prevalent norovirus, GII.4. Control @entity1 of Meso-American ancestry were more likely than @entity1 of European or African ancestry to be secretors (96% versus 74%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS:    @entity11632 status is associated with norovirus infection and varies by ancestry. GII.4 norovirus exclusively infected secretors. These findings are important to norovirus vaccine trials and design of agents that may block norovirus- @entity10355 binding.

title: Innate susceptibility to norovirus infections influenced by XXXX genotype in a United States pediatric population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute gastroenteritis', 'AGE']

entities_list: @entity4092 :: ('MESH:D058345', 'Disease') :: ['asymptomatic infections']

answer: @entity11632 :: (2524,Gene) :: ['FUT2']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the common sites of @entity1642 (SIF) based on three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of MR images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 33 hips of 31 consecutive @entity1 diagnosed with SIF, 3-D reconstruction of the bone, @entity174 , and acetabular edge was performed using MR images. These 3-D images were used to measure the fractured areas and clarify the positional relationship between the @entity174 and degree of acetabular coverage. RESULTS: The fractured area in the anterior portion was significantly larger than in the posterior area. In 11 cases, the @entity174 contacted the acetabular edge and were distributed on the lateral portion. The indices of acetabular coverage (center-edge angle and acetabular head index) in these cases were less than the normal range. In the remaining 22 cases, the @entity174 were apart from the acetabular edge and distributed on the mediolateral centerline of the femoral head. The majority of these cases had normal acetabular coverage. CONCLUSIONS: The common site of SIF is the anterior portion. In addition, two types of SIF are proposed: (1) Lateral type: the contact stress between the acetabular edge and lateral portion of the femoral head causes SIF based on the insufficient acetabular coverage, and (2) Central type: the contact stress between the acetabular surface and the mediolateral center of the femoral head causes SIF independent from the insufficiency of acetabular coverage. These findings may be useful for considering the treatment and prevention of SIF.

title: Common site of XXXX based on three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['subchondral insufficiency fractures of the femoral head']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture', 'fractures']

answer: @entity1642 :: (MESH:D015775,Disease) :: ['subchondral insufficiency fractures of the femoral head']


abstract: @entity528 appears to be associated with changes in anti-ubiquitin immunoreactivity (UIR). To elucidate the relationship between the two events, we examined the time course of changes in UIR in pyramidal neurons of hippocampal organotypic cultures following exposure to an @entity33558 , @entity1024 ( @entity143 ). In nontreated cultures, weak UIR was confined to the nucleus. Exposure to 100 microM @entity143 for 15 min induced @entity528 , within 24 h, in the @entity1249 and CA3c regions. In these neurons, the nuclear UIR was reduced, and instead, UIR developed in the cytoplasm. In response to the same procedure, CA3a,b pyramidal neurons showed slight shrinkage but otherwise virtually normal morphological features. Little perikaryal (cytoplasmic) UIR developed in CA3a,b neurons. Both degeneration and perikaryal UIR were observed in CA3a,b neurons, however, when the culture was exposed to 300 microM @entity143 . Immunoblot analysis showed that changes in the amount of a ubiquitin protein conjugate (24 kDa), presumably ubiquitinated histone, are similar to those of nuclear UIR in the same time course. We propose that the changes in the expression of nuclear and perikaryal ubiquitinated proteins represent some process closely related to @entity528 .

title: Correlation between anti-ubiquitin immunoreactivity and region-specific @entity528 in XXXX -treated rat hippocampal organotypic cultures.

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity33558 :: ('MESH:D009498', 'Chemical') :: ['excitotoxin']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration of pyramidal neurons', 'neuronal death', 'Neuronal degeneration']

answer: @entity1024 :: (CHEBI:31882,Chemical) :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']


abstract: @entity528 appears to be associated with changes in anti-ubiquitin immunoreactivity (UIR). To elucidate the relationship between the two events, we examined the time course of changes in UIR in pyramidal neurons of hippocampal organotypic cultures following exposure to an @entity33558 , @entity1024 ( @entity143 ). In nontreated cultures, weak UIR was confined to the nucleus. Exposure to 100 microM @entity143 for 15 min induced @entity528 , within 24 h, in the @entity1249 and CA3c regions. In these neurons, the nuclear UIR was reduced, and instead, UIR developed in the cytoplasm. In response to the same procedure, CA3a,b pyramidal neurons showed slight shrinkage but otherwise virtually normal morphological features. Little perikaryal (cytoplasmic) UIR developed in CA3a,b neurons. Both degeneration and perikaryal UIR were observed in CA3a,b neurons, however, when the culture was exposed to 300 microM @entity143 . Immunoblot analysis showed that changes in the amount of a ubiquitin protein conjugate (24 kDa), presumably ubiquitinated histone, are similar to those of nuclear UIR in the same time course. We propose that the changes in the expression of nuclear and perikaryal ubiquitinated proteins represent some process closely related to @entity528 .

title: Correlation between anti-ubiquitin immunoreactivity and region-specific XXXX in @entity1024 -treated rat hippocampal organotypic cultures.

answer: @entity528 :: (MESH:D009410,Disease) :: ['neuronal death']