abstract: The pattern of liver function test abnormalities was examined during total parenteral nutrition (TPN), using both dextrose and fat emulsions as caloric sources, in 92 @entity1 with @entity29 . Seventy-two @entity1 had completely normal tests before TPN while 20 had one or more abnormal liver function tests before TPN was started. Serum @entity648 levels were normal in all @entity1 before TPN; within 2 weeks on TPN, 25% of @entity1 had elevated @entity648 levels. Serum alkaline phosphatase rose to values above normal in 25% of @entity1 with normal starting values but did not change in those with abnormal baseline liver function tests. Elevations of SGPT were characteristically more pronounced than were elevation of SGOT. After 2 weeks of TPN, mean serum SGOT rose from 15 to 26 IU per liter (p less than 0.01) in @entity1 with normal baseline values and from 28 to 50 IU per liter in those with abnormal baseline values. Elevations of serum SGPT were most common, affecting 25% of @entity1 with normal baseline. The mean SGPT value rose from 13 to 38 IU per liter (p less than 0.01) at 1 week of TPN. In @entity1 with abnormal tests before TPN, the mean SGPT value rose from 45 to 102 IU per liter (p less than 0.05). Liver biopsies performed in four @entity1 with substantial elevations of aminotransferases revealed only minor nonspecific changes and no @entity1560 . Elevated liver function tests promptly returned to baseline after TPN was discontinued, and progressive @entity409 was not observed in any @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Pattern and prognosis of liver function test abnormalities during parenteral nutrition in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['fatty infiltration']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the functional trajectory in the last year of life in @entity454 managed without dialysis. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study of functional status over time and toward death. SETTING: Three renal units in the United Kingdom. @entity1 : @entity1 with @entity740 managed conservatively (without dialysis). MEASUREMENTS: The main outcome measure was functional status, measured using the Karnofsky Performance Scale. RESULTS: Seventy-five @entity1 (mean age 80.7, 62% response rate) recruited and followed up monthly for up to 2 years (median 8-month follow-up, range 1-23 months). Forty-nine (66%) died during follow-up. Those who died had similar distribution of age, ethnicity, primary renal pathology, and comorbidity as those still alive at study end. Analysis according to time before death revealed that functional status remained stable during the last year of life but declined steeply in the last month of life. CONCLUSION: This distinctive renal trajectory, reported here for the first time, contrasts with that previously described in other conditions. This has important clinical implications-the steep functional decline indicates that healthcare services need to be rapidly responsive to changing needs in this population as function declines in the last months and weeks of life.

title: XXXX : a new trajectory of functional decline in the last year of life.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['Stage 5 chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['End-stage renal disease']


abstract: We examined central venous catheter (CVC) @entity295 in newborn surgical @entity1 , as this group appeared to have a higher incidence of this complication. During a 3-year period 79 @entity1 on the surgical service required a tunneled, cuffed, Broviac CVC. Nineteen @entity1 (24% or 9.9 episodes per 1000 catheter days) had proven @entity295 and 8 (10% or 1.9/1000 catheter days) had suspected @entity295 . An intestinal stoma was definitely related to @entity14385 ( p<0.001). Other risk factors included lower gestational age, more operations, and younger age at first stoma. Temperature, white blood cell (WBC) count, and platelet count did not correlate with @entity14385 . We found no better indicator of @entity14385 than the presentation of an ill @entity1 . Certainly temperature, WBC, and platelet count are not reliable indicators. Surgeons have little control over the factors that were found to be related to @entity14385 . It would appear reasonable from these results to maintain a high index of suspicion in the high-risk groups, to use peripherally inserted central catheters (PIC lines) as the first line of long-term vascular access, and to bring CVCs out of a nonabdominal site, perhaps the scalp, in @entity1 with stomas.

title: Central XXXX in surgical newborns.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'patients']

answer: @entity14385 :: (MESH:D056824,Disease) :: ['venous catheter sepsis']


abstract: The complications of autogenous bone grafting cause spinal surgeons to seek alternative methods for cervical spinal fusion. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rectangular @entity702 cages as compared to the widely performed iliac crest autograft fusion. Thirty-six @entity1 with @entity3799 in whom an anterior cervical approach was indicated for discectomy were included in a prospective controlled study protocol with 1-year follow-up. The first 18 consecutive @entity1 received iliac crest autograft, while the next 18 received rectangular @entity702 cages. According to Odom's criteria, 15 of 18 (83%) @entity1 in both groups experienced good to excellent functional recovery. According to the @entity1 satisfaction index, 17 of 18 (94%) in both groups were satisfied. There were no significant differences in neck or arm @entity158 . Fusion was present after 1 year in 16 of 18 (89%) @entity1 in the iliac crest autograft group and 15 of 18 (83%) in the rectangular @entity702 cage group. In the autograft group, one case of @entity1516 was present, and marked @entity158 was observed in four @entity1 . There were no implant-related complications in the cage group. The authors conclude that @entity702 cages in anterior cervical discectomy constitute a safe and efficient alternative to iliac crest bone autograft.

title: A prospective clinical comparison of rectangular XXXX cages and iliac crest autografts in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['cervical disc disease']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['hip pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity1516 :: ('MESH:D011542', 'Disease') :: ['pseudarthrosis']

answer: @entity702 :: (MESH:D014025,Chemical) :: ['titanium']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The development of esophageal varices in cirrhotic @entity1 carries a significant risk of @entity548 and associated morbidity/mortality. Universal endoscopic screening, however, is invasive and expensive. Conversely, cirrhotic @entity1 often have imaging findings which suggest portal @entity101 . The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of CT and/or @entity7994 to detect esophageal varices compared to EGD. METHODS: Medical records from 2000 to 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. CT and/or @entity7994 images were included if performed within 90 days of EGD. Two blinded, experienced radiologists were asked to review images for the presence of esophageal varices, as well as other findings associated with portal @entity101 . Sensitivity, specificity, @entity2286 and NPV were calculated using EGD findings as the gold standard. RESULTS: A total of 195 @entity1 and 142 @entity1 met criteria for @entity7994 , respectively. The sensitivity of CT to detect EGD varices was 58-89%, but increased to 65-100% when specifically looking at large endoscopic varices. Overall specificity was 68-82%, but increased to 97-100% when applying >= 4 mm varices criteria. CT was superior to @entity7994 in the detection of endoscopic varices; the addition of other portal @entity101 stigmata did not improve results. CONCLUSIONS: The exclusion of large endoscopic varices by CT, using standardized criteria, may obviate the need or frequency of EGD screening in select @entity1 populations. Alternatively, CT findings highly suggestive of esophageal varices in cirrhotic @entity1 may warrant further investigation and/or treatment. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.

title: Detection of esophageal varices using CT and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

answer: @entity7994 :: (78996,Gene) :: ['MRI']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence suggests that intervertebral disc (IVD) cells derived from degenerative tissue are unable to respond to physiologically relevant mechanical stimuli in the 'normal' anabolic manner, but instead respond by increasing matrix catabolism. Understanding the nature of the biological processes which allow disc cells to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli (a process termed 'mechanotransduction') is important to ascertain whether these signalling pathways differ with disease. The aim here was to investigate the involvement of @entity1192 and @entity3646 in the response of annulus fibrosus (AF) cells derived from nondegenerative and degenerative tissue to cyclic tensile strain to determine whether cytokine involvement differed with @entity1797 . METHODS: AF cells were isolated from nondegenerative and degenerative @entity1 IVDs, expanded in monolayers and cyclically strained in the presence or absence of the cytokine inhibitors @entity1192 receptor antagonist ( @entity1193 ) or @entity3646 receptor antibody (IL-4RAb) with 10% strain at 1.0 Hz for 20 minutes using a Flexcell strain device. Total RNA was extracted from the cells at time points of baseline control and 1 or 24 hours poststimulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse the gene expression of matrix proteins (aggrecan and type I collagen) and enzymes ( @entity1549 ( @entity1549 ) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif 4 ( @entity27369 )). RESULTS: Expression of catabolic genes ( @entity1549 and @entity27369 ) decreased in AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue in response to 1.0-Hz stimulation, and this decrease in gene expression was inhibited or increased following pretreatment of cells with @entity1193 or IL-4RAb respectively. Treatment of AF cells derived from degenerative tissue with an identical stimulus (1.0-Hz) resulted in reduced anabolic gene expression (aggrecan and type I collagen), with @entity1193 or IL-4RAb pretreatment having no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity1192 and @entity3646 are involved in the response of AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue to 1.0-Hz cyclic tensile strain. Interestingly, the altered response observed at 1.0-Hz in AF cells from degenerative tissue appears to be independent of either cytokine, suggesting an alternative mechanotransduction pathway in operation.

title: The involvement of @entity1192 and XXXX in the response of @entity1 annulus fibrosus cells to cyclic tensile strain: an altered mechanotransduction pathway with degeneration.

entities_list: @entity1797 :: ('MESH:D055959', 'Disease') :: ['IVD degeneration']

entities_list: @entity1549 :: ('4314', 'Gene') :: ['matrix metalloproteinase 3', 'MMP3']

answer: @entity3646 :: (3565,Gene) :: ['interleukin-4']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence suggests that intervertebral disc (IVD) cells derived from degenerative tissue are unable to respond to physiologically relevant mechanical stimuli in the 'normal' anabolic manner, but instead respond by increasing matrix catabolism. Understanding the nature of the biological processes which allow disc cells to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli (a process termed 'mechanotransduction') is important to ascertain whether these signalling pathways differ with disease. The aim here was to investigate the involvement of @entity1192 and @entity3646 in the response of annulus fibrosus (AF) cells derived from nondegenerative and degenerative tissue to cyclic tensile strain to determine whether cytokine involvement differed with @entity1797 . METHODS: AF cells were isolated from nondegenerative and degenerative @entity1 IVDs, expanded in monolayers and cyclically strained in the presence or absence of the cytokine inhibitors @entity1192 receptor antagonist ( @entity1193 ) or @entity3646 receptor antibody (IL-4RAb) with 10% strain at 1.0 Hz for 20 minutes using a Flexcell strain device. Total RNA was extracted from the cells at time points of baseline control and 1 or 24 hours poststimulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse the gene expression of matrix proteins (aggrecan and type I collagen) and enzymes ( @entity1549 ( @entity1549 ) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif 4 ( @entity27369 )). RESULTS: Expression of catabolic genes ( @entity1549 and @entity27369 ) decreased in AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue in response to 1.0-Hz stimulation, and this decrease in gene expression was inhibited or increased following pretreatment of cells with @entity1193 or IL-4RAb respectively. Treatment of AF cells derived from degenerative tissue with an identical stimulus (1.0-Hz) resulted in reduced anabolic gene expression (aggrecan and type I collagen), with @entity1193 or IL-4RAb pretreatment having no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity1192 and @entity3646 are involved in the response of AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue to 1.0-Hz cyclic tensile strain. Interestingly, the altered response observed at 1.0-Hz in AF cells from degenerative tissue appears to be independent of either cytokine, suggesting an alternative mechanotransduction pathway in operation.

title: The involvement of XXXX and @entity3646 in the response of @entity1 annulus fibrosus cells to cyclic tensile strain: an altered mechanotransduction pathway with degeneration.

answer: @entity1192 :: (3552,Gene) :: ['interleukin-1']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence suggests that intervertebral disc (IVD) cells derived from degenerative tissue are unable to respond to physiologically relevant mechanical stimuli in the 'normal' anabolic manner, but instead respond by increasing matrix catabolism. Understanding the nature of the biological processes which allow disc cells to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli (a process termed 'mechanotransduction') is important to ascertain whether these signalling pathways differ with disease. The aim here was to investigate the involvement of @entity1192 and @entity3646 in the response of annulus fibrosus (AF) cells derived from nondegenerative and degenerative tissue to cyclic tensile strain to determine whether cytokine involvement differed with @entity1797 . METHODS: AF cells were isolated from nondegenerative and degenerative @entity1 IVDs, expanded in monolayers and cyclically strained in the presence or absence of the cytokine inhibitors @entity1192 receptor antagonist ( @entity1193 ) or @entity3646 receptor antibody (IL-4RAb) with 10% strain at 1.0 Hz for 20 minutes using a Flexcell strain device. Total RNA was extracted from the cells at time points of baseline control and 1 or 24 hours poststimulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse the gene expression of matrix proteins (aggrecan and type I collagen) and enzymes ( @entity1549 ( @entity1549 ) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif 4 ( @entity27369 )). RESULTS: Expression of catabolic genes ( @entity1549 and @entity27369 ) decreased in AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue in response to 1.0-Hz stimulation, and this decrease in gene expression was inhibited or increased following pretreatment of cells with @entity1193 or IL-4RAb respectively. Treatment of AF cells derived from degenerative tissue with an identical stimulus (1.0-Hz) resulted in reduced anabolic gene expression (aggrecan and type I collagen), with @entity1193 or IL-4RAb pretreatment having no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity1192 and @entity3646 are involved in the response of AF cells derived from nondegenerative tissue to 1.0-Hz cyclic tensile strain. Interestingly, the altered response observed at 1.0-Hz in AF cells from degenerative tissue appears to be independent of either cytokine, suggesting an alternative mechanotransduction pathway in operation.

title: The involvement of @entity1192 and @entity3646 in the response of XXXX annulus fibrosus cells to cyclic tensile strain: an altered mechanotransduction pathway with degeneration.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: The relationship between the volumetric and histologic responses of metastatic cervical nodes to radiotherapy or chemotherapy in the oral and maxillofacial region is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between the initial volume and regression rate of metastatic nodes with their histologic response to preoperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy. @entity1 AND METHODS: The volume of 54 metastatic nodes in 32 @entity1 with @entity957 in the oral and maxillofacial region was measured by ultrasonography before and after preoperative therapy, and the rate of the volume change was calculated. All surgically removed nodes were histologically classified as poor, good, or complete response according to their histologic features. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in initial volume among the 3 response groups. Good and complete response nodes showed a significant increase in regression rate compared with poor response nodes. All 11 nodes showing no regression were poor response nodes, and 7 with a regression rate of more than 90% were good or complete response nodes. The remaining 36 nodes (regression rate, 0% to 90%) represented all 3 types of histologic response. Of these, 7 of 9 complete response nodes were found in 5 @entity1 who received combination chemotherapy consisting of @entity1487 , @entity4181 , and @entity900 . CONCLUSIONS: The initial nodal volume before therapy is not a good indicator for the response to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. A regression rate of more than 90% may be a useful predictor of the effectiveness of preoperative treatments, but it was difficult to define the cutoff values in regression rates for differentiating types of histologic response.

title: Volumetric and histologic responses to radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy of metastatic cervical lymph nodes of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['oral squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes in serologic variables and clinical disease activity following B lymphocyte depletion in 22 @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ). METHODS: B lymphocyte depletion was attained using combination therapy based on the monoclonal anti- @entity2225 antibody rituximab. Levels of a serologic indicator of @entity32 , @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), of antimicrobial antibodies, of autoantibodies including IgA-, IgM-, and IgG-class rheumatoid factors (RF), and of antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) were assayed. RESULTS: The majority of @entity1 showed a marked clinical improvement after treatment with rituximab, with benefit lasting up to 33 months. Levels of total serum immunoglobulins fell, although the mean values each remained within the normal range. Whereas the IgM-RF response paralleled the changes in total serum IgM levels, the levels of IgA-RF, IgG-RF, and IgG and anti-CCP antibodies decreased significantly more than did those of their corresponding total serum immunoglobulin classes. The kinetics for the reduction in @entity1851 levels also paralleled the decreases in autoantibody levels. In contrast, levels of antimicrobial antibodies did not change significantly. B lymphocyte return occurred up to 21 months posttreatment. The time to relapse after B lymphocyte return was often long and unpredictable (range 0-17 months). Relapse was, however, closely correlated with rises in the level of at least one autoantibody. Increased autoantibody levels were rarely observed in the absence of clinical change. CONCLUSION: Following B lymphocyte depletion in @entity1 with @entity309 , a positive clinical response occurred in correlation with a significant drop in the levels of @entity1851 and autoantibodies. Antibacterial antibody levels were relatively well maintained. B lymphocyte return preceded relapse in all @entity1 . There was also a temporal relationship between clinical relapse and rises in autoantibody levels. Although these observations are consistent with a role for B lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of @entity309 , the precise mechanisms involved remain unclear.

title: Serologic changes following B lymphocyte depletion therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is popular with @entity1 , yet how @entity1 use CAM in relation to orthodox medicine (OM) is poorly understood. AIM: To explore how @entity1 integrate CAM and OM when self-managing @entity102 . DESIGN OF STUDY: Qualitative analysis of interviews. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals attending private CAM practices in the UK, who had had a chronic benign condition for 12 months and were using CAM alongside OM for more than 3 months. @entity1 were selected to create a maximum variation sample. The interviews were analysed using framework analysis. RESULTS: Thirty five @entity1 interviews were conducted and seven categories of use were identified: using CAM to facilitate OM use; using OM to support long-term CAM use; using CAM to reduce OM; using CAM to avoid OM; using CAM to replace OM; maximising relief using both CAM and OM; and returning to OM. @entity1 described initiating CAM use following a perceived lack of suitable orthodox treatment. @entity1 rejecting OM for a specific condition never totally rejected OM in favour of CAM. CONCLUSION: @entity1 utilise CAM and OM in identifiably different ways, individualising and integrating both approaches to manage their chronic conditions. To support @entity1 and prevent potential adverse interactions, open dialogue between @entity1 , OM practitioners, and CAM practitioners must be improved.

title: Integrated medicine in the management of XXXX : a qualitative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illness']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic illness']


abstract: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is classified as a negative risk factor due to the inverse relationship between elevated levels of HDL @entity165 and @entity731 . The mechanism by which HDL can mediate protection from @entity731 is complex and multifactorial. The primary role of reverse @entity165 transport in the reduction of risk for @entity453 is supported by a considerable amount of experimental data. HDL is able to interact with and remove @entity165 from the lipid-laden foam cells in the peripheral vasculature with subsequent transportation to the liver for excretion. However, HDL has multiple other physiologic effects that may play a significant role in protection from @entity731 . HDL has been demonstrated to exhibit multiple beneficial effects on the coagulation system. Platelet function is improved by both direct and indirect mechanisms. HDL has a complex interaction with the protein C and protein S system. Thrombolytic balance is also improved by HDL. HDL has been demonstrated to have a significant natural antioxidant effect that inhibits the oxidative step required for low-density lipoprotein uptake by the macrophage. Additionally, HDL has also been demonstrated to exert multiple beneficial effects on endothelial function, including decreased apoptosis and endothelial repair.

title: Evolving concepts of the role of high-density lipoprotein in protection from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity272 by @entity15539 induces the classic @entity738 of aquariums and swimming pools. The histopathological signs have been described primarily in small series of typical cases, generally with no bacteriological evidence. In a national survey of proven infection with @entity15539 detailed data was collected for 63 @entity1 . The aim of this new study was to describe microscopic signs of the infection based upon biopsies taken from these @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Unstained slides from 32 biopsies of the skin (n=24) or synovial biopsies (n=8) were prepared; they originated from 27 @entity1 . They were examined after standard staining and after Ziehl-Neelsen staining, without knowledge of the clinical data. RESULTS: All biopsies were taken from the upper limb of 18 @entity1 and nine @entity1 of mean age 48 years. Tubercular @entity738 were observed in only 60% of cases. The largest and most numerous were seen in the synovial samples. Due to their palisade appearance, they were occasionally impossible to distinguish from @entity14931 . In 20% of cases, neutrophil collections were seen without @entity738 and in remaining 20% of cases, relatively non-specific infiltrate was observed. Epidermal changes consisted in psoriasiform or @entity1373 , particularly at the edges of ulcerated areas; invasion of the dermo-epidermal junction was seen in five cases. Follicular @entity39 was observed in four cases with lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates remote from the @entity738 being seen in 22 biopsies. Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed no bacilli. DISCUSSION: The originality of this series consists of bacteriological proof of @entity15539 infection and the absence of biopsy selection based on clinical criteria. It shows that the typical @entity738 are in fact present in less than two third of cases, and that these may be confused with @entity14931 . The chief characteristic of these lesions is the very low concentration of microorganisms present, in contrast with other forms of @entity15539 , making them difficult to see; routine confirmation cannot thus be expected from specific staining procedures. In one case out of five, the infiltrate suggested no infectious origin, although deep skin biopsies and synovial biopsies provided more information. For all forms of @entity39 , whether or not accompanied by collections of neutrophils, a culture should be carried out in a specific medium, even in the absence of microscopic evidence of bacilli.

title: [Histopathological study of XXXX infection].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas', 'granuloma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic granuloma', 'necrosis']

entities_list: @entity14931 :: ('MESH:D012218', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid nodules']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['Skin infection']

entities_list: @entity15539 :: ('1781', 'Species') :: ['mycobacterium', 'Mycobacterium marinum', 'M. marinum']

answer: @entity15539 :: (1781,Species) :: ['Mycobacterium marinum']


abstract: Eighty adult @entity1 with @entity1798 herniation verified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical findings corresponding to the radiological level underwent microscopic disc removal to evaluate the outcome of perioperatively given corticosteroids in a prospective randomized double-blind study. In the treatment group the @entity1 received 250 mg Solu-Medrol intravenously and 160 mg Depo-Medrol intramuscularly. Before closure of the wound, a free fat transplant soaked in 80 mg Depo-Medrol was placed on the dural sac. In the control group the same procedure was performed, but @entity2827 was given instead of Depo-Medrol. All @entity1 underwent a clinical examination before surgery and at 2, 6, 12, 26, 52 and 104 weeks postoperatively, rating their @entity158 with the visual analog scale (VAS) and function with the Disability Rating Index (DRI). The postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter (P=0.01) in the treatment group (1.7 days) compared to the control group (2.3 days). Time taken to return to full-time work was also significantly shorter in the treatment group (P=0.003). VAS-W (Worst @entity158 during last week) was significantly lower in the treatment group (P=0.02). @entity86 occurred in one @entity1 in the control group and no adverse corticosteroids effect was seen. Our study shows that perioperatively given corticosteroids improve the outcome of microscopic disc surgery in terms of length of hospital stay and time taken to return to full-time work. The results also indicate that @entity228 treatment reduces @entity158 and improves functional outcome.

title: The effect of perioperative corticosteroids on the outcome of microscopic XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative spondylitis']

entities_list: @entity1798 :: ('MESH:C535531', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar disc']

answer: @entity1798 :: (MESH:C535531,Disease) :: ['lumbar disc']


abstract: We present a case report involving the flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL) tendon which travels through a fibro-osseous tunnel together with the @entity1795 ( @entity1795 ) tendon, causing a stenosing @entity2762 . The @entity1 was admitted with posteromedial ankle @entity158 and diagnosed clinically as @entity2762 . We found two tendons in the tunnel during hindfoot endoscopy. The @entity850 was relieved by endoscopic debridement. After the operation, we checked the MRI images and observed two tendons. We concluded that the accessory tendon was the FDAL. Two years later the @entity1 was admitted with the same symptoms. We excised the FDAL muscle and the @entity1 's symptoms resolved. The FDAL muscle is a cause of @entity2762 . Because of its variability and mostly asymptomatic nature, it may not be noticed it on an MRI scan. Hindfoot endoscopy is a safe tool for the diagnosis of this condition and curative treatment is afforded by excision of the FDAL muscle.

title: Hindfoot endoscopy for accessory flexor digitorum longus and XXXX @entity2762 .

entities_list: @entity1795 :: ('MESH:D052582', 'Disease') :: ['FHL', 'flexor hallucis longus']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity2762 :: ('MESH:D013717', 'Disease') :: ['FHL tenosynovitis', 'tenosynovitis']

answer: @entity1795 :: (MESH:D052582,Disease) :: ['flexor hallucis longus']


abstract: We present a case report involving the flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL) tendon which travels through a fibro-osseous tunnel together with the @entity1795 ( @entity1795 ) tendon, causing a stenosing @entity2762 . The @entity1 was admitted with posteromedial ankle @entity158 and diagnosed clinically as @entity2762 . We found two tendons in the tunnel during hindfoot endoscopy. The @entity850 was relieved by endoscopic debridement. After the operation, we checked the MRI images and observed two tendons. We concluded that the accessory tendon was the FDAL. Two years later the @entity1 was admitted with the same symptoms. We excised the FDAL muscle and the @entity1 's symptoms resolved. The FDAL muscle is a cause of @entity2762 . Because of its variability and mostly asymptomatic nature, it may not be noticed it on an MRI scan. Hindfoot endoscopy is a safe tool for the diagnosis of this condition and curative treatment is afforded by excision of the FDAL muscle.

title: Hindfoot endoscopy for accessory flexor digitorum longus and @entity1795 XXXX .

answer: @entity2762 :: (MESH:D013717,Disease) :: ['tenosynovitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the @entity79 ( @entity79 ) status of our @entity8817 ( @entity6017 ) population and to compare the frequency of @entity2331 in @entity1 with @entity66 requiring corticosteroids with that in @entity1 with inactive disease who are not receiving corticosteroids. METHODS: Medical charts of all @entity1 diagnosed as having juvenile @entity6017 at our institution between 1989 and 1999 were reviewed for demographic and clinical data, including disease activity and duration of corticosteroid therapy. @entity79 measurements of the lumbar spine (L1-L4) were performed using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Z scores were calculated from the @entity79 data for comparison with published normative data. RESULTS: A total of 15 @entity1 were assessed: 10 with @entity66 , and 5 with inactive disease who had not taken corticosteroids for an average of 6.0 years (range 3.4-8.1 years). Baseline @entity79 measurements demonstrated @entity2331 or @entity170 in the majority of @entity1 , including 6 of the 10 @entity1 with @entity66 and 4 of the 5 @entity1 whose disease was in remission. Fourteen @entity1 had serial @entity79 measurements. Persistent or worsening @entity2331 was documented in all @entity1 who had ongoing @entity66 , except for 3 @entity1 who had been treated with @entity171 because of @entity3814 . CONCLUSION: @entity2331 is common in @entity1 with juvenile @entity6017 , and it usually worsens with @entity66 . It can persist for many years after the disease enters remission. Bisphosphonates appeared to beneficially affect bone mineralization in our @entity1 . Treatment to prevent the long-term complications of @entity170 in @entity1 with juvenile @entity6017 should be considered and requires further study.

title: Bone mineral density in XXXX : assessment using dual x-ray absorptiometry.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['ongoing disease', 'active disease']

entities_list: @entity171 :: ('MESH:D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonates']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['frank osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity3814 :: ('MESH:D050815', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral compression fractures']

entities_list: @entity8817 :: ('MESH:C538250', 'Disease') :: ['juvenile dermatomyositis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia', 'Osteopenia']

answer: @entity8817 :: (MESH:C538250,Disease) :: ['juvenile dermatomyositis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe the spectrum of axillary artery pathology seen in high-performance overhead athletes and the outcomes of current treatment. METHODS: A retrospective review of @entity1 that had undergone management of @entity455 in a specialized center for @entity531 ( @entity531 ). Treatment outcomes were assessed with respect to arterial pathology and operative management. RESULTS: Nine male athletes were referred for @entity9085 in the dominant arm between January 2000 and August 2010, representing 1.6% of 572 @entity1 treated for @entity531 (19% of 47 @entity1 treated for arterial @entity531 ). Seven were elite baseball pitchers (six professional, one collegiate), and two were professional baseball coaches with practice pitching responsibilities, with a mean age of 30.9    2.9 years. Presenting symptoms included arm fatigue (five), finger @entity1183 (four), cold @entity56 /Raynaud's (two), @entity158 (one), and cutaneous fingertip @entity887 (one). Three @entity1 underwent transcatheter thrombolysis prior to referral, including one with angioplasty and stenting. At angiography and surgical exploration 2.5    0.8 weeks after symptom presentation (range, 1-8 weeks), six @entity1 had occlusion of the distal axillary artery opposite the humeral head either at rest (three) or with arm elevation (three), one had axillary @entity4066 with positional occlusion, and two had @entity715 of circumflex humeral artery @entity439 . Five @entity1 had embolic @entity432 distal to the elbow. Treatment included segmental axillary artery repair with saphenous vein (n = 7; five interposition bypass grafts and two patch angioplasties), ligation/excision of circumflex humeral artery @entity439 (n = 2), and distal artery thrombectomy/thrombolysis (n = 2). Mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.8    0.5 days, and the time until resumption of unrestricted overhead throwing was 10.8    2.7 weeks. At a median follow-up of 15 months (range, 3-123 months), primary-assisted patency was 89%, and secondary patency was 100%. All nine @entity1 had continued careers in professional baseball, although one retired during long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Repetitive positional compression of the axillary artery can cause a spectrum of pathology in the overhead athlete, including focal intimal @entity1373 , @entity439 formation, segmental dissection, and branch vessel @entity439 . Prompt recognition of these rare lesions is crucial given their propensity toward @entity715 and @entity887 , with positional arteriography necessary for diagnosis. Full functional recovery can usually be anticipated within several months of surgical treatment, consisting of mobilization and segmental reconstruction of the diseased axillary artery or ligation/excision of @entity439 , as well as concomitant management of distal @entity1031 .

title: Positional compression of the axillary artery causing upper extremity @entity715 and XXXX in the elite overhead throwing athlete.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['axillary artery lesions']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity9085 :: ('MESH:D014715', 'Disease') :: ['arterial insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['distal embolism', 'embolism']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'branch aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['rest pain']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusions']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic outlet syndrome', 'TOS']

entities_list: @entity4066 :: ('MESH:D020217', 'Disease') :: ['artery dissection']

answer: @entity887 :: (MESH:D004617,Disease) :: ['embolism']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe the spectrum of axillary artery pathology seen in high-performance overhead athletes and the outcomes of current treatment. METHODS: A retrospective review of @entity1 that had undergone management of @entity455 in a specialized center for @entity531 ( @entity531 ). Treatment outcomes were assessed with respect to arterial pathology and operative management. RESULTS: Nine male athletes were referred for @entity9085 in the dominant arm between January 2000 and August 2010, representing 1.6% of 572 @entity1 treated for @entity531 (19% of 47 @entity1 treated for arterial @entity531 ). Seven were elite baseball pitchers (six professional, one collegiate), and two were professional baseball coaches with practice pitching responsibilities, with a mean age of 30.9    2.9 years. Presenting symptoms included arm fatigue (five), finger @entity1183 (four), cold @entity56 /Raynaud's (two), @entity158 (one), and cutaneous fingertip @entity887 (one). Three @entity1 underwent transcatheter thrombolysis prior to referral, including one with angioplasty and stenting. At angiography and surgical exploration 2.5    0.8 weeks after symptom presentation (range, 1-8 weeks), six @entity1 had occlusion of the distal axillary artery opposite the humeral head either at rest (three) or with arm elevation (three), one had axillary @entity4066 with positional occlusion, and two had @entity715 of circumflex humeral artery @entity439 . Five @entity1 had embolic @entity432 distal to the elbow. Treatment included segmental axillary artery repair with saphenous vein (n = 7; five interposition bypass grafts and two patch angioplasties), ligation/excision of circumflex humeral artery @entity439 (n = 2), and distal artery thrombectomy/thrombolysis (n = 2). Mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.8    0.5 days, and the time until resumption of unrestricted overhead throwing was 10.8    2.7 weeks. At a median follow-up of 15 months (range, 3-123 months), primary-assisted patency was 89%, and secondary patency was 100%. All nine @entity1 had continued careers in professional baseball, although one retired during long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Repetitive positional compression of the axillary artery can cause a spectrum of pathology in the overhead athlete, including focal intimal @entity1373 , @entity439 formation, segmental dissection, and branch vessel @entity439 . Prompt recognition of these rare lesions is crucial given their propensity toward @entity715 and @entity887 , with positional arteriography necessary for diagnosis. Full functional recovery can usually be anticipated within several months of surgical treatment, consisting of mobilization and segmental reconstruction of the diseased axillary artery or ligation/excision of @entity439 , as well as concomitant management of distal @entity1031 .

title: Positional compression of the axillary artery causing upper extremity XXXX and @entity887 in the elite overhead throwing athlete.

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of two kinds homogenous assays for direct determination of high-density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL-C) based on the principle of polyanion polymer/detergent (PPD method) and @entity968 -modified enzyme (PEGME) method. METHODS: The two homogenous methods were compared with the precipitation method ( @entity865 -Mg2+ method), their precision, accuracy, specificity and interference were also analyzed. RESULTS: Both homogenous HDL-C assays were precise, having a within-run CV < 3%, day-to-day CV < 3% and total CV < 4%. The HDL-C values measured by the two homogenous methods correlated well with those by @entity865 -Mg2+ method (X): Y = 0.9316 X + 0.1063, r = 0.9762 for PPD method (Y); and Y = 0.9106 X + 0.1368, r = 0.9894 for PEGME method (Y). The linearity studies showed the two homogenous methods to be linear up to 4.14 mmol/L. The lowest detectable concentration of the two methods was apparently 0.08 mmol/L. Recoveries of the two methods were 94.1%-106.2%. Hemoglobin did not interfere with the HDL-C results in the two homogenous methods, whereas icteric samples with total @entity648 > 200 mg/L showed discrepancies. @entity407 up to @entity412 concentration of 17.0 mmol/L did not interfere with the two homogenous HDL-C assays. CONCLUSIONS: The two new homogenous HDL-C assays meet the requirements for accuracy, precision, ease of handling with massive sample, allow full automation, and are clinically useful.

title: [Clinical evaluation of two kinds homogenous assays for determination of high-density lipoprotein XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene glycol']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: In mammals, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a process in which one of the two X chromosomes is silenced, following @entity6630 expression. @entity19 female pluripotent stem cells do not express @entity23675 , and harbor two active X chromosomes. However, analysis of XCI in @entity1 embryonic stem cells (hESCs), mainly based on @entity6630 expression, was not conclusive. Here, we studied XCI in hESCs by meta-analysis of the expression of the entire set of genes on the X chromosome in 21 female hESC lines. Thus, we could divide the ES cell lines into three categories: lines with no XCI, lines with full XCI, and lines with partial XCI. The partial inactivation of the X chromosome always involved the middle of the chromosome, surrounding the @entity6630 transcription site. The status of XCI in some of the cell lines was validated by either allelic-specific expression or DNA methylation analysis. Interestingly, analysis of 10 female @entity1 -induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines demonstrated similar heterogeneity in the inactivation of X chromosome and could also be classified into the same three categories detected in hESCs. Thus, we could show that in some hiPSC lines, the X chromosome was activated on reprogramming. Based on our analysis, we propose a model of the dynamics of XCI in pluripotent stem cells.

title: Meta-analysis of the heterogeneity of X chromosome inactivation in XXXX pluripotent stem cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: AIM: To assess the acceptability, feasibility and results of day-case laparoscopic fundoplication for @entity354 ( @entity354 ) in an university tertiary care center. METHODS: Day-case surgery for @entity354 was proposed routinely to all @entity1 with proven asymptomatic, uncomplicated @entity354 fulfilling predetermined inclusion criteria from September 2003 and January 2007. All @entity1 underwent standard anesthetic, surgical, analgesic and antiemetic protocols. @entity1 had a 360   Nissen-Rosetti laparoscopic fundoplication. Evaluation, according to intent-to-treat analysis, included inclusion criteria, admission to conventional hospital facilities, unplanned post-operative consultation or readmission, complication and reoperation rates as well as @entity1 satisfaction at 12 months, using the validated Visick score and Gastro-Intestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) questionnaire. RESULTS: Of 152 @entity1 undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication for @entity354 during the study period, 49 (32.2%) had day-case procedures. Forty @entity1 (81.6%) were discharged 6 to 8h after operation. Nine @entity1 were converted to in- @entity1 hospitalization because of @entity390 (n=5), inadequate @entity158 control (n=3) or @entity148 (n=1), seven (77.8%) of these were discharged within 23h. Unplanned consultation or hospitalization was necessary in 14.3% and 4.1% of cases respectively, mainly for @entity1282 . The postoperative complication rate was 6.1%. At 12 months, 89.6% of @entity1 were Visick 1 to 3 (excellent to satisfactory results). Reoperation was needed in three cases. @entity1 quality of life, evaluated by GIQLI, was significantly enhanced by surgery (88.9  27.3 preoperatively versus 111.2  24.0 postoperatively, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Day-case laparoscopic fundoplication for @entity354 is feasible and well tolerated in selected @entity1 .

title: Outcome of day-case laparoscopic fundoplication for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastro-esophageal reflux disease', 'GERD']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['gastro-esophageal reflux disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical course and duration of therapy in 28 @entity1 with @entity2760 rheumatica (PMR) and/or @entity226 ( @entity226 ) for identifying factors that influence prolonged steroid use and relapses. METHODS: 28 cases of PMR and/or @entity226 diagnosed from 1992 to 2001 were retrospectively studied in PUMC hospital. @entity1 were grouped according to the absence or presence of corticosteroid resistant and relapses. RESULTS: Of 28 @entity1 , 22 had pure PMR, 3 had both PMR and @entity226 and 3 had pure @entity226 . 15 @entity1 received corticosteroid therapy and 13 had both corticosteroid and immunosuppressor therapy. The median duration was (25.5 +/- 24.0) months. Increase of white blood cell level and higher baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were significant risk factors associated with corticosteroid resistant (P < 0.01). Quicker reduction of @entity228 dose was associated with relapse (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with increase of white blood cell level and higher baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are more likely to be resistant to corticosteroid therapy. Quicker reduction in corticosteroid is more likely to relapse. Immunosuppressor therapy should be added to @entity1 who has corticosteroid resistant, and relapse or PMR associated with @entity226 .

title: [Follow-up studies in @entity2760 rheumatica and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity226 :: ('MESH:D013700', 'Disease') :: ['temporal arteritis', 'TA']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity2760 :: ('MESH:D011111', 'Disease') :: ['polymyalgia']

answer: @entity226 :: (MESH:D013700,Disease) :: ['temporal arteritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical course and duration of therapy in 28 @entity1 with @entity2760 rheumatica (PMR) and/or @entity226 ( @entity226 ) for identifying factors that influence prolonged steroid use and relapses. METHODS: 28 cases of PMR and/or @entity226 diagnosed from 1992 to 2001 were retrospectively studied in PUMC hospital. @entity1 were grouped according to the absence or presence of corticosteroid resistant and relapses. RESULTS: Of 28 @entity1 , 22 had pure PMR, 3 had both PMR and @entity226 and 3 had pure @entity226 . 15 @entity1 received corticosteroid therapy and 13 had both corticosteroid and immunosuppressor therapy. The median duration was (25.5 +/- 24.0) months. Increase of white blood cell level and higher baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were significant risk factors associated with corticosteroid resistant (P < 0.01). Quicker reduction of @entity228 dose was associated with relapse (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with increase of white blood cell level and higher baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are more likely to be resistant to corticosteroid therapy. Quicker reduction in corticosteroid is more likely to relapse. Immunosuppressor therapy should be added to @entity1 who has corticosteroid resistant, and relapse or PMR associated with @entity226 .

title: [Follow-up studies in XXXX rheumatica and @entity226 ].

answer: @entity2760 :: (MESH:D011111,Disease) :: ['polymyalgia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate if @entity3190 or insulin resistance could predict the @entity551 in non-diabetic adults. METHODS: One hundred and seventy non-diabetic adults (NGT 107, IGT 63) were included based on the screen by OGTT in 1986. Height, weight, blood pressure were measured. Plasma @entity413 and insulin concentration at 0.60 and 120 min during OGTT were determined at baseline. All the subjects were followed for six years with blood pressure and plasma @entity413 examined at the end of the study. Subjects worsening to @entity6 were excluded. Insulin area under-curve (INSAUC) and insulin sensitivity index [IAI = (1/FINS x FPG)] were calculated. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of INSAUC and insulin sensitivity to the @entity551 . RESULTS: Both @entity13519 and @entity13520 levels at the end of the study were increased with increased INSAUC baseline. The @entity13519 were (119.5 +/- 2.3), (122.1 +/- 2.5), (129.4 +/- 2.4) and (128.3 +/- 2.6) mmHg, and the @entity13520 were (78.6 +/- 1.6), (79.7 +/- 1.7), (85.2 +/- 1.4) and (84.0 +/- 1.0) mmHg from the lowest to the highest quartiles of INSAUC respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed Age, @entity13519 , @entity13520 , BMI, FINS, INS1h, INSAUC at baseline were positively correlated to blood pressure levels at the end of the study. After the adjustment of Age, sex, BMI, smoking, @entity11591 h and blood pressure at baseline, the INSAUC was significantly correlated to blood pressure six years later, while the insulin sensitivity index was not. CONCLUSION: The compensated @entity3190 based on selective insulin resistance rather than insulin resistance to @entity413 per se could predict the @entity551 in nondiabetic adults.

title: [Compensated XXXX based on selective insulin resistance predicts @entity551 in non-diabetic adults].

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['elevation of blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity3190 :: (MESH:D006946,Disease) :: ['hyperinsulinemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate if @entity3190 or insulin resistance could predict the @entity551 in non-diabetic adults. METHODS: One hundred and seventy non-diabetic adults (NGT 107, IGT 63) were included based on the screen by OGTT in 1986. Height, weight, blood pressure were measured. Plasma @entity413 and insulin concentration at 0.60 and 120 min during OGTT were determined at baseline. All the subjects were followed for six years with blood pressure and plasma @entity413 examined at the end of the study. Subjects worsening to @entity6 were excluded. Insulin area under-curve (INSAUC) and insulin sensitivity index [IAI = (1/FINS x FPG)] were calculated. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of INSAUC and insulin sensitivity to the @entity551 . RESULTS: Both @entity13519 and @entity13520 levels at the end of the study were increased with increased INSAUC baseline. The @entity13519 were (119.5 +/- 2.3), (122.1 +/- 2.5), (129.4 +/- 2.4) and (128.3 +/- 2.6) mmHg, and the @entity13520 were (78.6 +/- 1.6), (79.7 +/- 1.7), (85.2 +/- 1.4) and (84.0 +/- 1.0) mmHg from the lowest to the highest quartiles of INSAUC respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed Age, @entity13519 , @entity13520 , BMI, FINS, INS1h, INSAUC at baseline were positively correlated to blood pressure levels at the end of the study. After the adjustment of Age, sex, BMI, smoking, @entity11591 h and blood pressure at baseline, the INSAUC was significantly correlated to blood pressure six years later, while the insulin sensitivity index was not. CONCLUSION: The compensated @entity3190 based on selective insulin resistance rather than insulin resistance to @entity413 per se could predict the @entity551 in nondiabetic adults.

title: [Compensated @entity3190 based on selective insulin resistance predicts XXXX in non-diabetic adults].

answer: @entity551 :: (MESH:D007022,Disease) :: ['elevation of blood pressure']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of @entity19 bone marrow endothelial cell conditioned medium (mBMEC-CM) on the growth of yolk sac hematopoietic progenitors. METHODS: The serum-free mBMEC-CM was obtained from subcultures of @entity19 endothelial cell line derived from bone marrow which was established in our laboratory. The @entity19 yolk sacs were harvested on day 8.5 postcoitus (pc) and incubated with 0.1% collagenase in 10% fetal calf serum at 37 degrees C for 40 minutes. Yolk sac cells were incubated in tissue culture dishes at 37 degrees C for 1 hour. Nonadherent cells were collected for semisolid culture assay of granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit (CFU-GM) and @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) after being cultured in DMEM with 10% mBMEC-CM and 10% @entity4434 for 24 hours. The number of @entity8116 was counted at day 7 and day 14 respectively. RESULTS: The growth of @entity8116 was supported by mBMEC-CM with @entity2304 . mBMEC-CM could induce the proliferation and differentiation of yolk sac hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors in liquid culture system. The percentages of @entity8116 compared with the 0 hour control were (119.5 +/- 5.7)% and (130.8 +/- 9.8)% respectively after 24 hours liquid culture (P < 0.05). The expansion effects of mBMEC-CM on @entity8116 were enhanced by compounded with @entity24817 ( @entity24817 ) and @entity21929 (TPO). The percentages of @entity8116 compared with the 0 hour control were (132.0 +/- 6.2)% and (176.9 +/- 12.8)% respectively after 24 hours liquid culture (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: @entity19 bone marrow endothelial cell conditioned medium could support the growth and proliferation of yolk sac hematopoitic stem cells and progenitors, and this promoting effect was further enhanced by addition of @entity24817 and TPO.

title: [Effects of XXXX bone marrow endothelial cell conditioned medium on the growth of yolk sac hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors].

entities_list: @entity21929 :: ('MESH:D013926', 'Chemical') :: ['thrombopoietin']

entities_list: @entity8116 :: ('MESH:D007960', 'Disease') :: ['CFU-GM and HPP-CFC']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['HPP-CFC', 'high proliferative potential-colony forming cell']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Open surgical release remains the gold standard for treatment of recalcitrant @entity2633 ( @entity2633 ). We aimed to evaluate the potential impact of perioperative factors on outcome after open surgical release for @entity2633 . METHODS: All @entity1 without @entity3029 who underwent open surgical release for @entity2633 from January 2000 to June 2006 were included in the study. Comorbidities and associated pathologies of the upper limb as well as @entity282 score, range of motion, evidence of instability, recurrence and other complications were noted. RESULTS: There were 37 female and 24 male @entity1 aged 22-60 (44.95 +/- 7.34) years. Five (8.1 percent) @entity1 had @entity6 . The mean duration of symptoms before surgery was 16.8 +/- 15.3 (range 2-84) months. The average duration of follow-up was 23.0 +/- 34.5 (range 0.4-206) months. Overall, 59 (96.7 percent) @entity1 reported improvement of symptoms post surgery. Median grip strength on the operated and unoperated sides were 25.5 +/- 9.0 (range 10.5-44.0) KgN and 23.7 +/- 9.1 (range 9.3-41.5) KgN, respectively. @entity1 with @entity6 had significantly higher @entity158 scores (2.80 versus 0.36, p-value less than 0.01, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] 1.2-3.7), reduced grip strength (0.91 KgN versus 1.06 KgN, p-value is 0.038, 95 percent CI 0.29-0.01) and higher recurrence rates (40 percent versus 7.7 percent, p-value is 0.018). CONCLUSION: @entity6 has a negative effect on surgical outcome in terms of @entity158 scores, grip strength ratio and recurrence rate. This should be reiterated during preoperative counselling.

title: Functional outcome assessment after open XXXX release: what are the predictor parameters?

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus', 'Diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2633 :: ('MESH:D013716', 'Disease') :: ['lateral epicondylitis', 'tennis elbow']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity3029 :: ('MESH:D004204', 'Disease') :: ['elbow dislocation']

answer: @entity2633 :: (MESH:D013716,Disease) :: ['tennis elbow']


abstract: @entity2227 is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic neurons. It is released into the synaptic cleft to provide signalling to postsynaptic neurons. Normally, the astroglial @entity2227 transporters @entity9320 and @entity6485 take up @entity2227 to mediate a high signal-to-noise ratio in the synaptic signalling, and also to prevent excitotoxic effects by @entity2227 . In astrocytes, @entity2227 is transformed into @entity1160 , which is safely transported back to neurons. However, in pathological conditions, such as an @entity63 or @entity778 , astroglial transporters are down-regulated which could lead to excitotoxicity. Lately, it was shown that even microglia can express @entity2227 transporters during pathological events. Microglia have two systems for @entity2227 transport: @entity9320 for transport into the cells and the x (c) (-) system for transport out of the cells. We here review results from our work and others, which demonstrate that microglia in culture express @entity9320 , but not @entity6485 , and transport @entity2227 from the extracellular space. We also show that @entity310 can induce increased microglial @entity9320 expression, possibly associating the expression with inflammatory systems. Furthermore, @entity2227 taken up through @entity9320 may be used for direct incorporation into @entity2041 and to fuel the intracellular @entity2227 pool to allow @entity1434 uptake through the x (c) (-) system. This can lead to a defence against oxidative stress and have an antiviral function.

title: Microglial self-defence mediated through @entity9320 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus infection']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate', 'Glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

answer: @entity2041 :: (MESH:D005978,Chemical) :: ['glutathione']


abstract: @entity2227 is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic neurons. It is released into the synaptic cleft to provide signalling to postsynaptic neurons. Normally, the astroglial @entity2227 transporters @entity9320 and @entity6485 take up @entity2227 to mediate a high signal-to-noise ratio in the synaptic signalling, and also to prevent excitotoxic effects by @entity2227 . In astrocytes, @entity2227 is transformed into @entity1160 , which is safely transported back to neurons. However, in pathological conditions, such as an @entity63 or @entity778 , astroglial transporters are down-regulated which could lead to excitotoxicity. Lately, it was shown that even microglia can express @entity2227 transporters during pathological events. Microglia have two systems for @entity2227 transport: @entity9320 for transport into the cells and the x (c) (-) system for transport out of the cells. We here review results from our work and others, which demonstrate that microglia in culture express @entity9320 , but not @entity6485 , and transport @entity2227 from the extracellular space. We also show that @entity310 can induce increased microglial @entity9320 expression, possibly associating the expression with inflammatory systems. Furthermore, @entity2227 taken up through @entity9320 may be used for direct incorporation into @entity2041 and to fuel the intracellular @entity2227 pool to allow @entity1434 uptake through the x (c) (-) system. This can lead to a defence against oxidative stress and have an antiviral function.

title: Microglial self-defence mediated through XXXX and @entity2041 .

answer: @entity9320 :: (6506,Gene) :: ['GLT-1']


abstract: The aim of this in vivo study was to examine the effect of intramammarily administered endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, @entity558 ) on the expression of L-selectin (CD62L) and the beta2-integrin subunits @entity7637 and CD18 on circulating @entity291 PMN. Six early lactating @entity291 were infused with @entity526 @entity558 . The adhesion molecules under study were stained at the cell surface and analyzed flow cytometrically. In addition, some of the clinical parameters associated with adhesion molecule mobilization such as fever, blood @entity701 levels, somatic cell count (SCC), and total and differential blood leukocyte count were measured. In analogy with observations during clinical coliform @entity1271 , a progressive decrease of CD62L expression levels was observed early after @entity558 infusion, concomitantly with a continuous rise of @entity7637 and CD18 density. However, no correlation was found between the kinetics of @entity7637 and CD18 density. The initial changes in adhesion molecule expression paralleled the decrease in blood PMN numbers, together with the increase in rectal temperature, @entity701 levels, SCC, and number of circulating immature PMN. In conclusion, intramammarily administered @entity558 seems to play an important role in modulating adhesion receptor expression on circulating @entity291 PMN. Interestingly, in contrast to coliform @entity1271 , the net CD18 variation is not principally influenced by @entity7637 upregulation during endotoxin administration. The knowledge of adhesion molecule kinetics in relation to the different parameters evaluated in the present study contributes to an improved understanding of the inflammatory reaction.

title: L-selectin and beta2-integrin expression on circulating XXXX polymorphonuclear leukocytes during endotoxin @entity1271 .

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: The aim of this in vivo study was to examine the effect of intramammarily administered endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, @entity558 ) on the expression of L-selectin (CD62L) and the beta2-integrin subunits @entity7637 and CD18 on circulating @entity291 PMN. Six early lactating @entity291 were infused with @entity526 @entity558 . The adhesion molecules under study were stained at the cell surface and analyzed flow cytometrically. In addition, some of the clinical parameters associated with adhesion molecule mobilization such as fever, blood @entity701 levels, somatic cell count (SCC), and total and differential blood leukocyte count were measured. In analogy with observations during clinical coliform @entity1271 , a progressive decrease of CD62L expression levels was observed early after @entity558 infusion, concomitantly with a continuous rise of @entity7637 and CD18 density. However, no correlation was found between the kinetics of @entity7637 and CD18 density. The initial changes in adhesion molecule expression paralleled the decrease in blood PMN numbers, together with the increase in rectal temperature, @entity701 levels, SCC, and number of circulating immature PMN. In conclusion, intramammarily administered @entity558 seems to play an important role in modulating adhesion receptor expression on circulating @entity291 PMN. Interestingly, in contrast to coliform @entity1271 , the net CD18 variation is not principally influenced by @entity7637 upregulation during endotoxin administration. The knowledge of adhesion molecule kinetics in relation to the different parameters evaluated in the present study contributes to an improved understanding of the inflammatory reaction.

title: L-selectin and beta2-integrin expression on circulating @entity291 polymorphonuclear leukocytes during endotoxin XXXX .

answer: @entity1271 :: (MESH:D008413,Disease) :: ['mastitis']


abstract: @entity1489 ( @entity1489 ) is the most frequent @entity1 @entity5 of Caucasian populations. Although the ultraviolet irradiation is a key contributor to the establishment of this keratinocyte malignancy, the @entity281 by some types of @entity1082 ) has also been implicated in @entity1489 development. Cancers occur as a result of a complex series of interactions between the @entity5 cell and its surrounding matrix. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in degrading the extracellular matrix. @entity1495 is an important gelatinase involved in processes such as cell migration, invasion and @entity3 . In this report, we demonstrated by EMSA experiments that the @entity1495 promoter contains a binding site for the transcriptional regulator E2 of HPV8. Transient reporter gene assays showed that HPV8-E2 activated the @entity1495 promoter in a dose-dependent manner in @entity1 epidermal keratinocytes. An E2 transactivation-defective mutant ( @entity72770 ) as well as a DNA-binding deficient mutant ( @entity72771 ) demonstrated no activation of the @entity1495 promoter, suggesting that both an intact transactivation and DNA-binding domain are required for E2 activation of the @entity1495 -promoter. The functional role of the E2 binding site within the @entity1495 promoter was also confirmed by mutating the E2 binding site. In organotypic cultures of @entity1 skin, an overexpression of @entity1495 was observed in suprabasal layers of the HPV8 E2-expressing epidermis thus confirming the results of the monolayer cultures. These results demonstrate that the early gene E2 of HPV8 is able to increase the expression of @entity1495 by direct activation of the @entity1495 -promoter.

title: The E2 protein of XXXX type 8 increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in @entity1 keratinocytes and organotypic skin cultures.

entities_list: @entity72770 :: ('p|SUB|I|73|L', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['I73L']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['NMSC', 'Non-melanoma skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus']


abstract: @entity1489 ( @entity1489 ) is the most frequent @entity1 @entity5 of Caucasian populations. Although the ultraviolet irradiation is a key contributor to the establishment of this keratinocyte malignancy, the @entity281 by some types of @entity1082 ) has also been implicated in @entity1489 development. Cancers occur as a result of a complex series of interactions between the @entity5 cell and its surrounding matrix. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in degrading the extracellular matrix. @entity1495 is an important gelatinase involved in processes such as cell migration, invasion and @entity3 . In this report, we demonstrated by EMSA experiments that the @entity1495 promoter contains a binding site for the transcriptional regulator E2 of HPV8. Transient reporter gene assays showed that HPV8-E2 activated the @entity1495 promoter in a dose-dependent manner in @entity1 epidermal keratinocytes. An E2 transactivation-defective mutant ( @entity72770 ) as well as a DNA-binding deficient mutant ( @entity72771 ) demonstrated no activation of the @entity1495 promoter, suggesting that both an intact transactivation and DNA-binding domain are required for E2 activation of the @entity1495 -promoter. The functional role of the E2 binding site within the @entity1495 promoter was also confirmed by mutating the E2 binding site. In organotypic cultures of @entity1 skin, an overexpression of @entity1495 was observed in suprabasal layers of the HPV8 E2-expressing epidermis thus confirming the results of the monolayer cultures. These results demonstrate that the early gene E2 of HPV8 is able to increase the expression of @entity1495 by direct activation of the @entity1495 -promoter.

title: The E2 protein of @entity1082 type 8 increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in XXXX keratinocytes and organotypic skin cultures.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: We report a case of type 1 complex regional @entity158 ( @entity6866 ) of the left leg following the implantation of an artificial disc type in the L4/5 segment of the lumbar spine using a midline left-sided retroperitoneal approach. This approach included the mobilisation of the sympathetic trunk with incision and resection of the intervertebral disc. The perioperative and immediate postoperative periods were uneventful, but on the second postoperative day the @entity1 complained of a progressive @entity1931 of the whole left leg in combination with @entity425 of the limb. Neurological examination did not reveal any @entity51 or paresis. A sympathetic reaction following the mobilisation of the sympathetic trunk during the ventral preparation of the spine was suspected and investigated further. A diagnosis of @entity6866 was proposed, and the @entity1 was treated with @entity1337 , co-analgesics for @entity158 alienation, and systemic corticosteroid therapy. A computed tomography-guided sympathetic block and lymphatic drainage were performed. Following conservative orthopaedic rehabilitation therapy, the degree of @entity158 , @entity1931 , @entity425 , and swelling were reduced and the condition of the @entity1 was ameliorated. The cost-benefit ratio of spinal arthroplasty is still controversial. The utility of this paper is to debate a possible cause of a @entity158 , which can invalidate the results of a successful operation.

title: XXXX following artificial disc surgery: case report and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['allodynia']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['radicular deficit']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful complication', 'pain', 'pain syndrome']

answer: @entity6866 :: (MESH:D002422,Disease) :: ['CRPS I']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Management of a first-time @entity2065 (FTASD) involves important clinical and policy decisions. @entity66 modeling can improve the quality of information disseminated in treatment discussions. In this paper, we describe a general-purpose, publicly available model and illustrate its potential as a tool for management of a FTASD. METHODS: A Markov decision model of the natural history of a FTASD was constructed. Outcome probabilities and effectiveness were derived from the literature or estimated by expert opinion where necessary. Outcomes were the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability index (WOSI) and the probability of a @entity1 experiencing recurrent instability, undergoing surgical stabilization, and having a stable shoulder at 10  years. The model was both internally and externally validated. Outcomes were examined for specific cases. RESULTS: The model was effectively externally validated against two studies, a Swedish prospective cohort of Hovelius et al and Botonni et al's military cohort. It can produce detailed outcome predictions for individuals; eg, an 18-year-old @entity1 has a 77% risk of dislocation in year 1 and a 32% chance of having a stable shoulder in 10 years. CONCLUSION: Detailed and specific information about prognosis is critical in the management of a FTASD. Disease modeling lends itself well to these needs and allows improved shared decision-making. Our model was externally validated and can predict specific outcomes. As a publically available resource, it will allow physicians to accurately predict the expected outcome of treatment based on covariates, @entity1 demographics, and their own surgical success rates.

title: A predictive model of shoulder instability after a first-time XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2065 :: ('MESH:D012783', 'Disease') :: ['anterior shoulder dislocation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Predictive disease']

answer: @entity2065 :: (MESH:D012783,Disease) :: ['anterior shoulder dislocation']


abstract: PURPOSE: Despite a previously published randomized trial, controversy exists regarding the benefit of adding surgery to radiotherapy for metastatic @entity1745 (MSCC). It is thought that @entity1 with MSCC from relatively radioresistant @entity5 or @entity5 associated with poor functional outcome after radiotherapy alone may benefit from surgery. This study focuses on these @entity5 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Data from 67 @entity1 receiving surgery plus radiotherapy (S+RT) were matched to 134 @entity1 (1:2) receiving radiotherapy alone (RT). Groups were matched for 10 factors and compared for motor function, ambulatory status, local control, and survival. Additional separate matched-pair analyses were performed for @entity1 receiving direct decompressive surgery plus stabilization of involved vertebrae (DDSS) and @entity1 receiving laminectomy (LE). RESULTS: Improvement of motor function occurred in 22% of @entity1 after S+RT and 16% after RT (p=0.25). Posttreatment ambulatory rates were 67% and 61%, respectively (p=0.68). Of nonambulatory @entity1 , 29% and 19% (p=0.53) regained ambulatory status. One-year local control rates were 85% and 89% (p=0.87). One-year survival rates were 38% and 24% (p=0.20). The matched-pair analysis of @entity1 receiving LE showed no significant differences between both therapies. In the matched-pair analysis of @entity1 receiving DDSS, improvement of motor function occurred more often after DDSS+RT than RT (28% vs. 19%, p=0.024). Posttreatment ambulatory rates were 86% and 67% (p=0.30); 45% and 18% of @entity1 regained ambulatory status (p=0.29). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with MSCC from an unfavorable @entity5 appeared to benefit from DDSS but not LE when added to radiotherapy in terms of improved functional outcome.

title: Surgery followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for metastatic XXXX from unfavorable @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity1745 :: (MESH:D013117,Disease) :: ['spinal cord compression']


abstract: PURPOSE: Despite a previously published randomized trial, controversy exists regarding the benefit of adding surgery to radiotherapy for metastatic @entity1745 (MSCC). It is thought that @entity1 with MSCC from relatively radioresistant @entity5 or @entity5 associated with poor functional outcome after radiotherapy alone may benefit from surgery. This study focuses on these @entity5 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Data from 67 @entity1 receiving surgery plus radiotherapy (S+RT) were matched to 134 @entity1 (1:2) receiving radiotherapy alone (RT). Groups were matched for 10 factors and compared for motor function, ambulatory status, local control, and survival. Additional separate matched-pair analyses were performed for @entity1 receiving direct decompressive surgery plus stabilization of involved vertebrae (DDSS) and @entity1 receiving laminectomy (LE). RESULTS: Improvement of motor function occurred in 22% of @entity1 after S+RT and 16% after RT (p=0.25). Posttreatment ambulatory rates were 67% and 61%, respectively (p=0.68). Of nonambulatory @entity1 , 29% and 19% (p=0.53) regained ambulatory status. One-year local control rates were 85% and 89% (p=0.87). One-year survival rates were 38% and 24% (p=0.20). The matched-pair analysis of @entity1 receiving LE showed no significant differences between both therapies. In the matched-pair analysis of @entity1 receiving DDSS, improvement of motor function occurred more often after DDSS+RT than RT (28% vs. 19%, p=0.024). Posttreatment ambulatory rates were 86% and 67% (p=0.30); 45% and 18% of @entity1 regained ambulatory status (p=0.29). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with MSCC from an unfavorable @entity5 appeared to benefit from DDSS but not LE when added to radiotherapy in terms of improved functional outcome.

title: Surgery followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for metastatic @entity1745 from unfavorable XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: PURPOSES: Bedside lung ultrasound (LUS) is useful in detecting radio-occult @entity358 . The aim of our study is to compare the value of LUS with other conventional routine diagnostic tools in the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) evaluation of @entity1 with @entity158 and silent chest radiography (CXR). METHODS: Ninety @entity1 consecutively admitted to the @entity341 with @entity158 and normal CXR were retrospectively (n = 49) and prospectively (n = 41) studied. All @entity1 were blindly examined by LUS and submitted to clinical examination and blood samples. The ability of blood tests and symptoms to predict any radio-occult @entity358 confirmed by conclusive image techniques and follow-up was evaluated and compared with LUS. RESULTS: In 57 cases, the final diagnosis was @entity662 . The other 33 @entity1 were diagnosed with a @entity358 (22 @entity55 , 2 @entity5641 , 7 @entity1151 , 1 @entity2 , 1 pneumothorax). Lung ultrasound showed a sensitivity of 96.97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.68%-99.46%) and a specificity of 96.49% (95% CI, 88.08%-99.03%) in predicting radio-occult @entity358 and significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic analysis (AUC, 0.967; 95% CI, 0.929-1.00) than d-dimer (AUC, 0.815; 95% CI, 0.720-0.911) and white blood cell count (AUC, 0.778; 95% CI, 0.678-0.858). None of the other routine tests considered or a combination between them better predicted the final diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Chest radiography and blood tests may be inadequate in the diagnostic process of @entity158 . In case of silent CXR, LUS is critical for identifying @entity1 with @entity358 at bedside and cannot be safely replaced by other conventional methods.

title: A comparison of different diagnostic tests in the bedside evaluation of @entity158 in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest wall pain']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5641 :: ('MESH:D010998', 'Disease') :: ['pleuritis']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pleural-pulmonary radio-occult conditions', 'pleural-pulmonary condition', 'pleural-pulmonary lesions']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pleuritic pain']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['ED']


abstract: PURPOSES: Bedside lung ultrasound (LUS) is useful in detecting radio-occult @entity358 . The aim of our study is to compare the value of LUS with other conventional routine diagnostic tools in the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) evaluation of @entity1 with @entity158 and silent chest radiography (CXR). METHODS: Ninety @entity1 consecutively admitted to the @entity341 with @entity158 and normal CXR were retrospectively (n = 49) and prospectively (n = 41) studied. All @entity1 were blindly examined by LUS and submitted to clinical examination and blood samples. The ability of blood tests and symptoms to predict any radio-occult @entity358 confirmed by conclusive image techniques and follow-up was evaluated and compared with LUS. RESULTS: In 57 cases, the final diagnosis was @entity662 . The other 33 @entity1 were diagnosed with a @entity358 (22 @entity55 , 2 @entity5641 , 7 @entity1151 , 1 @entity2 , 1 pneumothorax). Lung ultrasound showed a sensitivity of 96.97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.68%-99.46%) and a specificity of 96.49% (95% CI, 88.08%-99.03%) in predicting radio-occult @entity358 and significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic analysis (AUC, 0.967; 95% CI, 0.929-1.00) than d-dimer (AUC, 0.815; 95% CI, 0.720-0.911) and white blood cell count (AUC, 0.778; 95% CI, 0.678-0.858). None of the other routine tests considered or a combination between them better predicted the final diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Chest radiography and blood tests may be inadequate in the diagnostic process of @entity158 . In case of silent CXR, LUS is critical for identifying @entity1 with @entity358 at bedside and cannot be safely replaced by other conventional methods.

title: A comparison of different diagnostic tests in the bedside evaluation of XXXX in the @entity341 .

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pleuritic pain']


abstract: Immunological memory responses to intracellular protozoa and extracellular helminths govern host resistance and susceptibility to reinfection. @entity1 and livestock living in @entity4801 endemic regions face continuous exposure from a very early age that often leads to asymptomatic @entity281 over their entire lifespan. Fundamental immunological studies suggest that the generation of T-cell memory is driven by tightly coordinated innate and adaptive cellular immune responses rapidly triggered following initial @entity281 . A key distinguishing feature of immune memory maintenance between the majority of @entity4801 and most @entity1800 is long-term antigen persistence. Consequently, functional parasite immune memory is in a continuous, dynamic flux between activation and deactivation producing functional parasite killing or functional memory cell death. In this sense, T-cell immune memory can be regarded as " @entity2414 ." Furthermore, due to the finite capacity of memory lymphocytes to proliferate, continuous parasite antigen stimulation may exceed a threshold level at some point in the chronically infected host. This may result in suboptimal effector immune memory leading to host susceptibility to reinfection, or immune dysregulation yielding disease reactivation or immune pathology. The goal of this review is to highlight, through numerous examples, what is currently known about T-cell immune memory to parasites and to provide compelling hypotheses on the survival and maintenance of parasite " @entity2414 ." These novel concepts are discussed in the context of rationale parasite vaccine design strategies.

title: Parasites and immune responses: XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['host infection', 'chronic infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial or viral diseases']

entities_list: @entity4801 :: ('MESH:D010272', 'Disease') :: ['parasitic diseases', 'parasitic disease']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory illusion']

answer: @entity2414 :: (MESH:D008569,Disease) :: ['memory illusion']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Infliximab (Ifx) is effective in the treatment of @entity30 ( @entity30 ) and @entity309 ( @entity309 ), etanercept (Eta) in @entity309 but not in @entity30 . The mechanisms underlying these clinical differences are not fully understood, but this knowledge could be valuable to identify responders and develop new treatments. This study compares Eta and Ifx in vitro regarding transmembrane @entity5 @entity39 factor alpha (tmb- @entity310 ) expression and @entity379 ( @entity379 ), @entity310 and @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ) production in intestinal T lymphocytes. METHODS: T lymphocyte cultures were established from biopsies from 10 @entity30 @entity1 and three healthy controls. The cytokine production and the expression of tmb- @entity310 were measured in the presence of Ifx/Eta. RESULTS: Eta and Ifx downregulated the production of @entity379 and @entity2841 in colonic T lymphocytes from @entity30 @entity1 and healthy controls. Both drugs bound tmb- @entity310 on activated T lymphocytes besides neutralising @entity310 , Eta less efficiently than Ifx (406 pg/ml (337-475); 133 pg/ml (119-147); p=0.004). @entity310 was detectable with the present assay in cell lines cultured in the presence of excess Eta. CONCLUSIONS: We have established that Eta is just as efficient as Ifx in downregulating @entity379 and @entity2841 production in vitro and Eta bound to tmb- @entity310 . However, Eta bound the @entity310 molecule, important in @entity30 , less efficiently than Ifx.

title: The effect of etanercept and infliximab on the production of XXXX @entity39 factor alpha, @entity379 and @entity2841 in in vivo activated intestinal T lymphocyte cultures.

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma', 'IFN-gamma']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Infliximab (Ifx) is effective in the treatment of @entity30 ( @entity30 ) and @entity309 ( @entity309 ), etanercept (Eta) in @entity309 but not in @entity30 . The mechanisms underlying these clinical differences are not fully understood, but this knowledge could be valuable to identify responders and develop new treatments. This study compares Eta and Ifx in vitro regarding transmembrane @entity5 @entity39 factor alpha (tmb- @entity310 ) expression and @entity379 ( @entity379 ), @entity310 and @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ) production in intestinal T lymphocytes. METHODS: T lymphocyte cultures were established from biopsies from 10 @entity30 @entity1 and three healthy controls. The cytokine production and the expression of tmb- @entity310 were measured in the presence of Ifx/Eta. RESULTS: Eta and Ifx downregulated the production of @entity379 and @entity2841 in colonic T lymphocytes from @entity30 @entity1 and healthy controls. Both drugs bound tmb- @entity310 on activated T lymphocytes besides neutralising @entity310 , Eta less efficiently than Ifx (406 pg/ml (337-475); 133 pg/ml (119-147); p=0.004). @entity310 was detectable with the present assay in cell lines cultured in the presence of excess Eta. CONCLUSIONS: We have established that Eta is just as efficient as Ifx in downregulating @entity379 and @entity2841 production in vitro and Eta bound to tmb- @entity310 . However, Eta bound the @entity310 molecule, important in @entity30 , less efficiently than Ifx.

title: The effect of etanercept and infliximab on the production of @entity5 XXXX factor alpha, @entity379 and @entity2841 in in vivo activated intestinal T lymphocyte cultures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['necrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Infliximab (Ifx) is effective in the treatment of @entity30 ( @entity30 ) and @entity309 ( @entity309 ), etanercept (Eta) in @entity309 but not in @entity30 . The mechanisms underlying these clinical differences are not fully understood, but this knowledge could be valuable to identify responders and develop new treatments. This study compares Eta and Ifx in vitro regarding transmembrane @entity5 @entity39 factor alpha (tmb- @entity310 ) expression and @entity379 ( @entity379 ), @entity310 and @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ) production in intestinal T lymphocytes. METHODS: T lymphocyte cultures were established from biopsies from 10 @entity30 @entity1 and three healthy controls. The cytokine production and the expression of tmb- @entity310 were measured in the presence of Ifx/Eta. RESULTS: Eta and Ifx downregulated the production of @entity379 and @entity2841 in colonic T lymphocytes from @entity30 @entity1 and healthy controls. Both drugs bound tmb- @entity310 on activated T lymphocytes besides neutralising @entity310 , Eta less efficiently than Ifx (406 pg/ml (337-475); 133 pg/ml (119-147); p=0.004). @entity310 was detectable with the present assay in cell lines cultured in the presence of excess Eta. CONCLUSIONS: We have established that Eta is just as efficient as Ifx in downregulating @entity379 and @entity2841 production in vitro and Eta bound to tmb- @entity310 . However, Eta bound the @entity310 molecule, important in @entity30 , less efficiently than Ifx.

title: The effect of etanercept and infliximab on the production of @entity5 @entity39 factor alpha, XXXX and @entity2841 in in vivo activated intestinal T lymphocyte cultures.

answer: @entity379 :: (3458,Gene) :: ['interferon-gamma']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Infliximab (Ifx) is effective in the treatment of @entity30 ( @entity30 ) and @entity309 ( @entity309 ), etanercept (Eta) in @entity309 but not in @entity30 . The mechanisms underlying these clinical differences are not fully understood, but this knowledge could be valuable to identify responders and develop new treatments. This study compares Eta and Ifx in vitro regarding transmembrane @entity5 @entity39 factor alpha (tmb- @entity310 ) expression and @entity379 ( @entity379 ), @entity310 and @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ) production in intestinal T lymphocytes. METHODS: T lymphocyte cultures were established from biopsies from 10 @entity30 @entity1 and three healthy controls. The cytokine production and the expression of tmb- @entity310 were measured in the presence of Ifx/Eta. RESULTS: Eta and Ifx downregulated the production of @entity379 and @entity2841 in colonic T lymphocytes from @entity30 @entity1 and healthy controls. Both drugs bound tmb- @entity310 on activated T lymphocytes besides neutralising @entity310 , Eta less efficiently than Ifx (406 pg/ml (337-475); 133 pg/ml (119-147); p=0.004). @entity310 was detectable with the present assay in cell lines cultured in the presence of excess Eta. CONCLUSIONS: We have established that Eta is just as efficient as Ifx in downregulating @entity379 and @entity2841 production in vitro and Eta bound to tmb- @entity310 . However, Eta bound the @entity310 molecule, important in @entity30 , less efficiently than Ifx.

title: The effect of etanercept and infliximab on the production of @entity5 @entity39 factor alpha, @entity379 and XXXX in in vivo activated intestinal T lymphocyte cultures.

answer: @entity2841 :: (1437,Gene) :: ['GM-CSF']


abstract: The @entity17743 are the most effective antimalarial drugs known. They possess a remarkably wide therapeutic index. These agents have been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for more than 2,000 years but were not subjected to scientific scrutiny until the 1970s. The first formal clinical trials of the @entity17743 , and the development of methods for their industrial scale production, followed rapidly. A decade later, Chinese scientists shared their findings with the rest of the world; since then, a significant body of international trial evidence has confirmed these drugs to be far superior to any available alternatives. In particular, they have the ability to rapidly kill a broad range of @entity4801 stages at safe concentrations that are consistently achievable via standard dosing regimens. As their half-life is very short, there was also thought to be a low risk of resistance. These discoveries coincided with the appearance and spread of resistance to all the other major classes of antimalarials. As a result, the @entity17743 now form an essential element of recommended first-line antimalarial treatment regimens worldwide. To minimize the risk of @entity507 resistance, they are recommended to be used to treat uncomplicated @entity311 in combination with other antimalarials as @entity507 combination therapies (ACTs). Their rollout has resulted in documented reductions in @entity311 prevalence in a number of African and Asian countries. Unfortunately, there are already worrisome early signs of @entity507 resistance appearing in western Cambodia. If this resistance were to spread, it would be disastrous for @entity311 control efforts worldwide. The enormous challenge for the international community is how to avert this catastrophe and preserve the effectiveness of this antimalarial "magic bullet". Drug Dev Res 71: 12-19, 2010.    2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

title: XXXX Antimalarials: Preserving the "Magic Bullet"

entities_list: @entity4801 :: ('MESH:D010272', 'Disease') :: ['asexual parasite']

entities_list: @entity17743 :: ('MESH:D037621', 'Chemical') :: ['artemisinins']

entities_list: @entity507 :: ('MESH:C031327', 'Chemical') :: ['artemisinin']

answer: @entity507 :: (MESH:C031327,Chemical) :: ['Artemisinin']