abstract: Background Difficult @entity40236 Ventilation ( @entity18296 ), is a situation in which it is impossible for an unassisted anesthesiologist to maintain @entity26 saturation >90% using 100% @entity26 and positive pressure ventilation to prevent or reverse signs of inadequate ventilation during @entity40236 ventilation.   The incidence varies from 0.08 - 15%. @entity1 -related anatomical features are by far the most significant cause.   We analyzed data from an @entity28 surgical population (BMI> 30 kg/m (2)) to identify specific risk and predictive factors for @entity18296 . Methods Five hundred and fifty seven @entity28 @entity1 were identified from a database of 1399 cases associated with preoperative airway examinations where @entity40236 ventilation was attempted. Assessment of @entity40236 ventilation in this group was stratified by a severity score (0-3), and a step-wise selection method was used to identify independent predictors.   The area under the curve of the receiver-operating-characteristic was then used to evaluate the model's predictive value. Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were also calculated. Results @entity18296 was observed in 80/557 (14%) @entity1 . Three independent predictive factors for @entity18296 in @entity28 @entity1 were identified: age 49 years, short neck, and neck circumference   43 cm. In the current study th sensitivity for one factor is 0.90 with a specificity 0.35. However, the specificity increased to 0.80 with inclusion of more than one factor. Conclusion According to the current investigation, the three predictive factors are strongly associated with @entity18296 in @entity28 @entity1 . Each independent risk factor alone provides a good screening for @entity18296 and two factors substantially improve specificity. Based on our analysis, we speculate that the absence of at least 2 of the factors we identified might have a significant negative predictive value and can reasonably exclude @entity18296 , with a negative likelihood ratio 0.81.

title: Predictive factors for difficult XXXX ventilation in the @entity28 surgical population.

answer: @entity40236 :: (54882,Gene) :: ['mask']


abstract: The promise of cellular therapy lies in healing damaged tissues and organs in vivo as well as generating tissue constructs in vitro for subsequent transplantation. Adult stem cells are ideally suited for cellular therapies due to their pulripotency and the ease with which they can be cultured on novel functionalized substrates. Creating environments to control and successively driving their differentiation toward a lineage of choice is one of the most important challenges of current cell-based engineering strategies. In recent years, a variety of biomedical platforms have been prepared for stem cell cultures, primarily to provide efficient delivery of growth or survival factors to cells and a conducive microenvironment for their growth. Here, we demonstrate that repeating tetralayer structures composed of biocompatible @entity17085 ( @entity17085 )/poly( @entity3323 ) ( @entity2975 )/ @entity17085 ( @entity17085 )/poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(  -caprolactone) ( @entity970 -b-PCL) micelles arrayed in layer-by-layer (LbL) films can serve as a payload region for @entity619 (dex) delivery to @entity1 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This architecture can induce MSC differentiation into osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner. The amount of dex loaded in the films is controlled by varying the deposition conditions and the film thickness. Furthermore, release of dex is also controlled by changing the amount of covalent crosslinking of multilayers via thermal treatments. The multilayer architecture including payload and cell-adhesion region introduced here are well suited for extended cell culture thus affording the important and protective effect of both dex release and immobilization. These films may find applications in the local delivery of immobilized therapeutics for biomedical applications, as they can be deposited on a wide range of substrates with different shapes, sizes, and composition.

title: Multilayer Thin Film Coatings Capable of Extended Programmable Drug Release: Application to XXXX Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation.

entities_list: @entity17085 :: ('MESH:C030613', 'Chemical') :: ['PMAA', 'poly(methacrylic acid)']

entities_list: @entity3323 :: ('MESH:D020106', 'Chemical') :: ['acryl amide']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: @entity2718 @entity281 is a major public health problem. However, in recent years the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of @entity2718 @entity281 have undergone a significant change. The incidence of @entity2718 has increased, not only in the healthcare sector but also in the community. @entity580 and community-acquired disease have different risk factors, with the latter occurring in @entity1 and younger individuals without a history of antibiotic use or previous @entity281 . From a clinician's perspective, a quick efficient diagnosis is required for @entity1 treatment; however, the old method of using enzyme immunoassays is insensitive and not very specific. Recent literature around diagnostic testing for @entity2718 @entity281 suggests using PCR or a two-step algorithm to improve sensitivity and specificity. More failures and recurrence with @entity868 have led to treatment algorithms suggesting its use for mild @entity281 and switching to @entity2176 if there is no clinical improvement. Alternatively, if signs and symptoms suggest severe @entity281 , then oral @entity2176 is recommended as a first-line agent. The addition of a new but costly agent, @entity29136 , has seen some disparity between the European and North American guidelines with regard to when it should be used. Lastly, rapid developments and good results with fecal microbial transplantation have also left clinicians wondering about its place in therapy. This article reviews the literature around some of the recent controversies in the field of @entity2718 @entity281 .

title: Controversies Around Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of XXXX Infection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['Hospital-acquired infection']

entities_list: @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['C. difficile', 'Clostridium difficile']

entities_list: @entity29136 :: ('MESH:C010211', 'Chemical') :: ['fidaxomicin']

answer: @entity2718 :: (1496,Species) :: ['Clostridium difficile']


abstract: Two dominant types of action potentials in @entity235 colon are slow wave type action potentials (slow waves) and spike-like action potentials (SLAPs). The slow waves, originating at the submuscular surface where a network of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) is found, possess a pacemaker component. Activation of the pacemaker component is insensitive to voltage changes and L-type @entity460 channel blockers, and is postulated to involve a metabolic clock sensitive to @entity1919 . SLAPs are more prominent in the longitudinal muscle. To understand the contribution circular muscle cells make to the generation of these action potentials, a circular muscle preparation (devoid of the submuscular ICC-smooth muscle network, longitudinal muscle, and myenteric plexus) was developed. Circular muscle preparations were spontaneously quiescent, with a resting membrane potential of -62.9 +/- 0.6 mV. @entity8594 (0.5 mM) depolarized the cells to -51.8 +/- 0.6 mV and induced @entity8425 with a frequency, duration, amplitude, and rate of rise equal to 6.6 +/- 0.4 cpm, 2.2 +/- 0.2 s, 19.4 +/- 0.9 mV, and 21.8 +/- 1.7 mV/s, respectively. In most cases, @entity8594 -induced oscillations were preceded by a prepotential of 4.4 +/- 0.3 mV, with a rate of rise of 1.1 +/- 0.1 mV/s. @entity8594 -induced oscillations were abolished by 1 microM D600 as well as by repolarization of 6-12 mV. Addition of 0.1 microM @entity9898 in the presence of @entity8594 further depolarized circular muscle cells to -42.4 +/- 0.8 mV and increased the oscillation frequency to 16.8 +/- 1.8 cpm. The @entity8425 induced in circular muscle preparations by @entity8594 and @entity9898 were similar to the SLAPs exhibited by the isolated longitudinal muscle layer, indicating that generation of SLAPs is an intrinsic property of smooth muscle cells. @entity1928 (1 microM), previously shown to dramatically decrease the frequency but not the amplitude of slow waves in preparations including the submuscular ICC network, decreased the amplitude of the @entity8594 -induced oscillations in circular muscle preparations without changing the frequency. These results provide strong evidence for the hypothesis that the submuscular ICC-smooth muscle network is essential for the initiation of the pacemaker component of the colonic slow waves. The mechanism for regulating the frequency of slow waves is different from that responsible for the @entity8594 -induced oscillations in circular muscle preparations. Circular muscle cells are shown to be excitable and capable of generating oscillatory activity dominated by L-type @entity460 channel activity, which is regulated by K+ conductance.

title: XXXX colonic circular muscle generates action potentials without the pacemaker component.

entities_list: @entity8425 :: ('MESH:D004556', 'Disease') :: ['electrical oscillations']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['Forskolin']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['Canine']


abstract: In 129 @entity1 with @entity43 , a preoperative examination by transvaginal colour Doppler sonography (ATL UM9 HDI) was performed. 45 were malignant and 84 benign. 46 @entity1 were premenopausal and 83 postmenopausal. All @entity5 vessels were analysed by spectrum analysis. The number of @entity5 vessels and the lowest resistance index (RImin) and pulsatility index (PImin) of all vessels were evaluated as diagnostic criteria of the neovascularisation. Up to 19 vessels were found in 115 (89%) @entity5 . In benign lesions, the number of vessels was significantly lower than in @entity5 (median 3 versus 9, p < 0.0001). The RImin and PImin values between benign and @entity5 were also significantly different, independent of the menopausal status. In postmenopausal @entity1 , the median RImin in 42 @entity5 was 0.62 (0.26-1.0) and in 41 @entity5 0.40 (0.22-0.66). The median PImin was 0.98 (0.31-5.84) in @entity5 and 0.53 (0.25-1.22) in @entity5 . However, due to the overlapping range between benign and @entity5 , these parameters do not allow an accurate differentiation. With a cut off value for RImin = 0.5 and PImin = 0.7, the sensitivity is 85% or 82.5% respectively. The specificity for RImin and PImin is 77%, and the diagnostic accuracy is 84% and 80% respectively. The correlation coefficient between RImin and PImin is 0.99 in benign and @entity5 and both indices are adequate. The calculation of the RI is more easily available and should be preferred as a diagnostic parameter.

title: [Transvaginal color-coded Doppler ultrasound in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian tumours']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumours', 'benign tumours', 'tumours', 'malignancies', 'tumour']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian tumors']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Primary @entity2747 is potentially a devastating disease, responsible for half of @entity726 -related @entity1939 worldwide. Angle closure is characterized by appositional approximation or contact between the iris and trabecular meshwork. It tends to develop in eyes with shallow anterior chambers, anteriorly positioned or pushed lenses, and angle crowding. Risk of primary @entity2747 is high among @entity1 , the elderly and the hyperopic, and it is most prevalent in Asia. Investigation into genetic mechanisms of @entity726 inheritance is underway. Diagnosis relies on gonioscopy and may be aided by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and ultrasound biomicroscopy. Treatment is designed to control intraocular pressure while monitoring changes to the angle and optic nerve head. Treatment typically begins with medical management through pressure-reducing topical medications. @entity1897 is often performed to alleviate @entity616 , while laser iridoplasty has been found effective for mechanisms of closure other than @entity616 , such as @entity1539 . Phacoemulsification, with or without goniosynechialysis, both in eyes with existing @entity231 and in those with clear lenses, is thus far a viable treatment alternative. Long-term research currently underway will examine its efficacy in cases of angle closure in early stages of the disease. Endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation is another treatment option, which can be combined with @entity231 surgery. Trabeculectomy remains effective therapy for more advanced cases.

title: Primary XXXX : an update.

entities_list: @entity1539 :: ('MESH:D007499', 'Disease') :: ['plateau iris syndrome']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataracts', 'cataract']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['Peripheral iridotomy']

entities_list: @entity2747 :: ('MESH:D015812', 'Disease') :: ['angle-closure glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['pupillary block']

answer: @entity2747 :: (MESH:D015812,Disease) :: ['angle-closure glaucoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The   opioid receptor ( @entity6253 ) and @entity31901 ( @entity31901 ) have been implicated in pair-bond formation and maintenance in socially monogamous species. Utilizing monogamous @entity20388 (Callicebus cupreus), the present study examined the potential role opioids play in modulating the response to separation, a potent challenge to the pair-bond. In Experiment 1, paired male @entity20388 were separated from their pair-mate for 30-min and then received saline, naloxone (1.0mg/kg), morphine (0.25mg/kg), or the @entity31901 agonist, U50,488 (0.01, 0.03, or 0.1mg/kg) in a counter-balanced fashion, immediately prior to a 30-min reunion with their mate. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to and after the reunion. Males receiving morphine approached females less, initiated contact less, and females broke contact with the males less. The increase in cortisol in response to naloxone was greater compared to vehicle, and the increase in cortisol in response to the high dose of U50,488 compared to vehicle approached significance. In Experiment 2, paired males were treated with the @entity31901 antagonist, @entity34773 (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0mg/kg), or saline 24h prior to a 60-min separation from their mate. Blood samples were collected at the time of injection and immediately before and after separation. Administration of the low dose of @entity34773 decreased the locomotor component of the separation response compared to vehicle. The present study found that the opioid system is involved in both the affiliative and separation distress components of a pair-bond, and these components are regulated by different opioid receptors.

title: The effects of morphine, naloxone, and k opioid manipulation on endocrine functioning and social behavior in monogamous XXXX (Callicebus cupreus).

entities_list: @entity31901 :: ('4986', 'Gene') :: ['k opioid receptor', 'KOR']

entities_list: @entity20388 :: ('MESH:D008992', 'Disease') :: ['titi monkeys']

answer: @entity20388 :: (MESH:D008992,Disease) :: ['titi monkeys']


abstract: One hundred @entity1 with frequent (> 1,000 beats/day) @entity1540 ( @entity1540 ) were followed for 4 years. All of the @entity1 , except those with @entity204 (n = 8), were classified into 3 groups based on their outcome. Group A consisted of 29 @entity1 with idiopathic @entity1540 who survived the study period. Group B consisted of 49 @entity1 with underlying diseases who survived the study period. Group C consisted of 14 @entity1 who suffered @entity204 . There was no significant difference in the daily number of @entity1540 . However, groups B and C had more @entity1 with Lown grade 4a or 4b @entity1540 than group A. The mean coupling interval was significantly longer in group C than in group A, and the standard deviation of the coupling interval was significantly larger in group C than in group A. Forty @entity1 underwent serial Holter monitorings to assess changes in the number of @entity1540 . @entity1540 spontaneously decreased in 13 @entity1 , while the other 27 @entity1 continued to have frequent @entity1540 . Most of these 13 @entity1 were classified as Lown grade 2. The results suggest that in @entity1 with frequent @entity1540 , longer and more varied coupling intervals may predict a poor prognosis, and Lown grade 2 may predict a spontaneous regression.

title: Characteristics of XXXX and their clinical course.

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['non-cardiac death', 'cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity1540 :: ('MESH:D018879', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular premature contractions', 'VPCs']

answer: @entity1540 :: (MESH:D018879,Disease) :: ['ventricular premature contractions']


abstract: @entity1751 ( @entity1751 ) is a chronic @entity272 consisting of recurrent nodules, sinuses, @entity292 and scarring involving the intertriginous regions. @entity1751 is often a therapeutic challenge and most treatments are off-label. A better understanding of aetiology and pathogenesis of @entity1751 may facilitate the development of effective treatment. Although the clinical presentation is strongly reminiscent of @entity2348 remains controversial. Studies have isolated an array of different bacteria specimens. Consistent findings of Gram-positive cocci and Gram-positive rods including @entity794 , coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and Corynebacterium species in deep tissue samples have been demonstrated in @entity1751 and may constitute a central target for the immune system. Efficacy of antibiotics, that is @entity1215 , @entity3402 or @entity803 , supports a microbial role in disease pathogenesis. However, these antibiotics also work as immunomodulators of especially T cells, and the underlying mechanisms may therefore be more complex. We performed a systematic review of previous studies investigating the bacterial flora in @entity6691 suppurativa. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Royal Danish Library and Cochrane library (search date 11 December 2014). A total of 66 papers were identified and nine papers published between 1988 and 2014 matched our inclusion criteria, yielding bacteriological data of a total of 324 @entity1 with @entity1751 (mean age 36.8  years and female/male ratio 215/109). This overview of the bacteriology may aid researchers and physicians exploring the potential role of bacteria in @entity1751 . Furthermore, to stimulate a broader debate, we also present different viewpoints on the possible role of bacteria in @entity1751 .

title: The bacteriology of XXXX suppurativa: a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1751 :: ('MESH:D017497', 'Disease') :: ['HS', 'Hidradenitis suppurativa']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection, the role of bacteria']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococus aureus']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistulas']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampicin']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disabling skin disease']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity6691 :: ('MESH:D016575', 'Disease') :: ['hidradenitis']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin']

answer: @entity6691 :: (MESH:D016575,Disease) :: ['hidradenitis']


abstract: Objective. The dorsal root ganglion is an attractive target for implanting neural electrode arrays that restore sensory function or provide therapy via stimulation. However, penetrating microelectrodes designed for these applications are small and deliver low currents. For long-term performance of microstimulation devices, novel coating materials are needed in part to decrease impedance values at the electrode-tissue interface and to increase charge storage capacity. Approach. Conductive polymer @entity18694 ( @entity18695 ) and multi-wall @entity505 nanotubes (CNTs) were coated on the electrode surface and doped with the anti-inflammatory drug, @entity619 . Electrode characteristics and the tissue reaction around neural electrodes as a result of stimulation, coating and drug release were characterized. @entity1710 and @entity1711 staining along with antibodies recognizing @entity11654 (microglia/macrophages), NF200 (neuronal axons), NeuN (neurons), @entity2277 (fibroblasts), @entity522 (cell death) and L1 (neural cell adhesion molecule) were used. Quantitative image analyses were performed using MATLAB. Main results. Our results indicate that coated microelectrodes have lower in vitro and in vivo impedance values. Significantly less @entity528 /damage was observed with coated electrodes as compared to non-coated controls. The inflammatory response with the @entity18695 /CNT-coated electrodes was also reduced. Significance. This study is the first to report on the utility of these coatings in stimulation applications. Our results indicate @entity18695 /CNT coatings may be valuable additions to implantable electrodes used as therapeutic modalities.

title: Evaluation of @entity18694 / XXXX nanotube neural electrode coatings for stimulation in the dorsal root ganglion.

entities_list: @entity18694 :: ('MESH:C121383', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['Hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal death']

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['carbon']


abstract: Objective. The dorsal root ganglion is an attractive target for implanting neural electrode arrays that restore sensory function or provide therapy via stimulation. However, penetrating microelectrodes designed for these applications are small and deliver low currents. For long-term performance of microstimulation devices, novel coating materials are needed in part to decrease impedance values at the electrode-tissue interface and to increase charge storage capacity. Approach. Conductive polymer @entity18694 ( @entity18695 ) and multi-wall @entity505 nanotubes (CNTs) were coated on the electrode surface and doped with the anti-inflammatory drug, @entity619 . Electrode characteristics and the tissue reaction around neural electrodes as a result of stimulation, coating and drug release were characterized. @entity1710 and @entity1711 staining along with antibodies recognizing @entity11654 (microglia/macrophages), NF200 (neuronal axons), NeuN (neurons), @entity2277 (fibroblasts), @entity522 (cell death) and L1 (neural cell adhesion molecule) were used. Quantitative image analyses were performed using MATLAB. Main results. Our results indicate that coated microelectrodes have lower in vitro and in vivo impedance values. Significantly less @entity528 /damage was observed with coated electrodes as compared to non-coated controls. The inflammatory response with the @entity18695 /CNT-coated electrodes was also reduced. Significance. This study is the first to report on the utility of these coatings in stimulation applications. Our results indicate @entity18695 /CNT coatings may be valuable additions to implantable electrodes used as therapeutic modalities.

title: Evaluation of XXXX / @entity505 nanotube neural electrode coatings for stimulation in the dorsal root ganglion.

answer: @entity18694 :: (MESH:C121383,Chemical) :: ['poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Early brain development is a complex and rapid process, the disturbance of which may cause the onset of @entity75 . Based on longitudinal imaging data acquired from 6 to 16months postnatal, we describe a systematic trajectory of monkey brain development during late infancy, and demonstrate the influence of @entity12781 ( @entity212 ) on this trajectory. Although the general developmental trajectory of the monkey brain was close to that of the @entity1 brain, the development in monkeys was faster and regionally specific. Gray matter volume began to decrease during late infancy in monkeys, much earlier than in @entity1 in whom it occurs in adolescence. Additionally, the decrease of gray matter volume in higher-order association regions (the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes) occurred later than in regions for primary functions (the occipital lobe and cerebellum). White matter volume displayed an increasing trend in most brain regions, but not in the occipital lobe, which had a stable volume. In addition, based on diffusion tensor imaging, we found an increase in fractional anisotropy and a decrease in diffusivity, which may be associated with myelination and axonal changes in white matter tracts. Meanwhile, we tested the influence of 14-day @entity212 treatment on the developmental trajectories. Such treatment tended to accelerated brain maturation during late infancy, although not statistically significant. These findings provide comparative information for the understanding of primate brain maturation and @entity245 .

title: Rhesus monkey brain development during late infancy and the effect of XXXX : A longitudinal MRI and DTI study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain disorders']

entities_list: @entity12781 :: ('MESH:D010622', 'Chemical') :: ['phencyclidine']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['neurodevelopmental disorders']

answer: @entity12781 :: (MESH:D010622,Chemical) :: ['phencyclidine']


abstract: @entity655 ( @entity655 ) has been applied to prepare high-quality ultrathin films for microelectronics, catalysis, and energy applications. The possible pathways for @entity3758 @entity655 using aminosilanes and O2 plasma have been investigated by density functional theory calculations. The @entity12138 half-reaction between @entity12138 and surface - @entity2145 is very difficult and requires a high activation free energy of 57.8 kcal mol(-1). The introduction of an aminosilane, such as BDMAS, can reduce the activation free energy to 11.0 kcal mol(-1) and the aminosilane plays the role of a self-catalyst in @entity45426 formation through the relevant half-reaction. Among the various species generated in O2 plasma, (3)O2 is inactive towards surface @entity12138 groups, similar to ordinary @entity26 gas. The other three species, (1)O2, (1)O, and (3)O, can strongly oxidize surface @entity12138 groups through one-step or stepwise pathways. In the (3)O pathway, the triplet must be converted into the singlet and follow the (1)O pathway. Meanwhile, both (1)O and (3)O can decay to (1)O2 and enter into the relevant oxidation pathway. The concept of self-catalysis of aminosilanes may be invoked to design and prepare more effective Si precursors for @entity3758 @entity8019 . At the same time, the mechanism of strong surface oxidation by O2 plasma may be exploited in the @entity655 preparation of other @entity28600 , such as @entity16773 , HfO2, ZrO2, and @entity3759 .

title: Self-catalysis by aminosilanes and strong surface oxidation by O2 plasma in plasma-enhanced @entity655 of high-quality XXXX .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity655 :: ('MESH:C535504', 'Disease') :: ['Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition', 'PE-ALD']

answer: @entity3758 :: (CHEBI:30563,Chemical) :: ['SiO2']


abstract: @entity655 ( @entity655 ) has been applied to prepare high-quality ultrathin films for microelectronics, catalysis, and energy applications. The possible pathways for @entity3758 @entity655 using aminosilanes and O2 plasma have been investigated by density functional theory calculations. The @entity12138 half-reaction between @entity12138 and surface - @entity2145 is very difficult and requires a high activation free energy of 57.8 kcal mol(-1). The introduction of an aminosilane, such as BDMAS, can reduce the activation free energy to 11.0 kcal mol(-1) and the aminosilane plays the role of a self-catalyst in @entity45426 formation through the relevant half-reaction. Among the various species generated in O2 plasma, (3)O2 is inactive towards surface @entity12138 groups, similar to ordinary @entity26 gas. The other three species, (1)O2, (1)O, and (3)O, can strongly oxidize surface @entity12138 groups through one-step or stepwise pathways. In the (3)O pathway, the triplet must be converted into the singlet and follow the (1)O pathway. Meanwhile, both (1)O and (3)O can decay to (1)O2 and enter into the relevant oxidation pathway. The concept of self-catalysis of aminosilanes may be invoked to design and prepare more effective Si precursors for @entity3758 @entity8019 . At the same time, the mechanism of strong surface oxidation by O2 plasma may be exploited in the @entity655 preparation of other @entity28600 , such as @entity16773 , HfO2, ZrO2, and @entity3759 .

title: Self-catalysis by aminosilanes and strong surface oxidation by O2 plasma in plasma-enhanced XXXX of high-quality @entity3758 .

answer: @entity655 :: (MESH:C535504,Disease) :: ['atomic layer deposition']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Mean platelet volume ( @entity6688 ) is the measure of platelet size. @entity6688 possibly is a simple way to estimate platelet activity. In this study, we aimed to investigate @entity6688 levels in @entity2621 @entity1 . Fifty-one euthyroid @entity1 with @entity2621 attending our outpatient clinic of the endocrinology department, and 51 age and BMI-matched healthy individuals were included in this study. All @entity1 with @entity2621 were at euthyroid state. None of the study @entity1 was subjected to @entity1955 replacement therapy. Anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody and anti-tiroglobulin antibody were positive. All the study @entity1 were evaluated by biochemical and platelet parameters. There were no significant differences in age (33.88  12.87 and 30.18  12.43 years, respectively; P>0.05) and BMI (23.55  3.34 and 22.25  3.65kg/m, respectively, P>0.05) between the study and the control groups. Anti-TPO and anti-tiroglobulin levels were significantly higher in the study group (anti-TPO 428.32  668.39IU/ml in the @entity2621 group; 14.85  9.66IU/ml in the control group, P=0.001; anti-tiroglobulin 320.46  796.05IU/ml in the @entity2621 group, 21.28  26.24IU/ml in the control group, P=0.09). There were no significant differences in terms of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (1.76  0.79 and 1.85  1.14uIU/ml, respectively), FT3 (3.10  0.37 and 3.29  0.76pg/ml, respectively) and FT4 (1.22  0.42 and 1.46  0.78pg/ml, respectively) levels between the study and the control groups. Serum @entity412 levels were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (133.81  91.50 and 90.18  41.15mg/dl, respectively; P=0.015). Mean @entity6688 levels were significantly higher in the @entity2621 group than in the control @entity1 (8.8  1.05 and 7.9  0.79 fl, respectively; P=0.0001). To assess the correlation with @entity6688 , a Pearson's correlation analysis was performed on each variable. There were positive correlations between anti-TPO and @entity6688 levels (r=0.246, P=0.042), and between anti-tiroglobulin and @entity6688 levels (r=0.256, P=0.033). The multiple regression analysis of @entity6688 and other risk factors was performed. Age, BMI, C-reactive protein and waist circumference were independent predictive factors of @entity6688 . Adjustment for other factors did not alter these relative risks. Our results suggest that even if in euthyroid state, @entity1 with @entity2621 have higher @entity6688 levels than the healthy controls. As higher @entity6688 levels are closely related with @entity65 , @entity2621 @entity1 have greater risk of atherothrombotic complications than controls.

title: Mean platelet volume in euthyroid @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2621 :: ('MESH:D050031', 'Disease') :: ["euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis", "Hashimoto's thyroiditis"]

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['levothyroxine']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity2621 :: (MESH:D050031,Disease) :: ['Hashimoto's thyroiditis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Mean platelet volume ( @entity6688 ) is the measure of platelet size. @entity6688 possibly is a simple way to estimate platelet activity. In this study, we aimed to investigate @entity6688 levels in @entity2621 @entity1 . Fifty-one euthyroid @entity1 with @entity2621 attending our outpatient clinic of the endocrinology department, and 51 age and BMI-matched healthy individuals were included in this study. All @entity1 with @entity2621 were at euthyroid state. None of the study @entity1 was subjected to @entity1955 replacement therapy. Anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody and anti-tiroglobulin antibody were positive. All the study @entity1 were evaluated by biochemical and platelet parameters. There were no significant differences in age (33.88  12.87 and 30.18  12.43 years, respectively; P>0.05) and BMI (23.55  3.34 and 22.25  3.65kg/m, respectively, P>0.05) between the study and the control groups. Anti-TPO and anti-tiroglobulin levels were significantly higher in the study group (anti-TPO 428.32  668.39IU/ml in the @entity2621 group; 14.85  9.66IU/ml in the control group, P=0.001; anti-tiroglobulin 320.46  796.05IU/ml in the @entity2621 group, 21.28  26.24IU/ml in the control group, P=0.09). There were no significant differences in terms of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (1.76  0.79 and 1.85  1.14uIU/ml, respectively), FT3 (3.10  0.37 and 3.29  0.76pg/ml, respectively) and FT4 (1.22  0.42 and 1.46  0.78pg/ml, respectively) levels between the study and the control groups. Serum @entity412 levels were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (133.81  91.50 and 90.18  41.15mg/dl, respectively; P=0.015). Mean @entity6688 levels were significantly higher in the @entity2621 group than in the control @entity1 (8.8  1.05 and 7.9  0.79 fl, respectively; P=0.0001). To assess the correlation with @entity6688 , a Pearson's correlation analysis was performed on each variable. There were positive correlations between anti-TPO and @entity6688 levels (r=0.246, P=0.042), and between anti-tiroglobulin and @entity6688 levels (r=0.256, P=0.033). The multiple regression analysis of @entity6688 and other risk factors was performed. Age, BMI, C-reactive protein and waist circumference were independent predictive factors of @entity6688 . Adjustment for other factors did not alter these relative risks. Our results suggest that even if in euthyroid state, @entity1 with @entity2621 have higher @entity6688 levels than the healthy controls. As higher @entity6688 levels are closely related with @entity65 , @entity2621 @entity1 have greater risk of atherothrombotic complications than controls.

title: Mean platelet volume in euthyroid XXXX with @entity2621 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A DFT study using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory is pursued to investigate the energy and geometry changes of @entity71364 isomers in the S0, D0(+), and D0(-). In S0, @entity20139 azidopyridine is the most stable, followed by cyclic tetrazole and trans isomer is the least stable. In D0(+), the cis isomer is the most stable, followed by trans isomer, and @entity48949 isomer is the least stable. In the D0(-) state, the trans form is the most stable, followed by the cis and the tetrazolo form is the least stable. Single point vertical excitation energy calculations of the cis form gave four excited states at 266.4, 239.4, 199.4, and 196.1nm, all having   -  (   ) character. For trans isomer, five excited states at, 256.7, 250.3, 229.7, 199.0, 197.0nm all resulting from   -  (   ) transitions. For the @entity48949 isomer, seven excited states at 269.3, 242.7, 198.0, 187.2, 183.9, 182.1, 178.7nm all resulting from   -  (   ) transitions. The geometries of the 3 isomers show noticeable changes in bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles, upon ionization and electron attachment. The ionization results in a remarkable variation of the NBO atomic charges as a result of ionization and electron attachment. where electron density of HOMO of the D0(+) state is found to be much lower than that of the HOMO of the S0 in the case of ionization. The dipole moment calculations show that @entity48949 isomer has the largest polarization in the S0 state, followed by cis isomer and trans isomer is the least polarized. The same pattern is found in the D0(+) state. In the D0(-) state, trans isomer is the highest polarized, followed by the cis, and @entity48949 isomer is the least polarized. The rotational constants calculations of cis- isomer show that the cation is elongated along the long in-plane axis and compressed along the two short out-of-plane axes while the anion is compressed along the long in-plane axis, and elongated along the two short out-of plane axes. The cation and anion of trans isomer show similar behavior to the cis isomer. The cation of cyclic tetrazole, is compressed along the long in-plane axis and elongated along the two short out-of-plane axes, while the anion elongates along the 3 mutually perpendicular axes.

title: A DFT study of the ionization and electron attachment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity48949 :: ('MESH:C045574', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrazole']

entities_list: @entity71364 :: ('MESH:C538834', 'Chemical') :: ['2-azido pyridine']

answer: @entity71364 :: (MESH:C538834,Chemical) :: ['2-azido pyridine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Wound age determination in living subjects is important in routine diagnostics in forensic medicine. Macroscopical description of a wound to determine wound age however is inadequate. The aim of this study was to assess whether it would be feasible to determine wound age via analysis of morphological characteristics and extracellular matrix proteins in skin biopsies of living subjects referred to a forensic outpatient clinic. METHODS: Skin biopsies (n=101), representing the border area of the wound, were taken from skin injuries of known wound age (range: 4.5h-25days) in living subjects. All biopsies were analyzed for 3 morphological features ( @entity1066 , @entity8286 and @entity548 ) and 3 extracellular matrix markers (collagen III, collagen IV and @entity1970 ). For quantification, biopsies were subdivided in 4 different timeframes: 0.2-2 days, 2-4 days, 4-10 days and 10-25 days old wounds. Subsequently, a probability scoring system was developed. RESULTS: For @entity548 , collagen III, collagen IV and @entity1970 expression no relation with wound age was found. Ulceration was only found in wounds of 0.2-2, 2-4 and 4-10 days old, implying that the probability that a wound was more than 10 days old in case of @entity1066 is equal to 0%. Also @entity8286 was almost exclusively found in wounds of 0.2-2, 2-4 and 4-10 days old, except for one case with a wound age of 15 days old. The probability scoring system of all analyzed markers, as depicted above, however can be used to calculate individual wound age probabilities in biopsies of @entity272 of living subjects. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a probability scoring system, analysing morphological characteristics and extracellular matrix proteins in superficial skin biopsies of wounds in living subjects that can be applied in forensic medicine for wound age determination.

title: Analysis of morphological characteristics and expression levels of extracellular matrix proteins in XXXX to determine wound age in living subjects in forensic medicine.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity8286 :: ('MESH:D010241', 'Disease') :: ['parakeratosis']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin wounds']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin wounds']


abstract: OBJECTIVES:: Traditionally, the anterior surgical approach of choice for acetabular reconstruction was ilioinguinal. There has been an increasing usage of the midline "Stoppa" or "anterior intrapelvic approach." The aim is to report the techniques, early results (minimum 1 year), and complications of anterior approaches for acetabular reconstruction. DESIGN:: Retrospective case-note review. SETTING:: Pelvic and acetabular tertiary center. @entity1 :: A consecutive series of acetabular fractures treated at 1 tertiary specialist unit were retrospectively reviewed. The @entity174 patterns, incisions used, intraoperative and postoperative complications, reduction achieved (measured on postoperative radiographs and computed tomography scans), and early postoperative results (minimum 1-year follow-up), were recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS:: Postoperative reduction (measured by postoperative plain radiographs and computed tomography). RESULTS:: Of 160 consecutive @entity1 who underwent acetabular reconstruction, 56 (mean age, 44 years) underwent reconstruction using only anterior approaches (mean of 7 days after injury). Iatrogenic complications, @entity86 , @entity625 , and avascular @entity39 rates are comparable with the literature. Overall, anatomic reduction was seen in 71% of cases and concentric reconstruction of the dome in over 90%. Thirty-six of the 56 @entity1 (64%) were symptom-free at the latest follow-up and 34 (61%) had returned to work. CONCLUSIONS:: The results reported suggest the use of dual approaches using the lateral 2 windows, and/or a midline anterior intrapelvic approach in anterior acetabular reconstructions has a relatively low complication rate and can lead to anatomic reconstructions in 71%. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

title: The Modified Ilioinguinal and Anterior Intrapelvic Approaches for XXXX Fixation: Indications, Quality of Reduction, and Early Outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative infection']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['Acetabular Fracture']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes of treating @entity1653 at the skull base region following surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy, and to analyze the association between clinical characteristics and progression free survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight @entity1 with skull base atypical @entity1653 underwent microsurgical resection between June 2001 and November 2009. The clinical characteristics of the @entity1 and @entity1653 , the extent of surgical resection, and complications after treatment were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Thirteen @entity1 (46.4%) had disease recurrence or progression during follow up time. The median time to disease progression was 64 months. The extent of the surgical resection significantly impacted prognosis. Gross total resection (GTR) of the @entity5 improved progression free survival (PFS) compared to subtotal resection (STR, p=0.011). An older @entity1 age at diagnosis also resulted in a worse outcome (p=0.024). An @entity1758 index <8% also contributed to improved PFS (p=0.031). None of the @entity1 that underwent GTR and received adjuvant radiotherapy had @entity5 recur during follow up. STR with adjuvant radiotherapy tended to result in better local @entity5 control than STR alone (p=0.074). Three of 28 @entity1 (10.7%) developed complications after microsurgery. The GTR group had a higher rate of complications than those with STR. There were no late adverse effects after adjuvant radiotherapy during follow up. CONCLUSION: For @entity1 with skull base atypical @entity1653 , GTR is desirable for longer PFS, unless radical excision is expected to lead to severe complications. Adjuvant radiation therapy is advisable to reduce @entity5 recurrence regardless of the extent of surgical resection. Age of disease onset and the @entity1758 index of the @entity5 were both independent prognostic factors of clinical outcome.

title: Skull base XXXX : Long term surgical outcome and prognostic factors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['atypical meningioma', 'meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['atypical meningioma']


abstract: The @entity5837 ( @entity5837 ), a @entity55 -like illness in sickle cell @entity1 , is one of the most frequent causes of their morbidity and hospitalizations. Repeated @entity5837 events may predict the development of @entity1030 . @entity5837 is reported as a frequent cause of @entity204 in these @entity1 . We examine here the incidence and risk factors of @entity5837 in 3,751 @entity1 with @entity3458 who were observed prospectively for at least 2 years (19,867 @entity1 -years [pt-yrs]) as part of a multicenter national study group. The @entity5837 , defined by a new pulmonary infiltrate on x-ray, occurred at least once in 1,085 @entity1 (2,100 events). @entity5837 incidence was higher in @entity1 with homozygous @entity3458 (SS; 12.8/100 pt-yrs) and in @entity1 with sickle cell-beta(0) -thalassemic (9.4/100 pt-yrs), and lower in @entity1 with hemoglobin (Hb) @entity13654 (5.2/100 pt-yrs) and @entity1 with sickle cell-beta(+) @entity2395 (3.9/100 pt-yrs). @entity7723 did not affect the rate of @entity5837 incidence in SS @entity1 . Within each Hb type the incidence was strongly but inversely related to age, being highest in @entity1 2 to 4 years of age (25.3/100 pt-yrs in SS) and decreasing gradually to its lowest value in adults (8.8/100 pt-yrs in SS). In SS @entity1 (< 10 years of age), we documented an age-related within- @entity1 reduction in @entity5837 attack rates. Adults with a higher @entity5837 rate had a higher rate of mortality (from all causes) than those with low @entity5837 rates. This increased rate of mortality might also have contributed to the decline in @entity5837 rate with age. In multivariate analysis, other factors affecting incidence in SS @entity1 were degree of @entity417 (lower @entity5837 rates in @entity1 with lower steady-state Hb levels) and fetal Hb (lower rates in @entity1 with high fetal Hb). There was also a positive association between @entity5837 rate and steady-state leukocyte count. The relationship of @entity5837 rate to higher steady-state Hb levels in SS @entity1 is unexplained but might be caused by increased blood viscosity.

title: The @entity5837 in @entity3458 : incidence and risk factors. The Cooperative Study of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity7723 :: ('MESH:D017085', 'Disease') :: ['alpha-Thalassemia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['sickle cell disease']

entities_list: @entity5837 :: ('MESH:D056586', 'Disease') :: ['acute chest syndrome', 'ACS']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lung disease']

entities_list: @entity2395 :: ('MESH:D013789', 'Disease') :: ['thalassemia']

answer: @entity3458 :: (MESH:D000755,Disease) :: ['Sickle Cell Disease']


abstract: The @entity5837 ( @entity5837 ), a @entity55 -like illness in sickle cell @entity1 , is one of the most frequent causes of their morbidity and hospitalizations. Repeated @entity5837 events may predict the development of @entity1030 . @entity5837 is reported as a frequent cause of @entity204 in these @entity1 . We examine here the incidence and risk factors of @entity5837 in 3,751 @entity1 with @entity3458 who were observed prospectively for at least 2 years (19,867 @entity1 -years [pt-yrs]) as part of a multicenter national study group. The @entity5837 , defined by a new pulmonary infiltrate on x-ray, occurred at least once in 1,085 @entity1 (2,100 events). @entity5837 incidence was higher in @entity1 with homozygous @entity3458 (SS; 12.8/100 pt-yrs) and in @entity1 with sickle cell-beta(0) -thalassemic (9.4/100 pt-yrs), and lower in @entity1 with hemoglobin (Hb) @entity13654 (5.2/100 pt-yrs) and @entity1 with sickle cell-beta(+) @entity2395 (3.9/100 pt-yrs). @entity7723 did not affect the rate of @entity5837 incidence in SS @entity1 . Within each Hb type the incidence was strongly but inversely related to age, being highest in @entity1 2 to 4 years of age (25.3/100 pt-yrs in SS) and decreasing gradually to its lowest value in adults (8.8/100 pt-yrs in SS). In SS @entity1 (< 10 years of age), we documented an age-related within- @entity1 reduction in @entity5837 attack rates. Adults with a higher @entity5837 rate had a higher rate of mortality (from all causes) than those with low @entity5837 rates. This increased rate of mortality might also have contributed to the decline in @entity5837 rate with age. In multivariate analysis, other factors affecting incidence in SS @entity1 were degree of @entity417 (lower @entity5837 rates in @entity1 with lower steady-state Hb levels) and fetal Hb (lower rates in @entity1 with high fetal Hb). There was also a positive association between @entity5837 rate and steady-state leukocyte count. The relationship of @entity5837 rate to higher steady-state Hb levels in SS @entity1 is unexplained but might be caused by increased blood viscosity.

title: The @entity5837 in XXXX : incidence and risk factors. The Cooperative Study of @entity3458 .

answer: @entity3458 :: (MESH:D000755,Disease) :: ['sickle cell disease']


abstract: The @entity5837 ( @entity5837 ), a @entity55 -like illness in sickle cell @entity1 , is one of the most frequent causes of their morbidity and hospitalizations. Repeated @entity5837 events may predict the development of @entity1030 . @entity5837 is reported as a frequent cause of @entity204 in these @entity1 . We examine here the incidence and risk factors of @entity5837 in 3,751 @entity1 with @entity3458 who were observed prospectively for at least 2 years (19,867 @entity1 -years [pt-yrs]) as part of a multicenter national study group. The @entity5837 , defined by a new pulmonary infiltrate on x-ray, occurred at least once in 1,085 @entity1 (2,100 events). @entity5837 incidence was higher in @entity1 with homozygous @entity3458 (SS; 12.8/100 pt-yrs) and in @entity1 with sickle cell-beta(0) -thalassemic (9.4/100 pt-yrs), and lower in @entity1 with hemoglobin (Hb) @entity13654 (5.2/100 pt-yrs) and @entity1 with sickle cell-beta(+) @entity2395 (3.9/100 pt-yrs). @entity7723 did not affect the rate of @entity5837 incidence in SS @entity1 . Within each Hb type the incidence was strongly but inversely related to age, being highest in @entity1 2 to 4 years of age (25.3/100 pt-yrs in SS) and decreasing gradually to its lowest value in adults (8.8/100 pt-yrs in SS). In SS @entity1 (< 10 years of age), we documented an age-related within- @entity1 reduction in @entity5837 attack rates. Adults with a higher @entity5837 rate had a higher rate of mortality (from all causes) than those with low @entity5837 rates. This increased rate of mortality might also have contributed to the decline in @entity5837 rate with age. In multivariate analysis, other factors affecting incidence in SS @entity1 were degree of @entity417 (lower @entity5837 rates in @entity1 with lower steady-state Hb levels) and fetal Hb (lower rates in @entity1 with high fetal Hb). There was also a positive association between @entity5837 rate and steady-state leukocyte count. The relationship of @entity5837 rate to higher steady-state Hb levels in SS @entity1 is unexplained but might be caused by increased blood viscosity.

title: The XXXX in @entity3458 : incidence and risk factors. The Cooperative Study of @entity3458 .

answer: @entity5837 :: (MESH:D056586,Disease) :: ['acute chest syndrome']


abstract: Conventional pedicled-flap based surgeries in treating @entity0 have their limitations. New surgical regimens are yet to be explored, which will follow the oncological principle of being "total @entity5 free", whilst fit into the unique characteristics of China's own medical system as well as @entity1 ' demand. From 2007 to 2013, 143 @entity1 with early @entity0 were included in the study, with the average age of 46.1 years. Fifty-three @entity1 were subjected to modified breast conserving surgery (MBCS)+latissimus dorsi (LD) flap reconstruction, 41 to skin sparing mastectomy (SSM)+implant+LD flap reconstruction, 29 to MBCS+distal transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (DTRAM) flap reconstruction, and 20 to SSM+DTRAM flap reconstruction. The results showed that out of the 143 @entity1 , there was no graft loss. Minor complications included 4 cases of fat liquefaction, and 6 cases of seratoma, which all resolved after conservative treatment. Five @entity1 had visible protuberance in the abdomen, but not leading to any @entity344 . The reconstructed breasts all presented good shape. 96.7% of the @entity1 were satisfied with the outcome. The follow-up period varied from 6 months to 60 months, and only one @entity1 died from @entity5 @entity3 in the brain. No local recurrence occurred. It was concluded that these two modified pedicled-flap surgeries are readily practical, and aesthetically satisfactory, with high applicability in China. They do not compromise the oncological outcomes, but also are well-accepted by Chinese @entity1 .

title: Two modified surgical procedures for treating early XXXX in China.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['stage breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['stage breast cancer']


abstract: The influence of (+/-)- @entity1855 and @entity2514 on stress- and various chemically-induced @entity2275 in @entity35 together with their influence on various biochemical parameters which affect the development of the induced @entity1066 was examined. Pretreatment of @entity35 with (+/-)- @entity1855 (4-16 mg kg-1 orally) significantly decreased cold-stress-induced @entity2275 and enhanced @entity1068 -induced @entity1066 . It did not affect @entity3352 - (30 mg kg-1 orally) or @entity2515 - (5 mg kg-1 i.p.) induced @entity1066 . Pretreatment of the animals with @entity2514 (1-10 mg kg-1 orally) significantly enhanced @entity1068 -, @entity2515 - and cold-stress-induced @entity1066 . It did not affect @entity3352 -induced @entity1066 . Pretreatment of the animals with @entity1855 increased gastric mucus secretion, inhibited gastric acid secretion, decreased @entity2041 content and enhanced gastric lipid peroxidation whereas pretreatment of the animals with @entity2514 significantly decreased gastric mucus secretion. @entity2514 did not affect gastric acid secretion, @entity2041 or gastric lipid peroxidation. The results of this study suggest that @entity1855 -induced protection against stress-induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to suppress gastric acid secretion and to increase gastric mucus secretion. Its enhancement of @entity1068 -induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to increase lipid peroxidation. The @entity2514 -induced enhancement of the experimentally-induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to suppress gastric mucus secretion.

title: Effect of (+/-)- @entity1855 and XXXX on stress- and chemically-induced @entity2275 in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2515 :: ('MESH:D012110', 'Chemical') :: ['reserpine']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity2514 :: ('MESH:D006830', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydralazine', 'hydralazine']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulcers']

answer: @entity2514 :: (MESH:D006830,Chemical) :: ['hydralazine']


abstract: The influence of (+/-)- @entity1855 and @entity2514 on stress- and various chemically-induced @entity2275 in @entity35 together with their influence on various biochemical parameters which affect the development of the induced @entity1066 was examined. Pretreatment of @entity35 with (+/-)- @entity1855 (4-16 mg kg-1 orally) significantly decreased cold-stress-induced @entity2275 and enhanced @entity1068 -induced @entity1066 . It did not affect @entity3352 - (30 mg kg-1 orally) or @entity2515 - (5 mg kg-1 i.p.) induced @entity1066 . Pretreatment of the animals with @entity2514 (1-10 mg kg-1 orally) significantly enhanced @entity1068 -, @entity2515 - and cold-stress-induced @entity1066 . It did not affect @entity3352 -induced @entity1066 . Pretreatment of the animals with @entity1855 increased gastric mucus secretion, inhibited gastric acid secretion, decreased @entity2041 content and enhanced gastric lipid peroxidation whereas pretreatment of the animals with @entity2514 significantly decreased gastric mucus secretion. @entity2514 did not affect gastric acid secretion, @entity2041 or gastric lipid peroxidation. The results of this study suggest that @entity1855 -induced protection against stress-induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to suppress gastric acid secretion and to increase gastric mucus secretion. Its enhancement of @entity1068 -induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to increase lipid peroxidation. The @entity2514 -induced enhancement of the experimentally-induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to suppress gastric mucus secretion.

title: Effect of (+/-)- XXXX and @entity2514 on stress- and chemically-induced @entity2275 in @entity35 .

answer: @entity1855 :: (MESH:D014700,Chemical) :: ['verapamil']


abstract: The influence of (+/-)- @entity1855 and @entity2514 on stress- and various chemically-induced @entity2275 in @entity35 together with their influence on various biochemical parameters which affect the development of the induced @entity1066 was examined. Pretreatment of @entity35 with (+/-)- @entity1855 (4-16 mg kg-1 orally) significantly decreased cold-stress-induced @entity2275 and enhanced @entity1068 -induced @entity1066 . It did not affect @entity3352 - (30 mg kg-1 orally) or @entity2515 - (5 mg kg-1 i.p.) induced @entity1066 . Pretreatment of the animals with @entity2514 (1-10 mg kg-1 orally) significantly enhanced @entity1068 -, @entity2515 - and cold-stress-induced @entity1066 . It did not affect @entity3352 -induced @entity1066 . Pretreatment of the animals with @entity1855 increased gastric mucus secretion, inhibited gastric acid secretion, decreased @entity2041 content and enhanced gastric lipid peroxidation whereas pretreatment of the animals with @entity2514 significantly decreased gastric mucus secretion. @entity2514 did not affect gastric acid secretion, @entity2041 or gastric lipid peroxidation. The results of this study suggest that @entity1855 -induced protection against stress-induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to suppress gastric acid secretion and to increase gastric mucus secretion. Its enhancement of @entity1068 -induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to increase lipid peroxidation. The @entity2514 -induced enhancement of the experimentally-induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to suppress gastric mucus secretion.

title: Effect of (+/-)- @entity1855 and @entity2514 on stress- and chemically-induced XXXX in @entity35 .

answer: @entity2275 :: (MESH:D013276,Disease) :: ['gastric ulcers']


abstract: The influence of (+/-)- @entity1855 and @entity2514 on stress- and various chemically-induced @entity2275 in @entity35 together with their influence on various biochemical parameters which affect the development of the induced @entity1066 was examined. Pretreatment of @entity35 with (+/-)- @entity1855 (4-16 mg kg-1 orally) significantly decreased cold-stress-induced @entity2275 and enhanced @entity1068 -induced @entity1066 . It did not affect @entity3352 - (30 mg kg-1 orally) or @entity2515 - (5 mg kg-1 i.p.) induced @entity1066 . Pretreatment of the animals with @entity2514 (1-10 mg kg-1 orally) significantly enhanced @entity1068 -, @entity2515 - and cold-stress-induced @entity1066 . It did not affect @entity3352 -induced @entity1066 . Pretreatment of the animals with @entity1855 increased gastric mucus secretion, inhibited gastric acid secretion, decreased @entity2041 content and enhanced gastric lipid peroxidation whereas pretreatment of the animals with @entity2514 significantly decreased gastric mucus secretion. @entity2514 did not affect gastric acid secretion, @entity2041 or gastric lipid peroxidation. The results of this study suggest that @entity1855 -induced protection against stress-induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to suppress gastric acid secretion and to increase gastric mucus secretion. Its enhancement of @entity1068 -induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to increase lipid peroxidation. The @entity2514 -induced enhancement of the experimentally-induced @entity1066 may be due to its ability to suppress gastric mucus secretion.

title: Effect of (+/-)- @entity1855 and @entity2514 on stress- and chemically-induced @entity2275 in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity5734 ( @entity8553 ) shows unique clinico-pathological and biological features. @entity8553 responds well to @entity10043 analogues but relapses are frequent and novel therapies are required. @entity817 - @entity8554 is the key driver mutation in @entity8553 and distinguishes it from other @entity1892 , including @entity706 ( @entity8553 -variant and @entity1074 ). The kinase-activating @entity817 - @entity8554 mutation also represents an ideal therapeutic target in @entity8553 . Here, we investigated the biological and therapeutic importance of the activated @entity817 - @entity8047 - @entity3963 pathway in @entity8553 by exposing in vitro primary leukemic cells purified from 26 @entity1 to clinically available @entity817 ( @entity5457 ; @entity5458 ) or @entity8047 ( @entity5459 ) inhibitors. Results were validated in vivo in samples from @entity5457 -treated @entity8553 @entity1 within a phase-2 clinical trial. @entity817 and @entity8047 inhibitors caused, specifically in @entity8553 (but not @entity8553 ) cells, marked @entity8047 / @entity3963 dephosphorylation, silencing of the @entity817 - @entity8047 - @entity3963 pathway transcriptional output, loss of the @entity8553 -specific gene expression signature, downregulation of the @entity8553 markers @entity2902 , TRAP and @entity4910 , smoothening of leukemic cells' hairy surface, and, eventually, apoptosis. Apoptosis was partially blunted by co-culture with bone marrow stromal cells antagonizing @entity8047 - @entity3963 dephosphorylation. This protective effect could be counteracted by combined @entity817 and @entity8047 inhibition. Our results strongly support and inform the clinical use of @entity817 and @entity8047 inhibitors in @entity8553 .

title: XXXX inhibitors reverse the unique molecular signature and phenotype of @entity5734 and exert potent anti-leukemic activity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5459 :: ('MESH:C560077', 'Chemical') :: ['Trametinib']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['HCL-like leukemias/lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5734 :: ('MESH:D007943', 'Disease') :: ['Hairy cell leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1074 :: ('MESH:D018442', 'Disease') :: ['splenic marginal zone lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5458 :: ('MESH:C561627', 'Chemical') :: ['Dabrafenib']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5457 :: ('MESH:C551177', 'Chemical') :: ['Vemurafenib']

answer: @entity817 :: (673,Gene) :: ['BRAF']


abstract: @entity5734 ( @entity8553 ) shows unique clinico-pathological and biological features. @entity8553 responds well to @entity10043 analogues but relapses are frequent and novel therapies are required. @entity817 - @entity8554 is the key driver mutation in @entity8553 and distinguishes it from other @entity1892 , including @entity706 ( @entity8553 -variant and @entity1074 ). The kinase-activating @entity817 - @entity8554 mutation also represents an ideal therapeutic target in @entity8553 . Here, we investigated the biological and therapeutic importance of the activated @entity817 - @entity8047 - @entity3963 pathway in @entity8553 by exposing in vitro primary leukemic cells purified from 26 @entity1 to clinically available @entity817 ( @entity5457 ; @entity5458 ) or @entity8047 ( @entity5459 ) inhibitors. Results were validated in vivo in samples from @entity5457 -treated @entity8553 @entity1 within a phase-2 clinical trial. @entity817 and @entity8047 inhibitors caused, specifically in @entity8553 (but not @entity8553 ) cells, marked @entity8047 / @entity3963 dephosphorylation, silencing of the @entity817 - @entity8047 - @entity3963 pathway transcriptional output, loss of the @entity8553 -specific gene expression signature, downregulation of the @entity8553 markers @entity2902 , TRAP and @entity4910 , smoothening of leukemic cells' hairy surface, and, eventually, apoptosis. Apoptosis was partially blunted by co-culture with bone marrow stromal cells antagonizing @entity8047 - @entity3963 dephosphorylation. This protective effect could be counteracted by combined @entity817 and @entity8047 inhibition. Our results strongly support and inform the clinical use of @entity817 and @entity8047 inhibitors in @entity8553 .

title: @entity817 inhibitors reverse the unique molecular signature and phenotype of XXXX and exert potent anti-leukemic activity.

answer: @entity5734 :: (MESH:D007943,Disease) :: ['hairy cell leukemia']


abstract: The extracellular matrix of the developing vasculature varies in composition as a function of time and position. Cellular models of vascular biology and pathology depend on the assumption that stable phenotypic characteristics of vascular cells can be propagated through several generations of in vitro cultivation. We show that the positional and developmental heterogeneity of matrix phenotypes in the porcine aorta are expressed by explanted vascular @entity3960 ( @entity3960 ) and adventitial cell populations for a limited number of passages. @entity13402 was expressed most highly by thoracic @entity3960 while interstitial collagen production was usually maximal in abdominal segments. Parallel gradients of collagen types I, III and V, detected by specific ELISA assays, were expressed in early-passage @entity3960 . Adventitial cell populations from the abdominal aorta of the neonatal @entity1707 accumulated significant levels of collagen, while these fibroblasts produced less than 10% of the @entity13402 made by @entity3960 . All cell populations expressed alpha-smooth muscle actin in vitro. Gradients of collagen and @entity13402 expression were evident for no more than three passages, and direct outgrowth of cells without limited digestion of the matrix further reduced phenotypic stability. Variation and decline of the @entity13402 phenotype could be due to hypermethylation of regulatory sequences in the @entity13402 gene or trans-acting factors, but @entity13402 production was dose-dependently stimulated to a similar extent (100%; 10 microM @entity2591 ) in all segmental @entity3960 populations at early (p1) and late (p3) passage. These data indicated that faithful reflection of in vivo @entity3960 behavior was limited to a few population doublings, at least under standard culture conditions. Modification of the cellular environment by reducing serum factors, changing matrix, or adding mechanical stimulation may increase phenotypic stability.

title: Phenotypic stability and variation in cells of the porcine aorta: collagen and XXXX production.

entities_list: @entity2591 :: ('MESH:D001374', 'Chemical') :: ['5-azacytidine']

entities_list: @entity3960 :: ('MESH:D018235', 'Disease') :: ['smooth muscle cell', 'SMC']

answer: @entity13402 :: (100620140,Gene) :: ['elastin']


abstract: The use of adsorbents for the treatment of @entity1 suffering from various @entity1200 is still in its infancy. Therefore, the development of selective absorbents for the removal or decrease of immunoproteins from plasma is of great importance. In this study, chitosan, a natural polysaccharide having structural characteristics similar to glycosamino glycans, which is non-toxic and biocompatible, has been used for protein adsorption studies. @entity1522 like @entity815 and @entity2340 in different ratios are bonded to these polymers to observe immunoadsorption. Several layers of @entity815 or @entity2340 have been coated covalently on chitosan beads using N2-plasma, @entity26408 or @entity3584 treatments. Scanning electron micrographs have revealed the surface morphological changes after such modifications. The surface modified chitosan beads have exhibited high binding affinity for gamma-globulin compared to bare beads. It is also observed that the amount of @entity2002 adsorption is reduced on modified substrate. A selective removal of IgG and IgM has also been observed with these modified matrix when tested with @entity1 plasma, using immuno diffusion methods. The modified chitosan membranes have demonstrated a @entity1423 , showing that these substrates have become more blood compatible. Hence, it appears that modified chitosan surfaces may be an excellent sorbent system for haemoperfusion due to their high binding affinity for immunoproteins and blood compatibility. Further studies are needed to determine the behaviour under clinical conditions.

title: XXXX , @entity2340 immobilized chitosan beads as adsorbents for selective removal of immunoproteins.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['Amino acids']

entities_list: @entity26408 :: ('CHEBI:53091', 'Chemical') :: ['carbodiimide']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in platelet attachment']

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

entities_list: @entity2340 :: ('CHEBI:27897', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immune diseases']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['phenyl alanine']

answer: @entity815 :: (CHEBI:28044,Chemical) :: ['Phenyl alanine']


abstract: The use of adsorbents for the treatment of @entity1 suffering from various @entity1200 is still in its infancy. Therefore, the development of selective absorbents for the removal or decrease of immunoproteins from plasma is of great importance. In this study, chitosan, a natural polysaccharide having structural characteristics similar to glycosamino glycans, which is non-toxic and biocompatible, has been used for protein adsorption studies. @entity1522 like @entity815 and @entity2340 in different ratios are bonded to these polymers to observe immunoadsorption. Several layers of @entity815 or @entity2340 have been coated covalently on chitosan beads using N2-plasma, @entity26408 or @entity3584 treatments. Scanning electron micrographs have revealed the surface morphological changes after such modifications. The surface modified chitosan beads have exhibited high binding affinity for gamma-globulin compared to bare beads. It is also observed that the amount of @entity2002 adsorption is reduced on modified substrate. A selective removal of IgG and IgM has also been observed with these modified matrix when tested with @entity1 plasma, using immuno diffusion methods. The modified chitosan membranes have demonstrated a @entity1423 , showing that these substrates have become more blood compatible. Hence, it appears that modified chitosan surfaces may be an excellent sorbent system for haemoperfusion due to their high binding affinity for immunoproteins and blood compatibility. Further studies are needed to determine the behaviour under clinical conditions.

title: @entity815 , XXXX immobilized chitosan beads as adsorbents for selective removal of immunoproteins.

answer: @entity2340 :: (CHEBI:27897,Chemical) :: ['tryptophan']


abstract: PURPOSE: We determined if the USPSTF recommendation against @entity1486 screening was associated with a change in biopsy and @entity5 detection rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a time series analysis (October 2008 to  June 2013) of prostate biopsies performed at University Health Network (Toronto). Biopsies for active surveillance or solely targeting magnetic resonance imaging detected lesions were excluded from study. Interventional ARIMA models  with step functions were used to examine changes in the number of biopsies performed and @entity5 detected per month. @entity263 was defined as no Gleason pattern 4 or greater, 3 or fewer cores involved, or 1/3 or less of the total number of cores involved, and no core with greater than 50% @entity5 involvement. Intermediate to high grade @entity263 was defined as Gleason 7-10. RESULTS: A total of 3,408 biopsies were performed and 1,601 (47.0%) @entity263 were detected (low risk @entity263 563 [16.5%], intermediate to high  grade @entity263 914 [26.8%]). The median number of biopsies per month decreased from 58.0 (IQR 54.5-63.0) before the recommendations to 35.5  (IQR 27.0-41.0) afterward (p=0.003), while the median number of @entity1 undergoing first-time biopsy decreased from 42.5 (IQR 37.5-45.5) to 24.0 (IQR 19.0-32.5, p=0.025). The median number of @entity263 detected per month decreased from 8.5 (IQR 6.5-10.5) to 5.5 (IQR 4.0-7.0, p=0.012), while the median number of intermediate to high @entity263 per month decreased from 17.5 (IQR 14.5-21.5) to 10.0 (IQR 9.0-12.0, p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: After the USPSTF recommendation the number of biopsies performed (total and first-time), based on referrals from our catchment area, has decreased. This is likely due to decreased use of @entity1486 screening. Although it is encouraging that fewer @entity263 are being diagnosed, the sudden decrease in the detection rate of @entity263 is concerning.

title: Impact of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations against XXXX Screening on Prostate Biopsy and Cancer Detection Rates.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['low risk prostate cancers', 'Gleason 7-10 prostate cancers', 'Low risk prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer', 'prostate cancers', 'grade prostate cancers']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific  antigen', 'prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity1486 :: (354,Gene) :: ['Prostate Specific Antigen']


abstract: Objective To investigate the biological and molecular characteristics of @entity1 amniotic epithelial cells (HAECs) cultured in vitro. Methods HAECs were isolated by enzyme digestion from amnion after cesarean section. The growth of the cells was observed under an inverted microscope and the curve of cell growth was measured by CCK-8 assay. The @entity5115 was observed by Giemsa staining. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle distribution and analyze the expressions of @entity2393 , @entity2279 , @entity1759 , @entity1009 , CD105, @entity2467 , @entity5439 , HLA-DR in the second passage of HAECs. The expressions of @entity6460 , @entity5962 , @entity22462 ( @entity22462 ), stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4), @entity4731 protein ( @entity4731 ), @entity5824 , @entity2440 , @entity4729 ( @entity4729 ) were identified by immunofluorescence staining. Results Pure HAECs could be obtained by enzymatic isolation method. The cells grew with adherence and polygonal shape. They entered exponential growth stage from the third day of adherence. The analysis of cell cycle distribution revealed that 66% of the cells were in G0/G1 phase, 31.69% in S phase and 2.31% in G2/M phase. In addition, the colony forming rate of HAECs was (9.33  2.00) %. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining showed that the expressions of @entity1759 , @entity2393 , CD105, @entity1009 , @entity6460 , @entity5962 , @entity22462 , SSEA-4, @entity4731 , @entity5824 , @entity2440 , @entity4729 were positive. However, the expressions of @entity2279 , @entity2467 , @entity5439 , HLA-DR were negative. Conclusion HAECs can be cultured and have proliferation ability for some time in vitro; HAECs express some embryonic stem cell-associated surface molecules.

title: [In vitro culture and molecular characterization of XXXX amniotic epithelial cells].

entities_list: @entity5115 :: ('MESH:C567703', 'Disease') :: ['colony formation efficiency of HAECs']

entities_list: @entity4731 :: ('6657', 'Gene') :: ['sex determining region Y-box 2', 'SOX2']

entities_list: @entity22462 :: ('5420', 'Gene') :: ['podocalyxin-like protein', 'PODXL']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Altered plasma lipids, oxidative stress, and @entity32 have been involved in the pathogenesis of @entity65 . Fish oil has shown inconclusive effects on plasma lipids and oxidative stress. Spirulina has both @entity165 lowering and antioxidant properties. However, the effect of fish oil and spirulina on @entity1007 has not been studied. We investigated the effects of fish oil, spirulina, and their combination on @entity1007 . METHODS: The hamsters were divided into 7 groups: control, high @entity165 (HF), fish oil (post FO), spirulina (post SP), and a combination of fish oil and spirulina (post SF, pre-SF, and HF   +   SF) groups. The HF and HF   +   SF groups were given a high @entity165 diet for 8  weeks. The post FO, post SP, and post SF groups were given a high @entity165 diet for 4  weeks and then the treatment for 4  weeks. The pre-SF group was given the combined treatment for 4  weeks and then a high @entity165 diet for 4  weeks. RESULTS: The HF and HF   +   SF groups altered plasma lipids, increased oxidative stress, inhibited antioxidants, and increased @entity32 . While the post FO group increased plasma lipids and was more atherogenic. The vice versa was observed in spirulina-treated group. Both the post SP and post SF groups inhibited oxidative stress and increased antioxidant status, and post FO and post SP diets regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines to near the control levels. CONCLUSIONS: Both single treatment of fish oil or spirulina inhibit oxidative stress and @entity32 . Treatment with a combination of fish oil and spirulina (post SF) may be beneficial for diet-induced @entity753 hamsters.

title: Effects of fish oil and spirulina on oxidative stress and @entity32 in XXXX hamsters.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity753 :: (OMIM:143890,Disease) :: ['hypercholesterolemic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Altered plasma lipids, oxidative stress, and @entity32 have been involved in the pathogenesis of @entity65 . Fish oil has shown inconclusive effects on plasma lipids and oxidative stress. Spirulina has both @entity165 lowering and antioxidant properties. However, the effect of fish oil and spirulina on @entity1007 has not been studied. We investigated the effects of fish oil, spirulina, and their combination on @entity1007 . METHODS: The hamsters were divided into 7 groups: control, high @entity165 (HF), fish oil (post FO), spirulina (post SP), and a combination of fish oil and spirulina (post SF, pre-SF, and HF   +   SF) groups. The HF and HF   +   SF groups were given a high @entity165 diet for 8  weeks. The post FO, post SP, and post SF groups were given a high @entity165 diet for 4  weeks and then the treatment for 4  weeks. The pre-SF group was given the combined treatment for 4  weeks and then a high @entity165 diet for 4  weeks. RESULTS: The HF and HF   +   SF groups altered plasma lipids, increased oxidative stress, inhibited antioxidants, and increased @entity32 . While the post FO group increased plasma lipids and was more atherogenic. The vice versa was observed in spirulina-treated group. Both the post SP and post SF groups inhibited oxidative stress and increased antioxidant status, and post FO and post SP diets regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines to near the control levels. CONCLUSIONS: Both single treatment of fish oil or spirulina inhibit oxidative stress and @entity32 . Treatment with a combination of fish oil and spirulina (post SF) may be beneficial for diet-induced @entity753 hamsters.

title: Effects of fish oil and spirulina on oxidative stress and XXXX in @entity753 hamsters.

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: Increasing prevalence of @entity6 and its complications in the developing communities would pose a threat in respect to their existing health care service. An increased incidence of @entity731 in insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 has long been recognized. Hyperlipidaemia, a common finding in these @entity1 , may be one of the contributing factors. The objective of our study is to find out the patterns of dyslipidaemia among the Bangladeshi @entity1 with @entity6 presented with @entity1187 . This study was conducted in the department of cardiology of BIRDEM and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of January 2009 to December 2009. A total of 100 @entity1 were included in this study, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. @entity6 and @entity1187 was diagnosed according to the guideline of American @entity6 Association and American College of Cardiology respectively. Among the respondents Mean  SD of fasting blood sugar and 2 hours ABF were 9.23  3.6mmol/L and 12.61  8.52mmol/L respectively. Mean  SD of HbA1C of the respondents was 7.23  2.12. Total @entity165 level <150mg/dl, 150-200mg/dl and >200mg/dl were 27.0%, 42.0% and 31.0% respectively. HDL @entity165 <40mg/dl and >40mg/dl were 76.0% and 24.0% respectively. LDL @entity165 <150mg/dl and >150mg/dl were 43.0% and 57.0% respectively. TG within 40 to 160mg/dl and >160mg/dl were 73.0% and 27.0% respectively, Mean  SD of Total @entity165 , HDL @entity165 , LDL @entity165 and @entity412 were 162.43  38.62, 37.41  8.59, 137.43  22.73 and 156.43  41.92mg/dl respectively.

title: Pattern of Dyslipidaemia among the Bangladeshi Type 2 XXXX @entity1 Presented With @entity1187 .

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndrome', 'Acute Coronary Syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic', 'Diabetes Mellitus', 'diabetic', 'diabetes', 'type-2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['Triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['Cholesterol', 'cholesterol']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetic']


abstract: Increasing prevalence of @entity6 and its complications in the developing communities would pose a threat in respect to their existing health care service. An increased incidence of @entity731 in insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 has long been recognized. Hyperlipidaemia, a common finding in these @entity1 , may be one of the contributing factors. The objective of our study is to find out the patterns of dyslipidaemia among the Bangladeshi @entity1 with @entity6 presented with @entity1187 . This study was conducted in the department of cardiology of BIRDEM and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of January 2009 to December 2009. A total of 100 @entity1 were included in this study, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. @entity6 and @entity1187 was diagnosed according to the guideline of American @entity6 Association and American College of Cardiology respectively. Among the respondents Mean  SD of fasting blood sugar and 2 hours ABF were 9.23  3.6mmol/L and 12.61  8.52mmol/L respectively. Mean  SD of HbA1C of the respondents was 7.23  2.12. Total @entity165 level <150mg/dl, 150-200mg/dl and >200mg/dl were 27.0%, 42.0% and 31.0% respectively. HDL @entity165 <40mg/dl and >40mg/dl were 76.0% and 24.0% respectively. LDL @entity165 <150mg/dl and >150mg/dl were 43.0% and 57.0% respectively. TG within 40 to 160mg/dl and >160mg/dl were 73.0% and 27.0% respectively, Mean  SD of Total @entity165 , HDL @entity165 , LDL @entity165 and @entity412 were 162.43  38.62, 37.41  8.59, 137.43  22.73 and 156.43  41.92mg/dl respectively.

title: Pattern of Dyslipidaemia among the Bangladeshi Type 2 @entity6 @entity1 Presented With XXXX .

answer: @entity1187 :: (MESH:D054058,Disease) :: ['Acute Coronary Syndrome']


abstract: Increasing prevalence of @entity6 and its complications in the developing communities would pose a threat in respect to their existing health care service. An increased incidence of @entity731 in insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 has long been recognized. Hyperlipidaemia, a common finding in these @entity1 , may be one of the contributing factors. The objective of our study is to find out the patterns of dyslipidaemia among the Bangladeshi @entity1 with @entity6 presented with @entity1187 . This study was conducted in the department of cardiology of BIRDEM and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of January 2009 to December 2009. A total of 100 @entity1 were included in this study, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. @entity6 and @entity1187 was diagnosed according to the guideline of American @entity6 Association and American College of Cardiology respectively. Among the respondents Mean  SD of fasting blood sugar and 2 hours ABF were 9.23  3.6mmol/L and 12.61  8.52mmol/L respectively. Mean  SD of HbA1C of the respondents was 7.23  2.12. Total @entity165 level <150mg/dl, 150-200mg/dl and >200mg/dl were 27.0%, 42.0% and 31.0% respectively. HDL @entity165 <40mg/dl and >40mg/dl were 76.0% and 24.0% respectively. LDL @entity165 <150mg/dl and >150mg/dl were 43.0% and 57.0% respectively. TG within 40 to 160mg/dl and >160mg/dl were 73.0% and 27.0% respectively, Mean  SD of Total @entity165 , HDL @entity165 , LDL @entity165 and @entity412 were 162.43  38.62, 37.41  8.59, 137.43  22.73 and 156.43  41.92mg/dl respectively.

title: Pattern of Dyslipidaemia among the Bangladeshi Type 2 @entity6 XXXX Presented With @entity1187 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: The @entity470 ( @entity470 ) family is reportedly overexpressed in @entity150 , and @entity669 kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been suggested as treatment. @entity4562 ( @entity4562  ) is a selective inhibitor of the @entity470 and @entity9433 is a dual inhibitor of both the @entity470 and @entity1722 ( @entity1 @entity470 type  2 receptor). Both compounds compete with the binding of @entity855 to the @entity669 kinase domain of the respective receptors to inhibit receptor autophosphorylation causing suppression of signal transduction. Unfortunately, resistance to these inhibitors is a major clinical issue. The purpose of the present study was to use protein array analysis to compare the signaling pathway(s) induced by @entity4562 and @entity9433 , in UM-UC-5 (drug-sensitive) and UM-UC-14 (drug-resistant) @entity150 cells and to identify molecular markers that may be useful predictors of their efficacy. The results revealed that phosphorylation of @entity470 , @entity7514 , Met and @entity1366 was markedly overexpressed in the sensitive cell line (UM-UC-5) and was strongly inhibited by the TKIs. Other notable differences included decreased phosphorylation of RSK, GSK3, @entity21060 , @entity584 and @entity1178 by TKIs in the sensitive cells. In contrast, phosphorylated @entity876 was highly expressed in the resistant cell line (UM-UC-14) and TKIs had no effect in the resistant cells. Overall results suggest that phosphorylated @entity7514 , @entity1366 and @entity876 may be used as biomarkers to determine the sensitivity of @entity150 to TKIs. In particular, a combination of these markers may be more likely to predict the sensitivity to TKIs.

title: Biomarkers for predicting response to XXXX kinase inhibitors in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant @entity1 @entity150 cells.

entities_list: @entity4562 :: ('MESH:C419708', 'Chemical') :: ['Iressa', 'gefitinib', 'Gefitinib']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity9433 :: ('MESH:C490728', 'Chemical') :: ['lapatinib']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancers', 'bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: The @entity470 ( @entity470 ) family is reportedly overexpressed in @entity150 , and @entity669 kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been suggested as treatment. @entity4562 ( @entity4562  ) is a selective inhibitor of the @entity470 and @entity9433 is a dual inhibitor of both the @entity470 and @entity1722 ( @entity1 @entity470 type  2 receptor). Both compounds compete with the binding of @entity855 to the @entity669 kinase domain of the respective receptors to inhibit receptor autophosphorylation causing suppression of signal transduction. Unfortunately, resistance to these inhibitors is a major clinical issue. The purpose of the present study was to use protein array analysis to compare the signaling pathway(s) induced by @entity4562 and @entity9433 , in UM-UC-5 (drug-sensitive) and UM-UC-14 (drug-resistant) @entity150 cells and to identify molecular markers that may be useful predictors of their efficacy. The results revealed that phosphorylation of @entity470 , @entity7514 , Met and @entity1366 was markedly overexpressed in the sensitive cell line (UM-UC-5) and was strongly inhibited by the TKIs. Other notable differences included decreased phosphorylation of RSK, GSK3, @entity21060 , @entity584 and @entity1178 by TKIs in the sensitive cells. In contrast, phosphorylated @entity876 was highly expressed in the resistant cell line (UM-UC-14) and TKIs had no effect in the resistant cells. Overall results suggest that phosphorylated @entity7514 , @entity1366 and @entity876 may be used as biomarkers to determine the sensitivity of @entity150 to TKIs. In particular, a combination of these markers may be more likely to predict the sensitivity to TKIs.

title: Biomarkers for predicting response to @entity669 kinase inhibitors in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant @entity1 XXXX cells.

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: The @entity470 ( @entity470 ) family is reportedly overexpressed in @entity150 , and @entity669 kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been suggested as treatment. @entity4562 ( @entity4562  ) is a selective inhibitor of the @entity470 and @entity9433 is a dual inhibitor of both the @entity470 and @entity1722 ( @entity1 @entity470 type  2 receptor). Both compounds compete with the binding of @entity855 to the @entity669 kinase domain of the respective receptors to inhibit receptor autophosphorylation causing suppression of signal transduction. Unfortunately, resistance to these inhibitors is a major clinical issue. The purpose of the present study was to use protein array analysis to compare the signaling pathway(s) induced by @entity4562 and @entity9433 , in UM-UC-5 (drug-sensitive) and UM-UC-14 (drug-resistant) @entity150 cells and to identify molecular markers that may be useful predictors of their efficacy. The results revealed that phosphorylation of @entity470 , @entity7514 , Met and @entity1366 was markedly overexpressed in the sensitive cell line (UM-UC-5) and was strongly inhibited by the TKIs. Other notable differences included decreased phosphorylation of RSK, GSK3, @entity21060 , @entity584 and @entity1178 by TKIs in the sensitive cells. In contrast, phosphorylated @entity876 was highly expressed in the resistant cell line (UM-UC-14) and TKIs had no effect in the resistant cells. Overall results suggest that phosphorylated @entity7514 , @entity1366 and @entity876 may be used as biomarkers to determine the sensitivity of @entity150 to TKIs. In particular, a combination of these markers may be more likely to predict the sensitivity to TKIs.

title: Biomarkers for predicting response to @entity669 kinase inhibitors in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant XXXX @entity150 cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To study the temporal pattern of @entity2315 ( @entity2315 ) from onset of symptoms to the final diagnosis and to study the type and the frequency of the disease. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the case record forms of the @entity1 attending the Genetic Clinic over a period of 12 y (January 2002- December 2013) was undertaken. Only the data of the @entity1 who had confirmatory enzyme analysis or mutation study for @entity2315 was further analysed. The age at onset, suspicion of the illness, first clinical presentation to a tertiary Genetic centre, and the age at the final diagnosis of these confirmed cases was noted. RESULTS: A total of 5,858 @entity1 were referred to the Genetic clinic in this period. The diagnosis of @entity2315 was suspected in 532 @entity1 (9.08  % of all referrals) and it could be confirmed in 119 cases (2.03  % of all referrals). Maximum @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity1120 (31.93  %) followed by Mucopolysaccharidoses (20.16  %). Mutation analysis was available in 21 @entity1 (17.64  % of the diagnosed cases). The median time interval between onset and suspicion was 6  mo. The median interval between onset and presentation to the authors'  Genetic clinic was 12  mo. The median interval between the onset of the disease and its confirmation was 14  mo. The median interval between presentation to the Genetic centre and diagnosis was barely 1  mo. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of @entity2315 at authors' centre was 2.03  %, though it was suspected in 9.08  % of @entity1 . The delay in diagnosis was hugely due to the late suspicion and thereby the late referral to a tertiary centre.

title: The Face of XXXX in India: A Need for Early Diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity2315 :: ('MESH:D016464', 'Disease') :: ['LSD', 'lysosomal storage disorders']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1120 :: ('MESH:D005776', 'Disease') :: ['Gaucher disease']

answer: @entity2315 :: (MESH:D016464,Disease) :: ['Lysosomal Storage Disorders']