abstract: AIM: We studied the use of premixed @entity3810 and @entity26 in 80 @entity1 with @entity16 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Mean ages ranged 10 +/- 5 yrs. Twenty-three @entity1 (29%) were @entity1032 among which 17 of them presented with severe @entity302 . @entity158 procedures consisted of: lumbar punctures (80%), intravenous access (7), @entity356 (6), skin biopsy (4), @entity5274 management (3). High-risk @entity1 were continuously monitored using ECG, non invasive blood pressure and transcutaneous @entity26 saturation. We studied acceptation of the inhalation, vital signs, satisfaction of @entity1 , parents, medical and nursing staffs; side effects were compared with a group of healthy @entity1 undergoing venous access before induction of anesthesia. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Acceptation increased with age. No significant changes in vital signs variables were observed. Satisfaction rate regarding the method was 88% for all @entity1 , parents, physicians and nurses. No serious undesirable event (as @entity1576 , @entity410 , inhalation of gastric content) occurred in these @entity1 . The more frequent side-effects were: drowsiness during and after inhalation (35 and 9% respectively in the handicapped @entity1 ); @entity390 and @entity391 (8%), @entity10 (3%), were more frequent than reported in literature but there were 25% of @entity693 among our @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Premixed @entity3810 and @entity26 was effective for reducing procedural @entity158 and @entity148 in @entity1 with @entity16 , even in severely handicapped @entity1 , with minor side-effects.

title: [Efficacy and safety of inhalation premixed @entity3810 and @entity26 for the management of procedural diagnostic XXXX in neuropediatrics].

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: AIM: We studied the use of premixed @entity3810 and @entity26 in 80 @entity1 with @entity16 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Mean ages ranged 10 +/- 5 yrs. Twenty-three @entity1 (29%) were @entity1032 among which 17 of them presented with severe @entity302 . @entity158 procedures consisted of: lumbar punctures (80%), intravenous access (7), @entity356 (6), skin biopsy (4), @entity5274 management (3). High-risk @entity1 were continuously monitored using ECG, non invasive blood pressure and transcutaneous @entity26 saturation. We studied acceptation of the inhalation, vital signs, satisfaction of @entity1 , parents, medical and nursing staffs; side effects were compared with a group of healthy @entity1 undergoing venous access before induction of anesthesia. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Acceptation increased with age. No significant changes in vital signs variables were observed. Satisfaction rate regarding the method was 88% for all @entity1 , parents, physicians and nurses. No serious undesirable event (as @entity1576 , @entity410 , inhalation of gastric content) occurred in these @entity1 . The more frequent side-effects were: drowsiness during and after inhalation (35 and 9% respectively in the handicapped @entity1 ); @entity390 and @entity391 (8%), @entity10 (3%), were more frequent than reported in literature but there were 25% of @entity693 among our @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Premixed @entity3810 and @entity26 was effective for reducing procedural @entity158 and @entity148 in @entity1 with @entity16 , even in severely handicapped @entity1 , with minor side-effects.

title: [Efficacy and safety of inhalation premixed XXXX and @entity26 for the management of procedural diagnostic @entity158 in neuropediatrics].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mentally retardated']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic diseases', 'neurological disorders']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['gastrostomy tube']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Painful', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric endoscopy']

answer: @entity3810 :: (MESH:D009609,Chemical) :: ['nitrous oxide']


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the efficacy of surgical removal of subfoveal hard exudates during surgery in @entity6 . @entity1 AND METHODS: This study was done on 60 @entity1 (66 eyes) that all underwent surgical removal of subfoveal hard exudates under the same surgeon. Thirty-two @entity1 (37 eyes) and 28 @entity1 (29 eyes) were included in this study. The average age of the @entity1 was 60 years (range, 30-77 years). The average follow-up period was 21 months (range, 12-48 months). All eyes were classified into 3 groups: 13 postoperative @entity735 , 31 @entity735 . We evaluated the visual results of these types. RESULTS: Preoperative and postoperative mean visual acuity was as follows: postoperative massive type 0.11, 0.22, massive type 0.12, 0.29, and scatter type 0.19, 0.33. Postoperatively visual acuity improved significantly in all types. There were no subfoveal hard exudates postoperatively in any eyes. CONCLUSION: Surgical removal of massive subfoveal hard exudates is effective, but its effects on vision are limited. Surgical removal of deposited subfoveal hard exudates may prevent massive subfoveal hard exudates postoperatively and improve visual prognosis.

title: [Surgical removal of subfoveal hard exudates in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['massive type eyes', 'massive type eyes, and 22 scatter type eyes']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic maculopathy']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic maculopathy']


abstract: The aim of this interdisciplinary project was the improvement of @entity282 management on surgery wards of an university hospital: @entity158 medication should be enlarged with the possibility to administer an opium-medication i.v. (non only s.c.) when needed (VAS > 3), which has been tested on two wards. The study shows the resulting changes of the intervention for @entity1 and nurses. For recording, there has been @entity1 questionnaires and document analysis before and after the new possibility to administer medication, and a nurses opinion survey. RESULTS: 110 resp. 125 @entity1 and 39 nurses have been interviewed. Although there were only few @entity1 (8%) during the second registration who did get the @entity1286 i.v., there were clear tendencies: More @entity1 have been asked about their @entity158 and recognized the visual analog scale (VAS) (p = 0.0004) and less @entity1 found, that they had to wait for a @entity158 -medicament too long. There was a significant reduction of maximal @entity158 (p = 0.02) and also a significant improvement of nursing @entity158 medication (p = 0.035). @entity158 and use of basis-analgesia were slightly reduced resp. improved with the intervention. Overall @entity1 -satisfaction regarding the treatment of their @entity158 was high in both groups (> 95%). Nurses found (88%), that the new possibility to administer the @entity1286 i.v. when needed, was good, even though this intervention and the controls of the vital signs requires more work. They said, that very often, it is worth the extra work, and for 31% of them, the focus on @entity158 became more important through the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The enlargement to administer @entity158 medication and asking/registering @entity158 intensity regularly, created more sensitivity for the @entity1 's @entity158 -experience among nurses, and this lead to better use of the prescribed @entity158 medication and to better @entity158 management overall. Further quality-improvement in post-operative @entity158 relief seems possible by continuing on that way in the future.

title: [Optimizing XXXX therapy on acute surgical wards].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'pain-intensity', 'Actual pain-scores', 'pain', 'supplementary pain', 'pain-scores']

answer: @entity282 :: (MESH:D010149,Disease) :: ['postoperative pain']


abstract: @entity1368 ( @entity1368 ) is a disorder typically characterized by resistant @entity101 , @entity1371 , @entity5838 and suppressed plasma @entity916 activity, and excessive @entity1369 production. A true estimate of the prevalence of the disorder is difficult to estimate because its detection is dependent on the awareness of the healthcare provider to the disorder, but it has generally been felt to be a rare occurrence. Its frequency of detection began to change when Hiramatsu suggested calculating the ratio of plasma @entity1369 /plasma @entity916 activity as a screening tool for the disorder. He found a ratio greater than 75 as a sensitive indicator for @entity1369 -producing @entity652 . Using the ratio, several investigators have found prevalence ranging from 3 to 9%. Two major classifications of @entity1368 exist: @entity1369 -producing @entity652 (APA) and @entity1373 (IHA). Distinguishing between these 2 entities is important clinically, because removal of a unilateral @entity1369 -producing @entity652 may result in correction of elevated blood pressure and @entity1371 . Thus, when evaluating @entity101 @entity1 , @entity1368 should be suspected in those with moderate to severe @entity101 or with @entity101 refractory to standard treatment or in @entity101 @entity1 with disease onset at an early age. The @entity1369 -to- @entity916 ratio is an easy, inexpensive, and rapid means of screening for the disorder. The ratio is the screening test of choice, but further confirmatory testing is required to clinch the diagnosis. Frequently employed confirmatory tests include urinary @entity1369 excretion on a high-salt diet, @entity1369 suppression after a saline infusion, and the @entity7842 suppression test, which is considered the most sensitive confirmatory maneuver. Both high-resolution CT and MRI scans appear to have similar ability to differentiate between APA and IHA. As with essential @entity101 , the goal of treatment is to prevent the long-term sequela of @entity101 . The underlying pathology resulting in @entity1368 dictates the treatment strategy. The drug of choice is @entity1482 . Surgical intervention should be entertained in those @entity1 with @entity1368 in whom imaging studies suggest an @entity652 .

title: XXXX : the internist's @entity101 disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7842 :: ('MESH:D005438', 'Chemical') :: ['fludrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity5838 :: ('MESH:D000471', 'Disease') :: ['alkalosis']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['zona glomerulosa hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal adenoma', 'adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity1368 :: ('MESH:D006929', 'Disease') :: ['PA', 'Primary aldosteronism']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

answer: @entity1368 :: (MESH:D006929,Disease) :: ['Hyperaldosteronism']


abstract: @entity1368 ( @entity1368 ) is a disorder typically characterized by resistant @entity101 , @entity1371 , @entity5838 and suppressed plasma @entity916 activity, and excessive @entity1369 production. A true estimate of the prevalence of the disorder is difficult to estimate because its detection is dependent on the awareness of the healthcare provider to the disorder, but it has generally been felt to be a rare occurrence. Its frequency of detection began to change when Hiramatsu suggested calculating the ratio of plasma @entity1369 /plasma @entity916 activity as a screening tool for the disorder. He found a ratio greater than 75 as a sensitive indicator for @entity1369 -producing @entity652 . Using the ratio, several investigators have found prevalence ranging from 3 to 9%. Two major classifications of @entity1368 exist: @entity1369 -producing @entity652 (APA) and @entity1373 (IHA). Distinguishing between these 2 entities is important clinically, because removal of a unilateral @entity1369 -producing @entity652 may result in correction of elevated blood pressure and @entity1371 . Thus, when evaluating @entity101 @entity1 , @entity1368 should be suspected in those with moderate to severe @entity101 or with @entity101 refractory to standard treatment or in @entity101 @entity1 with disease onset at an early age. The @entity1369 -to- @entity916 ratio is an easy, inexpensive, and rapid means of screening for the disorder. The ratio is the screening test of choice, but further confirmatory testing is required to clinch the diagnosis. Frequently employed confirmatory tests include urinary @entity1369 excretion on a high-salt diet, @entity1369 suppression after a saline infusion, and the @entity7842 suppression test, which is considered the most sensitive confirmatory maneuver. Both high-resolution CT and MRI scans appear to have similar ability to differentiate between APA and IHA. As with essential @entity101 , the goal of treatment is to prevent the long-term sequela of @entity101 . The underlying pathology resulting in @entity1368 dictates the treatment strategy. The drug of choice is @entity1482 . Surgical intervention should be entertained in those @entity1 with @entity1368 in whom imaging studies suggest an @entity652 .

title: @entity1368 : the internist's XXXX disease.

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: The effect of three lysosomotropic compounds, @entity503 , @entity6193 and @entity8777 , on the replication of @entity4021 virus (FMDV) type A12 was studied. Viral replication was almost totally inhibited by 0.5 mM @entity503 , 50 microM @entity6193 , or 25 mM @entity8777 . @entity6193 and @entity8777 affected replication when added either before or within the first hour of @entity281 . @entity503 , however, still inhibited viral replication when added up to 2.5 h after @entity281 . Assays of binding of radiolabeled virus to cells showed that these compounds had no effect on viral adsorption. Neither @entity6193 nor @entity8777 had any significant effect on cellular protein synthesis, but there was no evidence of viral protein synthesis in cells infected in the presence of these compounds. In contrast, @entity503 inhibited both cellular and viral protein synthesis. Eclipse assays, performed in the presence of the compounds, showed that while @entity503 and @entity8777 had little effect on cell-induced degradation of incoming virions to 12 S protein subunits, @entity6193 inhibited this reaction. The replication of representative members of all seven serotypes of FMDV was inhibited by @entity6193 although some types were less sensitive to the compound than others. These results are consistent with a model which postulates that viral eclipse is the result of acidification of endocytic vesicles which degrade entrapped virions to 12 S protein subunits resulting in the release of genome RNA.

title: Effect of lysosomotropic compounds on early events in XXXX virus replication.

entities_list: @entity6193 :: ('MESH:D008985', 'Chemical') :: ['Monensin', 'monensin']

entities_list: @entity4021 :: ('MESH:D005536', 'Disease') :: ['foot-and-mouth disease']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine', 'Chloroquine']

answer: @entity4021 :: (MESH:D005536,Disease) :: ['foot-and-mouth disease']


abstract: @entity24429 is a rare, benign, @entity5 , characterized histologically by tufts of capillary-sized vessels in the dermis. Five @entity1 were diagnosed over a 10-year period. All developed the lesions within the first year of life. Four were Chinese and one was Indian. There was no sex predilection. All the lesions occurred on the limbs, mainly proximally, with 40% affecting the upper and 60% the lower limbs. The appearance ranged from erythematous, indurated, annular nodules to plaques. In two @entity1 the lesions had overlying red papules, and @entity12737 was present in three cases. The lesions were tender in all @entity1 . No complications such as @entity1066 , @entity548 , or @entity16970 occurred. All were treated conservatively, with improvement in tenderness in three of four @entity1 after a period of 5 months to 4 years. Decrease in size occurred in one of four @entity1 after 2 years. Our series differs from previous ones in that all the @entity1 developed the lesions before the age of 1 year, all lesions occurred on the limbs, and all were tender. Tenderness and @entity12737 , in addition to induration, may be useful in the clinical differentiation from common @entity2695 .

title: XXXX : a report of five cases.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['vascular tumor']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity12737 :: ('MESH:D006983', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrichosis']

entities_list: @entity16970 :: ('MESH:D059885', 'Disease') :: ['Kasabach-Merritt syndrome']

entities_list: @entity24429 :: ('MESH:C536924', 'Disease') :: ['Tufted angioma']

answer: @entity24429 :: (MESH:C536924,Disease) :: ['Tufted angioma']


abstract: The administration of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells along with @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) can mediate regression of @entity5 in selected @entity1 . A closed automated system utilizing commercial blood cell separators has been developed for washing and Ficoll-Hypaque (FH) separation of lymphocytes, for lymphocyte culture in polyolefin bags, and for concentration of LAK cells out of culture prior to infusion. We now demonstrate that preparation of LAK cells can be simplified by elimination of the FH sedimentation step. @entity1 leukapheresis was performed using Fenwal CS-3000 blood cell separators, with a mean cellular yield per procedure of 54 X 10(9) WBC (95% lymphocytes), 184 X 10(9) RBC, and 306 X 10(9) platelets (n = 22). These cells were then washed in the same apheresis kit with a counter-current flow of saline, thereby eliminating 85% of platelets while retaining 88% of WBC. Aliquots of the washed cells were separated on FH gradients in 50 ml centrifuge tubes, and both FH-separated and washed-only cells were cultured at 3 X 10(6)/ml with 1500 U/ml @entity1199 in polyolefin bags. Cytotoxicities of 22 preparations of LAK cells from 14 @entity1 were evaluated in 4 h 51Cr release assays. Cells that were washed-only averaged 47, 35, and 9 lytic units/10(6) cells against K562, Daudi, and fresh @entity5 , while FH separated cells averaged 46, 33, and 6 lytic units/10(6) cells respectively. Cellular recoveries using the wash-only technique were 25% greater than when using FH sedimentation. Omission of FH separation saves time and expense in preparation and provides greater numbers of LAK cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy.

title: A simplified automated procedure for generation of XXXX lymphokine-activated killer cells for use in clinical trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: At the first stage of a pilot study involving 14 parkinsonians with motor @entity6372 , treatment with standard Madopar was substituted by a sustained-release form, Madopar HBS, which attenuated @entity6372 in @entity1 with end-of-dose impairment, but achieved only moderate improvement in @entity1 with on-off phenomena. In a second phase of the trial, 4 parkinsonians exhibiting the most severe @entity6372 of mobility and the poorest response to Madopar HBS (Hydrodynamically Balanced System) were selected for treatment with a combined regimen utilizing subcutaneous @entity30303 infusions as the additional component. The sequence of the trial was as follows: 1. standard Madopar, 2. Madopar HBS, 3. standard Madopar combined with @entity30303 infusions and 4. Madopar HBS combined with @entity30303 infusions. Steady improvement was observed along the lines of this schedule, but the best results were obtained when Madopar HBS was combined with @entity30303 infusions. Subsequently motor @entity6372 were less marked or disappeared, early-morning @entity191 decreased and @entity3519 was not recorded any longer. Even better results could be accomplished in an extended trial attempting to establish the best dosage ratio of the combination, possibly admitting increased dosage. The tolerance of the combined regimen was excellent, except in one @entity1 who transiently exhibited delusions and @entity551 . The combination of sustained-release Madopar and continuous infusions of the dopaminergic agonist @entity30303 seems to prove a more physiological and effective regimen for the treatment of severe motor @entity6372 .

title: A combined regimen of subcutaneous XXXX and oral Madopar HBS in @entity191 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinson symptoms']

entities_list: @entity6372 :: ('MESH:C538007', 'Disease') :: ['fluctuations']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['postural hypotension']

answer: @entity30303 :: (MESH:D008090,Chemical) :: ['lisuride']


abstract: At the first stage of a pilot study involving 14 parkinsonians with motor @entity6372 , treatment with standard Madopar was substituted by a sustained-release form, Madopar HBS, which attenuated @entity6372 in @entity1 with end-of-dose impairment, but achieved only moderate improvement in @entity1 with on-off phenomena. In a second phase of the trial, 4 parkinsonians exhibiting the most severe @entity6372 of mobility and the poorest response to Madopar HBS (Hydrodynamically Balanced System) were selected for treatment with a combined regimen utilizing subcutaneous @entity30303 infusions as the additional component. The sequence of the trial was as follows: 1. standard Madopar, 2. Madopar HBS, 3. standard Madopar combined with @entity30303 infusions and 4. Madopar HBS combined with @entity30303 infusions. Steady improvement was observed along the lines of this schedule, but the best results were obtained when Madopar HBS was combined with @entity30303 infusions. Subsequently motor @entity6372 were less marked or disappeared, early-morning @entity191 decreased and @entity3519 was not recorded any longer. Even better results could be accomplished in an extended trial attempting to establish the best dosage ratio of the combination, possibly admitting increased dosage. The tolerance of the combined regimen was excellent, except in one @entity1 who transiently exhibited delusions and @entity551 . The combination of sustained-release Madopar and continuous infusions of the dopaminergic agonist @entity30303 seems to prove a more physiological and effective regimen for the treatment of severe motor @entity6372 .

title: A combined regimen of subcutaneous @entity30303 and oral Madopar HBS in XXXX .

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: All the important abdominal veins and limbs vein can be examined. The veins, in cross-section are rounded in repletion, (maximum normal vein caliber has reached when erect) almost flat in a state of vacuous-ness. The lumen normally echofree is limited by a wall thinner and less echogenic than the wall of adjacent artery. The parietal motions are rythmed by breathing. Venous blood flow can become echogenic, with weak echoes, as snow storm within the lumen. These phenomena are often visible in venous confluent and within the lumen below occlusion where there is sludge. In supine position deep abdominal veins, limbs veins until popliteal veins are easily seen. Below the popliteal fossa in prone position the veins are nearly empty and not visible beyond pathological circumstances. Objective studies demonstrated the inaccuracy of clinical diagnosis of @entity1150 , echotomography (coupled with doppler) is among the non-invasive methods the most interesting, permitting to recognize @entity432 complete or incomplete by clot but also compression by @entity5 or @entity4494 . The compression under the probe collapse the normal vein, but if there is clot inside, the compression become incomplete or impossible. The caliber of the vein is dilated also in supine position. The richest of venous clot in red cells in comparison with arterial @entity715 make it more and earlier echogenic and more especially as the investigation is performed with high frequency probe. In the same way if the clot is floating its motions are put in evidence. Echotomography make usually difference between clot and @entity5 which is again more echogenic and also have special location. Echotomography permit to follow evolution ot @entity49 under treatment. The wall vein lesions after @entity715 are analysed showing thickening, destruction of the cups, dilatation of some veins while others are still obstructed.

title: [Ultrasonics and deep vein XXXX . Ilio-caval level and the lower extremities].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic thrombus', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['venous occlusion']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'thrombosis']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: @entity9504 ( @entity9504 )- and @entity2235 (SV40)-transformed hamster embryo cells differ markedly in a number of phenotypic properties including their potential for inducing @entity5 in hamsters. Both @entity9504 - and SV40-transformed cells are immortalized and readily induce @entity5 in immunoincompetent newborn syngeneic hamsters, but only SV40-transformed cells are highly oncogenic in both adult syngeneic and allogeneic immunocompetent hamsters. The reasons for the difference in the oncogenic potential of the @entity9504 - and SV40-transformed phenotypes remain elusive. However, recent studies with transforming growth factors (TGFs) indicate that these factors play an important role in determining many phenotypic characteristics of transformed cells. To determine whether TGFs secreted by @entity9504 - and SV40-transformed hamster embryo cells differ, we have examined the ability of media conditioned by these two transformed cell phenotypes to modulate @entity1014 uptake in quiescent, untransformed cells. We found that both transformed phenotypes secrete very similar @entity7790 -like mitogenic factors which inhibit binding of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor to its receptor. Our results also show that SV40-transformed cells, but not @entity9504 -transformed cells, secrete a powerful @entity1659 ( @entity1659 ). The @entity1659 secreted by SV40-transformed cells is inhibitory for several transformed and untransformed cell types and exerts a cytostatic, not cytolytic, action on untransformed primary hamster embryo cells. @entity1659 elutes from size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography columns with a molecular weight of 24,000. Although @entity1659 has about the same molecular weight as @entity2533 , it differs from @entity2533 in two important respects: it is heat labile and it has a different target specificity for antimitogenic activity. The @entity1659 secreted by SV40-transformed cells also inhibits @entity1014 uptake by concanavalin A-stimulated spleen lymphocytes. This finding suggests that @entity1659 might contribute to the extreme oncogenicity of SV40-transformed cells by inhibiting mobilization of immune effector cells at the site of @entity5 cell proliferation.

title: Mitogenic and antimitogenic transforming growth factors secreted by adenovirus 2- and XXXX -transformed hamster cells: possible roles in promoting tumorigenesis.

entities_list: @entity1659 :: ('MESH:D054179', 'Disease') :: ['mitogenic inhibitor', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

answer: @entity2235 :: (10633,Species) :: ['simian virus 40']


abstract: The OMGE multinational survey of @entity1 with @entity360 demonstrated that it was possible to predict @entity1 outcome, using a computer and a database of information from many centres. It remained to be seen whether this database could be used in specific remote areas of the world. To answer this question, two areas have been studied, Sikkim and China. In Sikkim, when the computer-aided prognostic system was used, 69% of @entity1 put into a high-risk group for rebleeding actually did so; and 54% died. By contrast, only 2% of @entity1 placed into a low-risk group for rebleeding did so. As there is little computer technology in Sikkim, a simplified scoring system was developed which gave the same predictive accuracy as the computer system. In China there was a slightly lower accuracy with both systems. Hence a new database and scoring system were created, using only information from Chinese @entity1 . This database improved the results. From the studies it is suggested that these types of systems can be of value to @entity1 in remote areas by targeting @entity1 at high risk rebleeding or dying, so that the scarce resources available can be best used.

title: Use of a multinational survey to provide clinical guidelines for XXXX in developing countries.

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['upper gastrointestinal bleeding']

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['upper gastrointestinal bleeding']


abstract: @entity263 , one of the commonest @entity5 in western society, remains a major challenge in management. Although the typical @entity1 is elderly and may not withstand @entity146 approaches to treatment, increasing numbers of our population survive to old age, while remaining healthy and active. As @entity263 is a disease of old age, it is therefore likely that there will be an increased requirement to combat this disease in a fit @entity1 population. Although hormonal manipulation provides effective first-line treatment for 70%-80% of @entity1 with @entity3 , the majority of these ultimately relapse. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has not provided a panacea for relapsed, hormone-resistant @entity263 . Despite the significant subjective and objective responses that can be achieved by the use of single agents, the median survival of @entity1 with hormone-resistant disease remains less than 12 months. The use of combination cytotoxic regimens has not altered this. New approaches, perhaps including the development of new cytotoxic agents, innovative uses of established drugs, or the application of the biological response modifiers will be required before this problem is resolved. Until then, we must not be satisfied with inadequate indices of success. The reporting of response rates and of survival statistics drawn from the small group of responding @entity1 is no true indicator of success. Until truly effective treatment is available, we must learn to define more useful indicators of @entity1 benefit, to be more effective in palliating the symptoms of this disease, and to be more critical of the limitations of our progress.

title: Non-hormone chemotherapy for XXXX : principles of treatment and application to the testing of new drugs.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'Prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: The traditional criterion of 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter of urine to diagnose @entity293 was based on studies of pregnant and nonpregnant @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity793 or acute @entity2885 . Recent studies of symptomatic @entity1 revealed that urine cultures in approximately one third of those with confirmed @entity293 grew only 10(2) to 10(4) CFU/mL. The major causes of acute @entity3833 among such @entity1 are @entity293 , @entity2953 , and @entity365 . In most instances, it is possible to make the diagnosis based on clinical features. The major features of @entity293 are internal @entity3833 ; frequency, urgency, and voiding of small volumes; abrupt onset; @entity158 ; presence of @entity4658 . Presence of @entity811 which occurs in about 50 percent of @entity1 strongly suggests bacterial @entity2335 . Three to seven days of empiric antimicrobial therapy is indicated for these @entity1 , with selection of a first-line antimicrobial agent that offers efficacy against @entity526 or @entity8803 ; reasonable cost; few side effects. @entity869 is not recommended. Indications for culture include uncertain clinical features; history of previous infection within the past three weeks; duration of symptoms of more than seven days; recent hospitalization or catheterization; pregnancy; @entity6 . To maximize the sensitivity and specificity of the urine culture in acutely symptomatic @entity1 , it is necessary to request the laboratory to report 10(2) to 10(4) CFU/mL.

title: Protocol for diagnosis of XXXX : reconsidering the criterion for significant @entity793 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['sexually transmitted disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

entities_list: @entity8803 :: ('29385', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus saprophyticus']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['suprapubic pain']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['Ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity365 :: ('MESH:D014627', 'Disease') :: ['vaginitis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'urinary tract infections']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infection']


abstract: The traditional criterion of 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter of urine to diagnose @entity293 was based on studies of pregnant and nonpregnant @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity793 or acute @entity2885 . Recent studies of symptomatic @entity1 revealed that urine cultures in approximately one third of those with confirmed @entity293 grew only 10(2) to 10(4) CFU/mL. The major causes of acute @entity3833 among such @entity1 are @entity293 , @entity2953 , and @entity365 . In most instances, it is possible to make the diagnosis based on clinical features. The major features of @entity293 are internal @entity3833 ; frequency, urgency, and voiding of small volumes; abrupt onset; @entity158 ; presence of @entity4658 . Presence of @entity811 which occurs in about 50 percent of @entity1 strongly suggests bacterial @entity2335 . Three to seven days of empiric antimicrobial therapy is indicated for these @entity1 , with selection of a first-line antimicrobial agent that offers efficacy against @entity526 or @entity8803 ; reasonable cost; few side effects. @entity869 is not recommended. Indications for culture include uncertain clinical features; history of previous infection within the past three weeks; duration of symptoms of more than seven days; recent hospitalization or catheterization; pregnancy; @entity6 . To maximize the sensitivity and specificity of the urine culture in acutely symptomatic @entity1 , it is necessary to request the laboratory to report 10(2) to 10(4) CFU/mL.

title: Protocol for diagnosis of @entity293 : reconsidering the criterion for significant XXXX .

answer: @entity793 :: (MESH:D001437,Disease) :: ['bacteriuria']


abstract: Transecting the axons of neurons in the adult superior cervical ganglion (SCG; axotomy) results in the survival of most postganglionic neurons, the influx of circulating monocytes, proliferation of satellite cells, and changes in neuronal gene expression. In contrast, transecting the afferent input to the SCG (decentralization) results in nerve @entity528 and elicits a different pattern of gene expression. We examined the effects of decentralization on macrophages in the SCG and compared the results to those previously obtained after axotomy. Monoclonal antibodies were used to identify infiltrating ( @entity22577 +) and resident ( @entity4700 +) macrophages, as well as macrophages expressing MHC class II molecules (OX6+). Normal @entity21 contained @entity4700 + cells and OX6+ cells, but few infiltrating macrophages. After decentralization, the number of infiltrating @entity22577 + cells increased in the SCG to a density about twofold greater than that previously seen after axotomy. Both the densities of @entity4700 + and OX6+ cells were essentially unchanged after decentralization, though a large increase in OX6+ cells occurred after axotomy. Proliferation among the ganglion's total non-neuronal cell population was examined and found to increase about twofold after decentralization and about fourfold after axotomy. Double-labeling experiments indicated that some of these proliferating cells were macrophages. After both surgical procedures, the percentage of proliferating @entity4700 + macrophages increased, while neither procedure altered the proliferation of @entity22577 + macrophages. Axotomy, though not decentralization, increased the proliferation of OX6+ cells. Future studies must address what role(s) infiltrating and/or resident macrophages play in regions of decentralized and axotomized neurons and, if both are involved, whether they play distinct roles.

title: A comparison of the changes in the non-neuronal cell populations of the superior cervical XXXX following decentralization and axotomy.

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['ganglia']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['terminal degeneration']

answer: @entity21 :: (MESH:D001480,Disease) :: ['ganglia']


abstract: PURPOSE: Though currently asymptomatic, a sickle cell trait can be responsible for @entity8 with macroscopic @entity811 . METHODS: Ten @entity1 were admitted to our department with gross @entity811 in sickle trait. RESULTS: Six blacks @entity1 and four blacks @entity1 , aged from 17 to 53 years, had recurrent episodes of gross @entity811 with clots in five @entity1 with @entity158 in four @entity1 . Duration of gross @entity811 varied from two weeks to two years. Imaging findings were normal. Urinary concentration ability was abnormally low in all @entity1 but none had an impairement of the ability to dilute the urine or tubular dysfunction. Resolution of @entity811 was obtained by abundant and alkaline hydratation in three @entity1 . In six @entity1 , @entity7115 was successfully employed, with a complete (3/6) or partial (3/6) efficiency. In one last @entity1 , oral @entity1133 permitted a partial improvement. CONCLUSION: Combination of chemical and physical factors in renal medullary of sickle cell trait are responsible for gross @entity811 and impaired capacity to concentrate the urine. A cautious care must still be given to make this association a diagnostic of exclusion. Clinical is usually benign. When resting and alkaline hydration are not sufficient to resolve @entity811 , antifibrinolytic agents such as aprotinin, oral @entity1133 , urologic technical are sometimes necessary.

title: [Macroscopic XXXX associated with sickle cell anemia trait: report of ten cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity7115 :: ('MESH:D000614', 'Chemical') :: ['aminocaproic acid']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar pain']

answer: @entity811 :: (MESH:D006417,Disease) :: ['hematuria']


abstract: We investigated the relation between clotting factor concentration, the parameters of the thrombin generation curve (the thrombogram) and the severity of clinically observed @entity548 in @entity1 with @entity942 of prothrombin (n = 21), factor V (n = 22), factor VII (n = 22), factor X (n = 10), factor XI (n = 7) and factor XII (n = 6). The parameters used were: area under the curve (endogenous thrombin potential, ETP), peak concentration of thrombin attained and lag time before manifest formation. Peak height and ETP varied linearly with the concentration of prothrombin. For the other factors these parameters hyperbolically approached to the 100% limit with increasing clotting factor concentration. Half normal ETP was seen at about the following concentrations: prothrombin (50%), factor V (1%), factor VII (2%), factor X (5%) and factor XI (1%). As a rule, the peak height was some-what more sensitive to clotting factor decrease than the ETP was. In all the @entity1 with severe @entity548 symptoms the ETP was less than 20% of normal. Bleeding tendency was absent or mild in @entity1 with an ETP of 30% or higher. This value (except for prothrombin) is already obtained at concentrations of clotting factor of 1%-2%, which corroborates the clinical observation that a severe @entity548 tendency is only seen in severe clotting @entity4059 (less than 1%). The one exception was a @entity1 with @entity5630 and severe @entity548 , who showed a normal ETP value, albeit with a decreased peak height and a prolonged lag-time.

title: The thrombogram in rare inherited coagulation disorders: its relation to clinical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity4059 :: ('MESH:D007020', 'Disease') :: ['factor deficiencies']

entities_list: @entity5630 :: ('MESH:D005168', 'Disease') :: ['factor VII deficiency']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['congenital deficiency']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: BACKGROUND: For nearly a century, the terms " @entity2631 " have been used interchangeably without defined clinical or histologic criteria. OBJECTIVE: To define the conditions " @entity2631 " by correlating the clinical and histologic features. METHODS: We retrospectively identified six @entity1 with @entity75 and nodules from 70 consecutive @entity1 with @entity2631 seen in the dermatology clinic. The clinical presentation and histopathological findings were reviewed. RESULTS: Six of 70 @entity1 with @entity2631 (45 systemic and 25 @entity2631 ) exhibited @entity75 . All these @entity1 had @entity785 . Clinically one @entity1 (case 1) had nodules; five (cases 2-6) had keloids. The nodular lesions had histologic findings consistent with keloid, while the keloidal plaques were variably keloids or @entity2631 histopathologically. There was no correlation between the clinical morphology and the histologic findings, except for cases 5 and 6. These @entity1 were African-American, with a family history of keloids and typical keloids clinically and histologically that developed from sites with normal skin. CONCLUSION: @entity2631 are clinical terms that describe keloidal and nodular lesions in @entity1 most commonly with @entity2631 . The clinicopathologic association is variable. Based on a review of the English literature and our series of six @entity1 , we identified two clinical variants; (1) @entity75 arising from sclerodermatous skin with histologic findings of keloid or @entity2631 , (2) typical keloids clinically and histologically, arising in normal skin in @entity1 with a family history of keloids. Awareness of these entities is important for proper diagnosis of the cutaneous lesions and for recognizing that the cutaneous findings may be a sign of @entity785

title: @entity2631 : two distinct clinical variants of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['keloidal or nodular lesions', 'keloidal lesions']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['morphea', 'keloid morphea" and "nodular scleroderma', 'Keloid morphea and nodular scleroderma', 'scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis']

answer: @entity2631 :: (MESH:D012594,Disease) :: ['scleroderma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: For nearly a century, the terms " @entity2631 " have been used interchangeably without defined clinical or histologic criteria. OBJECTIVE: To define the conditions " @entity2631 " by correlating the clinical and histologic features. METHODS: We retrospectively identified six @entity1 with @entity75 and nodules from 70 consecutive @entity1 with @entity2631 seen in the dermatology clinic. The clinical presentation and histopathological findings were reviewed. RESULTS: Six of 70 @entity1 with @entity2631 (45 systemic and 25 @entity2631 ) exhibited @entity75 . All these @entity1 had @entity785 . Clinically one @entity1 (case 1) had nodules; five (cases 2-6) had keloids. The nodular lesions had histologic findings consistent with keloid, while the keloidal plaques were variably keloids or @entity2631 histopathologically. There was no correlation between the clinical morphology and the histologic findings, except for cases 5 and 6. These @entity1 were African-American, with a family history of keloids and typical keloids clinically and histologically that developed from sites with normal skin. CONCLUSION: @entity2631 are clinical terms that describe keloidal and nodular lesions in @entity1 most commonly with @entity2631 . The clinicopathologic association is variable. Based on a review of the English literature and our series of six @entity1 , we identified two clinical variants; (1) @entity75 arising from sclerodermatous skin with histologic findings of keloid or @entity2631 , (2) typical keloids clinically and histologically, arising in normal skin in @entity1 with a family history of keloids. Awareness of these entities is important for proper diagnosis of the cutaneous lesions and for recognizing that the cutaneous findings may be a sign of @entity785

title: XXXX : two distinct clinical variants of @entity2631 ?

answer: @entity2631 :: (MESH:D012594,Disease) :: ['Keloid morphea and nodular scleroderma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Insecure attachment style relates to @entity308 in @entity1 , but its relationship to @entity308 associated with childbirth is largely unknown. A new UK-designed measure, the Attachment Style Interview (ASI), has potential for cross-cultural use as a risk marker for @entity74 . AIMS: To establish there liability of the ASI across centres, its stability over a 9-month period, and its associations with social context and major or minor @entity308 . METHOD: The ASI was used by nine centres antenatally on 204 @entity1 , with 174 followed up 6 months postnatally. Interrater reliability was tested and the ASI was repeated on a subset of 96 @entity1 . @entity1316 was assessed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. RESULTS: Satisfactory interrater reliability was achieved with relatively high stability rates at follow-up. Insecure attachment related to lower social class position and more negative social context. Specific associations of avoidant attachment style (angry-dismissive or withdrawn) with @entity74 , and anxious style (enmeshed or fearful) with @entity74 were found. CONCLUSIONS: The ASI can be used reliably in European and US centres as a measure for risk associated with childbirth. Its use will contribute to theoretically under pinned preventive action for disorders associated with childbirth.

title: Maternal attachment style and XXXX associated with childbirth: preliminary results from a European and US cross-cultural study.

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['Affective disorder']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'major depression']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['maternal disorder', 'antenatal disorder', 'postnatal disorder']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a lack of comparative data on the prevalence and effects of exposure to violence in African youth. AIMS: We assessed @entity130 exposure, post-traumatic stress symptoms and gender differences in adolescents from two African countries. METHOD: A sample of 2041 @entity1 and @entity1 from 18 schools in CapeTown and Nairobi completed anonymous self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: More than 80% reported exposure to severe @entity130 , either as victims or witnesses. Kenyan adolescents, compared with South African, had significantly higher rates of exposure to witnessing violence (69% v. 58%), physical assault by a family member (27% v. 14%) and sexual assault (18% v. 14%). But rates of current full-symptom @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ) (22.2% v. 5%) and current partial-symptom @entity1005 (12% v. 8%) were significantly higher in the South African sample. @entity1 were as likely as @entity1 to meet @entity1005 symptom criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Although the lifetime exposure to @entity130 was comparable across both settings, Kenyan adolescents had much lower rates of @entity1005 . This difference may be attributable to cultural and other @entity130 -related variables. High rates of sexual assault and @entity1005 , traditionally documented in @entity1 , may also occur in @entity1 and warrant further study.

title: XXXX exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in urban African schools. Survey in CapeTown and Nairobi.

entities_list: @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['post-traumatic stress disorder', 'PTSD']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Trauma']


abstract: Reciprocal inhibitory influences of heterotopic nociceptive stimuli have been known for centuries (counter-irritation phenomena). To assess whether such phenomena could be measured objectively in a @entity1118 model, we have investigated the writhing behaviour induced by a viscero-peritoneal nociceptive stimulus (i.p. @entity1543 ) in arthritic @entity35 . The latter was induced by s.c. injection of mycobacterium butyricum suspended in oil into the base of the tail and experiments carried out at various (1-9 weeks) post-inoculation periods. To assess the @entity625 -induced hyperaesthesia, the threshold for struggle triggered by a calibrated pressure applied on an inflamed hindpaw (Randall-Selitto test) was measured before each experiment. A clear relationship was observed between the two parameters during the evolution of the disease. In the most severe phase (2nd to 5th week post-inoculation), when @entity625 -induced hyperaesthesia was most pronounced (50% reduction of the threshold for struggle), writhing behaviour was strongly reduced (80%). At that time, writhing behaviour was enhanced by @entity1510 (0.4 mg/kg i.v.). In the following period (5-9 weeks), the progressive decrease of hyperaesthesia was correlated with a recovery of the writhing behaviour. We conclude that in this @entity1118 model, the behavioral reaction to a viscero-peritoneal nociceptive stimulus is impaired. Endogenous opioid systems could be involved in this phenomenon. Such heterotopic inhibitory processes could be relevant to some paradoxical clinical observations such as the masking of a @entity158 by the experience of @entity158 at another locus.

title: The response to viscero-peritoneal nociceptive stimuli is reduced in experimental arthritic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Small spinal (intrathecal or extrathecal) doses of opioids induce a long-lasting and regional analgesic effect in various experimental animal models. Nowadays extrathecal @entity1286 administration is considered an established method of controlling postoperative and @entity5 -induced @entity158 conditions. The potency of @entity1286 applied by the spinal route is higher than when the drug is applied by the intravenous (IV) route. Opioids which are more lipophilic than @entity1286 will provide a marginally better analgesic effect when administered by the spinal route as compared with the IV route. Several controlled clinical trials in postoperative @entity1 have demonstrated that a single dose of @entity1286 administered by the spinal route gives a more long-lasting action than a similar IV dose. It is not known whether frequent @entity1 -controlled administration of @entity1286 may provide equally good @entity1337 without additional side effects. The use of spinal @entity1286 in the treatment of @entity5 -related @entity158 is based on clinical experience only. There are risks in replacing opioid administration by the oral or IV route with spinal opioids. @entity1286 should only be used in selected cases until the advantage of spinal opioid @entity1337 to control postoperative and @entity5 has been clearly defined in well-designed clinical studies. Spinal @entity1286 dosages must be individualised according to the intensity of the nociceptive stimuli and should take into account intra-individual variability in drug responses due to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors.

title: Spinal opioid XXXX . A critical update.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancer pain']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine', 'Morphine']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: PURPOSE: The identification of malignant cells in effusions by conventional cytology is hampered by its limited sensitivity. The aim of this study was to improve @entity5 cell detection in effusions by molecular approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 157 effusions from @entity1 with @entity5 and 72 effusions from @entity1 without a history or evidence of @entity5 were included in this study. All effusion specimens were evaluated in parallel by cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for @entity2007 , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of @entity1 mammaglobin (hMAM) and @entity71021 (hMAM-B). RESULTS: In effusions from @entity1 with @entity5 , the sensitivities of @entity5 cell detection by cytology, FISH, and hMAM and hMAM-B detection were 46.2%, 53.3%, 36.4%, and 57.7%, respectively. The corresponding specificities were 94.4%, 97.0%, 87.1%, and 88.6%. Notably, a high percentage of effusions containing malignant cells were in fact transudates, indicating the necessity for molecular diagnostic work-up of transudates collected from @entity1 with @entity5 . Dependent on the @entity5 type, the use of appropriate marker combinations improved @entity5 cell detection in effusions significantly. By combining all four diagnostic tests, a positive test result indicating the presence of @entity5 was achieved in 81.1%, with a fairly good specificity of 70.1%. CONCLUSION: Molecular techniques are definitely useful to detect @entity5 in cytologically negative effusions. Tumor cell detection in effusions can be significantly improved by FISH and PCR techniques applying appropriate molecular markers. This finding should help to improve @entity5 staging, prognostic assessment, and treatment monitoring.

title: Combination of cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization for XXXX , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for @entity1 mammaglobin/ @entity71021 expression improves diagnosis of malignant effusions.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploidy']

answer: @entity2007 :: (MESH:D000782,Disease) :: ['aneuploidy']


abstract: PURPOSE: The identification of malignant cells in effusions by conventional cytology is hampered by its limited sensitivity. The aim of this study was to improve @entity5 cell detection in effusions by molecular approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 157 effusions from @entity1 with @entity5 and 72 effusions from @entity1 without a history or evidence of @entity5 were included in this study. All effusion specimens were evaluated in parallel by cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for @entity2007 , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of @entity1 mammaglobin (hMAM) and @entity71021 (hMAM-B). RESULTS: In effusions from @entity1 with @entity5 , the sensitivities of @entity5 cell detection by cytology, FISH, and hMAM and hMAM-B detection were 46.2%, 53.3%, 36.4%, and 57.7%, respectively. The corresponding specificities were 94.4%, 97.0%, 87.1%, and 88.6%. Notably, a high percentage of effusions containing malignant cells were in fact transudates, indicating the necessity for molecular diagnostic work-up of transudates collected from @entity1 with @entity5 . Dependent on the @entity5 type, the use of appropriate marker combinations improved @entity5 cell detection in effusions significantly. By combining all four diagnostic tests, a positive test result indicating the presence of @entity5 was achieved in 81.1%, with a fairly good specificity of 70.1%. CONCLUSION: Molecular techniques are definitely useful to detect @entity5 in cytologically negative effusions. Tumor cell detection in effusions can be significantly improved by FISH and PCR techniques applying appropriate molecular markers. This finding should help to improve @entity5 staging, prognostic assessment, and treatment monitoring.

title: Combination of cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization for @entity2007 , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for @entity1 mammaglobin/ XXXX expression improves diagnosis of malignant effusions.

answer: @entity71021 :: (4246,Gene) :: ['mammaglobin B']


abstract: PURPOSE: The identification of malignant cells in effusions by conventional cytology is hampered by its limited sensitivity. The aim of this study was to improve @entity5 cell detection in effusions by molecular approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 157 effusions from @entity1 with @entity5 and 72 effusions from @entity1 without a history or evidence of @entity5 were included in this study. All effusion specimens were evaluated in parallel by cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for @entity2007 , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of @entity1 mammaglobin (hMAM) and @entity71021 (hMAM-B). RESULTS: In effusions from @entity1 with @entity5 , the sensitivities of @entity5 cell detection by cytology, FISH, and hMAM and hMAM-B detection were 46.2%, 53.3%, 36.4%, and 57.7%, respectively. The corresponding specificities were 94.4%, 97.0%, 87.1%, and 88.6%. Notably, a high percentage of effusions containing malignant cells were in fact transudates, indicating the necessity for molecular diagnostic work-up of transudates collected from @entity1 with @entity5 . Dependent on the @entity5 type, the use of appropriate marker combinations improved @entity5 cell detection in effusions significantly. By combining all four diagnostic tests, a positive test result indicating the presence of @entity5 was achieved in 81.1%, with a fairly good specificity of 70.1%. CONCLUSION: Molecular techniques are definitely useful to detect @entity5 in cytologically negative effusions. Tumor cell detection in effusions can be significantly improved by FISH and PCR techniques applying appropriate molecular markers. This finding should help to improve @entity5 staging, prognostic assessment, and treatment monitoring.

title: Combination of cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization for @entity2007 , and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for XXXX mammaglobin/ @entity71021 expression improves diagnosis of malignant effusions.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The effect of an intended diet, high in cereal fibre, low in fat and @entity1372 was assessed over a 3-month period in 13 type 2 @entity6 @entity1 with moderate @entity101 (diastolic blood pressure greater than 105 and less than 115 mmHg without antihypertension drug therapy). Eleven @entity1 completed the study and two @entity1 were withdrawn owing to an increase of blood pressure above initial values after 1 month. Using a compliance scoring system by an observer unaware of blood pressure response, @entity1 were divided into those compliant to the dietary regimen (n = 7; group A) and those who were not, and therefore were considered controls (n = 4; group B). Group A demonstrated significant reductions in systolic (190.4 +/- 18 to 166.6 +/- 22.4 mmHg; P less than 0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (113.1 +/- 3.7 to 103.3 +/- 9.1 mmHg; P less than 0.01), weight (78.5 +/- 5.6 to 74.3 +/- 6.8 kg; P less than 0.02), daily urinary @entity1372 excretion (210.3 +/- 79.9 to 120.3 +/- 56.1 mmol; P less than 0.02) and serum LDL levels (P less than 0.02). A reduction in glycosylated haemoglobin of 2.2 per cent was also noted. Three @entity1 achieved a diastolic blood pressure level below 100 mmHg. In contrast, no significant changes occurred in group B. In @entity551 (111.0 +/- 2.2 to 110.3 +/- 8.9 mmHg) remained unchanged. We conclude that the modified diet may have a @entity551 effect in @entity6 subjects with moderate @entity101 . However, the degree of blood pressure reduction suggests that this diet could, at best, only be considered an adjunct to conventional antihypertensive drug therapy.

title: Effect of a high carbohydrate, low @entity1372 and low fat diet in type 2 diabetics with moderate XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive', 'particular, systolic and diastolic blood pressure']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: The effect of an intended diet, high in cereal fibre, low in fat and @entity1372 was assessed over a 3-month period in 13 type 2 @entity6 @entity1 with moderate @entity101 (diastolic blood pressure greater than 105 and less than 115 mmHg without antihypertension drug therapy). Eleven @entity1 completed the study and two @entity1 were withdrawn owing to an increase of blood pressure above initial values after 1 month. Using a compliance scoring system by an observer unaware of blood pressure response, @entity1 were divided into those compliant to the dietary regimen (n = 7; group A) and those who were not, and therefore were considered controls (n = 4; group B). Group A demonstrated significant reductions in systolic (190.4 +/- 18 to 166.6 +/- 22.4 mmHg; P less than 0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (113.1 +/- 3.7 to 103.3 +/- 9.1 mmHg; P less than 0.01), weight (78.5 +/- 5.6 to 74.3 +/- 6.8 kg; P less than 0.02), daily urinary @entity1372 excretion (210.3 +/- 79.9 to 120.3 +/- 56.1 mmol; P less than 0.02) and serum LDL levels (P less than 0.02). A reduction in glycosylated haemoglobin of 2.2 per cent was also noted. Three @entity1 achieved a diastolic blood pressure level below 100 mmHg. In contrast, no significant changes occurred in group B. In @entity551 (111.0 +/- 2.2 to 110.3 +/- 8.9 mmHg) remained unchanged. We conclude that the modified diet may have a @entity551 effect in @entity6 subjects with moderate @entity101 . However, the degree of blood pressure reduction suggests that this diet could, at best, only be considered an adjunct to conventional antihypertensive drug therapy.

title: Effect of a high carbohydrate, low XXXX and low fat diet in type 2 diabetics with moderate @entity101 .

answer: @entity1372 :: (MESH:D012964,Chemical) :: ['sodium']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a group of @entity1 with @entity7993 and to highlight diagnostic difficulties based on current diagnostic criteria. METHODS: The @entity1 database of a general neurological department was searched for @entity1 with established or suspected diagnosis of @entity7993 . Twenty-four @entity1 were identified with definite (n = 3), probable (n = 10) and possible @entity7993 (n = 10). History and clinical, laboratory and imaging data of @entity1 with definite and probable @entity7993 were analyzed. RESULTS: @entity129 were a dominant clinical feature, with the optic nerve being affected most frequently. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis was found in more than half of the patients. Intrathecal IgG synthesis and oligoclonal bands were less frequent. There was a wide array of @entity75 in both groups. Chest X-ray was false negative in 2 of 5 @entity1 who also underwent a thoracic CT. Therapy with @entity617 was initiated in all @entity1 . After a median of 36 months, 6 of 8 @entity1 with follow-up data of >24 months were still in remission. Aggravation of symptoms required therapy escalation in 2 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: There is a wide range of clinical symptoms and test results in @entity1 with "definite" or "probable" @entity7993 . Because systemic involvement is a crucial diagnostic criterion, extensive medical work-up may be necessary. Prognosis under corticosteroid treatment may be better than previously thought.

title: XXXX : clinical experience and diagnostic pitfalls.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['Cranial nerve symptoms']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['MRI lesions']

entities_list: @entity7993 :: ('MESH:C535814', 'Disease') :: ['neurosarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity7993 :: (MESH:C535814,Disease) :: ['Neurosarcoidosis']


abstract: Immunotoxicity is defined as the adverse effects of foreign substances (xenobiotics) on the immune system. Two types of effects are possible: immunosuppression (which may result in an increased susceptibility to @entity281 or to the development of @entity5 ) and immunopotentiation (which may manifest as an @entity566 or as @entity792 ). There is, as yet, little evidence that well controlled occupational exposure to industrial chemicals has led to clinically significant immunosuppression. In contrast, a number of industrial chemicals have been shown to cause immunopotentiation in exposed populations, producing occupational @entity565 and @entity5526 and possibly @entity792 . In experimental models, immunosuppression (usually assessed by in vivo or in vitro immune function tests) has been induced by a wide range of chemicals but there are a few reports of the immunosuppression leading directly to an increased susceptibility to @entity281 or to the development of @entity5 . Predictive experimental models are available for type @entity56 , but the identification of chemicals that have a potential to cause other types of @entity566 or autoimmune reactions requires further research and the development and validation of new animal models. It is considered that routine subacute and chronic @entity137 studies should include a full gross and histopathological assessment of the lymphoid organs to more accurately detect the potential of a chemical to cause immunotoxicity. Should such studies indicate that a substance has affected the immune system directly, an assessment of overall immune competence and function tests may be necessary using dose levels below those which cause @entity137 . However, precise interpretation of immune function tests in terms of their relevance to @entity1 health requires an improved understanding of the extent of the functional reserve of the immune system. A strategy for assessing immunotoxicity in exposed @entity1 populations demonstrates a need for reliable clinical assessment, accurate medical record-keeping, an environmental and biological monitoring for levels of contaminating chemicals and the judicious use of well-validated immune function tests.

title: Identification of immunotoxic effects of chemicals and assessment of their relevance to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'frank toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity5526 :: ('MESH:D003877', 'Disease') :: ['contact dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['IV allergic reactions']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: The gross criteria for diagnosing prolapsing mitral valve are: 1. interchordal hooding of the involved leaflets, 2. hooding or doming of leaflets towards the left atrium, 3. elongation of the involved leaflets resulting in an increase in valve area, 4. dilatation of the valve annulus in @entity1 with severe @entity339 . The posterior leaflet is most frequently affected. The involved leaflets, in general, are thickened, soft, greyish white and have a smooth atrial surface. Chordae tendineae are described as elongated, tortuous and attenuated or thinned. Deviations from normal chordal insertion have recently been observed which possibly appear to represent the underlying abnormality. Microscopic findings include significant thickening of the spongiosa and the fibrosa, changes in dense collagen fibers in the atrialis layer, occasionally, with fibrin platelet deposits. Histochemical characterization of changes in the spongiosa may also be helpful in the diagnosis. Ultrastructurally, there may be changes in collagen and elastic fibers as well as myxoid areas. On comparison of findings in surgically-removed mitral valves with those of control specimens from autopsy @entity1 with no @entity299 , the length of the anterior and posterior leaflet as well as the annular ring diameter was larger in the valves with prolapse. Two-dimensional echocardiography accurately assessed leaflet length when compared to morphologic measurements, however, the annular diameter during systole or diastole was smaller. In @entity1 with @entity339 requiring surgery, @entity3454 is the most common cause. Annular ring dilatation and chordae tendineae @entity397 appear to contribute substantially to incurrence of the @entity339 . The heart weight is increased in the majority of @entity1 with symptomatic @entity3454 but normal, however, in those without symptoms. The most frequent complication of @entity3454 is @entity339 with or without @entity712 . @entity1 with redundant leaflets may be at high risk of @entity944 . Young @entity1 with abnormal resting ECG, prolonged Q-T interval, family history of @entity944 may also be at a greater risk of @entity944 . The incidence of @entity884 appears higher in those with redundant than in those with nonredundant valves. The incidence of cerebral ischemic events is low.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: The pathology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death or complex ventricular arrhythmias', 'sudden death']

entities_list: @entity3454 :: ('MESH:D008945', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve prolapse']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['infective endocarditis']

answer: @entity3454 :: (MESH:D008945,Disease) :: ['mitral valve prolapse']


abstract: The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of annealing treatments on the mechanical properties of @entity6886 sutures, and their subsequent influence on @entity6987 degradation properties. An attempt was made to develop a better understanding of the degradation mechanism of synthetic absorbable sutures, including the relationship of their structure, morphology, and mechanical properties. @entity6987 sutures were annealed under selected axial strain (freely hung, 0%, 1%, 10%), at four temperatures (150 degrees C, 170 degrees C, 180 degrees C, 190 degrees C), and two times (5 and 20 min). The annealed @entity6987 specimens were then subjected to hydrolysis in @entity1391 -buffer solutions (pH = 7.4) for up to 28 days at 37 degrees C. Tensile properties were used to evaluate the effect of annealing treatments. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using the SAS system. All of the one-, and many of the two- and three-factor interactions were found to be statistically significant. Annealing treatments did alter the mechanical properties of @entity6987 sutures, as well as their degradation properties. Except for the increase in tenacity of samples with increasing percent extension, all other respects of the annealing treatments resulted in lower tenacity and breaking elongation when compared with the control samples. Sutures that have been exposed to any level of axial tension during annealing, however, exhibited a lower rate of hydrolytic degradation than the freely hung suture samples. The reduction of the characteristics of fiber structure due to the tendency of the tie-chain molecules to acquire the less constrained conformations and thus to bring the crystal blocks they connect back to the original arrangement before drawing is believed to be responsible for the freely hung specimens to behave quite differently from the clamped and stressed @entity6987 samples.

title: The effect of annealing treatments on the tensile properties and hydrolytic degradative properties of XXXX sutures.

entities_list: @entity6886 :: ('CHEBI:53492', 'Chemical') :: ['polyglycolic acid']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity6886 :: (CHEBI:53492,Chemical) :: ['polyglycolic acid']


abstract: We assessed the nature and progression of @entity3137 and histaminic reactivity in English short-haired @entity840 at 2, 24, 72, 168, and 504 hours after @entity26678 ( @entity10345 ) exposure (4 hours of 3 ppm of TDI for 5 consecutive days). To also determine whether TDI-specific, IgE-like antibodies developed in TDI-exposed animals, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis testing was done 28 days after TDI. Bronchial reactivity was determined serially by measuring specific airway conductance as a function of increasing doses of aerosolized @entity112 in six exposed and three control animals studied intact and unanesthetized. The remaining 10 exposed and 10 control @entity840 were sacrificed in groups of two at each time point to obtain airway tissue for light microscopic examination. We found that @entity1224 to @entity112 occurred after TDI in all animals tested. It was maximal 2 hours after the 5-day exposure and remitted by 72 hours. In addition, marked @entity1224 occurred after TDI that persisted for at least 168 hours. There were dramatic signs of @entity16 associated with the @entity6587 that included substantial decreases in epithelial cilia, mucin content, and mast cells, as well as @entity1544 , numerous mitotic figures, and a prominent polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltrate. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests in exposed animals were negative. Our results suggest that TDI-induced @entity6587 may be related to @entity3137 and @entity32 .

title: @entity26678 -induced XXXX and pathology in the @entity840 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['airway mucosal damage']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity26678 :: ('MESH:D014051', 'Chemical') :: ['toluene diisocyanate']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity6587 :: ('MESH:D016535', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial hyperreactivity']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['airway mucosal disease', 'airway mucosal injury']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction', 'airway hyperreactivity']

answer: @entity1224 :: (MESH:D000402,Disease) :: ['airway hyperreactivity']


abstract: We assessed the nature and progression of @entity3137 and histaminic reactivity in English short-haired @entity840 at 2, 24, 72, 168, and 504 hours after @entity26678 ( @entity10345 ) exposure (4 hours of 3 ppm of TDI for 5 consecutive days). To also determine whether TDI-specific, IgE-like antibodies developed in TDI-exposed animals, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis testing was done 28 days after TDI. Bronchial reactivity was determined serially by measuring specific airway conductance as a function of increasing doses of aerosolized @entity112 in six exposed and three control animals studied intact and unanesthetized. The remaining 10 exposed and 10 control @entity840 were sacrificed in groups of two at each time point to obtain airway tissue for light microscopic examination. We found that @entity1224 to @entity112 occurred after TDI in all animals tested. It was maximal 2 hours after the 5-day exposure and remitted by 72 hours. In addition, marked @entity1224 occurred after TDI that persisted for at least 168 hours. There were dramatic signs of @entity16 associated with the @entity6587 that included substantial decreases in epithelial cilia, mucin content, and mast cells, as well as @entity1544 , numerous mitotic figures, and a prominent polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltrate. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests in exposed animals were negative. Our results suggest that TDI-induced @entity6587 may be related to @entity3137 and @entity32 .

title: @entity26678 -induced @entity1224 and pathology in the XXXX .

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: We assessed the nature and progression of @entity3137 and histaminic reactivity in English short-haired @entity840 at 2, 24, 72, 168, and 504 hours after @entity26678 ( @entity10345 ) exposure (4 hours of 3 ppm of TDI for 5 consecutive days). To also determine whether TDI-specific, IgE-like antibodies developed in TDI-exposed animals, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis testing was done 28 days after TDI. Bronchial reactivity was determined serially by measuring specific airway conductance as a function of increasing doses of aerosolized @entity112 in six exposed and three control animals studied intact and unanesthetized. The remaining 10 exposed and 10 control @entity840 were sacrificed in groups of two at each time point to obtain airway tissue for light microscopic examination. We found that @entity1224 to @entity112 occurred after TDI in all animals tested. It was maximal 2 hours after the 5-day exposure and remitted by 72 hours. In addition, marked @entity1224 occurred after TDI that persisted for at least 168 hours. There were dramatic signs of @entity16 associated with the @entity6587 that included substantial decreases in epithelial cilia, mucin content, and mast cells, as well as @entity1544 , numerous mitotic figures, and a prominent polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltrate. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests in exposed animals were negative. Our results suggest that TDI-induced @entity6587 may be related to @entity3137 and @entity32 .

title: XXXX -induced @entity1224 and pathology in the @entity840 .

answer: @entity26678 :: (MESH:D014051,Chemical) :: ['Toluene diisocyanate']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Case series. OBJECTIVES: The results of surgical treatment of @entity4034 with anterior debridement and fusion followed by delayed posterior stabilization and fusion are presented. METHODS: Forty-two @entity1 with @entity4034 are presented. There were 5 cervical, 12 thoracic, 1 thoracolumbar, 19 lumbar, and 5 @entity75 . The most frequently identified organism was @entity794 . Most @entity1 had significant comorbidities, including @entity6 , or were immunocompromised. Ninety percent had elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates and C-reactive proteins, while white blood cell counts were less reliably elevated. Imaging studies included radiographs, CT scans, and MRIs. All @entity1 were treated with anterior debridement and strut grafting followed by 14.4 days of intravenous antibiotics and delayed instrumented posterior fusions and received 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics after surgery. RESULTS: All @entity1 had resolution of their infections with no recurrence. There were two deaths. @entity51 resolved in all @entity1 . The diagnosis of pyogenic @entity4034 is frequently delayed and presents a significant surgical challenge. The indications for surgical debridement were neurologic compromise, failed medical treatment, soft tissue extension, extensive vertebral body and disc space destruction, and progressive @entity85 . Many of these @entity1 were severely ill at presentation and required urgent treatment. Anterior debridement and fusion followed by intravenous antibiotics allows for restoration of anterior column support and control of the infection before posterior instrumentation and fusion. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that anterior surgical debridement with fusion, followed by a period of intravenous antibiotics and delayed instrumented posterior fusion, is highly effective in the treatment of pyogenic @entity4034 that has failed medical management.

title: Treatment of pyogenic XXXX with anterior debridement and fusion followed by delayed posterior spinal fusion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['lumbosacral lesions']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral osteomyelitis', 'osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['Neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity']

answer: @entity4034 :: (MESH:D010019,Disease) :: ['vertebral osteomyelitis']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case report. PURPOSE: Long-term follow-up. METHODS: A 44-year follow-up after surgery at the age of 1 year for @entity1635 with original and current information. BACKGROUND INFORMATION: This long a follow-up after so young a fusion has not previously been reported. Shorter follow-ups have not revealed the problems this @entity1 has had subsequently. RESULTS: @entity1643 began 22 years after surgery (age 23 years) and cervical @entity158 began 24 years after surgery (age 25 years). Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion plus posterior fusion of two disc levels were necessary at the age of 36 years. Continued @entity1643 resulting from multilevel degeneration causes @entity717 . CONCLUSIONS: This @entity1 had an excellent result from his posterior spine fusion at the age of 1 year, with no loss of curve correction, no "crankshafting," and minimal loss of vital capacity. Long-term follow-up did indicate major disabilities resulting from both cervical and lumbar @entity179 .

title: XXXX due to unilateral unsegmented bar: posterior spine fusion at age 12 months with 44-year follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['Low back pain', 'low back pain']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['congenital scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative disc disease']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['major disability']

answer: @entity1635 :: (MESH:D012600,Disease) :: ['Congenital scoliosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We performed this study to determine the outcomes (pathologic response, survival, local-regional control, and @entity137 ) in @entity1 treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and planned operation for stage IIIA @entity1149 . METHODS: @entity1 treated from 1993 to 2000 with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and a predetermined plan for subsequent surgical resection for @entity1149 were analyzed. All @entity1 underwent pretreatment evaluation at the university's @entity2 Center. Most @entity1 (87%) had complete mediastinoscopy staging, and all were believed to be poor candidates for up-front operation because of bulky extent of disease. The radiotherapy program used conventional, 2-dimensionally planned treatment to 45 to 54 Gy in 1.8- to 2-Gy fraction size. Concurrent chemotherapy consisted of @entity2879 / @entity900 or @entity3003 / @entity1311 . Study end points included resectability, pathologic response, local-regional control, survival, and @entity137 . An exploratory comparison between pathologic response and long-term survival was performed. An exploratory comparison between older chemotherapy ( @entity2879 / @entity900 ) and third-generation chemotherapy ( @entity3003 / @entity1311 ) was also performed. RESULTS: Of 53 @entity1 , 45 (85%) were deemed surgical candidates after induction therapy. Twenty-two (42% of the initial cohort) @entity1 had a major pathologic response to stage 0, I, or II disease. The 5-year actuarial survival was 31%. Major pathologic response was associated with improved survival (48% vs 24%; P =.027). The overall rate of early @entity204 potentially related to therapy in this series was 9%; this mostly occurred in @entity1 who underwent right pneumonectomy. There was no difference in efficacy or mortality between @entity2879 / @entity900 and radiotherapy versus @entity3003 / @entity1311 and radiotherapy, although the latter regimen was associated with less grade 3 or higher acute @entity137 necessitating interruption or hospitalization during neoadjuvant treatment (P =.02). In-field local control was achieved in 83% of all @entity1 (90% of the @entity1 who underwent resection). Brain metastases as the first site of treatment failure occurred in 23% of all @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation delivers high resectability, major pathologic response rate, and excellent local-regional control, with encouraging long-term survival considering the @entity1 population studied. Major pathologic response correlates with long-term survival. Neoadjuvant @entity3003 / @entity1311 and radiotherapy is an appropriate framework on which to add new therapies.

title: Two commonly used neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimens for locally advanced XXXX : long-term results and associations with pathologic response.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['stage III non-small cell lung carcinoma', 'non-small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Multidisciplinary Lung Cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['stage III non-small cell lung carcinoma']


abstract: Progressive axonopathy is an autosomal @entity74 of Boxer @entity235 with lesions in the CNS and PNS. This paper describes the axonal changes in the lumbar and cervical nerve roots and tibial nerve. By 2 months of age the proximal paranodal areas of many larger diameter fibres show small axonal swellings, sometimes with attenuation or loss of the associated myelin sheath. Axoplasmic changes within swollen and non-swollen fibres include disorganization of the peripheral neurofilaments and small accumulations of vesicles and vesiculo-tubular profiles, particularly in the sub-axolemmal area. Occasional fibres, more often in the cervical roots, are massively distended with disorganized neurofilaments. The frequency of the membranous accumulations decreases with progression of the disease. Many axons show a markedly irregular or corrugated outline and are surrounded by an @entity536 . The peripheral axonal cytoskeleton is disorganized and misaligned, whereas the central structures maintain a more normal arrangement. Regenerating axonal clusters are common in the cervical ventral roots but occur infrequently in the lumbar roots. Similar axonal changes occur in the peripheral nerves but at a much lower frequency. Any membranous accumulations or cytoskeletal disorganization are more probable in the proximal tibial nerves, while the frequency of @entity528 and regeneration increases distally. The morphological appearances indicate gross disturbances in axon-sheath cell relationships and suggest that abnormalities in the transport of various axoplasmic organelles may be involved in the pathogenesis of the @entity66 .

title: Progressive axonopathy: an XXXX of boxer @entity235 . 3. The peripheral axon lesion with special reference to the nerve roots.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['axonal lesion']

entities_list: @entity536 :: ('MESH:C538265', 'Disease') :: ['attenuated sheath']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['recessive inherited neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['axonal degeneration']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['inherited neuropathy']


abstract: Progressive axonopathy is an autosomal @entity74 of Boxer @entity235 with lesions in the CNS and PNS. This paper describes the axonal changes in the lumbar and cervical nerve roots and tibial nerve. By 2 months of age the proximal paranodal areas of many larger diameter fibres show small axonal swellings, sometimes with attenuation or loss of the associated myelin sheath. Axoplasmic changes within swollen and non-swollen fibres include disorganization of the peripheral neurofilaments and small accumulations of vesicles and vesiculo-tubular profiles, particularly in the sub-axolemmal area. Occasional fibres, more often in the cervical roots, are massively distended with disorganized neurofilaments. The frequency of the membranous accumulations decreases with progression of the disease. Many axons show a markedly irregular or corrugated outline and are surrounded by an @entity536 . The peripheral axonal cytoskeleton is disorganized and misaligned, whereas the central structures maintain a more normal arrangement. Regenerating axonal clusters are common in the cervical ventral roots but occur infrequently in the lumbar roots. Similar axonal changes occur in the peripheral nerves but at a much lower frequency. Any membranous accumulations or cytoskeletal disorganization are more probable in the proximal tibial nerves, while the frequency of @entity528 and regeneration increases distally. The morphological appearances indicate gross disturbances in axon-sheath cell relationships and suggest that abnormalities in the transport of various axoplasmic organelles may be involved in the pathogenesis of the @entity66 .

title: Progressive axonopathy: an @entity74 of boxer XXXX . 3. The peripheral axon lesion with special reference to the nerve roots.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: A 12-months study on @entity6565 was carried out in the Igwun basin, Nigeria. A total of 1,418 individuals (768 males, and 650 females) were examined for microfilaremia and clinical filarial stigmata. There were 14.3% and 11.1% male and female point prevalence rates, respectively, and an overall prevalence of 12.8%. Prevalence rates and microfilarial density increased with age. The highest mff density of 35 mff/20 ml blood occurred in the 40-49 year old male individuals. Disease rates of 55.5 and 65.3% were recorded for males and females respectively. Chyluria (9.3% males, 16.7% females), hydrocele (17.8%), @entity28802 (15.9% males, 29.2% females), and enlarged groin glands (16.4% males, 19.4% females) were the major clinical signs, all associated with microfilaremia. @entity313 and Cules pipiens were the principal vectors. The estimated mean daily, weekly, and monthly per capita biting densities were 26, 161, and 753 respectively. The overall @entity281 rate of mosquitoes was 22.3%, with a mean mff density of approximately 5 mff/mosquito. These vector parameters were indicative of active transmission in the area, and may be responsible for the high prevalence of @entity281 , the diversity of clinical signs, and high morbidity rates.

title: XXXX in the Igwun basin, Nigeria: an epidemiological, parasitological, and clinical study in relation to the transmission dynamics.

entities_list: @entity313 :: ('7165', 'Species') :: ['Anopheles gambiae']

entities_list: @entity6565 :: ('MESH:D005368', 'Disease') :: ['bancroftian filariasis']

entities_list: @entity28802 :: ('MESH:D004604', 'Disease') :: ['elephantiasis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity6565 :: (MESH:D005368,Disease) :: ['Bancroftian filariasis']


abstract: The cornerstone of @entity6 management is an appropriate diet. Various diets, including one low in @entity1735 , have been recommended in the past. The American @entity6 Association currently recommends a diet high in complex @entity1735 and fiber. The diet plan should be individualized. Caloric content is based on the @entity1 's body build, weight, energy needs, and activity and may be adjusted according to individual eating habits, type of insulin regimen, and metabolic derangements. The proportion of caloric sources (fat, @entity1735 , protein) may be altered depending on the presence of secondary disorders. Several small daily meals, including a bedtime snack, are advised. @entity6 diets are often cost-effective, contrary to common belief. @entity1 should be encouraged to exercise to achieve optimum diabetic control. Active @entity1 participation in the management program is an essential component of therapy.

title: Nutritional therapy in XXXX . Rationale and recommendations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'Diabetic', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: If the sentinel lymph nodes (SNs) draining a primary @entity0 are free of @entity5 , then axillary lymph node dissection is not necessary for management of disease. DESIGN AND INTERVENTION: In July 2000, we reported our initial experience of a small cohort of @entity1 who underwent axillary lymph node dissection only if their SNs were involved with @entity3 . We now report outcome data for all @entity1 who underwent breast conservation and sentinel lymph node dissection without completion axillary lymph node dissection between October 1, 1995, and April 30, 1999. SETTING: Tertiary breast referral center. @entity1 : Two hundred thirty-eight @entity1 whose SN staining results were negative for @entity5 by both @entity1710 - @entity1711 and imunohistochemical stains. Median age was 58.4 years. Most @entity1 (85%) had a T1 @entity5 ; 15% had a T2 @entity5 . Most (86%) had infiltrating @entity513 with or without extensive @entity513 in situ; 10% had @entity1137 . RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 38.9 months (range, 6-69 months), we found no axillary recurrences, and 98.3% of @entity1 are alive without evidence of disease. Three @entity1 have died of causes not related to @entity0 . Four @entity1 are alive with metastatic disease but have not developed axillary recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node dissection is a safe and efficacious treatment option for @entity1 with early @entity0 . It provides excellent regional control and is associated with excellent survival. A multicenter trial such as the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0010 is needed to corroborate findings of this single-institution study.

title: The time has come to change the algorithm for the surgical management of early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1137 :: ('MESH:D018275', 'Disease') :: ['invasive lobular cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'invasive breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']