abstract: @entity1 undergoing pituitary adenomectomy are usually given glucocorticoid therapy, although there are no data to document the need for such therapy. We prospectively studied @entity2339 ( @entity2339 ) function in 88 consecutive @entity977 @entity1 before and after selective adenomectomy, excluding those with @entity21422 . Preoperatively, 5 @entity1 had @entity1887 ( @entity1887 ); they were treated with glucocorticoids and excluded from the analysis. The remaining 83 @entity1 had normal @entity2339 function preoperatively and were not given glucocorticoids before, during, or immediately after surgery, but were closely monitored, and their serum @entity701 levels were measured in the immediate postoperative period. Two @entity1 were clinically suspected to have @entity1887 postoperatively and were treated accordingly. The remaining 81 @entity1 had no clinical manifestations of @entity1887 and received no glucocorticoid therapy. Their serum @entity701 levels in the immediate postoperative period were appropriately elevated. The mean serum @entity701 level was 40.5 +/- 11.1 (+/- SD) micrograms/dL (1117 +/- 306 nmol/L) 6 h after surgery; serum @entity701 levels decreased gradually thereafter. Morning serum @entity701 levels were within the normal range on the fourth, fifth, and sixth days after surgery: day 4, 15.1 +/- 7.0 micrograms/dL (417 +/- 193 nmol/L); day 5, 16.4 +/- 5.6 micrograms/dL (453 +/- 155 nmol/L); and day 6, 16.3 +/- 5.7 micrograms/dL (450 +/- 157 nmol/L). When tested 3 months after surgery, all 81 @entity1 had normal @entity2339 function. We conclude that @entity2339 function is rarely compromised after selective pituitary adenomectomy. Close observation and serum @entity701 measurements in the immediate postoperative period can reliably predict the integrity of the @entity2339 after surgery. Routine glucocorticoid therapy is not needed in @entity1 undergoing selective adenomectomy whose preoperative adrenal function is normal.

title: Evaluation of the XXXX immediately after pituitary adenomectomy: is perioperative steroid therapy necessary?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity21422 :: ('MESH:D049913', 'Disease') :: ['corticotroph adenomas']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal insufficiency', 'AI']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['HPA', 'hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

answer: @entity2339 :: (MESH:D007029,Disease) :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis']


abstract: The age-related alterations in the number and size of alpha- and gamma-motoneurons were studied in the @entity10036 ( @entity10036 ) motor nuclei in @entity35 at four ages: young (5 months), middle aged (10-13 months), old (26 months), and very old (31 months). Small volumes (0.1-0.5 microliter) of 40% horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution were injected into the cut @entity10036 nerve bilaterally by using glass micropipettes and a pressure injection system. The number, position, and soma size (average soma diameter) of @entity10036 motoneurons were determined by using photographic maps of each TMB-stained section. The total number of myelinated axons was counted in seven @entity10036 nerves from the same animals. The average soma diameters in each @entity10036 nucleus were distributed bimodally; cells with average diameter greater than 21.0-24.0 micron were presumed to be alpha-motoneurons and those with smaller diameters were presumed to be gamma. The mean number of presumed alpha-motoneurons was significantly less in the old and very old groups as compared with the young and middle-aged. In contrast, the number of presumed gamma-motoneurons was the same across age groups. The mean average soma diameter of both alpha- and gamma-motoneurons was smaller in the old animals. The apparent decrease in the total number of labeled motoneurons in old animals was also reflected in a decrease in myelinated axon counts. We conclude that there is a significant decrease in the absolute numbers of motoneurons in @entity35 aged 26 months and older, with most of the decrease occurring among the larger alpha-motoneurons.

title: Medial gastrocnemius motor nucleus in the XXXX : age-related changes in the number and size of motoneurons.

entities_list: @entity10036 :: ('MESH:D020423', 'Disease') :: ['medial gastrocnemius', 'MG']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Breast conservation treatment (BCT) is an accepted treatment modality for early @entity0 . However, multifocal and @entity0 (MFMCBC) is a relative contraindication to BCT. This study was performed to compare BCT rates in @entity0 and its outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for @entity1 with @entity0 who underwent operative treatment between 2009 and 2011. Successful BCT was defined as the ability to obtain clear margins for all @entity5 foci through a single incision with acceptable resultant cosmesis. RESULTS: A total of 160 @entity1 were analysed, of which 40 were MFMCBC. Thirty-four of the 40 @entity1 with MFMCBC underwent BCT (85  %). After a mean follow-up period of 55  months, there were no local recurrences in @entity1 with MFMCBC. CONCLUSION: BCT was achieved in 85  % of the @entity1 with MFMCBC in this cohort without evidence of poorer local control. Further investigation is needed to confirm this finding for its potential contribution to improved survival outcomes.

title: Optimising Breast Conservation Treatment for Multifocal and XXXX : A Worthwhile Endeavour?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['MFMCBC and unifocal tumours', 'breast malignancies', 'breast cancer', 'multicentric breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Multicentric Breast Cancer']


abstract: Circulatory excretory-secretory antigen levels and IgM and IgG responses to larval antigens were monitored in the serum of 20 BALB/c @entity19 that had been given approximately 500 infective eggs of @entity5603 by stomach tube. Other groups of @entity19 received different doses of infective eggs, ranging from 5 to 1,250 eggs. Excretory-secretory antigens were collected from culture fluid in which mechanically hatched larvae of @entity5603 were maintained. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to monitor specific antibody responses. Circulating antigen levels were monitored using a direct ELISA which incorporated an IgG fraction of a rabbit antiserum to the excretory-secretory antigens as a capture antibody and a @entity1885 -conjugated form of the same rabbit IgG as the second antibody. The antigen-specific IgM response was evident the first week of @entity281 and peaked 3 to 6 weeks post- @entity281 . The antigen-specific IgG response first appeared the second week of @entity281 and peaked at 6 to 8 weeks post- @entity281 . Both isotype levels stayed near their peak values for the remainder of the study. In the untreated sera, circulating antigen was initially evident and highest the first week of @entity281 ; the antigen concentrations dropped by the third month of @entity281 to low, but significant, levels that persisted for the duration of the study. The administration of greater than 25 eggs produced antigenemias. There appeared to be a positive linear trend between the number of eggs given and the amount of antigen in the circulation.

title: Circulating excretory-secretory antigen levels and specific antibody responses in @entity19 infected with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity5603 :: ('6265', 'Species') :: ['Toxocara canis', 'T. canis']

answer: @entity5603 :: (6265,Species) :: ['Toxocara canis']


abstract: Circulatory excretory-secretory antigen levels and IgM and IgG responses to larval antigens were monitored in the serum of 20 BALB/c @entity19 that had been given approximately 500 infective eggs of @entity5603 by stomach tube. Other groups of @entity19 received different doses of infective eggs, ranging from 5 to 1,250 eggs. Excretory-secretory antigens were collected from culture fluid in which mechanically hatched larvae of @entity5603 were maintained. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to monitor specific antibody responses. Circulating antigen levels were monitored using a direct ELISA which incorporated an IgG fraction of a rabbit antiserum to the excretory-secretory antigens as a capture antibody and a @entity1885 -conjugated form of the same rabbit IgG as the second antibody. The antigen-specific IgM response was evident the first week of @entity281 and peaked 3 to 6 weeks post- @entity281 . The antigen-specific IgG response first appeared the second week of @entity281 and peaked at 6 to 8 weeks post- @entity281 . Both isotype levels stayed near their peak values for the remainder of the study. In the untreated sera, circulating antigen was initially evident and highest the first week of @entity281 ; the antigen concentrations dropped by the third month of @entity281 to low, but significant, levels that persisted for the duration of the study. The administration of greater than 25 eggs produced antigenemias. There appeared to be a positive linear trend between the number of eggs given and the amount of antigen in the circulation.

title: Circulating excretory-secretory antigen levels and specific antibody responses in XXXX infected with @entity5603 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: We have examined @entity5 cell DNA content as a possible variable in the behavior of early @entity5 treated by local excision. Flow cytometry assays of @entity5 cell DNA content were carried out on specimens of archived, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 30 @entity1 (11 male and 19 female) whose early @entity5 were treated by curative local excision more than 60 months previously. The @entity5 invaded to the muscularis mucosae in 2 @entity1 (1 with @entity2007 and 1 with @entity66 ), into the submucosa in 15 @entity1 (7 with @entity2007 and 8 with @entity66 ), and the muscularis propria in 13 @entity1 (8 with @entity2007 and 5 with @entity66 ). A total of 16 @entity1 had @entity2007 and 14 had @entity66 . Local recurrence of @entity5 developed in 12 @entity1 . Of these 12 @entity1 , 10 (83 percent) had @entity2007 . By contrast, of the 18 @entity1 who remained free of disease, 12 (67 percent) had @entity66 . Seven of the 12 @entity1 with recurrence died. Six of these seven (86 percent) had @entity2007 . The aggressive clinical behavior of the @entity5 with aneuploid DNA content was not otherwise predictable by standard histologic features. @entity146 behavior appears to correlate closely with @entity2007 in locally treated @entity5 , as opposed to a lack of correlation in our @entity1 treated with major resection. The fact that these @entity5 are being treated by local excision may allow the prognostic impact of DNA content to reflect the natural history of @entity5 .

title: Influence of @entity5 cell DNA ploidy on the natural history of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploid disease', 'aneuploidy']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diploid disease']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Aggressive tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'rectal cancers', 'cancer', 'rectal cancer', 'tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: We have examined @entity5 cell DNA content as a possible variable in the behavior of early @entity5 treated by local excision. Flow cytometry assays of @entity5 cell DNA content were carried out on specimens of archived, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 30 @entity1 (11 male and 19 female) whose early @entity5 were treated by curative local excision more than 60 months previously. The @entity5 invaded to the muscularis mucosae in 2 @entity1 (1 with @entity2007 and 1 with @entity66 ), into the submucosa in 15 @entity1 (7 with @entity2007 and 8 with @entity66 ), and the muscularis propria in 13 @entity1 (8 with @entity2007 and 5 with @entity66 ). A total of 16 @entity1 had @entity2007 and 14 had @entity66 . Local recurrence of @entity5 developed in 12 @entity1 . Of these 12 @entity1 , 10 (83 percent) had @entity2007 . By contrast, of the 18 @entity1 who remained free of disease, 12 (67 percent) had @entity66 . Seven of the 12 @entity1 with recurrence died. Six of these seven (86 percent) had @entity2007 . The aggressive clinical behavior of the @entity5 with aneuploid DNA content was not otherwise predictable by standard histologic features. @entity146 behavior appears to correlate closely with @entity2007 in locally treated @entity5 , as opposed to a lack of correlation in our @entity1 treated with major resection. The fact that these @entity5 are being treated by local excision may allow the prognostic impact of DNA content to reflect the natural history of @entity5 .

title: Influence of XXXX cell DNA ploidy on the natural history of @entity5 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The biliary tract is a well-branched ductal structure that exhibits great variation in morphology among vertebrates. Its function is maintained by complex constructions of blood vessels, nerves, and smooth muscles, the so-called hepatobiliary system. Although the @entity19 ( @entity19 ) has been used as a model organism for @entity1 , the morphology of its hepatobiliary system has not been well documented at the topographical level, mostly because of its small size and complexity. To reconcile this, we conducted whole-mount anatomical descriptions of the @entity19 extrahepatic biliary tracts with related blood vessels, nerves and smooth muscles using a recently developed transparentizing method, CUBIC.   Several major differences from @entity1 were found in @entity19 ; (1) Among the biliary arteries, the arteria gastrica sinistra accessoria was commonly found, which rarely appears in @entity1 ; (2) The sphincter muscle in the choledochoduodenal junction is un-separated from the duodenal muscle; (3) The pancreatic duct opens to the bile duct without any sphincter muscles because of its distance from the duodenum. This state is identical to a @entity1 @entity600 , an anomalous arrangement of pancreaticobiliary ducts (APBDs). However, other parts of the @entity19 hepatobiliary system (such as the branching patterns of the biliary tract, blood vessels and nerves) presented the same patterns as @entity1 and other mammals topologically. Thus the @entity19 is useful as an experimental model for studying the @entity1 hepatobiliary system. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Anatomy of the XXXX hepatobiliary system: A whole-organ-level analysis using a transparency method.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'murine', 'Mus musculus']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformation']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: For @entity5 , transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has been reported as a new organ preserving treatment but outcomes are rarely reported. METHODS: From 2010 to 2013, 10 @entity1 with early T classification @entity5 were selected to receive TORS and conventional neck dissection. The clinical parameters, including rates of adjuvant radiotherapy, survivals, as well as organ and function preservation, were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: TORS was successful in all 10 @entity1 , and 5 @entity1 received adjuvant radiotherapy. After mean follow-up of 26 months, 1 @entity1 died of distant @entity3 and 1 @entity1 died of other @entity5 . There was no local recurrence and larynxes were all preserved. Eight surviving @entity1 who were followed up continuously could receive oral intake and had a serviceable voice without tracheostomy or feeding tubes. CONCLUSION: TORS is a feasible transoral approach for selected @entity1 with early T classification @entity5 . The reported oncologic/functional outcomes are satisfactory.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 857-862, 2016.

title: Transoral robotic surgery for early T classification XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pyriform sinus cancer', 'hypopharyngeal cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['hypopharyngeal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Filarial @entity2199 cause debilitating @entity1 diseases. While treatable, recent evidence suggests drug resistance is developing, necessitating the development of novel targets and new treatment options. Although transcriptomic and proteomic studies around the @entity2199 life cycle have greatly enhanced our knowledge, whole organism approaches have not provided spatial resolution of gene expression, which can be gained by examining individual tissues. Generally, due to their small size, tissue dissection of @entity1 -infecting filarial @entity2199 remains extremely challenging. However, @entity235 @entity5476 is caused by a closely related and much larger filarial @entity2199 , @entity5475 . As with many other filarial @entity2199 , @entity5475 contains Wolbachia, an obligate bacterial endosymbiont present in the hypodermis and developing oocytes within the uterus. Here, we describe the first concurrent tissue-specific transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of a filarial @entity2199 ( @entity5475 ) and its Wolbachia (wDi) in order to better understand tissue functions and identify tissue-specific antigens that may be used for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. METHODS: Adult @entity5475 worms were dissected into female body wall (FBW), female uterus (FU), @entity1944 ( @entity1944 ), @entity135 ( @entity135 ), male body wall (MBW), male testis (MT), @entity10552 ( @entity10552 ), @entity3930 ( @entity3930 ) and 10.1186/s12864-015-2083-2 male spicule (MS) and used to prepare transcriptomic and proteomic libraries. RESULTS: Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of several @entity5475 tissues identified many biological functions enriched within certain tissues. Hierarchical clustering of the @entity5475 tissue transcriptomes, along with the recently published whole-worm adult male and female @entity5475 transcriptomes, revealed that the whole-worm transcriptome is typically dominated by transcripts originating from reproductive tissue. The uterus appeared to have the most variable transcriptome, possibly due to age. Although many functions are shared between the reproductive tissues, the most significant differences in gene expression were observed between the uterus and testis. Interestingly, wDi gene expression in the male and female body wall is fairly similar, yet slightly different to that of Wolbachia gene expression in the uterus. Proteomic methods verified 32 % of the predicted @entity5475 proteome, including over 700 hypothetical proteins of @entity5475 . Of note, hypothetical proteins were among some of the most abundant Wolbachia proteins identified, which may fulfill some important yet still uncharacterized biological function. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial resolution gained from this parallel transcriptomic and proteomic analysis adds to our understanding of filarial biology and serves as a resource with which to develop future therapeutic strategies against filarial @entity2199 and their Wolbachia endosymbionts.

title: Tissue-specific transcriptomics and proteomics of a filarial XXXX and its Wolbachia endosymbiont.

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['FI', 'female intestine']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['FH', 'female head']

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['nematode', 'nematodes']

entities_list: @entity5476 :: ('MESH:D004184', 'Disease') :: ['heartworm disease']

entities_list: @entity10552 :: ('MESH:D005832', 'Disease') :: ['male intestine', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity5475 :: ('6287', 'Species') :: ['D. immitis', 'Dirofilaria immitis']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['nematode']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify characteristics associated with past malpractice lawsuits and how malpractice concerns may affect interpretive practices. METHODS: We surveyed 207 of 301 (68.8%) eligible dermatopathologists who interpret @entity272 in 10 states. The survey assessed dermatopathologists' demographic and clinical practice characteristics, perceptions of how medical malpractice concerns could influence their interpretive practices, and past malpractice lawsuits. RESULTS: Of dermatopathologists, 33% reported past malpractice experiences. Factors associated with being sued included older age (57 vs 48  years, P  <  .001), lack of board certification or fellowship training in dermatopathology (76.5% vs 53.2%, P  =  .001), and greater number of years interpreting @entity75 (>20  years: 52.9% vs 20.1%, P  <  .001). Of @entity1 , 64% reported being moderately or extremely confident in their melanocytic interpretations. Although most dermatopathologists believed that malpractice concerns increased their likelihood of ordering specialized pathology tests, obtaining recuts, and seeking a second opinion, none of these practices were associated with past malpractice. Most dermatopathologists reported concerns about potential harms to @entity1 that may result from their assessments of @entity75 . LIMITATIONS: Limitations of this study include lack of validation of and details about the malpractice suits experienced by participating dermatopathologists. In addition, the study assessed perceptions of practice rather than actual practices that might be associated with malpractice incidents. CONCLUSIONS: Most dermatopathologists reported apprehension about how malpractice affects their clinical practice and are concerned about @entity1 safety irrespective of whether they had actually experienced a medical malpractice suit.

title: How concerns and experiences with medical malpractice affect dermatopathologists' perceptions of their diagnostic practices when interpreting cutaneous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['melanocytic lesions']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['melanocytic skin lesions']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['melanocytic lesions']


abstract: This study correlates force generation and healing in muscle after controlled @entity130 . Right tibialis anterior (TA) muscles from 30 @entity95 were strained to approximately 80% of failure while the left TA muscles served as control. Both injured and control muscles were then tested for ability to generate force. Seven animals were sacrificed immediately after testing and the muscles were examined grossly and histologically. Remaining animals were retested at 24 hours (N = 7), 48 hours (N = 8), and 7 days (N = 8). Contractile ability following injury was 70.5% of control immediately, 51.1% at 24 hours, 74.5% at 48 hours, and 92.5% at 7 days. Immediate histology showed limited distal fiber rupture and @entity548 . By 24 hours, histology showed fiber @entity39 , infiltration of inflammatory cells, @entity4 , and @entity548 . At 48 hours there was complete fiber breakdown and intense inflammatory cell proliferation. At 7 days @entity32 was reduced and collagen @entity82 more advanced. Our findings demonstrate that injured muscle begins functional recovery by 48 hours despite @entity32 and active healing. This suggests that decreasing muscle function seen clinically between 24 and 48 hours following @entity130 may result from @entity158 due to @entity32 . Scarring and @entity82 seen at 7 days may explain the frequent recurrence of injury to strained muscles.

title: Biomechanical and histological evaluation of muscle after controlled XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['strain injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['strain injury']


abstract: In 60 elderly @entity1 , spinal anaesthesia for orthopaedic hip surgery was induced randomly with 15 mg @entity1341 0.375% without @entity413 (Group I), 2.5% @entity413 (Group II) or 7.5% @entity413 (Group III), in 4 ml. The injection was made in the lateral position, and the @entity1 turned supine immediately after. The onset, extent and duration of sensory and motor blockade, the cardiovascular effects and the quality of anaesthesia were evaluated. The hyperbaric solutions produced a greater cephalad spread of @entity1337 (T8,9 and T9,8 respectively) than the @entity413 -free solution (T10,5). The mean duration of @entity1337 at the L2 level with the isobaric solution was significantly greater: 187 min versus 171 min and 150 min with the hyperbaric solutions. All the @entity1 had complete motor blockade of the lower limb. The mean duration of the motor block was significantly shorter for the 2.5% and 7.5% @entity413 solutions (137 and 125 min respectively for Bromage's degree 3) versus 170 min for the @entity413 -free solution. Although the pre-anaesthetic arterial pressures in the three groups did not differ significantly, the systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressures decreased only by about 20 to 25% in all groups. It was suggested to take into account the more rapid infusion of lactated Ringer's solution (20 ml X kg-1) in Group III. Anaesthesia was satisfactory in 95% of @entity1 in Group I and Group II, and 90% in Group III. @entity413 -free @entity1341 produced a long-lasting blockade suitable for hip surgery of long duration.

title: [Spinal anesthesia with XXXX for surgery of the hip in the elderly].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

answer: @entity1341 :: (MESH:D002045,Chemical) :: ['bupivacaine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background Small bowel @entity2817 (SBA) account for 50% of obscure @entity360 . Lesions bleed recurrently and current treatments are relatively ineffective at reducing re- @entity548 . Little is known about the natural history of SBA which is needed to guide treatment decisions and counsel @entity1 on prognosis. Aim The aim of this study is to describe the natural history of a cohort of @entity1 with SBA. Methods @entity1 with SBA were identified retrospectively and clinical and outcome information were collected. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with re- @entity548 . Results SBAs were found in 86 @entity1 of which 54% (n   =   47) were female, and the average age was 71.6 years. The majority (69%) had @entity75 , mean of 2.76/ @entity1 , and 65% were located in the jejunum. Follow-up was available in 65% (n   =   56). There was a significant increase in haemoglobin level from 10.05g/dL to 11.94g/dL, p   <   0.001 after mean follow up of 31.9 (6-62) months. Re- @entity548 events occurred in 80% (n   =   45), with an average of 2.91/ @entity1 . The mean interval between diagnosis and the first re- @entity548 event was 10.7 months. Of the group overall, 70% (n   =   40) required transfusions during follow up, and 67% required hospitalisation due to re- @entity548 . About 50% received a directed treatment, including @entity3503 plasma coagulation, @entity1943 analogues, or surgical resection. A total of 3.5% (n   =   2) died as a direct consequence of @entity548 from SBAs. @entity75 (p   =   0.048) and @entity340 (p   =   0.034) were predictive of re- @entity548 . Conclusion Our results show the significant impact of SBA on @entity1 ' morbidity, with high rates of re- @entity548 , persistent @entity417 and a mortality rate of 3.5%, despite the use of currently available medical and endoscopic therapies.

title: The natural history of small bowel XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['multiple lesions', 'Multiple lesions']

entities_list: @entity2817 :: ('MESH:D016888', 'Disease') :: ['angiodysplasias']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular heart disease']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding']

answer: @entity2817 :: (MESH:D016888,Disease) :: ['angiodysplasia']


abstract: Radiation with doses > 7.5 Gy damages the @entity235 intestinal mucosa, and pretreatment with @entity8503 reduces this damage. However, the effects of radiation and of @entity8503 on in vivo intestinal transport are unclear. Therefore, we determined @entity235 survival, intestinal transport, and mucosal histology following unilateral abdominal irradiation. Isoperistaltic ileostomies were prepared in 23 @entity235 under general anesthesia and aseptic conditions. After a three-week recovery period, animals were given either placebo or @entity8503 , 150 mg/kg intravenously, 30 min prior to 10 Gy @entity1953 -60 abdominal irradiation. Ileal transport and histology were determined in both groups before exposure and one, four, and seven days after irradiation. Seven-day survival was significantly improved by pretreatment with @entity8503 (91% vs 33%, P < 0.02). On day 4, both @entity33 and net intestinal absorption were significantly better (P < 0.05) after @entity8503 than after placebo. Thus, radiation-induced @entity16 is accompanied by a reduction in net ileal absorption of water and electrolytes in vivo. In addition, pretreatment with @entity8503 improves animal survival while reducing ileal damage and improving intestinal absorption.

title: Effect of radiation and radioprotection on small intestinal function in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['damage to the ileal mucosa']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal integrity']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canines']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The characterization of nanomaterials under high strain rates is critical to understand their suitability for dynamic applications such as nanoresonators and nanoswitches. It is also of great theoretical importance to explore nanomechanics with dynamic and rate effects. Here, we report in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) tensile testing of bicrystalline @entity575 nanowires at strain rates up to 2/s, which is 2 orders of magnitude higher than previously reported in the literature. The experiments are enabled by a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) with fast response time. It was identified that the nanowire @entity85 has a small activation volume (<10b(3)), suggesting dislocation nucleation as the rate controlling mechanism. Also, a remarkable brittle-to-ductile failure mode transition was observed at a threshold strain rate of 0.2/s. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that along the nanowire, dislocation density and spatial distribution of plastic regions increase with increasing strain rate. Furthermore, @entity74 ( @entity74 ) simulations show that deformation mechanisms such as grain boundary migration and dislocation interactions are responsible for such ductility. Finally, the @entity74 and experimental results were interpreted using dislocation nucleation theory. The predicted yield stress values are in agreement with the experimental results for strain rates above 0.2/s when ductility is pronounced. At low strain rates, random imperfections on the nanowire surface trigger localized plasticity, leading to a brittle-like failure.

title: High Strain Rate Tensile Testing of XXXX Nanowires: Rate-Dependent Brittle-to-Ductile Transition.

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['plastic deformation']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['MD', 'molecular dynamic']

answer: @entity575 :: (MESH:D012834,Chemical) :: ['Silver']


abstract: Lower @entity158 caused by exercise but relieved by rest is usually a reliable symptom of chronic @entity9085 . However, similar discomfort often occurs in @entity1 who have neurospinal compression. Furthermore, both @entity432 and neurogenic causes of lower extremity discomfort may present simultaneously. Forty @entity1 with symptoms that suggested intermittent @entity613 comprised our study group. All had non-arterial cause of their complaint. The nonvascular origin of the symptoms was suggested initially by clinical evaluation in 30 @entity1 and by noninvasive evaluation in 25 @entity1 . The neurospinal origin of symptoms was obscured in 15 @entity1 because of the concomitant presence of significant @entity432 as demonstrated by noninvasive arterial testing. Twelve of these 15 @entity1 underwent arterial reconstruction, which did not relieve their symptoms. Subsequently, the neurospinal origin of their symptoms was proven by appropriate evaluation and therapy. Forms of evaluation that proved helpful in the differential diagnosis were lumbosacral spine x-rays, electromyography, nerve conduction velocity studies, computerized tomography, Doppler noninvasive assessment and, at times arteriography and contrast myelography.

title: Differentiation of vascular and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9085 :: ('MESH:D014715', 'Disease') :: ['arterial insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['claudication']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['extremity pain']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusive disease']

answer: @entity613 :: (MESH:D007383,Disease) :: ['neurogenic claudication']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is no previous prospective study on the outcome of surgical decompression of @entity145 (AC). OBJECTIVE: To investigate if surgical fenestration for AC leads to change in @entity1 ' health-related quality of life. METHODS: Prospective study including 76 adult @entity1 operated for AC. @entity1 responded to Short Form-36 and Glasgow Benefit Inventory quality of life questionnaires, and to visual analogue scales, assessing @entity10 and @entity1296 pre- and postoperatively. @entity1 scores were compared with those of a large sample of healthy individuals. RESULTS: Preoperatively, 84.2% of the @entity1 experienced @entity10 and 70.1% @entity1296 . Mean pre- versus postoperative Visual Analogue Scale scores for @entity10 and @entity1296 dropped from 45.6 to 25.7 and from 35.2 to 12.2, respectively. Preoperative Short Form-36 scores were significantly below age norms in all subscales, but improved after surgery into normal range in 7 out of 8 subscales for middle-aged and older @entity1 . Younger @entity1 ' scores remained lower than age norm in 6 out of 8 subscales. A significant postoperative improvement was seen in 3 out of 4 Glasgow Benefit Inventory subscales. Improvement in @entity10 and/or @entity1296 , but not preoperative cyst size or reduction in cyst volume, correlated with improvement in 6 out of 8 Short Form-36 subscales and 3 out of 4 Glasgow Benefit Inventory subscales. Only 1 @entity1 experienced a severe complication causing permanent invalidity. CONCLUSION: Surgery for AC can be performed with a fairly low risk of complications and yields significant improvement in quality of life correlated to postoperative improvement in @entity10 and @entity1296 . These findings may justify a more liberal approach to surgical treatment for AC. ABBREVIATIONS: AC, @entity2443 , chronic subdural hematomaCVRI, cyst volume reduction indexGBI, Glasgow Benefit InventorySDH, subdural hematomaSF-36, Short Form-36 (SF-36)QOL, quality of lifeVAS, Visual Analogue ScaleVP, ventriculoperitoneal.

title: Surgical Decompression of XXXX Leads to Improved Quality of Life: A Prospective Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity145 :: ('MESH:D016080', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial arachnoid cysts']

entities_list: @entity2443 :: ('MESH:D001100', 'Disease') :: ['arachnoid cystsCSDH']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity145 :: (MESH:D016080,Disease) :: ['Arachnoid Cysts']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Microbacterium sp. strain @entity372 is a bacterial strain that recently received attention for its capability to mineralize @entity207 ( @entity1598 ) and other @entity13135 . In this study, the survival of Microbacterium sp. in municipal sludge waters was tested in batch experiments to explore optimal process conditions. Inoculation of Microbacterium sp. was subsequently performed in a pilot membrane bioreactor (MBR) operated in two configurations: treating full-scale MBR permeate (post-treatment) and treating raw municipal wastewater. @entity1598 removal by Microbacterium sp. could not be proved in any of the configurations, except for @entity1598 concentrations far higher than the ones normally found in municipal wastewater. By use of molecular tools (fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis) a low capability to survive in activated sludge systems was assessed. After inoculation, Microbacterium sp. was reduced to a small fraction of the viable biomass. The observed growth rate appeared to be many times lower than the one of typical activated sludge micro-organisms. Possibilities of application in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment are scarce.

title: Evaluating the application of Microbacterium sp. strain @entity372 for the removal of XXXX in full-scale membrane bioreactors.

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity13135 :: ('MESH:D013449', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonamides']

answer: @entity207 :: (MESH:D013420,Chemical) :: ['sulfamethoxazole']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Microbacterium sp. strain @entity372 is a bacterial strain that recently received attention for its capability to mineralize @entity207 ( @entity1598 ) and other @entity13135 . In this study, the survival of Microbacterium sp. in municipal sludge waters was tested in batch experiments to explore optimal process conditions. Inoculation of Microbacterium sp. was subsequently performed in a pilot membrane bioreactor (MBR) operated in two configurations: treating full-scale MBR permeate (post-treatment) and treating raw municipal wastewater. @entity1598 removal by Microbacterium sp. could not be proved in any of the configurations, except for @entity1598 concentrations far higher than the ones normally found in municipal wastewater. By use of molecular tools (fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis) a low capability to survive in activated sludge systems was assessed. After inoculation, Microbacterium sp. was reduced to a small fraction of the viable biomass. The observed growth rate appeared to be many times lower than the one of typical activated sludge micro-organisms. Possibilities of application in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment are scarce.

title: Evaluating the application of Microbacterium sp. strain XXXX for the removal of @entity207 in full-scale membrane bioreactors.

answer: @entity372 :: (6373,Gene) :: ['BR1']


abstract: During the 8-year period beginning 1979, 116 cases of @entity85 were treated by limb salvage operation. Of these, the local recurrence rate was 9% and the postoperative metastatic rate was 28%. The limb salvage rate was about 80%. Limb salvage procedures were generally performed using curative surgical procedures without preoperative adjunctive therapy. However, reduction of the surgical margin to achieve local cure was made possible by combined therapy with preoperative adjunctive chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The wide procedures combined with preoperative adjunctive therapy achieved a local curability rate equal to curative procedures. Marginal procedures following preoperative radiotherapy were also undertaken in those cases in which the @entity5 was located in an area for which curative or wide procedures were not feasible. Also, similar procedures were performed for @entity1 of advanced age, @entity1 with lung @entity3 , @entity1 who refused ablative surgery, and for extirpation of lymph node @entity3 . Accordingly, we were able to determine which procedures best ensure local curability. Also, the most significant prognostic factor was found to be local recurrence caused by inadequate surgical margin. This was especially true in the treatment of high malignant @entity242 . Moreover, from analysis of recurrent cases, the suggested factors contributing to local recurrence were: the invasive character of the @entity5 , lymph node @entity3 , @entity13425 @entity3 , @entity5 dissemination due to pathological @entity174 , previously performed inadequate surgery, venous invasion, and multicentrical occurrence of certain @entity5 .

title: [Procedures and results of limb salvage surgery of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal sarcoma']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['musculoskeletal sarcoma']


abstract: Approximately 10% of all cases of @entity2828 arise from a rib. Conventional management has included chest wall resection (3 or more ribs) and radiation therapy. These forms of therapy have led to complications such as @entity1635 and @entity85 . The addition of radiation therapy can result in @entity358 and also potentiate @entity358 . Between 1971 and 1978, 9 @entity1 were treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and combination chemotherapy (three- or four-drug regimen). Only 2 @entity1 (22%) survive. Since 1979, 14 @entity1 were entered into a new protocol consisting of sequential induction chemotherapy, followed by delayed surgical resection whenever feasible. Three @entity1 had complete resection of their @entity75 at onset. Initially, 7 @entity1 had either biopsy (N = 4) or incomplete chest wall resection N = 3). All 4 @entity1 with biopsy only at diagnosis had excellent responses to induction chemotherapy, allowing delayed resection of the involved rib without chest wall resection. Overall, 12 of 14 @entity1 (86%) treated since 1979 survive, with only 2 receiving radiation therapy for @entity66 in the primary rib site.

title: Chest wall resection for XXXX of the rib: an unnecessary procedure.

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['damage to the lung and adjacent viscera', 'pulmonary restrictive disease']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['local deformity']

answer: @entity2828 :: (MESH:D012512,Disease) :: ['Ewing's sarcoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report a rare case of bilateral @entity3171 as presentation of an obstructing @entity6872 . METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 41-year-old healthy @entity1 presented with distortion of his peripheral vision for 9 months. He denied @entity10 or @entity16 . Examination showed bilateral @entity4 , @entity548 , and absent spontaneous venous pulsations. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance venography were unrevealing. Lumbar puncture showed a normal opening pressure of 19 cm cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF protein was significantly elevated at 3.22 g/L (0.10-0.45 g/L). Spinal MRI with contrast revealed a @entity5 in the T9 vertebral body extending through the disc spaces into T8 and T10, compressing the spinal cord. Computed tomography-guided biopsy confirmed a @entity6872 . He received radiotherapy to the spine T7-T11 to reduce @entity1745 followed by a 6-month course of chemotherapy with @entity619 , @entity786 , and @entity2816 . Disc swelling improved on starting radiotherapy with complete resolution 8 months posttreatment. MRI spine showed reduction of @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the importance of spinal imaging in @entity1 with normal cranial scans and raised CSF protein levels who lack the typical @entity3762 intracranial @entity101 phenotype.

title: Bilateral XXXX as a presentation of an obstructing @entity6872 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6872 :: ('MESH:D010954', 'Disease') :: ['spinal plasmacytoma']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['radial disc hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['optic disc swelling']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity2816 :: ('MESH:D013792', 'Chemical') :: ['thalidomide']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity3762 :: ('MESH:C562694', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic']

entities_list: @entity3171 :: ('MESH:C531767', 'Disease') :: ['optic disc edema']

answer: @entity3171 :: (MESH:C531767,Disease) :: ['optic disc edema']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report a rare case of bilateral @entity3171 as presentation of an obstructing @entity6872 . METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 41-year-old healthy @entity1 presented with distortion of his peripheral vision for 9 months. He denied @entity10 or @entity16 . Examination showed bilateral @entity4 , @entity548 , and absent spontaneous venous pulsations. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance venography were unrevealing. Lumbar puncture showed a normal opening pressure of 19 cm cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF protein was significantly elevated at 3.22 g/L (0.10-0.45 g/L). Spinal MRI with contrast revealed a @entity5 in the T9 vertebral body extending through the disc spaces into T8 and T10, compressing the spinal cord. Computed tomography-guided biopsy confirmed a @entity6872 . He received radiotherapy to the spine T7-T11 to reduce @entity1745 followed by a 6-month course of chemotherapy with @entity619 , @entity786 , and @entity2816 . Disc swelling improved on starting radiotherapy with complete resolution 8 months posttreatment. MRI spine showed reduction of @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the importance of spinal imaging in @entity1 with normal cranial scans and raised CSF protein levels who lack the typical @entity3762 intracranial @entity101 phenotype.

title: Bilateral @entity3171 as a presentation of an obstructing XXXX .

answer: @entity6872 :: (MESH:D010954,Disease) :: ['spinal plasmacytoma']


abstract: The results in ninety-three knees that had been treated by proximal tibial opening-wedge osteotomy for @entity85 and @entity571 of the medial compartment were evaluated after a mean length of follow-up of 11.5 years (range, ten to thirteen years). After ten years, only forty-two (45 per cent) of the ninety-three knees had an excellent or good result, and in fifty-one knees there was recurrent @entity158 for which seventeen had another operation. At five years, on the other hand, 90 per cent of the knees had a good result. Deterioration occurred at an average of seven years after the osteotomy and was always associated with recurrence of @entity158 . Although the results deteriorated with time, time was not the only determinant of the result. Alignment, measured as the hip-knee-ankle angle on radiographs of the whole limb that were made with the @entity1 bearing weight, was also a determinant of long-term results. The best results were obtained in the twenty knees that had a hip-knee-ankle angle of 183 to 186 degrees. In these knees, there was no @entity158 and no progression of the @entity4040 in either the medial or the lateral tibiofemoral compartment. Of the five knees that had an angle of more than 186 degrees, all five had progressive degenerative changes in the lateral compartment. In the sixty-eight undercorrected knees (an angle of less than 183 degrees), the results were less satisfactory, and there was a tendency toward recurrence of the @entity85 and progression of the @entity625 of the medial compartment. However, when the correction was insufficient the deterioration was slow (average, seven years), and it was not associated with @entity14884 and deterioration of the lateral compartment, which are the changes that characterize the natural course of gonarthrosis as described by Hernborg and Nilsson. Therefore, proximal tibial osteotomy is a very suitable operation for @entity1 who have gonarthrosis of the medial compartment, but a rigidly standardized and precise operative technique is required as well as accurate radiographic measurements of the mechanical axis of the limb, because exact postoperative alignment is the prerequisite for the longest possible period of relief of symptoms after osteotomy.

title: Proximal tibial osteotomy for @entity571 with XXXX . A ten to thirteen-year follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity4040 :: ('MESH:C537208', 'Disease') :: ['arthrosis']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity14884 :: ('MESH:D007593', 'Disease') :: ['lateral laxity']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['varus deformity']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['varus deformity']


abstract: The results in ninety-three knees that had been treated by proximal tibial opening-wedge osteotomy for @entity85 and @entity571 of the medial compartment were evaluated after a mean length of follow-up of 11.5 years (range, ten to thirteen years). After ten years, only forty-two (45 per cent) of the ninety-three knees had an excellent or good result, and in fifty-one knees there was recurrent @entity158 for which seventeen had another operation. At five years, on the other hand, 90 per cent of the knees had a good result. Deterioration occurred at an average of seven years after the osteotomy and was always associated with recurrence of @entity158 . Although the results deteriorated with time, time was not the only determinant of the result. Alignment, measured as the hip-knee-ankle angle on radiographs of the whole limb that were made with the @entity1 bearing weight, was also a determinant of long-term results. The best results were obtained in the twenty knees that had a hip-knee-ankle angle of 183 to 186 degrees. In these knees, there was no @entity158 and no progression of the @entity4040 in either the medial or the lateral tibiofemoral compartment. Of the five knees that had an angle of more than 186 degrees, all five had progressive degenerative changes in the lateral compartment. In the sixty-eight undercorrected knees (an angle of less than 183 degrees), the results were less satisfactory, and there was a tendency toward recurrence of the @entity85 and progression of the @entity625 of the medial compartment. However, when the correction was insufficient the deterioration was slow (average, seven years), and it was not associated with @entity14884 and deterioration of the lateral compartment, which are the changes that characterize the natural course of gonarthrosis as described by Hernborg and Nilsson. Therefore, proximal tibial osteotomy is a very suitable operation for @entity1 who have gonarthrosis of the medial compartment, but a rigidly standardized and precise operative technique is required as well as accurate radiographic measurements of the mechanical axis of the limb, because exact postoperative alignment is the prerequisite for the longest possible period of relief of symptoms after osteotomy.

title: Proximal tibial osteotomy for XXXX with @entity85 . A ten to thirteen-year follow-up study.

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis']


abstract: An immunohistochemical study of 15 ovarian @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded @entity5000 showed positive staining of @entity5 cells for @entity2277 in all cases. @entity5000 stained for @entity2873 . @entity2283 positivity of @entity5 cells was detected in four @entity5000 . Glial fibrillary acidic protein was present in two @entity5 . Prominent @entity1 beta chorionic gonadotropin staining was seen in one @entity5 . S-100 protein was found in two and carcinoembryonic antigen in one of the @entity5000 . Placental alkaline phosphatase was present in 12 of the 15 @entity5 studied. The heterogeneity of the cytoskeletal profile and of other markers showed some similarities to our previously published results on @entity4797 . Thus, in contrast to previous concepts, @entity5000 , as is the case with its testicular counterpart the @entity4797 , appears to be capable of further differentiation, albeit at a primitive level. Our observations also may help to elucidate the relationship between @entity5000 and other nondysgerminomatous @entity43 , and may be of help in the differential diagnosis with poorly differentiated @entity43 , or other germ cell @entity5 .

title: Differentiation XXXX : an immunohistochemical study of 15 cases.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian germ cell tumors', 'carcinoma, ovarian lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'single tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity4797 :: ('MESH:D018239', 'Disease') :: ['seminoma', 'testicular seminomas']

entities_list: @entity5000 :: ('MESH:D004407', 'Disease') :: ['Ten dysgerminomas', 'dysgerminoma', 'dysgerminomas']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['potential of ovarian dysgerminoma']


abstract: @entity4430 -specific and polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass and IgE antibodies in @entity1201 @entity1 across the histopathological spectrum were determined by using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody responses to @entity4430 sonicates were detected only in IgG1, -2, and -3 subclasses. Even at 100-times-lower dilutions, very little IgG4 and IgE antibody activity against @entity4430 was detected in any group of @entity1201 @entity1 . Quantitatively, antibody responses were highest at the lepromatous pole and decreased towards the tuberculoid pole. The greatest quantitative difference in antibodies between the lepromatous and tuberculoid poles was observed with IgG1 (140-fold), this was followed by the difference with @entity3172 antibodies (32-fold). Polyclonal antibodies, on the other hand, were elevated for all four IgG subclasses as well as IgE in both @entity4544 @entity1 compared with healthy controls from a @entity1201 . Selective elevation of M. leprae-specific antibody responses in IgG1 and @entity3172 subclasses, therefore, could not be attributed to selective polyclonal activation in these particular subclasses. Furthermore, polyclonal activation for IgE was observed in both @entity4544 @entity1 , with higher levels in the tuberculoid group, which does not support selective TH2 activation in @entity1203 patients. IgG1 and @entity3172 antibodies also showed the highest Spearman rank correlation with the bacterial index in these @entity1 (rho = 0.748 and P < 0.001 for IgG1; rho = 0.721 and and P < 0.001 for @entity3172 ). Thus, disease progression in @entity1201 showed a significant correlation with selective increases in IgG1 and @entity3172 responses.

title: Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and @entity3172 antibodies are markers of progressive disease in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1203 :: ('MESH:D015440', 'Disease') :: ['lepromatous leprosy']

entities_list: @entity4430 :: ('1769', 'Species') :: ['M. leprae', 'Mycobacterium leprae']

entities_list: @entity4544 :: ('MESH:D015441', 'Disease') :: ['lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy']

entities_list: @entity1201 :: ('MESH:D007918', 'Disease') :: ['leprosy', 'leprosy-endemic area']

answer: @entity1201 :: (MESH:D007918,Disease) :: ['leprosy']


abstract: @entity4430 -specific and polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass and IgE antibodies in @entity1201 @entity1 across the histopathological spectrum were determined by using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody responses to @entity4430 sonicates were detected only in IgG1, -2, and -3 subclasses. Even at 100-times-lower dilutions, very little IgG4 and IgE antibody activity against @entity4430 was detected in any group of @entity1201 @entity1 . Quantitatively, antibody responses were highest at the lepromatous pole and decreased towards the tuberculoid pole. The greatest quantitative difference in antibodies between the lepromatous and tuberculoid poles was observed with IgG1 (140-fold), this was followed by the difference with @entity3172 antibodies (32-fold). Polyclonal antibodies, on the other hand, were elevated for all four IgG subclasses as well as IgE in both @entity4544 @entity1 compared with healthy controls from a @entity1201 . Selective elevation of M. leprae-specific antibody responses in IgG1 and @entity3172 subclasses, therefore, could not be attributed to selective polyclonal activation in these particular subclasses. Furthermore, polyclonal activation for IgE was observed in both @entity4544 @entity1 , with higher levels in the tuberculoid group, which does not support selective TH2 activation in @entity1203 patients. IgG1 and @entity3172 antibodies also showed the highest Spearman rank correlation with the bacterial index in these @entity1 (rho = 0.748 and P < 0.001 for IgG1; rho = 0.721 and and P < 0.001 for @entity3172 ). Thus, disease progression in @entity1201 showed a significant correlation with selective increases in IgG1 and @entity3172 responses.

title: Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and XXXX antibodies are markers of progressive disease in @entity1201 .

answer: @entity3172 :: (3502,Gene) :: ['IgG3']


abstract: PURPOSE: Liquid perfluorocarbons are used as temporary vitreous substitutes in the surgical management of complicated @entity1713 . The purpose of this study was to determine if physiologic benefits could also be derived from the high @entity26 solubility of perfluorochemicals relative to vitreous, especially during @entity2479 . METHODS: The normal vitreous humor of the @entity95 eye was replaced with either @entity37553 ( @entity37553 ) or balanced salt solution (BSS). @entity2479 was then induced by increasing the intraocular pressure above the peak systolic blood pressure for intervals of 10, 30, or 90 minutes. RESULTS: Over a 10- or 30-minute period of @entity63 , during which electroretinographic (ERG) responses were recorded, @entity37553 -filled eyes and BSS-filled eyes showed decreases in the a- and b-wave amplitudes. However, wave amplitudes were significantly greater in @entity37553 -filled eyes at most times examined (P < .05). ERG responses were maintained throughout a 30-minute @entity63 interval in oxygenated @entity37553 -filled eyes, but not in oxygenated BSS- or deoxygenated @entity37553 -filled eyes. When examined 1 day after a 90-minute interval of @entity63 , oxygenated @entity37553 -filled eyes maintained 45% and 57% of the preischemic ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes, respectively, compared to a 5% and 3% retention of wave amplitudes in oxygenated BSS-filled eyes. On light microscopic examination of these eyes, @entity37553 -exposed retinas showed less @entity63 damage than BSS-exposed retinas. CONCLUSIONS: When used as a vitreous substitute, @entity37553 exerts a neuroprotective effect on the @entity63 retina that appears to relate to an increased retinal @entity26 supply compared to BSS.

title: Perfluorinated organic liquid as an intraocular XXXX reservoir for the @entity63 retina.

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal ischemia', 'Retinal ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity37553 :: ('MESH:C008807', 'Chemical') :: ['perfluorotributylamine', 'FTBA']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: PURPOSE: Liquid perfluorocarbons are used as temporary vitreous substitutes in the surgical management of complicated @entity1713 . The purpose of this study was to determine if physiologic benefits could also be derived from the high @entity26 solubility of perfluorochemicals relative to vitreous, especially during @entity2479 . METHODS: The normal vitreous humor of the @entity95 eye was replaced with either @entity37553 ( @entity37553 ) or balanced salt solution (BSS). @entity2479 was then induced by increasing the intraocular pressure above the peak systolic blood pressure for intervals of 10, 30, or 90 minutes. RESULTS: Over a 10- or 30-minute period of @entity63 , during which electroretinographic (ERG) responses were recorded, @entity37553 -filled eyes and BSS-filled eyes showed decreases in the a- and b-wave amplitudes. However, wave amplitudes were significantly greater in @entity37553 -filled eyes at most times examined (P < .05). ERG responses were maintained throughout a 30-minute @entity63 interval in oxygenated @entity37553 -filled eyes, but not in oxygenated BSS- or deoxygenated @entity37553 -filled eyes. When examined 1 day after a 90-minute interval of @entity63 , oxygenated @entity37553 -filled eyes maintained 45% and 57% of the preischemic ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes, respectively, compared to a 5% and 3% retention of wave amplitudes in oxygenated BSS-filled eyes. On light microscopic examination of these eyes, @entity37553 -exposed retinas showed less @entity63 damage than BSS-exposed retinas. CONCLUSIONS: When used as a vitreous substitute, @entity37553 exerts a neuroprotective effect on the @entity63 retina that appears to relate to an increased retinal @entity26 supply compared to BSS.

title: Perfluorinated organic liquid as an intraocular @entity26 reservoir for the XXXX retina.

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: @entity239 belongs to the spectrum of @entity8650 . It is characterized by wide-spread @entity1118 and a low @entity158 threshold. The etiology of the disorders is still unknown. Clinical diagnosis requires examination by a rheumatologically trained physician pathognomonic findings are largely lacking. Classification criteria have been published by Wolfe et al. on behalf of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR). The prognosis of FMA is unfavourable and does hardly, respond to therapy. FMA @entity1 ' work capacity cannot be established by mere diagnosis; individual impairments have to be taken into account: Clinical, psychosocial and behavioural dimensions have to be considered. Neither inpatient rehabilitation nor early retirement seem to significantly influence the course of FMA. The @entity1 can usually work fulltime in jobs requiring light activities.

title: [Guidelines for social medicine assessment and evaluation of primary XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['Primary fibromyalgia']

entities_list: @entity8650 :: ('MESH:D012983', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic soft tissue disorders']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity239 :: (MESH:D005356,Disease) :: ['fibromyalgia']


abstract: Dot hybridization was used to detect specific rabies RNA in brains, either from experimental @entity281 in @entity19 or from brain material to be processed for routine diagnosis. 32P cDNA probes were employed to identify minute amounts of specific viral RNA. Purified RNA was obtained after @entity3971 extraction. The RNA was fixed on nylon membranes and hybridized with a pool of M13 inserts complementary to 200-400 nucleotides of each rabies gene and mRNA. Hybridized, labelled probes were detected by autoradiography. There was strong cross-hybridization between fixed rabies and street @entity17839 RNA, which enable the detection of field strains for diagnosis purpose using a fixed rabies (PV strain) cDNA. A positive response was obtained with as little as 80 ng of brain RNA material from a fixed @entity281 @entity19 . Detection of viral RNA was still specific 1 week after @entity204 , the brain material being left at room temperature. A total correlation was found when the samples were examined in parallel using a fluorescent rabies-specific antibody and by virus isolation on @entity19 @entity521 cells. These data show that the use of rabies-specific cDNA probes in a dot-blot hybridization assay has great potential for the diagnosis of rabies.

title: Rapid diagnosis of XXXX by means of a dot hybridization assay.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['rabies-infected', 'infection']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['rabies infection']


abstract: The @entity4079 @entity4079 exhibits dramatic changes in its body morphology and behavior as it is transformed from a larva into an adult during metamorphosis. Accompanying these changes is an extensive reorganization of this moth's central nervous system (CNS), which involves both the @entity204 and remodeling of subsets of larval neurons. We report here that the segmental ganglia of the larvae also contain a stereotyped array of identifiable neuronal stem cells (neuroblasts) that contribute over 2,000 cells to each @entity4494 and about 40-80 cells to each @entity1661 . The distribution of these neuroblasts varies in a segment specific manner. Dormant neuroblasts are found adjacent to the neuropil in late embryos and early first instar larvae. After the molt to the second instar, these cells enlarge and begin to divide. Through a series of asymmetrical divisions, each neuroblast generates a discrete nest of 10-90 progeny by the end of larval life. These progeny (the imaginal nest cells) are developmentally arrested at an early stage of differentiation and remain so until metamorphosis. At the onset of metamorphosis, a wave of cell @entity204 sweeps through the nests, the extent of the @entity204 being much greater within the abdominal nests than in the thoracic nests. The surviving imaginal nest cells then differentiate to become functional neurons that are incorporated into the adult CNS.

title: Postembryonic neurogenesis in the CNS of the XXXX , @entity4079 . I. Neuroblast arrays and the fate of their progeny during metamorphosis.

entities_list: @entity4079 :: ('7130', 'Species') :: ['Manduca sexta', 'tobacco hornworm']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal ganglion']

entities_list: @entity4494 :: ('MESH:D045888', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic ganglion']

answer: @entity4079 :: (7130,Species) :: ['tobacco hornworm']


abstract: The @entity4079 @entity4079 exhibits dramatic changes in its body morphology and behavior as it is transformed from a larva into an adult during metamorphosis. Accompanying these changes is an extensive reorganization of this moth's central nervous system (CNS), which involves both the @entity204 and remodeling of subsets of larval neurons. We report here that the segmental ganglia of the larvae also contain a stereotyped array of identifiable neuronal stem cells (neuroblasts) that contribute over 2,000 cells to each @entity4494 and about 40-80 cells to each @entity1661 . The distribution of these neuroblasts varies in a segment specific manner. Dormant neuroblasts are found adjacent to the neuropil in late embryos and early first instar larvae. After the molt to the second instar, these cells enlarge and begin to divide. Through a series of asymmetrical divisions, each neuroblast generates a discrete nest of 10-90 progeny by the end of larval life. These progeny (the imaginal nest cells) are developmentally arrested at an early stage of differentiation and remain so until metamorphosis. At the onset of metamorphosis, a wave of cell @entity204 sweeps through the nests, the extent of the @entity204 being much greater within the abdominal nests than in the thoracic nests. The surviving imaginal nest cells then differentiate to become functional neurons that are incorporated into the adult CNS.

title: Postembryonic neurogenesis in the CNS of the @entity4079 , XXXX . I. Neuroblast arrays and the fate of their progeny during metamorphosis.

answer: @entity4079 :: (7130,Species) :: ['Manduca sexta']


abstract: Teachers and support staff are often called upon to manage @entity565 at school but may have little knowledge and understanding of the condition. The aim of this study was to determine whether a short seminar would improve knowledge in non-health professionals. Seventy school staff attended one of five 2 h seminars presented by an @entity565 educator. @entity1 completed the Newcastle Asthma Knowledge Questionnaire (AKQ) before, and 2 months after, the seminar. The mean initial score (maximum possible 31) was 16.4 (range 4-26), increasing to 23 (range 13-29, P = 0.0001). There was a large increase in knowledge about symptoms, pathophysiology, preventive medications and side effects of medications. Initially almost all of the @entity1 had deficiencies in knowledge about reliever medications and the management of exercise-induced @entity565 . After the seminar, knowledge in these areas was still poor, with only one-third of the @entity1 answering them correctly. The results have been used to modify the content of the 2 h seminar with increased emphasis on those areas in which deficiencies in knowledge were demonstrated. No data are available yet as to whether this improved knowledge has improved management.

title: Two hour seminar improves knowledge about childhood XXXX in school staff.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, characteristics, and haemodynamic consequences of pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Clinical, echocardiographic, and Doppler evaluations before and 8 days after cardiac surgery; with echocardiographic and Doppler follow up of @entity1 with moderate or large pericardial effusion after operation. SETTING: @entity1 undergoing cardiac surgery at a tertiary centre. @entity1 : 803 consecutive @entity1 who had coronary artery bypass grafting (430), valve replacement (330), and other types of surgery (43). 23 were excluded because of early reoperation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Size and site of pericardial effusion evaluated by cross sectional echocardiography and signs of @entity2293 by ultrasound (right atrial and ventricular diastolic collapse, left ventricular diastolic collapse, distension of the inferior vena cava), and Doppler echocardiography (inspiratory decrease of aortic and mitral flow velocities). RESULTS: @entity2294 was detected in 498 (64%) of 780 @entity1 and was more often associated with coronary artery bypass grafting than with valve replacement or other types of surgery; it was small in 68.4%, moderate in 29.8%, and large in 1.6%. Loculated effusions (57.8%) were more frequent than diffuse ones (42.2%). The size and site of effusion were related to the type of surgery. None of the small pericardial effusions increased in size; the amount of fluid decreased within a month in most @entity1 with moderate effusion and in a few (7 @entity1 ) developed into a large effusion and @entity2293 individuals (1.9%) had @entity2293 ; this event was significantly more common after valve replacement (12 @entity1 ) than after coronary artery bypass grafting (2 @entity1 ) or other types of surgery (1 @entity1 after @entity358 ). In @entity1 with @entity2293 and mitral flow velocities invariably decreased during inspiration; the echocardiographic signs were less reliable. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2294 after cardiac surgery is common and its size and site are related to the type of surgery. @entity2293 is rare and is more common in @entity1 receiving oral anticoagulants. Echo-Doppler imaging is useful for the evaluation of @entity2294 after cardiac surgery. It can identify effusions that herald @entity2293 .

title: XXXX after cardiac surgery: incidence, site, size, and haemodynamic consequences.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolectomy']

entities_list: @entity2293 :: ('MESH:D002305', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac tamponade', 'cardiac tamponade', 'cardiac tamponade. 15', 'cardiac tamponade aortic', 'cardiac tamponade detected']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial fluid accumulations', 'Pericardial effusion']

answer: @entity2294 :: (MESH:D010490,Disease) :: ['Pericardial effusion']


abstract: There is little data on cardiac electrophysiological assessment and long term follow-up of unexplained @entity1163 from Australasia. We present 94 @entity1 with unexplained @entity1163 who underwent such assessment and followup for an average of 52 months in 92 @entity1 . Of the 94 investigated 57 were male, the average age was 61 years and average number of @entity1163 prior to study was 8 (minimum 2). Forty-two @entity1 had @entity299 . @entity1 were divided into 3 groups on results of electro physiological testing. Normal (31 @entity1 ), group 1 with @entity1817 or atrioventricular conduction (37 @entity1 ) and group 2 in whom the abnormalities were felt likely to represent the cause of @entity1163 (26 @entity1 ). @entity854 in group 2 were @entity1817 in 12, abnormal atrioventricular nodal conduction in 8, abnormal infranodal conduction in 2, vagal @entity56 in 3 and @entity1165 in two. Follow-up for a mean of 52 months was obtained in 92 @entity1 . Recurrent @entity1163 occurred in 37% of the @entity1 . Treatment reduced recurrent @entity1163 to a level approaching statistical significance in group 2 @entity1 (50% to 13%; 0.01 greater than p greater than 0.05) but had little influence on recurrent @entity1163 in group 1 or normal @entity1 . There were 14 deaths over the follow-up period. Mortality was predicted by group 2 electrophysiological abnormality (p less than 0.02) and the presence of @entity299 (p less than 0.05) and was not reduced by specific therapy. @entity944 occurred in 3 @entity1 , all with @entity299 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Cardiac electrophysiological assessment and the natural history of unexplained XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['Sudden death']

entities_list: @entity1163 :: ('MESH:D013575', 'Disease') :: ['syncope', 'syncopal episodes']

entities_list: @entity1817 :: ('MESH:D012804', 'Disease') :: ['intermediate abnormalities of sinus node function', 'sinus node dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Abnormalities detected']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

answer: @entity1163 :: (MESH:D013575,Disease) :: ['syncope']


abstract: 1. The effects of elevation of extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) on the negative inotropic potencies of three representative @entity460 antagonists, @entity3988 , @entity1855 and @entity594 , were investigated in @entity840 papillary muscle preparations. 2. The negative inotropic effect of @entity3988 was potentiated 110 fold when [K+]o was raised from 2.7 mM to 12.7 mM. The effect of @entity1855 was also potentiated to a lesser extent, but that of @entity594 was not affected. 3. Resting membrane potentials in ventricular muscles were about -80 mV and -60 mV in 2.7 mM K+ and 12.7 mM K+, respectively. 4. To clarify the mechanism responsible for the differential potentiation of the negative inotropic effects, the blocking actions of the three @entity460 antagonists on the L-type @entity141 channel current (ICa(L)) were compared at the holding potentials of -80 mV and -60 mV by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. 5. The use-dependent blocking effect of @entity3988 on ICa(L) was enhanced markedly by the change in the holding potential from -80 mV to -60 mV. The effect of @entity1855 was also enhanced to a lesser extent but that of @entity594 was not affected in this range of depolarization. 6. The differential effects of the [K+]o elevation on the negative inotropic potencies of the three @entity460 antagonists are explained by the differences in voltage-dependency of their use-dependent blocking effects on ICa(L). 7. The properties of @entity3988 and @entity1855 observed in this study may contribute to their protective effects on the ischaemic myocardium, without affecting the normal myocardium.

title: Differential potentiation by depolarization of the effects of XXXX antagonists on contraction and @entity141 current in @entity840 heart.

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: 1. The effects of elevation of extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) on the negative inotropic potencies of three representative @entity460 antagonists, @entity3988 , @entity1855 and @entity594 , were investigated in @entity840 papillary muscle preparations. 2. The negative inotropic effect of @entity3988 was potentiated 110 fold when [K+]o was raised from 2.7 mM to 12.7 mM. The effect of @entity1855 was also potentiated to a lesser extent, but that of @entity594 was not affected. 3. Resting membrane potentials in ventricular muscles were about -80 mV and -60 mV in 2.7 mM K+ and 12.7 mM K+, respectively. 4. To clarify the mechanism responsible for the differential potentiation of the negative inotropic effects, the blocking actions of the three @entity460 antagonists on the L-type @entity141 channel current (ICa(L)) were compared at the holding potentials of -80 mV and -60 mV by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. 5. The use-dependent blocking effect of @entity3988 on ICa(L) was enhanced markedly by the change in the holding potential from -80 mV to -60 mV. The effect of @entity1855 was also enhanced to a lesser extent but that of @entity594 was not affected in this range of depolarization. 6. The differential effects of the [K+]o elevation on the negative inotropic potencies of the three @entity460 antagonists are explained by the differences in voltage-dependency of their use-dependent blocking effects on ICa(L). 7. The properties of @entity3988 and @entity1855 observed in this study may contribute to their protective effects on the ischaemic myocardium, without affecting the normal myocardium.

title: Differential potentiation by depolarization of the effects of @entity460 antagonists on contraction and XXXX current in @entity840 heart.

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca2+']


abstract: 1. The effects of elevation of extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) on the negative inotropic potencies of three representative @entity460 antagonists, @entity3988 , @entity1855 and @entity594 , were investigated in @entity840 papillary muscle preparations. 2. The negative inotropic effect of @entity3988 was potentiated 110 fold when [K+]o was raised from 2.7 mM to 12.7 mM. The effect of @entity1855 was also potentiated to a lesser extent, but that of @entity594 was not affected. 3. Resting membrane potentials in ventricular muscles were about -80 mV and -60 mV in 2.7 mM K+ and 12.7 mM K+, respectively. 4. To clarify the mechanism responsible for the differential potentiation of the negative inotropic effects, the blocking actions of the three @entity460 antagonists on the L-type @entity141 channel current (ICa(L)) were compared at the holding potentials of -80 mV and -60 mV by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. 5. The use-dependent blocking effect of @entity3988 on ICa(L) was enhanced markedly by the change in the holding potential from -80 mV to -60 mV. The effect of @entity1855 was also enhanced to a lesser extent but that of @entity594 was not affected in this range of depolarization. 6. The differential effects of the [K+]o elevation on the negative inotropic potencies of the three @entity460 antagonists are explained by the differences in voltage-dependency of their use-dependent blocking effects on ICa(L). 7. The properties of @entity3988 and @entity1855 observed in this study may contribute to their protective effects on the ischaemic myocardium, without affecting the normal myocardium.

title: Differential potentiation by depolarization of the effects of @entity460 antagonists on contraction and @entity141 current in XXXX heart.

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: The field potential evoked in the dentate gyrus (DG) by stimulation of the perforant path (PP) is known to vary with ongoing behavior and with brain temperature. To further study these phenomena chronic stimulating and recording electrodes were implanted into the PP and DG of @entity35 , and a thermistor was implanted into the contralateral homotopic DG. Field potentials and brain temperature records were made during (1) @entity25 ( @entity25 ), (2) radiant heating, (3) immersion in cool water, (4) a control session during which no manipulations were made, and (5) under @entity4774 anesthesia. In another group of @entity35 field potentials were recorded during (1) baseline immobile wakefulness, (2) @entity25 , (3) before @entity25 or after gentle awakening from @entity25 ( @entity735 and presence of intermittent @entity73 ), (4) immobile wakefulness, and (5) 24 h later. Findings were that field @entity7939 decreased and population spike (PS) amplitude increased by up to 60% of baseline values during conditions in which brain temperature was reduced ( @entity25 , immersion in cool water, @entity4774 anesthesia). Conversely, @entity7939 increased and PS amplitude decreased by up to 100% of baseline values during conditions in which brain temperature increased (awakening from @entity25 , radiant heating, and warming after immersion in cool water or @entity4774 anesthesia). Product moment correlations between brain temperature and field potential measures confirmed the statistical reliability of these findings and accounted for up to 77% of the variance. These findings confirm the robust effect on hippocampal field potentials of brain temperature changes due to exogenous heating and cooling, and extend this effect to anesthetic- and sleep-induced brain temperature changes. They also identify a state that behaviorally resembles quiet wakefulness but resembles @entity25 in terms of neocortical EEG, brain temperature, and hippocampal field potential measures. The findings indicate the need to control for brain temperature-mediated changes in hippocampal research that uses the dentate gyrus field potential as a dependent measure.

title: Brain temperature- and behavior-related changes in the dentate gyrus field potential during sleep, cold water immersion, radiant heating, and XXXX anesthesia.

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['slow waves in the EEG']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['eyes open']

entities_list: @entity7939 :: ('MESH:C535556', 'Disease') :: ['EPSP slope']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['slow wave sleep', 'SWS']

answer: @entity4774 :: (MESH:D014520,Chemical) :: ['urethane']


abstract: Analysis of 207 case reports on @entity1 with ring autosome showed that: Forty @entity1 , a fifth of the total, had @entity851 together with an otherwise almost-normal appearance, viz. no major @entity600 , no specific deletion syndrome, no or only a few unspecific @entity154 . This phenotype may be regarded as the " @entity3521 ", a term proposed by Cote et al. (1981) since it is independent of what chromosome is involved. @entity851 , the sole major physical @entity854 ", was seen significantly more often among @entity1 with ring of larger chromosomes than among @entity1 with a smaller ring, indicating that the greater the chromosome involved in ring formation, the higher is the probability of severe @entity851 . Larger ring chromosomes showed significantly more often instability than smaller rings, suggesting that there may be a correlation between ring instability and the size of the chromosome involved. @entity851 was present in significantly more @entity1 with a "labile" ring than with a "stable" ring, indicating that a correlation may exist between ring instability and @entity851 . It is suggested that the " @entity3521 " observed in many cases with ring autosome may result from end-to-end fusion of chromosome ends, an event not involving deletion in the genetic sense. It is also suggested that the " @entity3521 " is caused by a continuous generation of secondary aneuploid cells with increased mortality, i.e. structural ring instability which seems to be a function of the size of the chromosome involved. Thus, formation of a ring chromosome in certain cases might be regarded as a "structural mutation", i.e. an alteration in the structure of the genetic material per se, rather than a loss or gain of genetic dosages.

title: Does " XXXX " exist? An analysis of 207 case reports on @entity1 with a ring autosome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['minor anomalies']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['Severe growth failure', 'Growth failure', 'growth failure', 'extreme growth failure']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformation']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormality in the "ring syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3521 :: ('MESH:D012303', 'Disease') :: ['ring syndrome']

answer: @entity3521 :: (MESH:D012303,Disease) :: ['ring syndrome']


abstract: Analysis of 207 case reports on @entity1 with ring autosome showed that: Forty @entity1 , a fifth of the total, had @entity851 together with an otherwise almost-normal appearance, viz. no major @entity600 , no specific deletion syndrome, no or only a few unspecific @entity154 . This phenotype may be regarded as the " @entity3521 ", a term proposed by Cote et al. (1981) since it is independent of what chromosome is involved. @entity851 , the sole major physical @entity854 ", was seen significantly more often among @entity1 with ring of larger chromosomes than among @entity1 with a smaller ring, indicating that the greater the chromosome involved in ring formation, the higher is the probability of severe @entity851 . Larger ring chromosomes showed significantly more often instability than smaller rings, suggesting that there may be a correlation between ring instability and the size of the chromosome involved. @entity851 was present in significantly more @entity1 with a "labile" ring than with a "stable" ring, indicating that a correlation may exist between ring instability and @entity851 . It is suggested that the " @entity3521 " observed in many cases with ring autosome may result from end-to-end fusion of chromosome ends, an event not involving deletion in the genetic sense. It is also suggested that the " @entity3521 " is caused by a continuous generation of secondary aneuploid cells with increased mortality, i.e. structural ring instability which seems to be a function of the size of the chromosome involved. Thus, formation of a ring chromosome in certain cases might be regarded as a "structural mutation", i.e. an alteration in the structure of the genetic material per se, rather than a loss or gain of genetic dosages.

title: Does " @entity3521 " exist? An analysis of 207 case reports on XXXX with a ring autosome.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Liposomes containing the drug @entity19160 ( @entity19160 ) can eliminate phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, when injected in vivo. In this paper we report that @entity19160 -containing liposomes have been used experimentally to determine the extent to which cutaneous macrophages participate (1) in the induction of @entity56 ( @entity56 ) when hapten is painted on normal @entity19 skin, and (2) in the induction of @entity56 or tolerance when hapten is painted on @entity19 skin that has been exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Intradermal (i.d.) injections of @entity19160 -containing liposomes were found to have no deleterious effects on @entity56 induction via normal skin, whether the amount of hapten ( @entity18581 ) applied to the cutaneous surface was optimal or excessive. Moreover, @entity19160 -containing liposomes did not deplete the epidermis of Langerhans' cells. However, similar i.d. injections of @entity19160 -containing liposomes did prevent the induction of @entity56 when hapten was painted on UVB-irradiated skin of BALB/c @entity19 , a strain that develops @entity56 when hapten is applied to UVB-exposed skin. These findings indicate that the antigen-presenting cell (APC) function found in skin of UVB-resistant @entity19 following exposure to UVB radiation can be attributed to macrophages. This explains why these @entity19 develop and display @entity56 after UVB radiation. By contrast, i.d. injections of @entity19160 -containing liposomes failed to prevent the induction of the tolerance when hapten was applied to the surface of UVB-exposed skin of UVB-susceptible @entity19 , such as C57BL/6. Since the dermis of UVB-exposed skin of these @entity19 is known to contain a novel population of cells that can provide a tolerance-conferring signal, the current findings rule out macrophages as the responsible cell type.

title: Role of phagocytic macrophages in induction of XXXX and tolerance by hapten applied to normal and ultraviolet B-irradiated skin.

entities_list: @entity18581 :: ('MESH:D004139', 'Chemical') :: ['dinitrofluorobenzene']

entities_list: @entity19160 :: ('MESH:D004002', 'Chemical') :: ['dichloromethylene diphosphonate', 'Cl2MDP']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['CH', 'contact hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['contact hypersensitivity']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe early outcome and technical treatment aspects of four @entity1 with pediatric @entity5 receiving local therapy using interstitial brachytherapy at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute since 1991. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Two @entity1 with primary @entity150 and two @entity1 with primary @entity5 received interstitial brachytherapy with needle-template techniques following chemotherapy. Two @entity1 were treated for salvage following local failure after primary chemotherapy and two @entity1 electively after initial induction chemotherapy, one following limited surgical excision. Three @entity1 were treated exclusively with brachytherapy with doses of 50-55 Gy (LDR), and one @entity1 also received external beam radiation. RESULTS: Resultant implants, dosimetry, and dose prescriptions are described and illustrated. Follow-up is short (14-27 months), but all @entity1 remain well without significant sequelae. One @entity1 required salvage surgery for local failure. CONCLUSION: Interstitial brachytherapy using needle-template techniques described is an ideal method of local ablative therapy for pediatric @entity5 . Functional and late sequelae should be less than that of radical surgery or external beam radiation. There are technical and practical advantages compared with other brachytherapy techniques described in the literature.

title: Treatment of pediatric XXXX with interstitial brachytherapy: Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute experience with four cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal tumors', 'genitourinary malignancy']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['genitourinary malignancy']


abstract: Peptic @entity1066 in Western Europe, Japan, and the United States is characterized by marked temporal changes which suggest that environmental factors are important in the etiology of @entity2275 . The present study examines at what age these factors start becoming effective. When the average age-specific death rates from 18 countries are plotted vs the year of birth, the fall of @entity2275 mortality related to successive birth-cohorts is continuously preserved in the age group of 15-19 years. Although the younger age groups also display a decline in @entity1066 , it is not possible to discern unequivocally whether they follow the temporal pattern of birth-cohort risks. In the second analysis, the number of @entity204 from each individual country is accumulated over time, and the geographic variation in the age-specific mortality is compared for these countries. The death rates of consecutive age groups from different countries change in a parallel manner. The linear relationships between each two consecutive age groups start at the age of 5 years in @entity2275 and at the age of 15 years in duodenal @entity1066 . These findings again suggest that the determinants for the risk of dying from @entity2275 begin to act at an age lower than 15. The contention of environmental factors starting to act before the age of 15 would remain valid, even if factors unrelated to etiology, such as different reporting for childhood and adult mortality, contributed to the different patterns of childhood and adult death rates. However, the actual cut-off age of @entity2275 would then be shifted towards younger ages.

title: Causative factors in the etiology of peptic XXXX disease become effective before the age of 15 years.

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer', 'ulcer mortality']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulcer', 'gastric and duodenal ulcer']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcer']


abstract: AIMS: To classify lesions discovered at colectomy in @entity1 with @entity31 ; to assess the importance of histological findings by correlating them with biochemical parameters. METHODS: Liver tissue specimens taken at colectomy from 59 @entity1 with chronic @entity31 were studied using light microscopy. The findings were compared with results of biochemical liver function tests. RESULTS: Abnormal laboratory findings were found in 12 @entity1 with liver histology consistent with @entity991 . Non-specific reactive @entity99 was observed in six @entity1 , eight had @entity1560 , and three minor non-specific parenchymal changes. Twenty nine @entity1 had normal liver histology. The highest cholestatic serum enzyme activities were seen in two @entity1 with @entity991 . Cholangiography in these @entity1 also revealed changes in the extrahepatic bile ducts. However, identical histological changes were also present in @entity1 with only slightly abnormal or even normal liver enzyme activities. CONCLUSION: Biochemical tests of liver function do not reliably indicate the extent or severity of bile duct damage in @entity31 , the assessment of which requires liver biopsy.

title: Liver lesions found at colectomy in XXXX : correlation between histological findings and biochemical parameters.

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['fatty liver']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity991 :: ('MESH:D015209', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosing cholangitis', 'primary sclerosing cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']