abstract: PURPOSE: Lung tissue may exhibit a biochemical response to excessive deformation. Since strain has been proposed as a marker of such deformation, we studied the relationships between strain and matrix remodeling and @entity32 markers in mechanically ventilated @entity1 with and without @entity647 ( @entity647 ). METHODS: Twenty-two ventilated @entity1 were studied (16 with @entity647 , 6 controls). Clinical data, gas exchange and respiratory mechanics were recorded, and end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) was measured by @entity26 washin/washout. Extracellular matrix remodeling markers (procollagen, matrix metalloproteinases -2 and -9, @entity2843 ) and @entity32 markers ( @entity650 , @entity687 , @entity688 , @entity379 , @entity4155 , and @entity7 ) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Strain was computed as the ratio between tidal volume and EELV. @entity1 with @entity647 were divided into two subgroups according to the median strain value (0.27). RESULTS: @entity1 in the @entity647 group exhibited higher airway pressures, lower EELV and higher strain than the control group. There were no significant differences in gas exchange, respiratory mechanics, or the matrix remodeling markers between @entity647 @entity1 with normal and high strain. The subgroup of @entity1 with high strain showed a fourfold increase of @entity650 and @entity687 concentrations in BALF, compared with @entity1 with @entity647 and normal strain or @entity1 without @entity647 . In the whole sample, @entity650 and @entity687 concentrations in BALF were correlated with strain (Spearman's     =  0.67 and 0.77, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Increased strain is associated with a proinflammatory lung response in @entity1 with @entity647 .

title: Lung strain and biological response in mechanically ventilated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury', 'ALI']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) has been proposed as an alternative treatment for sialorrhoea in @entity1 with @entity746 ( @entity746 ). In an open-label prospective study, BoNT/A was injected into the parotid glands bilaterally using anatomic landmarks in 26 @entity746 @entity1 with bulbar symptoms. Two weeks after injection the severity of sialorrhoea and the related disability were evaluated subjectively and objectively. A group of healthy subjects acted as controls for saliva production. @entity1 also underwent electrophysiological tests to evaluate possible toxin effects in the nearby non-injected muscles by comparing the amplitude of compound motor action potentials (cMAPs) elicited by electrical stimulation and recorded from the orbicularis oculi and masseter muscles. After BoNT/A injections, of the 26 @entity1 treated, 23 reported that the severity of sialorrhoea improved and the disabling symptoms diminished. @entity2708 roll weight also decreased after BoNT/A injection, suggesting a reduction in saliva production. Two @entity1 complained of @entity2133 . BoNT/A injection left the cMAP amplitude unchanged, suggesting that botulinum toxin does not significantly affect the non-injected facial and masticatory muscles. In conclusion, intraparotid anatomically-guided BoNT/A injection is an effective, easy, and safe treatment for sialorrhoea in @entity1 with bulbar symptoms related to @entity746 .

title: Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of sialorrhoea in XXXX : a clinical and neurophysiological study.

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['ALS', 'amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

answer: @entity746 :: (MESH:D000690,Disease) :: ['amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical outcomes of standard, cylindrical, screw-shaped to novel tapered, transmucosal (Straumann Dental implants immediately placed into extraction sockets. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this randomized-controlled clinical trial, outcomes were evaluated over a 3-year observation period. This report deals with the need for bone augmentation, healing events, implant stability and @entity1 -centred outcomes up to 3 months only. Nine centres contributed a total of 208 immediate implant placements. All surgical and post-surgical procedures and the evaluation parameters were discussed with representatives of all centres during a calibration meeting. Following careful luxation of the designated tooth, allocation of the devices was randomly performed by a central study registrar. The allocated @entity23114 @entity702 implant was installed at the bottom or in the palatal wall of the extraction socket until primary stability was reached. If the extraction socket was >or=1 mm larger than the implant, guided bone regeneration was performed simultaneously (Bio Oss and BioGide. The flaps were then sutured. During non-submerged @entity446 , everything was done to prevent @entity281 . At surgery, the need for augmentation and the degree of wound closure was verified. Implant stability was assessed clinically and by means of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) at surgery and after 3 months. Wound healing was evaluated after 1, 2, 6 and 12 weeks post-operatively. RESULTS: The demographic data did not show any differences between the @entity1 receiving either standard cylindrical or tapered implants. All implants yielded uneventful healing with 15% wound dehiscences after 1 week. After 2 weeks, 93%, after 6 weeks 96%, and after 12 weeks 100% of the flaps were closed. Ninety percent of both implant designs required bone augmentation. Immediately after implantation, RFA values were 55.8 and 56.7 and at 3 months 59.4 and 61.1 for cylindrical and tapered implants, respectively. @entity1 -centred outcomes did not differ between the two implant designs. However, a clear preference of the surgeon's perception for the appropriateness of the novel-tapered implant was evident. CONCLUSIONS: This RCT has demonstrated that tapered or standard cylindrical implants yielded clinically equivalent short-term outcomes after immediate implant placement into the extraction socket.

title: Immediate implant placement with XXXX in areas of aesthetic priority. A multicentre randomized-controlled clinical trial I. Surgical outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity446 :: ('MESH:C563468', 'Disease') :: ['transmucosal healing']

answer: @entity446 :: (MESH:C563468,Disease) :: ['transmucosal healing']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To document the efficacy of intratumoural injections of @entity1487 for the treatment of @entity1641 sarcoids. DESIGN: A prospective study that included 13 @entity1641 and one @entity15382 . PROCEDURE: Sarcoids were confirmed by histological examination and treated with intratumoural @entity1487 every 2 weeks. If the sarcoids did not resolve after seven treatments, treatment was considered a failure. All cases were re-examined 6 months after treatment commenced and owners were telephoned 3 years after commencement of treatment to report on @entity5 recurrence. Outcome comparisons were performed to determine the effect of previous treatment, @entity5 size and @entity5 location on sarcoid resolution. The efficacy of intratumoural @entity1487 was compared with other previously documented treatments of @entity1641 sarcoids. RESULTS: Sarcoids smaller than 13.5 cm3 were significantly (P = 0.032) more likely to resolve with treatment than larger sarcoids. Sarcoids that were not responsive to previous therapies were significantly (P = 0.007) more likely to recur after 3 years than sarcoids that had not been treated prior to this study. In this study, there were similar rates of resolution in cases with @entity5 (66.6%) when compared to cases with single @entity5 (60%). The numbers in this study were too small to properly evaluate the effect of @entity5 location on the success of treatment. Intratumoural @entity1487 appeared to have resolved sarcoids in 9 of 13 cases (61.5%) as determined by follow up conversation with the owners 3 years after the initial treatment. CONCLUSION: The use of intratumoural @entity1487 compares favourably with other treatment modalities for sarcoids, with a long term successful resolution rate of 61.5%. Owners should be warned that resistant sarcoids and sarcoids larger than 13.5 cm3 have a poorer prognosis for resolution and more aggressive therapeutic options should be considered.

title: The efficacy of intratumoural @entity1487 for the treatment of XXXX sarcoids.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['mutiple tumours', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['equine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To document the efficacy of intratumoural injections of @entity1487 for the treatment of @entity1641 sarcoids. DESIGN: A prospective study that included 13 @entity1641 and one @entity15382 . PROCEDURE: Sarcoids were confirmed by histological examination and treated with intratumoural @entity1487 every 2 weeks. If the sarcoids did not resolve after seven treatments, treatment was considered a failure. All cases were re-examined 6 months after treatment commenced and owners were telephoned 3 years after commencement of treatment to report on @entity5 recurrence. Outcome comparisons were performed to determine the effect of previous treatment, @entity5 size and @entity5 location on sarcoid resolution. The efficacy of intratumoural @entity1487 was compared with other previously documented treatments of @entity1641 sarcoids. RESULTS: Sarcoids smaller than 13.5 cm3 were significantly (P = 0.032) more likely to resolve with treatment than larger sarcoids. Sarcoids that were not responsive to previous therapies were significantly (P = 0.007) more likely to recur after 3 years than sarcoids that had not been treated prior to this study. In this study, there were similar rates of resolution in cases with @entity5 (66.6%) when compared to cases with single @entity5 (60%). The numbers in this study were too small to properly evaluate the effect of @entity5 location on the success of treatment. Intratumoural @entity1487 appeared to have resolved sarcoids in 9 of 13 cases (61.5%) as determined by follow up conversation with the owners 3 years after the initial treatment. CONCLUSION: The use of intratumoural @entity1487 compares favourably with other treatment modalities for sarcoids, with a long term successful resolution rate of 61.5%. Owners should be warned that resistant sarcoids and sarcoids larger than 13.5 cm3 have a poorer prognosis for resolution and more aggressive therapeutic options should be considered.

title: The efficacy of intratumoural XXXX for the treatment of @entity1641 sarcoids.

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the additional value of subtraction ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) coregistered to MRI (SISCOM) for localization of the epileptogenic zone in @entity1 with drug-resistant @entity302 scheduled for invasive video-EEG (VEEG) before @entity302 surgery by a descriptive study from clinical practice. METHODS: Forty-nine consecutive @entity302 @entity1 between January 2000 and March 2006 were included. Thirty-six of the 49 @entity1 were offered surgery, and 34 underwent resective surgery during the study period. Localizing and outcome data are presented from 31 @entity1 with a follow-up period of >or=12 months. Successful ictal SPECT was performed in 26 @entity1 , and SISCOM showed significant hyperperfusions with 3.5 SD above reference. Twenty @entity1 had SISCOM-guided electrode placement, invasive monitoring, and 1-year postsurgical follow-up data. Two independent epileptologists evaluated whether SISCOM results (a) altered the hypothesis and extended the strategy for electrode placement at invasive recording, or (b) were confirmatory of other localizing data and did not alter the strategy. We defined that SISCOM had an impact on @entity410 outcome if the @entity410 -onset zone was seen in electrodes overlying a brain region with a significant hyperperfusion. When SISCOM was concordant with ictal onset in the extended electrodes, SISCOM was considered a prerequisite for the outcome at postoperative follow-up. RESULTS: SISCOM findings altered and extended the strategy for electrode placement at invasive recording in 15 @entity1 (group A). SISCOM was a prerequisite for @entity410 outcome in all six @entity1 with favorable outcomes. Nine @entity1 had poor results from surgery in this group; SISCOM was concordant with invasive VEEG in six @entity1 , and discordant with invasive VEEG in three @entity1 . SISCOM findings were confirmatory with other localizing data and did not alter the strategy at invasive recording in five @entity1 (group B). Two @entity1 had favorable surgical outcomes. In this group, three @entity1 had poor results; SISCOM and other localizing findings were concordant with invasive VEEG in one @entity1 and discordant with invasive VEEG in two @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: SISCOM is valuable for the identification of the epileptogenic zone in @entity1 with drug-resistant @entity302 scheduled for invasive VEEG. SISCOM analysis was either a prerequisite for favorable result or concordant with other localizing methods in all @entity1 with favorable @entity410 outcome at 1 year of follow-up [40%; confidence interval (CI), 19-64).

title: Does SISCOM contribute to favorable XXXX outcome after @entity302 surgery?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizure']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the additional value of subtraction ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) coregistered to MRI (SISCOM) for localization of the epileptogenic zone in @entity1 with drug-resistant @entity302 scheduled for invasive video-EEG (VEEG) before @entity302 surgery by a descriptive study from clinical practice. METHODS: Forty-nine consecutive @entity302 @entity1 between January 2000 and March 2006 were included. Thirty-six of the 49 @entity1 were offered surgery, and 34 underwent resective surgery during the study period. Localizing and outcome data are presented from 31 @entity1 with a follow-up period of >or=12 months. Successful ictal SPECT was performed in 26 @entity1 , and SISCOM showed significant hyperperfusions with 3.5 SD above reference. Twenty @entity1 had SISCOM-guided electrode placement, invasive monitoring, and 1-year postsurgical follow-up data. Two independent epileptologists evaluated whether SISCOM results (a) altered the hypothesis and extended the strategy for electrode placement at invasive recording, or (b) were confirmatory of other localizing data and did not alter the strategy. We defined that SISCOM had an impact on @entity410 outcome if the @entity410 -onset zone was seen in electrodes overlying a brain region with a significant hyperperfusion. When SISCOM was concordant with ictal onset in the extended electrodes, SISCOM was considered a prerequisite for the outcome at postoperative follow-up. RESULTS: SISCOM findings altered and extended the strategy for electrode placement at invasive recording in 15 @entity1 (group A). SISCOM was a prerequisite for @entity410 outcome in all six @entity1 with favorable outcomes. Nine @entity1 had poor results from surgery in this group; SISCOM was concordant with invasive VEEG in six @entity1 , and discordant with invasive VEEG in three @entity1 . SISCOM findings were confirmatory with other localizing data and did not alter the strategy at invasive recording in five @entity1 (group B). Two @entity1 had favorable surgical outcomes. In this group, three @entity1 had poor results; SISCOM and other localizing findings were concordant with invasive VEEG in one @entity1 and discordant with invasive VEEG in two @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: SISCOM is valuable for the identification of the epileptogenic zone in @entity1 with drug-resistant @entity302 scheduled for invasive VEEG. SISCOM analysis was either a prerequisite for favorable result or concordant with other localizing methods in all @entity1 with favorable @entity410 outcome at 1 year of follow-up [40%; confidence interval (CI), 19-64).

title: Does SISCOM contribute to favorable @entity410 outcome after XXXX surgery?

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentration of @entity842 (NO) and the location and change in the expression of @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ) isoforms in the testes of subfertile @entity1 with varicocele, and to compare the NO concentration or @entity3623 expression with clinical variables, to determine the role of NO on the pathophysiology of varicocele. @entity1 AND METHODS: In all, 27 @entity1 who had a left varicocelectomy and five with 'normal' spermatogenesis (controls) who had scrotal surgery for other reasons were enrolled. Intratesticular fluid was taken from the @entity1 and the NO concentration determined colorimetrically. The expression and location of @entity3623 isoforms were examined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, using testicular biopsy specimens, and @entity1110 -diaphorase ( @entity1110 -d) staining used to identify NO-producing cells. The relationship between the NO concentration and the expression of @entity3623 isoforms or clinicopathological variables was investigated. RESULTS: In testes with grade 2 and 3 varicoceles there were significant increases in the concentration of NO or the expression of inducible @entity3623 . There was no change in the expressions of endothelial @entity3623 , which is located in vascular endothelial cells, while @entity1110 -d activity was mainly located in these cells. The concentration of NO was significantly correlated with the maximum and total vein diameter (both P<0.01). In @entity1 aged>35 years, the concentration of NO significantly correlated with a deterioration in total motile sperm count (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increased production of NO in the testis is involved in the enlargement of varicocele and indirectly deteriorates spermatogenesis.

title: XXXX produced in the testis is involved in dilatation of the internal spermatic vein that compromises spermatogenesis in infertile @entity1 with varicocele.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['Nitric oxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentration of @entity842 (NO) and the location and change in the expression of @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ) isoforms in the testes of subfertile @entity1 with varicocele, and to compare the NO concentration or @entity3623 expression with clinical variables, to determine the role of NO on the pathophysiology of varicocele. @entity1 AND METHODS: In all, 27 @entity1 who had a left varicocelectomy and five with 'normal' spermatogenesis (controls) who had scrotal surgery for other reasons were enrolled. Intratesticular fluid was taken from the @entity1 and the NO concentration determined colorimetrically. The expression and location of @entity3623 isoforms were examined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, using testicular biopsy specimens, and @entity1110 -diaphorase ( @entity1110 -d) staining used to identify NO-producing cells. The relationship between the NO concentration and the expression of @entity3623 isoforms or clinicopathological variables was investigated. RESULTS: In testes with grade 2 and 3 varicoceles there were significant increases in the concentration of NO or the expression of inducible @entity3623 . There was no change in the expressions of endothelial @entity3623 , which is located in vascular endothelial cells, while @entity1110 -d activity was mainly located in these cells. The concentration of NO was significantly correlated with the maximum and total vein diameter (both P<0.01). In @entity1 aged>35 years, the concentration of NO significantly correlated with a deterioration in total motile sperm count (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increased production of NO in the testis is involved in the enlargement of varicocele and indirectly deteriorates spermatogenesis.

title: @entity842 produced in the testis is involved in dilatation of the internal spermatic vein that compromises spermatogenesis in infertile XXXX with varicocele.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Recent studies indicate that @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ) rely on @entity4357 3-kinase/ @entity1994 activation to promote cell proliferation and survival; therefore, targeting @entity1994 may provide new therapeutic options. We have previously shown that AR42, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, potently suppresses VS growth in vitro at doses correlating with @entity1994 inactivation. The objectives of the current study were translational: 1) to examine the end biologic effects of AR42 on @entity5 growth in vivo, 2) to validate @entity1994 as its in vivo molecular target, 3) to determine whether AR42 penetrates the @entity70281 ) to study the pharmacotoxicity profile of AR42. STUDY DESIGN: In vivo @entity19 studies. METHODS: AR42 was dosed orally in @entity19 @entity808 allografts and @entity1 VS xenografts. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify changes in @entity5 volume, and intracellular molecular targets were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. @entity70281 penetration was assayed, and both blood-chemistry measurements and histology studies were used to evaluate @entity137 . RESULTS: Growth of @entity808 implants was dramatically decreased by AR42 at doses correlating with @entity1994 dephosphorylation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. AR42 penetrated the @entity70281 , and wild-type @entity19 fed AR42 for 6 months behaved normally and gained weight appropriately. Blood-chemistry studies and organ histology performed after 3 and 6 months of AR42 treatment demonstrated no clinically significant abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: AR42 suppresses @entity808 growth at doses correlating with @entity1994 pathway inhibition. This orally bioavailable drug penetrates the @entity70281 , is well tolerated, and represents a novel candidate for translation to @entity1 VS clinical trials.

title: Preclinical validation of AR42, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, as treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['VSs', 'vestibular schwannomas']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['vestibular schwannomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity49 is common in knee surgery, and it has been assumed that @entity2994 by tourniquet in itself may induce thrombogenic and fibrinolytic activity. Prophylactic treatment is used up to 12 h before or after surgery, and recent clinical trials suggest that the timing of initiating prophylaxis significantly influences antithrombotic effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied the time course of coagulation and fibrinolysis locally and systemically during total knee arthroplasty. Specific markers of @entity715 (prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2)) and fibrinolysis (plasmin-antiplasmin ( @entity2786 ) and D-dimer) were examined in seven female and two male @entity1 . RESULTS: There were no systemic activations of either F1.2 (P = 0.314), @entity2786 (P = 0.314) or D-dimer (P = 0.600) during surgery or at 10 min postoperatively (P = 0.139, 0.139 and 0.128, respectively) as compared to baseline data. At 4 h postoperatively there were significant increments in levels of F1.2 (P = 0.008), @entity2786 (P = 0.038) and D-dimer (P = 0.046). With tourniquet deflation the values of F1.2, @entity2786 and D-dimer were significantly higher in the tourniquet limb than the in the contra lateral limb (P = 0.025, 0.012 and 0.028, respectively). At 10 min after tourniquet deflation, the differences in F1.2, @entity2786 and D-dimer between the two limbs were not significant. CONCLUSION: The use of tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty causes local thrombogenic and fibrinolytic activity, but without influences in the systemic circulation. Systemic activations in @entity715 and fibrinolysis start when local mediators from the injured limb are released after tourniquet deflation.

title: Time course of XXXX and fibrinolysis in total knee arthroplasty with tourniquet application. Local versus systemic activations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2994 :: ('MESH:D012170', 'Disease') :: ['vein occlusion']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['Venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The relationship between severity of preoperative radiographic findings and surgical outcomes following decompression for @entity2649 is unclear. Our aim in this paper was to gain insight into this relationship. We determined pre-operative radiographic severity on MRI scans using strict methodological controls and correlated such severity with post-operative outcomes using prospectively collected data. METHODS: Twenty-seven consecutive @entity1 undergoing decompression for isolated @entity179 at L4-L5 were included. We measured cross-sectional area on MRI using the technique of Hamanishi. We categorized the severity of @entity850 using Laurencin and Lipson's 'Stenosis Ratio'. We determined pre-operative status (prospectively) and post-operative outcomes using Weiner and Fraser's 'Neurogenic Claudication Outcome Score'. We determined @entity1 satisfaction using standardized questionnaires. Each of these is a validated measure. Formal statistical evaluation was undertaken. RESULTS: No @entity1 (0 of 14) with a greater than 50% reduction in cross-sectional area on pre-operative MRI had unsatisfactory outcomes. In contrast, outcomes for @entity1 with less than or equal to 50% reduction in cross-sectional area had unsatifactory outcomes in 6 of 13 cases, with all but one negative outcome having a cross-sectional area reduction between 32% and 47%. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that there appears to be a relationship between severity of @entity850 and outcomes of decompressive surgery such that @entity1 with a greater than 50% reduction in cross sectional area are more likely to have a successful outcome.

title: Outcomes of decompression for lumbar spinal canal XXXX based upon preoperative radiographic severity.

entities_list: @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar degenerative spinal canal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative spinal canal stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: @entity12692 is a rare @entity1071 . The clinical signs and symptoms of the disease are primarily mediated by cytokines, especially @entity650 . We presented the case of a young female. In May 2004, a 30-year-old otherwise healthy looking @entity1 presented with oral ulcerations resistant to topical and systemic antibiotic and antimycotic treatment. Bullous mucosal lichen or @entity7271 were suspected. Histological examination and direct and indirect immunofluorescence confirmed the diagnosis of @entity7271 . Search for @entity5 revealed a retroperitoneal @entity5 sized 15 x 6 x 5 cm in the abdominal MRI. The @entity5 was a bleeder, so the removal was partial. Histological examination showed @entity12692 . Considering her young, fertile age and the multicentric @entity12692 , non-cytostatic immunomodulatory therapy was started including @entity134 , @entity205 and @entity2816 treatment. The control abdominal CT showed a small @entity5 on the bladder. The @entity5 was removed in repeated surgery. At this time the histological examination showed @entity5 between plasma cell and vascular variant. Currently, i.e. 4 years after the onset of the disease. @entity419 PET/CT examination showed low metabolic active mass in the right iliacal region, but our @entity1 had no symptoms or complaints. She is on 200 mg @entity2816 a day and no @entity5 progression can be seen. @entity12692 can be successfully treated with non-cytostatic immunomodulatory therapy.

title: Successful immunomodulatory therapy in XXXX with @entity7271 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1071 :: ('MESH:D008232', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoproliferative disorder']

entities_list: @entity7271 :: ('MESH:D010392', 'Disease') :: ['pemphigus vulgaris', 'pemphigus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'Castleman tumour', 'residual tumour', 'transient type tumour', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity12692 :: ('MESH:D005871', 'Disease') :: ['hyalin hypervascular Castleman disease', 'Castleman disease']

entities_list: @entity2816 :: ('MESH:D013792', 'Chemical') :: ['thalidomide']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine-A']

answer: @entity12692 :: (MESH:D005871,Disease) :: ['castleman disease']


abstract: @entity12692 is a rare @entity1071 . The clinical signs and symptoms of the disease are primarily mediated by cytokines, especially @entity650 . We presented the case of a young female. In May 2004, a 30-year-old otherwise healthy looking @entity1 presented with oral ulcerations resistant to topical and systemic antibiotic and antimycotic treatment. Bullous mucosal lichen or @entity7271 were suspected. Histological examination and direct and indirect immunofluorescence confirmed the diagnosis of @entity7271 . Search for @entity5 revealed a retroperitoneal @entity5 sized 15 x 6 x 5 cm in the abdominal MRI. The @entity5 was a bleeder, so the removal was partial. Histological examination showed @entity12692 . Considering her young, fertile age and the multicentric @entity12692 , non-cytostatic immunomodulatory therapy was started including @entity134 , @entity205 and @entity2816 treatment. The control abdominal CT showed a small @entity5 on the bladder. The @entity5 was removed in repeated surgery. At this time the histological examination showed @entity5 between plasma cell and vascular variant. Currently, i.e. 4 years after the onset of the disease. @entity419 PET/CT examination showed low metabolic active mass in the right iliacal region, but our @entity1 had no symptoms or complaints. She is on 200 mg @entity2816 a day and no @entity5 progression can be seen. @entity12692 can be successfully treated with non-cytostatic immunomodulatory therapy.

title: Successful immunomodulatory therapy in @entity12692 with XXXX .

answer: @entity7271 :: (MESH:D010392,Disease) :: ['paraneoplastic pemphigus vulgaris']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 is the most common cause of @entity5 mortality and morbidity for @entity1 in Botswana. Yet, little is known about what @entity1 believe to be the causes of the disease. AIM: This paper presents data on factors @entity1 in Botswana believe are responsible for the high incidence of @entity5 in their country. Data were part of a larger study that explored knowledge and perceptions about @entity5 and Pap smear screening from the perspectives of the clients and the healthcare providers. METHODS: The study that generated the data included 30 @entity1 of all socio-economic levels, recruited by network sampling. The @entity1 's ages ranged from 31 to 54 years. Demographic data were analysed descriptively. Individualized interview data were content-analysed. FINDINGS: The identified causes of @entity5 were classified as cervical irritants and non-irritants. The most commonly cited cervical irritants were vaginally inserted chemical agents and traditional medicine. DISCUSSIONS: @entity1 identified vaginally inserted chemical substances and traditional medicines as possible explanations for the high incidence of @entity5 in Botswana. They reported that @entity1 used these substances for @entity458 . Although these factors are believed to be the causes of @entity5 and have not yet been medically acknowledged, verbal reports suggest that their use is problematic. CONCLUSION: There is a need for health education and for further research to affirm @entity1 's beliefs about the harmful effects of intravaginal agents.

title: Beliefs about the causes of XXXX in Botswana: implications for nursing.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cervical cancer', 'Cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual and hygienic purposes']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work is to study the functional sequelae after @entity1897 ( @entity1897 ) to analyze its impact and relationship with the degree of @entity2103 , from the neurophysiological point of view. METHODS: We present a retrospective study which includes a total of 150 cases of @entity1897 . All @entity1 underwent electroneurography and electromyography to see the degree of @entity21 and to evaluate the existence of signs of reinervation in the muscles explored or possible innervation errors. RESULTS: Of the @entity1 studied, 31.9% (46) had sequelae; 67.4% (31) were @entity1 , a statistically significant result (P=.031). Of all the sequelae, the most frequent was miochymia which appeared in 24% of cases (36). @entity1 with left side involvement presented a higher number of sequelae (40.3%, 27 cases) with a statistically significant difference (P=.05). The average rate of @entity21 on first visit by @entity1 who subsequently developed sequelae was 75.26%; worse results on electroneurography were statistically associated with the onset of sequelae (P=.007). Electromyography of @entity1 with sequelae shows that a greater degree of denervation could be considered a risk factor for the occurrence of sequelae (P=.039). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: In our study we found that sequelae are more frequent after @entity3541 when there is significant @entity393 . This work shows other risk factors so far not mentioned in the literature, such as female gender and left-side involvement.

title: [Sequelae of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2103 :: ('MESH:D005155', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['PFP', 'peripheral facial palsy']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial palsy']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['axonal injury', 'axonal damage']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['axonal loss']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['peripheral facial palsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Exposure to particulate matter is a risk factor for @entity66 but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study we sought to investigate the cardiopulmonary responses on spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRs) following inhalation of UfCPs (24 h, 172 mug.m-3), to assess whether compromised animals (SHR) exhibit a different response pattern compared to the previously studied healthy @entity35 (WKY). METHODS: Cardiophysiological response in SHRs was analyzed using radiotelemetry. Blood pressure (BP) and its biomarkers plasma @entity3449 -angiotensin system were also assessed. Lung and cardiac mRNA expressions for markers of oxidative stress ( @entity22456 ), @entity1003 (tissue factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), and endothelial function ( @entity1827 , and endothelin receptors A and B) were analyzed following UfCPs exposure in SHRs. UfCPs-mediated inflammatory responses were assessed from broncho-alveolar-lavage fluid (BALF). RESULTS: Increased BP and heart rate (HR) by about 5% with a lag of 1-3 days were detected in UfCPs exposed SHRs. Inflammatory markers of BALF, lung (pulmonary) and blood (systemic) were not affected. However, mRNA expression of @entity22456 , @entity1827 , endothelin receptors A and B, tissue factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor showed a significant induction (~2.5-fold; p < 0.05) with @entity1827 being the maximally induced factor (6-fold; p < 0.05) on the third recovery day in the lungs of UfCPs exposed SHRs; while all of these factors - except @entity22456 - were not affected in cardiac tissues. Strikingly, the UfCPs-mediated altered BP is paralleled by the induction of @entity3449 -angiotensin system in plasma. CONCLUSION: Our finding shows that UfCPs exposure at levels which does not induce detectable @entity55 , triggers distinct effects in the lung and also at the systemic level in compromised SHRs. These effects are characterized by increased activity of plasma @entity3449 -angiotensin system and circulating white blood cells together with moderate @entity101 and decreases in heart rate variability. This systemic effect is associated with pulmonary, but not cardiac, mRNA induction of biomarkers reflective of oxidative stress; activation of vasoconstriction, stimulation of @entity1003 factors, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. Thus, UfCPs may cause @entity65 , in the absence of detectable @entity55 , in individuals suffering from preexisting @entity65 .

title: Exposure to ultrafine carbon particles at levels below detectable @entity55 affects cardiovascular performance in spontaneously XXXX @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increases in the BP, HR', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation', 'pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['blood coagulation']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular and pulmonary impairment', 'cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Exposure to particulate matter is a risk factor for @entity66 but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study we sought to investigate the cardiopulmonary responses on spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRs) following inhalation of UfCPs (24 h, 172 mug.m-3), to assess whether compromised animals (SHR) exhibit a different response pattern compared to the previously studied healthy @entity35 (WKY). METHODS: Cardiophysiological response in SHRs was analyzed using radiotelemetry. Blood pressure (BP) and its biomarkers plasma @entity3449 -angiotensin system were also assessed. Lung and cardiac mRNA expressions for markers of oxidative stress ( @entity22456 ), @entity1003 (tissue factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), and endothelial function ( @entity1827 , and endothelin receptors A and B) were analyzed following UfCPs exposure in SHRs. UfCPs-mediated inflammatory responses were assessed from broncho-alveolar-lavage fluid (BALF). RESULTS: Increased BP and heart rate (HR) by about 5% with a lag of 1-3 days were detected in UfCPs exposed SHRs. Inflammatory markers of BALF, lung (pulmonary) and blood (systemic) were not affected. However, mRNA expression of @entity22456 , @entity1827 , endothelin receptors A and B, tissue factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor showed a significant induction (~2.5-fold; p < 0.05) with @entity1827 being the maximally induced factor (6-fold; p < 0.05) on the third recovery day in the lungs of UfCPs exposed SHRs; while all of these factors - except @entity22456 - were not affected in cardiac tissues. Strikingly, the UfCPs-mediated altered BP is paralleled by the induction of @entity3449 -angiotensin system in plasma. CONCLUSION: Our finding shows that UfCPs exposure at levels which does not induce detectable @entity55 , triggers distinct effects in the lung and also at the systemic level in compromised SHRs. These effects are characterized by increased activity of plasma @entity3449 -angiotensin system and circulating white blood cells together with moderate @entity101 and decreases in heart rate variability. This systemic effect is associated with pulmonary, but not cardiac, mRNA induction of biomarkers reflective of oxidative stress; activation of vasoconstriction, stimulation of @entity1003 factors, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. Thus, UfCPs may cause @entity65 , in the absence of detectable @entity55 , in individuals suffering from preexisting @entity65 .

title: Exposure to ultrafine carbon particles at levels below detectable XXXX affects cardiovascular performance in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 .

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['pulmonary inflammation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Exposure to particulate matter is a risk factor for @entity66 but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study we sought to investigate the cardiopulmonary responses on spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRs) following inhalation of UfCPs (24 h, 172 mug.m-3), to assess whether compromised animals (SHR) exhibit a different response pattern compared to the previously studied healthy @entity35 (WKY). METHODS: Cardiophysiological response in SHRs was analyzed using radiotelemetry. Blood pressure (BP) and its biomarkers plasma @entity3449 -angiotensin system were also assessed. Lung and cardiac mRNA expressions for markers of oxidative stress ( @entity22456 ), @entity1003 (tissue factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), and endothelial function ( @entity1827 , and endothelin receptors A and B) were analyzed following UfCPs exposure in SHRs. UfCPs-mediated inflammatory responses were assessed from broncho-alveolar-lavage fluid (BALF). RESULTS: Increased BP and heart rate (HR) by about 5% with a lag of 1-3 days were detected in UfCPs exposed SHRs. Inflammatory markers of BALF, lung (pulmonary) and blood (systemic) were not affected. However, mRNA expression of @entity22456 , @entity1827 , endothelin receptors A and B, tissue factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor showed a significant induction (~2.5-fold; p < 0.05) with @entity1827 being the maximally induced factor (6-fold; p < 0.05) on the third recovery day in the lungs of UfCPs exposed SHRs; while all of these factors - except @entity22456 - were not affected in cardiac tissues. Strikingly, the UfCPs-mediated altered BP is paralleled by the induction of @entity3449 -angiotensin system in plasma. CONCLUSION: Our finding shows that UfCPs exposure at levels which does not induce detectable @entity55 , triggers distinct effects in the lung and also at the systemic level in compromised SHRs. These effects are characterized by increased activity of plasma @entity3449 -angiotensin system and circulating white blood cells together with moderate @entity101 and decreases in heart rate variability. This systemic effect is associated with pulmonary, but not cardiac, mRNA induction of biomarkers reflective of oxidative stress; activation of vasoconstriction, stimulation of @entity1003 factors, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. Thus, UfCPs may cause @entity65 , in the absence of detectable @entity55 , in individuals suffering from preexisting @entity65 .

title: Exposure to ultrafine carbon particles at levels below detectable @entity55 affects cardiovascular performance in spontaneously @entity101 XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Reasons of the important impact of socioeconomic status on @entity0 prognosis are far from established. This study aims to evaluate and explain the social disparities in @entity0 survival in the Swiss canton of Geneva, where healthcare costs and life expectancy are among the highest in the world. This population-based study included all 3,920 female residents of Geneva, who were diagnosed with invasive @entity0 before the age of 70 years between 1980 and 2000. @entity1 were divided into 4 socioeconomic groups, according to the @entity1 's last occupation. We used Cox multivariate regression analysis to identify reasons for the socioeconomic inequalities in @entity0 survival. Compared to @entity1 of high social class, those of low social class had an increased risk (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.4, 95% CI: 1.6-3.5) of dying as a result of @entity0 . These @entity1 were more often foreigners, less frequently had screen-detected @entity5 and were at more advanced stage at diagnosis. They less frequently underwent breast-conserving surgery, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy, in particular, in case of axillary lymph node involvement. When adjusting for all these factors, @entity1 of low social class still had a significantly increased risk of dying of @entity0 (HR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.6). Overmortality linked to low SES is only partly explained by delayed diagnosis, unfavorable @entity5 characteristics and suboptimal treatments. Other factors, not measured in this study, also could play a role. While waiting for the outcome of other researches, we should consider socioeconomic status as an independent prognostic factor and provide intensified support and surveillance to @entity1 of low social class.

title: Social class is an important and independent prognostic factor of XXXX mortality.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: A policy of weekly faecal cultures for @entity2176 -resistant enterococci (VRE) was instituted following the investigation of an outbreak of VRE in our neonatal intensive care unit in 2005. We found that 11 of 18 @entity1 were infected or colonised during the outbreak, including three cases of @entity281 and one case of @entity693 . This report describes the utility of the surveillance policy in maintaining a VRE-free environment. The outbreak investigation showed that all VRE isolated were @entity6375 of the vanA type. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggested that the outbreak was caused by a single strain. Control of the outbreak was achieved by enhanced contact isolation precautions, cohorting of @entity1 and staff, improved environmental decontamination and closure of the unit to new admissions. The @entity1 with @entity281 and @entity693 were treated successfully with @entity5136 . Approximately one year after the outbreak, weekly surveillance detected two @entity1 with faecal carriage of VRE whose periods of admission overlapped. Early intensive intervention was associated with disappearance of the organism from the neonatal intensive care unit. No further cases of colonisation or disease have occurred in the unit in the two and a half years since then.

title: Elimination of XXXX -resistant enterococci from a neonatal intensive care unit following an outbreak.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['bloodstream infection', 'bloodstream infections']

entities_list: @entity6375 :: ('1352', 'Species') :: ['Enterococcus faecium']

entities_list: @entity5136 :: ('MESH:C098010', 'Chemical') :: ['linezolid']

answer: @entity2176 :: (MESH:D014640,Chemical) :: ['vancomycin']


abstract: PURPOSE: Advances in surgery permit for earlier intervention with improved outcomes for @entity1 with @entity339 ( @entity339 ). Many @entity1 still appear to be referred to surgery late in their course. Consensus guidelines were compared with the surgical referral practices for @entity339 among Canadian cardiologists. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to all adult cardiologists in Canada. This included seven case scenarios, as well as direct questions designed to establish the influence of factors including @entity955 , @entity120 , left ventricular (LV) dilation, experience of the cardiac surgeon, symptoms and ejection fraction (EF) on referral. RESULTS: There were 319 respondents; LVEF was rated as extremely important in 71.5% of @entity1 and moderately important in 26% of @entity1 . In asymptomatic @entity1 , EF of 50% to 60% was correctly identified as a trigger for surgery by 57.2 % of cardiologists, while only 15.6% of cardiologists correctly referred New York Heart Association class II @entity1 with normal LV function. The group complied in only 4.77 of the seven case scenarios. Compliance was inversely related to years in practice for asymptomatic @entity1 with mild @entity1002 , as well as in overall compliance. Referral practices were similar among clinicians, echocardiographers, interventional cardiologists and researchers, with no differences in geographic region or academic affiliation. CONCLUSION: Compliance with published guidelines for @entity1 with @entity339 and either New York Heart Association class II or mild @entity1002 among Canadian cardiologists was poor. Compliance was somewhat better in more recent graduates, suggesting the need to institute programs geared at enhancing knowledge of published standards and introduce practical tools to aid in their implementation.

title: XXXX : determinants of referral for cardiac surgery by Canadian cardiologists.

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['MR', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LV dysfunction']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['Mitral regurgitation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the pathophysiology of ghrelin secretion in @entity2124 -deficient adults treated with @entity2124 , and the relationship between plasma ghrelin and @entity3190 induced by an oral @entity413 load has not been investigated in these @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: In the present study we examined the relationship between plasma ghrelin, @entity2690 , C-peptide and leptin after an oral @entity413 load in @entity2124 -deficient adults receiving treatment with @entity2124 . METHODS: Plasma ghrelin, leptin, @entity2690 , C-peptide and blood @entity413 were measured before and then at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the ingestion of @entity413 (75 g orally) in 20 @entity2124 -deficient adults (12 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 ), who had been treated with @entity2124 for 7.2 +/- 1.3 years (mean +/- SE). Plasma ghrelin was also determined before and after the @entity413 load in 10 age-and weight-matched healthy @entity1 (5 @entity1 and 5 @entity1 ). RESULTS: The oral @entity413 load induced a similar percent suppression of plasma ghrelin in the @entity2124 -deficient @entity1 and in the healthy @entity1 . In both groups plasma ghrelin decreased significantly 30 min after the @entity413 load and remained suppressed throughout the test period. In the @entity1 plasma @entity2690 (baseline, 15.9 +/- 3.9 microIU/ml) and C-peptide (baseline, 2.5 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) showed opposite changes with peak responses at 30 min ( @entity2690 , 109.5 +/- 15.6 microIU/ml) or 60 min (C-peptide, 10.3 +/- 1.1 ng/ml). In these @entity1 , post- @entity413 , but not baseline plasma ghrelin levels correlated negatively with plasma @entity2690 , C-peptide and blood @entity413 levels, whereas baseline plasma ghrelin correlated inversely with baseline plasma leptin. CONCLUSIONS: The similar suppression of plasma ghrelin in @entity2124 -deficient @entity1 treated with @entity2124 and in healthy @entity1 after an oral @entity413 load argues against disturbed regulation of ghrelin secretion in these @entity1 . The correlations between post- @entity413 plasma ghrelin, @entity2690 and blood @entity413 support the existence of a previously proposed link between @entity3190 (or increased blood @entity413 ) and suppression of ghrelin levels.

title: Plasma ghrelin response to an oral @entity413 load in @entity2124 -deficient adults treated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2124 :: (2688,Gene) :: ['growth hormone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the pathophysiology of ghrelin secretion in @entity2124 -deficient adults treated with @entity2124 , and the relationship between plasma ghrelin and @entity3190 induced by an oral @entity413 load has not been investigated in these @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: In the present study we examined the relationship between plasma ghrelin, @entity2690 , C-peptide and leptin after an oral @entity413 load in @entity2124 -deficient adults receiving treatment with @entity2124 . METHODS: Plasma ghrelin, leptin, @entity2690 , C-peptide and blood @entity413 were measured before and then at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the ingestion of @entity413 (75 g orally) in 20 @entity2124 -deficient adults (12 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 ), who had been treated with @entity2124 for 7.2 +/- 1.3 years (mean +/- SE). Plasma ghrelin was also determined before and after the @entity413 load in 10 age-and weight-matched healthy @entity1 (5 @entity1 and 5 @entity1 ). RESULTS: The oral @entity413 load induced a similar percent suppression of plasma ghrelin in the @entity2124 -deficient @entity1 and in the healthy @entity1 . In both groups plasma ghrelin decreased significantly 30 min after the @entity413 load and remained suppressed throughout the test period. In the @entity1 plasma @entity2690 (baseline, 15.9 +/- 3.9 microIU/ml) and C-peptide (baseline, 2.5 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) showed opposite changes with peak responses at 30 min ( @entity2690 , 109.5 +/- 15.6 microIU/ml) or 60 min (C-peptide, 10.3 +/- 1.1 ng/ml). In these @entity1 , post- @entity413 , but not baseline plasma ghrelin levels correlated negatively with plasma @entity2690 , C-peptide and blood @entity413 levels, whereas baseline plasma ghrelin correlated inversely with baseline plasma leptin. CONCLUSIONS: The similar suppression of plasma ghrelin in @entity2124 -deficient @entity1 treated with @entity2124 and in healthy @entity1 after an oral @entity413 load argues against disturbed regulation of ghrelin secretion in these @entity1 . The correlations between post- @entity413 plasma ghrelin, @entity2690 and blood @entity413 support the existence of a previously proposed link between @entity3190 (or increased blood @entity413 ) and suppression of ghrelin levels.

title: Plasma ghrelin response to an oral @entity413 load in XXXX -deficient adults treated with @entity2124 .

answer: @entity2124 :: (2688,Gene) :: ['growth hormone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the pathophysiology of ghrelin secretion in @entity2124 -deficient adults treated with @entity2124 , and the relationship between plasma ghrelin and @entity3190 induced by an oral @entity413 load has not been investigated in these @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: In the present study we examined the relationship between plasma ghrelin, @entity2690 , C-peptide and leptin after an oral @entity413 load in @entity2124 -deficient adults receiving treatment with @entity2124 . METHODS: Plasma ghrelin, leptin, @entity2690 , C-peptide and blood @entity413 were measured before and then at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the ingestion of @entity413 (75 g orally) in 20 @entity2124 -deficient adults (12 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 ), who had been treated with @entity2124 for 7.2 +/- 1.3 years (mean +/- SE). Plasma ghrelin was also determined before and after the @entity413 load in 10 age-and weight-matched healthy @entity1 (5 @entity1 and 5 @entity1 ). RESULTS: The oral @entity413 load induced a similar percent suppression of plasma ghrelin in the @entity2124 -deficient @entity1 and in the healthy @entity1 . In both groups plasma ghrelin decreased significantly 30 min after the @entity413 load and remained suppressed throughout the test period. In the @entity1 plasma @entity2690 (baseline, 15.9 +/- 3.9 microIU/ml) and C-peptide (baseline, 2.5 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) showed opposite changes with peak responses at 30 min ( @entity2690 , 109.5 +/- 15.6 microIU/ml) or 60 min (C-peptide, 10.3 +/- 1.1 ng/ml). In these @entity1 , post- @entity413 , but not baseline plasma ghrelin levels correlated negatively with plasma @entity2690 , C-peptide and blood @entity413 levels, whereas baseline plasma ghrelin correlated inversely with baseline plasma leptin. CONCLUSIONS: The similar suppression of plasma ghrelin in @entity2124 -deficient @entity1 treated with @entity2124 and in healthy @entity1 after an oral @entity413 load argues against disturbed regulation of ghrelin secretion in these @entity1 . The correlations between post- @entity413 plasma ghrelin, @entity2690 and blood @entity413 support the existence of a previously proposed link between @entity3190 (or increased blood @entity413 ) and suppression of ghrelin levels.

title: Plasma ghrelin response to an oral XXXX load in @entity2124 -deficient adults treated with @entity2124 .

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The contribution of hereditary and environmental factors to the development of @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) is still partly unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of these factors in a large population-based sample of twins. METHODS: The Swedish Twin Registry, containing data on twins born in the country since 1886, was cross-linked with the Inpatient Registry, providing national coverage of discharge diagnoses coded according to the @entity66 ( @entity66 ). All twins with an infrarenal @entity11557 were identified. Concordance rates and tetrachoric correlations were calculated for monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. Tetrachoric correlations were calculated assuming an underlying normal distribution of liability, with multiple factors contributing additively and a threshold value that discriminates between @entity11557 and no @entity11557 . Higher concordance rates and correlations of liability in MZ twins than in DZ twins suggest that genetic factors influence disease development. Structural equation modeling techniques, Mx-analyses, were used to estimate the contributions of genetic effects as well as shared and nonshared environmental factors for development of @entity11557 . RESULTS: There were 172,890 twins registered at the time of the study including 265 twins (81% @entity1 ; mean age 72 years; range, 48-94) with @entity11557 . There were 7 MZ and 5 DZ concordant pairs as well as 44 MZ and 197 DZ discordant pairs with @entity11557 . The probandwise concordance rates for MZ and DZ pairs were 24% and 4.8%, respectively. The tetrachoric correlations were 0.71 in MZ pairs and 0.31 in DZ pairs. The odds ratio (OR) was 71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 27-183) for MZ twins and 7.6 (95% CI 3.0-19) for DZ twins. In the structural equation models, genetic effects accounted for 70% (95% CI 0.33-0.83), shared environmental effects for 0% (95% CI 0-0.27), and nonshared environmental effects for 30% (95% CI 0.17-0.46) of the phenotypic variance among twins. CONCLUSION: These data provide robust epidemiologic evidence that heritability contributes to @entity439 formation. Concordances and correlations were higher in MZ compared with DZ twins, indicating genetic effects. There was a 24% probability that an MZ twin of a @entity1 with @entity11557 will have the disease. The twin of an MZ twin with @entity11557 had a risk of @entity11557 that was 71 times that of the MZ twin of a @entity1 without @entity11557 . A heritability of 70% of the total trait variance was estimated. The remaining variance was explained by nonshared environmental factors with no support for a role of shared environmental influences.

title: Genetic and environmental contributions to XXXX development in a twin population.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['ICD', 'International Classification of Diseases']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms', 'AAAs']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study describes a new method of evaluating the precision of surgically placed dental implants compared after virtual planning of implant positions using cone-beam computed tomography (CT) data and surgical guide templates. This method reduces radiation exposure for @entity1 participating in scientific studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three implants in 10 @entity1 with a unilateral free-end gap in the mandible (Kennedy Class II) were evaluated. After three-dimensional planning of implant position, the implant bed was prepared with a surgical guide template and transmucosal drilling. Preoperative cone-beam CT images were matched with postoperative images of the master cast with implant replicas. Deviations between planned and achieved positions were measured in position and @entity2270 . RESULTS: On average, the match between planned and placed implant @entity2270 was within 4.2 degrees (range, 0.0-10.0). The mean difference in distance at the implant shoulder was 0.9 mm (range, 0.0-4.5). The mean difference in distance at the implant apex was 0.6mm (range, 0.0-2.7) in the lateral/medial direction and 0.9 mm (range, 0.0-3.4) in the anterior/posterior direction. CONCLUSIONS: This alternative matching method provides reliable postoperative evaluation of differences in position and @entity2270 of planned and placed implants while reducing @entity1 radiation exposure.

title: An alternative method to match planned and achieved positions of implants, after virtual planning using cone-beam CT data and surgical guide templates--a method reducing XXXX radiation exposure (part I).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the imaging findings, with special emphasis on the magnetic resonance (MRI) findings and the clinical and radiological presentation of @entity84 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 18 @entity1 (12 @entity1 and 6 @entity1 ; mean age, 19 years) diagnosed with @entity84 . All @entity1 underwent plain-film radiography, 16 underwent MRI, and 12 underwent CT. We evaluated the location, size, pattern of @entity79 , @entity5 matrix, periosteal reaction, signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted sequences, and the presence of bone or soft-tissue @entity4 . RESULTS: The lesions were located in the distal femur (n = 6), proximal humerus (n = 5), ilium (n = 3), proximal femur, proximal tibia, patella, and scapula. Mean lesion diameter was 3.5 cm (range: 1 to 10 cm). A calcified @entity5 matrix was observed in 50% of the cases and a periosteal reaction was seen in 44%. MRI showed a homogeneous intramedullary lesion that was isointense to muscle on T1-weighted sequences. On T2-weighted sequences, the signal intensity was more variable and was always heterogeneous. Perilesional @entity4 affecting the bone and/or soft tissues was demonstrated in 94% of the cases and is a distinctive finding for this @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity84 should be suspected in a young @entity1 with an @entity690 . It is usually a localized lesion that often shows @entity5 matrix and periosteal reaction. CT and especially MRI are useful in the study of the extension of the lesion and in the characterization of this @entity5 . @entity84 typically shows @entity4 , periosteal reaction, and soft-tissue @entity4 .

title: [Imaging findings in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'calcification of the tumor']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema', 'bone edema']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone destruction']

entities_list: @entity84 :: ('MESH:D002804', 'Disease') :: ['chondroblastoma', 'Chondroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity690 :: ('MESH:D030981', 'Disease') :: ['osteolytic epiphyseal lesion']

answer: @entity84 :: (MESH:D002804,Disease) :: ['chondroblastoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Standard treatment for @entity281 includes catheter drainage and antibiotics. Tube drainage often fails if the fluid is loculated by fibrinous adhesions when surgical drainage is needed. Streptokinase may aid the process of @entity456 , but there have been no controlled trials to assess its efficacy. METHODS: Twenty four @entity1 with infected community acquired @entity1143 were studied. All had either frankly purulent/culture or Gram stain positive pleural fluid (13 cases; 54%) or fluid which fulfilled the biochemical criteria for @entity281 . Fluid was drained with a 14F catheter. The antibiotics used were @entity2261 and @entity868 or were guided by culture. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive intrapleural streptokinase, 250,000 IU daily, or control saline flushes for three days. The primary end points related to the efficacy of @entity456 --namely, the volume of pleural fluid drained and the chest radiographic response to treatment. Other end points were the number of pleural procedures needed and blood indices of @entity32 . RESULTS: The streptokinase group drained more pleural fluid both during the days of streptokinase/control treatment (mean (SD) 391 (200) ml versus 124 (44) ml; difference 267 ml, 95% confidence interval (CI) 144 to 390; p < 0.001) and overall (2564 (1663) ml versus 1059 (502) ml; difference 1505 ml, 95% CI 465 to 2545; p < 0.01). They showed greater improvement on the chest radiograph at discharge, measured as the fall in the maximum dimension of the pleural collection (6.0 (2.7) cm versus 3.4 (2.7) cm; difference 2.9 cm, 95% CI 0.3 to 4.4; p < 0.05) and the overall reduction in pleural fluid collection size (p < 0.05, two tailed Fisher's exact test). Systemic fibrinolysis and @entity548 complications did not occur. Surgery was required by three control @entity1 but none in the streptokinase group. CONCLUSIONS: Intrapleural streptokinase probably aids the treatment of @entity281 by improving @entity456 without causing systemic fibrinolysis or local @entity548 .

title: Use of fibrinolytic agents in the management of complicated XXXX and empyemas.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2261 :: ('MESH:D002444', 'Chemical') :: ['cefuroxime']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['parapneumonic effusions']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['pleural infection', 'pleural infections']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural drainage']

answer: @entity1143 :: (MESH:D010996,Disease) :: ['parapneumonic effusions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gradual telomere erosion eventually limits the replicative life span of somatic cells and is regarded as an ultimate @entity5 suppressor mechanism, eliminating cells that have accumulated genetic alterations. Telomerase, which has been found in over 85% of @entity1 @entity5 , elongates telomeres and may be required for tumorigenesis by the process of immortalisation. @entity3620 is an incurable @entity5 with a poor prognosis. The disease becomes symptomatic decades after exposure to @entity1355 fibres, suggesting the long term survival of pre-malignant cell clones. This study investigated the presence of telomerase in @entity3620 , which may be the target for future anti-telomerase drugs. METHODS: Telomerase activity was semiquantitatively measured in extracts from 22 primary @entity2615 , two @entity5 of the pleura, four @entity2615 cell lines, and six short term mesothelial cell cultures from normal pleura using a non-isotopic dilution assay of the telomeric repeat amplification protocol. RESULTS: Twenty of the 22 primary @entity2615 (91%) and all @entity5 derived @entity2615 cell lines were telomerase positive. Different levels of enzyme activity were observed in the @entity5 of different histological subtypes. Telomerase activity could not be detected in the six normal mesothelial cell cultures or in the two @entity2615 . Both @entity5 showed strong telomerase activity. CONCLUSIONS: Telomerase activity is found in a high proportion of @entity2615 and anti-telomerase drugs might therefore be useful clinically. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that telomerase activity may be a feature of @entity105 in @entity2615 and possibly in many other @entity5 .

title: Telomerase activity in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['benign solitary fibrous tumours', 'cancers', 'tumours', 'malignancy', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['pleural mesotheliomas', 'mesotheliomas', 'mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant mesothelioma', 'pleural malignant mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity1355 :: ('MESH:D001195', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenic asbestos']

answer: @entity2615 :: (MESH:D008654,Disease) :: ['pleural mesothelioma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gradual telomere erosion eventually limits the replicative life span of somatic cells and is regarded as an ultimate @entity5 suppressor mechanism, eliminating cells that have accumulated genetic alterations. Telomerase, which has been found in over 85% of @entity1 @entity5 , elongates telomeres and may be required for tumorigenesis by the process of immortalisation. @entity3620 is an incurable @entity5 with a poor prognosis. The disease becomes symptomatic decades after exposure to @entity1355 fibres, suggesting the long term survival of pre-malignant cell clones. This study investigated the presence of telomerase in @entity3620 , which may be the target for future anti-telomerase drugs. METHODS: Telomerase activity was semiquantitatively measured in extracts from 22 primary @entity2615 , two @entity5 of the pleura, four @entity2615 cell lines, and six short term mesothelial cell cultures from normal pleura using a non-isotopic dilution assay of the telomeric repeat amplification protocol. RESULTS: Twenty of the 22 primary @entity2615 (91%) and all @entity5 derived @entity2615 cell lines were telomerase positive. Different levels of enzyme activity were observed in the @entity5 of different histological subtypes. Telomerase activity could not be detected in the six normal mesothelial cell cultures or in the two @entity2615 . Both @entity5 showed strong telomerase activity. CONCLUSIONS: Telomerase activity is found in a high proportion of @entity2615 and anti-telomerase drugs might therefore be useful clinically. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that telomerase activity may be a feature of @entity105 in @entity2615 and possibly in many other @entity5 .

title: Telomerase activity in XXXX @entity2615 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity13276 ( @entity13276 ), a @entity74 in @entity1 , affects the biosynthesis/processing of the related intracellular organelles: lysosomes, melanosomes, and platelet dense granules. The disease is multigenic in both @entity1 and @entity19 where 14 separate genes have been demonstrated to be causative. @entity1 often die prematurely with @entity358 . @entity1 with the related @entity13277 ( @entity13277 ) likewise have significantly reduced life spans. Long-term survival and lung histomorphology were analyzed in a pilot experiment involving several genetically defined singly and doubly mutant @entity19 @entity13276 mutants and the beige @entity13277 mutant to determine whether these parameters are altered in the @entity19 models. The mutants differed widely in both longevity and lung architecture. @entity19 doubly homozygous for the @entity735 or for the @entity71107 and pearl genes had the shortest life spans with none surviving the two-year experimental duration. Life spans were similarly severely reduced in the beige and gunmetal mutants. Intermediate life spans were apparent in the pearl, pallid, and @entity6353 mutants whereas minimal effects were noted in ruby eye, @entity71107 , light ear, and @entity6353 mutants. Enlarged air spaces were noted in histologic sections of lungs of several of the mutants. For the most part, the severity of @entity358 was inversely proportional to the long-term survival of these various mutants, suggesting that lung pathology may contribute to mortality, as has been suggested for @entity1 @entity13276 @entity1 .

title: Survival and lung pathology of @entity19 models of @entity13276 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'humans', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['pale ear and ruby eye']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['severe lung abnormalities', 'lung abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['recessively inherited disease']

entities_list: @entity13276 :: ('MESH:D022861', 'Disease') :: ['Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome', 'HPS']

entities_list: @entity13277 :: ('MESH:D002609', 'Disease') :: ['CHS', 'Chediak-Higashi Syndrome']

answer: @entity13277 :: (MESH:D002609,Disease) :: ['Chediak-Higashi syndrome']


abstract: @entity13276 ( @entity13276 ), a @entity74 in @entity1 , affects the biosynthesis/processing of the related intracellular organelles: lysosomes, melanosomes, and platelet dense granules. The disease is multigenic in both @entity1 and @entity19 where 14 separate genes have been demonstrated to be causative. @entity1 often die prematurely with @entity358 . @entity1 with the related @entity13277 ( @entity13277 ) likewise have significantly reduced life spans. Long-term survival and lung histomorphology were analyzed in a pilot experiment involving several genetically defined singly and doubly mutant @entity19 @entity13276 mutants and the beige @entity13277 mutant to determine whether these parameters are altered in the @entity19 models. The mutants differed widely in both longevity and lung architecture. @entity19 doubly homozygous for the @entity735 or for the @entity71107 and pearl genes had the shortest life spans with none surviving the two-year experimental duration. Life spans were similarly severely reduced in the beige and gunmetal mutants. Intermediate life spans were apparent in the pearl, pallid, and @entity6353 mutants whereas minimal effects were noted in ruby eye, @entity71107 , light ear, and @entity6353 mutants. Enlarged air spaces were noted in histologic sections of lungs of several of the mutants. For the most part, the severity of @entity358 was inversely proportional to the long-term survival of these various mutants, suggesting that lung pathology may contribute to mortality, as has been suggested for @entity1 @entity13276 @entity1 .

title: Survival and lung pathology of @entity19 models of XXXX and @entity13277 .

answer: @entity13276 :: (MESH:D022861,Disease) :: ['Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome']


abstract: @entity13276 ( @entity13276 ), a @entity74 in @entity1 , affects the biosynthesis/processing of the related intracellular organelles: lysosomes, melanosomes, and platelet dense granules. The disease is multigenic in both @entity1 and @entity19 where 14 separate genes have been demonstrated to be causative. @entity1 often die prematurely with @entity358 . @entity1 with the related @entity13277 ( @entity13277 ) likewise have significantly reduced life spans. Long-term survival and lung histomorphology were analyzed in a pilot experiment involving several genetically defined singly and doubly mutant @entity19 @entity13276 mutants and the beige @entity13277 mutant to determine whether these parameters are altered in the @entity19 models. The mutants differed widely in both longevity and lung architecture. @entity19 doubly homozygous for the @entity735 or for the @entity71107 and pearl genes had the shortest life spans with none surviving the two-year experimental duration. Life spans were similarly severely reduced in the beige and gunmetal mutants. Intermediate life spans were apparent in the pearl, pallid, and @entity6353 mutants whereas minimal effects were noted in ruby eye, @entity71107 , light ear, and @entity6353 mutants. Enlarged air spaces were noted in histologic sections of lungs of several of the mutants. For the most part, the severity of @entity358 was inversely proportional to the long-term survival of these various mutants, suggesting that lung pathology may contribute to mortality, as has been suggested for @entity1 @entity13276 @entity1 .

title: Survival and lung pathology of XXXX models of @entity13276 and @entity13277 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The mechanoreceptors located in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) constitute an afferent source of information toward the central nervous system. It has been proposed that @entity1347 causes a disturbance in neuromuscular control, affects central programs and consequently the motor response resulting in serious @entity409 of the injured limb. PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate whether @entity8638 causes plastic changes in brain activation patterns. STUDY DESIGN: Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Seventeen right leg-dominant male @entity1 with @entity1347 and 18 matched healthy male @entity1 with no special sport or habitual physical activity participated in this study. @entity1 selection criteria comprised a complete right unilateral anterior cruciate @entity397 > or = 6 months before testing. Brain activation was examined by using functional magnetic resonance imaging technique (1.5-T scanner). RESULTS: Results show that @entity1 with anterior cruciate @entity942 had diminished activation in several sensorimotor cortical areas and increased activation in 3 areas compared with controls: presupplementary motor area, posterior secondary somatosensory area, and posterior inferior temporal gyrus. CONCLUSION: The current study reveals that anterior cruciate @entity942 can cause reorganization of the central nervous system, suggesting that such an injury might be regarded as a neurophysiologic @entity409 , not a simple peripheral @entity85 . This evidence could explain clinical symptoms that accompany this @entity130 and lead to severe @entity409 . Understanding the pattern of brain activation after a peripheral @entity130 such as @entity130 lead to new standards in rehabilitation and motor control learning with a wide application in a number of clinical and research areas (eg, surgical procedures, @entity1 re-education, athletic training, etc).

title: XXXX causes brain plasticity: a functional MRI study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['joint injury', 'anterior cruciate ligament injury', 'type of injury']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['ACL deficiency', 'chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ligament rupture']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal injury']

entities_list: @entity8638 :: ('MESH:D020208', 'Disease') :: ['chronic anterior cruciate ligament injury']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['ligament deficiency']

answer: @entity1347 :: (MESH:C537775,Disease) :: ['Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present the case of a college football player with acute, atraumatic, exercise-induced @entity2054 in the leg. BACKGROUND: Acute, atraumatic, exercise-induced @entity2054 is an infrequently reported cause of @entity158 in the athlete. If left untreated, @entity697 can cause @entity121 . DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Chronic exertional @entity2054 , medial tibial syndrome, @entity1642 . TREATMENT: Treatment consists of compartment fasciotomy. UNIQUENESS: This previously healthy, but unconditioned, athlete developed severe anterolateral left @entity158 after two days of fall practice in which he was unable to run a mile in 7.5 minutes. Physical examination by the team physician revealed @entity697 , and an emergency anterolateral compartment fasciotomy was performed. Second-look d  bridement performed 48 hours later revealed no significant change in the @entity39 appearance of the anterior compartment soft tissue. Therefore, the dead muscle was completely d  brided, and a free-flap latissumus dorsi graft was used for coverage of the wound. With recovery, strength returned to normal in the lateral compartment but remained 0/5 in the anterior compartment. The @entity1 had persistent sensory loss in the distributions of the superficial and deep peroneal nerves. CONCLUSIONS: Although much less common than the more frequent causes of @entity158 (ie, chronic exertional @entity2054 , medial tibial syndrome, @entity1642 ), @entity697 is potentially more devastating. When the increased intracompartmental pressure within a closed tissue space exceeds capillary perfusion pressure, tissue perfusion is decreased, the soft tissue becomes @entity63 , and cells die. The most important clinical diagnostic signs of @entity2054 are @entity158 with passive stretching of the compartment and @entity158 out of proportion to the results of the physical examination.

title: Acute XXXX in an athlete: a case report.

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute compartment syndrome']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle necrosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity2054 :: ('MESH:D003161', 'Disease') :: ['compartment syndrome']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'leg pain']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['stress fracture']

answer: @entity2054 :: (MESH:D003161,Disease) :: ['atraumatic compartment syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine how immediate enteral nutrition (EN) affects gut permeability and the development of @entity881 ( @entity881 ) in multiply injured @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospective, randomised clinical trial. SETTING: 20-bed surgical intensive care unit (ICU), university hospital. @entity1 : 28 consecutive multiply injured @entity1 , admitted in shock and stabilised in 6 h. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomly assigned to EN started not later than 6 h after admission to the ICU (group A), and to EN started later than 24 h after admission (group B). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The lactulose/ @entity2656 (L/M) test was performed in @entity1 on days 2 and 4 after @entity130 , and in 5 healthy volunteers. @entity881 scores were calculated daily. The mean @entity881 score from day 4 onwards was 1.84 in group A versus 2.81 in group B (p < 0.002), and was correlated with the time of initiation of EN after injury and the L/M ratio on day 2. The median L/M ratio on day 2 was 0.029 for group A and 0.045 for group B, while on day 4 it was 0.020 and 0.060, respectively. On day 2 after @entity130 , the L/M ratio was significantly higher in group B (p < 0.05) than in normal volunteers (median 0.014) and was positively correlated with the time of starting EN. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with normal volunteers, the @entity1 started on EN later than 24 h after admission to the ICU demonstrated increased intestinal permeability on the second day after sustaining @entity1230 . Also, they had a more severe form of @entity881 than the group placed on EN immediately upon admission. However, early EN had no influence on the length of ICU stay or the time of mechanical ventilation.

title: Effects of early enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability and the development of @entity881 after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['mannitol']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['multiple injury']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['MOF', 'multiple organ failure']

answer: @entity1230 :: (MESH:D009104,Disease) :: ['multiple injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine how immediate enteral nutrition (EN) affects gut permeability and the development of @entity881 ( @entity881 ) in multiply injured @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospective, randomised clinical trial. SETTING: 20-bed surgical intensive care unit (ICU), university hospital. @entity1 : 28 consecutive multiply injured @entity1 , admitted in shock and stabilised in 6 h. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomly assigned to EN started not later than 6 h after admission to the ICU (group A), and to EN started later than 24 h after admission (group B). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The lactulose/ @entity2656 (L/M) test was performed in @entity1 on days 2 and 4 after @entity130 , and in 5 healthy volunteers. @entity881 scores were calculated daily. The mean @entity881 score from day 4 onwards was 1.84 in group A versus 2.81 in group B (p < 0.002), and was correlated with the time of initiation of EN after injury and the L/M ratio on day 2. The median L/M ratio on day 2 was 0.029 for group A and 0.045 for group B, while on day 4 it was 0.020 and 0.060, respectively. On day 2 after @entity130 , the L/M ratio was significantly higher in group B (p < 0.05) than in normal volunteers (median 0.014) and was positively correlated with the time of starting EN. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with normal volunteers, the @entity1 started on EN later than 24 h after admission to the ICU demonstrated increased intestinal permeability on the second day after sustaining @entity1230 . Also, they had a more severe form of @entity881 than the group placed on EN immediately upon admission. However, early EN had no influence on the length of ICU stay or the time of mechanical ventilation.

title: Effects of early enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability and the development of XXXX after @entity1230 .

answer: @entity881 :: (MESH:D009102,Disease) :: ['multiple organ failure']


abstract: A @entity1 salivary intercalated duct cell line (HSG) is capable of morphological change to acinar-type cells, and of salivary amylase ( @entity5941 ) expression, by culturing on basement membrane extracts (BME). The aim of this study was to determine the critical conditions for functional and morphological differentiation of HSG cells and to establish if the processes are related. Cells were grown on BMEs that had different protein concentrations and growth factor content, and then examined with respect to morphology and @entity5941 expression. To investigate the role of intracellular @entity460 in amylase expression, a pcDNA3.1-TRPC1alpha construct was used to overexpress htrp1alpha, which mediates the store-operated @entity460 entry in HSG cells. Expression of the @entity5941 , TRPC1alpha and beta genes was quantified by means of real time RT-PCR. Growth factor-reduced BME (12.8 mg/ml) induced multicellular acinar structures with lumen formation but without stimulation of either @entity5941 or @entity7012 . HSG cells cultured on higher concentration BME (17.5 or 16.4 mg/ml) formed reticular networks. @entity5941 expression increased both on growth factor-reduced BME (17.5 mg/ml: 3.0-fold, P < 0.001) and on regular BME (16.4 mg/ml: 3.7-fold, P < 0.001) accompanied by a slight increase in expression of TRPC1alpha and TRPC1beta. Overexpression of htrp1alpha did not cause any significant changes in AMY expression, though it attenuated the BME (17.5 mg/ml)-induced @entity5941 upregulation. Overall, the higher protein concentration BME favors amylase expression in HSG cells, whereas the lower concentration causes marked morphological changes.

title: Morphological and functional differentiation of HSG cells: role of extracellular matrix and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity7012 :: (7220,Gene) :: ['trpc 1']


abstract: Following @entity645 diagnosis, linkage to outpatient treatment, antiretroviral initiation, and longitudinal retention in care represent the foundation for successful treatment. While prior studies have evaluated these processes in isolation, a systematic evaluation of successive steps in the same cohort of @entity1 has not yet been performed. To ensure optimal long-term outcomes, a better understanding of the interplay of these processes is needed. Therefore, a retrospective cohort study of @entity1 initiating outpatient care at the University of Alabama at Birmingham 1917 @entity645 = @entity791 Clinic between January 2000 and December 2005 was undertaken. Multivariable models determined factors associated with: late diagnosis=linkage to care (initial @entity404 < 350 cells=mm3), timely antiretroviral initiation, and retention across the first two years of care. Delayed linkage was observed in two-thirds of the overall sample (n = 567) and was associated with older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31 per 10 years; 95%confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-1.62) and African American race (OR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.60-3.74). Attending all clinic visits (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.45; 95% CI = 4.47-9.31) and lower initial @entity404 counts led to earlier antiretroviral initiation. Worse retention in the first 2 years was associated with younger age (OR = 0.68 per 10 years;95% CI = 0.56-0.83), higher baseline @entity404 count, and @entity734 (OR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.16-2.73). Interventions to improve timely @entity645 diagnosis and linkage to care should focus on older @entity1 and African Americans while efforts to improve retention should address younger @entity1 , those with higher baseline @entity404 counts, and @entity734 . Missed clinic visits represent an important obstacle to the timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy. These data inform development of interventions to improve linkage and retention in @entity645 care, an emerging area of growing importance.

title: The therapeutic implications of timely linkage and early retention in XXXX care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse']

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The current 3rd edition of the Italian Society of Nephrology guidelines has been drawn up to summarize evidence of key intervention issues on the basis of systematic reviews (SR) of randomized trials (RCT) or RCT data only. In the present guideline, evidence of optimal haemoglobin (Hb) target levels in @entity740 ( @entity740 ), either for pre-dialysis, dialysis or renal transplanted @entity1 , is presented. METHODS: SR of RCT and RCT on different Hb target levels in @entity1 with @entity740 were identified, referring to a Cochrane Library and Renal Health Library search (2005 update). Quality of SR and RCT was assessed according to current methodological standards. RESULTS: Four SR (19 RCT) were found addressing the point. Methodological quality of available trials was suboptimal. In @entity740 @entity1 (non-dialysis @entity1 ) Hb targets of 11.3 g/dL should be preferred to Hb >13.5 g/dL (evidence from RCT). A Hb target of 11.0-11.5 g/dL should be preferred in @entity740 @entity1 receiving dialysis treatment without significant @entity299 , since no survival benefits has been showed with Hb >14 g/dL (evidence from RCT). The optimal Hb target in haemodialysis @entity1 with severe @entity299 should be 10.0-10.5 g/dL (evidence from SR). Increases in Hb target lev-els are associated with improved quality of life, although this was mainly noticed in observational studies and in few RCT often relying on unvalidated quality of life assessment scales. CONCLUSION: In @entity740 @entity1 current available evidence supports the hypothesis that optimal Hb targets should be low to subnormal.

title: [Haemoglobin targets for XXXX : guideline from the Italian Society of Nephrology].

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease', 'CKD']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['chronic kidney disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity99 results in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which in turn produce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines for tissue remodelling. This study explored the transcriptional induction of the @entity3334 gene by @entity5 factor-alpha ( @entity310 ) in HSCs. METHODS: The LI90 @entity1 HSC line was used in the present study. Gelatin zymography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Northern blotting and gene promoter-reporter assays were used to analyse the induction of @entity3334 protein, mRNA expression and gene transcription respectively. Deletional or site-directed mutations were introduced into the promoter region and transiently transfected into LI90 cells to determine the cis-acting elements necessary for @entity310 inducibility. Gel shift mobility assays were used to determine the transcriptional factors involved in the @entity310 responsiveness. RESULTS: @entity310 upregulated @entity3334 protein and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. A time-course experiment revealed a rapid induction of @entity3334 mRNA expression after @entity310 treatment. Mutation in a putative nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-binding site at -2541 bp almost completely abolished the @entity310 response to @entity3334 gene-promoter activity, suggesting transcriptional regulation of @entity3334 expression by @entity310 via this site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and supershift assays indicated that this transcriptional regulation was regulated via the @entity2451 of @entity2451 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity3334 gene expression might be induced by @entity310 via the @entity2451 of @entity2451 in activated @entity1 HSCs.

title: Induction of @entity3334 gene transcription by XXXX factor alpha via the @entity2451 in activated @entity1 hepatic stellate cells.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour necrosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['Liver injury']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour necrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity99 results in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which in turn produce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines for tissue remodelling. This study explored the transcriptional induction of the @entity3334 gene by @entity5 factor-alpha ( @entity310 ) in HSCs. METHODS: The LI90 @entity1 HSC line was used in the present study. Gelatin zymography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Northern blotting and gene promoter-reporter assays were used to analyse the induction of @entity3334 protein, mRNA expression and gene transcription respectively. Deletional or site-directed mutations were introduced into the promoter region and transiently transfected into LI90 cells to determine the cis-acting elements necessary for @entity310 inducibility. Gel shift mobility assays were used to determine the transcriptional factors involved in the @entity310 responsiveness. RESULTS: @entity310 upregulated @entity3334 protein and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. A time-course experiment revealed a rapid induction of @entity3334 mRNA expression after @entity310 treatment. Mutation in a putative nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-binding site at -2541 bp almost completely abolished the @entity310 response to @entity3334 gene-promoter activity, suggesting transcriptional regulation of @entity3334 expression by @entity310 via this site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and supershift assays indicated that this transcriptional regulation was regulated via the @entity2451 of @entity2451 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity3334 gene expression might be induced by @entity310 via the @entity2451 of @entity2451 in activated @entity1 HSCs.

title: Induction of @entity3334 gene transcription by @entity5 factor alpha via the XXXX in activated @entity1 hepatic stellate cells.

answer: @entity2451 :: (4790,Gene) :: ['p50/p50 homodimer of nuclear factor-kappa B']