abstract: Levels of chemicals in @entity1 (body burdens) are useful indicators of environmental quality and of community health. @entity576 are easily monitored using breast milk samples collected from first-time mothers (primiparae) with @entity1 2-8 weeks of age. Currently, there is no body-burden monitoring program using breast milk in the United States, although ad hoc systems operate successfully in several European countries. In this article we describe the value of such monitoring and important considerations of how it might be accomplished, drawing from our experiences with pilot monitoring projects. Breast milk has several advantages as a sampling matrix: It is simple and noninvasive, with samples collected by the mother. It monitors body burdens in reproductive-age @entity1 and it estimates in utero and nursing- @entity1 exposures, all important to community health. Time-trend data from breast milk monitoring serve as a warning system that identifies chemicals whose body burdens and @entity1 exposures are increasing. Time trends also serve as a report card on how well past regulatory actions have reduced environmental chemical exposures. Body-burden monitoring using breast milk should include educational programs that encourage breast-feeding. Finally, and most important, clean breast milk matters to @entity1 and leads to primary prevention--the limiting of chemical exposures. We illustrate these advantages with @entity13727 ( @entity13727 ), a formerly obscure group of brominated flame retardants that rose to prominence and were regulated in Sweden when residue levels were found to be rapidly increasing in breast milk. A community-based body-burden monitoring program using breast milk could be set up in the United States in collaboration with the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for @entity1 , @entity1 , and @entity1 (WIC). WIC has a large number of lactating first-time mothers: It has 6,000 clinics nationwide and serves almost half (47%) the @entity1 born in the United States. Educational programs (e.g., those run by WIC) are needed that encourage breast-feeding, especially in lower-income communities where breast-feeding rates are low and where breast-feeding may help protect the @entity1 from the effects of environmental chemical exposures. Education is also needed about reducing chemical body burdens. A body-burden monitoring program would provide valuable data on time trends, background levels, and community hot spots in need of mitigation and follow-up health studies; develop analytic methods for new chemicals of concern; and archive breast milk samples for future analyses of other agents.

title: Lessons from the XXXX ( @entity13727 ): precautionary principle, primary prevention, and the value of community-based body-burden monitoring using breast milk.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'human', 'Children', 'Women', 'infants', 'Infants', 'people', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity13727 :: ('MESH:D055768', 'Chemical') :: ['polybrominated diphenyl ethers', 'PBDEs']

entities_list: @entity576 :: ('MESH:D064419', 'Disease') :: ['Chemical body burdens']

answer: @entity13727 :: (MESH:D055768,Chemical) :: ['polybrominated diphenyl ethers']


abstract: Levels of chemicals in @entity1 (body burdens) are useful indicators of environmental quality and of community health. @entity576 are easily monitored using breast milk samples collected from first-time mothers (primiparae) with @entity1 2-8 weeks of age. Currently, there is no body-burden monitoring program using breast milk in the United States, although ad hoc systems operate successfully in several European countries. In this article we describe the value of such monitoring and important considerations of how it might be accomplished, drawing from our experiences with pilot monitoring projects. Breast milk has several advantages as a sampling matrix: It is simple and noninvasive, with samples collected by the mother. It monitors body burdens in reproductive-age @entity1 and it estimates in utero and nursing- @entity1 exposures, all important to community health. Time-trend data from breast milk monitoring serve as a warning system that identifies chemicals whose body burdens and @entity1 exposures are increasing. Time trends also serve as a report card on how well past regulatory actions have reduced environmental chemical exposures. Body-burden monitoring using breast milk should include educational programs that encourage breast-feeding. Finally, and most important, clean breast milk matters to @entity1 and leads to primary prevention--the limiting of chemical exposures. We illustrate these advantages with @entity13727 ( @entity13727 ), a formerly obscure group of brominated flame retardants that rose to prominence and were regulated in Sweden when residue levels were found to be rapidly increasing in breast milk. A community-based body-burden monitoring program using breast milk could be set up in the United States in collaboration with the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for @entity1 , @entity1 , and @entity1 (WIC). WIC has a large number of lactating first-time mothers: It has 6,000 clinics nationwide and serves almost half (47%) the @entity1 born in the United States. Educational programs (e.g., those run by WIC) are needed that encourage breast-feeding, especially in lower-income communities where breast-feeding rates are low and where breast-feeding may help protect the @entity1 from the effects of environmental chemical exposures. Education is also needed about reducing chemical body burdens. A body-burden monitoring program would provide valuable data on time trends, background levels, and community hot spots in need of mitigation and follow-up health studies; develop analytic methods for new chemicals of concern; and archive breast milk samples for future analyses of other agents.

title: Lessons from the @entity13727 ( XXXX ): precautionary principle, primary prevention, and the value of community-based body-burden monitoring using breast milk.

answer: @entity13727 :: (MESH:D055768,Chemical) :: ['PBDEs']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The TAXUS NIRx stent (Boston Scientific Corp) provides local delivery of @entity1311 via a slow-release polymer coating. The TAXUS I trial was the first in- @entity1 experience evaluating safety and feasibility of the TAXUS NIRx stent system compared with bare NIR stents (control) (Boston Scientific Corp) for treatment of @entity301 . METHODS AND RESULTS:                 <AbstractText Label="METHODS AND RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">The TAXUS I trial was a prospective, double-blind, three-center study randomizing 61 @entity1 with de novo or @entity75 (< or =12 mm) to receive a TAXUS (n=31) versus control (n=30) stent (diameter 3.0 or 3.5 mm). Demographics, lesion characteristics, clinical outcomes were comparable between the groups. The 30-day major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rate was 0% in both groups (P=NS). No stent @entity715 were reported at 1, 6, 9, or 12 months. At 12 months, the MACE rate was 3% (1 event) in the TAXUS group and 10% (4 events in 3 @entity1 ) in the control group (P=NS). Six-month angiographic @entity256 rates were 0% for TAXUS versus 10% for control (P=NS) @entity1 . There were significant improvements in minimal lumen diameter (2.60+/-0.49 versus 2.19+/-0.65 mm), diameter stenosis (13.56+/-11.77 versus 27.23+/-16.69), and late lumen loss (0.36+/-0.48 versus 0.71+/-0.48 mm) in the TAXUS group (all P<0.01). No evidence of edge @entity256 was seen in either group. Intravascular ultrasound analysis showed significant improvements in normalized neointimal @entity1373 in the TAXUS (14.8 mm3) group compared with the control group (21.6 mm3) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this feasibility trial, the TAXUS slow-release stent was well tolerated and showed promise for treatment of @entity301 , with significant reductions in angiographic and intravascular ultrasound measures of @entity256 .

title: TAXUS I: six- and twelve-month results from a randomized, double-blind trial on a slow-release @entity1311 -eluting stent for de novo XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary lesions']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['restenotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thromboses']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The TAXUS NIRx stent (Boston Scientific Corp) provides local delivery of @entity1311 via a slow-release polymer coating. The TAXUS I trial was the first in- @entity1 experience evaluating safety and feasibility of the TAXUS NIRx stent system compared with bare NIR stents (control) (Boston Scientific Corp) for treatment of @entity301 . METHODS AND RESULTS:                 <AbstractText Label="METHODS AND RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">The TAXUS I trial was a prospective, double-blind, three-center study randomizing 61 @entity1 with de novo or @entity75 (< or =12 mm) to receive a TAXUS (n=31) versus control (n=30) stent (diameter 3.0 or 3.5 mm). Demographics, lesion characteristics, clinical outcomes were comparable between the groups. The 30-day major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rate was 0% in both groups (P=NS). No stent @entity715 were reported at 1, 6, 9, or 12 months. At 12 months, the MACE rate was 3% (1 event) in the TAXUS group and 10% (4 events in 3 @entity1 ) in the control group (P=NS). Six-month angiographic @entity256 rates were 0% for TAXUS versus 10% for control (P=NS) @entity1 . There were significant improvements in minimal lumen diameter (2.60+/-0.49 versus 2.19+/-0.65 mm), diameter stenosis (13.56+/-11.77 versus 27.23+/-16.69), and late lumen loss (0.36+/-0.48 versus 0.71+/-0.48 mm) in the TAXUS group (all P<0.01). No evidence of edge @entity256 was seen in either group. Intravascular ultrasound analysis showed significant improvements in normalized neointimal @entity1373 in the TAXUS (14.8 mm3) group compared with the control group (21.6 mm3) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this feasibility trial, the TAXUS slow-release stent was well tolerated and showed promise for treatment of @entity301 , with significant reductions in angiographic and intravascular ultrasound measures of @entity256 .

title: TAXUS I: six- and twelve-month results from a randomized, double-blind trial on a slow-release XXXX -eluting stent for de novo @entity301 .

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to study the effect of @entity419 (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) on the diagnosis and management of clinically problematic @entity1 with suspected @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: A prospective before-after study was performed in a cohort of all 164 @entity1 (university/community settings) referred for PET between August 1997 and July 1999. PET was restricted to cases where non-invasive tests had failed to solve clinical problems. The impact on diagnostic understanding and management was assessed using questionnaires (intended treatment without PET, actual treatment choice after PET, post hoc clinical assessment). RESULTS: Diagnostic problems especially pertained to unclear radiological findings (n=112; 63%), mediastinal staging (n=36; 20%), and distant staging issues (n=16; 9%). PET findings were validated by reviewing medical records. PET had a positive influence on diagnostic understanding in 84%. Improved diagnostic understanding solely based on PET was reported in 26%. According to referring physicians, PET resulted in beneficial change of treatment in 50%. Cancelled surgery was the most frequent change in treatment after PET (35%). CONCLUSION: FDG PET applied as "add on" technology in @entity1 with these clinical problems appears to be a clinically useful tool, directly improving treatment choice in 25% of @entity1 . The value of increased confidence induced by PET scanning requires further evaluation.

title: Prospective use of serial questionnaires to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of XXXX (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in suspected lung cancer.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer', 'NSCLC']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose']

answer: @entity419 :: (MESH:D019788,Chemical) :: ['18F-fluorodeoxyglucose']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Six multivariable models predicting 3-month outcome of acute @entity385 have been developed and internally validated previously. The purpose of this study was to externally validate the previous models in an independent data set. SUMMARY OF REPORT: We predicted outcomes for 299 @entity1 with @entity385 who received placebo in the National Institute of @entity16 and @entity64 rt-PA trial. The model equations used 6 acute clinical variables and head CT @entity1188 volume at 1 week as independent variables and 3-month National Institutes of Health @entity64 Scale, Barthel Index, and Glasgow Outcome Scale as dependent variables. Previously developed model equations were used to forecast excellent and devastating outcome for subjects in the placebo tissue plasminogen activator data set. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was used to measure discrimination, and calibration charts were used to measure calibration. The validation data set @entity1 were more severely ill (National Institutes of Health @entity64 Scale and @entity1188 volume) than the model development subjects. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curves demonstrated remarkably little degradation in the validation data set and ranged from 0.75 to 0.89. Calibration curves showed fair to good calibration. CONCLUSIONS: Our models have demonstrated excellent discrimination and acceptable calibration in an external data set. Development and validation of improved models using variables that are all available acutely are necessary.

title: Predicting outcome in XXXX : external validation of predictive risk models.

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurological Disorders']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']


abstract: The study included 52 @entity1 with @entity978 , 32 males and 20 females, whose ages ranged from 3 to 36 years (34 under and 18 over 15 years). All @entity1 were carefully staged, and lymph-node biopsies were taken for histopathological examination. HLA phenotype determinations were carried out, and the frequencies were statistically compared with those of normal Egyptian controls. We followed the @entity1 for 3 years to monitor the effect of therapy. In order to determine the prognostic value of @entity1 ' characteristics (age, stage, histologic pattern and HLA phenotypes), statistical analysis and retrospective stratification studies were performed. The frequency of HLA-AI was significantly increased in our @entity1 . The relative risk showed that @entity1 carrying the AI antigen are 6 times more susceptible than those lacking it. There was no significant difference in the frequency of AI antigen in relation to the histopathologic subtypes. Furthermore, the results revealed a prognostic value of the HLA marker. In conclusion, we suggest that chemotherapy should be added to radiotherapy of marker-positive @entity1 at any stage.

title: The value of HLA phenotypes in the prognosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of @entity2516 to @entity726 and intraocular pressure (IOP) in a defined white population. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional and follow-up study. @entity1 : @entity1 aged 43 to 86 years living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin (n = 4926). METHODS: All @entity1 received a standardized assessment of refraction, IOP, and @entity726 at baseline (1988-1990), with IOP remeasured 5 years later (1993-1995). Refraction was defined at baseline as follows: @entity1714 as spherical equivalent of -1.00 diopters (D) or less, emmetropia as -0.75 to +0.75 D, and @entity3467 as +1.00 D or more. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relation of baseline refraction to prevalent @entity726 (defined from IOP, optic disc, and @entity227 ) and incident @entity2790 (defined as IOP more than 21 mmHg at the 5-year examination in eyes with IOP of 21 mmHg or less at baseline). RESULTS: A myopic refraction was correlated with increasing IOP at baseline (P < 0.001). After controlling for age and gender, @entity1 with @entity1714 were 60% more likely to have prevalent @entity726 than those with emmetropia (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1, 2.3). In contrast, controlling for age, gender, and baseline IOP, @entity1 with @entity3467 were 40% more likely to have incident @entity2790 than those who were emmetropic at baseline (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0, 2.0). @entity1714 was not related to incident @entity2790 . CONCLUSIONS: In these population-based data, there was a cross-sectional association of @entity1714 with higher IOP and prevalent @entity726 . Similar associations have been found in previous studies. @entity3467 may be associated with 5-year risk of @entity2790 , a finding that needs further investigation.

title: @entity2516 , intraocular pressure, and XXXX in a white population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Persons', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field criteria']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['refractive errors']

entities_list: @entity3467 :: ('MESH:D006956', 'Disease') :: ['hyperopia', 'Hyperopia']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['ocular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1714 :: ('MESH:D009216', 'Disease') :: ['Myopia', 'myopia']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of @entity2516 to @entity726 and intraocular pressure (IOP) in a defined white population. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional and follow-up study. @entity1 : @entity1 aged 43 to 86 years living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin (n = 4926). METHODS: All @entity1 received a standardized assessment of refraction, IOP, and @entity726 at baseline (1988-1990), with IOP remeasured 5 years later (1993-1995). Refraction was defined at baseline as follows: @entity1714 as spherical equivalent of -1.00 diopters (D) or less, emmetropia as -0.75 to +0.75 D, and @entity3467 as +1.00 D or more. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relation of baseline refraction to prevalent @entity726 (defined from IOP, optic disc, and @entity227 ) and incident @entity2790 (defined as IOP more than 21 mmHg at the 5-year examination in eyes with IOP of 21 mmHg or less at baseline). RESULTS: A myopic refraction was correlated with increasing IOP at baseline (P < 0.001). After controlling for age and gender, @entity1 with @entity1714 were 60% more likely to have prevalent @entity726 than those with emmetropia (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1, 2.3). In contrast, controlling for age, gender, and baseline IOP, @entity1 with @entity3467 were 40% more likely to have incident @entity2790 than those who were emmetropic at baseline (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0, 2.0). @entity1714 was not related to incident @entity2790 . CONCLUSIONS: In these population-based data, there was a cross-sectional association of @entity1714 with higher IOP and prevalent @entity726 . Similar associations have been found in previous studies. @entity3467 may be associated with 5-year risk of @entity2790 , a finding that needs further investigation.

title: XXXX , intraocular pressure, and @entity726 in a white population.

answer: @entity2516 :: (MESH:D012030,Disease) :: ['Refractive errors']


abstract: We are reporting a case of @entity5 surgically treated initially for an isolated left pararenal localization, and which recurred several years later accompanied with numerous @entity3 . Despite of a treatment with @entity1496 131 MIBG, the evolution was rapidly fatal with a picture of @entity712 . This @entity299 would be linked to a @entity2401 directly secondary to the @entity2661 and causing a marked increase of the free @entity1718 concentration in the heart tissue. In reference to this case, all the data which may tend to suspect the malignant nature of a @entity1911 , present in 10 p. cent of the cases, are successively reviewed. There is no clinical specificity. The presence of a mixed secretion with marked urinary @entity935 secretion, would not present, for all authors, the same criteria of specificity. Thoraco-abdominal scan and scintigraphy with @entity1496 131 MIBG are the two tests permitting to demonstrate, with a great sensitivity and specificity, an extra-adrenal localization, which is the best argument in favor of a @entity5 since 30 to 40 p. cent of extra- @entity1911 are malignant, more especially as the @entity3 are located in areas where there are no embryonic remnants of tissues containing chromaffin cells. This permits to appreciate the difference between a non-malignant multicentric @entity1911 and a @entity5 . The ideal treatment of a @entity5 rests on surgery under the condition that there are ony one or two @entity3 . This procedure is preceded by a @entity1854 preparation and followed with an alpha-blockers treatment. In case of multiple @entity3 , the therapeutic use of @entity1496 131 MIBG seems to be a tempting alternative.

title: [Malignant XXXX . Apropos of a case with multiple metastatic localizations].

entities_list: @entity1496 :: ('MESH:D007455', 'Chemical') :: ['iodine', 'Iodine']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['pheochromocytoma', 'adrenal pheochromocytomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant pheochromocytoma', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac involvement']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis']

answer: @entity1911 :: (MESH:D010673,Disease) :: ['pheochromocytomas']


abstract: To a group of 8 healthy @entity1 a slightly hypocaloric diet with protein (13% of energy), @entity3363 (46% of energy) and fat (41% of energy) was given as one meal or as five meals in a change-over trial. Each @entity1 was 2 weeks on each regimen. Under the conditions of slight undernutrition and neutral temperature the balances of @entity1568 , @entity505 and energy were assessed in 7-day collection periods, and according to 48-hour measurements of gaseous exchange ( @entity505 - @entity1568 balance method) by the procedures of indirect calorimetry. Changes of body weight were statistically not significant. At isocaloric supply of metabolizable energy with exactly the same foods in different meal frequencies no differences were found in the retention of @entity505 and energy. Urinary @entity1568 excretion was slightly greater with a single daily meal, indicating influences on protein metabolism. The protein-derived energy was compensated by a decrease in the fat oxidation. The heat production calculated by indirect calorimetry was not significantly different with either meal frequency. Water, @entity1372 and @entity972 balances were not different. The plasma concentrations of @entity165 and @entity414 were not influenced by meal frequency, @entity413 and @entity1674 showed typical behaviour depending on the time interval to the last meal. The results demonstrate that the meal frequency did not influence the energy balance.

title: [Thermogenesis in XXXX after varying meal time frequency].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['person', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: Data on survival and survival free-from-recurrence were analyzed retrospectively in a group of 571 @entity1 who had undergone curative resection for @entity694 at the Mayo Clinic between 1972 and 1978. Of these @entity1 , 75 (group 1) had required bilateral oophorectomy before or at colon resection, while 496 (group 2) retained one or both ovaries. Average age, location and grade of @entity5 , and duration of follow-up were similar for both groups. Five-year-survival rate for the 571 @entity1 was 73.6%, as compared with 84.3% for matched controls. The 5-year survival rates were not significantly different for group 1 (78.0%) and group 2 (72.9%). Five-year survival free-from-recurrence also was not significantly different (82.9%, group 1 and 79.5%, group 2). @entity1 in group 1 who had grade 1 or 2 @entity5 or lesions in the sigmoid and cecum fared the best (no significant difference from controls). Incidence studies of ovarian metastases from @entity694 suggest that three to eight per cent of @entity1 should benefit from bilateral oophorectomy. This agrees with the difference in survival observed between groups 1 and 2 in this study. Our sample size is too small to statistically confirm the reliability of this difference. The design of a prospective study testing this hypothesis is outlined.

title: Oophorectomy and XXXX . Impact on survival.

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer', 'colon cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: From 1974 through 1983, 107 @entity1 4 days to 27 years old underwent 115 operations for treatment of @entity1498 . Thirty-two @entity1 were @entity1 (1 year old or younger), and 28 of them were newborns. All newborns were seen with @entity712 . Seventy-one @entity1 were seen with @entity101 . @entity154 were present in 72 @entity1 (67%). Resection was performed in 48 @entity1 , patch aortoplasty in 16, bypass of the coarcted segment in 15, and left subclavian @entity432 (LSAFA) in 36. Ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus was simultaneously performed in 28 @entity1 and pulmonary artery banding, in 4. Follow-up was 6 months to 9.2 years. There was a significant difference in aortic cross-clamp time between 26 @entity1 who had resection (37.9 +/- 12.9 minutes) (mean +/- standard deviation) and 32 @entity1 who had LSAFA (22.9 +/- 7.7 minutes) (p less than 0.05). Six @entity1 died within thirty days after operation; 5 of them had resection, and 1 had bypass. Major postoperative complications included @entity548 requiring exploration in 3 @entity1 (2 after resection and 1 after LSAFA) and @entity451 in 1 @entity1 after reoperation (resection) for recurrent @entity1498 3 years after patch aortoplasty. Paradoxical @entity101 was observed in 13 @entity1 , and sustained systemic postoperative @entity101 developed in 11 after effective repair of @entity1498 . There was no significant difference in early postoperative arm-leg pressure gradients between the types of operation or the various age groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Changing trends in the surgical treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['Associated anomalies']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation of the aorta', 'coarctation']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['artery flap angioplasty']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

answer: @entity1498 :: (MESH:D001017,Disease) :: ['coarctation of the aorta']


abstract: The differential diagnosis of @entity8650 constitutes a major problem in surgical pathology. A distinction among @entity242 is sometimes difficult, but this is a situation in which histologic examination of representative tissue will give a diagnosis in the majority of cases. Electron microscopy sometimes contributes to the proper diagnosis of @entity242 . For electron microscopy, fresh samples from 110 cases of @entity242 filed at the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, were examined. The distinguishing ultrastructural appearance of the following @entity5 are discussed: Spindle cell @entity242 ( @entity1822 10 cases, @entity5 5, @entity1492 5, monophasic @entity1352 ). Round cell @entity242 ( @entity980 10 cases, extraskeletal @entity2828 1, malignant @entity10476 1, @entity5606 of soft parts 3, monophasic @entity1352 9). @entity242 ( @entity1418 24 cases, @entity1821 1). @entity242 (myxoid @entity1418 8 cases, @entity243 8, extraskeletal @entity3293 4). @entity242 with a specific pattern. Using electron microscopy, general analysis of cellular morphology and detection of specific structures are helpful for evaluating these @entity242 . Nevertheless, poorly differentiated @entity242 may still pose a diagnostic dilemma, since their specific features are poorly represented.

title: [An ultrastructural analysis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity10476 :: ('MESH:D018241', 'Disease') :: ['neuroepithelioma']

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoma', 'sarcomas', 'Pleomorphic sarcomas', 'Myxoid sarcomas', 'Sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity8650 :: ('MESH:D012983', 'Disease') :: ['malignant soft tissue tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant Schwannoma', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1418 :: ('MESH:D051677', 'Disease') :: ['malignant fibrous histiocytoma']

entities_list: @entity5606 :: ('MESH:D018335', 'Disease') :: ['malignant rhabdoid tumor']

entities_list: @entity1352 :: ('MESH:D013584', 'Disease') :: ['synovial sarcoma 7', 'synovial sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity243 :: ('MESH:D018208', 'Disease') :: ['myxoid liposarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity3293 :: ('MESH:C563195', 'Disease') :: ['myxoid chondrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1822 :: ('MESH:D007890', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity980 :: ('MESH:D012208', 'Disease') :: ['rhabdomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1821 :: ('MESH:D008080', 'Disease') :: ['pleomorphic liposarcoma']

answer: @entity8650 :: (MESH:D012983,Disease) :: ['malignant soft tissue tumors']


abstract: We carried out a clinical analysis of @entity263 with bone @entity3 in 141 cases of @entity263 treated between 1965 and 1984. Among these, there were 64 cases of stage D, 45.4% and 55 cases of bone @entity3 at the first visit. Stage D cases were mainly treated with @entity172 . Poorly differentiated @entity420 was observed in 62% of the stage D cases. Elevated pretreatment levels of serum acid phosphatase in the cases of bone @entity3 were found in 47.8-71.4% of @entity1 with poorly differentiated @entity420 . Elevated acid phosphatase levels were also normalized by @entity172 administration in over 60% of cases, regardless of the degree of differentiation. Also, clinical efficacy of @entity172 was observed in more than 80% of stage D cases with any degree of differentiation. The most frequent clinically observed metastatic site was bone. Pain-relieving effects of @entity172 , radiation and @entity1260 were observed in 76.3%, 92.3% and 70%, of @entity1 , respectively. The cause of @entity204 in stage D @entity1 was mainly aggravation of metastatic lesions. The period for which @entity172 was effective was 45 months on average in cases who died at stage D. The period from reactivation to @entity204 averaged 16 months, while the period from the beginning of treatment to @entity204 in cases unresponsive to @entity172 was only 11 months on average.

title: [Clinical analysis and treatment of XXXX with bone @entity3 ].

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic cancer', 'carcinoma of the prostate']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the prostate']


abstract: We carried out a clinical analysis of @entity263 with bone @entity3 in 141 cases of @entity263 treated between 1965 and 1984. Among these, there were 64 cases of stage D, 45.4% and 55 cases of bone @entity3 at the first visit. Stage D cases were mainly treated with @entity172 . Poorly differentiated @entity420 was observed in 62% of the stage D cases. Elevated pretreatment levels of serum acid phosphatase in the cases of bone @entity3 were found in 47.8-71.4% of @entity1 with poorly differentiated @entity420 . Elevated acid phosphatase levels were also normalized by @entity172 administration in over 60% of cases, regardless of the degree of differentiation. Also, clinical efficacy of @entity172 was observed in more than 80% of stage D cases with any degree of differentiation. The most frequent clinically observed metastatic site was bone. Pain-relieving effects of @entity172 , radiation and @entity1260 were observed in 76.3%, 92.3% and 70%, of @entity1 , respectively. The cause of @entity204 in stage D @entity1 was mainly aggravation of metastatic lesions. The period for which @entity172 was effective was 45 months on average in cases who died at stage D. The period from reactivation to @entity204 averaged 16 months, while the period from the beginning of treatment to @entity204 in cases unresponsive to @entity172 was only 11 months on average.

title: [Clinical analysis and treatment of @entity263 with bone XXXX ].

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of @entity2806 is well studied in small-animal models, which offer reproducibility and control of confounding variables-factors essential to hypothesis-testing. This presentation first highlights insights into the @entity63 penumbra enabled by a multimodal experimental approach; second, discusses gene expression in @entity63 ; and third, confronts the challenges of neuroprotectant therapy. SUMMARY OF REVIEW: The @entity63 penumbra: Transient (2-hour) middle cerebral artery suture-occlusion in anesthetized @entity35 gives rise to highly consistent neurological and histopathological sequelae. Autoradiographic local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) studies at 2 hours of @entity432 as a region of intermediate CBF @entity308 (20% to 40% of control) surrounding the densely @entity63 core (5% to 20% of control) and constituting one half of the entire lesion. Local @entity413 metabolic rate in the acute penumbra is not reduced despite the critical @entity353 , so that the penumbral metabolism/blood flow ratio is markedly elevated. In contrast, following 1 hour of recirculation, @entity413 metabolism throughout the previously @entity63 hemisphere has become markedly depressed, and the metabolism/flow ratio has pseudonormalized. By correlating these data with histopathology using multimodal image analysis, the probability of @entity1188 is shown to be highly determined by the degree of antecedent @entity353 . These animal data agree strikingly with published results in @entity1 with @entity64 studied by positron emission tomography. This remarkable correspondence belies the assertion that data from lower species may not be relevant to @entity1 @entity64 . Gene expression: Perfusion gradients also determine differential patterns of gene expression in @entity63 . This can be demonstrated by correlating in situ hybridization autoradiographs for gene expression with autoradiographic LCBF data and histological @entity1188 maps derived from replicate series. In other studies, DNA microarray technology is used to screen for thousands of expressed genes. In the 2-hour middle cerebral @entity432 model with 3-hour recirculation, we have identified 28 known @entity63 - @entity519 response genes that are upregulated and 6 that are downregulated, together with 35 upregulated and 41 downregulated genes newly connected with @entity63 . These findings underscore the enormous complexity of @entity63 biology and suggest possible novel mechanisms for future exploration. NEUROPROTECTION: A desirable neuroprotectant would, in theory, antagonize @entity1230 mechanisms. We have explored 2 such therapies of particular promise. Mild @entity75 (32 degrees C target temperature, for 5 hours) is highly neuroprotective even when initiated at the onset of recirculation. Another highly protective agent is @entity1 albumin, administered in doses of 1.25 to 2.5 g/kg--a therapy that reduces @entity1188 volume in this @entity63 model by 60% to 65%, markedly diminishes @entity4 , and has a therapeutic window extending to 4 hours. CONCLUSION: The careful study of @entity63 models can yield valuable, clinically relevant insights into the pathophysiology of @entity385 .

title: Adventures in the pathophysiology of XXXX : penumbra, gene expression, neuroprotection: the 2002 Thomas Willis Lecture.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['acute stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['CBF reduction']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['rodent ischemia', 'ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain hypothermia']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['brain swelling']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['multiple injury']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['artery occlusion', 'occlusion define the penumbra']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity2806 :: (MESH:D002545,Disease) :: ['brain ischemia']


abstract: Surgical techniques for the approach to and division of atrioventricular accessory pathways have been designed and perfected during the past 18 years. The standard method of exposure of a single left free wall accessory pathway is by a left atriotomy. All other single accessory pathways are exposed through a right atriotomy. Up to twenty percent of @entity1 with @entity3153 harbor multiple atrioventricular accessory pathways. In this subgroup, classic operative techniques, especially the methods of approach, must be combined or modified depending on the specific locations of the accessory pathways encountered. Eighteen of 90 @entity1 operated on for @entity3153 at Charlotte Memorial Hospital from August, 1983, through September, 1986, had multiple accessory pathways. Thirty-eight of thirty-nine pathways were successfully divided. One posterior septal accessory pathway reappeared 2 months postoperatively and was catheter ablated. The most frequent combination of atrioventricular accessory pathways included a right free wall and a posterior septal accessory pathway (10 @entity1 ). This combination is approached by a right atriotomy. The posterior septal space dissection is extended onto the right free wall area. Technically the most difficult combination includes a left free wall and a posterior septal accessory pathway (3 @entity1 in the present series). Our preferred approach is begun with a right atriotomy for the posterior septal space dissection, followed by an atrial septotomy to expose the left free wall area. There are other methods, however, that may be advantageous depending on the exact locations of the accessory pathways encountered.

title: Technical considerations in the surgical approach to multiple accessory pathways in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3153 :: ('MESH:D014927', 'Disease') :: ['WPW syndrome', 'Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome']

answer: @entity3153 :: (MESH:D014927,Disease) :: ['Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome']


abstract: The effect of @entity1502 on mental state of @entity1 suffering from @entity195 ( @entity195 ) and @entity9398 ( @entity9398 ) was investigated in a double-blind study. After an initial 2-weeks washout period, the @entity1 were randomly selected to receive either 400 mg @entity1502 thrice daily or matched placebo tablets for 12 weeks. Eighteen male and 18 female @entity1 aged 60-88 years were included but 5 @entity1 dropped out during the first 2 weeks of the trial due to poor motivation. Two @entity1 for non compliance and one for protocol violation were further excluded from final analysis. The age and sex distribution of the @entity1 receiving placebo were comparable to those of treated @entity1 . The mean pre-entry severity of @entity303 , as assessed by Folstein's mini mental state (FMMS) and Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric Scale (SCAGS), was greater in the latter group (p less than 0.05). Although both groups showed slight improvement at the end of 12 weeks' treatment, no significant drug-related progress was observed. However, the @entity9398 @entity1 (n = 4) who received @entity1502 showed greater improvement (p less than 0.05) than the @entity9398 @entity1 (n = 7) who were treated with placebo. No such benefit was observed in @entity1502 -treated @entity195 @entity1 . It is, therefore, suggested, that @entity1502 (a haemorrheological agent), is probably beneficial only in @entity9398 @entity1 , but further long-term studies involving a larger number of @entity1 are required.

title: XXXX in @entity303 : a controlled study.

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity9398 :: ('MESH:D015161', 'Disease') :: ['MID', 'multi-infarct dementia']

entities_list: @entity1502 :: ('MESH:D010431', 'Chemical') :: ['oxpentifylline']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['primary degenerative dementia', 'PDD']

answer: @entity1502 :: (MESH:D010431,Chemical) :: ['Oxpentifylline']


abstract: The effect of @entity1502 on mental state of @entity1 suffering from @entity195 ( @entity195 ) and @entity9398 ( @entity9398 ) was investigated in a double-blind study. After an initial 2-weeks washout period, the @entity1 were randomly selected to receive either 400 mg @entity1502 thrice daily or matched placebo tablets for 12 weeks. Eighteen male and 18 female @entity1 aged 60-88 years were included but 5 @entity1 dropped out during the first 2 weeks of the trial due to poor motivation. Two @entity1 for non compliance and one for protocol violation were further excluded from final analysis. The age and sex distribution of the @entity1 receiving placebo were comparable to those of treated @entity1 . The mean pre-entry severity of @entity303 , as assessed by Folstein's mini mental state (FMMS) and Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric Scale (SCAGS), was greater in the latter group (p less than 0.05). Although both groups showed slight improvement at the end of 12 weeks' treatment, no significant drug-related progress was observed. However, the @entity9398 @entity1 (n = 4) who received @entity1502 showed greater improvement (p less than 0.05) than the @entity9398 @entity1 (n = 7) who were treated with placebo. No such benefit was observed in @entity1502 -treated @entity195 @entity1 . It is, therefore, suggested, that @entity1502 (a haemorrheological agent), is probably beneficial only in @entity9398 @entity1 , but further long-term studies involving a larger number of @entity1 are required.

title: @entity1502 in XXXX : a controlled study.

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: Male @entity35 with 2/3 of the liver removed were administered various drugs and chemical agents demonstrated to be stimulatory to the regenerating liver, mainly as supplements in a basal diet and injected with @entity4520 daily for the first 9 days p.o. (overall: 250-350 micrograms/kg), the animals being sacrificed on day 10. @entity172 inhibited liver regeneration in many of the drug-treated groups, the restored organ increments often falling to the range of the injected controls on the basal ration. The adult female displayed a lower sensitivity or more inconsistent responses to several drugs, and generally, @entity172 had a minor effect on the ensuing restored organ increment. As tested with a few agents, the behavior of adults ovariectomized 21 or 35 days prior to partial hepatectomy simulated that of the males. A group of compounds, including @entity72221 and @entity72222 , among others, was hepatotrophic to @entity35 of either sex and the increments were not altered by intervention of @entity172 . The inhibitory action of @entity4520 also extended to males fed the hormone as a dietary supplement. Moderate to high levels of @entity1420 or @entity3033 administered to females elicited liver increments much greater than those due to the drugs as such. In contrast to the partially hepatectomized series, the intact male displayed @entity382 with test agents but except for few, the inhibition due to @entity172 was lower. The intact female findings with several drugs appeared to be more consistent as compared to the liver increment data.

title: Modification of drug responses in partially hepatectomized XXXX of either sex by steroids.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity3033 :: ('MESH:D043343', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone propionate']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity72221 :: ('MESH:C009449', 'Chemical') :: ['thianthrene']

entities_list: @entity72222 :: ('CHEBI:38959', 'Chemical') :: ['phenyl sulfide']

entities_list: @entity4520 :: ('MESH:C074283', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol benzoate']

entities_list: @entity382 :: ('MESH:D006529', 'Disease') :: ['liver enlargement']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The 2-hydroxylation of @entity5829 ( @entity9956 ) correlates strongly with the 4-hydroxylation of @entity21946 (D) both in @entity1 volunteers and in vitro comparing @entity1 liver microsomes from different individuals. D competitively inhibits the 2-hydroxylation of @entity9956 in vitro suggesting that @entity9956 is hydroxylated by the ' @entity21946 hydroxylase' which is under monogenic control in @entity1 . We have characterized the effect of drugs on the hydroxylation of @entity9956 in @entity1 liver microsomes by measuring the formation of @entity18457 with HPLC using fluorescence detection. @entity3659 , @entity5080 and @entity1406 inhibited the hydroxylation of @entity9956 competitively indicating interaction with the catalytical site for @entity9956 2-hydroxylation. @entity4591 and @entity20611 at concentrations similar to their Km-values for metabolism did not inhibit @entity9956 -hydroxylation. Thus, for these compounds there was a good correspondence between the drugs' capacity to inhibit @entity9956 2-hydroxylation competitively in vitro and their apparent metabolism by the ' @entity21946 hydroxylase' in vivo in @entity1 . @entity5957 , @entity2644 , @entity5126 and @entity4807 also inhibited @entity9956 -hydroxylation competitively. @entity5957 was an unusually potent inhibitor (apparent inhibition constant Ki = 0.75 microM). @entity5126 was also an unusually potent inhibitor (Ki = 0.27 microM) and much more efficient than its isomer @entity4807 (Ki = 12 microM). Theophylline could inhibit @entity9956 hydroxylation but with atypical kinetics. We suggest that this simple @entity9956 in vitro test as well as earlier described inhibition tests with @entity21946 , @entity5127 and @entity37454 can be used to screen if drugs interact with the ' @entity21946 hydroxylase' in @entity1 liver.

title: Inhibition of XXXX 2-hydroxylation by drugs in @entity1 liver microsomes.

entities_list: @entity3659 :: ('MESH:D000639', 'Chemical') :: ['Amitriptyline']

entities_list: @entity5829 :: ('MESH:D003891', 'Chemical') :: ['desmethylimipramine']

entities_list: @entity37454 :: ('MESH:C010831', 'Chemical') :: ['bufuralol']

entities_list: @entity5080 :: ('MESH:D009661', 'Chemical') :: ['nortriptyline']

entities_list: @entity21946 :: ('MESH:D003647', 'Chemical') :: ['debrisoquine']

entities_list: @entity5957 :: ('MESH:D013881', 'Chemical') :: ['Thioridazine']

entities_list: @entity2644 :: ('MESH:D002746', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorpromazine']

entities_list: @entity1406 :: ('MESH:D008790', 'Chemical') :: ['metoprolol']

entities_list: @entity5127 :: ('MESH:D013034', 'Chemical') :: ['sparteine']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['Quinidine', 'quinidine']

entities_list: @entity20611 :: ('MESH:D000654', 'Chemical') :: ['amylobarbitone']

entities_list: @entity4591 :: ('MESH:D000983', 'Chemical') :: ['Antipyrine']

answer: @entity5829 :: (MESH:D003891,Chemical) :: ['desmethylimipramine']


abstract: The 2-hydroxylation of @entity5829 ( @entity9956 ) correlates strongly with the 4-hydroxylation of @entity21946 (D) both in @entity1 volunteers and in vitro comparing @entity1 liver microsomes from different individuals. D competitively inhibits the 2-hydroxylation of @entity9956 in vitro suggesting that @entity9956 is hydroxylated by the ' @entity21946 hydroxylase' which is under monogenic control in @entity1 . We have characterized the effect of drugs on the hydroxylation of @entity9956 in @entity1 liver microsomes by measuring the formation of @entity18457 with HPLC using fluorescence detection. @entity3659 , @entity5080 and @entity1406 inhibited the hydroxylation of @entity9956 competitively indicating interaction with the catalytical site for @entity9956 2-hydroxylation. @entity4591 and @entity20611 at concentrations similar to their Km-values for metabolism did not inhibit @entity9956 -hydroxylation. Thus, for these compounds there was a good correspondence between the drugs' capacity to inhibit @entity9956 2-hydroxylation competitively in vitro and their apparent metabolism by the ' @entity21946 hydroxylase' in vivo in @entity1 . @entity5957 , @entity2644 , @entity5126 and @entity4807 also inhibited @entity9956 -hydroxylation competitively. @entity5957 was an unusually potent inhibitor (apparent inhibition constant Ki = 0.75 microM). @entity5126 was also an unusually potent inhibitor (Ki = 0.27 microM) and much more efficient than its isomer @entity4807 (Ki = 12 microM). Theophylline could inhibit @entity9956 hydroxylation but with atypical kinetics. We suggest that this simple @entity9956 in vitro test as well as earlier described inhibition tests with @entity21946 , @entity5127 and @entity37454 can be used to screen if drugs interact with the ' @entity21946 hydroxylase' in @entity1 liver.

title: Inhibition of @entity5829 2-hydroxylation by drugs in XXXX liver microsomes.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: A crude extract of @entity6467 was obtained by sonication, centrifugation and dialysis, and analyzed by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. CIE analysis, using a high titer purified rabbit antibody anti-brucella fraction, showed that the @entity6467 extract contained at least 22 antigens that all moved towards the anode. The antigens of the crude extract able to interact with IgG of @entity1 affected by @entity3377 , were identified by means of @entity70722 using sheep 125I-anti human IgG. Fifteen sera of @entity1 affected by @entity3377 were analyzed by @entity70722 and three (Ag6, Ag12, Ag15) of the 22 antigens were able to bind specific human IgG to their corresponding immunoprecipitates. Ag6 was the only one present after one day of the @entity70722 plate exposure. After treatment of @entity3377 patients with antibiotics for two weeks, the three antigens were still able to bind the specific IgG, after two months of treatment the antigens were reduced to two (Ag6, Ag15), while after ten months only one antigen (Ag6) was still able to bind specific human IgG. The @entity3377 titer determined with common methods gave normal values after ten months of therapy. These results suggest that Ag6 is the most important antigen specific for human IgG. A preliminary determination of the molecular weight range of these antigens was carried out by a combination of size exclusion chromatography and CIE analysis. The Kav values were all above 66 kD.

title: Immunochemical identification of antigens of @entity6467 by means of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3377 :: ('MESH:D002006', 'Disease') :: ['brucellosis']

entities_list: @entity6467 :: ('29459', 'Species') :: ['Brucella melitensis']

answer: @entity70722 :: (OMIM:609165,Disease) :: ['CRIE']


abstract: A crude extract of @entity6467 was obtained by sonication, centrifugation and dialysis, and analyzed by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. CIE analysis, using a high titer purified rabbit antibody anti-brucella fraction, showed that the @entity6467 extract contained at least 22 antigens that all moved towards the anode. The antigens of the crude extract able to interact with IgG of @entity1 affected by @entity3377 , were identified by means of @entity70722 using sheep 125I-anti human IgG. Fifteen sera of @entity1 affected by @entity3377 were analyzed by @entity70722 and three (Ag6, Ag12, Ag15) of the 22 antigens were able to bind specific human IgG to their corresponding immunoprecipitates. Ag6 was the only one present after one day of the @entity70722 plate exposure. After treatment of @entity3377 patients with antibiotics for two weeks, the three antigens were still able to bind the specific IgG, after two months of treatment the antigens were reduced to two (Ag6, Ag15), while after ten months only one antigen (Ag6) was still able to bind specific human IgG. The @entity3377 titer determined with common methods gave normal values after ten months of therapy. These results suggest that Ag6 is the most important antigen specific for human IgG. A preliminary determination of the molecular weight range of these antigens was carried out by a combination of size exclusion chromatography and CIE analysis. The Kav values were all above 66 kD.

title: Immunochemical identification of antigens of XXXX by means of @entity70722 .

answer: @entity6467 :: (29459,Species) :: ['Brucella melitensis']


abstract: Oral electrolyte solutions containing 2.0 - 2.5% @entity413 are now more widely used than intravenous fluids for treatment of @entity2700 from @entity294 , especially in developing countries. New products are available, however, and older ones have been reformulated. Oral rehydration experts now recommend a replacement fluid with a @entity1372 concentration of 75 to 90 mEq/1. A solution containing 90 mEQ/1 is now used for both maintenance and rehydration. In underdeveloped countries it is also a preferred treatment for @entity3081 . In the United States, solutions with 40-60 60 mEQ of @entity1372 /liter are widely used for both rehydration and maintenance. Problems with maintenance, however, do occur. After acute @entity2700 , continued use of high @entity1372 concentrations can be damaging to adults, and especially @entity1 , who exhibit a high insensible water loss. Once the @entity2700 has been corrected, high @entity1372 concentrate solutions may cause @entity3489 or @entity4 . As for administration and dosage, @entity1 with over 10% weight loss should have parenteral fluid replacement, at least initially. For oral rehydration, 40-50 ml/kg of fluid should begin the 1st 20 hours; for severe rehydration 100 ml/kg orally in the 1st 5-6 hours. After rehydration is complete, an oral maintenance solution is given at 150 ml/kg/day. Though homemade @entity413 -electrolyte solutions are inexpensive, errors can occur in mixing or diluting solutions and can have severe consequences. Available oral electrolyte solutions, when used correctly, can be both effective and life-saving.

title: Oral fluids for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity3489 :: ('MESH:D006955', 'Disease') :: ['hypernatremia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2700 :: (MESH:D003681,Disease) :: ['dehydration']


abstract: Mechanisms related to increased left ventricular filling pressure associated with @entity741 were studied in 13 @entity1 with @entity453 . Single-plane left ventriculograms were obtained using a high fidelity micromanometer-tipped catheter in the control and post-pacing periods. All @entity1 developed typical @entity158 during pacing @entity591 . Seven @entity1 (group I) demonstrated no significant changes in ejection fraction (EF) and peak systolic pressure-end-systolic volume ratio (P/Ves) after rapid pacing. End-diastolic pressure (EDP), however, increased significantly from 14.9 +/- 4.9 to 24.4 +/- 8.5 mmHg (p less than 0.01). Six @entity1 (group II) exhibited significant decreases in EF and P/Ves. Here again, EDP increased significantly from 14.0 +/- 7.6 to 28.0 +/- 7.7 mmHg (p less than 0.01). The regional myocardial function was expressed by a radial coordinate system with its origin at the center of gravity of the end-diastolic contour. In the normal segment, the end-diastolic length (EDL) was augmented by 13.6%, associated with a 22.4% increase in @entity64 excursion with pacing stress. In the @entity63 segment, EDL remained unchanged, but @entity64 excursion was significantly reduced. The diastolic pressure-volume curve shifted directly upward or more to the right, while the diastolic pressure-length curve moved up on the single curve in the normal segment and shifted directly upward in the @entity63 segment, so that pressure was higher at any given segment length in the @entity63 segment, indicating regional alteration of the diastolic properties. Thus, an @entity63 response to pacing @entity591 involves both @entity7099 , but the latter is more sensitive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: An analysis of regional left ventricular function utilizing pressure-length relationship in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['anginal pain']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity7099 :: ('MESH:C564174', 'Disease') :: ['systolic and diastolic impairment']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: Mechanisms related to increased left ventricular filling pressure associated with @entity741 were studied in 13 @entity1 with @entity453 . Single-plane left ventriculograms were obtained using a high fidelity micromanometer-tipped catheter in the control and post-pacing periods. All @entity1 developed typical @entity158 during pacing @entity591 . Seven @entity1 (group I) demonstrated no significant changes in ejection fraction (EF) and peak systolic pressure-end-systolic volume ratio (P/Ves) after rapid pacing. End-diastolic pressure (EDP), however, increased significantly from 14.9 +/- 4.9 to 24.4 +/- 8.5 mmHg (p less than 0.01). Six @entity1 (group II) exhibited significant decreases in EF and P/Ves. Here again, EDP increased significantly from 14.0 +/- 7.6 to 28.0 +/- 7.7 mmHg (p less than 0.01). The regional myocardial function was expressed by a radial coordinate system with its origin at the center of gravity of the end-diastolic contour. In the normal segment, the end-diastolic length (EDL) was augmented by 13.6%, associated with a 22.4% increase in @entity64 excursion with pacing stress. In the @entity63 segment, EDL remained unchanged, but @entity64 excursion was significantly reduced. The diastolic pressure-volume curve shifted directly upward or more to the right, while the diastolic pressure-length curve moved up on the single curve in the normal segment and shifted directly upward in the @entity63 segment, so that pressure was higher at any given segment length in the @entity63 segment, indicating regional alteration of the diastolic properties. Thus, an @entity63 response to pacing @entity591 involves both @entity7099 , but the latter is more sensitive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: An analysis of regional left ventricular function utilizing pressure-length relationship in XXXX with @entity453 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: In a series of 12 @entity235 , the electrophysiologic and histologic effects of a single damped sine-wave shock delivered via standard electrocatheters to the region of the coronary sinus orifice were investigated. Six @entity235 received 200 J and six received 360 J of stored energy. The shock was delivered to two consecutive proximal poles of a standard quadripolar catheter positioned at the coronary sinus orifice and connected to the positive output (anode) of a defibrillator. A disc electrode positioned on the anterior chest wall served as the cathode (negative pole). During the shock, voltage and current were recorded. Electrophysiologic testing was done before and 4 weeks after the shock. At 4 weeks, animals were killed and serial sections of the atrioventricular groove and conduction system were performed. No significant long-term change in atrioventricular conduction, spontaneous or induced @entity943 was observed. However, transient @entity713 was seen in five and @entity11233 in six animals in the short term. No persistent electrocardiographic changes were observed, and no sudden @entity204 occurred. Microscopically, transmural @entity130 was inconstant and infrequent. However, transmural @entity130 at the level of the coronary sinus was produced over a 10 +/- 5 mm length with the 200 J shock and a 21 +/- 6 mm length with the 360 J shock. Neither @entity453 nor damage to the conduction system was seen and @entity2293 did not occur. However, localized intramural @entity301 (on the endocardial aspect only) was observed in each @entity235 , consistent with @entity11283 . With the present technique, @entity130 potentially capable of blocking the effects of accessory pathway conduction could be produced without other electrophysiologic alterations or complications. @entity130 (and therefore to any accessory pathway per se) is probably unlikely. @entity11283 may play a significant role in the @entity130 observed in this study.

title: Catheter-mediated electrical ablation of the posterior septum via the coronary sinus: electrophysiologic and histologic observations in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2293 :: ('MESH:D002305', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac tamponade']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['atrial rupture of the coronary sinus wall']

entities_list: @entity11233 :: ('MESH:D016170', 'Disease') :: ['idioventricular rhythms']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity11283 :: ('MESH:D001469', 'Disease') :: ['Barotrauma', 'barotrauma']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery injury']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['atrial or ventricular arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury at the anulus proper or basilar ventricular epicardium', 'Injury to the anulus proper', 'type of injury', 'atrial injury']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Although @entity299 after @entity131 ( @entity131 ) has been described, there is little data regarding the association of radiographic severity and particular lesions of @entity131 with the development of @entity299 . We hypothesize that the Rotterdam or Marshall scores and particular @entity131 lesions are associated with the development of @entity299 after @entity131 . METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study. Adult @entity1 with @entity131 who underwent echocardiography between 2003 and 2010 were included. A board-certified neuroradiologist assessed the first computed tomography head, assigning the Rotterdam and Marshall scores and the type of @entity131 . @entity299 was defined as either systolic or all cause based on the first echocardiogram after @entity131 . Demographic, radiological, and clinical variables were used in our analysis. RESULTS: A total of 139 @entity1 were identified, with 20 having isolated @entity299 . The Marshall and Rotterdam scores were not associated with the development of @entity299 . Only head Abbreviated Injury Scale was found to be an independent predictor of systolic @entity299 (relative risk: 2.70, 95% confidence interval: 1.19-6.13; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: No specific radiographic variable was found to be an independent predictor of @entity299 . Further study into clinical or radiological features that would warrant an echocardiogram is warranted, as it may direct @entity1 management.

title: Radiographic and Clinical Predictors of Cardiac Dysfunction Following Isolated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury', 'isolated TBI']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac dysfunction', 'systolic dysfunction', 'cardiac dysfunction']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['Traumatic Brain Injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is a paucity of information on cardiovascular responses with regard to the disease stage of @entity191 ( @entity191 ) when using an exercise test. Our purpose was to examine whether cardiovascular responses to the treadmill exercise test differed among @entity1 with @entity191 who have different disease severity. METHODS: Forty-five subjects with @entity191 were studied (34 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 ). The subjects underwent a treadmill exercise test using a modified Bruce protocol. Resting @entity299 ( @entity299 ), resting blood pressure (BP), maximal @entity299 , maximal BP, exercise duration, maximum percentage @entity299 and METs achieved after the treadmill exercise test were studied. RESULTS: Seventeen subjects were in Hoehn and Yahr Staging Scale (HY) 2, 16 were in HY 2.5, and 12 were in HY 3. @entity299 increased significantly in all three stages. Systolic BP increased significantly in the HY 2 and 2.5, but not the HY 3. Diastolic BP did not change in any stage. Resting @entity299 was lower in the HY 2 compared to the HY 3 and resting systolic BP was higher in HY 2 compared to the HY 2.5. The three HY stages were not different in exercise duration, @entity299 and BP responses, maximum percentage @entity299 achieved, and METs achieved. Fatigue was a primary reason to discontinue the test. There were no fall incidents in any of the tests. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular responses to the treadmill exercise test did not vary with disease severity. Treadmill exercise tests were safe to perform in @entity1 with @entity191 .

title: Treadmill exercise tests in @entity1 with XXXX : responses and disease severity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart rate', 'HR']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is a paucity of information on cardiovascular responses with regard to the disease stage of @entity191 ( @entity191 ) when using an exercise test. Our purpose was to examine whether cardiovascular responses to the treadmill exercise test differed among @entity1 with @entity191 who have different disease severity. METHODS: Forty-five subjects with @entity191 were studied (34 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 ). The subjects underwent a treadmill exercise test using a modified Bruce protocol. Resting @entity299 ( @entity299 ), resting blood pressure (BP), maximal @entity299 , maximal BP, exercise duration, maximum percentage @entity299 and METs achieved after the treadmill exercise test were studied. RESULTS: Seventeen subjects were in Hoehn and Yahr Staging Scale (HY) 2, 16 were in HY 2.5, and 12 were in HY 3. @entity299 increased significantly in all three stages. Systolic BP increased significantly in the HY 2 and 2.5, but not the HY 3. Diastolic BP did not change in any stage. Resting @entity299 was lower in the HY 2 compared to the HY 3 and resting systolic BP was higher in HY 2 compared to the HY 2.5. The three HY stages were not different in exercise duration, @entity299 and BP responses, maximum percentage @entity299 achieved, and METs achieved. Fatigue was a primary reason to discontinue the test. There were no fall incidents in any of the tests. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular responses to the treadmill exercise test did not vary with disease severity. Treadmill exercise tests were safe to perform in @entity1 with @entity191 .

title: Treadmill exercise tests in XXXX with @entity191 : responses and disease severity.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['persons']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are very few data on characteristics or policies that improve @entity1 outcomes in academic medical institutions. We were interested in 2 such policies or characteristics that are commonly implemented in academic centers: an in-house on-call attending physician policy and the existence of postgraduate medical education. HYPOTHESIS: An in-house attending surgeon on-call policy and the presence of @entity130 and critical care fellowship programs improve outcomes of critically injured @entity1 . DESIGN: Multicenter cohort study. Two cohorts were analyzed: blunt @entity130 (n = 601; mortality, 16.0%) and penetrating @entity1661 (n = 503; mortality, 7.5%). SETTING: Thirty-one academic level I @entity130 centers, 10 (32.3%) with in-house on-call policy and 11 (35.5%) with fellowship programs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality, hospital length of stay, and intensive care unit length of stay. RESULTS: In-house on-call surgeon policy had no impact on mortality or length of hospital or intensive care unit stay for either the blunt or penetrating @entity130 cohort. However, the presence of fellowship programs was associated with a significant decrease in blunt @entity130 mortality (odds ratio, 0.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1-0.8) and a decrease in length of intensive care unit stay (mean difference, 4.7 days; 95% CI, 0.6-8.8 days) and hospital stay (mean difference, 3.2 days; 95% CI, 0.6-5.9 days). There were no significant effects of fellowship programs on penetrating @entity130 outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: An in-house on-call attending surgeon policy is not associated with improved outcomes. In contrast, presence of a @entity130 and surgical critical care fellowship program, a potential surrogate marker for an institution that is committed to this specialty interest, is associated with improved outcomes for critically injured @entity1 . An investment in advanced postgraduate medical education has potential benefits in @entity1 care and outcomes.

title: XXXX outcomes in academic medical centers: influence of fellowship programs and in-house on-call attending surgeon.

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: @entity779 is one of the most common @entity66 worldwide. Early diagnosis of @entity779 helps in @entity1 triage and timely management of @entity778 .This study was undertaken to note the early clinical features supported by detection of @entity8768 antigen for diagnosis of @entity778 . METHODOLOGY: In this study a total of 100 adult @entity1 presenting with clinical features of @entity281 from January 2012 to December 2012 were studied.The diagnosis was confirmed with @entity8768 rapid diagnostic test (RDT) whose efficacy was later tested with IgM ELISA. RESULTS: In this study young males were predominantly affected. @entity8768 positivity was 68%. The sensitivity of @entity8768 in predicting @entity281 compared to IgM was 92.86% and specificity was 90% with strength of agreement considered to be 'very good' based on Kappa statistics. Clinical features like @entity158 , @entity925 , @entity4841 , @entity1910 and @entity548 manifestations were significantly associated with @entity8768 positivity. Similarly icterus, @entity4 , @entity551 , altered sensorium, @entity882 and raised @entity1011 were significantly more in @entity8768 positive @entity1 . Anomalously, SGOT was more than SGPT, which can help in differentiating @entity778 from other @entity1800 early in the course. CONCLUSION: We conclude that @entity281 , which possesses serious public health problem, can be diagnosed early with the help of clinical features like @entity158 , @entity925 , @entity548 manifestations, @entity882 and anomalously SGOT greater than SGPT that is supported by detection of @entity8768 antigen.

title: Catching Dengue Early: Clinical Features and Laboratory Markers of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['dengue virus infection']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['tropical diseases']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['dengue infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['retro-orbital pain']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity4841 :: ('MESH:D018771', 'Disease') :: ['arthralgia']

entities_list: @entity779 :: ('MESH:D003715', 'Disease') :: ['Dengue fever', 'dengue']

answer: @entity778 :: (MESH:D015658,Disease) :: ['Dengue Virus Infection']


abstract: Interactions between killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and human @entity4107 ligands influence development of natural killer (NK) cell repertoire and response to @entity281 , @entity5 , and allogeneic tissue. As KIRs and HLA class I molecules are highly polymorphic, clinical allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is predicted to frequently involve @entity9371 mismatch, and thus to provide a unique system for study of @entity1 @entity9706 repertoire development. Eighteen @entity1778 @entity1 undergoing HLA-matched transplantation and their donors were analyzed for @entity9371 genotype. Ten of 13 HLA-identical donor- @entity1 pairs were @entity9371 mismatched and 3 were matched; all HLA-matched unrelated pairs were @entity9371 mismatched. Reconstitution of recipient NK cell repertoire following transplantation was examined using flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies specific for @entity9371 and @entity9706 : @entity9707 . These data form 3 groups. Six to 9 months after transplantation, 8 @entity1 (group 1) reconstituted an NK cell repertoire resembling that of their donor, and for @entity9371 -mismatched transplants, distinct from the recipient before transplantation. In the first year after transplantation, 5 @entity1 (group 2) exhibited a generally depressed frequency of @entity9371 -expressing NK cells and concomitant high frequency of @entity9706 : @entity9707 expression. By 3 years after transplantation, the frequency of @entity9371 -expressing NK cells had increased to donor values, in the 3 @entity1 from group 2 analyzed for this period. The remaining 5 @entity1 experienced severe clinical complications following transplantation and displayed unique features in their @entity9706 reconstitution. These results demonstrate that a majority of HLA-matched hematopoietic cell transplantations involve @entity9371 mismatch and reveal differences in NK cell repertoire having potential impact for immune responsiveness and transplantation outcome.

title: Reconstitution of XXXX repertoire following HLA-matched hematopoietic cell transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity4107 :: ('3126', 'Gene') :: ['leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I']

answer: @entity9706 :: (3824,Gene) :: ['NK cell receptor']


abstract: A case-control study of deaths among U.S. railroad workers was conducted to test the hypothesis that @entity2 is associated with exposure to diesel exhaust. Employed and retired male workers with greater than or equal to 10 yr of service who were born on or after January 1, 1900 and who died between @entity3490 , 1981 and February 28, 1982 were eligible. We collected 87% of the @entity204 certificates from 15,059 deaths reported to the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board (RRB). Cases of @entity2 (1,256) were matched to controls by age (+/- 2.5 yr) and date of @entity204 (+/- 31 days). Potential exposure to diesel exhaust was assigned based on an industrial hygiene evaluation of jobs and work areas. Each subject's work history was determined from a yearly job report filed by his employer with the RRB from 1959 until @entity204 or retirement. Asbestos exposure prior to 1959 was categorized by the job held in 1959, the end of the steam locomotive era, or by the last job held if retirement occurred before 1959. Smoking histories were obtained by questionnaire from next of kin. Using multiple conditional logistic regression analysis to adjust for smoking and asbestos exposure, workers 64 yr of age or younger at the time of @entity204 with work in a diesel exhaust exposed job for 20 yr had a significantly increased relative odds (odds ratio = 1.41, 95% Cl = 1.06, 1.88) of @entity2 . No effect of diesel exhaust exposure was seen in workers 65 yr of age or older because many of these @entity1 retired shortly after the transition to diesel-powered locomotives.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A case-control study of XXXX and diesel exhaust exposure in railroad workers.

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: Four hundred eight-cell @entity19 embryos were cultured in vitro in either @entity852 (plastic) dishes (Exp. 1) or watch glasses (Exp. 2) to analyze the @entity137 potential of absorbed-retained @entity11540 ( @entity6157 ). Culture dishes were gas-sterilized with @entity6157 equipment and allowed to aerate (21 C) for varying durations. Post-sterilization @entity6157 residues, as determined by weight measurement, were eluted from @entity852 dishes at an exponential rate. After 1 wk of aeration, .625 mg @entity6157 was retained/g of @entity852 product. To determine the effect of @entity6157 residue on in vitro culture, embryos were collected from superovulated donor @entity19 (C57BL/6N), pooled in a modified Dulbecco's @entity1391 buffered saline (PBI) medium and then randomly allotted to dishes subjected to various aeration durations. Embryos were cultured in Whitten's medium +3 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) under a humidified 5% @entity515 in air atmosphere at 37 C. Gross assessments of embryo development were made using standard morphology and quality grading systems and a @entity10156 staining assay. In Exp. 1, embryo development was retarded at the 8- to 16-cell stage when less than or equal to 12 h aeration of @entity852 dishes was permitted. Aeration for 24 and 36 h resulted in suboptimal embryo development with fewer (P less than .01) blastocysts and greater degeneration rates at 48 h of in vitro culture compared with the control (manufacturer-packaged dishes, no @entity6157 ) and 1-wk aeration treatment groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX potential of absorbed-retained @entity11540 residues in culture dishes on embryo development in vitro.

entities_list: @entity852 :: ('MESH:D011137', 'Chemical') :: ['polystyrene']

entities_list: @entity11540 :: ('MESH:D005027', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylene oxide']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity6157 :: ('CHEBI:27561', 'Chemical') :: ['Anprolene', 'EtO']

entities_list: @entity10156 :: ('MESH:C018506', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein diacetate']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['Toxicity']


abstract: Four hundred eight-cell @entity19 embryos were cultured in vitro in either @entity852 (plastic) dishes (Exp. 1) or watch glasses (Exp. 2) to analyze the @entity137 potential of absorbed-retained @entity11540 ( @entity6157 ). Culture dishes were gas-sterilized with @entity6157 equipment and allowed to aerate (21 C) for varying durations. Post-sterilization @entity6157 residues, as determined by weight measurement, were eluted from @entity852 dishes at an exponential rate. After 1 wk of aeration, .625 mg @entity6157 was retained/g of @entity852 product. To determine the effect of @entity6157 residue on in vitro culture, embryos were collected from superovulated donor @entity19 (C57BL/6N), pooled in a modified Dulbecco's @entity1391 buffered saline (PBI) medium and then randomly allotted to dishes subjected to various aeration durations. Embryos were cultured in Whitten's medium +3 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) under a humidified 5% @entity515 in air atmosphere at 37 C. Gross assessments of embryo development were made using standard morphology and quality grading systems and a @entity10156 staining assay. In Exp. 1, embryo development was retarded at the 8- to 16-cell stage when less than or equal to 12 h aeration of @entity852 dishes was permitted. Aeration for 24 and 36 h resulted in suboptimal embryo development with fewer (P less than .01) blastocysts and greater degeneration rates at 48 h of in vitro culture compared with the control (manufacturer-packaged dishes, no @entity6157 ) and 1-wk aeration treatment groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity137 potential of absorbed-retained XXXX residues in culture dishes on embryo development in vitro.

answer: @entity11540 :: (MESH:D005027,Chemical) :: ['ethylene oxide']


abstract: Auditory brainstem (ABR) and middle latency responses (MLR) were obtained from each ear in 8 @entity5434 , 4 @entity32093 , 4 @entity55415 and 2 @entity17055 . Macaques ranged in age from 5 days to 15 years with the 6 older animals in age-matched, male-female pairs. From each animal, latency-intensity functions were obtained and multiple MLR recordings were measured at 60 and 70 dB. Latency-intensity functions, interwave intervals, thresholds and percent detectability were calculated for ABR waveforms. Waves II and IV were largest in amplitude and were most consistently detected at low stimulus intensities in all species tested. Waves I and II had adult latencies in the youngest animal tested (5-day-old macaque), while waves III and IV were prolonged in comparison to the 15-month-old macaque, in whom latencies had reached adult values. There were no apparent sex differences in evoked potentials in the age-matched, male-female pairs. A broad, negative MLR at 7-13 ms was observed in all animals. Longer latency MLRs varied among animals of the same species, but were replicable in some individuals, including the youngest macaque (5 days) and @entity17055 (7 months). These data were compared to responses obtained in @entity1 , other primates and other vertebrates.

title: Auditory brainstem and middle latency responses in non- XXXX primates.

entities_list: @entity32093 :: ('9580', 'Species') :: ['white-handed gibbons']

entities_list: @entity17055 :: ('9600', 'Species') :: ['orangutans', 'orangutan']

entities_list: @entity5434 :: ('9541', 'Species') :: ['crab-eating macaques']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although, @entity2782 ( @entity281 ) is recognized as a major complication of @entity298 ( @entity298 ) with high risk of @entity393 due to refractory/recurrent @entity298 , there is remarkably little literature about treatment outcomes. International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis guidelines advise the use of one to two antibiotics; in addition, we change standard exit-site care by stopping prophylactic @entity23782 and starting regular use of @entity801 1% cream. METHODS: Retrospective review of outcomes of Pseudomonas @entity281 from January 2012 to March 2015. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 135 @entity1 were on @entity298 with an overall incidence of any @entity281 of 0.36/ @entity1 -year. There were 14 @entity1 with @entity281 episodes with Pseudomonas with a rate of 0.12/ @entity1 -year. In total, 13 of 14 @entity1 with @entity281 episodes were treated with oral @entity2177 and/or intraperitoneal (IP) @entity801 or @entity5505 , plus topical @entity801 , with a success rate of 38% (5/13). One @entity1 had @entity801 -resistant Pseudomonas species and was treated successfully with topical polymyxin/ @entity3637 cream. Median follow-up time in cured @entity1 was 385 days (range 74-1107). Six @entity1 had associated with @entity298 , four during follow-up and two at initial presentation. Three @entity1 had recurrent @entity281 with Pseudomonas, with one successfully re-treated with topical and IP @entity801 . In total, in only 50% of the @entity1 was Pseudomonas @entity281 successfully treated. Five of the @entity1 (36%) changed modality to permanent haemodialysis following catheter removal. CONCLUSION: Eradication of Pseudomonas @entity281 remains difficult even with the addition of topical @entity801 to the exit site. There should be a low threshold for catheter replacement.

title: XXXX : treatment outcomes with topical @entity801 in addition to systemic antibiotics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity2782 :: ('MESH:D011552', 'Disease') :: ['Pseudomonas exit-site infection']

entities_list: @entity3637 :: ('MESH:D001414', 'Chemical') :: ['bacitracin']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity23782 :: ('MESH:D016712', 'Chemical') :: ['mupirocin']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['catheter loss']

entities_list: @entity5505 :: ('MESH:D002442', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftazidime']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal dialysis', 'PD', 'Pseudomonas peritonitis', 'infection or peritonitis']

answer: @entity2782 :: (MESH:D011552,Disease) :: ['Pseudomonas exit-site infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although, @entity2782 ( @entity281 ) is recognized as a major complication of @entity298 ( @entity298 ) with high risk of @entity393 due to refractory/recurrent @entity298 , there is remarkably little literature about treatment outcomes. International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis guidelines advise the use of one to two antibiotics; in addition, we change standard exit-site care by stopping prophylactic @entity23782 and starting regular use of @entity801 1% cream. METHODS: Retrospective review of outcomes of Pseudomonas @entity281 from January 2012 to March 2015. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 135 @entity1 were on @entity298 with an overall incidence of any @entity281 of 0.36/ @entity1 -year. There were 14 @entity1 with @entity281 episodes with Pseudomonas with a rate of 0.12/ @entity1 -year. In total, 13 of 14 @entity1 with @entity281 episodes were treated with oral @entity2177 and/or intraperitoneal (IP) @entity801 or @entity5505 , plus topical @entity801 , with a success rate of 38% (5/13). One @entity1 had @entity801 -resistant Pseudomonas species and was treated successfully with topical polymyxin/ @entity3637 cream. Median follow-up time in cured @entity1 was 385 days (range 74-1107). Six @entity1 had associated with @entity298 , four during follow-up and two at initial presentation. Three @entity1 had recurrent @entity281 with Pseudomonas, with one successfully re-treated with topical and IP @entity801 . In total, in only 50% of the @entity1 was Pseudomonas @entity281 successfully treated. Five of the @entity1 (36%) changed modality to permanent haemodialysis following catheter removal. CONCLUSION: Eradication of Pseudomonas @entity281 remains difficult even with the addition of topical @entity801 to the exit site. There should be a low threshold for catheter replacement.

title: @entity2782 : treatment outcomes with topical XXXX in addition to systemic antibiotics.

answer: @entity801 :: (MESH:D005839,Chemical) :: ['gentamicin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) in severe @entity2687 . METHODS: Amniotic membrane transplantation was performed in 14 eyes of 14 @entity1 from four groups: A, five severe ocular burns; B, four cases of @entity9849 ; C, three persistent epithelial defects after penetrating keratoplasty; D, two cases of @entity2372 . Five @entity1 underwent AMT alone; two @entity1 underwent AMT combined with limbal transplantation; the other three @entity1 had limbal transplantation performed before AMT. Eight @entity1 required combined penetrating keratoplasty. @entity1 with corneal stable reepithelialization, no @entity7499 , and no recurrence of the initial pathology were considered successful. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 7+/-3 months. All but three @entity1 underwent corneal reepithelialization within 6 weeks of AMT, with a mean healing time of 31+/-23 days. The success rate was 75% at 6 months (Kaplan-Meier method). Three of four procedures in group B failed. In eight @entity1 , visual acuity improved, in one it worsened, and in the last five @entity1 it remained unchanged. Visual acuity increased by an average of 7+/-9 lines. CONCLUSION: AMT is a useful technique for ocular surface reconstruction, especially in association with limbal transplantation. It could also improve the prognosis of penetrating keratoplasty in @entity1 with severe corneal conditions.

title: [Amniotic membrane transplantation in severe XXXX . Preliminary results].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7499 :: ('MESH:D016510', 'Disease') :: ['corneal neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity2372 :: ('MESH:C562399', 'Disease') :: ['pseudophakic bullous keratopathy']

entities_list: @entity9849 :: ('MESH:D007637', 'Disease') :: ['cicatricial keratoconjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal epithelial diseases']

answer: @entity2687 :: (MESH:D003316,Disease) :: ['corneal epithelial diseases']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT Studies comparing surgical treatments for @entity3799 ( @entity3799 ) are heterogeneous, using a variety of different quality of life (QOL) outcomes and @entity602 -specific measures. This study sought to evaluate the relationship of these measures to each other, and to better understand their use in evaluating @entity1 with @entity3799 . METHODS A retrospective study was performed in all @entity1 with @entity3799 who underwent either ventral or dorsal cervical spine surgery at a single tertiary-care institution between January 2008 and July 2013. Severity of @entity602 was assessed pre- and postoperatively using both the Nurick scale and the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) classification of disability. Prospectively collected QOL outcomes data included @entity158 Questionnaire (PDQ), @entity1 Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and EQ-5D. Spearman rank correlations were calculated to assess the construct convergent validity for each pair of health status measures (HSMs). To assess each HSM's ability to discriminate favorable EQ-5D index, we performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and assessed the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS A total of 119 @entity1 were included. The PDQ total score had the highest correlation with EQ-5D index (Spearman's rho = -0.82). Neither of the @entity602 scales (mJOA or Nurick) had strong correlations between themselves (0.41) or with the other QOL measures (absolute value range 0.13-0.49). In contrast, the QOL measures correlated relatively well with each other (absolute value range 0.68-0.97). For predicting favorable EQ-5D outcomes, PDQ total score had an AUC of 0.909. The AUCs were significantly greater for the QOL measures in comparison with the @entity602 measures (AUCs were 0.677 and 0.607 for mJOA and Nurick scale scores, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The authors found that all included measures of QOL and @entity3799 -specific (mJOA or Nurick scale) measures were valid and responsive. The PDQ was the most predictive of positive QOL after surgery (as measured by the EQ-5D index) for @entity1 with @entity3799 . The substantially lower correlation between @entity602 and QOL outcomes, compared with the various QOL measures themselves, suggests that these questionnaires are measuring different aspects of the @entity1 experience. Solely assessing the @entity602 or disease-specific signs and symptoms is likely insufficient to fully understand and appreciate clinical outcome in its totality. These questionnaire types should be used together to best evaluate @entity1 pre- and postoperatively.

title: Correlation of quality of life and functional outcome measures for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['CSM', 'cervical spondylotic myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain Disability']

answer: @entity3799 :: (MESH:D002575,Disease) :: ['cervical spondylotic myelopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the dose-response association between body mass index (BMI) in young adulthood and the risk of mortality caused by unintentional injuries. METHODS: We performed a cohort study including 7   43   398 @entity1 identified by linkage of the Multigeneration Register and the Military Service Conscription Register. Cox regression models were used to examine crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the relationships between BMI at age 18-20 years and the risk of @entity204 from all unintentional injuries as well as from specific unintentional injuries. We then estimated the population attributable fractions (PAFs)-the proportion of unintentional @entity204 that was attributable to underweight, overweight and @entity28 in this population-based cohort. RESULTS: During 35.9 years of follow-up, 6461 @entity204 occurred from unintentional injuries, including 3064 @entity204 from road injury, 978 from poisoning, 503 from falls, 243 from fire and 348 from drowning. Underweight subjects had a higher risk of mortality in all unintentional injuries (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.10) and mortality in burns (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.13-2.40) compared with BMI between 18.5 and 22.5   kg   m(-2) (reference group). BMI >25   kg   m(-2) was associated with increased risk of @entity204 from all unintentional injuries (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.12-1.65) and road accidents (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.14-1.97). Estimates of @entity18469 suggested that 4.4% of the mortality in Swedish @entity1 caused by unintentional injuries could have been avoided if BMI values were kept between 18.5 and 22.5   kg   m(-2). CONCLUSIONS: A U-shaped association was observed between BMI and risk of unintentional @entity204 . Both underweight and overweight were associated with increased mortality risk for all unintentional injuries and for subtype causes. Our study suggests that BMI might be a significant target for preventive interventions on @entity204 caused by unintentional injuries.

title: U-shaped association of body mass index in early adulthood with unintentional mortality from injuries: a cohort study of Swedish XXXX with 35 years of follow-up.

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']