abstract: BACKGROUND: Craniovertebral junction (CVJ) abnormalities constitute an important group of treatable @entity16 with diagnostic dilemma. Their precise diagnosis, identification of probable etiology, and pretreatment evaluation significantly affects prognosis and quality of life of @entity1 . AIMS: The study was to classify various @entity3161 according to their etiology and to define the importance of precise diagnosis for pretreatment evaluation with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective observational study of 62 @entity1 referred to our department between October 2012 and September 2014. All @entity1 suspected to have a @entity3161 were included in the study, from all age groups and both genders. Detailed clinical history was taken. Radiographs of cervical spine were collected if available. All @entity1 were subjected to MDCT and/or MRI. RESULTS: In our study of 62 @entity1 ; 39 were males and 23 were females, with male to female ratio of 1.6:1. Most common age group was 2(nd) -3(rd) decade (19 @entity1 , 30.64%). @entity600 (33 @entity1 , 53.22%) were the most common etiology group followed by traumatic (10 @entity1 , 16.12%), degenerative (eight @entity1 , 12.90%), infective (four @entity1 , 6.45%), inflammatory and neoplastic (three @entity1 each, 4.8%), and no cause found in one @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: CVJ abnormalities constitute an important group of treatable @entity16 , especially in certain ethnic groups and are approached with much caution by clinicians. Thus, it is essential that radiologists should be able to make a precise diagnosis of @entity66 , classify them into etiological group, and rule out important mimickers on MDCT and/or MRI, as this information ultimately helps determine the management of @entity854 , prognosis, and quality of life of @entity1 .

title: Multidetector Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['craniovertebral junction abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disorders']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['Developmental anomalies']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['such abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity3161 :: ('MESH:D020511', 'Disease') :: ['craniovertebral junction disorders', 'craniovertebral junction disorder']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Craniovertebral junction Abnormalities']


abstract: A proportion of elderly with @entity453 is rapidly growing. They have more severe @entity453 , therefore, derive more benefit from revascularization and have a greater need for it. The elderly is a heterogeneous group, but compared to the younger cohort, the choice of the optimal revascularization method is much more complicated among them. In recent decades, results has improved dramatically both in surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), even in very old @entity1 . Despite the lack of evidence in elderly, it is obvious, that coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) has a more pronounced effect on long-term survival in price of more @entity64 , while PCI is certainly less invasive. Age itself is not a criterion for the selection of treatment strategy, but the elderly are often more interested in quality of life and personal independence instead of longevity. This article discusses the factors that influence the choice of the revascularization method in the elderly with @entity5749 and presents a complex algorithm for making an individual risk-benefit profile. As a consequence the features of CABG and PCI in elderly @entity1 are exposed. Emphasis is centered on the frailty and non-medical factors, including psychosocial, as essential components in making the decision of what strategy to choose. Good communication with the @entity1 and giving them unbiased information is encouraged.

title: Coronary revascularization in the elderly with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes']

entities_list: @entity5749 :: ('MESH:D060050', 'Disease') :: ['stable angina']

answer: @entity5749 :: (MESH:D060050,Disease) :: ['stable angina']


abstract: PURPOSE: Small single-center comparative studies suggest improved outcomes in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) @entity1 implanted with a quadripolar left ventricular (LV) lead in comparison with non-quadripolar ( @entity162 ) leads. This study represents the first large multicenter prospective registry comparing implant and 6-month postoperative lead performance following @entity299 ( @entity299 ) implantation with @entity162 . METHODS: During a 39-month period, 418 consecutive @entity1 having @entity299 implantation attempts with either a quadripolar (n   =   230) or @entity162 LV lead (n   =   188) were enrolled in the registry. The primary outcome of the study was LV lead failure defined as any abnormality, excluding @entity281 , resulting in surgical lead revision or CRT termination. Additionally, operative and follow-up data were analyzed for significant difference between groups. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. In 72.9  % of quadripolar leads versus 65.0  % of @entity162 leads, the LV lead successfully engaged the predefined ideal target side branch (p   =   0.47). Implant duration and fluoroscopy times were significantly shorter when a quadripolar lead was used (p   =   0.007 and p   =   0.001, respectively). The primary end point occurred in six @entity1 (2.7  %) in the quadripolar group and in 14 @entity1 (8.0  %) in the @entity162 group (p   =   0.02). Clinically significant phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) occurred in 4.6 vs. 14.2  % of quadripolar vs. @entity162 @entity1 , respectively (p   =   0.002); all PNS were resolved noninvasively through programming in the quadripolar group vs. 84  % in @entity162 group (p   =   0.75). The use of a @entity162 was associated with a higher risk of surgical LV lead revision (6.3 vs. 2.3  %; p   =   0.057) and a higher incidence of dislodgment (5.7 vs. 2.7  %; p   =   0.16). CONCLUSIONS: This multicenter study demonstrates that the use of a quadripolar LV lead results in significantly lower rates of lead-related problems and reduced procedural and fluoroscopic times for biventricular system implantation. This has important implications for LV pacing lead choice.

title: Improved implant and postoperative lead performance in XXXX @entity1 implanted with a quadripolar left ventricular lead. A 6-month follow-up analysis from a multicenter prospective comparative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar lead', 'quadripolar vs. bipolar leads', 'bipolar']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['CRT-D', 'CRT-defibrillator']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['CRT-D']


abstract: PURPOSE: Small single-center comparative studies suggest improved outcomes in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) @entity1 implanted with a quadripolar left ventricular (LV) lead in comparison with non-quadripolar ( @entity162 ) leads. This study represents the first large multicenter prospective registry comparing implant and 6-month postoperative lead performance following @entity299 ( @entity299 ) implantation with @entity162 . METHODS: During a 39-month period, 418 consecutive @entity1 having @entity299 implantation attempts with either a quadripolar (n   =   230) or @entity162 LV lead (n   =   188) were enrolled in the registry. The primary outcome of the study was LV lead failure defined as any abnormality, excluding @entity281 , resulting in surgical lead revision or CRT termination. Additionally, operative and follow-up data were analyzed for significant difference between groups. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. In 72.9  % of quadripolar leads versus 65.0  % of @entity162 leads, the LV lead successfully engaged the predefined ideal target side branch (p   =   0.47). Implant duration and fluoroscopy times were significantly shorter when a quadripolar lead was used (p   =   0.007 and p   =   0.001, respectively). The primary end point occurred in six @entity1 (2.7  %) in the quadripolar group and in 14 @entity1 (8.0  %) in the @entity162 group (p   =   0.02). Clinically significant phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) occurred in 4.6 vs. 14.2  % of quadripolar vs. @entity162 @entity1 , respectively (p   =   0.002); all PNS were resolved noninvasively through programming in the quadripolar group vs. 84  % in @entity162 group (p   =   0.75). The use of a @entity162 was associated with a higher risk of surgical LV lead revision (6.3 vs. 2.3  %; p   =   0.057) and a higher incidence of dislodgment (5.7 vs. 2.7  %; p   =   0.16). CONCLUSIONS: This multicenter study demonstrates that the use of a quadripolar LV lead results in significantly lower rates of lead-related problems and reduced procedural and fluoroscopic times for biventricular system implantation. This has important implications for LV pacing lead choice.

title: Improved implant and postoperative lead performance in @entity299 XXXX implanted with a quadripolar left ventricular lead. A 6-month follow-up analysis from a multicenter prospective comparative study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Conversion (dissociative) disorder is a @entity146 in which somatic symptoms or deficits are present in the absence of a definable organic cause. The etiology of this disorder is not yet fully understood. The most characteristic presentations are: pseudosensory syndromes, pseudoseizures, @entity717 and pseudoparalysis. @entity8408 is a rare form of @entity4785 . The aim of present case study is to complete the knowledge on this subject. SUBJECT AND METHODS: The article presents a case of a fifty year old @entity1 who developed @entity74 of speech after being degraded to a lower position at work. After excluding organic background of observed symptoms, the diagnosis of @entity4785 was stated and adequate therapy was implemented, within the capabilities of the Ward. RESULTS: Partial remission of presented symptoms was achieved as a result of psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Before stating the diagnosis of @entity4785 , possible somatic causes of the observed symptoms should be excluded. Special attention should be drawn to the importance of studying the psychological and family context of this case and the @entity1 's difficulty to understand and accept that produced symptoms might be triggered by a psychogenic factor.

title: XXXX - a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorder']

entities_list: @entity4785 :: ('MESH:D004213', 'Disease') :: ['conversion (dissociative) disorder']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['psychogenic disorder']

entities_list: @entity8408 :: ('MESH:D013064', 'Disease') :: ['Psychogenic speech disorder']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['psychogenic movement disorders']

answer: @entity8408 :: (MESH:D013064,Disease) :: ['Psychogenic speech disorder']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Detection of @entity4309 has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality among @entity1 and their family members due to beneficial screening and treatment options. Several institutions have begun to adopt universal rather than risk-stratified screening protocols, but the lack of 100  % compliance rates requires identification of system-level interventions to improve screening practices. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify @entity1 , @entity5 , and system factors associated with lack of screening and identify system-based interventions to improve @entity4309 screening. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: This study is a retrospective analysis of @entity4309 screening among @entity14 @entity1 undergoing surgery in a single healthcare system. @entity1 : Two hundred and sixty-two @entity1 who underwent surgery for @entity14 were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of @entity4309 screening. RESULTS: We identified that 75  % of the total cohort was screened for @entity4309 . Of @entity1 under the age of 50, 78  % percent were screened. Lower screening rates were found among @entity1 with complete pathologic @entity5 response and lower pathologic stage of @entity5 . Higher screening rates were found at the academic hospital and with colorectal surgeons. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, lower screening rates were associated with community hospital location (OR, 0.22; 95  % CI, 0.08-0.56). LIMITATIONS: Results may not be generalizable to different hospital settings. CONCLUSIONS: Several potential system-level interventions were identified to improve screening rates including an emphasis on improved provider communication.

title: A Single Institution Experience in Compliance with Universal Screening for XXXX in @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity4309 :: ('MESH:D003123', 'Disease') :: ['Lynch syndrome']

answer: @entity4309 :: (MESH:D003123,Disease) :: ['Lynch Syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Detection of @entity4309 has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality among @entity1 and their family members due to beneficial screening and treatment options. Several institutions have begun to adopt universal rather than risk-stratified screening protocols, but the lack of 100  % compliance rates requires identification of system-level interventions to improve screening practices. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify @entity1 , @entity5 , and system factors associated with lack of screening and identify system-based interventions to improve @entity4309 screening. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: This study is a retrospective analysis of @entity4309 screening among @entity14 @entity1 undergoing surgery in a single healthcare system. @entity1 : Two hundred and sixty-two @entity1 who underwent surgery for @entity14 were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of @entity4309 screening. RESULTS: We identified that 75  % of the total cohort was screened for @entity4309 . Of @entity1 under the age of 50, 78  % percent were screened. Lower screening rates were found among @entity1 with complete pathologic @entity5 response and lower pathologic stage of @entity5 . Higher screening rates were found at the academic hospital and with colorectal surgeons. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, lower screening rates were associated with community hospital location (OR, 0.22; 95  % CI, 0.08-0.56). LIMITATIONS: Results may not be generalizable to different hospital settings. CONCLUSIONS: Several potential system-level interventions were identified to improve screening rates including an emphasis on improved provider communication.

title: A Single Institution Experience in Compliance with Universal Screening for @entity4309 in XXXX .

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['Colorectal Cancer']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the early and mid term results of the endovascular treatment of juxta-renal @entity1028 (j-AAA) using fenestrated endograft (FEVAR). METHODS: Between 2008 to 2013 all consecutive @entity1 underwent FEVAR using Cook-Zenith fenestrated endograft for treating j-AAA (proximal neck length <5mm) with renal aortic a/b angle < 60  , were prospectively collected in a database. Cardiovascular risk factors, co-morbidities, aortic- iliac morphological features, intra and post-procedural data were analyzed. Pre-operative FEVAR planning was performed by a thoraco-abdominal computer tomography angiography (CTA) and the 3D/Center Lumen Line reconstructions (3Mensio). Follow-up was conduced by duplex ultrasound (DUS)/ contrast enhancement DUS (CEUS) and/or CTA at 1,6,12-month and yearly thereafter. Early endpoints were: technical ( @entity1950 ) / clinical (CS) success, renal function worsening (>=  30% of pre- operative @entity1011 value) and @entity1070 . Mid term endpoints were: @entity1070 , target visceral vessels patency, j-AAA shrinkage, freedom from re-intervention and survival. RESULTS: Twenty @entity1 (M: 94.7%; mean age: 73.4  5.9 years; @entity7943 >= 3: 100%) were enrolled. The mean neck length and j-AAA diameter were 2    1.4mm (range: 0-4mm) and 54.9   5mm respectively. Eleven (55%) endograft with 2 fenestrations and a scallop, 8 (45%) with 3 fenestrations and a scallop and 1 (5%) with 1 fenestration and a scallop were implanted. Sixty-seven visceral vessels were re-vascularized. @entity1950 and CS were 100% and 95% respectively (1/20 30-day mortality). Peri-operative renal function worsening was observed in 15% of cases. The mean follow-up was 25  20 months (range: 2-72months). No @entity1070 or occlusion of target visceral vessels occurred. There was j-AAA shrinkage in 65% of @entity1 and no cases of j-AAA enlargement were observed. There were no FEVAR-related re-interventions. Survival at 12, 24 and 36 months were 89.4%, 80.5% e 80.5% respectively. CONCLUSION: According to our results, the endovascular treatment for j-AAA, with a/b angle < 60  , is safe and effective.

title: The endovascular treatment of juxta-renal XXXX using fenestrated endograft: early and mid-term results.

entities_list: @entity1070 :: ('MESH:D057867', 'Disease') :: ['type I/III endoleak']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Nicotinic @entity934 receptors (nAChRs) are the targets of neonicotinoids and spinosads, two insecticides used in orchards to effectively control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.)(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Orchardists in Washington State are concerned about the possibility of codling moth field populations developing resistance to these two insecticides. In an effort to help mitigate this issue, we initiated a project to identify and characterize codling moth @entity6786 subunits expressed in heads. This study had two main goals; (i) identify transcripts from a codling moth head transcriptome that encode for @entity6786 subunits, and (ii) determine @entity6786 subunit expression profiles in various life stages of codling moth. From a codling moth head transcriptome, 24 transcripts encoding for 12 putative @entity6786 subunit classes were identified and verified by PCR amplification, cloning and sequence determination. Characterization of the deduced protein sequences encoded by putative @entity6786 transcripts revealed that they share the distinguishing features of the cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily with nine alpha-type subunits and three beta-type subunits identified. Phylogenetic analysis comparing these protein sequences to those of other insect @entity6786 subunits supports the identification of these proteins as @entity6786 subunits. Stage expression studies determined that there is clear differential expression of many of these subunits throughout the codling moth life cycle. The information from this study will be used in the future to monitor for potential target-site resistance mechanisms to neonicotinoids and spinosads in tolerant codling moth populations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Putative nicotinic XXXX receptor subunits express differentially through the life cycle of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: -Racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in clinical trials of primary prevention @entity737 ( @entity737 ). This analysis investigates the association between primary prevention @entity737 and mortality among Medicare, racial/ethnic minority @entity1 . METHODS AND RESULTS: -Data from Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure Registry and National Cardiovascular Data Registry's- @entity1479 Registry were used to perform an adjusted comparative effectiveness analysis of primary prevention @entity737 in Medicare, racial/ethnic minority @entity1 (non-white race or Hispanic ethnicity). Mortality data were obtained from the Medicare denominator file. The relationship of @entity1479 to survival was compared between minority and white non-Hispanic @entity1 . Our analysis included 852 minority @entity1 , 426 @entity1479 and 426 matched non- @entity1479 @entity1 , and 2,070 white non-Hispanic @entity1 (1,035 @entity1479 and 1,035 matched non- @entity1479 @entity1 ). Median follow-up was 3.1 years. Median age was 73 years, and median ejection fraction was 23%. Adjusted 3-year mortality rates for minority @entity1479 and non- @entity1479 @entity1 were 44.9% (95% CI: 44.2-45.7%) and 54.3% (95% CI: 53.4-55.1%), respectively (adjusted HR 0.79, CI: 0.63-0.98, p=0.034). White non-Hispanic @entity1 receiving an @entity1479 had lower adjusted 3-year mortality rates of 47.8% (95% CI: 47.3-48.3%) compared with 57.3% (95% CI: 56.8-57.9%) for those with no @entity1479 (adjusted HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.67-0.83, p<0.0001). There was no significant interaction between race/ethnicity and lower mortality risk with @entity1479 (p=0.70). CONCLUSIONS: -Primary prevention @entity737 are associated with lower mortality in non-white and Hispanic @entity1 , similar to that seen in white, non-Hispanic @entity1 . These data support a similar approach to @entity1479 @entity1 selection, regardless of race or ethnicity.

title: Primary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators in Older Racial and Ethnic Minority XXXX .

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['implantable cardioverter-defibrillators', 'ICDs']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of @entity5425 ( @entity5425 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this Institutional Review board (IRB)-approved retrospective study, 57 @entity1 were diagnosed with pathologically confirmed @entity5425 during the study period (January 1999 to May 2013). Seventeen @entity1 underwent pretreatment breast MRI (prior to surgical resection or chemotherapy), of which 16 studies were available for review. Imaging features, including all available mammograms, ultrasounds, and breast MRIs, of these @entity1 were evaluated by two radiologists independently and correlated with clinical management and outcomes. RESULTS: The median age of @entity1 at original @entity0 was 69.3 years (range 42-84 years), with average time from initial radiation therapy to diagnosis of @entity5425 of 7.3 years (range 5.1-9.5 years). Nine @entity1 had mammograms (9/16, 56%) and six had breast ultrasound (US) (6/16, 38%) prior to MRI, which demonstrated nonsuspicious findings in 5/9 mammograms and 3/6 ultrasounds. Four @entity1 had distinct intraparenchymal masses on mammogram and MRI. MRI findings included diffuse T2 high signal skin thickening (16/16, 100%). Nearly half (7/16, 44%) of @entity1 had T2 low signal intensity lesions; all lesions rapidly enhanced on postcontrast T1 -weighted imaging. All @entity1 underwent surgical resection, with 8/16 (50%) receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Four @entity1 died during the study period. CONCLUSION: Clinical, mammographic, and sonographic findings of @entity5425 are nonspecific and may be occult on conventional breast imaging; MRI findings of @entity5425 include rapidly enhancing dermal and intraparenchymal lesions, some of which are low signal on T2 weighted imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014.

title: MRI findings of radiation-associated @entity5425 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5425 :: ('MESH:C536368', 'Disease') :: ['radiation-associated breast angiosarcomas', 'RAS']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer diagnosis']

answer: @entity5425 :: (MESH:C536368,Disease) :: ['RAS']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of @entity5425 ( @entity5425 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this Institutional Review board (IRB)-approved retrospective study, 57 @entity1 were diagnosed with pathologically confirmed @entity5425 during the study period (January 1999 to May 2013). Seventeen @entity1 underwent pretreatment breast MRI (prior to surgical resection or chemotherapy), of which 16 studies were available for review. Imaging features, including all available mammograms, ultrasounds, and breast MRIs, of these @entity1 were evaluated by two radiologists independently and correlated with clinical management and outcomes. RESULTS: The median age of @entity1 at original @entity0 was 69.3 years (range 42-84 years), with average time from initial radiation therapy to diagnosis of @entity5425 of 7.3 years (range 5.1-9.5 years). Nine @entity1 had mammograms (9/16, 56%) and six had breast ultrasound (US) (6/16, 38%) prior to MRI, which demonstrated nonsuspicious findings in 5/9 mammograms and 3/6 ultrasounds. Four @entity1 had distinct intraparenchymal masses on mammogram and MRI. MRI findings included diffuse T2 high signal skin thickening (16/16, 100%). Nearly half (7/16, 44%) of @entity1 had T2 low signal intensity lesions; all lesions rapidly enhanced on postcontrast T1 -weighted imaging. All @entity1 underwent surgical resection, with 8/16 (50%) receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Four @entity1 died during the study period. CONCLUSION: Clinical, mammographic, and sonographic findings of @entity5425 are nonspecific and may be occult on conventional breast imaging; MRI findings of @entity5425 include rapidly enhancing dermal and intraparenchymal lesions, some of which are low signal on T2 weighted imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014.

title: MRI findings of radiation-associated XXXX ( @entity5425 ).

answer: @entity5425 :: (MESH:C536368,Disease) :: ['angiosarcoma of the breast']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Occipital nerve (ON) injections with @entity288 and/or local anesthetics have been employed for the acute and preventive treatment of @entity2704 for decades. However, to date there is no randomized, placebo-controlled evidence to support the use of occipital nerve block (ONB) for the prevention of @entity2704 . OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to determine the efficacy of ONB with local anesthetic and corticosteroid for the preventive treatment of @entity2704 . @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 between 18 and 75 years old with ICHD-II-defined episodic (> 1 attack per week) or chronic @entity2704 (modified ICHD-II as @entity1 with   >   10 days with consumption of acute medications were permitted into the study) were randomized to receive either 2.5   ml 0.5% @entity1341 plus 0.5   ml (20   mg) @entity1667 over the ipsilateral ( @entity10 ) or bilateral ( @entity10 ) ON or 2.75   ml normal saline plus 0.25   ml 1% @entity3303 without @entity1425 (placebo). @entity1 completed a one-month @entity10 diary prior to and after the double-blind injection. The primary outcome measure was defined as a 50% or greater reduction in the frequency of days with moderate or severe @entity2704 @entity10 in the four-week post-injection compared to the four-week pre-injection baseline period. RESULTS: Thirty-four @entity1 received active and 35 @entity1 received placebo treatment. Because of missing data, the full analysis of 33 @entity1 in the active and 30 @entity1 in the placebo group was analyzed for efficacy. In the active and placebo groups respectively, the mean frequency of at least moderate (mean 9.8 versus 9.5) and severe (3.6 versus 4.3) @entity2704 days and acute medication days (7.9 versus 10.0) were not substantially different at baseline. The percentage of @entity1 with at least a 50% reduction in the frequency of moderate or severe @entity10 days was 30% for both groups (10/30 vs nine of 30,    0.00, 95% CI -0.22 to 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: Greater ONB does not reduce the frequency of moderate to severe @entity2704 days in @entity1 with episodic or chronic @entity2704 compared to placebo. The study was registered with ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT00915473).

title: Occipital nerve block for the short-term preventive treatment of XXXX : A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral headache', 'unilateral headache', 'headache']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity2704 :: (MESH:D008881,Disease) :: ['migraine']


abstract: Previous work has shown that endogenous chemical mediators, of which @entity112 is the prototype, increase the permeability of blood vessels by causing gaps to appear between endothelial cells. In the present paper, morphologic and statistical evidence is presented, to suggest that endothelial cells contract under the influence of mediators, and that this contraction causes the formation of intercellular gaps. @entity112 , @entity750 , and @entity1812 were injected subcutaneously into the scrotum of the @entity35 , and the vessels of the underlying cremaster muscle were examined by electron microscopy. To eliminate the @entity455 induced by routine fixation, in one series of animals (including controls) the root of the cremaster was constricted for 2-4 min prior to sacrifice, and the tissues were fixed under conditions of mild @entity450 . Electron micrographs were taken of 599 nuclei from the endothelium of small blood vessels representing the various experimental situations. Nuclear deformations were classified into four types of increasing tightness (notches, foldsl closing folds, and pinches. In the latter the apposed surfaces of the nuclear membrane are in contact). It was found that: (1) @entity450 tends to straighten the nuclei in al groups; (2) mediators cause a highly significant increase in the number of pinches (P < 0.001), also if the vessels are distended by @entity450 ; (3) fixation without @entity450 causes @entity455 . The degree of endothelial recoil, as measured by nuclear pinches, is very different from that caused by mediators (P < 0.001). (4) Pinched nuclei are more frequent in leaking vessels, and in cells adjacent to gaps (P < 0.001); (5) mediators also induce, in the endothelium, cytoplasmic changes suggestive of contraction, and similar to those of contracted smooth muscle; (6) there is no evidence of pericyte contraction under the conditions tested. Occasional pericytes appeared to receive fine nerve endings. Various hypotheses to explain nuclear pinching are discussed; the only satisfactory explanation is that which requires endothelial contraction.

title: Endothelial contraction induced by XXXX -type mediators: an electron microscopic study.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular collapse']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['venous congestion']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['Histamine', 'histamine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

answer: @entity112 :: (MESH:D006632,Chemical) :: ['histamine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Neuroplasticity is critical for learning, memory, and recovery of lost function following @entity16 . @entity75 ( @entity75 ) techniques can induce neuroplastic changes in the @entity1 cortex that are behaviorally relevant, raising the exciting possibility that these techniques might be therapeutically beneficial for neurorehabilitation following @entity1545 . However, the short duration and instability of induced effects currently limits their usefulness. To date, trials investigating the therapeutic value of neuroplasticity-inducing @entity75 have used either single or multiple treatment sessions, typically repeated once-daily for 1 to 2 weeks. Although multiple stimulation sessions are presumed to have cumulative effects on neuroplasticity induction, there is little direct scientific evidence to support this "once-daily" approach. In animal models, the repeated application of stimulation protocols spaced using relatively short intervals (typically of the order of minutes) induces long-lasting and stable changes in synaptic efficacy. Likewise, learning through spaced repetition facilitates the establishment of long-term memory. In both cases, the spacing interval is critical in determining the outcome. Emerging evidence in healthy @entity1 populations suggests that the within-session spacing of @entity75 protocols may be an effective approach for significantly prolonging the duration of induced neuroplastic changes. Similar to findings in the animal and learning literature, the interval at which spaced @entity75 is applied seems to be a critical factor influencing the neuroplastic response. In this Point of View article, we propose that to truly exploit the therapeutic opportunities provided by @entity75 , future clinical trials should consider the optimal spacing interval for repeated applications.

title: Spaced Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: Prospects for Inducing Long-Lasting XXXX Cortical Plasticity.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['NIBS', 'Noninvasive brain stimulation']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological damage']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most studies regarding @entity5433 in @entity385 are limited to heart rate and blood pressure changes during the acute phase. However, there are few data on quantitative assessment of autonomic symptoms. We sought to assess autonomic symptoms in @entity101 @entity385 @entity1 . METHODS: In 100 @entity101 @entity1 (45 with symptomatic @entity385 (6 months after @entity64 onset) and 55 without @entity64 ), we assessed autonomic symptoms using the Scale for Outcomes in @entity191 (SCOPA-AUT). RESULTS: The age (mean  standard deviation) for the @entity64 group was 66  12 and 63  15 for the without @entity64 group (P=0.8). @entity551 occurred in 3.6% of the @entity64 group and 4.4% in the group without @entity64 . The total SCOPA-AUT score was higher in the @entity64 group compared with the group without @entity64 (P=0.001). Domain scores for gastrointestinal (P=0.001), urinary (P=0.005) and cardiovascular (P=0.001) were higher in the @entity64 group. No differences were found when comparing the total SCOPA-AUT scores for @entity64 subtypes (P=0.168) and for lateralization (P=0.6). SCOPA AUT scores were correlated with @entity308 scores (P=0.001) but not with @entity64 severity (P=0.2). CONCLUSION: Autonomic symptoms, especially, @entity65 , were significantly increased in @entity101 @entity1 with minor @entity385 . Symptoms were associated with @entity308 but not with the characteristic of the @entity64 .

title: Autonomic symptoms in XXXX @entity1 with post-acute minor @entity385 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinson disease-Autonomic']

entities_list: @entity5433 :: ('MESH:C563939', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Orthostatic hypotension']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal, urinary and cardiovascular function']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most studies regarding @entity5433 in @entity385 are limited to heart rate and blood pressure changes during the acute phase. However, there are few data on quantitative assessment of autonomic symptoms. We sought to assess autonomic symptoms in @entity101 @entity385 @entity1 . METHODS: In 100 @entity101 @entity1 (45 with symptomatic @entity385 (6 months after @entity64 onset) and 55 without @entity64 ), we assessed autonomic symptoms using the Scale for Outcomes in @entity191 (SCOPA-AUT). RESULTS: The age (mean  standard deviation) for the @entity64 group was 66  12 and 63  15 for the without @entity64 group (P=0.8). @entity551 occurred in 3.6% of the @entity64 group and 4.4% in the group without @entity64 . The total SCOPA-AUT score was higher in the @entity64 group compared with the group without @entity64 (P=0.001). Domain scores for gastrointestinal (P=0.001), urinary (P=0.005) and cardiovascular (P=0.001) were higher in the @entity64 group. No differences were found when comparing the total SCOPA-AUT scores for @entity64 subtypes (P=0.168) and for lateralization (P=0.6). SCOPA AUT scores were correlated with @entity308 scores (P=0.001) but not with @entity64 severity (P=0.2). CONCLUSION: Autonomic symptoms, especially, @entity65 , were significantly increased in @entity101 @entity1 with minor @entity385 . Symptoms were associated with @entity308 but not with the characteristic of the @entity64 .

title: Autonomic symptoms in @entity101 @entity1 with post-acute minor XXXX .

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most studies regarding @entity5433 in @entity385 are limited to heart rate and blood pressure changes during the acute phase. However, there are few data on quantitative assessment of autonomic symptoms. We sought to assess autonomic symptoms in @entity101 @entity385 @entity1 . METHODS: In 100 @entity101 @entity1 (45 with symptomatic @entity385 (6 months after @entity64 onset) and 55 without @entity64 ), we assessed autonomic symptoms using the Scale for Outcomes in @entity191 (SCOPA-AUT). RESULTS: The age (mean  standard deviation) for the @entity64 group was 66  12 and 63  15 for the without @entity64 group (P=0.8). @entity551 occurred in 3.6% of the @entity64 group and 4.4% in the group without @entity64 . The total SCOPA-AUT score was higher in the @entity64 group compared with the group without @entity64 (P=0.001). Domain scores for gastrointestinal (P=0.001), urinary (P=0.005) and cardiovascular (P=0.001) were higher in the @entity64 group. No differences were found when comparing the total SCOPA-AUT scores for @entity64 subtypes (P=0.168) and for lateralization (P=0.6). SCOPA AUT scores were correlated with @entity308 scores (P=0.001) but not with @entity64 severity (P=0.2). CONCLUSION: Autonomic symptoms, especially, @entity65 , were significantly increased in @entity101 @entity1 with minor @entity385 . Symptoms were associated with @entity308 but not with the characteristic of the @entity64 .

title: Autonomic symptoms in @entity101 XXXX with post-acute minor @entity385 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Neutrophil recruitment to the site of @entity32 plays a pivotal role in host defense. Src family kinases (SFKs) activation is required for integrin and chemokine signaling as well as immune cell function. The receptor-like protein @entity669 phosphatase @entity8236 positively regulates chemoattractant signaling acting on SFK activity. To further investigate the role of @entity8236 in neutrophil recruitment and function, we analyzed @entity19 carrying a single point mutation (CD45 @entity71721 ), which constitutively activates @entity8236 . By using intravital microscopy experiments, we demonstrated that different steps of the leukocyte recruitment cascade were affected in CD45E613R mutant @entity19 . The rolling velocity of CD45 @entity71721 mutant neutrophils was decreased compared with wild-type neutrophils that subsequently resulted in an increased number of adherent cells. The analysis of b2 integrins @entity12213 and @entity3804 ( @entity3804 ) showed that in CD45 @entity71721 mutant neutrophils @entity12213 @entity1104 was impaired, and avidity was enhanced, whereas @entity3804 @entity1104 was increased. Because of the increased @entity3804 @entity1104 , neutrophil crawling was impaired in CD45E613R mutant compared with wild-type neutrophils. In an @entity526 @entity358 model, CD45E613R @entity19 displayed a decreased neutrophil recruitment into the alveolar compartment, which resulted in an increased number of CFUs in the lung. Our data demonstrate that the CD45 @entity71721 mutation modulates integrin activation and leukocyte recruitment during @entity32 .

title: Mutation in the XXXX Inhibitory Wedge Modulates Integrin Activation and Leukocyte Recruitment during @entity32 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung infection']

entities_list: @entity1104 :: ('MESH:D000267', 'Disease') :: ['adhesiveness']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity8236 :: (19264(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CD45']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Neutrophil recruitment to the site of @entity32 plays a pivotal role in host defense. Src family kinases (SFKs) activation is required for integrin and chemokine signaling as well as immune cell function. The receptor-like protein @entity669 phosphatase @entity8236 positively regulates chemoattractant signaling acting on SFK activity. To further investigate the role of @entity8236 in neutrophil recruitment and function, we analyzed @entity19 carrying a single point mutation (CD45 @entity71721 ), which constitutively activates @entity8236 . By using intravital microscopy experiments, we demonstrated that different steps of the leukocyte recruitment cascade were affected in CD45E613R mutant @entity19 . The rolling velocity of CD45 @entity71721 mutant neutrophils was decreased compared with wild-type neutrophils that subsequently resulted in an increased number of adherent cells. The analysis of b2 integrins @entity12213 and @entity3804 ( @entity3804 ) showed that in CD45 @entity71721 mutant neutrophils @entity12213 @entity1104 was impaired, and avidity was enhanced, whereas @entity3804 @entity1104 was increased. Because of the increased @entity3804 @entity1104 , neutrophil crawling was impaired in CD45E613R mutant compared with wild-type neutrophils. In an @entity526 @entity358 model, CD45E613R @entity19 displayed a decreased neutrophil recruitment into the alveolar compartment, which resulted in an increased number of CFUs in the lung. Our data demonstrate that the CD45 @entity71721 mutation modulates integrin activation and leukocyte recruitment during @entity32 .

title: Mutation in the @entity8236 Inhibitory Wedge Modulates Integrin Activation and Leukocyte Recruitment during XXXX .

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['Inflammation']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Neural stem cell (NSC)-based carriers have been presented as promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of infiltrative @entity1313 due to their intrinsic @entity5 homing property. They have demonstrated the ability to migrate towards distant @entity5 microsatellites and effectively deliver the therapeutic payload, thus significantly improving survival in experimental animal models for @entity1313 . Despite such optimistic results, the efficacy of NSC-based anti- @entity5 therapy has been limited due to the restricted @entity5 homing ability of NSCs. To examine this issue, we investigated the mechanisms of @entity5 -tropic migration of an FDA-approved NSC line, @entity4178 .F3. @entity1050 , by performing a gene expression analysis. We identified @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinase ( @entity1551 ) as molecules whose expression are significantly elevated in migratory NSCs. We observed increased expression of @entity319 ( @entity319 ) in the focal adhesion complexes of migratory NSCs, with downstream activation of @entity319 -dependent kinases such as p-PLCy, p- @entity3818 , and p-Akt, a signaling cascade reported to be required for cellular migration. In an in vivo @entity11 xenograft model, analysis of the migratory trail showed that NSCs maintained expression of @entity319 and preferentially migrated within the perivascular space. Knockdown of @entity319 via shRNAs led to significant downregulation of @entity1551 expression, which resulted in inhibited @entity5 -tropic migration. Overall, our results suggest, the involvement of @entity319 -regulated @entity1551 in the @entity5 -tropic migratory behavior of NSCs. Our data warrant investigation of @entity1551 as a target for enhancing the migratory properties of NSC carriers and optimizing the delivery of therapeutic payloads to disseminated @entity5 burdens.

title: XXXX as a novel downstream target of @entity319 in @entity11 -tropic neural stem cells.

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor-A', 'VEGFA']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor', 'brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['orthotopic glioma']

answer: @entity1551 :: (4323,Gene) :: ['MMP14']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Neural stem cell (NSC)-based carriers have been presented as promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of infiltrative @entity1313 due to their intrinsic @entity5 homing property. They have demonstrated the ability to migrate towards distant @entity5 microsatellites and effectively deliver the therapeutic payload, thus significantly improving survival in experimental animal models for @entity1313 . Despite such optimistic results, the efficacy of NSC-based anti- @entity5 therapy has been limited due to the restricted @entity5 homing ability of NSCs. To examine this issue, we investigated the mechanisms of @entity5 -tropic migration of an FDA-approved NSC line, @entity4178 .F3. @entity1050 , by performing a gene expression analysis. We identified @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinase ( @entity1551 ) as molecules whose expression are significantly elevated in migratory NSCs. We observed increased expression of @entity319 ( @entity319 ) in the focal adhesion complexes of migratory NSCs, with downstream activation of @entity319 -dependent kinases such as p-PLCy, p- @entity3818 , and p-Akt, a signaling cascade reported to be required for cellular migration. In an in vivo @entity11 xenograft model, analysis of the migratory trail showed that NSCs maintained expression of @entity319 and preferentially migrated within the perivascular space. Knockdown of @entity319 via shRNAs led to significant downregulation of @entity1551 expression, which resulted in inhibited @entity5 -tropic migration. Overall, our results suggest, the involvement of @entity319 -regulated @entity1551 in the @entity5 -tropic migratory behavior of NSCs. Our data warrant investigation of @entity1551 as a target for enhancing the migratory properties of NSC carriers and optimizing the delivery of therapeutic payloads to disseminated @entity5 burdens.

title: @entity1551 as a novel downstream target of XXXX in @entity11 -tropic neural stem cells.

answer: @entity319 :: (3791,Gene) :: ['VEGFR2']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Neural stem cell (NSC)-based carriers have been presented as promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of infiltrative @entity1313 due to their intrinsic @entity5 homing property. They have demonstrated the ability to migrate towards distant @entity5 microsatellites and effectively deliver the therapeutic payload, thus significantly improving survival in experimental animal models for @entity1313 . Despite such optimistic results, the efficacy of NSC-based anti- @entity5 therapy has been limited due to the restricted @entity5 homing ability of NSCs. To examine this issue, we investigated the mechanisms of @entity5 -tropic migration of an FDA-approved NSC line, @entity4178 .F3. @entity1050 , by performing a gene expression analysis. We identified @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinase ( @entity1551 ) as molecules whose expression are significantly elevated in migratory NSCs. We observed increased expression of @entity319 ( @entity319 ) in the focal adhesion complexes of migratory NSCs, with downstream activation of @entity319 -dependent kinases such as p-PLCy, p- @entity3818 , and p-Akt, a signaling cascade reported to be required for cellular migration. In an in vivo @entity11 xenograft model, analysis of the migratory trail showed that NSCs maintained expression of @entity319 and preferentially migrated within the perivascular space. Knockdown of @entity319 via shRNAs led to significant downregulation of @entity1551 expression, which resulted in inhibited @entity5 -tropic migration. Overall, our results suggest, the involvement of @entity319 -regulated @entity1551 in the @entity5 -tropic migratory behavior of NSCs. Our data warrant investigation of @entity1551 as a target for enhancing the migratory properties of NSC carriers and optimizing the delivery of therapeutic payloads to disseminated @entity5 burdens.

title: @entity1551 as a novel downstream target of @entity319 in XXXX -tropic neural stem cells.

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['migratory glioma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To retrospectively evaluate the value of CT for @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) staging in @entity150 . METHODS: Two uroradiologists reviewed CT scans of 231 @entity1 who underwent radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy according to a predefined 12-field template. A 5-step model was used to grade the radiological likelihood of a @entity1600 to represent malignant spread based on size, configuration and structure as well as regional clustering. Statistical analyses were performed both on @entity1 - and field-based levels. RESULTS: @entity1600 metastases were found in 59 of 231 @entity1 (25.5%). On a @entity1 -based level, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value ( @entity2286 ), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were 52.6, 93.6, 73.2, 85.6 and 83.4%, respectively. Using the field-based approach, a total of 1,649 anatomical fields were evaluable, of which 114 fields showed @entity5 (6.9%). On a field basis, sensitivity, specificity, @entity2286 , NPV and accuracy were 30.2, 98, 51.5, 94.5 and 93.3%, respectively. Concerning local staging (pT category), the overall accuracy was 78%; overstaging occurred in 6% and understaging in 16%. CONCLUSIONS: In line with prior studies, the sensitivity of CT imaging for the detection of @entity1600 metastases was low, while high values for specificity were achieved. This was further underlined by analyzing standardized anatomical fields. Concerning local staging, postoperative changes after TURB-T rarely led to overstaging.

title: Evaluation of Computed Tomography for Lymph Node Staging in XXXX Prior to Radical Cystectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['Bladder Cancer']


abstract: Purpose: @entity36605 ( @entity36605 ) is part of the VEGF family and is known to be involved in angiogenesis, vasopermeability, and neuroprotection. Recently, @entity36605 has been reported as a novel therapeutic target for wet @entity13785 . However, there are few reports about the effect of @entity36605 against dry @entity13785 . Previously, we reported that @entity36605 has protective effects against retinal neuronal cell damage in vitro. Therefore, we investigated the effects of @entity36605 against @entity528 . Methods: In this study, @entity19 were exposed to white light at 8000 lx for 3 hours to induce @entity989 , which was evaluated by recording the electroretinogram amplitude and measuring the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. The @entity19 were injected intravitreally with @entity36605 before light exposure, @entity36605 after light exposure, or anti- @entity36605 antibody before light exposure. RPE-choroid-sclera flat mounts were immunostained with anti-ZO-1 antibody to evaluate the disruption of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cell-cell junctional integrity after light exposure. Furthermore, the expression of VEGF receptor in the retina and RPE-choroid complex after light exposure was measured using Western blot analysis. Results: Contrary to the expected outcome, @entity36605 treatment exacerbated the light-induced @entity989 and ONL thinning. In contrast, anti- @entity36605 treatment significantly improved the light-induced @entity2000 . The disruption of RPE cell-cell junctional integrity after light exposure was suppressed by anti- @entity36605 treatment. Moreover, the VEGF receptor, which is involved in blood-retinal barrier breakdown, was up-regulated after light exposure. Conclusions: These findings suggest that anti- @entity36605 antibody has protective effects against light-induced @entity2000 in the @entity19 retina through inhibition of RPE breakdown after light exposure. Thus, anti- @entity36605 antibody may be useful therapeutic agents in dry @entity13785 .

title: Protective Effects of Antiplacental Growth Factor Antibody Against Light-Induced XXXX in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity2000 :: ('MESH:D012162', 'Disease') :: ['retinal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity36605 :: ('18654(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['PlGF', 'Placental growth factor']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal functional damage', 'retinal damage']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['photoreceptor degeneration']

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['Retinal Damage']


abstract: Purpose: @entity36605 ( @entity36605 ) is part of the VEGF family and is known to be involved in angiogenesis, vasopermeability, and neuroprotection. Recently, @entity36605 has been reported as a novel therapeutic target for wet @entity13785 . However, there are few reports about the effect of @entity36605 against dry @entity13785 . Previously, we reported that @entity36605 has protective effects against retinal neuronal cell damage in vitro. Therefore, we investigated the effects of @entity36605 against @entity528 . Methods: In this study, @entity19 were exposed to white light at 8000 lx for 3 hours to induce @entity989 , which was evaluated by recording the electroretinogram amplitude and measuring the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. The @entity19 were injected intravitreally with @entity36605 before light exposure, @entity36605 after light exposure, or anti- @entity36605 antibody before light exposure. RPE-choroid-sclera flat mounts were immunostained with anti-ZO-1 antibody to evaluate the disruption of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cell-cell junctional integrity after light exposure. Furthermore, the expression of VEGF receptor in the retina and RPE-choroid complex after light exposure was measured using Western blot analysis. Results: Contrary to the expected outcome, @entity36605 treatment exacerbated the light-induced @entity989 and ONL thinning. In contrast, anti- @entity36605 treatment significantly improved the light-induced @entity2000 . The disruption of RPE cell-cell junctional integrity after light exposure was suppressed by anti- @entity36605 treatment. Moreover, the VEGF receptor, which is involved in blood-retinal barrier breakdown, was up-regulated after light exposure. Conclusions: These findings suggest that anti- @entity36605 antibody has protective effects against light-induced @entity2000 in the @entity19 retina through inhibition of RPE breakdown after light exposure. Thus, anti- @entity36605 antibody may be useful therapeutic agents in dry @entity13785 .

title: Protective Effects of Antiplacental Growth Factor Antibody Against Light-Induced @entity989 in XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mice']


abstract: Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are commonly used to control rodent infestations for biocidal and plant protection purposes. This can lead to @entity1984 exposure of non-target small mammals and their predators, which is known from several regions of the world. However, drivers of exposure variation are usually not known. To identify environmental drivers of @entity1984 exposure in non-targets we analyzed 331 liver samples of red foxes ( @entity13616 ) for residues of eight ARs and used local parameters (percentage of urban area and livestock density) to test for associations to residue occurrence. 59.8% of samples collected across Germany contained at least one rodenticide, in 20.2% of cases at levels at which biological effects are suspected. Second generation anticoagulants (mainly brodifacoum and @entity11947 ) occurred more often than first generation anticoagulants. Local livestock density and the percentage of urban area were good indicators for @entity1984 residue occurrence. There was a positive association between pooled ARs and brodifacoum occurrence with livestock density as well as of pooled ARs, brodifacoum and difenacoum occurrence with the percentage of urban area on administrative district level. @entity1707 holding drove associations of livestock density to @entity1984 residue occurrence in foxes. Therefore, risk mitigation strategies should focus on areas of high @entity1707 density and on highly urbanized areas to minimize non-target risk.

title: Relation between Intensity of Biocide Practice and Residues of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Red Foxes ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity13616 :: ('9627', 'Species') :: ['Vulpes vulpes']

entities_list: @entity11947 :: ('MESH:C021636', 'Chemical') :: ['bromadiolone']

answer: @entity13616 :: (9627,Species) :: ['Vulpes vulpes']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is the treatment of choice for obstructive @entity1276 ; however, the success of ETV in @entity1 who have previously undergone shunt placement remains unclear. The present study analyzed 103 adult @entity1 with @entity1276 who underwent ETV for obstructive @entity1276 and evaluated the effect of previous shunt placement on post-ETV outcomes. METHODS This study was a retrospective review of 151 consecutive @entity1 who were treated between 2007 and 2013 with ETV for @entity1276 . One hundred three (68.2%) @entity1 with @entity1276 causing obstructive @entity1276 were included in the analysis. Postoperative ETV patency and aqueductal and cisternal flow were assessed by high-resolution, gradient-echo MRI. Post-ETV Mini-Mental State Examination, Timed Up and Go, and Tinetti scores were compared with preoperative values. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed comparing the post-ETV outcomes in @entity1 who underwent a primary (no previous shunt) ETV (n = 64) versus secondary (previous shunt) ETV (n = 39). RESULTS The majority of @entity1 showed significant improvement in symptoms after ETV; however, no significant differences were seen in any of the quantitative tests performed during follow-up. Symptom recurrence occurred in 29 (28.2%) @entity1 after ETV, after a median of 3.0 (interquartile range 0.8-8.0) months post-ETV failure. Twenty-seven (26.2%) @entity1 required surgical revision after their initial ETV. @entity1 who received a secondary ETV had higher rates of symptom recurrence (p = 0.003) and surgical revision (p = 0.003), particularly in regard to additional shunt placement/revision post-ETV (p = 0.005). These differences remained significant after multivariate analysis for both symptom recurrence (p = 0.030) and surgical revision (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS @entity1 with obstructive @entity1276 due to @entity1276 exhibit symptomatic improvement after ETV, with a relatively low failure rate. @entity1 with a primary history of shunt placement who undergo ETV as a secondary intervention are at increased risk of symptom recurrence and need for surgical revision post-ETV.

title: Lower rates of symptom recurrence and surgical revision after primary compared with secondary endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive XXXX secondary to @entity1276 in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['aqueductal stenosis', 'hydrocephalus']

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['hydrocephalus']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is the treatment of choice for obstructive @entity1276 ; however, the success of ETV in @entity1 who have previously undergone shunt placement remains unclear. The present study analyzed 103 adult @entity1 with @entity1276 who underwent ETV for obstructive @entity1276 and evaluated the effect of previous shunt placement on post-ETV outcomes. METHODS This study was a retrospective review of 151 consecutive @entity1 who were treated between 2007 and 2013 with ETV for @entity1276 . One hundred three (68.2%) @entity1 with @entity1276 causing obstructive @entity1276 were included in the analysis. Postoperative ETV patency and aqueductal and cisternal flow were assessed by high-resolution, gradient-echo MRI. Post-ETV Mini-Mental State Examination, Timed Up and Go, and Tinetti scores were compared with preoperative values. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed comparing the post-ETV outcomes in @entity1 who underwent a primary (no previous shunt) ETV (n = 64) versus secondary (previous shunt) ETV (n = 39). RESULTS The majority of @entity1 showed significant improvement in symptoms after ETV; however, no significant differences were seen in any of the quantitative tests performed during follow-up. Symptom recurrence occurred in 29 (28.2%) @entity1 after ETV, after a median of 3.0 (interquartile range 0.8-8.0) months post-ETV failure. Twenty-seven (26.2%) @entity1 required surgical revision after their initial ETV. @entity1 who received a secondary ETV had higher rates of symptom recurrence (p = 0.003) and surgical revision (p = 0.003), particularly in regard to additional shunt placement/revision post-ETV (p = 0.005). These differences remained significant after multivariate analysis for both symptom recurrence (p = 0.030) and surgical revision (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS @entity1 with obstructive @entity1276 due to @entity1276 exhibit symptomatic improvement after ETV, with a relatively low failure rate. @entity1 with a primary history of shunt placement who undergo ETV as a secondary intervention are at increased risk of symptom recurrence and need for surgical revision post-ETV.

title: Lower rates of symptom recurrence and surgical revision after primary compared with secondary endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive @entity1276 secondary to XXXX in adults.

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['aqueductal stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Septic @entity8 is one of the most common complications in @entity3124 @entity1 with a high risk of developing @entity740 ( @entity740 ). Emerging data indicate that @entity1 target of rapamyci ( @entity3470 ) signaling plays a major role in septic @entity32 by regulating the immune response of macrophage. This study was designed to evaluate the role of @entity3470 signaling in kidney macrophages during @entity5694 -induced chronic @entity8 and subsequent fibrogenesis. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 @entity19 were used for all animal studies (n = 9 for each group). Lipopolysaccharide ( @entity17296 ) was injected intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg) every 2 days to induce persistent @entity5694 . @entity3446 (1 mg/kg  day) was administered to a subgroup of @entity19 1 day prior to @entity17296 treatment and continued to termination of the experiment. In ex-vivo experiment, RAW264.7 cells were cultured and treated with @entity17296 (2   g/ml) for 48 h while a subgroup of cells were incubated in the presence of @entity3446 (50 nmol) for 2 h. RESULTS: Continuous administration of @entity17296 resulted in progressive macrophage infiltration, tubular injury and collagen deposition in @entity19 kidneys. @entity3446 markedly ameliorated @entity17296 -induced kidney pathological changes. Expression of pS6K was rarely observed in normal kidney macrophages, but significantly increased with time by @entity17296 treatment. In ex-vivo study, @entity17296 induced prominent production of @entity635 and @entity8929 in cultured RAW264.7 cells, which was significantly suppressed by @entity3446 . CONCLUSION: Taken together, our findings show that @entity5694 results in activation of @entity3470 signaling in macrophages, leading to progressive kidney inflammatory @entity130 and subsequent @entity82 . Our study may reveal a mechanism involved in the development of @entity295 -associated @entity740 and @entity8 .

title: Lipopolysaccharide Induces @entity740 and XXXX through Activation of @entity3470 Signaling in Macrophages.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney injury', 'kidney fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critically ill']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['Rapamycin', 'rapamycin']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['Fibrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Septic @entity8 is one of the most common complications in @entity3124 @entity1 with a high risk of developing @entity740 ( @entity740 ). Emerging data indicate that @entity1 target of rapamyci ( @entity3470 ) signaling plays a major role in septic @entity32 by regulating the immune response of macrophage. This study was designed to evaluate the role of @entity3470 signaling in kidney macrophages during @entity5694 -induced chronic @entity8 and subsequent fibrogenesis. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 @entity19 were used for all animal studies (n = 9 for each group). Lipopolysaccharide ( @entity17296 ) was injected intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg) every 2 days to induce persistent @entity5694 . @entity3446 (1 mg/kg  day) was administered to a subgroup of @entity19 1 day prior to @entity17296 treatment and continued to termination of the experiment. In ex-vivo experiment, RAW264.7 cells were cultured and treated with @entity17296 (2   g/ml) for 48 h while a subgroup of cells were incubated in the presence of @entity3446 (50 nmol) for 2 h. RESULTS: Continuous administration of @entity17296 resulted in progressive macrophage infiltration, tubular injury and collagen deposition in @entity19 kidneys. @entity3446 markedly ameliorated @entity17296 -induced kidney pathological changes. Expression of pS6K was rarely observed in normal kidney macrophages, but significantly increased with time by @entity17296 treatment. In ex-vivo study, @entity17296 induced prominent production of @entity635 and @entity8929 in cultured RAW264.7 cells, which was significantly suppressed by @entity3446 . CONCLUSION: Taken together, our findings show that @entity5694 results in activation of @entity3470 signaling in macrophages, leading to progressive kidney inflammatory @entity130 and subsequent @entity82 . Our study may reveal a mechanism involved in the development of @entity295 -associated @entity740 and @entity8 .

title: Lipopolysaccharide Induces @entity740 and @entity82 through Activation of XXXX Signaling in Macrophages.

answer: @entity3470 :: (21977(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['mTOR']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Septic @entity8 is one of the most common complications in @entity3124 @entity1 with a high risk of developing @entity740 ( @entity740 ). Emerging data indicate that @entity1 target of rapamyci ( @entity3470 ) signaling plays a major role in septic @entity32 by regulating the immune response of macrophage. This study was designed to evaluate the role of @entity3470 signaling in kidney macrophages during @entity5694 -induced chronic @entity8 and subsequent fibrogenesis. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 @entity19 were used for all animal studies (n = 9 for each group). Lipopolysaccharide ( @entity17296 ) was injected intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg) every 2 days to induce persistent @entity5694 . @entity3446 (1 mg/kg  day) was administered to a subgroup of @entity19 1 day prior to @entity17296 treatment and continued to termination of the experiment. In ex-vivo experiment, RAW264.7 cells were cultured and treated with @entity17296 (2   g/ml) for 48 h while a subgroup of cells were incubated in the presence of @entity3446 (50 nmol) for 2 h. RESULTS: Continuous administration of @entity17296 resulted in progressive macrophage infiltration, tubular injury and collagen deposition in @entity19 kidneys. @entity3446 markedly ameliorated @entity17296 -induced kidney pathological changes. Expression of pS6K was rarely observed in normal kidney macrophages, but significantly increased with time by @entity17296 treatment. In ex-vivo study, @entity17296 induced prominent production of @entity635 and @entity8929 in cultured RAW264.7 cells, which was significantly suppressed by @entity3446 . CONCLUSION: Taken together, our findings show that @entity5694 results in activation of @entity3470 signaling in macrophages, leading to progressive kidney inflammatory @entity130 and subsequent @entity82 . Our study may reveal a mechanism involved in the development of @entity295 -associated @entity740 and @entity8 .

title: Lipopolysaccharide Induces XXXX and @entity82 through Activation of @entity3470 Signaling in Macrophages.

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['Chronic Kidney Injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) differentiating into corneal epithelium-like cells after transfection with @entity7003 gene. METHODS: The adipose tissue from bilateral inguinal of healthy C57BL/6 @entity19 (5-6 weeks old) was used to isolate and culture ADMSCs. The 3rd passage ADMSCs were subjected to treatments of non-transfection (group A), pcDNA3.1 empty vector transfection (group B), and recombinant plasmid of pcDNA3.1- @entity7003 transfection (group C), respectively. At 48 hours after transfection, the cells in groups B and C were selected with G418. The cell morphology changes were observed under the inverted microscope. @entity7003 protein and level of corneal epithelial cells specific @entity15251 ( @entity15251 ) were measured by Western blot. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was applied to measure the mRNA expression of @entity15251 . RESULTS: No morphology change was observed in groups A and B. Two different cell clones were found in group C. No.1 selected clone showed a flagstone-like appearance that was similar to that of corneal epithelial cells; No.2 selected clone showed a net-like appearance, with 3-7 cell processes. The Western blot results showed the @entity7003 protein expression in 2 clones of group C, but no expression in groups A and B; and @entity15251 protein expression was only observed in No.1 selected clone of group C, and no expression in the others. The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that the @entity15251 mRNA expression level of No.1 selected clone of group C was 8.64    0.73, which was significantly higher than that of No.2 selected clone of group C (0.55    0.42), group B (1.36    0.40), and group A (1.00    0.00) (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference among groups A, Band No.2 selected clone of group C (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: @entity7003 gene transfection could induce differentiation of ADMSCs into corneal epithelium-like cells which express @entity15251 at both the mRNA and protein levels. This result provides a promising strategy of generating corneal epithelium-like cells for construction of tissue engineered @entity267 .

title: [Differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells after transfection with XXXX gene].

answer: @entity7003 :: (18508(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Pax6']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The ventriculoscopic approach has been considered to be more safe and effective in the treatment of @entity1276 , @entity145 and @entity1757 in neurosurgery. We found that intraoperative bleeding-related complications have the greatest impact on ventriculoscopic surgery. Until now, few studies fully discussed this complication. METHODS: @entity1 who underwent ventriculoscopic surgery between May 2011 and December 2012 at Beijing Tiantan Hospital were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 126 @entity1 were enrolled in the study. @entity548 was observed in 75 cases (59.5%). @entity548 classification of @entity1 was as follows: stage I (n  = 62); stage II (n  = 11); stage III (n  = 2). We found that there was no significant difference in complication rate and rate of symptom improvement between the @entity1 who had @entity548 and the @entity1 who did not (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity548 in ventriculoscopic surgery should be paid more attention. Generally, a skilled neurosurgeon can address @entity548 with a low complication rate. Consequently, the ventriculoscopic approach is safe and effective in the treatment of specified @entity2504 .

title: XXXX in Ventriculoscopic Surgery: Experience of a Single Chinese Neurosurgery Center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2504 :: ('MESH:D002551', 'Disease') :: ['brain ventricular disease']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Intraoperative hemorrhage', 'hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular lesions']

entities_list: @entity145 :: ('MESH:D016080', 'Disease') :: ['arachnoid cysts']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['Intraoperative Hemorrhage']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of total skin electron beam therapy (TSEBT) with "translational technique" in the management of @entity4888 ( @entity4888 ). METHODS: Between January 1995 and October 2014, 51 @entity1 with @entity4888 were treated using TSEBT with translational technique. The total dose was 2800-3600 cGy, de-livered in 7 to 20 fractions. Out of the total 51 @entity1 , 22 (43.1%) had T2 (generalized patch/plaque) disease, 20 (39.3%) had T3 disease ( @entity5 stage), and 9 (17.6%) had @entity66 . Radiation-related late @entity272 parameters including @entity194 , pigmentation changes, hair loss, @entity8721 and @entity1066 were assessed according to RTOG/EORTC Late Radiation Morbidity Scoring Schema after at least 3 months from TSEBT. RESULTS: Treatment response was categorized as complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR), or non-responding (NR) lesions. After TSEBT with translational technique, CR rate was 68.6% and PR rate 23.5%, while the NR rate was 7.9%. Overall, the rates of grade 1, grade 2, grade 3, and grade 4 @entity137 were 17.6% )9 @entity1 ), 39.3% (20 @entity1 ), 35.3% (18 @entity1 ), and 7.8% (4 @entity1 ), respectively. At a median follow-up of 79 months (range 14-142), overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 83% and 46%, respectively. CONCLUSION: For @entity1 with @entity4888 refractory to topical chemotherapy and phototherapy, TSEBT with translational technique offers excellent local control (LC: CR+PR) and favorable OS rates along with substantial relief of symptoms.

title: Evaluation of XXXX management by total skin electron beam therapy with "translational technique".

entities_list: @entity4888 :: ('MESH:D009182', 'Disease') :: ['mycosis fungoides', 'MF']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity8721 :: ('MESH:D013684', 'Disease') :: ['telangiectasia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['T4 (erythrodermic) disease']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin injury']

answer: @entity4888 :: (MESH:D009182,Disease) :: ['mycosis fungoides']


abstract: PURPOSE: Managing severe @entity295 early has several benefits. Correct early management includes delivering an appropriate fluid challenge. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether junior doctors prescribe adequate fluid challenges to severely septic @entity1 . DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A questionnaire outlining three scenarios, each involving a @entity1 with severe @entity295 , but with varying weights (50/75/100 kg), was distributed to junior doctors, working in two UK hospitals, managing surgical @entity1 . @entity1 were asked the fluid volume challenge that they would prescribe for each @entity1 . Responses were compared with the Surviving Sepsis Campaign's recommended volume during the study (20 ml/kg). FINDINGS: Totally, 77 questionnaires were completed. There were 15/231 (6.5 per cent) correct responses. The median volume chosen in each scenario was 500 ml, equating to 5-10 ml/kg. There was no significant difference between doctor grades ( @entity64807 ) in any scenario. With most junior doctors (FY1), there was no difference in responses according to weight; for SHOs the only significant difference was between the 75 and 100 kg scenarios. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Junior doctors are not following guidelines when prescribing fluid challenges to severely septic @entity1 , giving too little and not adjusting volume according to body weight. This implies that high-prevalence, high-mortality conditions are not being treated appropriately by those most likely to treat these @entity1 . More teaching, training and reassessment is required to improve care. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This, the first case-based survey the authors could find, highlights an issue requiring significant improvement. The implications are likely to be relevant to clinicians in all UK hospitals.

title: Are adequate fluid challenges prescribed for severe XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Participants']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) has long been the preferred treatment for @entity3799 ( @entity3799 ). However, few studies have focused on surgical results of @entity3799 in @entity1 with developmental canal @entity850 ( @entity8939 ). The purpose of this study was to investigate @entity8939 as a comorbidity in @entity1 with @entity3799 and the correlation between surgical results and @entity8939 . METHODS: From January 1995 to December 2005, 122 @entity1 treated with ACDF for @entity3799 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Pavlov's ratio was used to evaluate cervical spinal canal size, with a value of   <   0.82 at least one level indicating @entity8939 . @entity1 were divided into two groups: those with @entity8939 preoperatively ( @entity8939 group, n   =   50 [41.0  %]) and those without @entity8939 ( @entity8939 , n   =   72). Clinical data and radiological parameters were compared between groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in preoperative and 2-year follow-up Japanese Orthopedic Association scores between groups. Both groups achieved satisfactory fusion rates ( @entity8939 , 92.0  %; non- @entity8939 , 93.0  %). @entity528 ( @entity528 ) was detected in 66.0  % of @entity1 in the @entity8939 group and in 43.0  % of @entity1 in the @entity8939 (p   =   0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of @entity528 requiring surgery between groups (p   =   0.20). DISCUSSION: @entity8939 is a common comorbidity in @entity1 with @entity3799 . The findings of this study have added knowledge on the correlation between @entity8939 and @entity528 after anterior fusion surgery. CONCLUSIONS: @entity8939 did not affect neurologic improvement postoperatively at short-term follow-up. Although @entity8939 increased the incidence of @entity528 after anterior fusion, it did not predict @entity528 requiring surgery. Therefore, @entity1 with @entity8939 must receive close follow-up.

title: Relationship between developmental canal XXXX and surgical results of anterior decompression and fusion in @entity1 with @entity3799 .

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['CSM', 'cervical spondylotic myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity8939 :: ('MESH:C536560', 'Disease') :: ['non-DCS group', 'DCS']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['ASD', 'Adjacent-segment degeneration']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) has long been the preferred treatment for @entity3799 ( @entity3799 ). However, few studies have focused on surgical results of @entity3799 in @entity1 with developmental canal @entity850 ( @entity8939 ). The purpose of this study was to investigate @entity8939 as a comorbidity in @entity1 with @entity3799 and the correlation between surgical results and @entity8939 . METHODS: From January 1995 to December 2005, 122 @entity1 treated with ACDF for @entity3799 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Pavlov's ratio was used to evaluate cervical spinal canal size, with a value of   <   0.82 at least one level indicating @entity8939 . @entity1 were divided into two groups: those with @entity8939 preoperatively ( @entity8939 group, n   =   50 [41.0  %]) and those without @entity8939 ( @entity8939 , n   =   72). Clinical data and radiological parameters were compared between groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in preoperative and 2-year follow-up Japanese Orthopedic Association scores between groups. Both groups achieved satisfactory fusion rates ( @entity8939 , 92.0  %; non- @entity8939 , 93.0  %). @entity528 ( @entity528 ) was detected in 66.0  % of @entity1 in the @entity8939 group and in 43.0  % of @entity1 in the @entity8939 (p   =   0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of @entity528 requiring surgery between groups (p   =   0.20). DISCUSSION: @entity8939 is a common comorbidity in @entity1 with @entity3799 . The findings of this study have added knowledge on the correlation between @entity8939 and @entity528 after anterior fusion surgery. CONCLUSIONS: @entity8939 did not affect neurologic improvement postoperatively at short-term follow-up. Although @entity8939 increased the incidence of @entity528 after anterior fusion, it did not predict @entity528 requiring surgery. Therefore, @entity1 with @entity8939 must receive close follow-up.

title: Relationship between developmental canal @entity850 and surgical results of anterior decompression and fusion in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

answer: @entity3799 :: (MESH:D002575,Disease) :: ['cervical spondylotic myelopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) has long been the preferred treatment for @entity3799 ( @entity3799 ). However, few studies have focused on surgical results of @entity3799 in @entity1 with developmental canal @entity850 ( @entity8939 ). The purpose of this study was to investigate @entity8939 as a comorbidity in @entity1 with @entity3799 and the correlation between surgical results and @entity8939 . METHODS: From January 1995 to December 2005, 122 @entity1 treated with ACDF for @entity3799 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Pavlov's ratio was used to evaluate cervical spinal canal size, with a value of   <   0.82 at least one level indicating @entity8939 . @entity1 were divided into two groups: those with @entity8939 preoperatively ( @entity8939 group, n   =   50 [41.0  %]) and those without @entity8939 ( @entity8939 , n   =   72). Clinical data and radiological parameters were compared between groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in preoperative and 2-year follow-up Japanese Orthopedic Association scores between groups. Both groups achieved satisfactory fusion rates ( @entity8939 , 92.0  %; non- @entity8939 , 93.0  %). @entity528 ( @entity528 ) was detected in 66.0  % of @entity1 in the @entity8939 group and in 43.0  % of @entity1 in the @entity8939 (p   =   0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of @entity528 requiring surgery between groups (p   =   0.20). DISCUSSION: @entity8939 is a common comorbidity in @entity1 with @entity3799 . The findings of this study have added knowledge on the correlation between @entity8939 and @entity528 after anterior fusion surgery. CONCLUSIONS: @entity8939 did not affect neurologic improvement postoperatively at short-term follow-up. Although @entity8939 increased the incidence of @entity528 after anterior fusion, it did not predict @entity528 requiring surgery. Therefore, @entity1 with @entity8939 must receive close follow-up.

title: Relationship between developmental canal @entity850 and surgical results of anterior decompression and fusion in XXXX with @entity3799 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Before introducing long-term @entity65 ( @entity65 ) risk models in clinical practice, their external validity should be investigated. We assessed the validity of the CArdiovascular Monitoring Unit in Northern Italy (CAMUNI) 20-year risk score, developed in Northern Italy, and published previously, when applied to a population with different risk factors distribution and event incidence. METHODS: The validation sample consisted of 5307 35-69 year-old subjects (2418 @entity1 ) enrolled in Central Italy during the 1980s ( @entity21379 Istituto Superiore di Sanit   (MATISS) study). Baseline risk factor assessment and follow-up procedures, including MONICA definition of acute events, followed a shared protocol with the derivation cohorts. We estimated model calibration and discrimination (area under the ROC curve, AUC) in the validation set; as well as the net benefit of using the CAMUNI risk score as second-level screening in subjects at different levels of short-term risk. RESULTS: The 20-year risk of event was 14% in @entity1 and 7% in @entity1 . Model calibration was satisfactory, and the strength of the association between predictors and the endpoint was the same as in the derivation population. The AUC was 0.734 ( @entity1 ) and 0.802 ( @entity1 ). The net benefit of the CAMUNI score was 3.9 (95% confidence interval: 2.1-5.7) and 2.9 (1.7-4.3) in @entity1 and @entity1 at low 10-year risk, respectively. Among subjects at high short-term risk, a significant net benefit of 9.8 was observed in @entity1 only. A pooled CAMUNI-MATISS risk score is provided. CONCLUSIONS: In this low-incidence European population, long-term @entity65 prediction through the CAMUNI risk score is accurate and it has the potential to improve current primary prevention strategies based on short-term risk scores alone.

title: Validity of a long-term XXXX risk prediction equation for low-incidence populations: The CAMUNI-MATISS Cohorts Collaboration Study.

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity21379 :: ('MESH:C535602', 'Disease') :: ['Malattia ATerosclerotica']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Abnormal biliary secretion leads to the thickening of bile and the formation of plugs within the bile ducts; the consequent obstruction and abnormal bile flow ultimately results in the development of @entity1575 . This condition peaks in adolescence with up to 20% of adolescents with @entity1577 developing @entity409 . Early changes in the liver may ultimately result in @entity3851 with @entity1 needing transplantation. One therapeutic option currently used is @entity10055 . OBJECTIVES: To analyse evidence that @entity10055 improves indices of liver function, reduces the risk of developing @entity409 and improves outcomes in general in @entity1577 . SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane @entity1577 and @entity74 Group Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We also contacted drug companies.Date of the most recent search of the Group's trials register: 29 May 2014. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of the use of @entity10055 for at least three months compared with placebo or no additional treatment in @entity1 with @entity1577 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and quality. MAIN RESULTS: Ten trials have been identified, of which three trials involving 118 @entity1 were included; the dose of @entity10055 ranged from 10 to 20 mg/kg/day for up to 12 months. The complex design used in two trials meant that data could only be analysed for subsets of @entity1 . There was no significant difference in weight change, mean difference -0.90 kg (95% confidence interval -1.94 to 0.14) based on 30 @entity1 from two trials. Improvement in biliary excretion was reported in only one trial and no significant change after treatment was shown. There were no data available for analysis for long-term outcomes such as @entity204 or need for liver transplantation. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are few trials assessing the effectiveness of @entity10055 . There is insufficient evidence to justify its routine use in @entity1577 .

title: XXXX for @entity1575 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity3851 :: ('MESH:D058625', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage liver disease']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Genetic Disorders']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['cystic fibrosis-related liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['CF', 'cystic fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity10055 :: ('MESH:D014580', 'Chemical') :: ['ursodeoxycholic acid']

answer: @entity10055 :: (MESH:D014580,Chemical) :: ['Ursodeoxycholic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Abnormal biliary secretion leads to the thickening of bile and the formation of plugs within the bile ducts; the consequent obstruction and abnormal bile flow ultimately results in the development of @entity1575 . This condition peaks in adolescence with up to 20% of adolescents with @entity1577 developing @entity409 . Early changes in the liver may ultimately result in @entity3851 with @entity1 needing transplantation. One therapeutic option currently used is @entity10055 . OBJECTIVES: To analyse evidence that @entity10055 improves indices of liver function, reduces the risk of developing @entity409 and improves outcomes in general in @entity1577 . SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane @entity1577 and @entity74 Group Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We also contacted drug companies.Date of the most recent search of the Group's trials register: 29 May 2014. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of the use of @entity10055 for at least three months compared with placebo or no additional treatment in @entity1 with @entity1577 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and quality. MAIN RESULTS: Ten trials have been identified, of which three trials involving 118 @entity1 were included; the dose of @entity10055 ranged from 10 to 20 mg/kg/day for up to 12 months. The complex design used in two trials meant that data could only be analysed for subsets of @entity1 . There was no significant difference in weight change, mean difference -0.90 kg (95% confidence interval -1.94 to 0.14) based on 30 @entity1 from two trials. Improvement in biliary excretion was reported in only one trial and no significant change after treatment was shown. There were no data available for analysis for long-term outcomes such as @entity204 or need for liver transplantation. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are few trials assessing the effectiveness of @entity10055 . There is insufficient evidence to justify its routine use in @entity1577 .

title: @entity10055 for XXXX .

answer: @entity1575 :: (MESH:D008103,Disease) :: ['cystic fibrosis-related liver disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Worldwide, most @entity1 with incurable @entity5 experience @entity353 and @entity448 . These symptoms can @entity147 @entity1 and their family caregivers. Interventions that take account of the relationship between @entity1 and family caregiver may improve outcomes for both members of this dyad. AIM: To report an example of process for the development of a complex intervention, the Family Approach to Weight and Eating. DESIGN: A mixed-methods process informed by the Medical Research Council's guidelines for developing a complex intervention was used to develop a psychosocial intervention for @entity1 with incurable @entity5 and @entity353 or poor appetite and their family caregivers and then to test for its feasibility, acceptability and perceived benefit. SETTING: South of England in 2010/2011. @entity1 : A purposive sample of @entity1 -family caregiver dyads under the care of a specialist community palliative care team. @entity1 @entity1 had incurable @entity5 and were cachectic or at risk of @entity3085 . RESULTS: The @entity1 -family caregiver dyads comprised seven female and nine male @entity1 (age range 41-84   years) and their carers. The emergent form of the Family Approach to Weight and Eating was found to aid family talk about food, feelings and reciprocity, without adverse consequences. Of the dyads, 15 reported benefits of the Family Approach to Weight and Eating. Three @entity1 @entity1 spoke of the approach evoking sadness and three carers of guilt. CONCLUSION: The Family Approach to Weight and Eating should now be tested in a pilot trial and the effect on emotional health outcomes in @entity1 and their family caregivers evaluated.

title: A mixed-methods qualitative research study to develop a complex intervention for @entity353 and XXXX in @entity5 : The Family Approach to Weight and Eating.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity147 :: ('MESH:D005316', 'Disease') :: ['distress']

answer: @entity448 :: (MESH:D000855,Disease) :: ['anorexia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Worldwide, most @entity1 with incurable @entity5 experience @entity353 and @entity448 . These symptoms can @entity147 @entity1 and their family caregivers. Interventions that take account of the relationship between @entity1 and family caregiver may improve outcomes for both members of this dyad. AIM: To report an example of process for the development of a complex intervention, the Family Approach to Weight and Eating. DESIGN: A mixed-methods process informed by the Medical Research Council's guidelines for developing a complex intervention was used to develop a psychosocial intervention for @entity1 with incurable @entity5 and @entity353 or poor appetite and their family caregivers and then to test for its feasibility, acceptability and perceived benefit. SETTING: South of England in 2010/2011. @entity1 : A purposive sample of @entity1 -family caregiver dyads under the care of a specialist community palliative care team. @entity1 @entity1 had incurable @entity5 and were cachectic or at risk of @entity3085 . RESULTS: The @entity1 -family caregiver dyads comprised seven female and nine male @entity1 (age range 41-84   years) and their carers. The emergent form of the Family Approach to Weight and Eating was found to aid family talk about food, feelings and reciprocity, without adverse consequences. Of the dyads, 15 reported benefits of the Family Approach to Weight and Eating. Three @entity1 @entity1 spoke of the approach evoking sadness and three carers of guilt. CONCLUSION: The Family Approach to Weight and Eating should now be tested in a pilot trial and the effect on emotional health outcomes in @entity1 and their family caregivers evaluated.

title: A mixed-methods qualitative research study to develop a complex intervention for XXXX and @entity448 in @entity5 : The Family Approach to Weight and Eating.

answer: @entity353 :: (MESH:D015431,Disease) :: ['weight loss']