abstract: Localized and locally advanced @entity150 represents a heterogeneous spectrum of diseases with different biologic and clinical behavior. It varies with respect to invasive potential, propensity for @entity3 , and sensitivity to chemotherapy. Although several significant surgical advances have been made over the past 20 years in the treatment of muscle-invasive @entity150 , resulting in decreases in perioperative morbidity and mortality and improvement of quality of life in @entity1 with continent urinary diversions, the natural history of the disease has remained unaltered. Advances in chemotherapy for metastatic disease have prompted trials of systemic therapy in @entity1 with early stage, high-risk disease administered before or after local therapy consisting of cystectomy or radiotherapy. The data available from nonrandomized and randomized trials have not definitively established the exact role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its impact on survival. Even if neoadjuvant chemotherapy does not improve survival, preliminary data suggest that bladder preservation may be possible in selected @entity1 and that such combined therapy will hopefully lead to better @entity1 management. The trials of postoperative chemotherapy provide insufficient evidence to support the routine use of adjuvant chemotherapy in clinical practice as a result of small sample size, confusing analyses, and the reporting of questionable conclusions. New large-scale, multicenter trials are imperative to provide convincing results. A better understanding of the microbiology of @entity150 will influence the search for new therapeutic modalities. Molecular-targeted small-molecule therapy and monoclonal antibodies have begun to dominate contemporary studies.

title: Localized and locally advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1614 is an inherited systemic connective tissue disease which may lead to aortic root disease causing dilatation, dissection and @entity397 of the aorta. The standard treatment is a major operation involving either an artificial valve and aorta or a complex valve repair. More recently, a personalised external aortic root support (PEARS) has been used to strengthen the aorta at an earlier stage of the disease avoiding risk of both @entity397 and major surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the stress and strain fields of the @entity1614 aortic root and ascending aorta before and after insertion of PEARS in order to understand its biomechanical implications. Finite element (FE) models were developed using @entity1 -specific aortic geometries reconstructed from pre and post-PEARS magnetic resonance images in three @entity1614 @entity1 . For the post-PEARS model, two scenarios were investigated-a bilayer model where PEARS and the aortic wall were treated as separate layers, and a single-layer model where PEARS was incorporated into the aortic wall. The wall and PEARS materials were assumed to be isotropic, incompressible and linearly elastic. A static load on the inner wall corresponding to the @entity1 ' pulse pressure was applied. Results from our FE models with @entity1 -specific geometries show that peak aortic stresses and displacements before PEARS were located at the sinuses of Valsalva but following PEARS surgery, these peak values were shifted to the aortic arch, particularly at the interface between the supported and unsupported aorta. Further studies are required to assess the statistical significance of these findings and how PEARS compares with the standard treatment.

title: Biomechanical properties of the XXXX 's aortic root and ascending aorta before and after personalised external aortic root support surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ['Marfan', 'Marfan syndrome']

answer: @entity1614 :: (MESH:D008382,Disease) :: ['Marfan']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity8638 ( @entity8638 ) is a neurological and @entity146 condition marked by preferential perivascular foci of neurofibrillary and glial tangles (composed of hyperphosphorylated-tau proteins) in the depths of the sulci. Recent retrospective case series published over the last decade on athletes and military personnel have added considerably to our clinical and histopathological knowledge of @entity8638 . This has marked a vital turning point in the @entity131 ( @entity131 ) field, raising public awareness of the potential long-term effects of mild and moderate @entity131 , which has been recognized as one of the major risk factors associated with @entity8638 . Although these @entity1 studies have been informative, their retrospective design carries certain inherent limitations that should be cautiously interpreted. In particular, the current overriding issue in the @entity8638 literature remains confusing in regard to appropriate definitions of terminology, variability in individual pathologies and the potential case selection bias in autopsy based studies. There are currently no epidemiological or prospective studies on @entity8638 . Controlled preclinical studies in animals therefore provide an alternative means for specifically interrogating aspects of @entity8638 pathogenesis. In this article, we review the current literature and discuss difficulties and challenges of developing in-vivo @entity131 experimental paradigms to explore the link between repetitive @entity542 and tau-dependent changes. We provide our current opinion list of recommended features to consider for successfully modeling @entity8638 in animals to better understand the pathobiology and develop therapeutics and diagnostics, and critical factors, which might influence outcome. We finally discuss the possible directions of future experimental research in the @entity131 / @entity8638 field.

title: Repetitive @entity542 , chronic XXXX and tau: Challenges in translating from mice to @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['repetitive TBI', 'TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head trauma']

entities_list: @entity8638 :: ('MESH:D020208', 'Disease') :: ['CTE', 'Chronic traumatic encephalopathy']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic encephalopathy']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity8638 ( @entity8638 ) is a neurological and @entity146 condition marked by preferential perivascular foci of neurofibrillary and glial tangles (composed of hyperphosphorylated-tau proteins) in the depths of the sulci. Recent retrospective case series published over the last decade on athletes and military personnel have added considerably to our clinical and histopathological knowledge of @entity8638 . This has marked a vital turning point in the @entity131 ( @entity131 ) field, raising public awareness of the potential long-term effects of mild and moderate @entity131 , which has been recognized as one of the major risk factors associated with @entity8638 . Although these @entity1 studies have been informative, their retrospective design carries certain inherent limitations that should be cautiously interpreted. In particular, the current overriding issue in the @entity8638 literature remains confusing in regard to appropriate definitions of terminology, variability in individual pathologies and the potential case selection bias in autopsy based studies. There are currently no epidemiological or prospective studies on @entity8638 . Controlled preclinical studies in animals therefore provide an alternative means for specifically interrogating aspects of @entity8638 pathogenesis. In this article, we review the current literature and discuss difficulties and challenges of developing in-vivo @entity131 experimental paradigms to explore the link between repetitive @entity542 and tau-dependent changes. We provide our current opinion list of recommended features to consider for successfully modeling @entity8638 in animals to better understand the pathobiology and develop therapeutics and diagnostics, and critical factors, which might influence outcome. We finally discuss the possible directions of future experimental research in the @entity131 / @entity8638 field.

title: Repetitive XXXX , chronic @entity131 and tau: Challenges in translating from mice to @entity1 .

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['head trauma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity8638 ( @entity8638 ) is a neurological and @entity146 condition marked by preferential perivascular foci of neurofibrillary and glial tangles (composed of hyperphosphorylated-tau proteins) in the depths of the sulci. Recent retrospective case series published over the last decade on athletes and military personnel have added considerably to our clinical and histopathological knowledge of @entity8638 . This has marked a vital turning point in the @entity131 ( @entity131 ) field, raising public awareness of the potential long-term effects of mild and moderate @entity131 , which has been recognized as one of the major risk factors associated with @entity8638 . Although these @entity1 studies have been informative, their retrospective design carries certain inherent limitations that should be cautiously interpreted. In particular, the current overriding issue in the @entity8638 literature remains confusing in regard to appropriate definitions of terminology, variability in individual pathologies and the potential case selection bias in autopsy based studies. There are currently no epidemiological or prospective studies on @entity8638 . Controlled preclinical studies in animals therefore provide an alternative means for specifically interrogating aspects of @entity8638 pathogenesis. In this article, we review the current literature and discuss difficulties and challenges of developing in-vivo @entity131 experimental paradigms to explore the link between repetitive @entity542 and tau-dependent changes. We provide our current opinion list of recommended features to consider for successfully modeling @entity8638 in animals to better understand the pathobiology and develop therapeutics and diagnostics, and critical factors, which might influence outcome. We finally discuss the possible directions of future experimental research in the @entity131 / @entity8638 field.

title: Repetitive @entity542 , chronic @entity131 and tau: Challenges in translating from mice to XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: Immunosuppressants dampen the immune response or restore balance among immune system components. They are primarily used to prevent allograft rejection after organ transplantation and to prevent or treat disease flares in @entity792 . Immunosuppressants available at present include the calcineurin inhibitors ( @entity205 , @entity1140 ), antimetabolites ( @entity500 , @entity6963 , @entity1499 , @entity618 ), antiproliferatives ( @entity3446 ), monoclonal antibodies to T lymphocyte (basiliximab, daclizumab, muromonab-CD3) and anticytokines (anakinra, etanercept, infliximab). The immunosuppressive market grows at a rate of > 10% yearly, with total sales in 2001 of @entity10479 2.7 billion. Immunotherapy in transplantation and @entity792 is tending towards the use of multi-drug regimens tailored for the individual @entity1 . At least 23 new immunosuppressants are currently in advanced clinical testing or preregistration, and can be divided into three groups. First, emerging drugs targeting intracellular ligands in immune cells are primarily analogues of currently-marketed agents, which attempt to provide improved pharmaceutical or safety profiles compared with the prototype compound. They are largely being developed in organ transplantation. Second, emerging drugs targeting cell surface ligands on immune cells attempt to antagonise novel molecular sites to interfere with immune cell activation via costimulatory signals, immune cell adhesion to tissues or the vasculature and immune cell trafficking. These agents are being primarily developed in @entity309 , @entity1569 and/or @entity15 . Finally, emerging drugs acting as anticytokines, which largely follow on from the success of those on the market, by antagonising the function of @entity5 @entity39 factor or a narrow selection of interleukins. All are being assessed in @entity309 . Drug development of immunosuppressants is increasingly attempting to intervene in disease progression over the long term. These efforts bring with them trial design and regulatory issues, such as what markers can be used as trial outcome measures, over what duration do trials need to be conducted and what labelling claims are allowed. With the intensive activity in this field, it is likely that several new drugs will reach the market in the coming decade. One caveat, however, is that emerging immunosuppressants that are likely to capture a reasonable share of this increasingly-fragmented market must demonstrate the ability to achieve disease remission or long-term slowing of disease progression.

title: Immunosuppressants in advanced clinical development for organ transplantation and selected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6963 :: ('MESH:C045463', 'Chemical') :: ['leflunomide']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['sirolimus']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmune diseases']


abstract: @entity73 in @entity191 has been traditionally considered as being mainly related to @entity409 secondary to frontostriatal affectation. However, this traditional consideration has recently been challenged. Forty-three nondemented @entity1726 @entity1 (mean age = 59.19; SD = 9.64) and twenty control group subjects (mean age = 60.85; SD = 12.26) were studied. They were assessed on a wide range of cognitive functions. @entity1 showed motor slowing (p = .012), along with alterations in visuoperceptive (p = .001), visuospatial (p = .007) and visuoconstructive functions (p = .017), as well as in visual span (direct: p = .008; inverse: p = .037). Regarding executive functions, differences were not observed in classical measures for verbal fluency (phonetic: p = .28; semantic: p = .27) or in response inhibition (Stroop test: p = .30), while execution was altered in other prefrontal tasks (Wisconsin Test: p = .003; action fluency: p = .039). @entity1 showed altered performance in verbal learning processes (p = .005) and delayed memory (free: p = .032; cued: p = .006), visuospatial learning (p = .016) and linguistic functions (naming: p < .001; comprehension: p = .007). Poor performance in visuospatial memory is predicted by @entity2414 . Taken together, the observed alterations not only suggest prefrontal affectation, but also temporal and parietal systems impairment. Thus, @entity73 in nondemented @entity1726 @entity1 cannot be exclusively explained by frontostriatal circuit affectation and the resulting @entity409 .

title: @entity73 in XXXX : More than a Frontostriatal Dysfunction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Cognitive deficit', 'cognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['executive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['deficits in working memory and visuospatial perception']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's Disease']


abstract: @entity73 in @entity191 has been traditionally considered as being mainly related to @entity409 secondary to frontostriatal affectation. However, this traditional consideration has recently been challenged. Forty-three nondemented @entity1726 @entity1 (mean age = 59.19; SD = 9.64) and twenty control group subjects (mean age = 60.85; SD = 12.26) were studied. They were assessed on a wide range of cognitive functions. @entity1 showed motor slowing (p = .012), along with alterations in visuoperceptive (p = .001), visuospatial (p = .007) and visuoconstructive functions (p = .017), as well as in visual span (direct: p = .008; inverse: p = .037). Regarding executive functions, differences were not observed in classical measures for verbal fluency (phonetic: p = .28; semantic: p = .27) or in response inhibition (Stroop test: p = .30), while execution was altered in other prefrontal tasks (Wisconsin Test: p = .003; action fluency: p = .039). @entity1 showed altered performance in verbal learning processes (p = .005) and delayed memory (free: p = .032; cued: p = .006), visuospatial learning (p = .016) and linguistic functions (naming: p < .001; comprehension: p = .007). Poor performance in visuospatial memory is predicted by @entity2414 . Taken together, the observed alterations not only suggest prefrontal affectation, but also temporal and parietal systems impairment. Thus, @entity73 in nondemented @entity1726 @entity1 cannot be exclusively explained by frontostriatal circuit affectation and the resulting @entity409 .

title: XXXX in @entity191 : More than a Frontostriatal Dysfunction.

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['Cognitive Impairment']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the serum levels of @entity8252 in @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ), @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ), seronegative @entity5145 (SSd) and healthy donors. METHODS: The @entity8252 serum levels were measured by ELISA in sera from 50 @entity309 @entity1 , 30 @entity1 with @entity1252 , 30 @entity1 with SSd and 30 healthy donors. In @entity309 @entity1 , several clinical and demographic parameters were also obtained at the time of sample collection. @entity8252 levels were compared in different @entity309 subpopulations (positive or negative rheumatoid factor [RF], long term or recent onset disease, high or low disease activity). In addition, the possible association with other demographic and clinical parameters (gender, age, disease duration, etc) was also analysed. RESULTS: @entity309 @entity1 had significantly higher serum levels of @entity8252 (102.4 +/- 150 pg/ml; p = 0.0001) than @entity1252 @entity1 (9.8 +/- 15.3 pg/ml), SSd @entity1 (7.9 +/- 14.6 pg/ml) and healthy donors' (5.2 +/- 11.6 pg/ml). @entity309 @entity1 with a disease evolution less than 2 years showed lower @entity8252 levels (33.7 +/- 62.2 pg/ml) than those with long-term disease (152.4 +/- 64.6 pg/ml; p = 0.004). In addition, a significant correlation between @entity8252 in serum and the number of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) prescribed was detected in @entity309 @entity1 (r = 0.42; p = 0.002). No association between @entity8252 levels and age, gender, RF or disease activity was observed in this group. CONCLUSION: @entity8252 is elevated in @entity309 @entity1 , specially in those with long term disease, compared to other @entity627 . This finding supports that @entity8252 is involved in the perpetuation of @entity309 .

title: Increased serum levels of @entity8252 in XXXX with long- term disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic disorders']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity5145 :: ('MESH:D025242', 'Disease') :: ['spondyloarthropathies']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['RA synovitis', 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the serum levels of @entity8252 in @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ), @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ), seronegative @entity5145 (SSd) and healthy donors. METHODS: The @entity8252 serum levels were measured by ELISA in sera from 50 @entity309 @entity1 , 30 @entity1 with @entity1252 , 30 @entity1 with SSd and 30 healthy donors. In @entity309 @entity1 , several clinical and demographic parameters were also obtained at the time of sample collection. @entity8252 levels were compared in different @entity309 subpopulations (positive or negative rheumatoid factor [RF], long term or recent onset disease, high or low disease activity). In addition, the possible association with other demographic and clinical parameters (gender, age, disease duration, etc) was also analysed. RESULTS: @entity309 @entity1 had significantly higher serum levels of @entity8252 (102.4 +/- 150 pg/ml; p = 0.0001) than @entity1252 @entity1 (9.8 +/- 15.3 pg/ml), SSd @entity1 (7.9 +/- 14.6 pg/ml) and healthy donors' (5.2 +/- 11.6 pg/ml). @entity309 @entity1 with a disease evolution less than 2 years showed lower @entity8252 levels (33.7 +/- 62.2 pg/ml) than those with long-term disease (152.4 +/- 64.6 pg/ml; p = 0.004). In addition, a significant correlation between @entity8252 in serum and the number of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) prescribed was detected in @entity309 @entity1 (r = 0.42; p = 0.002). No association between @entity8252 levels and age, gender, RF or disease activity was observed in this group. CONCLUSION: @entity8252 is elevated in @entity309 @entity1 , specially in those with long term disease, compared to other @entity627 . This finding supports that @entity8252 is involved in the perpetuation of @entity309 .

title: Increased serum levels of XXXX in @entity309 with long- term disease.

answer: @entity8252 :: (3600,Gene) :: ['interleukin-15']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Among the rarest types of @entity5 found are the small intestine @entity5 , representing only 2% of all @entity1820 and 0.1-0.3% of all @entity5 . The most common subtype of this @entity5 is the @entity420 , which is located mainly in the duodenum, jejunum and, rarely, in ileum. CLINICAL CASE: A 75 year-old male, with no any surgical history, who in the previous three months, referred to two clinical episodes of @entity1744 and unquantified @entity353 . When admitted into the surgical service, the @entity1 referred to a @entity1744 of more than one week onset. A laparotomy was performed, finding 3 stenosis rings at the ileum end portion, carrying out an intestinal resection and enteral-enteral @entity254 . On the seventh day there was dehiscence of the @entity254 and @entity1661 . New surgery was performed with the resection of the intestinal @entity254 and an ileostomy. The pathologist report indicated a small bowel @entity420 moderately differentiated, ulcerated, and multifocal. It was classified as stage III or T3N1M0. The @entity1 progress was satisfactorily, managed as outpatient with postoperative chemotherapy with 5 @entity1487 and @entity900 . The @entity1 died a year later due to liver @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: Due to the extreme rarity of the case, is very likely that general surgeons may find one or two cases of @entity420 in their professional career. Thus, they must suspect this pathology when faced with an episode of @entity1321 in the adult.

title: [Primary XXXX , synchronous].

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancies', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal sepsis']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the ileum', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['partial bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma of the terminal ileum']


abstract: Multiparameter immunophenotypic analysis of neoplastic cells has proven to be of great help for the investigation of minimal @entity66 in @entity3052 ; however, its utility has not been systematically explored in B cell @entity1071 . The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of phenotypic aberrations in a series of 467 consecutive @entity1072 through the comparison of the phenotypic characteristics of @entity5 vs normal peripheral blood (n = 10) and bone marrow (n = 10) B cells, in order to explore the applicability of this strategy for minimal @entity66 monitoring. An additional goal of our study was to evaluate the sensitivity of multiparameter flow cytometry for the detection of minimal @entity66 in @entity1072 through dilutional experiments (n = 19). From the @entity1 analyzed 382 corresponded to @entity1072 /small @entity1072 (353 typical and 29 atypical); five to @entity6491 ; 13 to @entity5734 ; 12 to @entity706 ; 14 to @entity1074 ; 22 were @entity706 ; and 19 @entity1073 . The following triple stainings were systematically applied to both normal and leukemic samples: FMC7/ @entity5893 / @entity1075 , @entity10317 / @entity7527 / @entity1075 , @entity19002 / @entity2902 / @entity1075 , @entity2282 / @entity2935 / @entity1075 and sIg/sIg(lambda)/ @entity1075 . Overall, 98% of the @entity1072 cases displayed aberrant phenotypes at diagnosis with no significant differences being found between cases analyzed in peripheral blood vs bone marrow samples. The most common types of aberrant criteria detected included asynchronous antigen expression (92%) and antigen over-expression (54%); abnormally light scatter characteristics were found in 17% of the cases. Most of the cases studied (90%) displayed four or more phenotypic aberrations. Once @entity1 were divided according to the different diagnostic subgroups, the overall incidence of aberrant phenotypes ranged from 79 to 80% among atypical @entity1072 /small @entity1072 and @entity6491 to 97% of @entity706 and 100% of typical @entity1072 /small @entity1072 , @entity5734 , @entity706 , @entity1074 and @entity1073 . Based on the aberrant phenotypes detected unique four-color stainings could be built for the specific identification of aberrant phenotypes. These include @entity10317 / @entity7527 / @entity1075 / @entity5893 and sIg(kappa)/sIg(lambda)/ @entity1075 / @entity5893 for @entity2214 /small @entity1072 and @entity6491 , @entity19002 / @entity2902 or @entity10317 / @entity1075 / @entity2935 for @entity5734 , FMC7/ @entity10317 / @entity1075 / @entity19002 and sIg(kappa)/sIg(lambda)/ @entity10317 / @entity1075 for @entity1074 , @entity10317 / @entity7527 / @entity1075 / @entity2282 for @entity706 and @entity2282 / @entity10317 / @entity1075 / @entity5893 for @entity1073 . Serial dilutional experiments showed that the sensitivity level of immunophenotyping ranges between 10(-4) and 10(-5). In summary, the present study shows that immunophenotypic analysis allows the identification of aberrant phenotypes in 98% of @entity1072 and these phenotypes can be used for minimal @entity66 monitoring with a sensitivity limit of 10(-4)-10(-5).

title: Incidence of phenotypic aberrations in a series of 467 @entity1 with B XXXX : basis for the design of specific four-color stainings to be used for minimal @entity66 investigation.

entities_list: @entity2214 :: ('MESH:D007945', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1071 :: ('MESH:D008232', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lymphoproliferative disorders']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas', 'follicular lymphoma', 'follicular lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5734 :: ('MESH:D007943', 'Disease') :: ['hairy cell leukemias', 'hairy cell leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1074 :: ('MESH:D018442', 'Disease') :: ['splenic marginal zone lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['leukemic B cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders', 'B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia', 'lymphocytic lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity6491 :: ('MESH:D015463', 'Disease') :: ['prolymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemias']

entities_list: @entity1073 :: ('MESH:D020522', 'Disease') :: ['mantle cell lymphomas']

answer: @entity1071 :: (MESH:D008232,Disease) :: ['chronic lymphoproliferative disorders']


abstract: Multiparameter immunophenotypic analysis of neoplastic cells has proven to be of great help for the investigation of minimal @entity66 in @entity3052 ; however, its utility has not been systematically explored in B cell @entity1071 . The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of phenotypic aberrations in a series of 467 consecutive @entity1072 through the comparison of the phenotypic characteristics of @entity5 vs normal peripheral blood (n = 10) and bone marrow (n = 10) B cells, in order to explore the applicability of this strategy for minimal @entity66 monitoring. An additional goal of our study was to evaluate the sensitivity of multiparameter flow cytometry for the detection of minimal @entity66 in @entity1072 through dilutional experiments (n = 19). From the @entity1 analyzed 382 corresponded to @entity1072 /small @entity1072 (353 typical and 29 atypical); five to @entity6491 ; 13 to @entity5734 ; 12 to @entity706 ; 14 to @entity1074 ; 22 were @entity706 ; and 19 @entity1073 . The following triple stainings were systematically applied to both normal and leukemic samples: FMC7/ @entity5893 / @entity1075 , @entity10317 / @entity7527 / @entity1075 , @entity19002 / @entity2902 / @entity1075 , @entity2282 / @entity2935 / @entity1075 and sIg/sIg(lambda)/ @entity1075 . Overall, 98% of the @entity1072 cases displayed aberrant phenotypes at diagnosis with no significant differences being found between cases analyzed in peripheral blood vs bone marrow samples. The most common types of aberrant criteria detected included asynchronous antigen expression (92%) and antigen over-expression (54%); abnormally light scatter characteristics were found in 17% of the cases. Most of the cases studied (90%) displayed four or more phenotypic aberrations. Once @entity1 were divided according to the different diagnostic subgroups, the overall incidence of aberrant phenotypes ranged from 79 to 80% among atypical @entity1072 /small @entity1072 and @entity6491 to 97% of @entity706 and 100% of typical @entity1072 /small @entity1072 , @entity5734 , @entity706 , @entity1074 and @entity1073 . Based on the aberrant phenotypes detected unique four-color stainings could be built for the specific identification of aberrant phenotypes. These include @entity10317 / @entity7527 / @entity1075 / @entity5893 and sIg(kappa)/sIg(lambda)/ @entity1075 / @entity5893 for @entity2214 /small @entity1072 and @entity6491 , @entity19002 / @entity2902 or @entity10317 / @entity1075 / @entity2935 for @entity5734 , FMC7/ @entity10317 / @entity1075 / @entity19002 and sIg(kappa)/sIg(lambda)/ @entity10317 / @entity1075 for @entity1074 , @entity10317 / @entity7527 / @entity1075 / @entity2282 for @entity706 and @entity2282 / @entity10317 / @entity1075 / @entity5893 for @entity1073 . Serial dilutional experiments showed that the sensitivity level of immunophenotyping ranges between 10(-4) and 10(-5). In summary, the present study shows that immunophenotypic analysis allows the identification of aberrant phenotypes in 98% of @entity1072 and these phenotypes can be used for minimal @entity66 monitoring with a sensitivity limit of 10(-4)-10(-5).

title: Incidence of phenotypic aberrations in a series of 467 @entity1 with B @entity1071 : basis for the design of specific four-color stainings to be used for minimal XXXX investigation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['residual disease']


abstract: Multiparameter immunophenotypic analysis of neoplastic cells has proven to be of great help for the investigation of minimal @entity66 in @entity3052 ; however, its utility has not been systematically explored in B cell @entity1071 . The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of phenotypic aberrations in a series of 467 consecutive @entity1072 through the comparison of the phenotypic characteristics of @entity5 vs normal peripheral blood (n = 10) and bone marrow (n = 10) B cells, in order to explore the applicability of this strategy for minimal @entity66 monitoring. An additional goal of our study was to evaluate the sensitivity of multiparameter flow cytometry for the detection of minimal @entity66 in @entity1072 through dilutional experiments (n = 19). From the @entity1 analyzed 382 corresponded to @entity1072 /small @entity1072 (353 typical and 29 atypical); five to @entity6491 ; 13 to @entity5734 ; 12 to @entity706 ; 14 to @entity1074 ; 22 were @entity706 ; and 19 @entity1073 . The following triple stainings were systematically applied to both normal and leukemic samples: FMC7/ @entity5893 / @entity1075 , @entity10317 / @entity7527 / @entity1075 , @entity19002 / @entity2902 / @entity1075 , @entity2282 / @entity2935 / @entity1075 and sIg/sIg(lambda)/ @entity1075 . Overall, 98% of the @entity1072 cases displayed aberrant phenotypes at diagnosis with no significant differences being found between cases analyzed in peripheral blood vs bone marrow samples. The most common types of aberrant criteria detected included asynchronous antigen expression (92%) and antigen over-expression (54%); abnormally light scatter characteristics were found in 17% of the cases. Most of the cases studied (90%) displayed four or more phenotypic aberrations. Once @entity1 were divided according to the different diagnostic subgroups, the overall incidence of aberrant phenotypes ranged from 79 to 80% among atypical @entity1072 /small @entity1072 and @entity6491 to 97% of @entity706 and 100% of typical @entity1072 /small @entity1072 , @entity5734 , @entity706 , @entity1074 and @entity1073 . Based on the aberrant phenotypes detected unique four-color stainings could be built for the specific identification of aberrant phenotypes. These include @entity10317 / @entity7527 / @entity1075 / @entity5893 and sIg(kappa)/sIg(lambda)/ @entity1075 / @entity5893 for @entity2214 /small @entity1072 and @entity6491 , @entity19002 / @entity2902 or @entity10317 / @entity1075 / @entity2935 for @entity5734 , FMC7/ @entity10317 / @entity1075 / @entity19002 and sIg(kappa)/sIg(lambda)/ @entity10317 / @entity1075 for @entity1074 , @entity10317 / @entity7527 / @entity1075 / @entity2282 for @entity706 and @entity2282 / @entity10317 / @entity1075 / @entity5893 for @entity1073 . Serial dilutional experiments showed that the sensitivity level of immunophenotyping ranges between 10(-4) and 10(-5). In summary, the present study shows that immunophenotypic analysis allows the identification of aberrant phenotypes in 98% of @entity1072 and these phenotypes can be used for minimal @entity66 monitoring with a sensitivity limit of 10(-4)-10(-5).

title: Incidence of phenotypic aberrations in a series of 467 XXXX with B @entity1071 : basis for the design of specific four-color stainings to be used for minimal @entity66 investigation.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: AIM: To compare postoperative plain radiographs with computed tomography (CT) post-processing images in evaluating the quality of anatomical reduction and internal fixation of @entity1171 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 168 @entity1 who sustained closed @entity1171 and were treated with open reduction and internal fixation in East Hospital were reviewed. Postoperative plain radiographs and CT post-processing images were evaluated. The observation was performed under volume-rendering mode and multiplanar reconstruction mode. The assessment was performed by two independent orthopaedic surgeons. The inter- and intra-observer variations were analysed by kappa statistics. The differences between plain radiographs and CT post-processing images were compared using   (2) test (McNemar's test). RESULTS: Inter- and intra-observer agreement was almost perfect (0.813-1.000) using CT post-processing images, which was higher than that using plain radiographs (0.323-0.848). More non-anatomical reduction could be recognised in the supination-external rotation (SER), @entity907 ( @entity907 ), pronation-external rotation (PER), and overall groups (p<0.05) and more poor internal fixation could be recognised in the SER, @entity907 , and overall groups (p<0.05) using CT post-processing images than using radiographs. CONCLUSION: More residual articular step, @entity174 fragment displacement, and poor internal fixation could be detected by CT post-processing images than plain radiographs.

title: Comparison of plain radiography and CT in postoperative evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1171 :: ('MESH:D064386', 'Disease') :: ['ankle fracture', 'ankle fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['supination-adduction', 'SAD']

answer: @entity1171 :: (MESH:D064386,Disease) :: ['ankle fractures']


abstract: Blueberry consumption has been shown to have various health benefits in @entity1 . However, little is known about the effect of blueberry consumption on blood pressure, endothelial function and insulin sensitivity in @entity1 . The present study investigated the role of blueberry consumption on modifying blood pressure in subjects with @entity209 . In addition, endothelial function and insulin sensitivity (secondary measurements) were also assessed. A double-blind and placebo-controlled study was conducted in 44 adults (blueberry, n = 23; and placebo, n = 21). They were randomized to receive a blueberry or placebo smoothie twice daily for six weeks. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure, endothelial function and insulin sensitivity were assessed pre- and post-intervention. The blood pressure and insulin sensitivity did not differ between the blueberry and placebo groups. However, the mean change in resting endothelial function, expressed as reactive @entity450 index (RHI), was improved significantly more in the group consuming the blueberries versus the placebo group (p = 0.024). Even after adjusting for confounding factors, i.e., the percent body fat and gender, the blueberry group still had a greater improvement in endothelial function when compared to their counterpart (RHI; 0.32    0.13 versus -0.33    0.14; p = 0.0023). In conclusion, daily dietary consumption of blueberries did not improve blood pressure, but improved (i.e., increased) endothelial function over six weeks in subjects with @entity209 .

title: Blueberries improve endothelial function, but not blood pressure, in adults with XXXX : a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemia']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Hybrid palliation for @entity1699 has been developed as an alternative to neonatal Norwood surgery. At the second stage, a source of pulmonary blood flow has to be established. Options include an arterial modified Blalock-Taussig or a venous superior cavopulmonary shunt. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed @entity1 who received second-stage palliation after the initial hybrid. @entity1 were stratified according to the source of pulmonary blood supply into the arterial shunt (n  =  17 @entity1 ) or venous shunt (n  =  26 @entity1 ). RESULTS: Age and weight at second stage were lower in the arterial group (85 [45-268] days vs 152.5 [61-496] days, P  =  .001 and 3.6 [2.7-9.4] kg vs 5.1 [2.97-9.4] kg, P  =  .001, respectively). All recorded surgical times were shorter in the arterial group. Mechanical ventilation and intensive care stay were shorter in the venous group (5.82 [2.01-14.9] days vs 2.42 [0.56-13.67] days, P  =  .005 and 8.5 [3.6-23.7] vs 5.75 [0.8-17.6] days, P  =  .036, respectively) There was no difference in mortality (2/17 vs 5/26; P  =  .685) or incidence of complications between the 2 groups. There was a tendency toward a higher need for intervention in the immediate postoperative period in the venous group, but this did not reach significance (6/17 vs 13/26, P  =  .342). The arterial group has shown better development of the branch pulmonary arteries with a higher lower lobe index (158.38    39.43 mm(2)/m(2) vs 113.33    43.96 mm(2)/m(2), respectively, P  =  .037). CONCLUSIONS: Both arterial and venous shunts are viable options with mortality and morbidity results comparable to those in the literature. The arterial shunt pathway (2-stage Norwood I) may offer better pulmonary arterial growth than  the venous shunt (comprehensive/combined Norwood I and II).

title: Second stage after initial hybrid palliation for XXXX : Arterial or venous shunt?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1699 :: ('MESH:D018636', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplastic left heart syndrome']

answer: @entity1699 :: (MESH:D018636,Disease) :: ['hypoplastic left heart syndrome']


abstract: @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination therapy has been used in @entity1 with chronic @entity1956 to enhance the antiviral effect and reduce the risk of development of resistance. Interferon-alpha ( @entity4020 ) can theoretically be added to the regimen to further improve the antiviral effect. Twenty @entity1 with @entity6194 were given @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination therapy for 24 weeks. After 12 weeks of treatment, @entity1 were randomized on a 1:1 basis to either the addition of @entity4020 b or no addition for the last 3 months of therapy. The decline in @entity97 DNA levels, the loss of HBeAg and the HBeAg seroconversion rate were assessed. @entity1 with loss of HBeAg and/or development of anti-HBe were followed up for at least 1 y after stopping treatment. Four of 19 @entity1 (21%) had lost HBeAg and/or developed anti-HBe 24 weeks after stopping treatment, 1 of whom had received additional @entity4020 . During long-term follow-up post-treatment, 2/19 @entity1 (10.5%) had a durable HBeAg seroconversion. The mean @entity97 DNA level declined by 5 logs during the first 12 weeks of treatment. Addition of @entity4020 during the last 3 months of treatment did not result in any further decline in @entity97 DNA levels compared with the non- @entity4020 -treated group, nor in any increase in the @entity13211 seroconversion rate. In conclusion, @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination treatment induced seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe in 4/19 @entity1 , 2 of whom became long-term responders. Addition of @entity4020 did not improve the seroconversion rate.

title: @entity16332 and XXXX combination therapy with or without addition of @entity4020 for @entity6194 : a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity16332 :: ('MESH:D019259', 'Chemical') :: ['lamivudine', 'Lamivudine']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['HBeAg-positive hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity6194 :: ('MESH:D019694', 'Disease') :: ['HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity28959 :: ('MESH:C060590', 'Chemical') :: ['famciclovir']

answer: @entity28959 :: (MESH:C060590,Chemical) :: ['famciclovir']


abstract: @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination therapy has been used in @entity1 with chronic @entity1956 to enhance the antiviral effect and reduce the risk of development of resistance. Interferon-alpha ( @entity4020 ) can theoretically be added to the regimen to further improve the antiviral effect. Twenty @entity1 with @entity6194 were given @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination therapy for 24 weeks. After 12 weeks of treatment, @entity1 were randomized on a 1:1 basis to either the addition of @entity4020 b or no addition for the last 3 months of therapy. The decline in @entity97 DNA levels, the loss of HBeAg and the HBeAg seroconversion rate were assessed. @entity1 with loss of HBeAg and/or development of anti-HBe were followed up for at least 1 y after stopping treatment. Four of 19 @entity1 (21%) had lost HBeAg and/or developed anti-HBe 24 weeks after stopping treatment, 1 of whom had received additional @entity4020 . During long-term follow-up post-treatment, 2/19 @entity1 (10.5%) had a durable HBeAg seroconversion. The mean @entity97 DNA level declined by 5 logs during the first 12 weeks of treatment. Addition of @entity4020 during the last 3 months of treatment did not result in any further decline in @entity97 DNA levels compared with the non- @entity4020 -treated group, nor in any increase in the @entity13211 seroconversion rate. In conclusion, @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination treatment induced seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe in 4/19 @entity1 , 2 of whom became long-term responders. Addition of @entity4020 did not improve the seroconversion rate.

title: @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination therapy with or without addition of XXXX for @entity6194 : a pilot study.

answer: @entity4020 :: (3440,Gene) :: ['interferon-alpha-2b']


abstract: @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination therapy has been used in @entity1 with chronic @entity1956 to enhance the antiviral effect and reduce the risk of development of resistance. Interferon-alpha ( @entity4020 ) can theoretically be added to the regimen to further improve the antiviral effect. Twenty @entity1 with @entity6194 were given @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination therapy for 24 weeks. After 12 weeks of treatment, @entity1 were randomized on a 1:1 basis to either the addition of @entity4020 b or no addition for the last 3 months of therapy. The decline in @entity97 DNA levels, the loss of HBeAg and the HBeAg seroconversion rate were assessed. @entity1 with loss of HBeAg and/or development of anti-HBe were followed up for at least 1 y after stopping treatment. Four of 19 @entity1 (21%) had lost HBeAg and/or developed anti-HBe 24 weeks after stopping treatment, 1 of whom had received additional @entity4020 . During long-term follow-up post-treatment, 2/19 @entity1 (10.5%) had a durable HBeAg seroconversion. The mean @entity97 DNA level declined by 5 logs during the first 12 weeks of treatment. Addition of @entity4020 during the last 3 months of treatment did not result in any further decline in @entity97 DNA levels compared with the non- @entity4020 -treated group, nor in any increase in the @entity13211 seroconversion rate. In conclusion, @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination treatment induced seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe in 4/19 @entity1 , 2 of whom became long-term responders. Addition of @entity4020 did not improve the seroconversion rate.

title: @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination therapy with or without addition of @entity4020 for XXXX : a pilot study.

answer: @entity6194 :: (MESH:D019694,Disease) :: ['HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B']


abstract: @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination therapy has been used in @entity1 with chronic @entity1956 to enhance the antiviral effect and reduce the risk of development of resistance. Interferon-alpha ( @entity4020 ) can theoretically be added to the regimen to further improve the antiviral effect. Twenty @entity1 with @entity6194 were given @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination therapy for 24 weeks. After 12 weeks of treatment, @entity1 were randomized on a 1:1 basis to either the addition of @entity4020 b or no addition for the last 3 months of therapy. The decline in @entity97 DNA levels, the loss of HBeAg and the HBeAg seroconversion rate were assessed. @entity1 with loss of HBeAg and/or development of anti-HBe were followed up for at least 1 y after stopping treatment. Four of 19 @entity1 (21%) had lost HBeAg and/or developed anti-HBe 24 weeks after stopping treatment, 1 of whom had received additional @entity4020 . During long-term follow-up post-treatment, 2/19 @entity1 (10.5%) had a durable HBeAg seroconversion. The mean @entity97 DNA level declined by 5 logs during the first 12 weeks of treatment. Addition of @entity4020 during the last 3 months of treatment did not result in any further decline in @entity97 DNA levels compared with the non- @entity4020 -treated group, nor in any increase in the @entity13211 seroconversion rate. In conclusion, @entity16332 and @entity28959 combination treatment induced seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe in 4/19 @entity1 , 2 of whom became long-term responders. Addition of @entity4020 did not improve the seroconversion rate.

title: XXXX and @entity28959 combination therapy with or without addition of @entity4020 for @entity6194 : a pilot study.

answer: @entity16332 :: (MESH:D019259,Chemical) :: ['Lamivudine']


abstract: @entity66 persist, because millions of workers have had prior exposure and many industrializing countries continue to use @entity1355 . Globally, an estimated 107,000 @entity1 die annually from @entity2 , @entity3620 , and @entity1355 due to occupational @entity1355 exposure. @entity3620 and @entity2 are caused by all major types of @entity1355 . Asbestos causes more @entity2 deaths than @entity3620 ; most cases of the latter are due to @entity1355 exposure. The @entity5 risk increases with cumulative @entity1355 exposure, with increased risk even at low levels of exposure to @entity1355 . Based on empirical studies, an estimated cumulative occupational exposure to @entity1355 of 1 fiber/mL-year substantially raises @entity3620 risk. No safe threshold for @entity1355 exposure has been established for @entity2 and @entity2615 . The validity of fiber-type risk assessments depends critically on the quality of exposure assessments, which vary considerably, leading to a high degree of uncertainty. @entity1355 without @entity1355 and smoking increases the risk of @entity2 . The joint effect of @entity1355 and smoking is supra-additive, which may depend in part on the presence of @entity1355 . Asbestos workers who cease smoking experience a dramatic drop in @entity2 risk, which approaches that of nonsmokers after 30 years. Studies to date show that longer, thinner fibers have a stronger association with @entity2 than shorter, less thin fibers, but the latter nonetheless also show an association with @entity2 and @entity2615 . Low-dose chest computed tomographic scanning offers an unprecedented opportunity to detect early-stage @entity2 in @entity1355 -exposed workers.

title: XXXX and @entity3620 : selected current issues.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Asbestos-related diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancers', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant mesothelioma', 'malignant mesothelioma', 'malignant mesothelioma of the pleura']

entities_list: @entity1355 :: ('MESH:D001195', 'Disease') :: ['asbestos', 'Asbestos exposure', 'asbestosis']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['Asbestos-related lung cancer']


abstract: @entity66 persist, because millions of workers have had prior exposure and many industrializing countries continue to use @entity1355 . Globally, an estimated 107,000 @entity1 die annually from @entity2 , @entity3620 , and @entity1355 due to occupational @entity1355 exposure. @entity3620 and @entity2 are caused by all major types of @entity1355 . Asbestos causes more @entity2 deaths than @entity3620 ; most cases of the latter are due to @entity1355 exposure. The @entity5 risk increases with cumulative @entity1355 exposure, with increased risk even at low levels of exposure to @entity1355 . Based on empirical studies, an estimated cumulative occupational exposure to @entity1355 of 1 fiber/mL-year substantially raises @entity3620 risk. No safe threshold for @entity1355 exposure has been established for @entity2 and @entity2615 . The validity of fiber-type risk assessments depends critically on the quality of exposure assessments, which vary considerably, leading to a high degree of uncertainty. @entity1355 without @entity1355 and smoking increases the risk of @entity2 . The joint effect of @entity1355 and smoking is supra-additive, which may depend in part on the presence of @entity1355 . Asbestos workers who cease smoking experience a dramatic drop in @entity2 risk, which approaches that of nonsmokers after 30 years. Studies to date show that longer, thinner fibers have a stronger association with @entity2 than shorter, less thin fibers, but the latter nonetheless also show an association with @entity2 and @entity2615 . Low-dose chest computed tomographic scanning offers an unprecedented opportunity to detect early-stage @entity2 in @entity1355 -exposed workers.

title: @entity2 and XXXX : selected current issues.

answer: @entity3620 :: (MESH:C562839,Disease) :: ['malignant mesothelioma of the pleura']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Regular consumption of a well balanced breakfast is a pre-requisite for normal growth and @entity1 development, along with the acquisition of proper eating habits. The family environment is crucial place where @entity1 learn such patterns of behaviour that form the basis for their development. OBJECTIVES: To determine how family factors affect the regular eating of breakfast and types of foodstuffs consumed in primary school @entity2300 , including food purchases made from vending machines and school tuck shops. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were 836 @entity2300 (435 @entity1 and 401 @entity1 , aged 6 - 13) from Warsaw and the surrounding areas. Appropriate socio-demographic data and relevant eating habits were obtained from direct interviewing of the subjects by means of a custom designed questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed by the Kohonen type cluster analysis model and Chi-square test (Chi(2)); (p <=0.05). RESULTS: Three clusters of @entity2300 were identified by their differing socio-demographics and eating habits (eg. rates of breakfast consumption, buying from vending machines or school tuck shops). The first and third clusters were mainly @entity2300 from two-parent families with parents proportionally spending similar times at work, where respective breakfast (87% and 91%) and second breakfast (77% and 72%) consumption rates were also similar together with food shopping rates during school time (respectively 69% and 63%). Pupils with single-parents, multi-generation families or if both parents were profession- ally active, predominated in the second cluster. These ate breakfast (73%) and second breakfast (67%) more rarely, but more frequently shopped for food at school (84%). A small number of @entity2300 had a packed second breakfast from home, rarely ate sandwiches, fruit and/or vegetables and dairy products but ate more sweets, sweet rolls and savoury snacks. However, a large number of subjects bought sandwiches, fresh fruit and/or vegetables and fast-food at school. CONCLUSIONS: Family factors were found to affect eating habits in @entity1 and adolescents regarding how often breakfast was eaten and the type of foodstuffs consumed. High consumptions of unhealthy food items for second breakfast were also observed. Single-parent @entity2300 , those in multi-generation families or if both parents are employed rarely brought second breakfasts from home but frequently bought food from vending machines and school tuck shops. The results of the presented findings are significant towards planning an appropriate educational campaigns and health programmes targeted at @entity1 , adolescents and their families.

title: Family influences on breakfast frequency and quality among primary school XXXX in Warsaw and its surrounding areas.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'boys', 'girls', 'child']

answer: @entity2300 :: (MESH:D011681,Disease) :: ['pupils']


abstract: Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy of @entity1259 plus @entity1311 was administered to 23 @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 (including 13 cases of stage IIb, 6 of stage IIIa, and 4 of stage IIIb). All @entity1 were female. They were treated with @entity1259 60 mg/m2, on day 1, by i.v. followed @entity1311 150 mg/m2 by 3 hours continuous infusion on day 2 and every 3 weeks repeatedly. Premedication with @entity619 , @entity3974 , @entity3933 and @entity4444 were administered to prevent gastroenteric and allergic reactions before chemotherapy. Two to 4 cycles were used. Ten out of 23 @entity1 had a complete response, 10 had partial response, and 3 had no change. The response rate was 87% (20/23). Six out of 23 @entity1 underwent breast conserving surgery as @entity5 size had become smaller and downstaging was realized after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. The major @entity137 included @entity1398 , @entity925 , @entity4841 , nephrotoxicity, gastroenteric reactions, alopecia and @entity1671 to the face. However, these were well tolerated in these @entity1 .

title: [Clinical evaluation of effects from neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with XXXX plus @entity1311 in cases of locally advanced @entity0 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity3933 :: ('MESH:D004155', 'Chemical') :: ['diphenhydramine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity3974 :: ('MESH:D017294', 'Chemical') :: ['ondansetron']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity4841 :: ('MESH:D018771', 'Disease') :: ['arthralgia']

answer: @entity1259 :: (MESH:D015251,Chemical) :: ['epirubicin']


abstract: Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy of @entity1259 plus @entity1311 was administered to 23 @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 (including 13 cases of stage IIb, 6 of stage IIIa, and 4 of stage IIIb). All @entity1 were female. They were treated with @entity1259 60 mg/m2, on day 1, by i.v. followed @entity1311 150 mg/m2 by 3 hours continuous infusion on day 2 and every 3 weeks repeatedly. Premedication with @entity619 , @entity3974 , @entity3933 and @entity4444 were administered to prevent gastroenteric and allergic reactions before chemotherapy. Two to 4 cycles were used. Ten out of 23 @entity1 had a complete response, 10 had partial response, and 3 had no change. The response rate was 87% (20/23). Six out of 23 @entity1 underwent breast conserving surgery as @entity5 size had become smaller and downstaging was realized after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. The major @entity137 included @entity1398 , @entity925 , @entity4841 , nephrotoxicity, gastroenteric reactions, alopecia and @entity1671 to the face. However, these were well tolerated in these @entity1 .

title: [Clinical evaluation of effects from neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with @entity1259 plus @entity1311 in cases of locally advanced XXXX ].

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy of @entity1259 plus @entity1311 was administered to 23 @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 (including 13 cases of stage IIb, 6 of stage IIIa, and 4 of stage IIIb). All @entity1 were female. They were treated with @entity1259 60 mg/m2, on day 1, by i.v. followed @entity1311 150 mg/m2 by 3 hours continuous infusion on day 2 and every 3 weeks repeatedly. Premedication with @entity619 , @entity3974 , @entity3933 and @entity4444 were administered to prevent gastroenteric and allergic reactions before chemotherapy. Two to 4 cycles were used. Ten out of 23 @entity1 had a complete response, 10 had partial response, and 3 had no change. The response rate was 87% (20/23). Six out of 23 @entity1 underwent breast conserving surgery as @entity5 size had become smaller and downstaging was realized after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. The major @entity137 included @entity1398 , @entity925 , @entity4841 , nephrotoxicity, gastroenteric reactions, alopecia and @entity1671 to the face. However, these were well tolerated in these @entity1 .

title: [Clinical evaluation of effects from neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with @entity1259 plus XXXX in cases of locally advanced @entity0 ].

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: A 79-year-old male was diagnosed as having a scirrhous @entity5 . @entity298 was suspected on abdominal CT examination and the CA19-9 showed a high level of 95 U/ml. The @entity1 was treated with combined chemotherapy of TS-1 and CDDP. TS-1 (100 mg/day) was administered for 14 days followed by 14 days rest as one course. CDDP was administered in 24-h continuous intravenous infusion on day 8. This treatment was done every 4 weeks regularly. After 5 courses, X-ray and endoscopy examinations revealed disappearance of @entity5 in the stomach with an improvement in the extensibility. No @entity5 cell were confirmed by endoscopic biopsy, nor did a CT-scan detect @entity298 . The CA19-9 decreased within the normal limit. Ten months after chemotherapy was started, the @entity1 was very healthy without a recurrence of @entity5 . This combined chemotherapy has administered in 8 courses, and during this period no high grade @entity137 (WHO grade 3 or 4) occurred. This TS-1/CDDP chemotherapy was effective for scirrhous @entity356 and might be administered safely even for aged @entity1 .

title: [Complete response in an elderly @entity1 with advanced XXXX treated with combined chemotherapy of TS-1 and CDDP].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomatous peritonitis', 'Carcinomatous peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancerous lesions', 'cancer', 'cancer of the stomach']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric scirrhous cancer']


abstract: A 79-year-old male was diagnosed as having a scirrhous @entity5 . @entity298 was suspected on abdominal CT examination and the CA19-9 showed a high level of 95 U/ml. The @entity1 was treated with combined chemotherapy of TS-1 and CDDP. TS-1 (100 mg/day) was administered for 14 days followed by 14 days rest as one course. CDDP was administered in 24-h continuous intravenous infusion on day 8. This treatment was done every 4 weeks regularly. After 5 courses, X-ray and endoscopy examinations revealed disappearance of @entity5 in the stomach with an improvement in the extensibility. No @entity5 cell were confirmed by endoscopic biopsy, nor did a CT-scan detect @entity298 . The CA19-9 decreased within the normal limit. Ten months after chemotherapy was started, the @entity1 was very healthy without a recurrence of @entity5 . This combined chemotherapy has administered in 8 courses, and during this period no high grade @entity137 (WHO grade 3 or 4) occurred. This TS-1/CDDP chemotherapy was effective for scirrhous @entity356 and might be administered safely even for aged @entity1 .

title: [Complete response in an elderly XXXX with advanced @entity356 treated with combined chemotherapy of TS-1 and CDDP].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Modern ceramic-on-ceramic bearings have become attractive alternatives to conventional @entity691 in total hip arthroplasty (THA) as a result of their low wear and minimal particle production. However, 28-mm heads in ceramic-on-ceramic bearing couples have been associated with ceramic @entity174 . To address these issues, 32-mm and larger ceramic heads with a @entity702 -alloy sleeve have been introduced, although limited data are available on their durability and clinical outcomes. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We determined (1) the survivorship of the primary ceramic-on-ceramic THA using a 32-mm ceramic head with a @entity702 -alloy sleeve at a minimum followup of 5 years; (2) Harris hip scores; (3) the incidence of ceramic @entity174 and noisy hip; and (4) the proportion of @entity572 showing radiographic evidence of @entity3061 . METHODS: From November 2005 to August 2009, we performed 301 ceramic-on-ceramic THAs using a 32-mm ceramic head with a @entity702 -alloy sleeve in 270 @entity1 . Of these, 12 @entity1 (12 @entity572 [4%]) died from problems unrelated to surgery and 13 @entity1 (15 @entity572 [5%]) were lost during followup before a minimum of 5 years had been reached, leaving 245 @entity1 who had 274 THAs with a minimum followup of 5 years (mean, 6.5 years; range, 5-9 years) in this retrospective analysis. During the study period, 30% (301 of 997 @entity572 ) were performed with this articulation based on the operating surgeon's discretion. The mean @entity1 age at the time of surgery was 55 years (range, 16-82 years). All operations were performed at a single center. All of the ceramic implants were hot isostatic-pressed, laser-marked, proof-tested third-generation @entity5383 . We determined the implant survival, Harris hip scores, incidence of ceramic @entity174 or noisy @entity572 (based on a questionnaire), and presence of @entity3061 . RESULTS: The survival rate of ceramic-on-ceramic bearings in primary THA using a 32-mm ceramic head with a @entity702 -alloy sleeve was 98% (95% confidence interval, 96%-100%) at 9 years. The Harris hip score improved from a mean of 47 points preoperatively to 93 points at last followup. One ceramic head fractured at 6 years postoperatively. No ceramic liners fractured. Audible hip clicking and squeaking were identified in four @entity572 and one hip, respectively. @entity3061 was detected in three @entity572 , but none had symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Primary ceramic-on-ceramic THA using a 32-mm ceramic head with a @entity702 -alloy sleeve has a survivorship of 98% at 9-year followup. Nevertheless, surgeons should be aware of the potential risks of ceramic @entity174 , noise, and @entity3061 associated with the use of a ceramic head with a @entity702 -alloy sleeve. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study.

title: Primary Ceramic-on-ceramic Total Hip Arthroplasty Using a 32-mm Ceramic Head With a XXXX -alloy Sleeve.

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis', 'Osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

answer: @entity702 :: (MESH:D014025,Chemical) :: ['Titanium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To our knowledge, no single investigation concerning the long-term effects of overweight status on the risk for @entity101 , @entity1007 , @entity6 , and @entity65 has been reported. METHODS: Relations between categories of body mass index (BMI), @entity65 risk factors, and @entity455 end points were examined prospectively in Framingham Heart Study @entity1 aged 35 to 75 years, who were followed up to 44 years. The primary outcome was new @entity65 , which included @entity951 , @entity583 , @entity301 , or @entity64 . Analyses compared overweight (BMI [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters], 25.0-29.9) and @entity28 @entity1 (BMI > or =30) to a referent group of normal-weight @entity1 (BMI, 18.5-24.9). RESULTS: The age-adjusted relative risk (RR) for new @entity101 was highly associated with overweight status ( @entity1 : RR, 1.46; @entity1 : RR, 1.75). New @entity1007 and @entity6 were less highly associated with excess adiposity. The age-adjusted RR (confidence interval [CI]) for @entity65 was increased among those who were overweight ( @entity1 : 1.21 [1.05-1.40]; @entity1 : 1.20 [1.03-1.41]) and the @entity28 ( @entity1 : 1.46 [1.20-1.77]; @entity1 : 1.64 [1.37-1.98]). High population attributable risks were related to excess weight (BMI > or =25) for the outcomes @entity101 (26% @entity1 ; 28% @entity1 ), @entity951 (26% @entity1 ; 22% @entity1 ), and @entity301 (23% @entity1 ; 15% @entity1 ). CONCLUSIONS: The overweight category is associated with increased relative and population attributable risk for @entity101 and @entity65 . Interventions to reduce adiposity and avoid excess weight may have large effects on the development of risk factors and @entity65 at an individual and population level.

title: Overweight and XXXX as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular sequelae', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: PURPOSE: There are few reports of non-union femur shaft @entity174 treated with plate fixation with the nail in situ. This study reports our results in 40 cases. METHODS: Retrospective series of non-union and delayed union of femoral shaft after intramedullary nailing treated with plate fixation. @entity1 were serially followed-up till 12  months. @entity174 union, time to union, knee range of motion, @entity85 were recorded. Descriptive statistics were performed as applicable. RESULTS: There were 40 @entity1 with mean age of 35  years (18-65). There were 14 cases of @entity1184 non-union, 24 cases of @entity3202 cases of delayed union. The average time of surgery was 1     h and average @entity190 was 300  ml. Exchange nailing was done in 9 cases. Union was achieved in 39 @entity1 . The mean time to @entity174 union was 4  months. Post-operative knee range of motion was >120   in 35 @entity1 . One @entity1 developed @entity281 which was treated with removal of implants and exchange nailing with a @entity2176 coated nail and union was achieved. CONCLUSION: Plating is an effective treatment for non-union of @entity174 after intramedullary fixation with the nail in situ.

title: Is augmentation plating an effective treatment for non-union of femoral shaft XXXX with nail in situ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'Fracture', 'diaphyseal femur fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity3202 :: ('MESH:D016109', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic non-union and 2']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep infection']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity, shortening and complications']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The optimal treatment for @entity1 with recurrent high grade @entity11 (HGG) remains controversial. Available therapies include surgery, re-irradiation, alternating electric fields or systemic therapy. Here we investigate whether re-resection will improve survival in @entity1 receiving repeat radiotherapy for @entity5 recurrence. 231 consecutive @entity1 with recurrent HGG treated with re-irradiation between 1994 and 2012 were analyzed. 105 @entity1 underwent re-resection. Re-irradiation was delivered using daily fractions of 3.5  Gy to a median total dose of 35  Gy. Survival was then analyzed comparing @entity1 with and without re-resection. Overall survival (OS) and survival from the first recurrence are reported. Univariate and cox-proportional hazard modeling was performed in a step-wise multivariate analysis using known prognostic factors. The median follow-up time from initial diagnosis was 25.7  months. The median OS from initial diagnosis of the entire group was 22.5  months. There was no significant difference in median overall survival between @entity1 who received re-resection versus no re-resection, 23 versus 21.9  months respectively (p  =  0.6). Additionally, there was no difference in median survival from the time of first recurrence 10.5  months without re-resection versus 11.1  months with re-resection (p  =  0.09). After adjusting for known prognostic variables, only age remained significant. Re-irradiation is an effective salvage therapy for @entity1 with localized, progressive high grade @entity11 , achieving a median survival of 10-11  months from re-irradiation. Our data reveals no significant improvement in survival with the addition of re-resection to re-irradiated @entity1 with HGG.

title: Re-resection for recurrent high-grade XXXX in the setting of re-irradiation: more is not always better.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The selective conservative management of small pneumothoraces (PTXs) following stab injuries is controversial. We reviewed a cohort of @entity1 managed conservatively in a high volume @entity130 service in South Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review over a 2-year period identified 125 asymptomatic @entity1 with small PTXs measuring <2  cm on chest radiograph who were managed conservatively. RESULTS: Of the 125 @entity1 included in the study, 92  % were male (115/125), and the median age for all @entity1 was 21  years (19-24). Ninety-seven  per cent (121/125) of the weapons involved were knives, and 3  % (4/125) were screwdrivers. Sixty-one  per cent of all injuries were on the left side. Eighty-two  per cent (102/125) sustained a single stab, and 18  % (23/125) had multiple stabs. Thirty-nine  per cent (49/125) had a PTX <0.5  cm (Group A), 26  % (32/125) were >= 0.5 to <1  cm (Group B), 19  % (24/125) were >= 1 to <1.5  cm (Group C) and 15  % (20/125) were >= 1.5 to <2  cm (Group D). Three  per cent of all @entity1 (4/125) eventually required ICDs (one in Group C, three in Group D). All four @entity1 had ICDs in situ for 24  h. The remaining 97  % (121/125) were all managed successfully by active clinical observation alone. There were no subsequent readmissions, morbidity or mortality as a direct result of our conservative approach. CONCLUSIONS: The selective conservative management of asymptomatic small PTXs from stab injuries is safe if undertaken in the appropriate setting.

title: The selective conservative management of small traumatic pneumothoraces following stab injuries is safe: experience from a high-volume XXXX service in South Africa.

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5325 ( @entity5325 ) is a @entity16 of unknown etiology, characterized by features of low cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) pressure, postural @entity10 and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. METHODS: Four symptomatic cases of @entity5325 presented to our institution over a six-month period. Magnetic resonance imaging studies were performed in all four cases. Diagnostic lumbar puncture was done in all except one case. RESULTS: All of the @entity1 on whom lumbar punctures were performed demonstrated low CSF pressure and CSF protein elevation with negative cultures and cytology. Three out of the four @entity1 exhibited MRI findings of diffuse spinal and intracranial pachymeningeal @entity2287 enhancement and extradural or subdural fluid collections. One @entity1 had no MRI @entity10 and reduced CSF pressure at lumbar puncture. All @entity1 recovered with intravenous fluids and conservative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities are found in most, but not all @entity1 , with @entity5325 . Cerebral spinal fluid abnormalities can be detected even in @entity1 with normal MRI studies. It is important to recognize the variability of imaging results in this usually benign disorder.

title: XXXX in the absence of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities despite prominent postural headache', 'headache']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity5325 :: ('MESH:D019585', 'Disease') :: ['SIH', 'Spontaneous intracranial hypotension']

answer: @entity5325 :: (MESH:D019585,Disease) :: ['Spontaneous intracranial hypotension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Animal studies, genome-wide association and genomic structural variation studies have identified the @entity21944 gene as a candidate gene for @entity28 . Therefore, we have designed an extensive mutation and copy number variation ( @entity471 ) analysis investigating the prevalence of genetic and structural variations in @entity21944 in the Belgian population. DESIGN AND METHODS: In the first part of this study, we performed a mutation screen for variants in the @entity21944 coding region in 581 @entity28 @entity1 and adolescents and 433 healthy, lean individuals with high-resolution melting curve analysis followed by direct sequencing. In the second part of this study, Multiplex Amplicon Quantification (MAQ) analysis was used to identify CNVs in the distal @entity21944 -containing chr.16p11.2 region in 421 @entity28 @entity1 and adolescents with no @entity245 or behavioral phenotype. RESULTS: Mutation analysis resulted in the identification of fifteen rare non-synonymous heterozygous variants. Several of these were found both in lean and @entity28 subjects, suggesting that these are neutral polymorphisms. However, six private, heterozygous, non-synonymous variations were present in @entity28 @entity1 only. Furthermore, we also identified six missense variants solely in lean individuals. @entity471 analysis could not identify carriers of the distal 16p11.2 deletion in our population. CONCLUSION: Our mutation analysis has demonstrated that variation in the @entity21944 gene is frequent in both lean and @entity28 groups, with distinctive variations being present on either side of the weight spectrum. Although the equal variation frequency does not immediately support disease causality, it cannot be excluded that some variations are weight-increasing or -decreasing. Further functional testing of the variants will be necessary to fully understand the impact of these variants on @entity21944 . We were not able to detect carriers of the distal 16p11.2 deletion in our study population. As we excluded @entity1 with developmental or @entity146 , we suggest that in addition to @entity28 , the distal deletion might predispose for these traits. Further characterization of the phenotype is therefore necessary to clearly identify the phenotype of the distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome.

title: Genetic and structural variation in the XXXX gene in the Belgian population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral problems']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay']

answer: @entity21944 :: (25970,Gene) :: ['SH2B1']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of oral @entity927 (TA) with combined @entity7280 (COC) in reducing @entity190 ( @entity190 ) and improving quality of life in adolescent @entity548 ( @entity548 ). DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : A prospective randomized crossover trial with 17 postmenarchal @entity1 aged 21  years and younger with @entity548 who were seen at our institution. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomized to group A (TA arm) or group B (COC arm), each for 3 cycles, with crossover to the second arm after 1-month washout. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary end points were difference in improvement in @entity190 and QOL, from baseline to end of each therapy. RESULTS: Seventeen @entity1 were enrolled (mean age 14.2  years, range 11.7 to 16.8  years). Nine @entity1 completed both arms; 8 @entity1 withdrew from the study due to adverse events or noncompliance. Compared with baseline, significant improvement (P  <  .05) was demonstrated by TA and COC in @entity190 (mean Pictorial Blood Assessment Chart score decrease: TA, 536.4; COC, 430.6) and quality of life (mean Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory(TM) version 4.0 Generic Scales score increase: TA, 15.6; COC, 16.75), but no significant difference was noted between TA and COC (P  >  .05). There was statistically significant reduction in the length of menstrual cycle for COC only (mean reduction 5.3  days; P  =  .04) and not for TA (P  =  .18). Ten @entity1 (58%) experienced adverse events that were possibly drug related (TA: n  =  3, 30%; COCP: n  =  7, 64%). CONCLUSION: In this pilot study, oral TA appeared as efficacious as COC in the management of adolescent @entity548 by reducing @entity190 and improving quality of life.

title: Oral XXXX versus Combined Oral Contraceptives for Adolescent Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: A Pilot Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'girls', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['HMB', 'heavy menstrual bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual blood loss', 'MBL']

entities_list: @entity927 :: ('MESH:D014148', 'Chemical') :: ['tranexamic acid']

entities_list: @entity7280 :: ('MESH:D003276', 'Chemical') :: ['oral contraceptives']

answer: @entity927 :: (MESH:D014148,Chemical) :: ['Tranexamic Acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The goal of this investigation was to histometrically evaluate the effect of @entity2193 ( @entity2193 ) on bone healing after guided bone regeneration (GBR) in dehiscence-type osseous defects around dental implants; i.e., in the absence of periodontal ligament cells. METHODS: Six mongrel @entity235 were used. The second, third, and fourth mandibular premolars (p2, p3, and p4) and first molars (ml) were extracted. After 3 months, 2 implant osteotomies were prepared in each side of the mandible, dehiscence-type defects were created on the buccal aspect of each implant osteotomy (3.5 mm x 5.0 mm), and @entity702 implants were placed (3.75 mm x 8.5 mm). The surgically-created defects were randomly assigned to one of the treatments: @entity2193 , GBR, @entity2193 +GBR, or control. After 2 months, 4 additional defects were created and treated. The animals were sacrificed 3 months after the placement of the first implants, thus allowing the healing periods of 1 and 3 months. Undecalcified sections were obtained for the histometric evaluation including the percentage of bone-to-implant contact and new bone area on the implant threads related to the defect. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed among the groups in the evaluated parameters after 1 month of healing. After 3 months, no statistically significant differences were observed among the groups for the percentage of bone-to-implant contact. The values for the new bone area were: 55.5+/-11.8, 53.8+/-16.3, 62.1+/-18.4, and 36.9+/-25.1 for @entity2193 , GBR, @entity2193 +GBR, and control, respectively. The difference between @entity2193 +GBR and control was statistically significant (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that @entity2193 may positively influence bone healing after GBR around titanium implants. @entity2193 alone, however, had no statistically significant effect.

title: Enamel matrix derivative and bone healing after guided bone regeneration in dehiscence-type defects around implants. A histomorphometric study in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity2193 :: ('MESH:D003744', 'Disease') :: ['EMD', 'enamel matrix derivative']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: Anthracyclines and @entity6023 are currently the most effective drugs in the treatment of metastatic @entity0 . The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1311 and @entity632 combination in the first-line treatment of @entity0 . Forty-five @entity1 with @entity0 were recruited in the study. Median age was 49 years (range, 33-70). Treatment protocol: @entity632 (50 mg/m2/day, 30-min infusion) followed by @entity1311 (200 mg/m2/day, 3-hr infusion) every 3 weeks. Response rates included complete response in 13 (28.9%) @entity1 and partial response in 19 (42.2%) @entity1 , with an overall response rate of 71%. Five (11%) @entity1 had stable disease and 8 (18%) @entity1 had progressive disease. At a median follow-up of 19.7 months, median time to progression for all @entity1 was 19.9 months (95% confidence interval, 12.8 to 27 months). Median overall survival time was 28.4 months. Grade 3-4 @entity390 / @entity391 and hematological @entity137 were observed in 12 (26%) and 6 (13.3%) @entity1 , respectively. @entity1370 was observed in 2 (4.4%) @entity1 . In this trial, @entity1311 and @entity632 combination was demonstrated to be a favorable and active regimen in the first-line treatment of @entity0 .

title: @entity1311 and XXXX combination in the first-line treatment of @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'metastatic breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac toxicity']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: Anthracyclines and @entity6023 are currently the most effective drugs in the treatment of metastatic @entity0 . The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1311 and @entity632 combination in the first-line treatment of @entity0 . Forty-five @entity1 with @entity0 were recruited in the study. Median age was 49 years (range, 33-70). Treatment protocol: @entity632 (50 mg/m2/day, 30-min infusion) followed by @entity1311 (200 mg/m2/day, 3-hr infusion) every 3 weeks. Response rates included complete response in 13 (28.9%) @entity1 and partial response in 19 (42.2%) @entity1 , with an overall response rate of 71%. Five (11%) @entity1 had stable disease and 8 (18%) @entity1 had progressive disease. At a median follow-up of 19.7 months, median time to progression for all @entity1 was 19.9 months (95% confidence interval, 12.8 to 27 months). Median overall survival time was 28.4 months. Grade 3-4 @entity390 / @entity391 and hematological @entity137 were observed in 12 (26%) and 6 (13.3%) @entity1 , respectively. @entity1370 was observed in 2 (4.4%) @entity1 . In this trial, @entity1311 and @entity632 combination was demonstrated to be a favorable and active regimen in the first-line treatment of @entity0 .

title: @entity1311 and @entity632 combination in the first-line treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['metastatic breast cancer']


abstract: Anthracyclines and @entity6023 are currently the most effective drugs in the treatment of metastatic @entity0 . The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1311 and @entity632 combination in the first-line treatment of @entity0 . Forty-five @entity1 with @entity0 were recruited in the study. Median age was 49 years (range, 33-70). Treatment protocol: @entity632 (50 mg/m2/day, 30-min infusion) followed by @entity1311 (200 mg/m2/day, 3-hr infusion) every 3 weeks. Response rates included complete response in 13 (28.9%) @entity1 and partial response in 19 (42.2%) @entity1 , with an overall response rate of 71%. Five (11%) @entity1 had stable disease and 8 (18%) @entity1 had progressive disease. At a median follow-up of 19.7 months, median time to progression for all @entity1 was 19.9 months (95% confidence interval, 12.8 to 27 months). Median overall survival time was 28.4 months. Grade 3-4 @entity390 / @entity391 and hematological @entity137 were observed in 12 (26%) and 6 (13.3%) @entity1 , respectively. @entity1370 was observed in 2 (4.4%) @entity1 . In this trial, @entity1311 and @entity632 combination was demonstrated to be a favorable and active regimen in the first-line treatment of @entity0 .

title: XXXX and @entity632 combination in the first-line treatment of @entity0 .

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['Paclitaxel']


abstract: @entity11 is the most common @entity5 with a dismal prognosis. The radiosensitizing effect of @entity575 nanoparticles (AgNPs) on @entity11 both in vitro and in vivo had been demonstrated in the previous studies of our group. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Consistent with previous studies, a size and dose dependent antitumor effect and significant radiosensitivity enhancing effect of AgNPs were observed in our experiment system. We also found that cell protective autophagy could be induced by AgNPs and/or radiation, which was verified by the use of @entity8836 . The mechanism through which had autophagy and the enhancement of radiosensitivity taken place was further investigated with inhibitors of @entity3963 and @entity4675 pathways. We demonstrated that @entity3963 and @entity4675 played pivotal roles in the radiosensitivity enhancement. Inhibiting @entity3963 and @entity4675 with @entity5732 and @entity4287 respectively, we found that the autophagy level of the cells treated with AgNPs and radiation were attenuated. Moreover, @entity4287 down-regulated the apoptosis rate of the co-treated cells significantly. Taken together, the present study would have important impact on biomedical applications of AgNPs and clinical treatment for @entity11 .

title: Is the autophagy a friend or foe in the XXXX nanoparticles associated radiotherapy for @entity11 ?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial tumor']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['glioma', 'Malignant glioma']

answer: @entity575 :: (MESH:D012834,Chemical) :: ['silver']


abstract: @entity11 is the most common @entity5 with a dismal prognosis. The radiosensitizing effect of @entity575 nanoparticles (AgNPs) on @entity11 both in vitro and in vivo had been demonstrated in the previous studies of our group. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Consistent with previous studies, a size and dose dependent antitumor effect and significant radiosensitivity enhancing effect of AgNPs were observed in our experiment system. We also found that cell protective autophagy could be induced by AgNPs and/or radiation, which was verified by the use of @entity8836 . The mechanism through which had autophagy and the enhancement of radiosensitivity taken place was further investigated with inhibitors of @entity3963 and @entity4675 pathways. We demonstrated that @entity3963 and @entity4675 played pivotal roles in the radiosensitivity enhancement. Inhibiting @entity3963 and @entity4675 with @entity5732 and @entity4287 respectively, we found that the autophagy level of the cells treated with AgNPs and radiation were attenuated. Moreover, @entity4287 down-regulated the apoptosis rate of the co-treated cells significantly. Taken together, the present study would have important impact on biomedical applications of AgNPs and clinical treatment for @entity11 .

title: Is the autophagy a friend or foe in the @entity575 nanoparticles associated radiotherapy for XXXX ?

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: Common genetic mutations encountered in @entity1501 metabolism may result in increased @entity1255 ( @entity5784 ) levels. It has been reported that increased serum @entity5784 levels may affect the intracellular fat metabolism and may cause enhanced @entity1560 in the liver resulting in @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ). In total, 150 @entity1 diagnosed with FLD by ultrasound examination and 136 healthy control @entity1 that do not have any @entity1560 in the liver were included in the study. @entity1 were grouped as mild (n = 88), moderate (n = 38) or severe (n = 24) according to the @entity96 in ultrasound. Serum liver function tests, @entity5784 , @entity1501 and @entity2186 levels of the @entity1 were studied. The genetic @entity9769 @entity9770 and @entity24038 polymorphisms of the @entity1 were also evaluated. Although there was no significant difference in @entity2186 and @entity1501 levels, in the severe group, @entity5784 levels were significantly higher than that of control and mild groups (p<0.001). By contrast, there was no significant difference in heterozygote @entity9769 @entity9770 and @entity24038 mutations, both @entity9769 @entity9770 and @entity9769 @entity24038 mutations were more common in @entity1561 groups compared with the control @entity1 (p<0.001). We have determined increased @entity5784 levels and increased prevalence of homozygote @entity9769 @entity9770 and @entity9769 @entity24038 mutations in @entity1 with @entity1561 compared with healthy controls. Larger studies are warranted to clarify the etiological role of the @entity9769 mutations and @entity5784 levels in FLD.

title: @entity9769 @entity9770 and XXXX mutations and @entity1561 .

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid', 'folate']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['fatty infiltration']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['stage of fatty liver']

entities_list: @entity1561 :: ('MESH:D065626', 'Disease') :: ['non-alcoholic fatty liver disease', 'NAFLD']

answer: @entity24038 :: (c|SUB|A|1298|C,DNAMutation) :: ['1298A/C']


abstract: Common genetic mutations encountered in @entity1501 metabolism may result in increased @entity1255 ( @entity5784 ) levels. It has been reported that increased serum @entity5784 levels may affect the intracellular fat metabolism and may cause enhanced @entity1560 in the liver resulting in @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ). In total, 150 @entity1 diagnosed with FLD by ultrasound examination and 136 healthy control @entity1 that do not have any @entity1560 in the liver were included in the study. @entity1 were grouped as mild (n = 88), moderate (n = 38) or severe (n = 24) according to the @entity96 in ultrasound. Serum liver function tests, @entity5784 , @entity1501 and @entity2186 levels of the @entity1 were studied. The genetic @entity9769 @entity9770 and @entity24038 polymorphisms of the @entity1 were also evaluated. Although there was no significant difference in @entity2186 and @entity1501 levels, in the severe group, @entity5784 levels were significantly higher than that of control and mild groups (p<0.001). By contrast, there was no significant difference in heterozygote @entity9769 @entity9770 and @entity24038 mutations, both @entity9769 @entity9770 and @entity9769 @entity24038 mutations were more common in @entity1561 groups compared with the control @entity1 (p<0.001). We have determined increased @entity5784 levels and increased prevalence of homozygote @entity9769 @entity9770 and @entity9769 @entity24038 mutations in @entity1 with @entity1561 compared with healthy controls. Larger studies are warranted to clarify the etiological role of the @entity9769 mutations and @entity5784 levels in FLD.

title: @entity9769 @entity9770 and @entity24038 mutations and XXXX .

answer: @entity1561 :: (MESH:D065626,Disease) :: ['non-alcoholic fatty liver disease']