abstract: A @entity1421 analogue, @entity6002 was administered to control the postpartum @entity548 , immediately after the baby was born, to 74 healthy @entity1 , who had normal pregnancy and delivery. Divided into three groups they received 50 or 100 micrograms intravenously, or 200 micrograms intramuscularly. The results were compared with those of a group of 54 @entity1 , which received 0.2 mg @entity29484 i.m. and 5 IU @entity398 i.v. respectively. The @entity190 was measured during the third stage of labour and during two hours thereafter. The pilot dose of 50 micrograms was not effective enough. The @entity190 in the group of 100 micrograms i.v. was 386 +/- 175 ml, in the group of 200 micrograms i.m. 325 +/- 197 ml, and in the @entity29484 - @entity398 group 302 +/- 202 ml. @entity6002 200 micrograms i.m. seems to be effective treatment to control the postpartum @entity548 . Only four @entity1 had mild side-effects after @entity6002 administration.

title: @entity6002 in the control of postpartum XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity29484 :: ('MESH:D008755', 'Chemical') :: ['methylergometrine']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity6002 :: ('MESH:C016767', 'Chemical') :: ['Sulprostone']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['haemorrhage']


abstract: A @entity1421 analogue, @entity6002 was administered to control the postpartum @entity548 , immediately after the baby was born, to 74 healthy @entity1 , who had normal pregnancy and delivery. Divided into three groups they received 50 or 100 micrograms intravenously, or 200 micrograms intramuscularly. The results were compared with those of a group of 54 @entity1 , which received 0.2 mg @entity29484 i.m. and 5 IU @entity398 i.v. respectively. The @entity190 was measured during the third stage of labour and during two hours thereafter. The pilot dose of 50 micrograms was not effective enough. The @entity190 in the group of 100 micrograms i.v. was 386 +/- 175 ml, in the group of 200 micrograms i.m. 325 +/- 197 ml, and in the @entity29484 - @entity398 group 302 +/- 202 ml. @entity6002 200 micrograms i.m. seems to be effective treatment to control the postpartum @entity548 . Only four @entity1 had mild side-effects after @entity6002 administration.

title: XXXX in the control of postpartum @entity548 .

answer: @entity6002 :: (MESH:C016767,Chemical) :: ['Sulprostone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2798 ( @entity2798 ) is an important prevention initiative in reducing @entity645 /AIDS transmission. Despite current global prevention efforts, many low- and middle-income countries continue reporting low @entity2798 levels. Little is known about the association of within- and between-country socioeconomic inequalities and @entity2798 . Based on the 'inverse equity hypothesis,' this study examines the degree to which low socioeconomic groups in developing countries are disadvantaged in @entity2798 . METHODS: Using recently released data from the 2002 to 2003 @entity283 ( @entity283 ) for 106 705 individuals in 49 countries, this study used multilevel logistic regression to examine the association of individual- and national-level factors with @entity2798 , and whether national economic development moderated the association between individual income and @entity2798 . Individual income was based on country-specific income quintiles. National economic development was based on national gross domestic product per capita ( @entity3006 /c). Effect modification was evaluated with the likelihood ratio test (G(2)). Individuals eligible for the @entity2798 question of the @entity283 were adults between the ages of 18-49 years; @entity1 who had given birth in the last 2 years were excluded from this question. RESULTS: @entity2798 was more likely among higher income quintiles and in countries with higher @entity3006 /c. @entity3006 /c moderated the association between individual income and @entity2798 whereby relative income differences in @entity2798 were greater in countries with lower @entity3006 /c (G(2)= 9.21; P= 0.002). Individual socio-demographic characteristics were also associated with the likelihood of a @entity1 having @entity2798 . CONCLUSIONS: Relative socioeconomic inequalities in @entity2798 coverage appear to decline when higher SES groups reach a certain level of coverage. These findings suggest that changes to international @entity2798 programs may be necessary to moderate the relative @entity2798 differences between high- and low-income individuals in lower @entity3006 /c nations.

title: Global income-related inequalities in XXXX testing.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'person']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['WHS', 'World Health Survey']

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['VCT', 'Voluntary counseling and testing']

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: Budget studies have shown that internal cycling may contribute a large proportion of the annual nutrient supply required to support new growth in trees. Use of budgets to quantify internal cycling only quantifies the net transfer of nutrients within the plant. Differential partitioning of remobilized nutrients and current nutrient uptake could lead to errors in the interpretation of results from these studies. We have quantified the dynamic relationships among tree growth, nutrient uptake and internal cycling by labeling the current uptake of N in trees that received contrasting amounts of nutrient. Two-year-old seedlings of @entity20272 ( @entity20272 (Bong.) Carr.) were grown in sand culture in a greenhouse for one year. The trees received nutrients in a balanced solution at either a high (high-RAR) or a low (low-RAR) relative addition rate throughout the experiment. Current N uptake was labeled with @entity13140 from April 13 to July 25. Thereafter, trees were re-potted in clean sand and unlabeled N applied until November 13. Overall growth was sustained for approximately 10 weeks before treatment effects were observed. Initially, no differences in the partition of growth or remobilized N occurred, although partition of current uptake favored the roots of plants in the low-RAR treatment. After 6 weeks, the partition of both growth and remobilized N altered in favor of roots of plants in the low-RAR treatment. Nutrient supply had no effect on the amount or rate of N remobilization. No evidence was found to suggest that N taken up in the current season and partitioned to preexisting shoots or roots is remobilized late in the season to support growth of new shoots. However, some trees in the high-RAR treatment exhibited a second flush of growth later in the season that was partially sustained by remobilization of @entity13140 from current shoots formed earlier in the season. Use of @entity13140 demonstrated differential partitioning of current uptake and remobilized N. The results highlight the limitations of simple budget studies for quantifying internal cycling.

title: Relationships between nutrient supply, nitrogen partitioning and growth in young XXXX ( @entity20272 ).

entities_list: @entity20272 :: ('3332', 'Species') :: ['Sitka spruce', 'Picea sitchensis']

answer: @entity20272 :: (3332,Species) :: ['Sitka spruce']


abstract: Budget studies have shown that internal cycling may contribute a large proportion of the annual nutrient supply required to support new growth in trees. Use of budgets to quantify internal cycling only quantifies the net transfer of nutrients within the plant. Differential partitioning of remobilized nutrients and current nutrient uptake could lead to errors in the interpretation of results from these studies. We have quantified the dynamic relationships among tree growth, nutrient uptake and internal cycling by labeling the current uptake of N in trees that received contrasting amounts of nutrient. Two-year-old seedlings of @entity20272 ( @entity20272 (Bong.) Carr.) were grown in sand culture in a greenhouse for one year. The trees received nutrients in a balanced solution at either a high (high-RAR) or a low (low-RAR) relative addition rate throughout the experiment. Current N uptake was labeled with @entity13140 from April 13 to July 25. Thereafter, trees were re-potted in clean sand and unlabeled N applied until November 13. Overall growth was sustained for approximately 10 weeks before treatment effects were observed. Initially, no differences in the partition of growth or remobilized N occurred, although partition of current uptake favored the roots of plants in the low-RAR treatment. After 6 weeks, the partition of both growth and remobilized N altered in favor of roots of plants in the low-RAR treatment. Nutrient supply had no effect on the amount or rate of N remobilization. No evidence was found to suggest that N taken up in the current season and partitioned to preexisting shoots or roots is remobilized late in the season to support growth of new shoots. However, some trees in the high-RAR treatment exhibited a second flush of growth later in the season that was partially sustained by remobilization of @entity13140 from current shoots formed earlier in the season. Use of @entity13140 demonstrated differential partitioning of current uptake and remobilized N. The results highlight the limitations of simple budget studies for quantifying internal cycling.

title: Relationships between nutrient supply, nitrogen partitioning and growth in young @entity20272 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity20272 :: (3332,Species) :: ['Picea sitchensis']


abstract: During different phases of the annual growth cycle, xylem sap was collected from trunk segments of adult beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees by the water displacement technique. Irrespective of the height of the trunk, both @entity597 and reduced @entity599 compounds were detected in the xylem sap throughout the year. @entity597 was the predominant @entity599 compound in all samples analyzed. Its concentration in the xylem sap varied between 10 and 350 micro mol l(-1), with highest concentrations in April, shortly before bud break. In contrast to other tree species, @entity462 and not @entity2041 was the predominant @entity1432 transported in the xylem sap of beech trees. The @entity462 concentration ranged between 0.1 and 1 micro mol l(-1). As observed for @entity597 , maximum @entity462 concentrations were found in April. Apparently, both @entity597 and @entity462 transport contribute to the @entity599 supply of the developing leaves. Seasonal changes in the axial distribution of @entity462 and @entity597 differed, indicating differences in the source-sink relations of these @entity599 compounds. High, but uniform, xylem sap @entity597 concentrations in April may originate from balanced @entity597 uptake by the roots, whereas high @entity462 concentrations in April, increasing with increasing height of the trunk, may originate in part from protein breakdown in the trunk. Reversal of the axial distribution of xylem sap @entity462 in late summer-early fall to higher concentrations in the lower part of the trunk than in the upper part of the trunk suggests that the upper part of the trunk becomes a sink for @entity462 as a result of the synthesis of storage proteins at this time of the year.

title: Xylem sap composition of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees: seasonal changes in the axial distribution of XXXX compounds.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate', 'Sulfate']

answer: @entity599 :: (MESH:D013455,Chemical) :: ['sulfur']


abstract: There is considerable evidence that alterations in striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSSNs) giving rise to the direct ( @entity37746 -expressing) and indirect ( @entity9767 -expressing) pathways differentially contribute to the phenotype of @entity2033 ( @entity2033 ). To determine how each subpopulation of MSSN is functionally affected, we examined spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and @entity935 (DA) modulation in two @entity2033 @entity19 models, the YAC128 and the BACHD (a @entity2348 ). These @entity19 also expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the promoter for either DA D1 or D2 receptors to identify neurons. In early symptomatic YAC128 and BACHD @entity19 , @entity2227 transmission was increased in both D1 and D2 MSSNs, but in different ways. D1 cells displayed increased sEPSC frequencies and decreased paired-pulse ratios (PPRs) while D2 cells displayed larger evoked @entity2227 currents but no change in sEPSC frequencies or PPRs. @entity37746 modulation of sEPSCs was absent in D1-YAC128 cells at the early symptomatic stage but was restored by treating the slices with @entity1773 . In contrast, in fully symptomatic YAC128 @entity19 , @entity2227 transmission was decreased specifically in D1 cells, and @entity37746 modulation was normal in D1-YAC128 cells. Behaviorally, early symptomatic @entity19 showed increased stereotypies that were decreased by @entity1773 treatment. Together, these studies support differential imbalances in @entity2227 and DA transmission in direct and indirect pathway MSSNs. @entity146 at an early stage could be explained by increased @entity2227 activity and DA tone in direct pathway neurons, whereas @entity2845 at later stages could result from reduced input onto these neurons.

title: Differential electrophysiological changes in striatal output neurons in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Stereotypic behavior']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial-artificial chromosome']

entities_list: @entity2033 :: ('MESH:D006816', 'Disease') :: ["Huntington's disease", 'HD']

entities_list: @entity2845 :: ('MESH:D018476', 'Disease') :: ['hypokinesia']

entities_list: @entity1773 :: ('MESH:D013747', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrabenazine']

answer: @entity2033 :: (MESH:D006816,Disease) :: ['Huntington's disease']


abstract: The nonpoliovirus enteroviruses commonly infect newborns, with consequences ranging from @entity4092 and benign illness, to severe, life-threatening disease. Frequently occurring symptoms include @entity221 , @entity146 , lethargy, @entity448 , and @entity1910 . Although most illnesses are mild, severe disease develops in a subset of newborns infected in the first 2 weeks of life. Severe disease may consist of @entity295 , @entity5422 , @entity2401 , @entity55 , @entity99 , and/or @entity1003 . Substantial mortality rates have been reported, and long-term sequelae may occur among survivors. Risk factors and clinical features associated with severe disease include absence of neutralizing antibody to the infecting serotype, maternal illness prior to or at delivery, prematurity, illness onset within the first few days of life, multiorgan disease, severe @entity99 , positive serum viral culture, and specific infecting serotype (e.g. group B coxsackieviruses and echovirus 11). Whereas the mainstay of diagnosis has traditionally been viral isolation in tissue culture, the polymerase chain reaction has been demonstrated to be more sensitive than culture, highly specific, and rapid. Immunoglobulin has been used as a therapeutic agent for neonates with enterovirus disease; however, clinical efficacy has not been proven. Specific antiviral therapy for enteroviruses is in development. Pleconaril is an investigational agent that inhibits viral attachment to host cell receptors and uncoating of viral nucleic acid. It has broad and potent anti-enterovirus activity, excellent oral bioavailability, and is well tolerated. Some clinical trials have demonstrated benefit in @entity1 and adults with @entity693 , and in adults with @entity1729 caused by picornaviruses (rhinoviruses or enteroviruses). Data summarizing compassionate use for severe @entity9488 (including @entity295 ) also suggest possible benefit. Limited pharmacokinetic data are available in @entity1 and neonates. A multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of @entity49095 in neonates with severe @entity99 , @entity1003 , and/or @entity2401 is currently being conducted.

title: Presentation, diagnosis, and management of XXXX in neonates.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'neonatal sepsis']

entities_list: @entity9488 :: ('MESH:D004769', 'Disease') :: ['enterovirus diseases']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritability']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5422 :: ('MESH:D008590', 'Disease') :: ['meningoencephalitis']

entities_list: @entity49095 :: ('MESH:C115201', 'Chemical') :: ['pleconaril']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathy']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['enterovirus meningitis']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['upper respiratory tract infections']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity4092 :: ('MESH:D058345', 'Disease') :: ['asymptomatic infection']

answer: @entity9488 :: (MESH:D004769,Disease) :: ['enterovirus infections']


abstract: PURPOSE: Mutations in the @entity39446 gene cause recessive, severe @entity6391 ( @entity6391 ). @entity39446 encodes the b subunit of the rod-specific phosphodiesterase (bPDE), which, when absent, results in toxic levels of intracellular @entity141 and photoreceptor cell death. @entity141 blockers, such as @entity17425 , as well as light restriction, slow @entity528 in animal models of @entity942 . The goal of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of @entity4700 /5- or @entity4700 /8-mediated gene replacement in combination with @entity17425 and/or with light restriction in the @entity27763 @entity19 bearing homozygous @entity27763 mutations. METHODS: AAV vectors encoding either bPDE or EGFP were subretinally administered at postnatal day (P)2. @entity17425 was administered from P7 to P28. For light restriction, pregnant @entity27763 @entity19 were kept in a dark environment until their pups were 28 days old. All functional and histologic analyses were performed at P35. RESULTS: Significant morphologic photoreceptor protection was observed after subretinal administration of AAV vectors encoding EGFP. This protection further increased after administration of @entity4700 /8 or -2/5 encoding for bPDE and was not associated with significant functional improvement. Photoreceptor protection was higher after @entity4700 /8- than after @entity4700 /5-mediated delivery and was not significantly augmented by additional drug therapy and/or light restriction. The protective effect was lost after P35. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, more efficient gene transfer tools than those used in this study, as well as a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis, should be explored to increase the effect of gene replacement and to design gene-based strategies that block the apoptotic pathways activated by @entity942 .

title: AAV-mediated gene replacement, either alone or in combination with physical and pharmacological agents, results in partial and transient protection from XXXX associated with @entity942 .

entities_list: @entity17425 :: ('MESH:C035100', 'Chemical') :: ['Nilvadipine', 'nilvadipine']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['retinitis pigmentosa', 'RP']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['photoreceptor degeneration']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['bPDE deficiency', 'bPDE deficiencies']

answer: @entity528 :: (MESH:D009410,Disease) :: ['photoreceptor degeneration']


abstract: PURPOSE: Mutations in the @entity39446 gene cause recessive, severe @entity6391 ( @entity6391 ). @entity39446 encodes the b subunit of the rod-specific phosphodiesterase (bPDE), which, when absent, results in toxic levels of intracellular @entity141 and photoreceptor cell death. @entity141 blockers, such as @entity17425 , as well as light restriction, slow @entity528 in animal models of @entity942 . The goal of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of @entity4700 /5- or @entity4700 /8-mediated gene replacement in combination with @entity17425 and/or with light restriction in the @entity27763 @entity19 bearing homozygous @entity27763 mutations. METHODS: AAV vectors encoding either bPDE or EGFP were subretinally administered at postnatal day (P)2. @entity17425 was administered from P7 to P28. For light restriction, pregnant @entity27763 @entity19 were kept in a dark environment until their pups were 28 days old. All functional and histologic analyses were performed at P35. RESULTS: Significant morphologic photoreceptor protection was observed after subretinal administration of AAV vectors encoding EGFP. This protection further increased after administration of @entity4700 /8 or -2/5 encoding for bPDE and was not associated with significant functional improvement. Photoreceptor protection was higher after @entity4700 /8- than after @entity4700 /5-mediated delivery and was not significantly augmented by additional drug therapy and/or light restriction. The protective effect was lost after P35. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, more efficient gene transfer tools than those used in this study, as well as a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis, should be explored to increase the effect of gene replacement and to design gene-based strategies that block the apoptotic pathways activated by @entity942 .

title: AAV-mediated gene replacement, either alone or in combination with physical and pharmacological agents, results in partial and transient protection from @entity528 associated with XXXX .

answer: @entity942 :: (MESH:D003677,Disease) :: ['betaPDE deficiency']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to measure several parameters in @entity1 with early-stage @entity14 ( @entity14 ) and to evaluate them for their utility in routine clinical practice. @entity1 AND METHODS: Pre-operative serum levels of the following parameters were measured in 174 @entity1 with @entity14 (clinical stage I-III): @entity10580 ( @entity10580 ), @entity1735 antigen CA 19-9, proliferative marker @entity1014 kinase (TK), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), tissue polypeptide-specific antigen (TPS), @entity650 ( @entity650 ), @entity688 ( @entity688 ), @entity1495 ( @entity1495 ), @entity2843 ( @entity2843 ), @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ), @entity4725 ( @entity4725 ), @entity7 ( @entity7 ), C-peptide, insulin, @entity1254 and leptin. The control group consisted of 50 @entity1 who were undergoing a complete preventive medical examination and in these @entity1 at the time of blood collection there was no evidence of any @entity5 . RESULTS: Significant increase of the following parameters was found in @entity1 with @entity14 : @entity10580 , CA 19-9, TPA, @entity650 , @entity688 , @entity2843 , C-peptide, insulin and @entity1254 . Only two of these, @entity1254 , represent highly unfavorable prognostic factors. If elevated, they affect both progression-free interval and overall survival. CONCLUSION: Based on our results, we can conclude that none of the measured parameters fulfills the criteria for use for screening nor for primary diagnosis of @entity14 . Some of the parameters are important for prognosis estimate: Elevated CA 19-9 is related to an unfavorable prognosis, in terms of @entity5 recurrence and mortality rate. Angiogenetic factor @entity7 represents a prognostic factor important for @entity3012 . @entity10580 represents a parameter which is related to disease progression. Interleukins seem to be prospective @entity5 markers. @entity1254 may be used for estimation of advanced stage of @entity5 and for estimate of risk of @entity5 recurrence.

title: Parameters of biological activity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4725 :: ('7412', 'Gene') :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule-1', 'VCAM-1']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancer disease', 'complementary tumor']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity2843 :: ('7076', 'Gene') :: ['tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1', 'TIMP-1']

entities_list: @entity1254 :: ('9370', 'Gene') :: ['adiponectin', 'CA 19-9 and adiponectin', 'Adiponectin']

entities_list: @entity10580 :: ('1048', 'Gene') :: ['carcinoembryonic antigen', 'CEA']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer', 'CRC']

entities_list: @entity1495 :: ('4318', 'Gene') :: ['matrix metalloproteinase-9', 'MMP-9']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of cavity disinfectants on the @entity174 resistance of primary molars restored with indirect composite inlays. Thirty-six non-carious primary second molars were selected and divided randomly into three groups (n = 12): control group (no disinfectant), @entity1216 group (disinfected with 2% @entity1216 for 40 seconds) and @entity8830 group crowns (disinfected with 2% @entity1216 for 40 seconds). The inlays were fabricated by indirect method using Ceram X nanocomposite on plaster die. All the groups were submitted to compression mechanic test in a Hounsfield universal testing machine at 1 mm/min cross-head speed and the results were calculated in Newtons. Descriptive statistics, independent t test, and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test revealed the mean @entity174 resistance of three groups, i.e., control group, @entity1216 group and @entity8830 group to be 2260.66, 1858.08 and 1310.66, respectively. When intragroup comparisons were made, a significant difference was observed in all the groups (P<0.001). Scheffe's post hoc test revealed that control group had the highest @entity174 resistance, followed by @entity1216 group, and @entity8830 group had the least @entity174 resistance. Each value differed significantly from the other (P<0.05). Cavity disinfectants used in the present study had detrimental effect on the @entity174 resistance of primary molars. Among the disinfectants employed in the present study, @entity1216 showed a better resistance to @entity174 than @entity8830 .

title: Comparative evaluation of the effect of cavity disinfectants on the XXXX resistance of primary molars restored with indirect composite inlays: an in vitro study.

entities_list: @entity1216 :: ('MESH:D002710', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorhexidine']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity8830 :: ('MESH:D012973', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hypochlorite']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fracture']


abstract: @entity550 ( @entity550 ) has now become the preferred option for neurosurgical management of intractable central @entity9 such as post- @entity64 @entity158 and trigeminal @entity9 . However, the efficacy of @entity550 for other central @entity9 such as @entity158 resulting from spinal cord or @entity75 is unclear. We retrospectively reviewed 11 consecutive @entity1 with intractable central @entity9 who underwent @entity550 in our institution. Eight @entity1 had @entity158 caused by @entity548 (n = 5) or @entity1188 (n = 3) (thalamic group). Two @entity1 had postoperative @entity9 caused by @entity602 , and one @entity1 had @entity158 caused by a @entity75 associated with @entity15 (brainstem-spinal group). Visual analog scale and stimulation parameters were evaluated at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. @entity550 was effective for six of eight @entity1 in the thalamic group, and all three @entity1 in the brainstem-spinal group. These efficacies continued for 6 months after surgery without significant change in the stimulation parameters compared with the parameters at 1 month in both groups. The mean amplitude at 1 month and frequency at 6 months after surgery were significantly higher in the brainstem-spinal group than the thalamic group, although the @entity1 number was small. @entity550 is effective for other central @entity9 , but higher intensity stimulation parameters may be necessary to gain adequate @entity158 reduction.

title: Efficacy of motor cortex stimulation for intractable central @entity9 : comparison of stimulation parameters between post- XXXX @entity158 and other @entity158 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity550 :: ('MESH:D000303', 'Disease') :: ['Motor cortex stimulation', 'MCS']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['thalamic hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brainstem lesions', 'brainstem lesion']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord lesions']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['facial pain', 'pain', 'poststroke pain']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: @entity550 ( @entity550 ) has now become the preferred option for neurosurgical management of intractable central @entity9 such as post- @entity64 @entity158 and trigeminal @entity9 . However, the efficacy of @entity550 for other central @entity9 such as @entity158 resulting from spinal cord or @entity75 is unclear. We retrospectively reviewed 11 consecutive @entity1 with intractable central @entity9 who underwent @entity550 in our institution. Eight @entity1 had @entity158 caused by @entity548 (n = 5) or @entity1188 (n = 3) (thalamic group). Two @entity1 had postoperative @entity9 caused by @entity602 , and one @entity1 had @entity158 caused by a @entity75 associated with @entity15 (brainstem-spinal group). Visual analog scale and stimulation parameters were evaluated at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. @entity550 was effective for six of eight @entity1 in the thalamic group, and all three @entity1 in the brainstem-spinal group. These efficacies continued for 6 months after surgery without significant change in the stimulation parameters compared with the parameters at 1 month in both groups. The mean amplitude at 1 month and frequency at 6 months after surgery were significantly higher in the brainstem-spinal group than the thalamic group, although the @entity1 number was small. @entity550 is effective for other central @entity9 , but higher intensity stimulation parameters may be necessary to gain adequate @entity158 reduction.

title: Efficacy of motor cortex stimulation for intractable central XXXX : comparison of stimulation parameters between post- @entity64 @entity158 and other @entity158 .

answer: @entity9 :: (MESH:D009437,Disease) :: ['neuropathic pain']


abstract: @entity550 ( @entity550 ) has now become the preferred option for neurosurgical management of intractable central @entity9 such as post- @entity64 @entity158 and trigeminal @entity9 . However, the efficacy of @entity550 for other central @entity9 such as @entity158 resulting from spinal cord or @entity75 is unclear. We retrospectively reviewed 11 consecutive @entity1 with intractable central @entity9 who underwent @entity550 in our institution. Eight @entity1 had @entity158 caused by @entity548 (n = 5) or @entity1188 (n = 3) (thalamic group). Two @entity1 had postoperative @entity9 caused by @entity602 , and one @entity1 had @entity158 caused by a @entity75 associated with @entity15 (brainstem-spinal group). Visual analog scale and stimulation parameters were evaluated at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. @entity550 was effective for six of eight @entity1 in the thalamic group, and all three @entity1 in the brainstem-spinal group. These efficacies continued for 6 months after surgery without significant change in the stimulation parameters compared with the parameters at 1 month in both groups. The mean amplitude at 1 month and frequency at 6 months after surgery were significantly higher in the brainstem-spinal group than the thalamic group, although the @entity1 number was small. @entity550 is effective for other central @entity9 , but higher intensity stimulation parameters may be necessary to gain adequate @entity158 reduction.

title: Efficacy of motor cortex stimulation for intractable central @entity9 : comparison of stimulation parameters between post- @entity64 XXXX and other @entity158 .

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: @entity550 ( @entity550 ) has now become the preferred option for neurosurgical management of intractable central @entity9 such as post- @entity64 @entity158 and trigeminal @entity9 . However, the efficacy of @entity550 for other central @entity9 such as @entity158 resulting from spinal cord or @entity75 is unclear. We retrospectively reviewed 11 consecutive @entity1 with intractable central @entity9 who underwent @entity550 in our institution. Eight @entity1 had @entity158 caused by @entity548 (n = 5) or @entity1188 (n = 3) (thalamic group). Two @entity1 had postoperative @entity9 caused by @entity602 , and one @entity1 had @entity158 caused by a @entity75 associated with @entity15 (brainstem-spinal group). Visual analog scale and stimulation parameters were evaluated at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. @entity550 was effective for six of eight @entity1 in the thalamic group, and all three @entity1 in the brainstem-spinal group. These efficacies continued for 6 months after surgery without significant change in the stimulation parameters compared with the parameters at 1 month in both groups. The mean amplitude at 1 month and frequency at 6 months after surgery were significantly higher in the brainstem-spinal group than the thalamic group, although the @entity1 number was small. @entity550 is effective for other central @entity9 , but higher intensity stimulation parameters may be necessary to gain adequate @entity158 reduction.

title: Efficacy of motor cortex stimulation for intractable central @entity9 : comparison of stimulation parameters between post- @entity64 @entity158 and other XXXX .

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['central pain']


abstract: The electrophysiologic effects of @entity8633 (10 mg/kg), @entity1855 (0.15 mg/kg) and @entity3988 (0.6 mg/kg) were studied in the chronically instrumented conscious and @entity4485 -anesthetized @entity235 . Sinus node automaticity assessed by the corrected sinus node recovery time and atrio-ventricular conduction assessed by the Wenckebach phenomenon were evaluated by atrial pacing via electrodes placed in the wall of the right atrium, and exteriorized in the neck region. Nineteen @entity235 were studied and groups of 6 @entity235 were used for each experimental session. The @entity460 channel blocking drugs were administered by slow i.v. infusion (15 min). Effects were measured over 45-60 min and compared with the pretreatment value. In conscious @entity235 , heart rate was initially markedly increased by @entity8633 and @entity3988 and only slightly increased by @entity1855 . These chronotropic responses were reversed to @entity1168 by @entity3988 only. Corrected sinus node recovery time measured at the end of infusion was decreased by @entity1855 and @entity3988 and was unchanged by @entity8633 . Lengthening of corrected sinus node recovery time was observed with @entity1855 at the end of the experiment. All 3 @entity460 channel blocking agents produced negative dromotropic responses. To determine to what extent electrophysiologic effects of @entity4485 were involved in the cardiac responses measured in the anesthetized @entity235 , @entity4485 was administered prior to injection of each @entity460 channel blocking agent. @entity4485 produced positive chronotropic and dromotropic effects which were attenuated by the 3 @entity460 channel blocking agents. The reduction of corrected sinus node recovery time induced by @entity4485 was diminished by @entity8633 and @entity3988 and unchanged by @entity1855 . @entity4485 anesthesia thus has important electrophysiologic implications on the effects of @entity460 channel blocking agents on chronotropic and dromotropic variables on the heart.

title: Comparative electrophysiologic effects of XXXX , @entity1855 and @entity3988 in conscious and anesthetized @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital', 'Pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity8633 :: ('MESH:D015764', 'Chemical') :: ['bepridil']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity8633 :: (MESH:D015764,Chemical) :: ['bepridil']


abstract: The electrophysiologic effects of @entity8633 (10 mg/kg), @entity1855 (0.15 mg/kg) and @entity3988 (0.6 mg/kg) were studied in the chronically instrumented conscious and @entity4485 -anesthetized @entity235 . Sinus node automaticity assessed by the corrected sinus node recovery time and atrio-ventricular conduction assessed by the Wenckebach phenomenon were evaluated by atrial pacing via electrodes placed in the wall of the right atrium, and exteriorized in the neck region. Nineteen @entity235 were studied and groups of 6 @entity235 were used for each experimental session. The @entity460 channel blocking drugs were administered by slow i.v. infusion (15 min). Effects were measured over 45-60 min and compared with the pretreatment value. In conscious @entity235 , heart rate was initially markedly increased by @entity8633 and @entity3988 and only slightly increased by @entity1855 . These chronotropic responses were reversed to @entity1168 by @entity3988 only. Corrected sinus node recovery time measured at the end of infusion was decreased by @entity1855 and @entity3988 and was unchanged by @entity8633 . Lengthening of corrected sinus node recovery time was observed with @entity1855 at the end of the experiment. All 3 @entity460 channel blocking agents produced negative dromotropic responses. To determine to what extent electrophysiologic effects of @entity4485 were involved in the cardiac responses measured in the anesthetized @entity235 , @entity4485 was administered prior to injection of each @entity460 channel blocking agent. @entity4485 produced positive chronotropic and dromotropic effects which were attenuated by the 3 @entity460 channel blocking agents. The reduction of corrected sinus node recovery time induced by @entity4485 was diminished by @entity8633 and @entity3988 and unchanged by @entity1855 . @entity4485 anesthesia thus has important electrophysiologic implications on the effects of @entity460 channel blocking agents on chronotropic and dromotropic variables on the heart.

title: Comparative electrophysiologic effects of @entity8633 , XXXX and @entity3988 in conscious and anesthetized @entity235 .

answer: @entity1855 :: (MESH:D014700,Chemical) :: ['verapamil']


abstract: The electrophysiologic effects of @entity8633 (10 mg/kg), @entity1855 (0.15 mg/kg) and @entity3988 (0.6 mg/kg) were studied in the chronically instrumented conscious and @entity4485 -anesthetized @entity235 . Sinus node automaticity assessed by the corrected sinus node recovery time and atrio-ventricular conduction assessed by the Wenckebach phenomenon were evaluated by atrial pacing via electrodes placed in the wall of the right atrium, and exteriorized in the neck region. Nineteen @entity235 were studied and groups of 6 @entity235 were used for each experimental session. The @entity460 channel blocking drugs were administered by slow i.v. infusion (15 min). Effects were measured over 45-60 min and compared with the pretreatment value. In conscious @entity235 , heart rate was initially markedly increased by @entity8633 and @entity3988 and only slightly increased by @entity1855 . These chronotropic responses were reversed to @entity1168 by @entity3988 only. Corrected sinus node recovery time measured at the end of infusion was decreased by @entity1855 and @entity3988 and was unchanged by @entity8633 . Lengthening of corrected sinus node recovery time was observed with @entity1855 at the end of the experiment. All 3 @entity460 channel blocking agents produced negative dromotropic responses. To determine to what extent electrophysiologic effects of @entity4485 were involved in the cardiac responses measured in the anesthetized @entity235 , @entity4485 was administered prior to injection of each @entity460 channel blocking agent. @entity4485 produced positive chronotropic and dromotropic effects which were attenuated by the 3 @entity460 channel blocking agents. The reduction of corrected sinus node recovery time induced by @entity4485 was diminished by @entity8633 and @entity3988 and unchanged by @entity1855 . @entity4485 anesthesia thus has important electrophysiologic implications on the effects of @entity460 channel blocking agents on chronotropic and dromotropic variables on the heart.

title: Comparative electrophysiologic effects of @entity8633 , @entity1855 and XXXX in conscious and anesthetized @entity235 .

answer: @entity3988 :: (MESH:D004110,Chemical) :: ['diltiazem']


abstract: The electrophysiologic effects of @entity8633 (10 mg/kg), @entity1855 (0.15 mg/kg) and @entity3988 (0.6 mg/kg) were studied in the chronically instrumented conscious and @entity4485 -anesthetized @entity235 . Sinus node automaticity assessed by the corrected sinus node recovery time and atrio-ventricular conduction assessed by the Wenckebach phenomenon were evaluated by atrial pacing via electrodes placed in the wall of the right atrium, and exteriorized in the neck region. Nineteen @entity235 were studied and groups of 6 @entity235 were used for each experimental session. The @entity460 channel blocking drugs were administered by slow i.v. infusion (15 min). Effects were measured over 45-60 min and compared with the pretreatment value. In conscious @entity235 , heart rate was initially markedly increased by @entity8633 and @entity3988 and only slightly increased by @entity1855 . These chronotropic responses were reversed to @entity1168 by @entity3988 only. Corrected sinus node recovery time measured at the end of infusion was decreased by @entity1855 and @entity3988 and was unchanged by @entity8633 . Lengthening of corrected sinus node recovery time was observed with @entity1855 at the end of the experiment. All 3 @entity460 channel blocking agents produced negative dromotropic responses. To determine to what extent electrophysiologic effects of @entity4485 were involved in the cardiac responses measured in the anesthetized @entity235 , @entity4485 was administered prior to injection of each @entity460 channel blocking agent. @entity4485 produced positive chronotropic and dromotropic effects which were attenuated by the 3 @entity460 channel blocking agents. The reduction of corrected sinus node recovery time induced by @entity4485 was diminished by @entity8633 and @entity3988 and unchanged by @entity1855 . @entity4485 anesthesia thus has important electrophysiologic implications on the effects of @entity460 channel blocking agents on chronotropic and dromotropic variables on the heart.

title: Comparative electrophysiologic effects of @entity8633 , @entity1855 and @entity3988 in conscious and anesthetized XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: Loading of the spine induces dynamic changes in the osmotic environment of the intervertebral disc (IVD) due to the exudation and recovery of tissue water. Cells from the anulus fibrosus (AF) respond to osmotic stress with altered biosynthesis through a pathway that may involve @entity460 ( @entity141 ) as a second messenger. We examined the hypothesis that AF cells respond to hypo-osmotic stress by swelling and initiating regulatory volume decrease (RVD). Further, the role of F-actin disruption and transient increases in intracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i) in volume adaptation were studied. In response to hypo-osmotic stress, AF cells swelled, disrupted F-actin, and exhibited [ @entity141 ]i transients in proportion to the magnitude of the stress. The transient disruption of F-actin was dependent on the presence of extracellular @entity141 . After swelling, AF cells underwent RVD at all magnitudes of hypo-osmotic stress. The extent of RVD was diminished significantly by F-actin breakdown using cytochalasin D or by inhibition of swelling-induced F-actin disruption by removing extracellular @entity141 . Swelling-induced disruption of F-actin facilitated RVD, as evidenced by a more rapid volume recovery with increased F-actin breakdown. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the F-actin network plays an important role in the response of AF cells to osmotic stress.

title: The role of F-actin in hypo-osmotically induced cell volume change and XXXX signaling in anulus fibrosus cells.

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: We have generated a battery of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that distinguish different antigen molecules present in @entity1 B cells. Two antigen systems, termed @entity16601 and @entity72412 , respectively, were expressed in most surface immunoglobulin-positive B cells and thus showed pan-B cell specificity. Two other antigens ( @entity26053 and @entity48659 ) appeared to be expressed mainly on small resting B cells but not on large activated B cells. In contrast with @entity26053 and @entity48659 , @entity48660 and L4, the latter of which corresponds to OKT10, were not or little expressed on resting B cells, but were found on these B cells after activation either in-vivo or in-vitro with staphylococcal protein-A (SAC) plus @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) or with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). We also produced MAb ( @entity26247 ) that detected @entity2902 ( @entity2902 ) consistently expressed on in-vitro activated B cells as described above. In contrast with L4, @entity26247 and @entity48660 , @entity48659 was lost from in-vitro-activated B cells, following the appearance of either @entity26247 or @entity48660 on these in-vitro-activated B cells. Then, we analyzed antigen profiles of B cell tumors using these MAbs as described above. Common @entity3052 (CALL) expressed L4 and @entity48659 . @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ) and @entity5734 ( @entity5734 ) possessed most of the B cell antigens as described herein, and furthermore, @entity5734 expressed @entity2902 as detected by @entity26247 MAb. In the case of B cell lymphomas, they were phenotypically divided into two groups, corresponding to either early or late activated B cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Surface marker expression of XXXX B-cell lymphomas.

entities_list: @entity5734 :: ('MESH:D007943', 'Disease') :: ['HCL', 'hairy cell leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['B-CLL', 'B cell type chronic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphatic leukemia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Thirty @entity1 were allocated in a double-blind study comparing @entity5230 20 mg to @entity12803 20 mg. Both drugs were administered once daily, before breakfast, for a period of 6 months. Clinical evaluations were performed weekly during the first 6 weeks and then monthly. The following parameters were evaluated: Ritchie articular index, @entity158 on movement, @entity158 at rest, grip strength, functional status, and morning stiffness. Laboratory examinations were performed before, on the 42nd day and on the 6th month of therapy. Efficacy was considered favourable in 10 cases treated with @entity12803 and in 12 with @entity5230 and poor in five treated with the former and in three with @entity5230 . Three @entity1 of each group presented side effects of slight intensity. Considering the good results seen in the @entity1 receiving @entity12803 , the treatment was maintained in nine cases for a further period of 6 months. Eleven other @entity1 from the @entity5230 group also received @entity12803 for a further period of 6 months. The efficacy was maintained in all 20 @entity1 . Regarding adverse reactions, one @entity1 complained of @entity490 in the twelfth month of therapy and another @entity1 had a brief episode of meteorism in the ninth month.

title: Long-term study with XXXX ( @entity12803 ) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5230 :: ('MESH:D010894', 'Chemical') :: ['piroxicam']

entities_list: @entity12803 :: ('MESH:C032801', 'Chemical') :: ['tenoxicam']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

answer: @entity12803 :: (MESH:C032801,Chemical) :: ['Ro 12-0068']


abstract: Thirty @entity1 were allocated in a double-blind study comparing @entity5230 20 mg to @entity12803 20 mg. Both drugs were administered once daily, before breakfast, for a period of 6 months. Clinical evaluations were performed weekly during the first 6 weeks and then monthly. The following parameters were evaluated: Ritchie articular index, @entity158 on movement, @entity158 at rest, grip strength, functional status, and morning stiffness. Laboratory examinations were performed before, on the 42nd day and on the 6th month of therapy. Efficacy was considered favourable in 10 cases treated with @entity12803 and in 12 with @entity5230 and poor in five treated with the former and in three with @entity5230 . Three @entity1 of each group presented side effects of slight intensity. Considering the good results seen in the @entity1 receiving @entity12803 , the treatment was maintained in nine cases for a further period of 6 months. Eleven other @entity1 from the @entity5230 group also received @entity12803 for a further period of 6 months. The efficacy was maintained in all 20 @entity1 . Regarding adverse reactions, one @entity1 complained of @entity490 in the twelfth month of therapy and another @entity1 had a brief episode of meteorism in the ninth month.

title: Long-term study with @entity12803 ( XXXX ) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

answer: @entity12803 :: (MESH:C032801,Chemical) :: ['tenoxicam']


abstract: Ten different @entity941 -conjugated lectins of various known sugar specificities were used to study cell surface glycoconjugates of normal and regenerating @entity35 skeletal muscle. In normal muscle, Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin, Triticum vulgaris agglutinin ( @entity3505 germ agglutinin, WGA), @entity9377 agglutinin-I, and Maclura pomifera agglutinin bound strongly to the endomysial region of the myofibers. No binding was observed in the cytoplasm of the myofibers. Other lectins (Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, Griffonia simplifolia agglutinin I and II, Ulex europaeus agglutinin, Arachis hypogaea agglutinin, @entity1460 agglutinin) bound very poorly or not at all in the normal muscle. Skeletal @entity121 and regeneration was induced by autotransplantation of the extensor digitorum longus muscle. In the transplanted muscles, the endomysial lectin binding of the degenerating myofibers became weak and lacked continuity, indicating a breakdown of the endomysium. Of all the lectins tested, only WGA revealed intense binding in the myogenic zone of regenerating muscle. As the regeneration progressed, this WGA binding became restricted to the new endomysium. In completely regenerated muscle, binding of all lectins was similar to that seen in normal muscle. The specific binding of WGA to the myogenic zone may be important in identifying factors or glycoconjugates, which constitute a favorable environment for skeletal muscle regeneration.

title: An immunofluorescent analysis of lectin binding to normal and regenerating skeletal muscle of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9377 :: ('3988', 'Species') :: ['Ricinus communis']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle degeneration']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Between 1975 and 1983, 53 @entity1 with parasitologically proven @entity234 ( @entity234 ) and 16 @entity1 with suspected @entity234 were diagnosed in Honduras. The @entity1 ' ages ranged from 3 months to 10 years, but 95% were younger than 3 years old. Since 1978, when 16 @entity1 were reported, the yearly incidence has declined, and in 1982 only 4 @entity1 were reported. We located and interviewed the families of 57 of the 69 @entity1 . At the onset of illness, all 57 @entity1 lived in rural areas, and 55 lived in southern Honduras. All the @entity1 who were discharged from the hospital alive were still living at the time of the interview. A case-control study, using age-matched neighbors as controls, showed that @entity1 were significantly more likely to have lived in poorly constructed, wood-stick houses. We used an indirect immunofluorescence test to analyze blood samples for @entity3911 antibodies from 218 family members of @entity1 , 170 family members of controls, and 156 @entity1 living on the island of El Tigre, where 4 of the 5 most recently diagnosed @entity1 lived. Although 15 specimens gave a positive reaction to L. donovani antigen, each gave a stronger reaction when tested against @entity1527 cruzi antigen, suggesting that the reactions to @entity3911 were false positives. A serosurvey of 279 @entity235 of cases and controls and from El Tigre showed that 24 had positive reactions to L. donovani antigen, but only 4 (1.4%) had higher titers to @entity3911 than to @entity1527 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Epidemiologic study of XXXX in Honduras, 1975-1983.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1527 :: ('5693', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma', 'T. cruzi']

entities_list: @entity234 :: ('MESH:D007898', 'Disease') :: ['VL', 'visceral leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity3911 :: ('5661', 'Species') :: ['L. donovani', 'Leishmania']

answer: @entity234 :: (MESH:D007898,Disease) :: ['visceral leishmaniasis']


abstract: To review our experience with cauterization of persistent @entity292 in @entity1 , we performed a retrospective review of @entity1 who underwent cauterization of @entity292 by the senior author (O.E.B.) from 1986 to 2001 in an academic, tertiary care @entity1 's hospital. We studied 13 pediatric @entity1 ranging in age from 2.5 to 17.5 years of age at the time of surgery. Twelve @entity1 underwent cauterization under endoscopic visualization. One @entity1 underwent superficial cauterization of the tract without endoscopy. All @entity1 had at least a 1-year history of an indwelling tracheotomy. All @entity1 were decannulated at least 1 year before @entity292 cauterization. Of the 12 @entity1 who underwent intraoperative airway endoscopy, the internal orifice of the @entity292 tract was specifically visualized and seen to be patent in 10. One @entity1 was noted to have internal mucosalization of the tract, and no discrete opening to the @entity825 was noted in the other @entity1 . Eleven @entity1 had complete closure of the @entity292 site at follow-up (range, 2 weeks to 2 years). One @entity1 developed a leak during a coughing spell 2 days after the operation, and the @entity292 was noted to be closing with a small leak at follow-up. Another @entity1 (with @entity8222 ) ultimately required a repeat tracheotomy for @entity27 . This @entity1 was the only one admitted after the operation, for a pulmonary infiltrate. No other @entity1 required airway support in the immediate postoperative period. Cauterization of @entity292 in @entity1 is a relatively simple, effective, and safe technique.

title: Simple technique for tracheocutaneous XXXX closure in the pediatric population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['persistent obstructive sleep apnea']

entities_list: @entity8222 :: ('MESH:D008342', 'Disease') :: ['Treacher Collins syndrome']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'tracheocutaneous fistulas']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['fistula']


abstract: Twenty-four nasal mucosa specimens were obtained from the inferior or middle turbinates of 6 normal subjects and 18 @entity1 with chronic @entity1244 , @entity1127 . Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to identify the @entity6786 ( @entity6786 ) subunits that were expressed in the nasal mucosa. Collectively, transcripts for @entity2263 , @entity537 ) @entity6786 subunit genes were detected in the respiratory mucosa. The alpha3, alpha7, and @entity2263 subunits were expressed in 92%, 88%, and 75% of the subjects, respectively. There was a high degree of interindividual variation in @entity6786 subunit gene expression among subjects. A significant univariate association was found between tissue type and @entity537 expression and between gender and @entity1093 expression. These data suggest that cells in the nasal mucosa express the necessary messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for numerous @entity6786 combinations. Moreover, our identification of @entity6786 subunit mRNAs in the nasal mucosa extends the findings of other functional studies of nAChRs in nasal epithelial cells and implies that @entity1239 from @entity286 products such as cigarette smoke and @entity1239 nasal spray may have direct cellular effects on nasal mucosa cells through activation of homogeneous or heterogeneous nAChRs. A significant number of @entity1 receiving @entity1239 nasal spray have reported nasal irritation, and there are reports of transient @entity146 and @entity825 with the use of smoke-free @entity1239 cigarettes. These adverse respiratory effects may be due to activation of nAChRs in epithelial cells of the nose and @entity825 .

title: Nicotinic cholinergic receptor expression in the XXXX nasal mucosa.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory polyp formation, or sinus allergies']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritation of the throat']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity6786 :: ('1137', 'Gene') :: ['non-neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptor', 'nAChR']

entities_list: @entity2263 :: ('10242', 'Gene') :: ['beta2', 'alpha (alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha6, alpha7) and beta (beta2, beta3']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: This chapter is devoted to the contribution of long-term EEG and behavioral monitoring to the localization of @entity302 foci. Combined EEG and video monitoring may clarify the clinical @entity410 pattern reported by history; it may confirm or invalidate its localizing significance. It may also reveal unsuspected multiple clinical @entity410 patterns which may or may not correspond to multiple areas of @entity410 onset. The localizing evidence derived from interictal EEG abnormality provides valuable additional diagnostic information, identifying a likely area of @entity410 onset. Automatic spike recognition may improve the quality of the information provided by interictal activity by providing otherwise unavailable quantitative information. The main application of EEG monitoring is for detecting the region of @entity410 onset. This is important for the identification of @entity410 type, the differentiation between @entity302 and @entity302 and the preoperative localization of @entity410 onset. Reliable localization in @entity1 with partial @entity410 depends upon demonstration of a precise focal or regional onset of the ictal EEG changes occurring prior to or simultaneously with clinical @entity410 manifestations. Use of intracranial electrodes is indicated when monitoring with extracranial electrodes has not provided unequivocal localization of @entity410 onset. Automatic @entity410 recognition and phase analysis may again increase the yield of monitoring in localizing epileptogenic foci.

title: Localization of XXXX foci.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'non-epileptic seizures']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epileptic']


abstract: Thirty-five @entity1 with @entity1118 were treated by electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns through implanted epidural electrodes. In 5, such stimulation had minimal @entity158 -reducing effect during an immediate postoperative trial period, and the electrodes were removed. In the remaining 30, an electrode system for chronic stimulation was implanted. Four of these died of related or unrelated causes. The electrode system was removed in 2 @entity1 due to infections, and in 1 due to mechanical discomfort. The remaining 23 @entity1 answered a questionnaire concerning the @entity158 reducing effect of stimulation (4-60 months postoperatively, median 15 months). The group as a whole estimated the @entity158 reducing effect of stimulation as weak. Only 10 @entity1 (43.5%) used the stimulator regularly. Even in these @entity1 , the @entity158 -reducing effect was limited. @entity615 after repeated back surgery responded relatively better to stimulation than did the other cases. Phantom limb @entity158 was most resistant. The modest results suggest future restriction on the use of such stimulation.

title: Dorsal column stimulation in XXXX treatment.

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic back pain']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Constraints on resources and time often render treatments for @entity148 such as psychological interventions impracticable, while synthetic anxiolytic drugs are effective, but are often burdened with adverse events. Options which are effective and safe would be of considerable interest and a welcome addition to the therapeutic repertoire. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety as reported in rigorous clinical trials of kava extract compared with placebo for treating @entity148 . SEARCH STRATEGY: All publications describing (or which might describe) randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of kava extract for @entity148 were sought through electronic searches on EMBASE, MEDLINE, AMED (British Library), CISCOM (Research Council for Complementary Medicine, London), Central/CCTR and CCDANCTR. The search terms that were used were kava, kawa, kavain, Piper methysticum and Rauschpfeffer (German common name for Piper methysticum). Additionally, manufacturers of kava preparations and experts on the subject were contacted and asked to contribute published and unpublished material. Hand-searches of relevant medical journals (Erfahrungsheilkunde 1996 - 2002, Forsch Komplement  rmed Klass Naturheilkd 1994 - 2002, Phytomed 1994 - 2002, Alt Comp Ther 1995 - 2002), conference proceedings (e.g. FACT - Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 1996 - 2002) and our own files were conducted. The searches were updated to August 2002. No restrictions regarding the language of publication were imposed. SELECTION CRITERIA: To be included studies were required to be randomised, controlled trials (RCTs), i.e. trials with a randomised generation of allocation sequences, and conducted placebo-controlled and double-blind, i.e. trials with blinding of @entity1 and care providers. Trials using oral preparations containing kava extract as the only component (mono-preparation) were considered. Trials using single constituents of kava extract alone, assessing kava extract as one of several active components in a combination preparation or as a part of a combination therapy were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted systematically according to @entity1 characteristics, interventions and results. Methodological quality of all trials was evaluated using the standard scoring system developed by Jadad and colleagues. The screening of studies, selection, data extraction, validation and the assessment of methodological quality were performed independently by the two reviewers. Disagreements in the evaluation of individual trials were resolved through discussion. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven trials with a total of 645 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis of six studies using the total score on the Hamilton Anxiety scale as a common outcome measure suggests a significant reduction in @entity1 receiving kava extract compared with @entity1 receiving placebo (weighted mean difference: 5.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.1 to 8.8; p = 0.01; n = 345). Adverse events as reported in the reviewed trials were mild, transient and infrequent. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Compared with placebo, kava extract appears to be an effective symptomatic treatment option for @entity148 . The data available from the reviewed studies suggest that kava is relatively safe for short-term treatment (1 to 24 weeks), although more information is required. Further rigorous investigations, particularly into the long-term safety profile of kava are warranted.

title: Kava extract for treating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'participants']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Large epidemiological studies of non-smokers have demonstrated an association between overweight during midlife and increased mortality. However, little is known about whether this association may be explained by physical @entity410 . Thus, we aimed to examine this association in a long-term follow-up, with adjustment for @entity410 . METHODS: We prospectively studied mortality in relation to overweight in 2014 healthy Norwegian @entity1 40-59 years of age at enrollment in 1972-1975, and recorded cardiovascular and non- @entity65 during 25-27 years follow-up. Physical @entity410 was measured in a maximal exercise tolerance bicycle test. RESULTS: At baseline 717 @entity1 had overweight (body mass index 25.0-29.9) and 1221 had normal weight (body mass index<25.0). During follow-up 746 @entity1 died, 377 from cardiovascular causes. Among non-smokers with overweight/normal weight, @entity65 rates were 19.4%/11.3%, and @entity65 rates were 13.2%/14.4%. Overweight was related to @entity65 , even after adjustment for age, physical @entity410 , blood pressure and @entity165 level (RR: 1.52, p=0.010), but not to non- @entity65 (RR: 0.84, p=0.32). Among smokers overweight was not associated with cardiovascular or non- @entity65 . The difference in @entity65 between non-smokers with overweight and normal weight first appeared after 15 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Overweight appears to be an independent long-term predictor of @entity65 in middle-aged healthy non-smoking @entity1 , even after adjustment for physical @entity410 .

title: Overweight as predictor of long-term mortality among healthy, middle-aged XXXX : a prospective cohort study.

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['non-cardiovascular death', 'cardiovascular mortality', 'cardiovascular death']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2353 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are often administered in salvage therapy even if genotypic resistance tests (GRTs) indicate high-level resistance, but little is known about the benefit of these additional NRTIs. METHODS: The effect of <2 compared with 2 NRTIs on viral suppression ( @entity2858 RNA < 50 copies/mL) at week 24 was studied in salvage @entity1 receiving @entity5197 . Intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were performed; last observation carried forward imputation was used to deal with missing information. Logistic regressions were weighted to create a pseudopopulation in which the probability of receiving <2 and 2 NRTIs was unrelated to baseline factors predicting treatment response. RESULTS: One-hundred thirty @entity1 were included, of whom 58.5% (n = 76) received <2 NRTIs. NRTIs were often replaced by other drug classes. @entity1 with 2 NRTIs received less additional drug classes compared with @entity1 with <2 NRTIs [median (IQR): 1 (1-2) compared with 2 (1-2), P Wilcoxon < 0.001]. The activity of non-NRTI treatment components was lower in the 2 NRTIs group compared with the <2 NRTIs group [median (IQR) genotypic sensitivity score: 2 (1.5-2.5) compared with 2.5 (2-3), P Wilcoxon < 0.001]. The administration of <2 NRTIs was associated with a worse viral suppression rate at week 24. The odds ratios were 0.34 (95% confidence interval: 0.13 to 0.89, P = 0.027) and 0.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.05 to 0.79, P = 0.023) when performing the last observation carried forward and the per-protocol approach, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that partially active or inactive NRTIs contribute to treatment response, and thus the use of 2 NRTIs in salvage regimens that include @entity5197 seems warranted.

title: Viral suppression rates in salvage treatment with @entity5197 improved with the administration of genotypic partially active or inactive XXXX /tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5197 :: ('MESH:C507898', 'Chemical') :: ['raltegravir']

entities_list: @entity2353 :: ('CHEBI:33838', 'Chemical') :: ['Nucleoside']

answer: @entity2353 :: (CHEBI:33838,Chemical) :: ['nucleoside']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2353 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are often administered in salvage therapy even if genotypic resistance tests (GRTs) indicate high-level resistance, but little is known about the benefit of these additional NRTIs. METHODS: The effect of <2 compared with 2 NRTIs on viral suppression ( @entity2858 RNA < 50 copies/mL) at week 24 was studied in salvage @entity1 receiving @entity5197 . Intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were performed; last observation carried forward imputation was used to deal with missing information. Logistic regressions were weighted to create a pseudopopulation in which the probability of receiving <2 and 2 NRTIs was unrelated to baseline factors predicting treatment response. RESULTS: One-hundred thirty @entity1 were included, of whom 58.5% (n = 76) received <2 NRTIs. NRTIs were often replaced by other drug classes. @entity1 with 2 NRTIs received less additional drug classes compared with @entity1 with <2 NRTIs [median (IQR): 1 (1-2) compared with 2 (1-2), P Wilcoxon < 0.001]. The activity of non-NRTI treatment components was lower in the 2 NRTIs group compared with the <2 NRTIs group [median (IQR) genotypic sensitivity score: 2 (1.5-2.5) compared with 2.5 (2-3), P Wilcoxon < 0.001]. The administration of <2 NRTIs was associated with a worse viral suppression rate at week 24. The odds ratios were 0.34 (95% confidence interval: 0.13 to 0.89, P = 0.027) and 0.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.05 to 0.79, P = 0.023) when performing the last observation carried forward and the per-protocol approach, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that partially active or inactive NRTIs contribute to treatment response, and thus the use of 2 NRTIs in salvage regimens that include @entity5197 seems warranted.

title: Viral suppression rates in salvage treatment with XXXX improved with the administration of genotypic partially active or inactive @entity2353 /tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

answer: @entity5197 :: (MESH:C507898,Chemical) :: ['raltegravir']


abstract: Life-threatening @entity344 of @entity3465 are highly associated with @entity6923 . This implicates the premature GI tract as an important site for invasion by Candida. Invasive interactions of Candida spp. with immature enterocytes have heretofore not been analyzed. Using a primary immature @entity1 enterocyte line, we compared the ability of multiple isolates of different Candida spp. to penetrate, injure, and induce a cytokine response from host cells. Of all the Candida spp. analyzed, @entity5132 had the greatest ability to penetrate and injure immature enterocytes and to elicit IL-8 release (p < 0.01). In addition, @entity5132 was the only Candida spp. to form filamentous hyphae when in contact with immature enterocytes. Similarly, a @entity5132 mutant with defective hyphal morphogenesis and invasiveness had @entity536 for immature enterocytes (p < 0.003). Thus, hyphal morphogenesis correlates with immature enterocyte penetration, injury, and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, variability in enterocyte injury was observed among hyphal-producing @entity5132 strains, suggesting that individual organism genotypes also influence host-pathogen interactions. Overall, the finding that Candida spp. differed in their interactions with immature enterocytes implicates that individual spp. may use different pathogenesis mechanisms.

title: Candida species differ in their interactions with immature XXXX gastrointestinal epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity6923 :: ('MESH:C536777', 'Disease') :: ['systemic candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal (GI) diseases']

entities_list: @entity536 :: ('MESH:C538265', 'Disease') :: ['attenuated cytotoxicity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: We sought to determine the impact of (1) grade of the @entity1049 , (2) the formation of an ostomy, and (3) associated injuries on outcomes such as morbidity and mortality after blunt @entity1049 . We retrospectively reviewed 16,814 cases of blunt @entity1661 . @entity1 with @entity1049 were selected and charts reviewed for demographic, clinical, and outcomes data. Injuries were grouped by the @entity1049 Scale (grades I-V). Independent risk factors of morbidity included spine and @entity651 , as well as increased age. A higher grade of @entity1049 trended toward a significant association with @entity1320 . Independent risk factors of mortality included liver, heart, and @entity651 , as well as intracerebral blood and female gender. The grade of @entity1049 , the formation of an ostomy, and management of the @entity694 did not independently predict @entity1320 , morbidity, or mortality. These results indicate that @entity1 afflicted with blunt @entity694 experience a high rate of morbidity and mortality from associated injuries and or increased age. Treatment regimens directed at these factors will be most helpful in reducing the high morbidity and mortality after blunt @entity694 . Factors such as ostomy formation and management strategy are not associated with increased morbidity or mortality after blunt @entity694 .

title: Independent predictors of morbidity and mortality in blunt XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['lung injuries']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['increased intra-abdominal complications', 'intra-abdominal complications']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon trauma']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colon injury', 'colonic injuries', 'Colon Injury', 'colon injuries']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon trauma']


abstract: In neurogenesis, neural cell fate specification is generally triggered by proneural transcription factors. Whilst the role of proneural factors in fate specification is well studied, the link between neural specification and the cellular pathways that ultimately must be activated to construct specialised neurons is usually obscure. High-resolution temporal profiling of gene expression reveals the events downstream of atonal proneural gene function during the development of @entity238 chordotonal (mechanosensory) neurons. Among other findings, this reveals the onset of expression of genes required for construction of the ciliary dendrite, a key specialisation of mechanosensory neurons. We determine that atonal activates this cellular differentiation pathway in several ways. Firstly, atonal directly regulates @entity72413 , a well-known highly conserved ciliogenesis transcriptional regulator. Unexpectedly, differences in @entity72413 regulation by proneural factors may underlie variations in ciliary dendrite specialisation in different sensory neuronal lineages. In contrast, @entity72414 encodes a novel forkhead family transcription factor that is exclusively expressed in differentiating chordotonal neurons. @entity72414 regulates genes required for specialized aspects of chordotonal dendrite physiology. In addition to these intermediate transcriptional regulators, we show that atonal directly regulates a novel gene, dilatory, that is directly associated with ciliogenesis during neuronal differentiation. Our analysis demonstrates how early cell fate specification factors can regulate structural and physiological differentiation of neuronal cell types. It also suggests a model for how subtype differentiation in different neuronal lineages may be regulated by different proneural factors. In addition, it provides a paradigm for how transcriptional regulation may modulate the ciliogenesis pathway to give rise to structurally and functionally specialised ciliary dendrites.

title: The gene regulatory cascade linking proneural specification with differentiation in XXXX sensory neurons.

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila']


abstract: The potential of spray-drying technique for the encapsulation in @entity10124 ( @entity7050 ) microspheres of @entity291 insulin, a poorly stable peptide, has been investigated. Insulin-loaded microspheres were prepared by spray-drying different feeding liquids containing insulin and @entity7050 , that is a S/O dispersion, a W/O emulsion or an @entity1543 solution. In the case of the emulsion, insulin was also co-encapsulated with either non-ionic surfactants such as @entity6496 20 and @entity12185 , or complexing agents such as HPbetaCD. In the microspheres prepared from the @entity1543 solution of insulin and @entity7050 , HPbetaCD was tested. Microspheres containing surfactants were aggregated, whereas good quality particles displaying a mean diameter in the range 12.1-27.9 microm were produced in the other cases. Insulin was efficiently loaded inside microspheres except for S/O formulation (only 22% of total insulin content was entrapped). The impact of the microencapsulation process on insulin chemical and conformational stability was assessed by HPLC, circular dichroism and turbidimetry studies. Under the adopted manufacture conditions, insulin was encapsulated in the native state and its chemical and conformational stability was preserved along the fabrication process. The formulations containing only insulin displayed low burst effects (6-11%), whereas the addition of surfactants resulted in much higher burst effects (49-54%) and faster release rate. The co-encapsulation of HPbetaCD slowed down the overall release rate and, in the case of microspheres prepared from the emulsion, allowed a constant insulin release up to 45 days. The study of insulin stability along the release phase showed that insulin was released in the intact form and un-released insulin was stable inside all the microsphere formulations. We conclude that insulin can be effectively encapsulated in @entity7050 microspheres by the spray-drying technique. Additives with complexing properties such as HPbetaCD have demonstrated a potential in optimizing the release rate of insulin when used in microspheres prepared from W/O emulsions.

title: Feeding liquid, non-ionic surfactant and cyclodextrin affect the properties of insulin-loaded XXXX microspheres prepared by spray-drying.

entities_list: @entity6496 :: ('CHEBI:53426', 'Chemical') :: ['polysorbate']

entities_list: @entity10124 :: ('CHEBI:53493', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(lactide-co-glycolide)']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

answer: @entity10124 :: (CHEBI:53493,Chemical) :: ['poly(lactide-co-glycolide)']


abstract: Leu-M1 is a differentiation antigen present in @entity1 myelomonocytic cells. Seventy-seven acute @entity1778 were retrospectively stained with anti-Leu-M1 using the immunoperoxidase technique on Bouin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. The subjects were 44 @entity981 ( @entity981 ) and 33 @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) previously characterized by cytochemical and immunologic (cell suspension) methods. Leu-M1 was positive in all the @entity3052 and in half of the @entity981 cases. These results suggest that Leu-M1 does not allow differentiation between @entity3052 and @entity981 . For the @entity981 cases Leu-M1 was positive in 15/28 B-cell types, 4/12 T-cell type and 3/4 'null'-cell type cases. Thus, this antibody is of no assistance in defining types B, T, or 'null' in @entity981 . Leu-M1 was also studied on paraffin sections of 34 high grade @entity706 . The antibody was negative in all 13 @entity1892 (lymphoblastic: 6; immunoblastic: 7) and in all 4 'null' cell lymphomas. It was positive in 4/9 peripheral T-cell type, the other @entity784 (lymphoblastic: 5; immunoblastic: 3) remaining negative. Thus, Leu-M1 may be positive in @entity784 but it is negative in @entity1892 and is always negative in B or T lymphoblastic types. It seems that lymphoblasts are Leu-M1 negative in @entity1893 and may be @entity1778 .

title: Leu-M1 antigen expression in acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukaemias', 'ALL']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['T-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukaemias', 'AML']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemias', 'Leu-M1 positive in leukaemias']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukaemias']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Individuals with @entity29 ( @entity29 ) are at increased risk for @entity715 and @entity15248 . Low plasma levels of @entity2245 are an independent risk factor for @entity715 and may cause @entity3562 , another recognized risk factor for @entity715 . The aim of this study was to evaluate @entity2245 plasma levels in @entity29 @entity1 . METHODS: We studied 61 @entity29 @entity1 : 32 with @entity30 and 29 with @entity31 . For each @entity1 , three sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects were studied. RESULTS: Median @entity2245 levels were significantly lower in @entity29 @entity1 (22.0 pmol/L, range 3.6-231.0) than in controls (31.1 pmol/L, 3.7-363.4; p < 0.01). In all, 13.1% @entity29 @entity1 and 5.5% controls had plasma @entity2245 levels lower than the 5th percentile of distribution in normal controls (p < 0.05). Low @entity2245 levels were significantly more frequent in @entity1 with active disease than in @entity1 with quiescent disease (seven of 26, 26.9%, vs one of 35, 2.9%; p < 0.001). Moreover, @entity1 with active disease had significantly lower median @entity2245 levels (13.4 pmol/L, range 3.6-124.0) than @entity1 in a quiescent phase (27.0 pmol/L, 7.8-231.0; p < 0.001). Low @entity2245 levels were significantly correlated with serum concentrations of @entity1851 (r = -0.36, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.09, p < 0.01) and alpha(1)-acid-glycoprotein (r = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.10, p < 0.01). @entity3562 was more frequent in @entity1 with low @entity2245 levels (three of eight, 37.5%) than in @entity1 with normal levels (nine of 53, 17.0%; p = 0.18). There was no statistically significant correlation between @entity2245 and @entity1255 plasma levels (r = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.37 to +0.14, p = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Low @entity2245 plasma levels, an independent risk factor for @entity715 , are frequent in @entity1 with @entity29 , especially those with active disease.

title: Low XXXX plasma levels, a risk factor for @entity715 , in @entity29 : role of inflammation and correlation with acute phase reactants.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity15248 :: ('MESH:D001361', 'Disease') :: ['vitamin deficiencies']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity3562 :: ('MESH:D020138', 'Disease') :: ['hyperhomocysteinemia', 'Hyperhomocysteinemia']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity2245 :: (MESH:D025101,Chemical) :: ['vitamin B(6)']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Individuals with @entity29 ( @entity29 ) are at increased risk for @entity715 and @entity15248 . Low plasma levels of @entity2245 are an independent risk factor for @entity715 and may cause @entity3562 , another recognized risk factor for @entity715 . The aim of this study was to evaluate @entity2245 plasma levels in @entity29 @entity1 . METHODS: We studied 61 @entity29 @entity1 : 32 with @entity30 and 29 with @entity31 . For each @entity1 , three sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects were studied. RESULTS: Median @entity2245 levels were significantly lower in @entity29 @entity1 (22.0 pmol/L, range 3.6-231.0) than in controls (31.1 pmol/L, 3.7-363.4; p < 0.01). In all, 13.1% @entity29 @entity1 and 5.5% controls had plasma @entity2245 levels lower than the 5th percentile of distribution in normal controls (p < 0.05). Low @entity2245 levels were significantly more frequent in @entity1 with active disease than in @entity1 with quiescent disease (seven of 26, 26.9%, vs one of 35, 2.9%; p < 0.001). Moreover, @entity1 with active disease had significantly lower median @entity2245 levels (13.4 pmol/L, range 3.6-124.0) than @entity1 in a quiescent phase (27.0 pmol/L, 7.8-231.0; p < 0.001). Low @entity2245 levels were significantly correlated with serum concentrations of @entity1851 (r = -0.36, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.09, p < 0.01) and alpha(1)-acid-glycoprotein (r = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.10, p < 0.01). @entity3562 was more frequent in @entity1 with low @entity2245 levels (three of eight, 37.5%) than in @entity1 with normal levels (nine of 53, 17.0%; p = 0.18). There was no statistically significant correlation between @entity2245 and @entity1255 plasma levels (r = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.37 to +0.14, p = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Low @entity2245 plasma levels, an independent risk factor for @entity715 , are frequent in @entity1 with @entity29 , especially those with active disease.

title: Low @entity2245 plasma levels, a risk factor for @entity715 , in XXXX : role of inflammation and correlation with acute phase reactants.

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Individuals with @entity29 ( @entity29 ) are at increased risk for @entity715 and @entity15248 . Low plasma levels of @entity2245 are an independent risk factor for @entity715 and may cause @entity3562 , another recognized risk factor for @entity715 . The aim of this study was to evaluate @entity2245 plasma levels in @entity29 @entity1 . METHODS: We studied 61 @entity29 @entity1 : 32 with @entity30 and 29 with @entity31 . For each @entity1 , three sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects were studied. RESULTS: Median @entity2245 levels were significantly lower in @entity29 @entity1 (22.0 pmol/L, range 3.6-231.0) than in controls (31.1 pmol/L, 3.7-363.4; p < 0.01). In all, 13.1% @entity29 @entity1 and 5.5% controls had plasma @entity2245 levels lower than the 5th percentile of distribution in normal controls (p < 0.05). Low @entity2245 levels were significantly more frequent in @entity1 with active disease than in @entity1 with quiescent disease (seven of 26, 26.9%, vs one of 35, 2.9%; p < 0.001). Moreover, @entity1 with active disease had significantly lower median @entity2245 levels (13.4 pmol/L, range 3.6-124.0) than @entity1 in a quiescent phase (27.0 pmol/L, 7.8-231.0; p < 0.001). Low @entity2245 levels were significantly correlated with serum concentrations of @entity1851 (r = -0.36, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.09, p < 0.01) and alpha(1)-acid-glycoprotein (r = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.10, p < 0.01). @entity3562 was more frequent in @entity1 with low @entity2245 levels (three of eight, 37.5%) than in @entity1 with normal levels (nine of 53, 17.0%; p = 0.18). There was no statistically significant correlation between @entity2245 and @entity1255 plasma levels (r = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.37 to +0.14, p = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Low @entity2245 plasma levels, an independent risk factor for @entity715 , are frequent in @entity1 with @entity29 , especially those with active disease.

title: Low @entity2245 plasma levels, a risk factor for XXXX , in @entity29 : role of inflammation and correlation with acute phase reactants.

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: Acute soft tissue @entity130 influences callus formation and @entity174 healing. Several studies showed a relationship between angiogenesis and bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of controlled release of @entity94 ( @entity94 ) on callus formation in a limb-shortening distraction procedure after acute compartment syndrome. Acute soft tissue @entity130 with critical increased compartment pressure was generated in 22 @entity95 , and the limb was shortened simulating @entity174 site debridement. In the test group (n=11), a @entity94 -coated collagen matrix was locally applied around the @entity174 , while no collagen was applied in the control group (n=11). Following 10 days in limb shortening, a gradual distraction of 0.5   mm/12   h was performed using an external fixation device and followed up for 40 days. Osseous consolidation occurred in all animals. Average callus diameter (1.54        0.8 vs. 1.27        0.14   mm) and torsional strength (72% vs. 46% of normal) were significantly higher in the test versus the control group. Blood vessel formation increased with a significantly higher number of vessels (6.3 vs. 3.81/mm2 ) and larger cross-sectional area (>40     m, 90.5% vs. 86%) in the test versus control group. The results showed that locally applied @entity94 stimulates @entity174 healing after acute soft tissue @entity130 and might be an option for @entity174 treatment in cases with severe soft tissue damage.

title: Local application of @entity94 compensates callus deficiency after acute soft tissue @entity130 --results using a limb-shortening distraction procedure in XXXX tibia.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity94 :: ('100008899(Tax:9986)', 'Gene') :: ['VEGF', 'vascular endothelial growth factor']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Acute soft tissue @entity130 influences callus formation and @entity174 healing. Several studies showed a relationship between angiogenesis and bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of controlled release of @entity94 ( @entity94 ) on callus formation in a limb-shortening distraction procedure after acute compartment syndrome. Acute soft tissue @entity130 with critical increased compartment pressure was generated in 22 @entity95 , and the limb was shortened simulating @entity174 site debridement. In the test group (n=11), a @entity94 -coated collagen matrix was locally applied around the @entity174 , while no collagen was applied in the control group (n=11). Following 10 days in limb shortening, a gradual distraction of 0.5   mm/12   h was performed using an external fixation device and followed up for 40 days. Osseous consolidation occurred in all animals. Average callus diameter (1.54        0.8 vs. 1.27        0.14   mm) and torsional strength (72% vs. 46% of normal) were significantly higher in the test versus the control group. Blood vessel formation increased with a significantly higher number of vessels (6.3 vs. 3.81/mm2 ) and larger cross-sectional area (>40     m, 90.5% vs. 86%) in the test versus control group. The results showed that locally applied @entity94 stimulates @entity174 healing after acute soft tissue @entity130 and might be an option for @entity174 treatment in cases with severe soft tissue damage.

title: Local application of @entity94 compensates callus deficiency after acute soft tissue XXXX --results using a limb-shortening distraction procedure in @entity95 tibia.

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: Acute soft tissue @entity130 influences callus formation and @entity174 healing. Several studies showed a relationship between angiogenesis and bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of controlled release of @entity94 ( @entity94 ) on callus formation in a limb-shortening distraction procedure after acute compartment syndrome. Acute soft tissue @entity130 with critical increased compartment pressure was generated in 22 @entity95 , and the limb was shortened simulating @entity174 site debridement. In the test group (n=11), a @entity94 -coated collagen matrix was locally applied around the @entity174 , while no collagen was applied in the control group (n=11). Following 10 days in limb shortening, a gradual distraction of 0.5   mm/12   h was performed using an external fixation device and followed up for 40 days. Osseous consolidation occurred in all animals. Average callus diameter (1.54        0.8 vs. 1.27        0.14   mm) and torsional strength (72% vs. 46% of normal) were significantly higher in the test versus the control group. Blood vessel formation increased with a significantly higher number of vessels (6.3 vs. 3.81/mm2 ) and larger cross-sectional area (>40     m, 90.5% vs. 86%) in the test versus control group. The results showed that locally applied @entity94 stimulates @entity174 healing after acute soft tissue @entity130 and might be an option for @entity174 treatment in cases with severe soft tissue damage.

title: Local application of XXXX compensates callus deficiency after acute soft tissue @entity130 --results using a limb-shortening distraction procedure in @entity95 tibia.

answer: @entity94 :: (100008899(Tax:9986),Gene) :: ['VEGF']


abstract: Diagnosis of @entity1 @entity150 in untreated tissue sections is achieved by using imaging data from desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ( @entity22172 -MS) combined with multivariate statistical analysis. We use the distinctive @entity22172 -MS glycerophospholipid (GP) mass spectral profiles to visually characterize and formally classify twenty pairs (40 tissue samples) of @entity1 @entity5 and adjacent normal bladder tissue samples. The individual ion images derived from the acquired profiles correlate with standard histological @entity1710 and @entity1711 (H_E)-stained serial sections. The profiles allow us to classify the disease status of the tissue samples with high accuracy as judged by reference histological data. To achieve this, the data from the twenty pairs were divided into a training set and a validation set. Spectra from the @entity5 and normal regions of each of the tissue sections in the training set were used for orthogonal projection to latent structures (O-PLS) treated partial least-square discriminate analysis (PLS-DA). This predictive model was then validated by using the validation set and showed a 5% error rate for classification and a misclassification rate of 12%. It was also used to create synthetic images of the tissue sections showing pixel-by-pixel disease classification of the tissue and these data agreed well with the independent classification that uses histological data by a certified pathologist. This represents the first application of multivariate statistical methods for classification by ambient ionization although these methods have been applied previously to other MS imaging methods. The results are encouraging in terms of the development of a method that could be utilized in a clinical setting through visualization and diagnosis of intact tissue.

title: Multivariate statistical identification of @entity1 XXXX using ambient ionization imaging mass spectrometry.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancerous']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder carcinomas']