abstract: The complementary action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics in the treatment of @entity101 has been demonstrated in a number of studies of @entity10959 and @entity918 ( @entity918 ). The combination provides a clinically significant reduction in blood pressure while minimizing the dose-dependent adverse effects of @entity918 , such as @entity551 and its metabolic effects on plasma lipoproteins, by keeping the dose of each agent to the minimum. @entity10959 has a unique dual mechanism of elimination and can therefore be used in @entity1 with @entity8 . The efficacy of the combination of @entity10959 and @entity918 compared with placebo and other agents is reviewed in this article. Studies have demonstrated that the combination is effective in the elderly and in @entity8 @entity1 , regardless of severity. In addition, in @entity2175 , antihypertensive effect is achieved without further affecting @entity1735 and lipid metabolism, which is often the case when @entity2740 diuretics alone are used. A matrix study was performed to evaluate the optimum dose combination to produce blood pressure normalization and minimize side effects. This study evaluated 17 different dose combinations and demonstrated that the lowest dose combination to produce a clinically significant effect was @entity10959 10 mg and @entity918 12.5 mg. However, a dose-related antihypertensive effect can be seen, giving the option for the use of 20 mg @entity10959 for moderately @entity101 @entity1 . Both combination therapy and @entity10959 were significantly more effective than @entity918 alone or placebo. The @entity10959 / @entity918 combination has also been shown to have a comparable effect to sustained-release @entity594 and @entity1169 + @entity918 . The studies reviewed here demonstrate that @entity10959 / @entity918 combination treatment has a number of advantages over either agent used alone, providing blood pressure normalization in a broad range of @entity101 @entity1 , including @entity6 @entity1 and the elderly.

title: Management of XXXX : the role of combination therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['non-insulin dependent diabetes']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renally impaired', 'renal impairment']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propanolol']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['HCTZ', 'hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity10959 :: ('MESH:D017328', 'Chemical') :: ['fosinopril', 'Fosinopril']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: @entity4501 ( @entity4501 ) is a highly successful procedure for voice restoration. Occasionally, however, @entity1 fail to achieve satisfactory voice or develop salivary leakage through the @entity292 into the @entity825 . Closure of the @entity4501 is then necessary. In most cases, spontaneous closure occurs once the prosthesis has been removed. When the @entity292 does not close spontaneously, surgical closure is indicated to prevent @entity358 . We describe a three-layer technique that employs interposition of dermal graft. The technique was used on 14 @entity1 over a 7-year period. Most @entity1 received irradiation to the neck. Complete closure was achieved in 13 of 14 cases; 1 @entity1 developed partial breakdown of the closure. Our technique is relatively easy to perform and has a high success rate (92%). Irradiation did not adversely affect the closure rate.

title: Surgical closure of persisting failed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4501 :: ('MESH:D014138', 'Disease') :: ['TEP', 'Tracheoesophageal puncture']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration and pulmonary complications']

answer: @entity4501 :: (MESH:D014138,Disease) :: ['tracheoesophageal voice fistula']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: For individuals with 1-2 small (<1   cm) low-risk @entity2513 , international guidelines range from no surveillance to offering surveillance colonoscopy in 5-10   years. We hypothesised that the risks for @entity1442 ( @entity1442 ) among @entity1 with low-risk @entity652 differ based on clinical factors distinct from those currently used. DESIGN: We pooled data from seven prospective studies to assess the risk of metachronous @entity1442 . Two groups with 1-2 small @entity652 were defined based on guidelines from the UK (n=4516) or the European Union (EU)/US (n=2477). RESULTS: Absolute risk of metachronous @entity1442 ranged from a low of 2.9% to a high of 12.2%, depending on specific risk factor and guideline used. For the UK group, the highest absolute risks for metachronous @entity1442 were found among individuals with a history of prior @entity1127 (12.2%), villous histology (12.2%), age >= 70   years (10.9%), high-grade @entity1141 (10.9%), any proximal @entity652 (10.2%), distal and proximal @entity652 (10.8%) or two @entity652 (10.1%). For the EU/US group, the highest absolute risks for metachronous @entity1442 were among individuals with a history of prior @entity1127 (11.5%) or the presence of both proximal and distal @entity652 (11.0%). In multivariate analyses, strong associations for increasing age and history of prior @entity1127 and odds of metachronous @entity1442 were observed, whereas more modest associations were shown for baseline proximal @entity652 and those with villous features. CONCLUSIONS: Risks of metachronous @entity1442 among individuals with 1-2 small @entity652 vary according to readily available clinical characteristics. These characteristics may be considered for recommending colonoscopy surveillance and require further investigation.

title: Risk stratification of individuals with low-risk XXXX using clinical characteristics: a pooled analysis.

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['AN', 'metachronous advanced neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenomas']

answer: @entity2513 :: (MESH:C563365,Disease) :: ['colorectal adenomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This phase III trial compared the efficacy and safety of @entity136 plus @entity416 (GemCap) versus single-agent @entity136 ( @entity14113 ) in advanced @entity788 as first-line chemotherapy. METHODS: A total of 214 advanced @entity788 @entity1 were enrolled from 16 hospitals in South Korea between 2007 and 2011. @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive GemCap (oral @entity416 1660mg/m plus @entity14113 1000mg/m by 30-minute intravenous infusion weekly for 3 weeks followed by a 1-week break every 4 weeks) or @entity14113 (by 30-minute intravenous infusion weekly for 3 weeks every 4 weeks). RESULTS: Median @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) time, the primary end point, was 10.3 and 7.5 months in the GemCap and @entity14113 arms, respectively (P=0.06). Progression-free survival was 6.2 and 5.3 months in the GemCap and @entity14113 arms, respectively (P=0.08). GemCap significantly improved overall response rate compared with @entity14113 alone (43.7% vs 17.6%; P=0.001). Overall frequency of grade 3 or 4 @entity137 was similar in each group. @entity1398 was the most frequent grade 3 or 4 @entity137 in both groups. CONCLUSION: GemCap failed to improve @entity1349 at a statistically significant level compared to @entity14113 treatment. This study showed a trend toward improved @entity1349 compared to @entity14113 alone. GemCap and @entity14113 both exhibited similar safety profiles.

title: A randomized, multicenter, phase III study of @entity136 combined with @entity416 versus @entity136 alone as first-line chemotherapy for advanced XXXX in South Korea.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity416 :: ('MESH:C110904', 'Chemical') :: ['capecitabine']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['Neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Primary @entity96 with hepatocellular and cholangiocellular differentiation (b[HB]-PLC) are rare. Surgery offers the best prognosis, but there is a paucity of literature to guide therapy for @entity1 with advanced or unresectable disease. This study aimed to evaluate outcomes of hepatic-directed therapy compared with those of systemic chemotherapy and surgery. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation of @entity1 with b(HB)-PLC from 1 January 2008 to 1 September 2014 was conducted. The @entity1 were divided into the following four groups: transplantation (TX) group, surgical resection (SX) group, @entity99 ( @entity99 ) group, and systemic chemotherapy alone (SC) group. Overall and progression-free survival, treatment response, and clinicopathologic data were analyzed. RESULTS: The study included 79 @entity1 (37 females) with an average age of 62  years. The number of @entity1 in each group were as follows: TX group (n  =  6), SX group (n  =  27), @entity99 group (n  =  18), and SC group (n  =  28). The mean follow-up periods were 33  months for the TX group, 17  months for the SX group, 14  months for the @entity99 group, and 7  months for the SX group. Overall, 28  % of the @entity1 had @entity82 and 35  % had @entity99 . The candidates for surgery comprised 42  % of the @entity1 . The @entity99 group (n  =  18) had a significantly greater objective response than the SC group (n  =  28) (47 vs. 6  %; p  =  0.02). Two @entity1 who underwent hepatic arterial infusion pump treatment were downstaged to resection. A trend toward improved OS/PFS was observed in the @entity99 group versus the SC group, although statistically significant. The SX group had significantly improved survival (p  <  0.001) as did the transplanted @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Although surgery offers the best survival for b(HB)-PLC @entity1 , only a minority are candidates for surgery. Because @entity99 therapy showed a superior objective response over SC therapy, it may offer a survival advantage and may downstage @entity1 for surgical resection or transplantation.

title: Biphenotypic Primary XXXX : Assessing Outcomes of Hepatic Directed Therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic directed', 'HD', 'viral hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver carcinomas']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['Liver Carcinomas']


abstract: Microbubbles have been reported to enhance ultrasound (US)-related side effects in animal systems. The present study investigated the influence of contrast ultrasonography (US) with @entity16681 lipid microspheres, a recently developed second-generation contrast agent, on microvessels. @entity35 mesentery was exposed to 1.8-MHz pulsed US with intravenous injection of @entity16681 (0.1 or 1.0 ml/kg) or Levovist (300 mg/kg), and the microvessel @entity548 and endothelial cell injury was examined. Impaired endothelial cells were identified by the fluorescence of @entity2667 . Microvessel @entity548 was examined also in the @entity35 myocardium. The interaction between 0.1 ml/kg of @entity16681 and US exposure did not cause microvessel @entity548 , and did not increase endothelial cell injury compared with the sham operation, unless frequent, strong US exposure occurred. When the dose was increased to 1.0 ml/kg, the combination of @entity16681 and US exposure resulted in @entity548 and increased endothelial cell injury in capillaries and venules (p<0.01). However, the incidence of microvessel @entity548 and endothelial cell injury did not exceed that with Levovist microbubbles. In the myocardium, microvessel @entity548 was not observed under any conditions. In conclusion, @entity16681 lipid microspheres enhanced US-related microvessel injury as with other contrast agents at the dose of 1.0 ml/kg, but not with 0.1 ml/kg and the appropriate US setting.

title: Influence of contrast ultrasonography with XXXX lipid microspheres on microvessel injury.

entities_list: @entity16681 :: ('MESH:C042852', 'Chemical') :: ['perflutren']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'capillary bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide']

answer: @entity16681 :: (MESH:C042852,Chemical) :: ['perflutren']


abstract: CONTEXT: Immunohistochemical staining for @entity4166 ( @entity4166 ) is a useful ancillary technique for diagnosing @entity3557 ( @entity1377 ) in histologic specimens. Although similar results have been obtained on aspirate smears, to our knowledge the utility of @entity4166 immunolocalization in cell block preparations as an adjunct to fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of @entity1377 has not been examined. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether @entity4166 immunostaining of cell block preparations of thyroid aspirates is a useful ancillary technique for diagnosing @entity1377 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a monoclonal antibody to @entity4166 and a standard avidin- @entity1885 complex technique, immunostaining was performed on paraffin-embedded cell blocks of 57 cases with the following cytologic diagnoses: (a) @entity1377 (20 cases); (b) atypical cytology, cannot exclude @entity1377 (19 cases); and (c) nonneoplastic thyroid (18 cases). The staining reaction in each case was graded on the basis of percentage of epithelial cells stained (1+, <10%; 2+, <10%-50%; 3+, >50). Tissue follow-up was available in all cases. RESULTS: Nineteen (95%) of 20 cases with an unequivocal diagnosis of @entity1377 were positive for @entity4166 (3+). Tissue follow-up confirmed @entity1377 in all 20 cases. Of the 19 cases with a diagnosis of atypical cytology, cannot exclude @entity1377 , 7 (37%) cases displayed 3+ immunostaining and subsequent excision confirmed @entity1377 in all 7 cases. The remaining 12 cases with 1+ immunostaining included surgically confirmed @entity5651 (6 cases), @entity652 (2 cases), @entity1669 (3 cases), and @entity1377 (1 case). The follicular cells in 18 cases with a cytologic diagnosis of nonneoplastic thyroid showed 1+ immunostaining. Histologic follow-up of these cases confirmed the nonneoplastic cytologic diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4166 immunostaining of cell block preparations of thyroid aspirates serves as a useful tool for the diagnosis of @entity1377 . Strong immunostaining (3+) for @entity4166 aids in accurate diagnosis of @entity5 in cytomorphologically equivocal cases of @entity1377 .

title: XXXX immunolocalization in cell block preparation of thyroid aspirates. An adjunct to fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of @entity3557 .

entities_list: @entity3557 :: ('MESH:C536915', 'Disease') :: ['papillary thyroid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1669 :: ('MESH:D013967', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocytic thyroiditis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

answer: @entity4166 :: (3880,Gene) :: ['Cytokeratin 19']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Two treatments, ranibizumab and @entity619 implant, for @entity227 due to @entity4 ( @entity4 ) secondary to @entity2994 ( @entity2994 ) have recently been studied in clinical trials. There have been no head to head comparisons of the two treatments, and improvement measured as gain in Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) was reported using different outcomes thresholds between trials. To overcome these limitations, and inform an economic model, we developed a combination of a multinomial model and an indirect Bayesian comparison model for multinomial outcomes. METHODS: Outcomes of change from baseline in BCVA for @entity619 compatible with those available for ranibizumab, reported by 4 randomised controlled trials, were estimated by fitting a multinomial distribution model to the probability of a @entity1 achieving outcomes in a range of changes from baseline in BCVA (numbers of letters) at month 1. A Bayesian indirect comparison multinomial model was then developed to compare treatments in the Branch @entity2994 (BRVO) and Central @entity2994 (CRVO) populations. RESULTS: The multinomial model had excellent fit to the observed results. With the Bayesian indirect comparison, the probabilities of achieving >= 20 letters, with 95% credible intervals, at month 1 in @entity1 with BRVO were 0.191 (0.130, 0.261) with ranibizumab and 0.093 (0.027, 0.213) with @entity619 . In @entity1 with CRVO, probabilities were 0.133 (0.082, 0.195) (ranibizumab) and 0.063 (0.016, 0.153) ( @entity619 ). Probabilities of a gain in >= 10 letters in BRVO @entity1 were 0.500 (0.365, 0.650) v 0.459 (0.248, 0.724) and in CRVO @entity1 0.459 (0.332, 0.602) v 0.498 (0.263, 0.791) for ranibizumab and @entity619 treatments respectively. The comparisons also favoured ranibizumab at month 6 although changes to therapies after month 3 may have introduced bias. CONCLUSION: The newly developed combination of multinomial and indirect Bayesian comparison models indicated a trend for ranibizumab association with a greater percentage of @entity4 @entity1 achieving @entity227 than @entity619 at months 1 and 6 in a common clinical context, although results were not classically significant. The method was a useful tool for comparisons of probability distributions between clinical trials that reported events on different categorical scales and estimates can be used to inform economic models.

title: Indirect comparisons of ranibizumab and @entity619 in @entity4 secondary to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual gains', 'visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity2994 :: ('MESH:D012170', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vein occlusion', 'RVO']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['ME', 'macular oedema']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

answer: @entity2994 :: (MESH:D012170,Disease) :: ['retinal vein occlusion']


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the distribution and timing of expression of nonmuscle myosin IIB (nmMyH IIB) and the extraocular muscle (EOM)-specific myosin (EO- @entity29111 ) during postnatal development of the @entity35 extraocular muscles. METHODS: Whole orbits were collected from postnatal development day (P) 1 through P30 from @entity35 . Samples were analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot to examine the distribution and abundance of nmMyH IIB and EO- @entity29111 compared with other myosin isoforms and sarcomeric a-actinin. Polyclonal antibodies were produced to specifically detect EO- @entity29111 . Postnatal limb muscles were used as control. RESULTS: Analysis of EOM morphology in the developing orbits indicates that the global and orbital layers are not evident until day @entity22163 . The distribution of nmMyH IIB changes between days P10 and @entity22163 from a subsarcolemma distribution to an intrafiber distribution in the global layer. EO- @entity29111 appears by day @entity22163 , primarily in the orbital layer of the EOMs. Sarcomeric a-actinin was equally abundant in the EOMs at all stages. Fetal @entity29111 was the predominant isoform at day P1 but slowly diminished in abundance with age in a layer-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that significant changes occur in the EOMs from P10 to @entity22163 and suggest that visual stimulation may play a role in the signals that regulate both nmMyH IIB and EO- @entity29111 developmental transitions. The pronounced distinctions of the orbital and global layers occurring by @entity22163 establish the adult morphologic phenotype of the muscle.

title: Postnatal changes in the developing XXXX extraocular muscles.

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We studied the reproducibility and stability of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) in @entity19 following controlled @entity267 . In one method, corneal and limbal epithelia were entirely removed with a 0.5  mm metal burr. In the other, limbus to limbus epithelial removal with the burr was followed by @entity130 to the limbus. These two methods were compared with a previously published one. Unwounded corneas were used as control. The corneas were examined monthly for three months by slit lamp with @entity941 staining. Immunofluorescence staining for @entity15251 and 8 on corneal wholemount and cross sections were performed to determine the phenotype of the epithelium. Mechanical shaving of the epithelium, with or without @entity130 , resulted in a reproducible state of LSCD marked by superficial neovascularization, reduce of @entity15251 expression and presence of goblet cells on the @entity267 . The phenotype was stable in 100% of the eyes up to at least three months. @entity130 produced a more severe phenotype with more significant stromal opacification. These @entity267 models may be useful for studying the mechanisms leading to limbal stem cell deficiency.

title: Stability of limbal stem cell deficiency after mechanical and @entity130 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity267 :: ('MESH:D065306', 'Disease') :: ['cornea', 'injuries to the corneal and limbal epithelia', 'corneal injury']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Thermal injury', 'thermal injury']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: This report describes the stereotactic technique, hospitalization, and 90-day perioperative safety in @entity1 who underwent bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the fornix for the treatment of mild probable @entity195 . METHODS: The ADvance Trial is a multicenter, 12-month, double-blind, randomized, controlled, feasibility study being conducted to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of DBS of the fornix in @entity1 with mild probable @entity195 . Intraoperative and perioperative data were collected prospectively. All @entity1 underwent postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Stereotactic analyses were performed in a blinded fashion by a single surgeon. Adverse events (AEs) were reported to an independent clinical events committee and adjudicated to determine relationship between the AE and the study procedure. RESULTS: Between June 1, 2012 and April 30, 2014, 42 @entity1 with mild probable @entity195 were treated with bilateral fornix DBS (mean age 68.2    7.8 [range 48.0-79.7], 19 male and 23 female). The mean planned target coordinates were x = 5.2    1.0 mm (range 3.0-7.9), y = 9.6    0.9 mm (range 8.0-11.6), z = -7.5    1.2 mm (range -5.4 to 10.0), and the mean postoperative stereotactic radial error on MRI was 1.5    1.0 mm (range 0.2-4.0). Mean length of hospitalization was 1.4    0.8 days. Twenty-six (61.9%) @entity1 experienced 64 AEs related to the study procedure, of which 7 were serious AEs experienced by 5 @entity1 (11.9%). Four (9.5%) @entity1 required return to surgery: 2 for explantation because of infection, 1 for lead repositioning, and 1 for @entity6087 . No @entity1 experienced @entity51 as a result of the study and no mortalities were reported. CONCLUSION: Accurate targeting of DBS to the fornix without direct injury to it is feasible across surgeons and centers. At 90 days after surgery, bilateral fornix DBS was well tolerated by @entity1 with mild probable @entity195 .

title: 130   Bilateral Fornix Deep Brain Stimulation for XXXX : Surgical Safety in the ADvance Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity6087 :: ('MESH:D020200', 'Disease') :: ['chronic subdural hematoma']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['Alzheimer disease']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer Disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity79 in @entity177 has a wide spectrum that includes both high and low turnover conditions. Specific preventive and therapeutic measures require knowledge of the nature of bone involvement. Bone biopsy with static and dynamic histomorphometry is the gold standard for characterization of @entity8 . However, non-invasive biochemical tests, especially serum intact @entity461 ( @entity461 ), have a good correlation with histomorphometry. We studied the clinical and biochemical profile of @entity79 in a sample of north Indian @entity1 with @entity177 . METHODS: Twenty-nine @entity1 of @entity177 were evaluated clinically, radiologically ( @entity2681 on hand X-rays) and biochemically (serum @entity460 , @entity3151 , total alkaline phosphatase, intact @entity461 , osteocalcin, @entity14257 , @entity10692 ). Bone histomorphometry could be done in 4 patients. RESULTS: Serum intact @entity461 within or below the non-uraemic normal range, an index of @entity79 , was seen in 17 (58.6%) patients. Serum osteocalcin, a bone formation marker, was within or below the non-uraemic normal range in 65.5% patients. Serum intact @entity461 and osteocalcin had a significant positive correlation (r = 0.6). @entity1 groups with clinical or radiological evidence of @entity79 had serum intact @entity461 and osteocalcin levels comparable to those lacking such features. Serum intact @entity461 and total alkaline phosphatase were lower in haemodialysed (n = 25) @entity1 than in those who had not received haemodialysis (n = 4). Low (< 10 ng/ml) serum @entity14257 levels were seen in 7 (24%) @entity1 while @entity10692 was low (< 15.9 pg/ml) in 20 (69%) @entity1 . The biochemical parameters accurately reflected the bone histology (n = 4). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the majority of north Indian @entity1 with @entity177 have biochemical evidence of @entity79 . Empirical use of @entity460 salts and active @entity560 analogues without documentation of parathyroid status carry the risk of further @entity79 .

title: Calcitropic hormonal status in north Indian XXXX with end-stage renal disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal bone disease']

entities_list: @entity10692 :: ('MESH:C097949', 'Chemical') :: ['1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D']

entities_list: @entity2681 :: ('MESH:D014077', 'Disease') :: ['subperiosteal erosions']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['suppression of bone turnover', 'low bone turnover', 'bone disease', 'Bone disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity14257 :: ('MESH:C104450', 'Chemical') :: ['25-hydroxyvitamin D']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Gene') :: ['PTH', 'parathyroid hormone']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity775 is a rare chronic disease that mainly affects young @entity1 and may influence fertility and pregnancy in these @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: To describe pregnancy and labor in a @entity1 suffering from @entity775 and to review the relevant literature. METHODS: Computerized literature research. RESULTS: The disease of 9 years' duration did not relapse during pregnancy under continuous treatment with @entity230 , cytotoxic drugs, @entity10055 and @entity2221 . Pregnancy was uneventful and ended with preterm vaginal delivery at 35 weeks, of a 2299 gram healthy neonate. The @entity1 did well during the postpartum period and 6 months thereafter. Since there is no single diagnostic test for the disease, the diagnosis is based on the combination of clinical, laboratory, and histopathological findings and by exclusion of other causes of @entity99 . CONCLUSIONS: There is paucity of data in the literature on pregnancy in these @entity1 but the treatment protocols seem to be effective for the mother and safe for the fetus. @entity2241 rates appear to be currently lower than in the past. Given that relapse cannot be predicted, close surveillance during pregnancy is warranted.

title: [ XXXX during pregnancy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity775 :: ('MESH:D019693', 'Disease') :: ['Autoimmune hepatitis', 'autoimmune hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity2221 :: ('CHEBI:33229', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamins']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['Maternal and fetal complications']

entities_list: @entity10055 :: ('MESH:D014580', 'Chemical') :: ['ursodeoxycholic acid']

answer: @entity775 :: (MESH:D019693,Disease) :: ['Autoimmune hepatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1964 ( @entity1964 ) and late-onset @entity295 (LOS) are the leading causes of @entity204 among preterm @entity1 in the developed world. This study aimed to explore the serum proteome and metabolome longitudinally in preterm @entity1 with @entity1964 or LOS, matched to controls. METHODS: Nineteen @entity1 (10 cases, 9 controls) were included. A sample 14 d prior to and following, as well as at disease diagnosis, was included for cases. Controls had serum matched at diagnosis for corresponding case. All samples (n = 39) underwent shotgun proteomic analysis, and 37 samples also underwent metabolomics analysis using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The proteomic and metabolomic profiles of serum were comparable between all @entity1 . Eight proteins were associated with @entity1964 and four proteins were associated with LOS. @entity1851 was increased in all @entity1964 @entity1 at diagnosis. CONCLUSION: No single protein or metabolite was detected in all @entity1964 or LOS cases which was absent from controls; however, several proteins were identified which were associated with disease status. The differing expression of these proteins between diseased @entity1 potentially relates to differing pathophysiology of disease. Thus, it is unlikely a single biomarker exists for @entity1964 and/or LOS.

title: Metabolomic and proteomic analysis of serum from preterm @entity1 with necrotising XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1964 :: ('MESH:D004760', 'Disease') :: ['NEC', 'Necrotising enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['entercolitis and late-onset sepsis']


abstract: There are an increasing number of healthcare smartphone applications ('apps') available. @entity1791 presents a major healthcare burden. @entity1 are increasingly keen to educate themselves regarding the diagnosis and management of their condition. There is no formal regulation of healthcare apps, including a large number of apps relating to @entity1791 . This review aims to examine the range of apps available, and the prevalence of healthcare professional input. Four international smartphone app stores were searched: Apple's App Store, Google Play (Android), BlackBerry App World and the Windows Phone App store. A total of 42 unique apps were downloaded and analysed. Recorded data included the cost (  / ), publisher information, number of ratings, average rating and any documentation of medical professional involvement. Twenty-one (50  %) apps required payment for download. The mean cost was   3.58 ( 6.04) with range   0.61-  34.90 ( 1.03- 58.87). Thirty-three (79  %) of the 42 apps were designed to be used by @entity1 . Fifteen (36  %) of the 42 apps had clear input from health professionals. Twenty-two apps offered @entity1 information, including dietary advice on lowering @entity460 intake, which is contrary to current evidence-based practice. We conclude that @entity1791 apps have future potential to inform both @entity1 and healthcare professionals on stone management. However, inaccuracies in the recommendations made by some apps can be misleading or even harmful due to a lack of specialist involvement. We recommend improving the usefulness of these apps by seeking a 'quality stamp' from recognised urological organisations and greater clinician involvement in future app development.

title: Smartphone apps for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1791 :: ('MESH:D052878', 'Disease') :: ['urolithiasis', 'Urolithiasis']

answer: @entity1791 :: (MESH:D052878,Disease) :: ['urolithiasis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Calmodulins (CaMs) regulate numerous @entity141 -mediated cellular processes in plants by interacting with their respective downstream effectors. Due to the limited number of CaMs, other @entity460 sensors modulate the regulation of @entity141 -mediated cellular processes that are not managed by CaMs. Of 50 CaM-like (CML) proteins identified in @entity958 , we characterized the function of CML10. Yeast two-hybrid screening revealed phosphomannomutase (PMM) as a putative interaction partner of CML10. In vitro and in  vivo interaction assays were performed to analyze the interaction mechanisms of CML10 and PMM. PMM activity and the phenotypes of cml10 knock-down mutants were studied to elucidate the role(s) of the CML10-PMM interaction. PMM interacted specifically with CML10 in the presence of @entity141 through its multiple interaction motifs. This interaction promoted the activity of PMM. The phenotypes of cml10 knock-down mutants were more sensitive to stress conditions than wild-type plants, corresponding with the fact that PMM is an enzyme which modulates the biosynthesis of @entity620 , an antioxidant. The results of this research demonstrate that a @entity460 sensor, CML10, which is an evolutionary variant of CaM, modulates the stress responses in @entity958 by regulating @entity620 production.

title: CML10, a variant of calmodulin, modulates XXXX synthesis.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana', 'Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbic acid']

answer: @entity620 :: (MESH:D001205,Chemical) :: ['ascorbic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We wanted to study the incidence, distribution and characteristics of paediatric out-of-hospital emergency care on a population level. This knowledge could ameliorate the design and education of emergency medical services and their personnel. METHODS: We studied all (n = 1863) emergency medical services responses and the @entity1 records for paediatric @entity1 (age 0-16 years) in Helsinki, Finland (population 603,968, paediatric population 92,742) during a 12-month period (2012). @entity1 characteristics, diagnoses, time intervals, medical treatments, procedures, vital measurements and outcome of out-of-hospital treatment were available for analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of emergency medical services -treated paediatric out-of-hospital @entity341 was 3.8/1000 inhabitants and 20/1000 1-16-year-old inhabitants. This formed 4.5% of all emergency calls, while @entity1 have a threefold share of the population (15%). Falls, dyspnoea, @entity410 and @entity4968 account for half of all @entity341 . Few @entity1 suffered from a life-threatening condition or @entity130 . @entity1167 or need for advanced life support measures (e.g. intubation) was rare. After evaluation by the emergency medical services, only half of the @entity1 (56%) needed ambulance transportation to hospital. Only 30 (3.7%) of the non-transported @entity1 made an unpremeditated visit to the emergency department after the original contact with the emergency medical services. All of them were well upon arrival to the emergency department. CONCLUSION: Paediatric out-of-hospital @entity341 are infrequent and have specific characteristics differing from the adult population. The design and training of emergency medical services and their personnel should focus on evaluation and management of the most frequent situations.

title: Out-of-hospital paediatric XXXX : a prospective, population-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergencies']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisonings']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['emergencies']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the value of microscopic findings in the classification of @entity11618 by determining whether classification of disease changes significantly with inclusion of histologic findings. METHODS: 60 @entity1 were randomly selected from a cohort of @entity1 followed at the Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff @entity1 's Hospital San Francisco (BCHSF). Two physicians independently reviewed the electronic health records of the included cases to determine the Paris Classification for each @entity1 by adhering to current guidelines and then by including microscopic findings. RESULTS: Macroscopic and combined disease location classification were discordant in 34 (56.6%), with no statistically significant differences between groups. Interobserver agreement was higher in the combined classification (kappa 0.7303, 95% Confidence Interval (C.I.) 0.650-0.821) as opposed to when classification was limited to macroscopic findings (kappa 0.5318, 95% C.I. 0.403-0.581). When evaluating the proximal upper gastrointestinal tract (Paris L4a) the interobserver agreement was better in macroscopic compared with the combined classification. CONCLUSION: Disease extent classifications differed significantly when comparing isolated macroscopic findings (Paris Classification) with the combined scheme that included microscopy. Further studies are needed to determine which scheme provides more accurate representation of disease extent.

title: Addition of Histology to the Paris Classification of XXXX Alters Classification of Disease Location.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity11618 :: ('MESH:C536215', 'Disease') :: ["Pediatric Crohn's Disease"]

answer: @entity11618 :: (MESH:C536215,Disease) :: ['Pediatric Crohn's Disease']


abstract: @entity302 in @entity463 ( @entity463 ) @entity1 is common. @entity1503 is a potential side effect of @entity734 ( @entity734 ) and a frequent limiting-dose effect of @entity2903 ( @entity2904 ). The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of @entity734 on @entity882 in @entity463 @entity1 treated with radiotherapy and @entity2904 . A cohort of 101 newly diagnosed @entity463 @entity1 treated with radiotherapy and @entity2904 was reviewed. Clinical data, presence of @entity410 , @entity734 use, platelet count, and accumulated @entity2904 dose were analyzed at each cycle. @entity882 was operationalized as a continuous platelet count and a dichotomic variable (cut-off <100.000/mm(3)). This cut-off represents the threshold beyond which @entity2904 treatment is modified. A linear and a probit pooled cross-sectional regression analysis were used to study the impact of age, gender, @entity734 , and accumulated @entity2904 on @entity882 . Impact of @entity734 on survival was also analyzed. Thirty-five @entity1 (35%) presented @entity410 at onset and 18 (27%) during follow-up. Seven (13%) needed two or more @entity734 for @entity410 control. Grade 3-4 @entity882 was found in 8%. @entity1423 was related to accumulated @entity2904 (p  <  0.001), age (p  <  0.001), and @entity1092 (p  =  0.004). Platelet count <100.000/mm(3) was only associated with accumulated @entity2904 (p  =  0.001). Recursive Partitioning Analysis prognostic class was the only variable with significant impact on survival. @entity1092 and age had an independent negative effect on total platelet count, although neither had an effect on critical @entity882 (<100.000/mm(3)). Therefore, the systematic withhold of valproate in @entity463 @entity1 might not be justified. Nevertheless, this negative effect may be taken into account especially in elderly @entity1 .

title: Impact of @entity734 on XXXX in @entity463 @entity1 treated with standard chemoradiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['Thrombocytopenia', 'thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['Decrease in platelet count']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproate', 'Valproate']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['Hematological toxicity']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma multiforme', 'GBM']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['AEDs', 'antiepileptic drugs']

answer: @entity882 :: (MESH:D013921,Disease) :: ['thrombocytopenia']


abstract: @entity1 undergoing total hip replacement are at high risk of developing @entity1211 . The 6th ACCP Consensus Conference on Antithrombotic Therapy identified two effective prophylactic methods; low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and oral anticoagulants. However, two key issues remain controversial. The relative efficacy and safety of prophylaxis initiated pre operatively and post operatively and the optimum duration of prophylaxis. Clinical practice has diverged in North America and Europe as to the appropriate time to administer prophylaxis. This treatment is given pre-operatively in Europe and post-operatively in North America. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that an effective antithrombotic agent administered either immediately before or after surgery may be more effective than current practice. The use of LMWH for extended thromboprophylaxis is supported by convincing data. Clinical trials have demonstrated a significant benefit of @entity23868 in the prevention of @entity1211 in major orthopaedic surgery. A direct @entity556 inhibitor given sc. followed by oral administration was found to be as effective and safe as LMWH for the prophylaxis of @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) following major hip or knee surgery.

title: Critical appraisal of current antithrombotic trials in XXXX undergoing total hip replacement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity23868 :: ('CHEBI:35369', 'Chemical') :: ['pentasaccharide']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine our experience with managing sporadic bilateral renal masses, focusing on trends in surgical management over time, because as loss of renal function is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, nephron-sparing approaches are increasingly emphasized in the treatment of @entity703 , creating new challenges for the treatment of @entity5 . @entity1 AND METHODS: We identified all @entity1 who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy ( @entity6841 or RN) at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) during 1989-2008. We compared @entity1 presenting with synchronous bilateral renal masses with those with @entity5 and evaluated trends in management using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 2777 @entity1 studied, 73 (3%) presented with synchronous bilateral disease. The overall survival and clinical/pathological features between groups were similar. Of those @entity1 receiving bilateral operations for @entity5 , three had bilateral RN (all before 2003), 28 (38%) had an RN followed by a @entity6841 , 10 (14%) had a @entity6841 then an RN, and 32 (44%) had bilateral @entity6841 . Over time, the proportion of @entity1 receiving bilateral @entity6841 increased (P < 0.001); 13 of 14 @entity1 after 2005 had bilateral @entity6841 , compared with only 34% (16 of 45) between 1995 and 2004. Forty-five @entity1 (62%) had the larger @entity5 removed during the first operation. The concordance rate between @entity5 in a specific histological subtype was 70% (51/73), and concordance for benign vs malignant disease was 90% (66/73). CONCLUSION: The use of @entity6841 in the management of synchronous bilateral renal masses has increased over time. The contemporary treatment of synchronous bilateral renal masses at MSKCC involves staged @entity6841 when feasible, with the more involved kidney (often larger @entity5 ) operated on first.

title: Developments in the surgical management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral tumour', 'synchronous tumours', 'bilateral tumours', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['kidney tumours']

answer: @entity703 :: (MESH:D007680,Disease) :: ['sporadic synchronous bilateral renal tumours']


abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the effectiveness of @entity12374 when injected later than 2 d postmortem, 2) the effect of extended postinjection aging time, and 3) the tenderness response curve in @entity12374 -treated beef. In Exp. 1, the longissimus thoracis et lumborum was injected on either d 2 or 14 postmortem with 5% by weight of a 200 mM @entity12374 solution. Samples were aged (1 degree C) either 7 or 35 d after injection. The uninjected control longissimus from the contralateral side was aged for 9, 21, 37, or 49 d. In Exp. 2, the longissimus thoracis et lumborum was injected on d 2 postmortem with 5% by weight of a 200 m x M @entity12374 solution then sampled for shear force on d 1, 2, 6, 8, 12, and 14 after injection. @entity12374 injection, regardless of injection time or postinjection aging time, had higher (P < .05) sensory tenderness rating than control with the same total aging time (5.2, 5.5, 5.8, and 6.1 vs 4.3, 4.8, 5.1, and 5.3, respectively). @entity12374 injection at d 14 reduced shear force (.7 kg) and increased tenderness rating (.7 units) as effectively (P > .05) as injection at d 2 (1.2 kg and .8 units, respectively). @entity12374 -injected steaks had higher (P < .05) juiciness ratings than control steaks. Postrigor @entity12374 injection reduced (P < .05) shear force within 1 d after injection and resulted in more tender meat through 14 d after injection. Extended postinjection aging (35 d) had little effect on color display stability. @entity460 activated tenderization can be applied as late as 14 d postmortem and will reduce the occurrence of tough meat if aging is limited.

title: Effect of postmortem injection time and postinjection aging time on the XXXX -activated tenderization process in beef.

entities_list: @entity12374 :: ('MESH:D002122', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium chloride', 'Calcium chloride']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcium']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: Previously, it has been demonstrated that @entity1301 (NP) has a dual function in regulating reproductive hormones by: (1) increasing the activity of @entity134 metabolizing enzymes at low concentration, that does not induce @entity54193 ( @entity54193 ) and zona radiata proteins and (2) decreasing the activity of these enzymes at higher concentration [Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (1997) 109; Environ. Toxicol Chem. 16 (1997) 2576]. To more precisely understand the estrogenic effects of NP in fish and a possible interference with @entity134 hormone metabolism, we investigated in the @entity12178 the identity of the cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in NP hydroxylation. Up to 9 metabolites were separated by radio-HPLC when [R-(14)C]-4n-NP was incubated with hepatic microsomes from juvenile salmon. In control fish the major metabolites were identified as monohydroxylated products at omega-, (omega-1)- and (omega-2)-positions of the alkyl chain of 4n-NP. Salmon hepatic microsomes formed omega-, (omega-1)- and (omega-2)-lauric acid (LA) hydroxylation products. The potency of @entity10978 , @entity3102 and @entity2082 (non-specific, but strong inhibitors of CYP1A, 2K and 3A, respectively) on LA and NP hydroxylations were assessed in the present study. @entity3102 inhibited omega-, (omega-1)- and (omega-2)-hydroxylations of LA and 4n-NP and was the only inhibitor of omega-hydroxylation of both substrates. @entity2082 specifically inhibited (omega-1)- and (omega-2)-hydroxylations of LA as well as 4n-NP. Interestingly, the lowest NP dose (1 mg/kg) was the most potent inducer of NP-metabolites formation. These results suggest the involvement of CYP2M- and 2K-like enzymes in terminal and subterminal hydroxylations of 4n-NP respectively, and was confirmed by the competitive inhibition between LA and 4n-NP. The production of one unidentified 4n-NP metabolite was not affected by any of the chemicals used, suggesting a possible ring hydroxylation with involvement of another cytochrome P450 isoform. Our data reveal a novel aspect of CYP isozymes involvement in NP metabolism that may complicate the assessment of its endocrine effects. Hence, the regio-selective hydroxylation of endocrine disruptors, such as NP, by CYP isozymes is revealed as a possible new marker of estrogenicity.

title: Regio-specific hydroxylation of @entity1301 and the involvement of CYP2K- and CYP2M-like iso-enzymes in XXXX ( @entity12178 ).

entities_list: @entity3102 :: ('MESH:D007654', 'Chemical') :: ['ketoconazole', 'Ketoconazole']

entities_list: @entity2082 :: ('MESH:D004997', 'Chemical') :: ['Ethynylestradiol', 'ethynylestradiol']

entities_list: @entity12178 :: ('8030', 'Species') :: ['Atlantic salmon']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity10978 :: ('MESH:C011512', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-naphthoflavone']

entities_list: @entity1301 :: ('MESH:C025256', 'Chemical') :: ['nonylphenol']

answer: @entity12178 :: (8030,Species) :: ['Atlantic salmon']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze cartilage @entity528 in knees after total medial meniscectomy, transplantation of fresh-frozen meniscus allograft, and Achilles tendon allograft. TYPE OF STUDY: Experimental study. METHODS: We have studied the articular cartilage in the medial compartment of the left knees in 32 @entity742 aged 5 to 6 months, with 8 animals in each group. The study was performed after meniscectomy (group I), transplantation of fresh-frozen meniscus allograft (group II), use of fresh-frozen Achilles tendon allograft (group III), and in a control group (group IV). For the histologic study, all samples were stained with Masson's trichrome and @entity18998 . Mankin's score was applied to grade the histologic damage to the articular cartilage. RESULTS: The group with the greatest number of degenerative changes was group III, followed by groups I and II. The percentage of thickness of cartilage detected by @entity18998 -O stain was found to be significantly different in both tibia and femur between the control group and the other 3 groups, but not among groups I, II, and III. The immunoreactivity of the articular surfaces in tibia and femur showed notable differences in all the groups. Collagen X was present in the degenerative @entity1184 chondrocytes in the damaged articular surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: Meniscal replacement with meniscal and Achilles tendon allografts provides partial protection against @entity16 after a meniscectomy.

title: Articular cartilage @entity528 after frozen meniscus and Achilles tendon allograft transplantation: experimental study in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['articular damage']

entities_list: @entity18998 :: ('MESH:C009195', 'Chemical') :: ['Safranine', 'Safranine-O']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: Several pesticides suspected or known to have endocrine disrupting effects were screened for pro- or antiandrogenic properties by determining their effects on proliferation, prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) secretion and @entity342 receptor (AR) expression, and AR phosphorylation in @entity342 -dependent LNCaP @entity1 @entity263 cells, as well as on the expression and catalytic activity of the enzyme @entity9667 in H295R @entity1 @entity1636 cells, an in  vitro model of steroidogenesis. Effects on SRD5A gene expression were determined in both cell lines. @entity13642 , @entity30173 , and @entity22432 , but not @entity12472 , concentration dependently (1-30    M) decreased @entity586 ( @entity587 )-stimulated proliferation of LNCaP cells. All pesticides except @entity12472 decreased @entity587 -stimulated PSA secretion, AR nuclear accumulation, and AR phosphorylation on serines 81 and 213 in LNCaP cells. @entity13642 and @entity22432 , but not @entity30173 or @entity12472 , decreased levels of @entity9667 gene and protein expression, as well as catalytic activity in H295R cells. In the case of @entity22432 , some of these effects corresponded with @entity137 . H295R cells expressed AR protein and @entity10831 , but not @entity35006 transcripts. @entity10831 gene expression in H295R cells was increased by 10   nM @entity587 , whereas in LNCaP cells significant induction was observed by 0.1   nM @entity587 . AR protein expression in H295R cells was not increased by @entity587 . @entity30173 decreased @entity587 -induced @entity10831 gene expression in LNCaP, but not H295R cells, indicating a functional difference of AR between the cell lines. In conclusion, pesticides may exert antiandrogenic effects through several mechanisms that are cell type-specific, including AR antagonism and down-regulation or catalytic inhibition of @entity342 biosynthetic enzymes, such as @entity9667 and @entity10831 .

title: Antiandrogenic Mechanisms of Pesticides in XXXX LNCaP Prostate and H295R @entity1636 Cells.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity22432 :: ('MESH:C045362', 'Chemical') :: ['prochloraz']

entities_list: @entity1636 :: ('MESH:D018268', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity30173 :: ('MESH:C025643', 'Chemical') :: ['Vinclozolin', 'vinclozolin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity101 is poorly controlled in @entity64 survivors, thereby placing them at increased risk for recurrent events. Clinical trial evidence suggests that antihypertensive treatment may be beneficial for @entity64 prevention in @entity101 and normotensive @entity64 @entity1 . We aimed to evaluate the discharge antihypertensive prescription patterns in @entity1 hospitalized for an @entity63 cerebrovascular event and to determine factors associated with treatment utilization. METHODS: We analyzed @entity1 diagnosed with @entity385 or @entity63 ( @entity63 ) in the California @entity64 Prototype Registry (CASPR). We used generalized estimating equations to identify factors independently associated with receiving antihypertensives at the time of hospital discharge. RESULTS: Data were collected on 764 consecutive @entity1 with @entity385 or @entity63 encountered at 11 hospitals representative of facilities in the state of California. Overall, the rate of discharge with a prescription for any antihypertensive in the CASPR cohort was 69.4%. Hospital-specific rates were heterogeneous (P=0.04), varying from 55% to 100%. In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of prescription for antihypertensive medication at discharge were a history of @entity101 (P<0.0001), @entity6 (P=0.0009), and older age. CONCLUSIONS: About two-thirds of @entity1 hospitalized with acute @entity63 cerebrovascular events are discharged from the hospital on > or =1 antihypertensive medication. However, there is great variability in prescription rates between hospitals and considerable room for improvement.

title: Antihypertensive medications prescribed at discharge after an acute XXXX cerebrovascular event.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Acute Stroke']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['transient ischemic attack', 'ischemic', 'TIA']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: AIM: The pancreas is a preferred site of @entity3 from @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ), that may occur even after many years from a radical nephrectomy. Surgical R0 resection remains the only potentially curative treatment for @entity5 . The possibility of a multifocality of the lesions (20-45%) must be considered. MATERIAL OF STUDY: We report a case of metachronous pancreatic @entity3 from @entity1358 that occurred twice. After five years from a right polar inferior nephrectomy for a @entity1358 , two nodular lesions were identified in the body-tail of the pancreas and were treated with distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. After six months the CT imaging revealed a nodular lesion of few millimeters in the residual pancreatic body; we followed the slow growth and in October 2012, when the size reached 2 cm, the @entity1 was operated to remove the residual portion of pancreatic body. After 16 months of follow-up the @entity1 is well and there isn't relapse of disease. DISCUSSION: @entity1 with metachronous @entity660 represent a particular group with a more indolent course of @entity1358 , the appearance of @entity3 after a prolonged interval from nephrectomy is related to a more favorable prognosis. Radical lymph-node dissection is not necessary for the uncommon involvement of peripancreatic nodes, condition that explains the positive outcomes achieved with surgery. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with resected @entity3 present an 88% survival rate at 5 years versus 47% observed in nonoperated @entity1 ; studies provide encouraging results in survival and quality of life of surgically treated @entity1 . KEY WORDS: Metachronous @entity3 , Pancreatic @entity3 , @entity1358 .

title: Relapsed metachronous pancreatic @entity3 from @entity1358 ( XXXX ) Report of a case and review of literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['solitary tumor']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic lesions']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'Renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['RCC']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3013 ( @entity3013 ) @entity32 in some settings. We tested the hypothesis that @entity32 will be reduced with dietary supplementation with @entity3013 in rural Malawian @entity1 . Eighteen stunted 3-5-year-old @entity1 were supplemented with 8.5  g/day of @entity1605 for 4  weeks. The fecal samples were analyzed for the microbiota, the microbiome, short chain @entity1718 , metabolome, and proteins indicative of @entity32 before and after the intervention. Subjects served as their own controls. RESULTS: The consumption of @entity3013 changed the composition of the microbiota; at the phylum level Actinobacteria increased, while Firmicutes decreased. Among the most prevalent genera, Lactobacillus was increased and Roseburia, Blautia, and Lachnospiracea incertae sedis were decreased. The Shannon H index at the genus level decreased from 2.02 on the habitual diet and 1.76 after the introduction of @entity3013 (P   <   0.01). Fecal @entity598 concentration decreased, and fecal propionate concentration increased after @entity3013 administration (-5.2 and 2.0   mol/g, respectively). Fecal calprotectin increased from 29        69 to 89        49   g/g (P   =   0.003) after @entity3013 was given. The lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway was upregulated. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not support the hypothesis that @entity3013 reduces @entity32 in rural Malawian @entity1 .

title: The effect of dietary resistant starch type 2 on the microbiota and markers of XXXX in rural Malawi @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'decreases intestinal inflammation', 'gut inflammation']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity3013 :: ('MESH:D060467', 'Disease') :: ['RS', 'Resistant starch']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['gut inflammation']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Recent reports have suggested that @entity1 treated by CAPD have a relatively increased risk of @entity204 compared to @entity1 undergoing @entity2033 , although the cause of this discrepancy is poorly understood. @entity3147 is an important risk factor in @entity454 . Also, @entity535 concentrations, for which the physiological function differs from that of protein, may be an independent risk factor in @entity454 . There is no doubt concerning the prevalence of low @entity535 levels in both @entity2033 and CAPD @entity1 . But the difference in plasma @entity535 levels between these two groups has not been well defined. The purpose of this study is to compare plasma @entity535 levels between @entity1 with @entity454 on @entity2033 and CAPD. METHODS: A cross sectional study of overnight fasting plasma @entity535 concentrations was performed on 12 CAPD and 45 @entity2033 @entity1 with @entity454 , matched by age, sex and body mass index. The levels of individual plasma @entity535 and @entity2796 , EAA, NEAA and @entity18200 were compared for the @entity2033 and CAPD groups. In order to measure losses during @entity2033 and CAPD, @entity535 and protein concentrations were measured from 10 dialysates obtained from 10 @entity2033 @entity1 and 12 peritoneal dialysis solutions from 12 CAPD @entity1 . RESULTS: All of the measured @entity535 concentrations were found to be lower in the CAPD group compared to the @entity2033 group. Furthermore, the levels of @entity2796 (2017.3 +/- 781.1 vs. 903.3 +/- 316.1 mumole/L), EAA(1201.8 +/- 492.6 vs. 567.6 +/- 223.2 mumole/L), NEAA(815.5 +/- 308.6 vs. 335.7 +/- 100.2 mumole/L); and @entity18200 (315.0 +/- 146.0 vs. 145.2 +/- 65.0 mumole/L), were all lower in the CAPD group than in the @entity2033 group. The @entity393 was 2.0 +/- 0.2 g/L in the peritoneal dialysate but was not detectable in the hemodialysates. @entity2796 loss over a one week period was about 61.8 +/- 13.0mmole for the @entity2033 group and 38.0 +/- 13.0 mmole for the CAPD group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that @entity535 concentrations are lower in @entity454 @entity1 on CAPD than on @entity2033 . It seems likely that @entity393 in the peritoneal dialysate is a contributing factor to lowered plasma @entity535 concentrations in @entity454 @entity1 on CAPD than on @entity2033 . We believe that the lowered @entity535 concentrations observed in CAPD @entity1 may worsen the clinical outcome compared to @entity2033 @entity1 .

title: Comparison of plasma @entity535 concentrations in @entity454 XXXX on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['Protein malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['protein loss']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity35 were exposed to @entity3759 by inhalation exposure to concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 250 mg/m3 for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 years. There were no abnormal clinical signs, body weight changes, or excess mortality in any exposed group. Exposed groups showed slight increases in the incidence of @entity55 , @entity6062 , and @entity2490 with @entity1544 in the anterior nasal cavity. The pulmonary response at 10 mg/m3 satisfied the biological criteria for a "nuisance dust." The lung reaction was characterized by dust-laden macrophage (dust cell) infiltration in the alveolar ducts and adjoining alveoli with @entity1373 of @entity1605 . @entity35 at 50 and 250 mg/m3 exposure concentrations revealed a dose-dependent dust cell accumulation, a foamy macrophage response, @entity1373 , @entity5970 , alveolar bronchiolarization, @entity165 @entity738 , focal @entity5641 , and dust deposition in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Minute collagenized @entity82 occurred in the alveolar walls enclosing large dust cell aggregates. The @entity358 with massive dust accumulation appeared to be the result of an overwhelmed lung clearance mechanism at 250 mg/m3 exposure. @entity652 and @entity957 occurred at 250 mg/m3 exposure, while no compound-related @entity2 were found in @entity35 exposed to either 10 or 50 mg/m3. In addition to excessive dust loading in the lungs of @entity35 exposed chronically at 250 mg/m3, the @entity2 were different from common @entity1 @entity2 in terms of @entity5 type, anatomic location, tumorigenesis, and were devoid of @entity5 @entity3 . Therefore, the biological relevance of these @entity2 and other @entity358 for @entity1 is negligible.

title: Pulmonary response of XXXX exposed to titanium dioxide ( @entity3759 ) by inhalation for two years.

entities_list: @entity1605 :: ('OMIM:217000', 'Disease') :: ['Type II pneumocytes']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity6062 :: ('MESH:D014136', 'Disease') :: ['tracheitis']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia', 'Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['cystic keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancers', 'lung tumors']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary lesions']

entities_list: @entity5970 :: ('MESH:D011649', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar proteinosis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['Bronchioloalveolar adenomas']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The main objective of this investigation was to examine the ultrastructural features of gills from @entity5660 experimentally infected with Loma salmonae to determine the morphological events that occur during the late stages of development of this parasite. Peripheral distribution of the mature parasites inside round xenomas was observed at weeks 5 and 6 postexposure (PE), but eventually the parasite occupied the entire xenoma. Degenerative changes were observed only in immature parasites at week 7 PE, and eventually an @entity32 reaction with a cellular infiltration was directed against mature spores. Round, flattened, and irregular shaped xenomas were observed at week 8 PE. The round xenomas showed a severe @entity32 response with disintegration of the xenoma membrane. This event was accompanied by @entity5274 and by the simultaneous presence of 2 tubular appendages, the type I and II tubules. Flattened xenomas were observed below the endothelium of gill lamella arteries. The irregular xenomas were located in the connective tissue of the gill filament and showed multiple projections occupied by spores. Both flattened and irregular xenomas showed no evidence of @entity32 reaction. An earlier proposed hypothesis is expanded to explain how L. salmonae is implanted beneath lamellar endothelium and within filament connective tissue.

title: Ultrastructural study of the late stages of Loma salmonae development in the gills of experimentally infected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory']

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['rainbow trout']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['eversion of polar tubes within the attacked xenoma']

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['rainbow trout']


abstract: PURPOSE: We determined if urethral preservation and @entity1494 replacement in @entity1 with @entity1606 within the prostatic urethra or prostate placed these @entity1 at risk for urethral recurrence or @entity204 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical course of all @entity1 undergoing urethral preservation and @entity1494 replacement was reviewed. The urethra was sacrificed only if the distal prostatic urethral margin was positive for @entity1606 . The pathological T stage and the grade of the primary @entity5 , local recurrence, site of recurrence (urethral, pelvic, distant) and @entity204 were documented. RESULTS: Of 81 @entity1 70 were evaluable (June 1996) with a mean followup of 35 months. Of the 70 @entity1 48 were alive without evidence of disease for a mean of 38 months (range 8 to 107) and 5 died without evidence of disease. Eight of these 53 @entity1 (15%) had prostatic involvement ( @entity189 in situ in 6, @entity3821 in 1 and @entity1606 in 1). Of the 70 @entity1 17 had disease recurrence (13 died of disease and 4 are alive, 1 of whom had urethral recurrence without @entity263 ). Of the 17 @entity1 (35%) 6 had @entity1606 prostatic involvement ( @entity189 in situ in 4 and stromal invasion in 2), and 5 of these 6 died, none with or of urethral recurrence but of the primary bladder pathology. Of these 5 @entity1 1 had @entity1606 of the prostate and experienced a bulbar urethra recurrence at 1 month and a pelvic recurrence at 3 months, and died at 5 months. Death was not secondary to the urethral recurrence. Thus, of the 14 @entity1 who had @entity263 , only 1 had urethral recurrence (7%), and this recurrence did not present as the cause of @entity204 . CONCLUSIONS: The guidelines for urethral resection can be relaxed, increasing the opportunities for orthotopic reconstruction, without placing the @entity1 at increased risk for @entity1606 .

title: Does prostate @entity1606 preclude XXXX reconstruction after radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3821 :: ('MESH:D002285', 'Disease') :: ['intraductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic transitional cell carcinoma', 'initial prostatic transitional cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['orthotopic bladder']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['death of transitional cell carcinoma', 'transitional cell carcinoma', 'stromal invasive transitional cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['orthotopic bladder']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Since @entity205 ( @entity870 )-induced overgrowth seldom occurs at sites distant from teeth, the periodontal ligament has been considered significant. The aim of this study was to examine overgrowth occurrence at the edentulous ridge--the sites without the ligament--after @entity870 therapy in @entity35 . METHODS: After extracting all right maxillary molars, 16 @entity35 underwent a 2-week healing period. The animals were separated into @entity870 and control groups. @entity870 @entity35 received 15 mg/kg of @entity870 by gastric feeding for 4 weeks, while the control group received only mineral oil. At the end of study, all animals were sacrificed and stone models were immediately obtained by rubber-based impressions. The edentulous ridge morphology, including the bucco-lingual width and the vertical height, was measured on the models. For histometry, 10 sections were selected from the edentulous ridge of each animal after undecalcified tissue preparation. The soft tissue areas of the edentulous ridge and the trabecular bone morphology of the dental alveolus were measured. RESULTS: @entity870 therapy produced a significant increase of the ridge width and height, measured from the stone models, when compared to the control group. Under histometry, @entity870 resulted in a significant increase of the epithelium, connective tissue, and total soft tissue areas. The measured trabecular bone volume was affected by both examining factors: the drug therapy and the location of the dental alveolus. @entity870 therapy produced a significant loss of bone volume but a significant increase of the bone-specific surface area. Although the mean osteoid volume was similar between @entity870 and control groups, a significant decrease of the fractional formation surface in the @entity870 group was revealed. CONCLUSIONS: An enlarged edentulous ridge and an altered dental alveolar bone morphology were observed in @entity870 -treated animals at the end of the study; therefore, we suggest that @entity870 may induce not only a soft tissue overgrowth but also an alveolar bone alteration at the edentulous ridge. The hypothesis that tooth or periodontal ligament is an essential component for the overgrowth development is questioned.

title: XXXX -induced gingival overgrowth at the newly formed edentulous ridge in @entity35 : a morphological and histometric evaluation.

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['Cyclosporin']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Colorectal epithelial cells are prone to malignant transformation. Therefore, identification of differences in gene expression in the process from normal colonic crypts to @entity652 with @entity258 is essential for further insights into early tumorigenesis. To achieve this goal, a novel gene expression analysis strategy, screening for expressed transcripts in small histologically defined tissue samples, was performed. METHODS: First, laser mediated microdissection was used to isolate normal and adenomatous crypts from colonic cryosections. Then, nested RNA arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (RAP-PCR) for differential display was performed to screen mRNA populations and to generate hybridisation probes for cDNA expression arrays. After evaluation of cDNA expression arrays, differential expression was confirmed at the protein level by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Evaluation of gene expression profiles of normal versus adenomatous colonic crypts of six different @entity1 revealed, in general, dysregulation of up to 11% of all analysed genes (total number n=588): specifically, @entity3544 - @entity5180 was upregulated in four of six @entity1 , mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) @entity1435 in three of six @entity1 , and interferon gamma receptor in three of six @entity1 . Conversely, @entity44586 was found to be downregulated in three of six @entity1 , @entity876 in three of six @entity1 , and @entity18180 in three of six @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, distinct gene expression profiles of @entity6349 areas within colonic @entity652 , using the combination of laser mediated microdissection with RAP-PCR and cDNA expression array, were shown. In these samples, upregulation of proliferation associated genes (ras-oncogene related @entity70356 and MAPK @entity1435 ) as well as downregulation of apoptosis related genes ( @entity44586 and @entity876 ) most likely reflects specific alterations in @entity652 with @entity258 . Based on upregulation of @entity70356 and MAPK @entity1435 , activation of the MAPK pathway appears to be an early event in @entity694 .

title: Gene expression pattern of laser microdissected colonic crypts of XXXX with @entity258 .

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low grade dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic']

answer: @entity652 :: (MESH:D000236,Disease) :: ['adenomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 undergoing breast surgery are at particular risk for post-operative @entity1209 (PONV), with an incidence of @entity391 as high as 50% when no prophylactic antiemetic is used. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the efficacy of the selective @entity750 (3) receptor antagonist @entity10442 with that of the traditional antiemetics @entity6918 and @entity1769 in the treatment of established PONV after breast surgery. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind trial, @entity1 who had undergone breast surgery and were experiencing PONV during the first 3 hours after anesthesia received either @entity10442 40 microg/kg IV, @entity6918 20 microg/kg IV, or @entity1769 0.2 mg/kg IV. @entity1 were observed for 24 hours after administration of study drug. @entity2749 were recorded by nursing staff who were blinded to treatment assignment. RESULTS: Seventy-five @entity1 were enrolled in the study, 25 in each treatment group. Their age ranged from 41 to 65 years. There were no significant between-group differences in @entity1 ' demographic or surgical characteristics at study entry. The number of @entity1 who were @entity391 free (no @entity390 , @entity391 ) was significantly higher in @entity1 who received @entity10442 (88% [2225]) than in those who received @entity6918 (64% [1625]; P = 0.047) or @entity1769 (56% [1425]; P = 0.013). In @entity1 who experienced @entity390 (3, 8, and 9 @entity1 in the @entity10442 , @entity6918 , and @entity1769 groups, respectively), the severity of @entity390 was significantly lower with @entity10442 compared with @entity6918 (P = 0.028) and @entity1769 (P = 0.025). No clinically serious adverse events were observed in any group. CONCLUSION: @entity10442 was significantly more effective than the traditional antiemetics @entity6918 and @entity1769 for the treatment of PONV in this population of @entity1 undergoing breast surgery.

title: A comparison of XXXX , @entity6918 , and @entity1769 in the treatment of established @entity1209 after breast surgery: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity2749 :: ('MESH:C580065', 'Disease') :: ['Emetic episodes']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['retching, or vomiting', 'emesis']

entities_list: @entity6918 :: ('MESH:D004329', 'Chemical') :: ['droperidol']

entities_list: @entity10442 :: ('MESH:D017829', 'Chemical') :: ['granisetron', 'Granisetron']

entities_list: @entity1769 :: ('MESH:D008787', 'Chemical') :: ['metoclopramide']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity10442 :: (MESH:D017829,Chemical) :: ['granisetron']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity615 affects most adults, causes disability for some, and is a common reason for seeking healthcare. In the United States, opioid prescription for @entity1643 has increased, and opioids are now the most commonly prescribed drug class. More than half of regular opioid users report back @entity158 . Rates of opioid prescribing in the US and Canada are two to three times higher than in most European countries. The analgesic efficacy of opioids for @entity615 is inferred from evidence in other @entity12761 conditions. Opioids do not seem to expedite return to work in injured workers or improve functional outcomes of @entity615 in primary care. For @entity615 , systematic reviews find scant evidence of efficacy. Randomized controlled trials have high dropout rates, brief duration (four months or less), and highly selected @entity1 . Opioids seem to have short term analgesic efficacy for @entity615 , but benefits for function are less clear. The magnitude of @entity158 relief across chronic non- @entity5 @entity158 conditions is about 30%. Given the brevity of randomized controlled trials, the long term effectiveness and safety of opioids are unknown. Loss of long term efficacy could result from drug tolerance and emergence of @entity1931 . Complications of opioid use include addiction and @entity1445 related mortality, which have risen in parallel with prescription rates. Common short term side effects are @entity1142 , @entity390 , sedation, and increased risk of falls and @entity174 . Longer term side effects may include @entity308 and @entity250 . Screening for high risk @entity1 , treatment agreements, and urine testing have not reduced overall rates of opioid prescribing, misuse, or @entity1445 . Newer strategies for reducing risks include more selective prescription of opioids and lower doses; use of prescription monitoring programs; avoidance of co-prescription with sedative hypnotics; and reformulations that make drugs more difficult to snort, smoke, or inject.

title: Opioids for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['acute back pain', 'Back pain', 'chronic back pain']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['low back pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute severe @entity31 (ASUC) is a life-threatening condition for which optimal management strategies remain ill-defined. AIM: To review the evidence regarding the natural history, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of ASUC to inform an evidence-based approach to management. METHODS: Relevant articles addressing the management of ASUC were identified from a search of MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library and conference proceedings. RESULTS: Of ASUC, 31-35% is @entity479 -refractory. Infliximab and @entity205 salvage therapies have improved @entity1 outcomes in randomised controlled trials. Short-term response rates (within 3 months) have ranged from 40% - 54% for @entity205 and 46-83% for infliximab. Long-term clinical response rates (>= 1 year) have ranged from 42%-50% for @entity205 and 50-65% for infliximab. Short-term and long-term colectomy rates have been respectively: 26-47% and 36-58% for @entity205 , and 0-50% and 35-50% for infliximab. Mortality rates for @entity205 and infliximab-treated @entity1 have been: 0-5% and 0-2%, respectively. At present, management challenges include the selection, timing and assessment of response to salvage therapy, utilisation of therapeutic drug monitoring and long-term maintenance of remission. CONCLUSIONS: Optimal management of acute severe @entity31 should be guided by risk stratification using predictive indices of corticosteroid response. Timely commencement and assessment of response to salvage therapy is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality. Emerging pharmacokinetic models and therapeutic drug monitoring may assist clinical decision-making and facilitate a shift towards individualised acute severe @entity31 therapies.

title: Review article: the practical management of acute severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['ciclosporin']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The Vietnam Physical Activity and Nutrition (VPAN) program aimed to improve physical activity and nutrition for adults aged 50-65 years with @entity209 in Vietnam. The VPAN program consisted of a range of resources and strategies, including an information booklet, resistance band, face-to-face education sessions, and walking groups. This process evaluation assessed the participation, fidelity, satisfaction, and reasons for completing and not-completing the VPAN. METHODS: Data were collected by mixed-methods from a sample of 214 intervention @entity1 . Quantitative data were collected via surveys (n=163); qualitative data via face-to-face exit interviews with intervention program completers (n=10) and non-completers (n=10), and brief post education session discussions. RESULTS: Most @entity1 (87%-96%) reported the program resources and strategies useful, assisting them to increase their physical activity level and improving their diet. The education sessions were the most preferred strategy (97%) with high attendance (>78% of @entity1 ). The main reasons for withdrawal were work commitments and being too busy. CONCLUSION: The evaluation indicated that the program reached and engaged the majority of @entity1 throughout the six-month intervention. The combination of printed resources and face-to-face intervention components was a suitable approach to support lifestyle behavioural change in the Vietnamese population.

title: Physical activity and nutrition program for adults with XXXX : Process evaluation.

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic Syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate self-reports of @entity1295 by young @entity5 survivors (aged 11-18 years), to compare young survivors' @entity1295 scores with the scores of a healthy control group and of the parent proxy evaluation, and to analyze whether demographic or disease-related factors are associated with young survivors' @entity1295 . DESIGN: Cross-sectional quantitative study. SETTING: An urban hospital in southwestern Finland. SAMPLE: 384 survivors diagnosed with an extracranial @entity5 at age 16 or younger, who have survived four or more years postdiagnosis, and who are free of @entity5 . General matched population controls were randomly selected from the Finnish Population Registry. METHODS: Demographic data and a self-report written @entity1295 questionnaire. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Total @entity1295 (TF), general @entity1295 (GF), sleep or rest @entity1295 (SF), and cognitive @entity1295 . FINDINGS: The control populations reported significantly more issues with TF, GF, and SF than did the survivor population. In survivors, older age, the need for remedial education at school, and a @entity242 diagnosis were associated with increasing @entity1295 , whereas female gender, better school grades, and greater health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) scores were associated with lower @entity1295 . The study variables explained 49%-65% of the variation in @entity1295 scores. CONCLUSIONS: Although survivors and their matched controls seem to have similar @entity1295 , subgroups of survivors do experience excessive @entity1295 , which may have an impact on their HRQOL. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: This study increases the knowledge about @entity1295 levels of young survivors of extracranial @entity5 and identifies the need for instruments specifically designed to assess @entity1295 in this population. The healthcare team should pay attention to the @entity1295 level of young survivors, particularly SF.

title: Fatigue in young survivors of extracranial XXXX : a Finnish nationwide survey.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancy', 'malignancies']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['childhood cancer']


abstract: Remission, relapse, and re-remission of proliferative @entity1988 treated with @entity786 . BACKGROUND: Long-term intravenous @entity786 (IVC) in combination with @entity288 is standard therapy for proliferative @entity1988 , but it has limitations. There are few data on long-term remission rates, predictors of relapse, and the ability to achieve a second remission with currently recommended IVC regimens. METHODS: A cohort of 85 @entity1 with @entity1988 (focal N = 33, diffuse N = 52) treated with IVC was assembled in three institutions. Timing and predictors of remission, relapse, and re-remission were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox models. RESULTS: The median time to remission was 10 months, whereas an estimated 22% of @entity1 had not remitted after 2 years. The median time to relapse among 63 @entity1 who had achieved remission was 79 months. In multivariate models, adverse predictors of remission were a delay in the initiation of therapy from the time @entity1310 was clinically diagnosed [hazard ratio (HR) 0.58, P = 0. 063] and a higher amount of @entity644 (HR 0.86 per 1 g/24 hours, P = 0.014). Predictors of earlier relapse for @entity1 entering remission included a longer time to remission (HR 1.029 per month, P = 0.025), a history of central nervous system involvement (HR 8.41, P = 0.002), and World Health Organization histology (P = 0.01). Among the 23 @entity1 who relapsed during follow-up, the median time to re-remission was 32 months, and with three exceptions, all @entity1 took substantially longer time to remit the second time compared with their first remission (P = 0.01). The time to re-remission was longer in @entity1 who had taken longer to remit the first time (HR 0.979 per month, P = 0.16), in @entity1 who had relapsed earlier after the first remission (HR 1.071 per month, P = 0.002), and in those with evidence of chronicity in the original kidney biopsy (P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged courses with a cumulative risk of @entity137 are needed to achieve remission in many first-treated @entity1 and in most @entity1 treated for a second time. The optimal management of @entity1 with identified adverse predictors of response needs further study.

title: Remission, relapse, and re-remission of proliferative XXXX treated with @entity786 .

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis', 'proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1988 :: (MESH:D008181,Disease) :: ['lupus nephritis']


abstract: The main strategy used for the detection of circulating @entity5 cells (CTC) and micrometastases in solid @entity5 is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of tissue specific messenger RNA present in the @entity5 cells. PCR was more sensitive than conventional techniques, allowing the identification of one @entity5 cell diluted into 1 mL of blood. PCR was shown to be specific in most studies related to the detection of CTC and marrow micrometastases in @entity320 and @entity263 ( @entity263 ). PCR positivity for thyroid markers was reported in the blood of control subjects. Large variations in the PCR positivity rates and the prognostic value of these assays have been encountered in @entity263 and @entity320 . There was a correlation between PCR and stage in some but not all the studies. Despite these discrepancies, many investigators have shown PCR to be predictive of outcome in @entity263 and especially in @entity320 . PCR in blood and bone marrow was an independent predictor of overall and disease-free survival in @entity320 @entity1 rendered surgically free of disease. These tests may help better stratify @entity1 for radical surgeries and adjuvant therapy. Large prospective and interlaboratory studies are needed to confirm the accuracy and prognostic value of these assays.

title: Review: polymerase chain reaction detection of micrometastases and circulating XXXX cells: application to @entity320 , prostate, and thyroid carcinomas.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['PC', 'prostate carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: @entity1160 ( @entity7647 ) has been shown to attenuate cytokine release from LPS-stimulated @entity1 peripheral blood mononuclear cells; however, the in vivo antiinflammatory effect of @entity7647 in polymicrobial sepsis and @entity649 is unknown. This study evaluates the effect of @entity7647 on inflammatory cytokine release and the pathways that may mediate antiinflammatory effects of @entity7647 in the lung. Either 0.75 g/kg of @entity7647 or saline placebo (SP) was administered to male @entity35 1 h after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). NF-kappaB activation, IKBalpha degradation, phosphorylation of @entity1435 MAPK, @entity3963 , and @entity14520 expression were evaluated in lung tissue 6 h post-CLP. Lung tissue iNOS and @entity9554 , @entity310 , @entity650 , and @entity8923 cytokines were assayed. Last, lung histopathology for occurrence of @entity649 and survival were examined. @entity7647 given 1 h postsepsis led to inhibition of lung tissue NF-kappaB activation (P < 0.001 vs. SP), attenuated degradation of IKBalpha, and inhibited phosphorylation of @entity1435 MAPK, and @entity3963 , pathways critical for cytokine release. @entity7647 treatment increased @entity14520 peptide expression and significantly attenuated @entity310 and @entity650 6 h after CLP. @entity8923 was attenuated by @entity7647 at multiple time points post-CLP. Further, @entity7647 abrogated increases in lung iNOS expression and enhanced lung @entity9554 postsepsis. Finally, @entity7647 prevented the histopathologic appearance of @entity649 after sepsis and significantly improved survival. These data reveal that @entity7647 exerts an antiinflammatory effect in sepsis that may be mediated via attenuation of multiple pathways of inflammation such as NF-kappaB, @entity1435 MAPK, @entity3963 , and @entity14520 . @entity7647 also showed an inhibition of increases in iNOS expression. The antiinflammatory effect of @entity7647 was associated with attenuation of @entity649 and mortality.

title: GLUTAMINE PREVENTS ACTIVATION OF NF-kappaB AND STRESS KINASE PATHWAYS, ATTENUATES INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE RELEASE, AND PREVENTS @entity649 ( XXXX ) FOLLOWING SEPSIS.

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutamine']

answer: @entity649 :: (MESH:D012128,Disease) :: ['ARDS']