abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the use of sedation drugs for the management of acute @entity2146 in Hong Kong's Accident @entity341 ( @entity341 ) and how it compares with Australasian practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine drug preferences, clinicians' perceived confidence in management, barriers/gaps in training and perceived usefulness of existing clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in Hong Kong. METHOD: A validated questionnaire was used, with case vignettes typical of @entity1 presenting to @entity341 with acute @entity2146 . The questionnaire was distributed by hand to all trainees and fellows of the Hong Kong College of Emergency Medicine (HKCEM). Two reminders were sent. RESULTS: Of 483 HKCEM members, 280 (58.0% [95% CI 53.5-62.3]) responded. For monotherapy, 46.8% (95% CI 41.0-52.6) of respondents chose @entity1767 to manage the undifferentiated @entity1 , followed by @entity1363 (33.9%, 95% CI 28.6-39.7) and @entity3175 (13.9%, 95% CI 10.4-18.5). Most respondents (83.6%, 95% CI 78.8-87.5) would not administer combination therapy. Respondents were confident in managing @entity2146 overall. The lack of local/institutional CPGs (55.7%, 95% CI 49.9-61.4) was perceived as an important barrier. Institutional guidelines were considered the most useful CPGs (66.4%, 95% CI 60.7-71.7). Most respondents (72.9%, 95% CI 67.4-77.7) perceived a HKCEM endorsed CPG would be useful. CONCLUSION: @entity1767 and @entity1245 are frequently used as monotherapy for the management of acute @entity2146 in Hong Kong's @entity341 . Management in Hong Kong differs from Australasian practice in that combination therapy is less common and clinicians' choice of sedation drugs are less variable overall. Results suggest that future work on CPG development and training regarding the safe use of combination therapy would be well received.

title: Management of acute XXXX in Hong Kong and comparisons with Australasia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['and Emergency Departments', 'AEDs']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol', 'Haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

answer: @entity2146 :: (MESH:D011595,Disease) :: ['agitation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The cell type responsible for the @entity2269 surrounding @entity1 @entity3123 is unknown. Hepatic stellate cells, which activate to a myofibroblast-like form, are responsible for collagen deposition in @entity82 and around @entity157 . Recently, pancreatic stellate cells have been described and implicated in the @entity82 of chronic @entity788 . We sought to determine whether these cells are responsible for the scirrhous reaction surrounding pancreatic @entity420 . METHODS: Archival @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded pancreatic tissues from 10 @entity1 undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for @entity420 and from 2 @entity1 with @entity4292 were examined immunohistochemically for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), @entity5400 ( @entity5400 ), procollagen I, collagen IV, and endothelial cell markers, @entity2880 factor and cluster of differentiation 31. RESULTS: In non-neoplastic areas, staining for alpha-SMA and @entity5400 was confined to interlobular septal regions. In contrast, the @entity2269 surrounding all 10 pancreatic @entity420 specimens displayed intense interstitial staining for alpha-SMA, @entity5400 , and collagen IV but no staining for @entity2880 factor and cluster of differentiation 31. Procollagen I staining localized intracellularly to fibroblast-shaped cells within this alpha-SMA/ @entity5400 -positive scirrhous region. @entity4294 demonstrated an increase in alpha-SMA staining, although this was not as marked as in ductal @entity420 . CONCLUSIONS: A massive increase in myofibroblast activity, compatible with the activation of stellate cells, is associated with the deposition of collagen types I and IV in the @entity2269 around pancreatic @entity420 .

title: Myofibroblasts are responsible for the @entity2269 surrounding XXXX @entity3123 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity4294 :: ('MESH:D007516', 'Disease') :: ['Islet cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity4292 :: ('MESH:C535838', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic islet cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity2269 :: ('MESH:D058405', 'Disease') :: ['desmoplastic reaction']

entities_list: @entity5400 :: ('4629', 'Gene') :: ['SMMHC', 'smooth muscle myosin heavy chain']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'ductal adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['von Willebrand']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Vascular permeability is controlled by endothelial cell-to-cell junctions. @entity3545 , the major component of adherence junctions (AJ) in the endothelium, is the target of the permeability-increasing agent @entity5 @entity39 factor-a ( @entity310 ). We investigated whether @entity310 regulates the synthesis of @entity3545 on the transcriptional level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 endothelial cells, isolated from aorta (aEC) and umbilical cord (HUVEC), were exposed to @entity310 (200 U/ml) for 6 h or 12 h, with and without subsequent incubation with @entity310 for 24 h. @entity3545 mRNA was evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The @entity3545 protein expression was analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS). RESULTS: The @entity3545 amplification curve of @entity310 treated cells was shifted to the right compared to controls, indicating a lower mRNA amount. The number of cycles at which half-maximal amplification (N50) was achieved, was lower for control aEC (30.7) than for @entity310 treated aEC (33.0). The N50 of HUVEC treated with @entity310 for 12 h and 12 h + 24 h medium (N50 = 32.1), was higher compared to controls (N50 = 29.7) and cells treated with @entity310 for 6 h (N50 = 30.8). As determined by FACS analysis, incubation with @entity310 caused a small decrease of @entity3545 protein expression from 7.44 to 6.05 mean channel intensity. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that @entity310 affects @entity3545 gene expression on the transcriptional level, inducing a downregulation of the @entity3545 expression.

title: The @entity5 XXXX factor-alpha induced vascular permeability is associated with a reduction of @entity3545 expression.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity3545 :: ('1003', 'Gene') :: ['VE-cadherin', 'Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin', 'VE-Cadherin']

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['necrosis']


abstract: Two new ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) have been identified from a @entity286 chloroplast lysate. These two proteins (cp29A and cp29B) are nuclear-encoded and have a less affinity to single-stranded DNA as compared with three other chloroplast RNPs (cp28, cp31 and cp33) previously isolated. DNA sequencing revealed that both contain two consensus sequence-type homologous RNA-binding domains (CS-RBDs) and a very acidic @entity1472 -terminal domain but shorter than that of cp28, cp31 and cp33. Comparison of cp29A and cp29B showed a 19 @entity535 insertion in the region separating the two CS-RBDs in cp29B. This insertion results in three tandem repeats of a @entity2228 -rich sequence of 10 @entity1522 , which is a novel feature in RNPs. The two proteins are encoded by different single nuclear genes and no alternatively spliced transcripts could be identified. We constructed a phylogenetic tree for the ten chloroplast CS-RBDs. These results suggest that there is a sizable RNP family in chloroplasts and the diversity was mainly generated through a series of gene duplications rather than through alternative pre-mRNA splicing. The gene for cp29B contains three introns. The first and second introns interrupt the first CS-RBD and the third intron does the second CS-RBD. The position of the first intron site is the same as that in the @entity1 @entity24092 protein gene.

title: Diversity of a ribonucleoprotein family in XXXX chloroplasts: two new chloroplast ribonucleoproteins and a phylogenetic tree of ten chloroplast RNA-binding domains.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: CONTEXT: Preclinical studies suggested the existence of a signaling pathway connecting bone and @entity413 metabolisms. Supposedly leptin modulates osteocalcin bioactivity, which in turn stimulates insulin and @entity1254 secretion, and b-cell proliferation. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the investigation was to study the reciprocal relationships of @entity1254 , leptin, osteocalcin, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion to verify whether such relationships are consistent with a signaling pathway connecting bone homeostasis and @entity413 metabolism. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: The study was conducted with community-dwelling volunteers participating in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. @entity1 : Two hundred eighty @entity1 and 300 @entity1 with complete data on fasting plasma @entity1254 , leptin, and osteocalcin, oral @entity413 tolerance test (plasma @entity413 and insulin values available at t = 0, 20, and 120 min), and anthropometric measures participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Linear regression models were used to test independent associations of @entity1254 , osteocalcin, and leptin with the indices of insulin resistance and secretion. The expected reciprocal relationship between different biomarkers was verified by structural equation modeling. RESULTS: In linear regression models, leptin was strongly associated with indices of both insulin resistance and secretion. Both @entity1254 and osteocalcin were negatively associated with insulin resistance. Structural equation modeling revealed a direct inverse association of leptin with osteocalcin; a direct positive association of osteocalcin with @entity1254 ; and an inverse relationship of osteocalcin with insulin resistance and @entity1254 with insulin resistance and secretion, which is cumulatively consistent with the hypothesized model. CONCLUSIONS: Bone and @entity413 metabolisms are probably connected through a complex pathway that involves leptin, osteocalcin, and @entity1254 . The clinical relevance of such a pathway for bone pathology in @entity6 should be further investigated.

title: Cross-sectional evidence of a signaling pathway from bone homeostasis to XXXX metabolism.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Inhaled @entity230 such as @entity5023 and @entity2715 play a central role in the treatment of @entity565 . @entity5023 exhibits excellent clinical effectiveness; however, oral adverse effects can occur. OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of @entity5253 in @entity748 @entity1 treated with @entity5023 and @entity2715 , to evaluate the effect of gargling with @entity2379 , and to measure the inhalation flow rate on @entity7553 . METHODS: The study consisted of 143 @entity748 @entity1 who were treated with inhaled @entity230 , 11 @entity748 @entity1 not treated with inhaled @entity230 , and 86 healthy volunteers. Quantitative fungal culture was performed by aseptically obtaining a retropharyngeal wall swab from these @entity1 . @entity1 with positive results were treated with gargling using a 1:50 dilution @entity2379 solution. In @entity748 @entity1 treated with @entity5023 , the inhalation flow rate was measured using an inspiratory flow meter. RESULTS: The amount of Candida spp. was significantly greater in @entity748 @entity1 taking inhaled @entity230 compared with those who were not. It was also significantly greater in @entity1 with oral symptoms than asymptomatic @entity1 and significantly greater in @entity748 @entity1 treated with @entity5023 than in those treated with @entity2715 . Although the presence of Candida did not correlate with the inhaled dose of @entity2715 , it did increase with the dose of @entity5023 . Gargling with @entity2379 was effective in most @entity748 @entity1 with @entity7553 . Candidiasis was not due to inappropriate flow rates during inhalation of @entity230 . CONCLUSIONS: Fungal culture of a retropharyngeal wall swab may be useful for predicting the risk of developing @entity5253 in @entity748 @entity1 treated with inhaled @entity230 . The amount of isolated Candida was significantly greater in @entity748 @entity1 treated with @entity5023 than in those treated with @entity2715 . Attention to dosage is required as the amount of Candida increased with dose of @entity5023 . Gargling with a 1:50 dilution of @entity2379 is effective in treating @entity5253 of @entity748 @entity1 treated with inhaled @entity230 .

title: @entity5253 associated with inhaled corticosteroid use: comparison of @entity5023 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5253 :: ('MESH:D002180', 'Disease') :: ['oral candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity2715 :: ('MESH:D001507', 'Chemical') :: ['beclomethasone dipropionate', 'beclomethasone']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity7553 :: ('MESH:D002177', 'Disease') :: ['candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity5023 :: ('MESH:C065382', 'Chemical') :: ['Fluticasone', 'fluticasone propionate', 'fluticasone']

answer: @entity2715 :: (MESH:D001507,Chemical) :: ['beclomethasone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety, effectiveness and @entity2687 in correcting @entity3467 . METHODS: In this case series study. Twenty-one hyperopic @entity1 (37 eyes) received allogeneic corneal lens inlays. The range of preoperative spherical equivalent was 3.25 to 10.00 D, and the mean value was (6.84    2.79)D. All the cases were followed up for 3 months. Uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity and refraction were compared before and after operation. Corneal topography and optical coherence tomography were performed. Ocular response analyzer was used to evaluate the shifts of corneal hysteresis. RESULTS: No intraoperative or postoperative complications were found. Uncorrected distance and near visual acuities (UCDVA and UCNVA) were improved obviously after surgery UCDVA was improved from (4.64    0.25) to (4.89    0.14) (F = 5.919, P < 0.001), and UCNVA was improved from J4.94 to J1.18 (F = 4.926, P < 0.01). The UCNVA in 31 eyes (83.8%) was J1 at 3 months after surgery. Mild overcorrection was the state early after operation, and the refractive power was stable at 1 month after surgery. The average residual spherical equivalent was (-0.63    0.94)D, which was improved significantly from (6.84    2.79)D before surgery. There was no obvious hyperopic regression. The corneal biomechanics did not change before and after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Allogeneic corneal lens inlays can be used to correct @entity735 with good safety, effectiveness and predictability. It provides a new choice for hyperopic @entity1 .

title: [The early clinical efficacy of allogeneic corneal lens inlays in correction of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3467 :: ('MESH:D006956', 'Disease') :: ['hyperopia']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['hyperopic eyes']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['predictability of allogeneic corneal lens inlays']

answer: @entity3467 :: (MESH:D006956,Disease) :: ['hyperopia']


abstract: Purpose: To investigate the changes in irregular and regular corneal @entity940 with age in eyes that underwent @entity231 surgery (surgery group) and in eyes that did not undergo surgery (nonsurgery group). Methods: We enrolled 120 eyes in each of four age groups in the surgery and nonsurgery groups: (1) 50 to 59 years of age, (2) 60 to 69 years of age, (3) 70 to 79 years of age, and (4) older than or equal to 80 years of age. Eyes in the surgery group underwent videokeratographic examination, at least 6 months postoperatively. Irregular @entity940 components, corneal asymmetry, and higher-order irregularity components were determined using Fourier analysis. The regular @entity940 vector was decomposed into vertical/horizontal (J0) and oblique (J45) components using power vector analysis. Results: Both the mean corneal asymmetry and higher-order irregularity components significantly increased with increasing age in both groups (P < 0.0001). Higher-order irregularity was greater in the surgery group than in the nonsurgery group in all age groups (P  <= 0.0128). The asymmetry did not differ significantly between groups. Asymmetry and higher-order irregularity were positively correlated with actual age in both the surgery and nonsurgery groups (P < 0.0001). The J0 decreased significantly with age in both groups (P < 0.0001), whereas the J45 did not vary significantly with age. Conclusions: In @entity1 from 50 to 80 years of age who underwent @entity231 surgery, irregular corneal @entity940 , both the asymmetry and higher-order irregularity components, increased significantly with increasing age, whereas regular @entity940 induces an against-the-rule shift. The higher-order irregularity component persistently increased postoperatively, whereas the asymmetry component did not change significantly.

title: Changes in Irregular Corneal Astigmatism With Age in Eyes With and Without XXXX Surgery.

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['Cataract']


abstract: Angiotropism is a marker of extravascular migration of @entity320 cells along vascular and other structures and a prognostic factor in cutaneous @entity320 . Because of this biological and prognostic importance in cutaneous @entity320 , angiotropism was studied in @entity2184 ( @entity2184 ). This retrospective study performed at a single ocular oncology referral center included 89 @entity1 from the study period 2006-2008. All @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity2184 from the choroid and/or ciliary body. All @entity1 underwent enucleation for prognostic purposes and definitive therapy. Clinical, histopathological, and molecular variables included @entity1 age, gender, extraocular extension, @entity5 location (ciliary body or not), @entity5151 , angiotropism, neurotropism, @entity320 cell type, @entity10162 mutation, and monosomy 3. Angiotropism was defined as @entity320 cells arrayed along the abluminal vascular surfaces without intravasation in the sclera and/or episcleral tissue. The study included 51 @entity1 (57.3%) and 38 @entity1 with mean and median age: 63 years (range: 25-92). Mean follow-up was 4.4 years (range: 0.2 to 11). Fifty-three (59.6%) @entity1 developed @entity3 and 48 (53.9%) were dead from @entity3 at last follow-up. Other principal variables recorded were angiotropism in 43.8%, extraocular extension in 7.9%, epithelioid/mixed cell type in 73.1%, @entity10162 mutation in 41.3%, and monosomy 3 in 53.6% of cases. On multivariate analysis, extraocular extension, angiotropism, and monosomy 3 were predictive of @entity3 , whereas @entity5 diameter, epithelioid cell type, angiotropism, and monosomy 3 were predictive of @entity204 . Chi-square test confirmed an association between angiotropism and @entity3 and @entity204 but none with @entity10162 mutation and monosomy 3. In conclusion, angiotropism and monosomy 3 were independent prognostic factors for both @entity3 and @entity204 in @entity2184 . However, irrespective of any prognostic value, the true importance of angiotropism is its biological significance as a marker of an alternative metastatic pathway.Laboratory Investigation advance online publication, 27 February 2017; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2017.16.

title: The biological and prognostic significance of angiotropism in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2184 :: ('MESH:C536494', 'Disease') :: ['UM', 'uveal melanoma']

entities_list: @entity5151 :: ('MESH:D019574', 'Disease') :: ['optic nerve invasion']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity2184 :: (MESH:C536494,Disease) :: ['uveal melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Computational models of Achilles tendons can help understanding how healthy tendons are affected by repetitive loading and how the different tissue constituents contribute to the tendon's biomechanical response. However, available models of Achilles tendon are limited in their description of the hierarchical multi-structural composition of the tissue. This study hypothesised that a poroviscoelastic fibre-reinforced model, previously successful in capturing cartilage biomechanical behaviour, can depict the biomechanical behaviour of the @entity35 Achilles tendon found experimentally. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a new material model of the Achilles tendon, which considers the tendon's main constituents namely: water, proteoglycan matrix and collagen fibres. A hyperelastic formulation of the proteoglycan matrix enabled computations of large deformations of the tendon, and collagen fibres were modelled as viscoelastic. Specimen-specific finite element models were created of 9 @entity35 Achilles tendons from an animal experiment and simulations were carried out following a repetitive tensile loading protocol. The material model parameters were calibrated against data from the @entity35 by minimising the @entity2246 ( @entity2246 ) between experimental force data and model output. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: All specimen models were successfully fitted to experimental data with high accuracy ( @entity2246 0.42-1.02). Additional simulations predicted more compliant and soft tendon behaviour at reduced strain-rates compared to higher strain-rates that produce a stiff and brittle tendon response. Stress-relaxation simulations exhibited strain-dependent stress-relaxation behaviour where larger strains produced slower relaxation rates compared to smaller strain levels. Our simulations showed that the collagen fibres in the Achilles tendon are the main load-bearing component during tensile loading, where the orientation of the collagen fibres plays an important role for the tendon's viscoelastic response. In conclusion, this model can capture the repetitive loading and unloading behaviour of intact and healthy Achilles tendons, which is a critical first step towards understanding tendon homeostasis and function as this biomechanical response changes in diseased tendons.

title: A Fibre-Reinforced Poroviscoelastic Model Accurately Describes the Biomechanical Behaviour of the XXXX Achilles Tendon.

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['RMS', 'root mean squared error']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rat']


abstract: 1. The effects of respiration of electrical stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the cervical sympathetic nerve were studied in seventeen decerebrate, unanaesthetized @entity468 .2. The tidal volume increased and the end-tidal @entity515 fell within 2-3 breaths after the onset of stimulation in fourteen @entity468 .3. In three experiments tidal volume and respiratory rate fell during stimulation and increased above the control when the stimulus was interrupted.4. All respiratory responses to sympathetic stimulation were abolished after cutting the carotid sinus nerves and are attributed to activation of chemo- and baroreceptor afferents.5. With the carotid sinus nerves intact, respiratory responses could be eliminated completely only by cutting the post-ganglionic sympathetics that pass directly to the carotid body and the post-ganglionic sympathetics that join the glossopharyngeal nerves to course with the sinus nerves to the carotid bifurcation.6. @entity4485 (10 mg/kg) or @entity4486 (40 mg/kg) given intravenously depressed spontaneous ventilation and responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation.7. Stimulation changed blood pressure slightly in fourteen experiments; in ten it fell and in four it increased 10 mm Hg or less. After @entity4485 or @entity4486 , stimulation elicited a pronounced pressor response.8. The results of the study indicate that activation of sympathetic pathways to the carotid body constitutes an effective stimulus to ventilation.

title: Respiratory responses to electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves in decerebrate, unanaesthetized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['Pentobarbitone', 'pentobarbitone']

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['chloralose']

answer: @entity468 :: (9685,Species) :: ['cats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Certolizumab pegol is the third anti- @entity310 agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States. AIM: To provide a comprehensive up-to-date review of the efficacy and safety of certolizumab in @entity30 ( @entity30 ). METHODS: Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and the Science Citation Index, were searched to retrieve relevant trials. In addition, meeting abstracts and the reference lists of retrieved articles were reviewed for further relevant studies. RESULTS: Three trials, enrolling a total of 1040 @entity1 , are included in the meta-analysis to evaluate the short-term efficacy of certolizumab, which is effective for rapid induction and long-term maintenance of clinical response or remission and can improve quality of life in @entity1 with @entity30 . Certolizumab is also effective for @entity1 who have lost response to infliximab. However, its efficacy in infliximab-exposed @entity1 is probably less than in infliximab-naive @entity1 . Re-induction with certolizumab in @entity1 who have flared on maintenance therapy can rescue a significant proportion of @entity1 . There is no significant association between the efficacy of certolizumab and the baseline C-reactive protein level. In comparison with placebo, certolizumab does not increase the risk of serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Certolizumab is effective and safe in treating @entity30 . Further studies are still required to assess its full safety profile.

title: Meta-analysis: the efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this retrospective, population-based study was to characterize demographically and clinically cystic- @entity8434 (CE) in southern Israel, between 2005 and 2012. Newly-diagnosed (nd-CE) and past-diagnosed (pd-CE, diagnosed before the study) cases were defined. Two populations live in southern-Israel, receiving medical treatment at a single hospital: the Jewish and the Bedouin populations (resembling resource-rich and resource-poor populations, respectively). 126 CE cases were identified; 55 nd-CE and 71 pd-CE. Mean annual nd-CE incidence per 100,000 in the Bedouin and Jewish populations were 2.7    1.2 and 0.4    0.3, respectively (P<0.001). None of the Bedouin and 86.5% of the Jewish @entity1 were born outside Israel. Liver and lung involvement were recorded in 85.7% and 15.1% of overall-CE, respectively. @entity490 , cough, @entity221 , @entity1712 and @entity10094 were documented in 63.6%, 32.7%, 27.3%, 41.5% and 12.7% of nd-CE, respectively. Serology sensitivity for first test and any positive test were 67.3% and 83.3%, respectively. Computed tomography, ultrasonography and X-ray diagnosis were documented in 79.2%, 58.4% and 17.0% of overall-CE, respectively, with ultrasonography mainly used in liver-CE and X-ray in lung-CE. Treatment included surgery and @entity3753 in 50.0% and 55.3% of CE, respectively. We conclude that CE is endemic in southern-Israel among the Bedouin population, while disease is probably mainly imported in the Jewish population. Liver involvement and @entity1712 rates were high compared with those of other endemic regions, possibly due to differences in the timing of diagnosis. These findings may help developing treatment and prevention strategies.

title: XXXX in Southern Israel.

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity3753 :: ('MESH:D015766', 'Chemical') :: ['albendazole']

entities_list: @entity10094 :: ('MESH:D058070', 'Disease') :: ['asymptomatic disease']

entities_list: @entity8434 :: ('MESH:D004443', 'Disease') :: ['echinococcosis']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['Abdominal pain']

answer: @entity8434 :: (MESH:D004443,Disease) :: ['Cystic echinococcosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity130 require a multidisciplinary approach. Emergency Departments can play vital roles in the treatment of burns. The purpose of this study is to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the adult burn @entity1 admitted to our Emergency Department and to determine the frequency of the @entity1 who were treated on an outpatient basis and discharged from the Emergency Department. PROCEDURE: A retrospective review of 314 adult burn @entity1 who presented to the Emergency Medicine Department of Erciyes University Hospital from January 1996 to December 2000. FINDINGS: Sixty-four percent of the @entity1 were male. Mean age was 32.9+/-14.7. Ninety-nine @entity1 (32%) had moderate to major burns. The highest numbers of @entity1 were in the 21-30 age group. Flame burns comprised the majority of presentations and admissions (48 and 69%, respectively). Thirteen @entity1 had associated @entity130 (4%). Eighty-seven @entity1 (28%) were hospitalized, 21 of these died. @entity204 occurred mostly from @entity1576 and @entity295 . Domestic accidents were the leading mechanism (63%). CONCLUSION: Burns were mostly due to accidents arising from carelessness, ignorance, hazardous traditions and improperly manufactured products. These can be prevented through mass education programs countrywide. Because almost all burn @entity1 present to Emergency Departments first and not all hospitals can employ burn specialists, the @entity1 with minor burns can be treated on an outpatient basis and the treatment of severe burns can be effectively initiated by emergency physicians.

title: Adult burn XXXX in an Emergency Department in Central Anatolia, Turkey: a 5-year analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'Burn injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bacterial attachment plays an important role in the initiation of @entity253 formation and stent blockage. In vitro studies were conducted to determine the effects of adherence factors, namely pili and glycocalyx production, and culture media, including brain heart infusion broth, modified Vogel and Bonner medium, and @entity1 bile, on the adherence of @entity526 to plastic stents. METHODS: Clinical isolates of @entity526 with different adherence mechanisms, that is, piliated (P+) or nonpiliated (P-), glycocalyx producing (G+) and nonglycocalyx producing (G-), were obtained from clogged stents. Adherence studies were conducted by using the modified Robbins device, and stents were removed at regular intervals to determine the number of attached bacteria/cm(2) with the viable plate count method. @entity691 stents were used to compare the adherence curves of @entity526 with different adherence factors in brain heart infusion broth. The effects of different culture media on the adherence of P+G+ @entity526 to @entity691 stents were determined. In addition, the adherence of P+G+ @entity526 to different plastics in brain heart infusion broth and @entity1 bile was compared. RESULTS: P+G+ @entity526 adhered better than P-G+ and P-G- @entity526 to @entity691 stents. Modified Vogel and Bonner medium, which stimulates glycocalyx production, enhanced the attachment of P+G+ @entity526 , whereas @entity1 bile decreased @entity526 attachment to @entity691 stents, despite an increase in glycocalyx production. There was a difference in adherence of P+G+ @entity526 to @entity691 , @entity2636 , and Teflon stents in brain heart infusion broth, but the differences were nullified in the presence of @entity1 bile. CONCLUSIONS: P+G+ @entity526 with both adherence factors adhere best to plastic stents. Media such as modified Vogel and Bonner medium that stimulate glycocalyx production also enhance bacterial attachment. The toxic effects of @entity3645 in @entity1 bile on the bacteria might alter the adherence mechanism and reduce @entity526 attachment.

title: Effects of adherence factors and XXXX bile on bacterial attachment and biliary stent blockage: an in vitro study.

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyethylene', 'polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary sludge']

entities_list: @entity3645 :: ('MESH:D001647', 'Chemical') :: ['bile salts']

entities_list: @entity2636 :: ('MESH:D011140', 'Chemical') :: ['polyurethane']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E coli']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Apoptosis is mainly brought about by the activation of caspases, a protease family with unique substrate selectivity. In mammals, different complexes like the DISC complex or the apoptosome complexes have been delineated leading to the cleavage and thus activation of the executioner caspases. Although @entity185 is the main executioner caspase in apoptosis induced by serum starvation in AKR-2B fibroblasts as demonstrated by affinity labeling with YVK(-bio)D.aomk and partial purification of cytosolic extracts by high performance ion exchange chromatography, its activation is apparently caused by a noncanonical pathway: (1) Expression of CrmA, an inhibitor of @entity4699 , failed to suppress apoptosis; (2) There was no formation of high molecular weight complexes of @entity49302 indicative for its activation. Furthermore no cleavage of @entity7349 was observed. But surprisingly, gelfiltration experiments revealed the distribution of @entity69566 into differently sized high molecular weight complexes during apoptosis. Though the apparent molecular weights of the complexes containing @entity185 (600 kD for apoptosome and 250 kD for microapoptosome) are in accordance with recently published data, the activity profiles differ strikingly. In AKR-2B cells @entity185 is mainly recovered as uncomplexed enzyme and in much lower levels in the apoptosomes. Remarkably, the 600 kD and 250 kD complexes containing activated @entity185 were devoid of @entity49302 and cytochrome c. In addition a new 450 kD complex containing activated @entity43489 was found that is clearly separated from the @entity185 containing complexes. Furthermore, we disclose for the first time the activation of @entity35123 in response to serum starvation. Activated @entity35123 is detectable as non-complexed free enzyme in the cytosol.

title: Formation of noncanonical high molecular weight @entity69566 complexes and activation of XXXX during serum starvation induced apoptosis in AKR-2B mouse fibroblasts.

answer: @entity35123 :: (12364(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['caspase-12']


abstract: We have demonstrated that @entity251 -bovine serum albumin conjugate labeled with 2-nm colloidal gold ( @entity251 -BSA-gold) injected into the vascular system of @entity35 becomes visible as @entity575 deposits on the sections of tissues embedded in @entity990 resin after @entity575 enhancement and enters the @entity342 -target cell nuclei, e.g. round spermatids, but not the non-target cell nuclei. The diameter of the @entity575 deposits depends on the duration of @entity575 enhancement. In this study, to make clear the transfer route of @entity251 -BSA-gold into the round spermatid nucleus, the testis of @entity35 injected @entity251 -BSA-gold was observed under electron microscope after @entity575 enhancement for short periods of time. The small @entity575 deposits were present on the cell membrane, vesicles, Golgi region, acrosome, subacrosomal space, both the post-acrosomal and the subacrosomal nuclear envelope, and the nucleoplasm in the cap-phase spermatids. The @entity575 deposits were also found in the perinuclear cisterna of post-acrosomal nuclear envelope, but not in the nuclear pore. When the spermatids were observed at high-power magnification without the @entity575 enhancement, the outer nuclear membrane showed many irregular invaginations toward the inner nuclear membrane in the post-acrosomal nuclear envelope. Furthermore, a double-membrane-like vesicle seemed to be present in the nuclear envelope. In the vesicle, the gold particles were present along the inner membrane. These results suggest that @entity251 -BSA-gold can enter the nucleoplasm through some route provided by the nuclear double membranes in both the post-acrosomal and the subacrosomal nuclear envelope.

title: Nuclear translocation of gold labeled- XXXX -bovine serum albumin conjugate through the nuclear double membranes in @entity35 spermatids.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity251 :: (MESH:D013739,Chemical) :: ['testosterone']


abstract: We compared the efficacy of @entity3974 , @entity3303 , @entity1340 , and @entity3575 in minimizing @entity158 caused by the injection of @entity2898 in 250 @entity1 . After tourniquet application on the forearm, the @entity1 were given saline (3 mL) (Group 1, n = 50), @entity3974 (4 mg) (Group 2, n = 50), @entity3303 (30 mg) (Group 3, n = 50), @entity1340 (50 mg) (Group 4, n = 50), or @entity3575 (100 microg) (Group 5, n = 50) diluted into a 3-mL solution. The occlusion was released after 20 s and @entity2898 was injected over 10-15 s. The @entity1 were observed and asked immediately if they had @entity158 in the arm, and the response was assessed. Reactions such as discomfort and @entity158 , withdrawal of the hand, and so on after the administration of @entity2898 were recorded as side effects for 24 h. Ten @entity1 in Group 1, 28 @entity1 in Group 2, 37 @entity1 in Group 3, 30 @entity1 in Group 4, and 15 @entity1 in Group 5 reported no @entity158 . Light @entity158 was seen in 11 @entity1 in Group 1, 14 @entity1 in Group 2, 11 @entity1 in Group 3, 12 @entity1 in Group 4, and 20 @entity1 in Group 5. Moderate @entity158 was seen in 15 @entity1 in Group 1, 6 @entity1 in Group 2, 2 @entity1 in Group 3, 8 @entity1 in Group 4, and 10 @entity1 in Group 5. Severe @entity158 was seen in 14 @entity1 in Group 1, 2 @entity1 in Group 2, 0 @entity1 in Group 3, 0 @entity1 in Group 4, and 5 @entity1 in Group 5. Correlation determined with log-linear analysis found in Group 1 @entity158 score 0 (P < 0.001), Group 1 @entity158 score 1 (P < 0.001), and Group 3 @entity158 score 0 (P < 0.001). We conclude that @entity3974 , @entity3303 , @entity1340 , and @entity3575 decrease the level of @entity2898 injection @entity158 . Among these drugs, @entity3303 is the most effective, whereas @entity3575 is the least effective. IMPLICATIONS: We compared the efficacy of @entity3974 , @entity3303 , @entity1340 , and @entity3575 in minimizing the @entity158 on injection of @entity2898 in 250 @entity1 . @entity3974 , @entity3303 , @entity1340 , and @entity3575 were effective in preventing and decreasing the level of @entity2898 injection @entity158 . Among these drugs, @entity3303 was the most effective, and @entity3575 was the least effective.

title: The prevention of @entity158 from injection of @entity2898 by XXXX , @entity3303 , @entity1340 , and @entity3575 .

entities_list: @entity1340 :: ('MESH:D014147', 'Chemical') :: ['tramadol']

entities_list: @entity3974 :: ('MESH:D017294', 'Chemical') :: ['ondansetron', 'Ondansetron']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity2898 :: ('MESH:C061870', 'Chemical') :: ['rocuronium']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity3974 :: (MESH:D017294,Chemical) :: ['ondansetron']


abstract: @entity6 @entity1 have a markedly increased risk of @entity65 compared with non-diabetics. Two drug groups today target insulin resistance; @entity37005 and @entity12721 . In addition, these may have other effects on cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of @entity2449 and @entity6170 on non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Forty @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 were randomized into @entity2449 and @entity6170 groups. After receiving the optimal doses, the @entity1 were monitored for 12  weeks. Biochemical parameters, lipid parameters, @entity2690 , and HbA1c levels were analyzed. @entity2881 , @entity2289 , @entity2071 , @entity310 , @entity650 , @entity4105 , and fibrinogen levels were measured in order to assess coagulation status and @entity409 . In the @entity2449 group, body mass index, @entity2017 , HbA1c, @entity650 , @entity2071 , and @entity310 levels were significantly decreased after 12  weeks compared with the basal levels. @entity650 levels decreased from 75  pg/ml      20 to 42  pg/ml      9 (P 0.023) and @entity310 levels from 61  pg/ml      31 to 39  pg/ml      10 (P 0.018). In the @entity6170 group, FPG, @entity2017 , HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, @entity650 , and @entity310 levels decreased significantly after 12  weeks compared with the basal levels. @entity650 levels decreased from 78  pg/ml      21 to 41  pg/ml      9 (P 0.028) and @entity310 levels from 62  pg/ml      19 to 37  pg/ml      10 (P 0.012). At the end of the study, no significant differences were determined between groups. Insulin resistance and @entity164 2 @entity6 are strongly associated with low grade @entity32 . Both @entity2449 and @entity6170 were effective in controlling inflammatory markers in addition to metabolic parameters.

title: The effects of XXXX and @entity2449 on @entity32 and @entity409 in @entity1 with @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'Diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity37005 :: ('MESH:D001645', 'Chemical') :: ['biguanides']

entities_list: @entity2690 :: ('3630', 'Gene') :: ['CRP, insulin, c-peptide']

entities_list: @entity12721 :: ('MESH:D045162', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazolidinediones']

entities_list: @entity6170 :: ('MESH:C089730', 'Chemical') :: ['rosiglitazone']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity6170 :: (MESH:C089730,Chemical) :: ['rosiglitazone']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study compared diagnostic accuracy of conventional troponin/traditional @entity453 ( @entity453 ) assessment and highly sensitive troponin (hsTn) I/advanced @entity453 assessment for @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ) during the index hospitalization. BACKGROUND: hsTnI and advanced assessment of @entity453 using coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) are promising candidates to improve the accuracy of emergency department evaluation of @entity1 with suspected @entity1187 . METHODS: We performed an observational cohort study in @entity1 with suspected @entity1187 enrolled in the ROMICAT II (Rule Out @entity583 / @entity63 using Computer Assisted Tomography) trial and randomized to coronary CTA who also had hsTnI measurement at the time of the emergency department presentation. We assessed coronary CTA for traditional (no @entity453 , nonobstructive @entity453 ,  >= 50% @entity850 ) and advanced features of @entity453 (>= 50% @entity850 , high-risk plaque features: positive remodeling, low  <30-Hounsfield units plaque, napkin-ring sign, spotty @entity460 ). RESULTS: Of 160 @entity1 (mean age: 53    8 years, 40% @entity1 ) 10.6% were diagnosed with @entity1187 . The @entity1187 rate in @entity1 with hsTnI below the limit of detection (n  = 9, 5.6%), intermediate (n  = 139, 86.9%), and above the 99(th) percentile (n  = 12, 7.5%) was 0%, 8.6%, and 58.3%, respectively. Absence of  >= 50% @entity850 and high-risk plaque ruled out @entity1187 in @entity1 with intermediate hsTnI (n  = 87, 54.4%; @entity1187 rate 0%), whereas @entity1 with both  >= 50% @entity850 and high-risk plaque were at high risk (n  = 13, 8.1%; @entity1187 rate 69.2%) and @entity1 with either  >= 50% @entity850 or high-risk plaque were at intermediate risk for @entity1187 (n  = 39, 24.4%; @entity1187 rate 7.7%). hsTnI/advanced coronary CTA assessment significantly improved the diagnostic accuracy for @entity1187 as compared to conventional troponin/traditional coronary CTA (area under the curve 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80 to .88 vs. 0.74, 95%CI 0.70 to 0.78; p  < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: hsTnI at the time of presentation followed by early advanced coronary CTA assessment improves the risk stratification and diagnostic accuracy for @entity1187 as compared to conventional troponin and traditional coronary CTA assessment. (Multicenter Study to Rule Out @entity583 / @entity63 by Cardiac Computed Tomography [ROMICAT-II]; NCT01084239).

title: hs-Troponin I Followed by CT Angiography Improves Acute Coronary Syndrome Risk Stratification Accuracy and Work-Up in Acute Chest Pain XXXX : Results From ROMICAT II Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial Infarction']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: Cytogenetic and molecular studies of azoospermic and oligozoospermic males have suggested the presence of @entity3893 factors (AZF) in the @entity1 Y chromosome. Deletion in three Y chromosomal regions--AZFa, AZFb and AZFc--has been reported to disrupt spermatogenesis and cause @entity249 . Several candidate genes responsible for spermatogenesis have been identified in these regions and some of them are thought to be functional in @entity1 spermatogenesis. Here we report on clinical and molecular studies of Y chromosome micro-deletions in Japanese. In these studies the data from 157 @entity249 Japanese @entity1 with @entity3893 and @entity6660 was analyzed and divided into 5 categories based on spermatozoa count. Sixteen sets of primers were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify sequence tagged site markers. One common deletion in the AZFc region was identified in @entity249 @entity1 . On the other hand, no deletions around the AZFc region were identified in fertile @entity1 . Japanese @entity249 @entity1 in our study had a common deletion in the AZFc region of the Y chromosome. A genomic clone was obtained by PCR screening of the P1 phage artificial chromosome (PAC) library. This clone was analyzed by Southern blotting using a PCR amplified probe of sY240. Our analysis of the genomic sequence of the clone suggests that this locus may contain specific genes for spermatogenesis.

title: Molecular analysis of the Y chromosome AZFc region in Japanese XXXX males with spermatogenic defects.

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility', 'infertile']

entities_list: @entity6660 :: ('MESH:D009845', 'Disease') :: ['oligozoospermia']

entities_list: @entity3893 :: ('MESH:D053713', 'Disease') :: ['azoospermia']

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['infertile']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Effective treatment for @entity1 with acute @entity583 is limited by @entity1 delay in seeking care. Inadequate knowledge of @entity299 may prolong delay. An intervention designed to reduce delay was tested in the Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) Community Trial. In this report, the impact on knowledge of @entity299 is presented. METHODS: Twenty communities were randomized to intervention or comparison status in a matched-pair design. Intervention strategies included community organization, public education, professional education, and @entity1 education. The main outcome measures were based on information regarding knowledge of symptoms collected in a series of four random-digit-dialed telephone surveys. RESULTS: Knowledge of REACT-targeted symptoms increased in intervention communities. No change was observed in comparison communities. The net effect was an increase of 0.44 REACT-targeted symptoms per individual (P<0.001). The intervention effect was greater in ethnic minorities, @entity1 with lower household incomes, and those with family or spouse history of @entity299 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The REACT intervention was modestly successful in increasing the general public's knowledge of the complex constellation of @entity299 . The intervention program was somewhat more effective in reaching disadvantaged subgroups, including ethnic minorities and @entity1 with lower income. Despite these successes, the post-intervention level of knowledge was suboptimal.

title: Knowledge of XXXX in 20 US communities. Results from the Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment Community Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart attack symptoms', 'heart attack']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['heart attack symptoms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although systemic endothelial function is unimpaired in @entity2704 , it is unknown whether cerebral endothelial function impairment exists in migraineurs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study to assess endothelial function in migraineurs (n=45) and healthy volunteers (n=44). Cerebral endothelial function was assessed by Breath Holding Index (BHI) on transcranial Doppler in bilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA at 30-60   mm), posterior cerebral artery (PCA at 60-80   mm) and basilar artery (BA at 80-120   mm) using bilateral monitoring probes fixed on headband. Brachial artery @entity384 ( @entity384 ) was used as measure of systemic endothelial function. RESULTS: There was no difference in baseline mean velocities of MCA, PCA, BA among migraineurs and controls. Mean BHI was significantly lower in PCA (p<0.001) and BA (p<0.001) in @entity1 with @entity2704 with no difference in MCA (p=0.909, 0.450). @entity75 (BHI<1.15) was present in 62.2% of migraineurs in the right PCA (p<0.001), 57.8% in left PCA (p<0.001) and 77.8% in BA (BHI <0.83, p<0.001). There was no difference in BHI among migraineurs without and with aura (n=15). Cerebral and systemic endothelial function had no correlation in migraineurs. Increasing BMI was identified as a predictor of impaired BHI in the BA in migraineurs (p=0.020). Age, sex, presence of aura, lateralisation of @entity10 , @entity10 frequency, time to last attack and impaired @entity384 were not associated with @entity73 and BA BHI in migraineurs. CONCLUSIONS: Migraineurs may have @entity75 restricted to the posterior circulation in the absence of systemic @entity409 .

title: Interictal cerebral and systemic XXXX in @entity1 with @entity2704 : a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['isolated cerebral endothelial dysfunction', 'Cerebral endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['flow-mediated dilation', 'FMD']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired PCA']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['endothelial dysfunction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Aniseed is a spice frequently used in Mediterranean cooking and, as with other Umbelliferae, it has been involved in clinical @entity566 . OBJECTIVE: This investigation was undertaken to study the allergens implicated in a case of occupational @entity566 to aniseed associated with @entity7370 and @entity344 . METHODS: Skin prick tests were performed to inhalant allergens, spices used in the @entity1 's workplace (aniseed and cinnamon), and 12 other Umbelliferae spices, birch, and mugwort. A nasal challenge test to aniseed and cinnamon and a double-blind placebo-controlled oral food challenge test to aniseed were also performed. The molecular weights of the allergens were studied by @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis immunoblotting and cross-reactivity among Umbelliferae species by enzyme immunoassay inhibition. RESULTS: Skin prick tests showed a positive immediate response to aniseed, asparagus, caraway, coriander, cumin, dill, and fennel extracts, and an intense late response to aniseed. Skin prick tests to celery, @entity10786 , birch pollen, and mugwort pollen extracts were negative. Results of a nasal challenge test were positive to aniseed and negative to cinnamon; an aniseed oral food challenge test yielded a positive response. The molecular weights of the main immunoglobulin (Ig)E-binding proteins in aniseed extracts were approximately 48, 42, 39, 37, 34, 33, and 20 kD. Caraway, fennel, cumin, and coriander extracts showed similar IgE-binding patterns. Enzyme immunoassay inhibition studies with the patient's serum revealed cross-reactivity among the IgE components from aniseed, caraway, coriander, fennel, and dill extracts. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the presence of aniseed allergens in a case of occupational @entity7370 and @entity5419 , with molecular weights for this spice that differed from those previously reported.

title: Occupational @entity7370 and XXXX because of aniseed sensitization.

entities_list: @entity7370 :: ('OMIM:613207', 'Disease') :: ['rhinoconjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity5419 :: ('MESH:D005512', 'Disease') :: ['food allergy']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity5419 :: (MESH:D005512,Disease) :: ['food allergy']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the morphological and biochemical effects of @entity16332 associated with @entity486 on @entity409 throughout the pregnancy of albino @entity35 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty pregnant @entity35 were divided into four numerically equal groups: control (C), experiment 1 (E1), experiment 2 (E2), and experiment 3 (E3). Only distilled water was given to the control group, while groups E1, E2, and E3 received, respectively, 5, 15 and 45 mg/kg of @entity16332 associated with 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg of @entity486 , per day, throughout the pregnancy. On the 20th day of the pregnancy, the histological structure of the @entity409 was analyzed by means of optical microscopy, along with the blood concentrations of AST, ALT, @entity1133 , and matrix @entity1011 . The numerical variables were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's multiple comparison test. RESULTS: The histological alterations occurred in both the maternal livers and the maternal kidneys, particularly in group E3, which received the greatest therapeutic dosage (nine times). The blood levels ofALT in group E3 were significantly lower than in the other groups (p = 0.0037). The @entity1133 and @entity1011 levels in the blood were significantly lower in group E1 (p = 0.0420 andp = 0.0108, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: rhe association of @entity16332 and @entity486 affected the histological structure of the kidneys of the matrices of group E3. There was a significant decrease in the blood values of @entity1133 e @entity1011 in group El.

title: Chronic action of @entity16332 and XXXX on maternal and fetal liver and kidney of albino pregnant @entity35 ( @entity35 albinus, Rodentia, Mammalia): morphological and biochemical aspects.

entities_list: @entity16332 :: ('MESH:D019259', 'Chemical') :: ['lamivudine']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['maternal and fetal livers and kidneys']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity486 :: ('MESH:D019438', 'Chemical') :: ['ritonavir']

answer: @entity486 :: (MESH:D019438,Chemical) :: ['ritonavir']


abstract: Radionuclide procedures frequently are performed as part of the diagnostic workup of @entity4034 . Bone scintigraphy accurately diagnoses @entity4034 in bones not affected by underlying conditions. @entity179 , @entity174 , and orthopedic hardware decrease the specificity of the bone scan, making it less useful in these situations. Gallium-67 scintigraphy was often used as an adjunct to bone scintigraphy for diagnosing @entity4034 . However, now it is used primarily for @entity281 when (18)F-FDG imaging cannot be performed. Except for the spine, in vitro-labeled leukocyte imaging is the nuclear medicine test of choice for diagnosing complicating @entity4034 . Leukocytes accumulate in bone marrow as well as in @entity281 . Performing complementary bone marrow imaging with (99m)Tc-sulfur colloid facilitates the differentiation between @entity4034 and normal marrow and improves test overall accuracy. Antigranulocyte antibodies and antibody fragments, such as (99m)Tc-besilesomab and (99m)Tc-sulesomab, were developed to eliminate the disadvantages associated with in vitro-labeled leukocytes. These agents, however, have their own shortcomings and are not widely available. As biotin is used as a growth factor by certain bacteria, (111)In-biotin is useful to diagnose @entity281 . Radiolabeled synthetic fragments of ubiquicidin, a naturally occurring human antimicrobial peptide that targets bacteria, can differentiate @entity281 from sterile inflammation and may be useful to monitor response to treatment. (18)F-FDG is extremely useful in the diagnostic workup of @entity4034 . Sensitivity in excess of 95% and specificity ranging from 75%-99% have been reported. (18)F-FDG is the radionuclide test of choice for @entity281 . The test is sensitive, with a high negative predictive value, and reliably differentiates @entity179 . Data on the accuracy of (18)F-FDG for diagnosing @entity6 are contradictory, and its role for this indication remains to be determined. Initial investigations suggested that (18)F-FDG accurately diagnoses @entity281 ; more recent data indicate that it cannot differentiate @entity281 from other causes of prosthetic failure. Preliminary data on the PET agents gallium-68 and iodine-124 fialuridine indicate that these agents may have a role in diagnosing @entity4034 .

title: Radionuclide Imaging of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic pedal osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'prosthetic joint infection', 'spinal infection', 'spinal infections']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['Degenerative joint disease', 'degenerative from infectious vertebral body end-plate abnormalities']

answer: @entity4034 :: (MESH:D010019,Disease) :: ['Osteomyelitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between @entity8823 and presence of @entity23057 . STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: We included 20 @entity1 with @entity23057 and 31 control subjects. A diagnosis of @entity8823 and @entity354 was made if the Reflux Symptom Index score was >= 13 and if the Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of @entity354 was >= 8, respectively. We compared the prevalence of the two @entity354 , frequent @entity304 , and demographic factors between the two groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in demographic factors between the two groups. Five (25%) of 20 @entity1 with @entity23057 had a Reflux Symptom Index >= 13 compared with one (3.2%) of 31 controls. Seven (35.0%) of 20 @entity1 had a Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of @entity354 >= 8 compared with three (9.7%) of 31 controls. A comparison of the prevalence of @entity8823 and @entity354 showed a significant difference between @entity1 with @entity1513 and controls (P value   =   0.029 and 0.036, respectively). In Reflux Symptom Index, heartburn, hoarseness, and a swallowing problem were significantly frequent symptoms in the @entity1513 group compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity8823 and @entity354 was significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity23057 than in controls. Therefore, otolaryngologists and orthopedic surgeons should be aware that @entity1 with @entity23057 are likely to have @entity354 and also @entity8823 .

title: High Prevalence of XXXX in @entity1 With @entity23057 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['reflux symptoms']

entities_list: @entity23057 :: ('MESH:C566002', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar kyphosis']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease', 'reflux diseases']

entities_list: @entity8823 :: ('MESH:D057045', 'Disease') :: ['laryngopharyngeal reflux disease']

answer: @entity8823 :: (MESH:D057045,Disease) :: ['Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background @entity8142 agonists ( @entity6757 RA) added to insulin in type 2 @entity6 @entity1 have shown to lower body weight, improve glycaemic control and reduce total daily insulin dose in short term studies, although the individual response greatly varies. Objective To evaluate @entity6757 RA treatment on body weight, glycaemic control and total daily insulin dose in @entity28 , insulin-using type 2 @entity6 @entity1 after 2  years follow-up in a real life setting and to explore a possible relation with eating behaviour. Setting The Martini Hospital and the University Medical Center in Groningen in the Netherlands. Methods Eligible @entity1 were at least 18  years of age, were on insulin therapy and @entity28 (BMI  >  30  kg/m(2)), started @entity6757 RA treatment. At baseline eating behaviour was classified according to the validated Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. A 2  years follow-up was performed. Main outcome measures Body weight, HbA1c and total daily insulin dose. Results 151 @entity1 started with exenatide or liraglutide. 120 @entity1 completed the 2  years follow-up. From baseline to 2  years, body weight (mean      SD) changed from 117.9      22.1 to 107.9      22.9  kg (P  <  0.0001), HbA1c (median, IQR) changed from 7.9 (7.2-8.9) to 7.6 (6.9-8.3)  % [63 (55-74) to 60 (52-67)  mmol/mol] (P  <  0.0001), total daily insulin dose changed from 90 (56-150) to 60 (0-100)  Units/day (P  <  0.0001). Weight change differed between eating behaviour groups (P  <  0.001) in which external eating behaviour (n  =  17) resulted in the smallest decline (-3.1  %) and restrained (n  =  41) in the greatest (-10.3  %) in comparison with emotional (n  =  37, -8.5  %) and indifferent (n  =  25, -9.6  %) eating behaviours. Conclusion Two year of @entity6757 RA treatment resulted in a sustained reduction of weight, HbA1c and total daily insulin dose in @entity28 , insulin-using type 2 @entity6 @entity1 in a real life setting. Largest weight loss was achieved in @entity1 with a predominant restraint eating pattern while a predominant external eating pattern resulted in the smallest weight reduction.

title: The effects of @entity6757 analogues in @entity28 , insulin-using type 2 XXXX in relation to eating behaviour.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity8142 :: ('2740', 'Gene') :: ['Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Because information regarding @entity5173 ( @entity5173 ) cellular response in @entity64 ( @entity64 ) is inconclusive, we conducted the following investigation. Cell counts were performed in @entity5173 obtained within 24 h of onset of symptoms in 118 adult @entity1 86 years or younger with uncomplicated @entity64 , after @entity548 and mass effect were ruled out by computed tomography. In 98, @entity5173 examination was repeated on day 7. None of the @entity1 had evidence for @entity281 , inflammatory disease, @entity1333 , @entity491 , @entity417 or @entity1003 . @entity5173 pleocytosis was defined as white blood cell (WBC) count of five or more mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs) and/or one or more polymorphonuclear leukocytes per cubic milliliter. No cells were found in 78 (66.1%) @entity1 , 25 (21.2%) had one to four MNLs, and 15 (12.7%) had pleocytosis; none had hypoglycorrhachia. Nine @entity1 had @entity9737 (LP); in five of them, pleocytosis persisted after correction for red blood cell count. The highest WBC count was 15 cells per cubic milliliter. Only two @entity1 had @entity5173 pleocytosis on day 7; both had had traumatic LP and pleocytosis acutely. We found no correlation between @entity5173 pleocytosis and cardiac source of embolus or type of @entity385 . From our data, we conclude that in uncomplicated @entity64 , @entity5173 pleocytosis is rare and, when present, is mild; it has no correlation with type of @entity64 and is of no diagnostic value.

title: Cerebrospinal fluid cellular response in uncomplicated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['acute ischemic stroke', 'AIS', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathy']

entities_list: @entity9737 :: ('MESH:D051299', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic lumbar puncture']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['CSF', 'cerebrospinal fluid']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['systemic infection']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytosis']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['acute ischemic stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7446 ( @entity7446 ) is the leading occupational @entity1576 in the area of S  o Paulo Municipality. Understanding its characteristics can provide useful information for better interventions. METHODS: From a joint registry of @entity7446 from five outpatient public clinics for occupational @entity1576 , data on occupation, with job titles corrected by an expert evaluation, agents, exposure and symptom duration, and spirometry were analyzed by gender. Data on employment for S  o Paulo Municipality were used to calculate expected ratios for @entity1 / @entity1 in broad economical sectors. RESULTS: Three hundred and ninety four @entity7446 cases were reported with a ratio of @entity1 / @entity1 of 1.5. @entity1 had significantly shorter exposure duration (5.6 +/- 5.2 vs. 8.9 +/- 9.0 years, P = 0.0005), shorter symptoms duration (2.6 +/- 3.7 vs. 3.2 +/- 3.5 years, P = 0.1270), and higher prevalence of previous atopy (27.0 vs. 18.4%, P = 0.0485). The main occupations related to @entity7446 cases were cleaning activities, working in plastics manufacture and in chemical and pharmaceutical plants. @entity1 reported significantly more exposures to cleaning products, biologic agents, and textile fibers, whereas @entity1 reported more exposures to @entity10225 , metal dusts and fumes, oil mists, wood dusts and anhydrides. @entity1 presented an increased risk of @entity7446 in the service sector (odds ratio (OR) = 1.77, confidence interval (CI) = 1.61-1.96). CONCLUSIONS: Cleaning services was the main reported occupation and cleaning products the main reported agents. @entity1 had significantly shorter exposure duration possibly due to difference in exposures, previous atopy, and behavior. There was an excess of cases of @entity1 in the service sector.

title: XXXX in the city of S  o Paulo, 1995-2000, with special reference to gender analysis.

entities_list: @entity10225 :: ('MESH:D017953', 'Chemical') :: ['isocyanates']

entities_list: @entity7446 :: ('MESH:D059366', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'Occupational asthma']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory diseases', 'respiratory disease']

answer: @entity7446 :: (MESH:D059366,Disease) :: ['Occupational asthma']


abstract: @entity1082 ) infection is a necessary, although not sufficient cause of @entity5 . Globally, @entity1083 accounts for an estimated 530,000 @entity5 cases (~270,000 @entity204 ) annually, with the majority (86% of cases, 88% of @entity204 ) occurring in developing countries. Approximately 90% of @entity5 and a smaller subset (<50%) of other @entity5 (oropharyngeal, penile, vaginal, vulvar) are also attributed to HPV. In total, HPV accounts for 5.2% of the worldwide @entity5 burden. HPVs 16 and 18 are responsible for 70% of @entity5 cases and, especially @entity1799 , for a large proportion of other @entity5 . Prophylactic vaccination targeting these genotypes is therefore expected to have a major impact on the burden of @entity5 as well as that of other @entity5 . Over the past 50 years, organized or opportunistic screening with Papanicolaou (Pap) cytology has led to major @entity5 in most developed countries. However, due to lack of resources or inadequate infrastructure, many countries have failed to reduce @entity5 mortality through screening. HPV DNA testing recently emerged as a likely candidate to replace Pap cytology for primary screening. It is less prone to @entity1 error and more sensitive than Pap in detecting high-grade @entity75 . For countries with national vaccination programs, HPV testing may also serve as a low cost strategy to monitor long term vaccine efficacy. Introduction of well organized vaccination and screening programs should be a priority for all countries. Increased support from donors is needed to support this cause.

title: Epidemiology and burden of XXXX and related diseases: implications for prevention strategies.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['anal cancers', 'reductions in cervical cancer', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'HPV-related cancers', 'cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1083 :: ('MESH:D030361', 'Disease') :: ['HPV infection']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cervical lesions']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['Human papillomavirus (HPV']

answer: @entity1083 :: (MESH:D030361,Disease) :: ['HPV infection']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1832 ( @entity1832 ) and @entity751 ( @entity751 ) are atypical @entity4652 with @entity73 as common features. While @entity1833 are a good predictor of Lewy body pathology and are rare in @entity751 , they are not exhibited in all cases of @entity1832 . Given the clinical overlap between these disorders, neuropsychological and imaging markers may aid in distinguishing these entities. METHODS: Prospectively recruited case-control cohorts of @entity751 (n =31) and @entity227 (n =30), completed neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric measures as well as brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Perfusion data were available for forty-two controls. Behavioural, perfusion, and cortical volume and thickness measures were compared between the groups to identify features that serve to differentiate them. RESULTS: The Lewy body with no hallucinations group performed more poorly on measures of episodic memory compared to the corticobasal group, including the delayed and cued recall portions of the California Verbal Learning Test (F (1, 42) =23.1, P <0.001 and F (1, 42) =14.0, P =0.001 respectively) and the delayed visual reproduction of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (F (1, 36) =9.7, P =0.004). The Lewy body group also demonstrated reduced perfusion in the left occipital pole compared to the corticobasal group (F (1,57) =7.4, P =0.009). At autopsy, the Lewy body cases all demonstrated @entity303 with @entity1832 , @entity195 , while the corticobasal cases demonstrated classical @entity528 in five, @entity303 with agyrophilic grains   +   @entity528   +   @entity8267 in one, @entity7463 in two, and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration-Ubiquitin/ @entity529 @entity17251 in one. MRI measures were not significantly different between the @entity1 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced perfusion in the left occipital region and worse episodic memory performance may help to distinguish between @entity1832 cases who have never manifested with @entity1833 and @entity751 at earlier stages of the disease. Development of reliable neuropsychological and imaging markers that improve diagnostic accuracy will become increasingly important as disease modifying therapies become available.

title: Differentiating between XXXX -free @entity303 with @entity1832 on the basis of neuropsychology and perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography.

entities_list: @entity8267 :: ('MESH:D016657', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral amyloid angiopathy']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual hallucination-free DLB']

entities_list: @entity4652 :: ('MESH:D020734', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonian disorders']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['fronto-subcortical and posterior cognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia', 'mixed dementia']

entities_list: @entity17251 :: ('MESH:C563476', 'Disease') :: ['proteinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['visual hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity1832 :: ('MESH:D020961', 'Disease') :: ['Lewy bodies', 'DLB', 'Dementia with Lewy bodies']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['CBS', 'Corticobasal Syndrome']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease and small vessel arteriosclerosis"]

entities_list: @entity7463 :: ('MESH:D013494', 'Disease') :: ['Progressive Supranuclear Palsy']

entities_list: @entity529 :: ('23435', 'Gene') :: ['TAR DNA-binding protein 43']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['corticobasal degeneration']

answer: @entity1833 :: (MESH:D006212,Disease) :: ['visual hallucination']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine @entity15 ( @entity15 ) prevalence, rate of immunomodulatory treatment and frequency of @entity12732 ( @entity12732 ) antibodies in Vest-Agder, Norway. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 in the period 1996-2006 who met the Poser criteria for definitive or probable @entity15 were included. Clinical and demographical data, and presence of @entity12732 antibodies were registered. RESULTS: A total of 295 @entity1 were identified. The crude prevalence was 180 per 100,000 population (95% CI=160.9-218.0), age-adjusted prevalence was 186 per 100,000 population (95% CI=166.3-225.3). The age-adjusted incidence rates were 7.5 and 8.0 for 1996-2000 and 2001-2006, respectively. Thirty-eight per cent were treated with immunomodulatory agents when compared to 28% in the rest of the country. @entity12732 serum antibodies were detected in 7% of @entity1 with @entity15 . CONCLUSIONS: Vest-Agder county has the highest prevalence of @entity15 reported in Norway, and a high treatment rate. @entity12732 antibodies were not more prevalent than in healthy individuals.

title: XXXX in Vest-Agder County, Norway.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity12732 :: ('MESH:D001899', 'Disease') :: ['Borrelia burgordorferi', 'Bb']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['Multiple sclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Renal transplant recipients are predisposed to superficial @entity364 caused by graft-preserving immunosuppressive therapy. Reports have documented a wide range of prevalence rates for superficial @entity364 in this @entity1 group. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical and mycological features of superficial @entity364 in renal transplant recipients at our center. METHODS: One hundred two consecutively registered renal transplant recipients (34 @entity1 , 68 @entity1 ) and 88 healthy age- and sex-matched @entity1 acting as controls (30 @entity1 , 58 @entity1 ) underwent screening for the presence of superficial @entity364 . Skin scrapings and swabs were obtained from the dorsum of the tongue, upper part of the back, toe webs, and any suspicious lesions. Nail clippings were also collected. All samples were examined by direct microscopy and were stained with calcofluor white. The samples were cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar, mycobiotic agar, and dermatophyte test medium. Candida species were identified on the basis of germ-tube production, spore formation in cornmeal agar, and results of biochemical testing. Dermatophytes were identified on the basis of colonial and microscopic morphologic features in conjunction with results of physiologic evaluation (in vitro hair perforation test, urease activity, temperature tolerance test, and nutritional test). RESULTS: Sixty-five (63.7%) of the 102 renal transplant recipients had @entity5253 , @entity4013 , or @entity9585 versicolor, whereas only 27 (30.7%) of controls had @entity364 . Pityriasis versicolor was the most common @entity364 in the @entity1 group (36.3%), followed by @entity5253 (25.5%), @entity6313 (12.7%), and @entity364 (11.8%). Pityriasis versicolor and @entity5253 were significantly more common among the renal transplant recipients, whereas the frequency of @entity4013 in @entity1 and controls was similar. @entity5132 was the main agent responsible for @entity5253 , and @entity12734 was the most common dermatophyte isolated. Analysis showed that age, sex, and duration of immunosuppression did not significantly affect the prevalence of superficial @entity364 . @entity205 treatment and @entity500 therapy were identified as independent risk factors for superficial @entity364 . CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity1292 with Pityrosporum ovale and @entity5132 is increased among renal transplant recipients, probably owing to the immunosuppressed state of this @entity1 population. However, renal transplant recipients are not at increased risk of @entity4013 .

title: Superficial XXXX in 102 renal transplant recipients: a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5253 :: ('MESH:D002180', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous-oral candidiasis', 'oral candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity4013 :: ('MESH:D014005', 'Disease') :: ['dermatophytosis']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity6313 :: ('MESH:D014009', 'Disease') :: ['onychomycosis']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['C albicans', 'Candida albicans']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal toe-web infection', 'fungal infections', 'fungal infection', 'fungal disease']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic infections']

entities_list: @entity9585 :: ('MESH:D010915', 'Disease') :: ['pityriasis']

entities_list: @entity12734 :: ('5551', 'Species') :: ['Trichophyton rubrum']

answer: @entity364 :: (MESH:D009181,Disease) :: ['fungal infections']


abstract: Enteric @entity12590 is relatively rare, and the preoperative diagnosis is difficult. We report 3 cases of enteric @entity12590 : 1 was confirmed by operation, and the other 2 cases were suspected by the @entity1 history. The 1st @entity1 was a 48-year-old female presenting with @entity490 . An abdominal computed tomography scan showed a dilated small intestine and accumulation of @entity843 . We performed partial resection of the small intestine, and an Anisakis @entity2199 was found on the wall of the resected bowel. After surgery, the detailed history revealed that the @entity1 consumed a raw @entity24352 with vinegar and miso, fermented @entity1460 paste. Three days after her operation, 2 @entity1 presenting with @entity490 visited the hospital, and computed tomography scans of the @entity1 showed dilated small intestines and accumulation of @entity843 . By taking @entity1 histories, we found that both of them consumed @entity24352 with vinegar and miso, and both were given conservative treatment with fasting and transfusion. By the experience of the 1st case, we could diagnose the following 2 cases as having enteric @entity12590 . In conclusion, the possibility of @entity12590 should be considered in @entity1 with @entity490 after ingesting raw fish, especially when @entity1321 is suspected.

title: Three successive cases of enteric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity12590 :: ('MESH:D017129', 'Disease') :: ['anisakiasis']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

answer: @entity12590 :: (MESH:D017129,Disease) :: ['anisakiasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Rumack-Matthew nomogram predicts the risk of hepatotoxicity following acute @entity1443 @entity1445 based on a serum concentration obtained   >= 4-hour post-ingestion. Some @entity1 with low-risk concentrations at 4 hours may have subsequent values indicating increased risk (above the nomogram treatment line), especially if coingestants that @entity344 are involved. The treatment line currently used to identify low risk @entity1 in the United States, Canada, and Australia begins at 150   mcg/mL (993    mol/L) and intersects at 18.75   mcg/mL (124.1    mol/L) 16 hours post-ingestion. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of nomogram line crossing after acute @entity1445 of @entity1443 combination products containing an opioid or @entity16206 . METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of hospitalized @entity1 reported to a @entity4968 ( @entity4968 ) after acute @entity1445 of a combination product containing an opioid or @entity16206 . If a 4-hour @entity1443 concentration was detectable but below the nomogram treatment line, the @entity4968 recommended repeat concentrations. @entity1 were entered into the study if at least one subsequent concentration was available. During follow-up calls hospital providers were queried regarding clinical features, treatment, and indicators of @entity99 . RESULTS: Over a 4-year period 76 @entity1 met entry criteria. 5/76 (6.6%) had measureable @entity1443 concentrations below the treatment line at or close to 4-hour post-ingestion followed by values above the line obtained at 6.5-12.5 hours. Four of the five were treated with @entity898 and none developed hepatotoxicity. Four of the five had clinical features reported to the @entity4968 suggesting @entity137 from the opioid or @entity16206 component. CONCLUSION: After acute @entity1445 of @entity1443 combination products, @entity1 with detectable but non-toxic 4-hour @entity1443 concentrations should have repeat concentrations obtained in a time frame that would allow providers to initiate @entity898 treatment, if needed, without undue delay.

title: Nomogram line crossing after XXXX combination product @entity1445 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity16206 :: ('CHEBI:37956', 'Chemical') :: ['antihistamine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['slow gastrointestinal motility']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['RPC', 'regional poison center']

entities_list: @entity898 :: ('MESH:D000111', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcysteine']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

answer: @entity1443 :: (MESH:D000082,Chemical) :: ['acetaminophen']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: In February 1994, an National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Conference panel unequivocally recommended antimicrobial therapy to eradicate @entity1534 in the treatment of @entity10189 . The goal of this study was to determine if these recommendations resulted in a change in physician prescribing among an underserved population. METHODS: Computerized Pennsylvania Medicaid data from January 1993 through February 1996 were used to evaluate prescribing patterns in the year before and 2 years after the NIH conference. An interrupted time series model, based on 12,737 outpatient @entity10189 encounters, assessed the impact of the conference in influencing physician prescribing. RESULTS: The prescription of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of @entity10189 significantly increased across the study period, from 6.5% in January 1993 to 10.2% in February 1996. Similarly, the prescription rate for the proton pump inhibitor, @entity4546 , significantly increased from 9.4% in January 1993 to 25.6% in February 1996. Neither trend, however, could be attributed to the NIH Consensus Development Conference. Stratification by physician specialty, ulcer type, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and @entity1 demographics did not affect these results. The traditional treatment approach, using H2-receptor antagonists, remained the preferred pharmacotherapy (72% of all prescriptions). CONCLUSIONS: Two years after the highly publicized NIH conference on the eradication of @entity1534 @entity1534 , antimicrobial agents were not widely prescribed among the Pennsylvania Medicaid population. In treating this underserved population, physicians do not appear to be using recommendations developed by an NIH expert panel based on recent scientific advances.

title: Influence of the NIH Consensus Conference on XXXX on physician prescribing among a Medicaid population.

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['peptic ulcer disease']

entities_list: @entity4546 :: ('MESH:D009853', 'Chemical') :: ['omeprazole']

entities_list: @entity1534 :: ('210', 'Species') :: ['pylori', 'Helicobacter pylori', 'Helicobacter']

answer: @entity1534 :: (210,Species) :: ['Helicobacter pylori']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: More than half of painless solid swellings of the body of the testis are malignant, with a peak incidence in @entity1 aged 30 to 34 years. Most @entity5 are germ cell @entity5 and half of these are @entity4797 , which tend to affect older @entity1 and have a good prognosis. METHODS AND OUTCOMES: We conducted a systematic overview, aiming to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments following orchidectomy in @entity1 diagnosed with stage 1 germ cell @entity5 (confined to testis)? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to October 2014 (Clinical Evidence overviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this overview). RESULTS: At this update, 76 records were screened for inclusion. Appraisal of titles and abstracts led to the exclusion of 47 studies and the further review of 29 full publications. Of the 29 full articles evaluated, two systematic reviews and one RCT, were added at this update. Data from long-term follow-up of an already reported study were also added. We performed a GRADE evaluation for seven PICO combinations. CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic overview, we categorised the efficacy for seven interventions based on information about the effectiveness and safety of adjuvant chemotherapy (including different drugs and the number of cycles), adjuvant radiotherapy (including different regimens), adjuvant surgery, and surveillance/observation.

title: @entity5 : germ cell XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancers', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity4797 :: ('MESH:D018239', 'Disease') :: ['seminomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumours']


abstract: Forty @entity1 , with mainly poor risk haematological @entity5 , were given the new regimen FLAG, comprising @entity3118 , @entity2592 and @entity1261 . Twenty four @entity1 had @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ), 8 @entity1 @entity2590 ( @entity2590 ) and a further 8 @entity1 had a variety of other haematological @entity5 . The response rates for 19 relapsed and 4 refractory @entity3052 @entity1 were 68% and 100% respectively and comparable to those attained using other regimens, although the numbers are small. Of 8 @entity1 with @entity2590 , 7 showed some response with 4 remaining in an improved disease status 5-12 months after FLAG. Follow-up has been too short thus far to provide any survival data in both @entity1 groups. In general, the other smaller group of 8 @entity1 (3 transformed @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ), 3 @entity981 ( @entity981 ), 2 @entity4585 ( @entity4585 ) did poorly with response shown in 1 only. The regimen was well tolerated with 4 procedure-related @entity1398 deaths. The @entity1398 and @entity882 periods are generally short when compared with those from current protocols. The overall modest @entity137 may encourage combination with other anti-leukaemic agents and be of particular use in the aged or heavily pre-treated @entity1 . Preliminary results may favour the setting up of controlled trials to properly evaluate the benefit of FLAG.

title: FLAG is a useful regimen for poor prognosis adult myeloid leukaemias and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukaemia', 'ALL']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenic']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity4585 :: ('MESH:D023981', 'Disease') :: ['granulocytic sarcoma', 'GS']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome', 'MDS']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['arabinosyl cytosine']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukaemia', 'AML']

entities_list: @entity3118 :: ('MESH:C024352', 'Chemical') :: ['fludarabine']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['CML', 'chronic myeloid leukaemia']

answer: @entity2590 :: (MESH:D009190,Disease) :: ['myelodysplastic syndromes']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) is uncommon but not rare. This paper aims to review the recent evidence for the management of perforated @entity1893 of the intestine, consider when chemotherapy should be commenced and examine the likely outcomes and prognosis for @entity1 presenting as @entity341 with this condition. METHODS: MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched using @entity706 , clinical presentation, perforation, management and prognosis. The full text of relevant articles was retrieved and reference lists checked for additional articles. FINDINGS: Emergency surgery was required at disease presentation for between 11 and 64% of intestinal @entity1893 cases. Perforation occurs in 1-25% of cases, and also occurs whilst on chemotherapy for @entity1893 . Intestinal bleeding occurs in 2-22% of cases. Obstruction occurs more commonly in small bowel (5-39%) than large bowel @entity1893 and intussusceptions occur in up to 46%. Prognosis is generally poor, especially for @entity784 . CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of quality evidence for the elective and emergency treatment of @entity1893 involving the small and large intestine. There is a lack of information regarding the impact an emergency presentation has on the timing of postoperative chemotherapy and overall prognosis. It is proposed that in order to develop evidence-based treatment protocols, there should be an intestinal @entity1893 registry.

title: XXXX --a review of the management of emergency presentations to the general surgeon.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['surgical emergencies']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['T cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['NHL', "Intestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['Intestinal lymphoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the spectrum, clinical profile and risk factors for poor visual outcome in @entity1 of post @entity231 surgery @entity3225 . METHODS: Data from 124 eyes were analysed. Various clinical and microbiological parameters were evaluated and risk factors for unfavourable outcome identified. RESULTS: The mean age of the @entity1 was 59.50 +/- 13.75 years; 60.5% were males. The median surgery-symptom interval was 7 days (mean 15.81 +/- 24.01) and the medium symptom-presentation interval 7.5 days (mean 14.19 +/- 19.13). @entity2687 were seen in 29%, hypopyon in 62 (50%). Smear positivity was 52.5% and culture positivity 38%. Equivocal microbiological positivity was seen in 22 (18%), bacterial 12 (10%), fungal 27 (21.5%), polymicrobial 8 (6.5%) and negative 55 (44%). 20% eyes had @entity1018 at last follow-up. Poor visual acuity at presentation, presence of intraocular lens, shorter surgery-symptom interval, corneal and surgical wound infiltrates, loss of red reflex, microbiological positivity of the vitreous tap and systemic @entity6 were significant risk factors for unfavourable outcome. CONCLUSION: Our data highlights a low culture positivity and a predominance of fungal pathogens as a cause of post @entity231 surgery @entity3225 . The visual outcome in these @entity1 is still dismal and better treatment strategies should be evolved keeping in mind the microbiological spectrum. The risk factors identified may be helpful in prognosticating the outcome in such @entity1 .

title: Spectrum and clinical profile of post @entity231 surgery XXXX in north India.

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['total loss of vision']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['Corneal infiltrates']

entities_list: @entity3225 :: ('MESH:D009877', 'Disease') :: ['endophthalmitis']

answer: @entity3225 :: (MESH:D009877,Disease) :: ['endophthalmitis']