abstract: A model for @entity1778 proposes that characteristic chromosomal translocations can arise in utero and that for most cases a second hit occurring postnatally will be necessary. Possible causal mechanisms for @entity1778 are environmental factors such as ionizing radiation from x rays and inherited susceptibility from polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. We performed a case-control study of childhood @entity981 measuring reported postnatal x rays in 701 cases aged 0-14 y and in as many population-based controls matched on age and sex. In addition we performed a case-only study in 207 cases to evaluate the interaction between x ray exposure and polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. There was an increase in risk of @entity1778 with number of x rays: the adjusted odds ratio for two or more x rays vs. none was 1.48 (95% confidence interval: 1.11-1.97). That risk was slightly higher among @entity1 (odds ratio = 1.67). A polymorphism in the @entity6471 gene (ex 5) involved in the base excision repair system was suggestive of an increased risk among @entity1 and a reduced risk among @entity1 . @entity6756 (ex 8), a mismatch repair gene, was associated with reduction of risk among @entity1 . Results from the genetic data are still preliminary and must be interpreted with caution especially because of the relatively small number of genotyped cases. However, ionizing radiation from x rays as well as polymorphisms in DNA repair genes are plausible risk factors for @entity1778 and should be studied more.

title: Diagnostic x rays, DNA repair genes and childhood XXXX .

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemias', 'leukemia', 'childhood leukemia']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the role of interferon (IFN)-y in @entity936 -associated conjunctival apoptosis. METHODS: Desiccating stress (DS) was created in C57BL/6 (B6) and C57BL/6 IFN-y-knockout (B6yKO) @entity19 . A separate group of @entity19 of both strains also received subconjunctival injections of exogenous IFN-y or vehicle control (BSA) at days 0, +2, and +4 after DS. Immunoreactivity to active (Ac)- @entity29578 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity1977 -digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) were evaluated in cryosections. Goblet cell apoptosis was assessed by @entity30927 and TUNEL double staining. Levels of @entity185 , Fas, and Fas-associated protein with Death Domain ( @entity51424 ) mRNA in conjunctiva were measured by real-time PCR. The activity of @entity29578 was measured using fluorometric assay. RESULTS: Increased Ac- @entity34645 and TUNEL immunoreactivity were noted in conjunctival epithelia in B6 @entity19 compared with B6yKO @entity19 after DS, and exogenous IFN-y administration further increased these parameters. DS-induced conjunctival apoptosis was greatest in the goblet cell area and was accompanied by a decrease in @entity30927 expression in the B6 and B6-IFN-y-injected groups compared with the B6yKO and B6-BSA-injected groups. B6yKO @entity19 were resistant to DS-induced apoptosis; however, B6yKO receiving IFN-y yielded results similar to those for B6 wild-type. @entity7349 production and activity were not increased with DS in B6 or B6yKO @entity19 ; however, the administration of IFN-y significantly increased @entity7349 production and activity in both strains compared with vehicle-injected @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: IFN-y plays a pivotal role in exacerbating conjunctival apoptosis through dual apoptotic pathways with DS.

title: Interferon-y exacerbates XXXX -induced apoptosis in conjunctiva through dual apoptotic pathways.

answer: @entity936 :: (MESH:D015352,Disease) :: ['dry eye']


abstract: Cough is initiated by activation of afferent nerve fibers with rapidly adapting receptors (RAR) that conduct action potentials in the Adelta range. In addition, various stimuli that activate airway unmylenated C-fibres evoke cough reflexes. We have used a vagally innervated, larynx- @entity825 -bronchus preparation, isolated from @entity840 , to study the pharmacology of RARs and C-fibres in vitro. In this preparation afferent fibres with the RAR phenotype are exquisitely sensitive to mechanical perturbation of their receptive fields, but are unaffected by a variety of mediators (e.g. @entity2918 , @entity112 , @entity1812 , @entity750 ) and by @entity2951 . By contrast, C-fibres are much less sensitive to mechanical stimulation, but can be activated by @entity2951 and @entity1812 . Preliminary evidence supports the hypothesis that @entity1812 activate C-fibre by stimulating the @entity2951 (vanilloid) receptor VR1. Acids activate both C-fibres and RARs. Acids stimulate RAR fibres by a mechanism that is rapidly inactivated. C-fibres are stimulated by both a rapidly inactivating mechanism, as well as a slowly inactivating mechanism. Drugs that block VR1 inhibit the latter mechanism. @entity32 substantially increases the mechanical sensitivity of RAR fibres without affecting their adaptive properties. @entity32 also causes a phenotypic switch in neuropeptide innervation of the airways that RAR neurons begin to synthesis neurokinins and calcitonin gene related peptide. In non-inflamed animals these peptides are expressed only in C-fibre neurons. Thus, airway @entity32 may not only increase the sensitivity of cough fibres, but may also qualitatively change the role played by sensory neuropeptides in cough reflexes.

title: Physiology and plasticity of putative cough fibres in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'Airway inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['Guinea pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity14147 represents 6% of all abdominal wall hernias in the adult. Surgical repair should always be carried out due to possible occurrence of complications. Aim of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of the plug-technique. METHODS: From October 1995 to April 2000, the authors performed 21 operations for acquired @entity14147 with a defect smaller than 4 cm. Local anesthesia was used and a light intravenous sedation added in particularly anxious @entity1 . The repair was achieved by insertion of a @entity7502 dart plug sutured to the margins of the @entity154 . RESULTS: All @entity1 were up and about straightaway and were discharged within 24 hours of surgery. @entity282 was mild and required hospital analgesia in only 19% of cases and domiciliary analgesia in 24%. During a follow-up ranging from 6 to 60 months (mean 30), only one recurrence has been recorded. CONCLUSIONS: This tension-free technique allows immediate rehabilitation, with few complications and a low recurrence rate.

title: [Plug-technique for XXXX repair in the adult].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['hernial defect']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity14147 :: ('MESH:D006554', 'Disease') :: ['Umbilical hernia', 'umbilical hernia']

answer: @entity14147 :: (MESH:D006554,Disease) :: ['umbilical hernia']


abstract: @entity842 (NO) plays an important role in the physiologic modulation of coronary artery tone and myocardial function. However, increased formation of NO within the myocardium can also have detrimental effects, contributing to the pathophysiology of @entity296 in @entity299 . The role of reactive @entity1568 species in the pathogenesis of @entity296 after ischaemia has been investigated in numerous studies. They reveal divergent and opposed effects of @entity842 : from a cardioprotective action leading to ischaemic preconditioning after short ischaemic periods to a cardiodepressive action after severe ischaemia/reperfusion injury and @entity712 . This review describes the determining role of reactive @entity26 species on these opposite myocardial effects of NO. The final action of NO, whether cardioprotective or cardiodepressive, strongly depends on the level of oxidative stress in the myocardium. @entity842 disrupts free radical and oxidant-mediated reactions, due to a strong attraction and interaction with @entity224 .The level of oxidative stress is positively related to the severity of the @entity130 , making the results in different @entity296 more concordant. If the increased production of NO is well in balance with a moderate increase in @entity26 radicals, then NO will exert beneficial effects. However, if the @entity26 radicals are produced in excess of NO as in prolonged @entity130 , then deleterious effects will be induced. Consequently, the balance between NO and free @entity26 radicals is crucial in modulating the outcome after an ischaemic insult.

title: Role of XXXX and oxidative stress in @entity296 and preconditioning.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial syndromes', 'myocardial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide', 'nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic heart diseases']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic injury']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: @entity86 is a rare state of protracted @entity344 that may progress to @entity912 without the presence of obstructive lesions. @entity8442 is usually, but not exclusively, associated with an abdominal operative procedure (laparotomy), however, it may occasionally occur following extra-abdominal operations. As differentiated from the usual, 'physiologic'postoperative paresis, @entity8442 persists for more than 7 days. The pathogenesis of @entity86 is complex and as yet partially unknown. Whereas the 'physiologic' postoperative @entity344 includes short-term functional cholinergic @entity308 of the visceral organs, in @entity3885 in the region of Auerbach's plexus, manifesting as @entity10478 , are involved. That is why the 'physiologic' postoperative paresis never transforms into @entity8442 , while in @entity8442 such a risk is potentially involved. The treatment for @entity8442 is as a rule conservative. Surgical treatment (cecostomy) is rarely required. Colonoscopic decompresive suction is usually enough to eliminate the risk of @entity694 due to extensive distention by fast growing meteorism. A @entity1 with @entity86 is presented.

title: @entity344 : report of a @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity10478 :: ('OMIM:155310', 'Disease') :: ['visceral neuromyopathy']

entities_list: @entity8442 :: ('MESH:D007418', 'Disease') :: ['Pseudo-obstruction', 'pseudo-obstruction', 'paralytic ileus']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal paresis']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['pseudo-obstruction focal lesions']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative pseudo-obstruction', 'postoperative pseudo-obstruction']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon rupture']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['postoperative pseudo-obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We sought to identify candidate serum biomarkers for the detection and surveillance of EOC. Based on RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis of @entity1 -derived @entity5 , highly expressed secreted proteins were identified using a bioinformatic approach. METHODS: RNA-Seq was used to quantify @entity43 transcriptomes. Paired end sequencing of 22 flash frozen @entity5 was performed. Sequence alignments were processed with the program ELAND, expression levels with ERANGE and then bioinformatically screened for secreted protein signatures. Serum samples from @entity1 with benign and malignant pelvic masses and serial samples from @entity1 during chemotherapy regimens were measured for @entity12561 by ELISA. Student's t Test, ANOVA, and ROC curves were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein ( @entity12561 ) was consistently present in the top 7.5% of all expressed genes in all @entity5 samples. We then screened serum samples to determine if increased @entity5 expression correlated with serum expression. In an initial discovery set of 21 samples, @entity12561 levels were found to be elevated in @entity1 , including those with early stage disease and normal @entity10224 levels. In a larger and independent validation set (82 controls, 78 cases), @entity12561 levels were significantly increased (p < 5   10-5). @entity12561 levels were ~3  greater in @entity1 with malignant pelvic masses compared to @entity1 with benign masses. ROC sensitivity was 73% at 93% specificity (AUC 0.816). In @entity1 receiving chemotherapy, average @entity12561 levels were below the ROC-determined threshold and lower in NED @entity1 compared to AWD @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: This study, the first to our knowledge to use RNA-Seq for biomarker discovery, identified @entity12561 as overexpressed in @entity43 @entity1 . Beyond this, these studies identified two additional intriguing findings. First, @entity12561 can be elevated in early stage disease without elevated @entity10224 . Second, @entity12561 levels are significantly elevated with malignant versus benign disease. These findings provide the rationale for future validation studies.

title: @entity12561 XXXX and serum levels are increased across all stages of @entity43 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer', 'papillary serous ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: Severe @entity3126 sometimes develops despite normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (Ppw). The equation describing net transvascular flux of lung liquid predicts decreased @entity4 when hydrostatic pressure is reduced or when colloid osmotic pressure is increased in the pulmonary vessels. We tested these predictions in a model of pulmonary capillary leak produced in 35 @entity235 by intravenous @entity3952 . 1 h later, the @entity235 were divided into five equal groups and treated for 4 h in different ways: (a) not treated, to serve as the control group (Ppw = 11.1 mm Hg); (b) given albumin to increase colloid osmotic pressure by 5 mm Hg (Ppw = 10.6 mm Hg); (c) ventilated with 10 cm @entity4358 positive end-expiratory pressure (Peep) (transmural Ppw = 10.4 mm Hg); (d) phlebotomized to reduce Ppw to 6 mm Hg; (e) infused with @entity1854 , which also reduced Ppw to 6 mm Hg. Phlebotomy and @entity1854 reduced the @entity4 in excised lungs by 50% (P< 0.001), but Peep and albumin did not affect the @entity4 . Pulmonary shunt decreased on Peep and increased on @entity1854 , and lung compliance was not different among the treatment groups, demonstrating that these variables are poor indicators of changes in @entity4 . Cardiac output decreased during the treatment period in all but the @entity1854 group, where Ppw decreased and cardiac output did not. We conclude that @entity235 @entity3952 @entity3126 is reduced by small reductions in hydrostatic pressure, but not by increased colloid osmotic pressure, because the vascular permeability to liquid and protein is increased. These results suggest that low pressure @entity3126 may be reduced by seeking the lowest Ppw consistent with adequate cardiac output enhanced by vasoactive agents like @entity1854 . Further, colloid infusions and Peep are not helpful in reducing @entity4 , so they may be used in the lowest amount that provides adequate circulating volume and arterial @entity3612 saturation on nontoxic inspired @entity3612 . Until these therapeutic principles receive adequate clinical trial, they provide a rationale for carefully monitored @entity65 in treating @entity1 with pulmonary capillary leak.

title: Treatment of acute low pressure @entity3126 in XXXX : relative effects of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure, @entity1854 , and positive end-expiratory pressure.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3952 :: ('MESH:D019301', 'Chemical') :: ['oleic acid']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular manipulation']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Collagen is a part of structural connective tissue in every organ of the body. Study of collagen brings into focus the current knowledge of biosynthesis and degradation as a complex mechanism. One of the major aspects of @entity5 cell invasion and @entity3 is the interaction between @entity5 cells and extracellular matrix component. Property of picrosirius red to enhance the birefringence is the result of basic protein nature of collagen molecules. There exists a direct relationship between the presence of type IV collagen and degree of differentiation in @entity957 ( @entity957 ) cells as they lose their capability to form the basement membrane. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty cases of oral @entity957 (OSCC) were evaluated for standard staining protocol of picrosirius red to analyze collagen fibers in different grades of OSCC under polarizing microscopy. RESULTS: In this study, moderately to poorly differentiated OSCC cases showed a gradual change in polarizing colors from yellowish orange to greenish yellow particularly in the vicinity of invading @entity5 islands. Thick collagen fibers forming bundles in parallel disposition were found around the neoplastic areas in discontinuous fashion. Type I collagen fibers of different lengths were strongly birefringent and swirl pattern, parallel orientation was evident. CONCLUSION: An observable stromal change with the progression of @entity5 was evinced with picrosirius red stain in different thickness of collagens with a significant change in the arrangement from the early stage to the advanced stage according to tumorogenesis.

title: Histopathological evaluation of collagen fibers using picrosirius red stain and polarizing microscopy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['oral squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity2835 (formerly known as @entity2835 and now named primary @entity253 ) is a disease with a wide range of severity and variable rate of progression. The diagnosis of advanced @entity1575 / @entity82 portends an increased risk of liver-related morbidity and mortality. Because of its invasiveness, liver biopsy tends to be replaced by non-invasive tools for assessing @entity1575 , making prognosis and optimising risk stratification for selection of @entity1 , requiring new medical approaches. Many direct or indirect biomarkers have been found to correlate with the severity of @entity1575 in @entity2835 . They are easy to use but lack sensitivity and reproducibility in individuals with early stage disease. Three main radiologic approaches are currently proposed to assess @entity1575 : vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE), acoustic radiation force impulse and magnetic resonance elastography. Data using VCTE are available only for the longitudinal evaluation of @entity1575 and prognosis in @entity2835 . VCTE outperformed all other non-invasive current surrogate markers of @entity1575 in @entity2835 . Because of its high acceptability and its ability to predict @entity99 , VCTE could be a useful tool to help allocate cirrhotic @entity1 into different categories of risk. None of the radiologic and serum markers have a perfect accuracy in studies so far published. Concordance between VCTE and serum biomarkers is a prerequisite for a correct prognosis assessment in individuals in clinical practice.

title: Non-Invasive Assessment of Liver Fibrosis Progression and Prognosis in Primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['PBC', 'primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic decompensation']

answer: @entity253 :: (MESH:D001660,Disease) :: ['Biliary Cholangitis']


abstract: Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy is currently the preferred first line treatment for simple _ complex renal @entity1608 . The technique also being used increasingly for smaller stones that have failed ESWL. Aim of the study is to share our experience in PCNL in course of time. This study was conducted from January 2009 to December 2012, 131 @entity1 's with 142 renal units of 5-75 yrs of age, PCNL were performed in NIKDU, BSMMU _ JBFH. Stone were classified into simple (isolated renal pelvis or isolated calyceal stones) or complex (partial or complete staghorn stones, renal pelvic stone with accompanying calyceal stones). The stone size was 1.5-5cm approximately. We asses our initial puncture technique, need for multi-tract, supra 12th rib access, stone free rate, operative duration, @entity260 , number of transfusion and hospital stay. Operative durations were 60 min -180 minutes. Puncture technique improved in course of time. 14 @entity1 need multi-puncture and tract, all are supra 12th access. Out of 142 renal units 120 (83%) were stone free after first procedure, another 22 need and auxiliary procedure, (5 2nd look PCNL, 6 URS, 11 ESWL) to become stone free result in a 95% stone free rate. Complications occurred in 17 procedures which dealt accordingly. This study revealed PCNL is an effective, versatile safe and cosmetically acceptable procedure for all age groups in simple and @entity1290 .

title: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy--a versatile technique for both simple and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['complex renal stone']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complication']

answer: @entity1290 :: (MESH:D007669,Disease) :: ['complex renal stone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A retrospective analysis of @entity1 treated for serious @entity2910 in our hospital was performed with the aim of defining epidemiological factors, initial treatment and therapeutic criteria for esophageal stricture with long evolution. @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty-four cases of serious @entity2910 treated since 1982 were analyzed surveying epidemiologic, clinical and endoscopy data, as well as initial medical treatment, dilatation session number, treatment period, complications, surgical treatment indications if necessary and actual situation. RESULTS: Alkaline caustic agents were swallowed in 71% of the cases, with dishwashing detergent being the most frequent (16 @entity1 ), @entity2910 was noticed in 13 cases, grade III in 18. Established esophageal stricture was present in 3 @entity1 when admitted. Repeated esophageal dilations were necessary in 13 @entity1 (38%), with between 1 and 21 dilatation sessions needed. Esophageal stricture persistence forced us to perform an esophageal substitution technique by esophagocoloplasty. Resection and enlargement of a short stenotic segment was performed in 1 @entity1 . Long-term evolution in all cases has been satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: We consider that adequate treatment of these @entity1 includes conservative @entity288 , @entity5418 and anti-H2 combined with a previous endoscopy evaluation. If evolution turns into stricture, dilatations must be done, sometimes throughout years. If this treatment fails and the injury is extensive, esophagocoloplasty is the surgical technique of choice. Nevertheless, as any accident, the best treatment is good prevention.

title: [Severe XXXX in childhood].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['caustic esophagitis', 'Grade II esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity5418 :: ('MESH:D013392', 'Chemical') :: ['sucralfate']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity2910 :: (MESH:D004941,Disease) :: ['caustic esophagitis']


abstract: AIM: It was the aim of this retrospective study to evaluate the frequency of recurrences and complications in @entity1 treated by conventional surgical methods at our institution between 1980 and 1996 and to compare them to those observed in @entity1 treated by minimal invasive methods reported in the literature. METHOD: 70 @entity1 with @entity10545 located at the extremities were treated by conventional surgical treatment. 51 @entity1 underwent curettage and 19 @entity1 had en bloc resection. After curettage an additional stabilising plate was implanted in 12% of the cases, after en bloc resection in 68%. RESULTS: There are 66% event-free @entity1 after curettage versus 47% after en bloc resection. Local recurrence rate after curettage was 7%, after en bloc resection no @entity1 developed a recurrence. In both groups a postoperative @entity174 was observed. Persistent @entity158 due to the implant was reported by 7% after curettage and by 24% after en bloc resection. CONCLUSION: The rate of complications rises with increasing invasiveness and it is necessary to balance the security concerning a local recurrence and the danger of persistent @entity282 . Curettage is the surgical method of choice in the therapy of the @entity10545 , en bloc resection is justified only for recurrent lesions. Curettage is an alternative to minimal invasive methods in cases of superficially located @entity10545 or in cases of unfavourable locations of the nidus (near joint or growth plate, inaccessibility).

title: [Surgical treatment of XXXX of the extremities].

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity10545 :: ('MESH:D010017', 'Disease') :: ['osteoid osteoma', 'osteoid osteomas']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity10545 :: (MESH:D010017,Disease) :: ['osteoid osteoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies using self-report rating scales suggest a considerable overlap regarding symptom complaints in @entity1 with @entity239 ( @entity239 ) and @entity2210 ( @entity2210 ), while clinical assessments point to important psychological differences. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that measurement of psychological state by means of content analysis of speech will demonstrate differentiation between the two @entity1 groups and between @entity1 with these disorders and age-matched population-based random sample controls. METHOD: The Giessener Symptom Complaints Checklist assessed somatic complaints. The computerised Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis method assessed psychological state in 42 females with @entity239 , 17 females with @entity2210 and 48 population-based, randomly selected control subjects. RESULTS: @entity239 @entity1 score higher on mutilation @entity148 than @entity2210 and control subjects. @entity2210 @entity1 had the highest score for @entity204 @entity148 . Mutilation @entity148 and low hope score identified @entity239 @entity1 (sensitivity 68%, specificity 81%, overall classification 75%), but only 19% of the variation in total somatic complaints could be predicted from these or other psychological state scores. In @entity2210 @entity1 , however, @entity204 @entity148 explained 59% of the variance in @entity344 . INTERPRETATION: Psychological state was differentiated among the three groups. Mutilation @entity148 may be a psychological marker of an underlying neurobiological vulnerability for @entity239 or may represent a secondary long-term consequence of @entity102 . In @entity2210 , @entity204 @entity148 is directly related to symptom complaints, suggesting a stronger etiological association between emotions and somatic complaints in this disorder.

title: Mutilation @entity148 differs among females with @entity239 and XXXX and population controls.

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['fibromyalgia', 'FM']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal complaints']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illness']

entities_list: @entity2210 :: ('MESH:D004415', 'Disease') :: ['functional dyspepsia', 'FD']

answer: @entity2210 :: (MESH:D004415,Disease) :: ['functional dyspepsia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several factors are known to influence osseous union of @entity2249 . Numerous clinical studies have reported different results, hence with different recommendations regarding treatment of @entity174 : @entity2249 with a more vertically oriented @entity174 line. The current study aimed to analyze biomechanically whether this @entity174 poses a higher risk of nonunion. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the influence of one designated factor, authors believe that a computerized @entity174 model, using a finite element Finite Element Method (FEM), may be essential to negate the influence of other factors. The current study aimed to investigate a single factor, i.e. orientation of the @entity174 line toward a horizontal line, represented by Pauwels classification. It was hypothesized that a model with a vertically oriented @entity174 line maintaining parity of all other related factors has a higher stress at the @entity174 site, which would delay @entity174 healing. This result can be applicable to other types of pinning. @entity1 AND METHODS: The finite element models were constructed from computed tomography data of the femur. Three @entity174 models, treated with pinning, were constructed based on Pauwels classification: Type I, 30   between the @entity174 line and a horizontal line; Type II, 50  ; and Type III, 70  . All other factors were matched between the models. The Von Mises stress and principal stress distribution were examined along with the @entity174 line in each model. RESULTS: The peak Von Mises stresses at the medial femoral neck of the @entity174 site were 35, 50 and 130 MPa in Pauwels @entity174 , respectively. Additionally, the peak Von Mises stresses along with the @entity174 site at the lateral femoral neck were 140, 16, and 8 MPa in Pauwels @entity174 , respectively. The principal stress on the medial femoral neck in Pauwels @entity174 was identified as a traction stress, whereas the principal stress on the lateral femoral neck in Pauwels @entity174 was a compression stress. CONCLUSIONS: The most relevant finding was that hook pinning in Pauwels @entity174 may result in delayed union or nonunion due to significantly increased stress of a traction force at the @entity174 site that works to displace the @entity174 . However, in a Pauwels @entity174 , increased compression stress contributes to stabilize it. Surgeons are recommended not to treat Pauwels @entity2249 by pinning.

title: Biomechanical Study Using the Finite Element Method of Internal Fixation in Pauwels XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['type III femoral neck fractures', 'femoral neck fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['Pauwels III fractures', 'type III fracture', 'type I fracture', 'type I, II, and III fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['Type III Vertical Femoral Neck Fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Type 2 T helper lymphocytes (Th2 cells) and their cytokine products are important in the pathogenesis of @entity565 . OBJECTIVE: To examine the contribution of the @entity9094 pathway, involved in Th2 cytokine signalling, to the development of lesions of chronic @entity565 . METHODS: BALB/c @entity19 sensitized to ovalbumin were chronically challenged by inhalational of low mass concentrations of antigen for 6 weeks. @entity75 in wild-type @entity19 were compared with those in @entity9094 -deficient @entity19 and in @entity58 /13 double-deficient @entity19 by histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. Airway responses to @entity2710 were evaluated by whole-body plethysmography. Cytokine production by peribronchial lymph node cells was quantified by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: @entity9094 -/- @entity19 developed a variety of airway lesions that were at least equivalent to those in wild-type @entity19 , including accumulation of intraepithelial eosinophils and of chronic inflammatory cells in the lamina propria, subepithelial @entity82 and epithelial thickening. In addition, @entity9094 -/- @entity19 exhibited exaggerated airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) compared to wild-type animals. This was despite a shift from a Th2 to a Th1 pattern of immunoglobulin production by plasma cells in the inflammatory infiltrate and diminished mucous cell @entity1373 / @entity4648 , together with increased production of @entity60 by peribronchial lymph node cells, consistent with absence of signalling via the @entity9094 pathway. In contrast, gene-targeted @entity58 /13-/- @entity19 exhibited markedly diminished eosinophil recruitment and airway remodelling, as well as absence of AHR. CONCLUSIONS: In this model, the effects of @entity9094 deficiency were in marked contrast to the @entity32 and AHR described in models of @entity32 . These results, which provide evidence of @entity9094 -independent AHR in an inhalational challenge model of chronic @entity565 , emphasize the critical effector roles of @entity58 and @entity1312 , as well as the need to use appropriate models to understand cytokine signalling pathways that may be potential therapeutic targets in @entity565 .

title: Dissociation of T helper type 2 cytokine-dependent airway lesions from @entity9094 signalling in experimental chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['allergic bronchopulmonary inflammation', 'suppression of inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Airway lesions']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity9094 :: ('20852(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6', 'STAT6']

entities_list: @entity4648 :: ('MESH:D008679', 'Disease') :: ['metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to investigate the association of trace elements and the risk of @entity6 . DESIGN AND METHODS: The 1837 @entity1 (637 @entity1 and 1200 @entity1 ) aged 40-70 were from a cross-sectional community-based study performed in downtown Shanghai. All the @entity1 without @entity6 history underwent a 75-g OGTT. The @entity1 with @entity6 took 100g steamed bread as the substitute. The fasting and OGTT 2h or postprandial 2h venous blood samples were collected. Blood @entity413 levels, fasting serum insulin concentrations, lipid profiles, @entity4051 C and 19 trace elements including @entity1760 , @entity920 , @entity219 and @entity4259 and so on were assayed. RESULTS: Of all the 1837 studied subjects, 510 subjects had @entity6 (191 male, 319 female). Serum @entity1760 levels were decreased statistically (p<0.05), but serum @entity920 , @entity219 and @entity4259 levels were significantly increased in subjects with @entity6 compared to non-diabetic subjects (p<0.01 for @entity920 , p<0.001 for @entity219 and @entity4259 ). Logistic regression analysis showed that serum @entity1760 was negatively associated with @entity6 (p<0.05) and serum @entity920 , @entity219 , and @entity4259 were all positively associated with @entity6 (p<0.05 for @entity920 , p<0.001 for both @entity219 and @entity4259 ). Correlation analysis showed a remarkable correlation between blood @entity413 , HbA1C and serum @entity1760 , @entity920 , @entity219 , and @entity4259 (p<0.01 for @entity219 , p<0.001 for @entity920 , @entity219 and @entity4259 ). CONCLUSIONS: Serum @entity1760 levels are decreased and serum @entity920 , @entity219 and @entity4259 levels are elevated in @entity1 with @entity6 .

title: Alterations of serum trace elements in XXXX with type 2 @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity4259 :: ('MESH:D012643', 'Chemical') :: ['selenium']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity14972 is the most common @entity82 of infancy and childhood. It may occur in two distinct forms: multicentric and solitary. In both cases @entity149 (CNS) is unusual: brain @entity20393 are usually intracranial in proximity of the dura mater, with infiltration of the calvarial bones and secondary brain compression. Spine @entity20393 are exceptional and most of the cases reported in the literature represent secondary locations of @entity75 . The natural history of @entity20393 of the CNS in @entity14972 is characterized by a period of rapid growth, subsequent stabilization, and spontaneous regression in many cases. On these grounds surgical treatment is reserved for lesions that compress the brain or spinal cord and show an obvious progression. Small lesions or @entity5 residuals in asymptomatic @entity1 without visceral involvement should be closely observed as first choice. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 10-month-old @entity1 with a solitary intramedullary @entity20393 , extended from C7 to the conus. The @entity1 underwent partial surgical removal of this lesion. Control MRI has shown the spontaneous @entity5 residual and a progressive improvement of preoperative @entity16 has been observed. To our knowledge this is the first case in which a solitary @entity20393 was localized within the spinal cord.

title: XXXX of the central nervous system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous disorder']

entities_list: @entity20393 :: ('MESH:D047708', 'Disease') :: ['myofibromas', 'myofibroma']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['visceral lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'slow reduction of the tumor']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological conditions']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['involvement of the central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity14972 :: ('MESH:C562978', 'Disease') :: ['Infantile myofibromatosis', 'infantile myofibromatosis']

answer: @entity14972 :: (MESH:C562978,Disease) :: ['Infantile myofibromatosis']


abstract: Protein @entity19641 encoded by the @entity37788 gene is regarded as an essential gene product of @entity5125 . Here we report, however, the successful construction of a viable @entity37788 deletion mutant of @entity5125 EGD. The mutant, which produces no @entity19641 , shows abnormal septum formation and tends to form short filaments and hooked forms during logarithmic growth. These abnormal bacterial cells break into almost normal sized single bacteria in the late-stationary-growth phase. The @entity37788 mutant is strongly attenuated in a @entity19 model after intravenous injection, demonstrating the importance of @entity19641 during infection, and the invasiveness of the Deltaiap mutant for 3T6 fibroblasts and Caco-2 epithelial cells is slightly reduced. Upon uptake by epithelial cells and macrophages, the @entity37788 mutant escapes from the phagosome into the cytosol with the same efficiency as the wild-type strain, and the mutant bacteria also grow intracellularly at a rate similar to that of the wild-type strain. Intracellular movement and cell-to-cell spread are drastically reduced in various cell lines, since the @entity37788 -negative bacteria fail to induce the formation of actin tails. However, the bacteria are covered with actin filaments. Most intracellular bacteria show a nonpolar and uneven distribution of ActA around the cell, in contrast to that for the wild-type strain, where ActA is concentrated at the old pole. In an @entity37788 (+) revertant strain that produces wild-type levels of @entity19641 , intracellular movement, cell-to-cell spread, and polar distribution of ActA are fully restored. In vitro analysis of ActA distribution on the filaments of the Deltaiap strain shows that the loss of bacterial septum formation leads to ActA accumulation at the presumed division sites. In the light of data presented here and elswhere, we propose to rename @entity37788 (invasion-associated protein) cwhA (cell wall hydrolase A).

title: Deletion of the gene encoding XXXX in @entity5125 leads to abnormal cell division and loss of actin-based motility.

entities_list: @entity5125 :: ('1639', 'Species') :: ['Listeria monocytogenes', 'L. monocytogenes']

answer: @entity19641 :: (109679(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['p60']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The current body of literature surrounding anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) survival and the variables contributing to further @entity130 after primary ACL reconstruction in @entity1 and adolescents is limited, with no long-term evidence examining the incidence and contributing factors of further @entity130 in this younger @entity1 population. PURPOSE: To determine the long-term survival of the ACL graft and the contralateral ACL (CACL) after primary reconstruction in @entity1 aged  <=18 years and to identify the factors that increase the odds of subsequent @entity130 . STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: @entity1 having undergone primary ACL reconstruction at age  <=18 years between 1993 and 1998 who were included in a prospective database by a single surgeon were considered for this study. Single-incision endoscopic ACL reconstruction was performed with either an autologous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft or a hamstring tendon graft. At a minimum of 15 years after ACL reconstruction, @entity1 completed a subjective survey involving the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire in addition to questions regarding current symptoms, further @entity130 , family history of @entity130 , and current level of activity. RESULTS: A total of 288 adolescents (age range, 13-18 years) met the inclusion criteria, of whom 242 (84%) were reviewed at a mean of 16 years and 6 months after ACL reconstruction. Of these @entity1 , 75 (31%) sustained a further @entity130 : 27 (11.2%) suffered an ACL graft rupture, 33 suffered a @entity130 (13.6%), and 15 sustained both an ACL graft rupture and a @entity130 (6.2%) over 15 years. Survival of the ACL graft was 95%, 92%, 88%, 85%, and 83% at 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively, and survival of the CACL was 99%, 98%, 90%, 83%, and 81%, respectively. Survival of the ACL graft was less favorable in those with a family history of @entity130 than in those without a family history (69% vs 90%, respectively; hazard ratio [HR], 3.6; P = .001). Survival of the CACL was less favorable in male @entity1 than in female @entity1 (75% vs 88%, respectively; HR, 2.1; P = .03) and in those who returned to competitive team ball sports than in those who did not (78% vs 89%, respectively; HR, 2.3; P = .05). CONCLUSION: After ACL reconstruction in @entity1 aged  <=18 years, a further @entity130 occurred in 1 in 3 @entity1 over 15 years. The 15-year survival rate of the ACL graft was 83%, and the 15-year survival rate of the CACL was 81%. The ACL graft and CACL were most vulnerable within the first 5 years after index surgery. A family history of ACL rupture significantly increased the risk for ACL graft ruptures, and a @entity130 was more common in male @entity1 and those who returned to team ball sports. High IKDC scores and continued participation in sports were maintained over the long term after ACL reconstruction in the adolescent population.

title: Fifteen-Year Survival of Endoscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in XXXX Aged 18 Years and Younger.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['ACL injury', 'CACL injury', 'ACL injuries']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: Fowl show spontaneous elevation of blood pressure (BP) and neointimal plaque formation in the abdominal aorta at young ages. Maturation/age-dependent modulation of @entity455 and a causal relationship between elevated BP and @entity8233 formation, however, have not been clarified. We therefore intended to characterize, first, maturation/age-dependent neointimal plaque formation and @entity455 and, second, their relationship to BP elevation. The BP measured in conscious domestic fowl, @entity1573 , White Leghorn breed, @entity6475 , via an indwelling catheter inserted into the ischiadic artery, increased with maturation in males; and at plateau level, BP (mmHg) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in males (194.0+/-4.6, n=11) than in females (169.3+/-3.1, n=10). Neointimal plaques consisting of neointimal cells and abundant extracellular matrix appeared initially in the distal segment of the abdominal aorta (lesion-prone area) of chicks as early as 6 weeks old. The area (size) of neointimal plaques right above the ischiadic bifurcation increased with maturation, whereas the plaque area became smaller with some degenerative changes in adult birds. In some birds, @entity1373 and more extensive plaque formation at the branching points of the aorta were observed. The plaque area appears to be larger in birds, particularly in males that have higher BP (r=0.68). The width of aortic smooth muscle (SM) layers, measured in regions with no plaque, increased with age, whereas the number of cells per unit of area decreased, suggesting that @entity1184 of vascular SM occurs in response to exposure of the vascular wall to high BP. The number of cells was significantly (P<0.01) higher in the plaque than in underlying aortic SM layers or in layers with no plaque formation. Both neointimal plaques and underlying SM layers are immunohistochemically positive for alpha SM actin, suggesting that neointimal cells are modulated SM cells, whereas the staining with SM myosin heavy chain antibody is low in neointimal plaques. Furthermore, plasma @entity369 levels dropped in accordance with the time of neointimal plaque formation, whereas plasma @entity165 levels showed an age-dependent increase. The results suggest that spontaneous development of neointimal plaques may be a consequence of exposure to high BP and associated local hemodynamic changes.

title: Maturation-dependent XXXX formation in fowl aorta.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse subendothelial hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1573 :: ('9031', 'Species') :: ['Gallus gallus']

entities_list: @entity6475 :: ('MESH:D013180', 'Disease') :: ['DeKalb strain']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity8233 :: ('MESH:D058426', 'Disease') :: ['neointima']

answer: @entity8233 :: (MESH:D058426,Disease) :: ['neointima']


abstract: @entity586 ( @entity587 ) has been shown to promote @entity0 growth via different mechanisms. In addition to binding to @entity7971 , the @entity587 membrane receptor exists on integrin avb3. @entity4025 induces @entity876 -dependent apoptosis via plasma membrane integrin avb3. @entity4025 and @entity587 signals are both transduced by activated @entity1366 ; however, @entity587 promotes cell proliferation in @entity5 cells, whereas @entity4025 is pro-apoptotic. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which @entity587 inhibits @entity4025 -induced apoptosis in @entity1 @entity7971 positive (MCF-7) and negative (MDA-MB-231) @entity0 cells. @entity587 inhibited @entity4025 -stimulated phosphorylation of Ser-15 of @entity876 in a concentration-dependent manner. These effects of @entity587 on @entity4025 action were blocked by an @entity7971 antagonist, @entity1299 , in MCF-7 @entity0 cells. @entity587 inhibited @entity4025 -induced nuclear complex of @entity876 - @entity2247 formation which is required @entity876 -dependent apoptosis. ChIP studies of @entity2247 / @entity876 binding to DNA and expression of @entity876 -responsive genes indicated that @entity587 inhibited @entity4025 -induced @entity876 -directed transcriptional activity. In addition, @entity587 did inhibit @entity4025 -induced @entity2247 / @entity876 -dependent gene expression. These results suggest that @entity587 inhibits @entity876 -dependent apoptosis in @entity0 cells by interfering with nuclear @entity2247 accumulation which is essential for stimulation of apoptotic pathways. Thus, the surface receptor sites for @entity4025 and @entity587 are discrete and activate @entity1366 -dependent downstream effects on apoptosis that are distinctive. These studies provide new insights into the antagonizing effects of @entity4025 versus @entity587 , an important step toward better understanding and eventually treating @entity0 . It also indicates the complex pathways by which apoptosis is induced by @entity4025 in @entity587 -depleted and -repleted environments.

title: Mechanisms of @entity586 action on XXXX -induced anti-proliferation in @entity0 cells with different @entity7971 status.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['Dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity4025 :: ('MESH:C059514', 'Chemical') :: ['resveratrol', 'Resveratrol']

answer: @entity4025 :: (MESH:C059514,Chemical) :: ['resveratrol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In pre-clinical animal studies, the uniformity of dosing across subjects and routes of administration is a crucial requirement. In preparation for a study in which aerosolized live-attenuated @entity805 vaccine was administered to @entity5434 ( @entity5434 ) by inhalation, we assessed the percentage of a nebulized dose inhaled under varying conditions. METHODS: Drug delivery varies with breathing parameters. Therefore we determined macaque breathing patterns (tidal volume, breathing frequency, and inspiratory to expiratory (I:E) ratio) across a range of 3.3-6.5   kg body weight, using a pediatric pneumotachometer interfaced either with an endotracheal tube or a facemask. Subsequently, these breathing patterns were reproduced using a breathing simulator attached to a filter to collect the inhaled dose. @entity3045 was nebulized using a vibrating mesh nebulizer and the percentage inhaled dose was determined by extraction of drug from the filter and subsequent quantification. RESULTS: Tidal volumes ranged from 24 to 46   mL, breathing frequencies from 19 to 31 breaths per minute and I:E ratios from 0.7 to 1.6. A small pediatric resuscitation mask was identified as the best fitting interface between animal and pneumotachometer. The average efficiency of inhaled dose delivery was 32.1% (standard deviation 7.5, range 24%-48%), with variation in tidal volumes as the most important determinant. CONCLUSIONS: Studies in non- @entity1 primates aimed at comparing aerosol delivery with other routes of administration should take both the inter-subject variation and relatively low efficiency of delivery to these low body weight mammals into account.

title: Optimization and Dose Estimation of Aerosol Delivery to Non- XXXX Primates.

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['Albuterol']

entities_list: @entity805 :: ('11234', 'Species') :: ['measles virus']

entities_list: @entity5434 :: ('9541', 'Species') :: ['Macaca fascicularis', 'cynomolgus monkeys']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1117 is a @entity395 in which the phagocytes fail to produce @entity273 . The @entity1 are predisposed to @entity2348 . Prophylactic antibiotics and @entity379 have reduced @entity2348 , but there is also the danger of life-threatening @entity364 . We assessed the efficacy of @entity2059 as prophylaxis against serious @entity364 in @entity1117 . METHODS: Thirty-nine @entity1 at least 5 years old (6 female and 33 male; mean age, 14.9 years) were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. After the initially assigned treatment, each @entity1 alternated between @entity2059 and placebo annually. @entity1 13 years of age or older and all @entity1 weighing at least 50 kg received a single dose of 200 mg of @entity2059 per day; those less than 13 years old or weighing less than 50 kg received a single dose of 100 mg per day. The primary end point was severe @entity364 , as determined by histologic results or culture. RESULTS: One @entity1 (who had not been compliant with the treatment) had a serious @entity364 while receiving @entity2059 , as compared with seven who had a serious @entity364 while receiving placebo (P=0.10). No @entity1 receiving @entity2059 but five @entity1 receiving placebo had a superficial @entity364 . No serious toxic effects were noted, although one @entity1 had a @entity1910 and another had elevated results on liver-function tests; both of these effects resolved with the discontinuation of @entity2059 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity2059 prophylaxis appears to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment that reduces the frequency of @entity364 in @entity1117 , but monitoring for long-term toxic effects is warranted.

title: XXXX to prevent @entity364 in @entity1117 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections', 'bacterial and fungal infections']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infections', 'fungal infection']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon gamma']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare disorder']

entities_list: @entity1117 :: ('MESH:D006105', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic granulomatous disease', 'chronic granulomatous disease']

entities_list: @entity2059 :: ('MESH:D017964', 'Chemical') :: ['Itraconazole', 'itraconazole']

answer: @entity2059 :: (MESH:D017964,Chemical) :: ['Itraconazole']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity294 remains one of the major causes of @entity204 in Bangladesh. We studied @entity5163 risk and healthcare seeking behavior among populations at high risk for @entity294 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey conducted during April and September 2010. The prevalence of @entity294 was calculated by age-group and sex. A generalized estimating equation with logit link function was used to predict @entity5163 risk and seeking care from a professional healthcare provider. Of 316,766 individuals, 10% were young @entity1 (<5 years). The prevalence of @entity294 was 16 per 1000 @entity1 among all ages; young @entity1 accounted for 44 per 1000 @entity1 . Prevalence of @entity294 was significantly higher (p=.003) among younger males (<15 years) compared to that among younger females. In contrast, prevalence of @entity294 was significantly higher (p<.0001) among older females (>= 15 years) compared to that among older males. An increased risk for @entity294 was observed in young @entity1 , males, and those staying in rented houses, lower family members in the house, using non-sanitary toilets, living in the area for short times, living in a community with less educated @entity1 , living in a community with less use of safe water source for drinking, or living close to the hospital. About 80% of those with @entity294 sought care initially from a non-professional healthcare provider. Choice of the professional healthcare provider was driven by age of the @entity1 , educational status of the household head, and @entity10281 practices by the household. The study reaffirms that young @entity1 are at greater risk for @entity294 . Like other developing countries most @entity1 in this impoverished setting of Dhaka are less likely to seek care from a professional healthcare provider than from a non-professional healthcare provider, which could be attributed to a higher number of @entity204 among young @entity1 in Bangladesh. Dissemination of information on health education, increasing the supply of skilled healthcare providers, and low-cost and quality healthcare services may encourage more @entity1 to seek care from professional healthcare providers, thus may help reduce @entity1 mortality in the country. Further studies are warranted to validate the results.

title: Diarrheal Illness and Healthcare Seeking Behavior among a Population at High Risk for XXXX in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children', 'people', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea', 'Diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['diarrheal deaths', 'death']

entities_list: @entity5163 :: ('MESH:D004403', 'Disease') :: ['diarrheal disease']

answer: @entity294 :: (MESH:D003967,Disease) :: ['Diarrhea']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity99 -reperfusion (I/R) is accompanied by liver @entity1017 and @entity843 formation. This could be caused by an increase in sinusoidal pressure, a determinant of hepatic transvascular fluid movement. We determined the role of sinusoidal pressure, assessed by triple vascular occlusion pressure (P(to)), in the I/R injury in isolated @entity35 livers perfused with leukocyte-free diluted blood bivascularly via the portal vein and hepatic artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity63 was induced at room temperature by occlusion of either the inflow lines of the hepatic artery and portal vein (the open outflow group, n = 10) or both the inflow and the outflow (hepatic venous) lines (the closed outflow group, n = 10) for 1 h, followed by 1-h reperfusion in a recirculating manner. RESULTS: Liver weight in both groups increased biphasically after reperfusion; the initial peak occurred at 3 min and the second peak at 60 min. Immediately after reperfusion, P(to) peaked, followed by a gradual decline. The initial weight increase in groups combined was significantly and positively correlated with an increase in P(to) (r = 0.716, P = 0.0002), but the second peak was independent of P(to). @entity99 , assessed by perfusate levels of hepatic enzymes and reduced bile flow rate, was observed at 60 min after reperfusion in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that increased sinusoidal pressure contributes to only the early liver @entity1017 after reperfusion in isolated perfused @entity35 livers. The late @entity1017 may be presumably due to @entity99 .

title: Increased sinusoidal pressure is associated with early liver @entity1017 in @entity63 -reperfusion injury in isolated perfused XXXX liver.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatic ischemia', 'Liver injury', 'liver injury']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Cone margin status has been reported to be the most important predictor of recurrent disease in @entity1 with @entity3146 ( @entity3146 ) undergoing cervical conization. Our purpose was to evaluate the conservative management of selected @entity1 with microinvasive (FIGO stage @entity9216 ) @entity957 who have been treated by cervical conization with positive margins. METHODS: Twenty-seven @entity1 underwent KTP laser conization and vaporization for stage @entity9216 @entity957 followed by careful observation. Involved margins were diagnosed if @entity3146 or more was present at the ectocervical or endocervical margin and 7 @entity1 formed the basis of the present study. Follow-up consisted of cytology, histology, and pelvic examination. Disease recurrence was defined as a histology diagnosis of @entity3146 or more on colposcopically directed biopsy or endocervical curettage. RESULTS: The endocervical margins were involved by @entity189 in situ in seven (26%) @entity1 . No ectocervical margin involvement was detected. No lymph-vascular space involvement (LVSI) and confluent invasion were seen. All seven @entity1 were free of recurrent disease during median follow-up of 4.0 (range 2.3-7.6) years. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that laser conization and vaporization may be a reasonable treatment option in @entity1 with microinvasive (FIGO Stage @entity9216 ) @entity957 despite positive cone margins without invasive disease when LVSI is not demonstrated.

title: Stage @entity9216 XXXX : conservative management after laser conization with positive margins.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3146 :: ('MESH:D018290', 'Disease') :: ['cervical intraepithelial neoplasia', 'CIN III', 'CIN']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['cervical squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: Previously, we observed that reducing myocardial temperature in the risk region before @entity1563 caused a profound reduction in @entity1188 size. It is unknown whether lowering myocardial temperature after @entity63 has already begun, or just before reperfusion, is also effective in reducing @entity1188 size. This study tests the hypothesis that reducing myocardial temperature locally, after coronary occlusion, reduces @entity1188 size. METHODS: Anesthetized @entity95 received 30 min of @entity1563 and three hours of reperfusion. Myocardial temperature in the risk zone was monitored. @entity95 were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group 1, topical @entity296 starting 10 min after coronary occlusion (n = 11); group 2, cooling starting 25 min after coronary occlusion (n = 11); or group 3, control, no intervention (n = 10). RESULTS: Hemodynamic parameters and regional myocardial blood flow were equivalent in all groups. Risk zone temperature was similar in all groups at occlusion. The cooling maneuver produced a rapid reduction in temperature in the risk region. In group 1, myocardial temperature was reduced an average of 6.3 degrees C between 10 and 15 min of @entity1563 ; myocardial temperature in group 2 was reduced an average of 5.9 degrees C between 25 and 30 min of @entity1563 . Cooling was maintained until 15 min of reperfusion. Myocardial temperature in group 3 remained within 0.3 degree C of baseline during @entity1563 and into reperfusion. Core temperature was similar in all groups. Although the @entity63 risk region was comparable in all groups, early cooling (group 1) resulted in a significant reduction in @entity1188 size, expressed as a fraction of the risk region, compared with the control group (0.23 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.44 +/- 0.04 of the risk region); however, cooling just before reperfusion (group 2) failed to modify @entity1188 size compared with the controls (0.43 +/- 0.04 and 0.44 +/- 0.04 of the risk region, respectively). CONCLUSION: These results support our hypothesis that reducing myocardial temperature reduces @entity1188 size. However, it is important the reduction in temperature be produced as early as possible following @entity1563 .

title: Regional hypothermia reduces XXXX even when instituted after the onset of @entity63 .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial cooling']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['Rabbits', 'rabbits']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['myocardial necrosis']


abstract: @entity65 risk is associated with excess body weight and elevated plasma free @entity844 ( @entity6334 ) concentrations. This study examines how an alternate-day fasting (ADF) diet high (HF) or low (LF) in fat affects plasma @entity6334 profiles in the context of @entity353 , and changes in body composition and lipid profiles. After a 2-week weight maintenance period, 29 @entity1 (BMI 30-39.9   kg/m(2)) 25-65 years old were randomized to an 8-week ADF-HF (45% fat) diet or an ADF-LF (25% fat) diet with 25% energy intake on fast days and ad libitum intake on feed days. Body weight, BMI and waist circumference were assessed weekly and body composition was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Total and individual @entity6334 and plasma lipid concentrations were measured before and after @entity353 . Body weight, BMI, fat mass, total @entity165 , LDL-C and @entity412 concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) in both groups. Total @entity6334 concentrations also decreased (P < 0.001). In the ADF-LF group, decreases were found in several more FFAs than in the ADF-HF group. In the ADF-HF group, @entity6334 concentrations were positively correlated with waist circumference. Depending on the macronutrient composition of a diet, @entity353 with an ADF diet decreases @entity6334 concentrations through potentially different mechanisms.

title: Effects of @entity353 via high fat vs. low fat alternate day fasting diets on free XXXX profiles.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity844 :: (CHEBI:35366,Chemical) :: ['fatty acid']


abstract: Telomere length maintenance is essential for tumorigenesis; most @entity1 @entity5 stabilize their chromosome ends via the activity of a specialized reverse transcriptase, telomerase, that uses the template region of the RNA moiety complementary to the TTAGGG repeat to synthesize one strand of telomeric DNA. @entity1653 are estimated to constitute between 13% and 26% of primary @entity5 . The aim of this study was to evaluate telomerase activity and its messenger expression in @entity1653 in relation to their different histologic pattern and grade of cytonuclear atypies, which are associated with relapse, and consequently represent the most important parameter for the evaluation of the clinical behavior of this @entity5 . Telomerase activity was examined by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay in 32 @entity1653 (26 typical and 6 atypical/anaplastic). Telomerase messenger expression ( @entity2215 mRNA) was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR analysis in the same group of @entity5 . Telomerase activity ranged from undetectable to low levels in 19/26 (73%) of @entity1653 , while all the atypical/ @entity1653 showed medium-high levels of activity (>3 TPG units, median value), (chi(2) test; p=0.001). The levels of telomerase in terms of its messenger level expression overlapped the activity; a significant association between telomerase activity and @entity2215 mRNA expression was also found (chi(2) test; p=0.01). Moreover, 2 atypical/ @entity1653 of our series relapsed; in these samples we found high levels of telomerase, both in terms of activity and mRNA expression. Telomerase activity and its @entity2215 mRNA expression tended to increase as the histologic grading of @entity5 increased, suggesting a role of telomerase reactivation in the progression of these @entity5 . Moreover, our results indicate RT-PCR assay as a rapid tool to identify and quantify telomerase RNA in @entity1653 as in other @entity1 @entity5 models.

title: Telomerase in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial meningiomas', 'Meningiomas', 'typical meningiomas', 'anaplastic meningiomas', 'meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'intracranial tumors', 'tumors']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['intracranial meningiomas']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The traditional 4-tiered @entity262 ( @entity262 ) is widely accepted as histopathological classification for @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) and has shown prognostic value. As intra- and inter-observer agreement are sub-optimal, simplified 2- or 3-tiered FGSs have been proposed. We aimed to validate these simplified 2- or 3-tiered FGSs for prediction of @entity5 -specific mortality (CSM) in a large study population from 2 European tertiary care centers. METHODS: We identified and followed-up 2415 @entity1 with @entity1358 who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy in 2 European tertiary care centers. Univariable and multivariable analyses and prognostic accuracy analyses were performed to evaluate the ability of several simplified FGSs (i.e. grades I  +  II vs., grades III  +  IV, grades I  +  II vs. grade III and grade IV) to predict CSM. RESULTS: Independent predictor status in multivariate analyses was proved for the simplified 2-tiered @entity262 (high-grade vs. low-grade), for the simplified 3-tiered @entity262 (grades I  +  II vs. grade III and grade IV) as well as for the traditional 4-tiered @entity262 . The prognostic accuracy of multivariable models of 77% was identical for all tested models. Prognostic accuracy of the model without FG was 75%. CONCLUSIONS: A simplified 2- or 3-tiered @entity262 could predict CSM as accurate as the traditional 4-tiered @entity262 in a large European study population. Application of new simplified 2- or 3-tiered @entity262 may reduce inter-observer-variability and facilitate clinical practice without compromising the ability to predict CSM in @entity1358 @entity1 after radical or partial nephrectomy.

title: Critical analysis of a simplified Fuhrman grading scheme for prediction of @entity5 specific mortality in XXXX with @entity1358 - Impact on prognosis.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['clear cell renal cell carcinoma', 'ccRCC']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['Fuhrman grading system', 'FGS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Two treatments, ranibizumab and @entity619 implant, for @entity227 due to @entity4 ( @entity4 ) secondary to @entity2994 ( @entity2994 ) have recently been studied in clinical trials. There have been no head to head comparisons of the two treatments, and improvement measured as gain in Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) was reported using different outcomes thresholds between trials. To overcome these limitations, and inform an economic model, we developed a combination of a multinomial model and an indirect Bayesian comparison model for multinomial outcomes. METHODS: Outcomes of change from baseline in BCVA for @entity619 compatible with those available for ranibizumab, reported by 4 randomised controlled trials, were estimated by fitting a multinomial distribution model to the probability of a @entity1 achieving outcomes in a range of changes from baseline in BCVA (numbers of letters) at month 1. A Bayesian indirect comparison multinomial model was then developed to compare treatments in the Branch @entity2994 (BRVO) and Central @entity2994 (CRVO) populations. RESULTS: The multinomial model had excellent fit to the observed results. With the Bayesian indirect comparison, the probabilities of achieving >= 20 letters, with 95% credible intervals, at month 1 in @entity1 with BRVO were 0.191 (0.130, 0.261) with ranibizumab and 0.093 (0.027, 0.213) with @entity619 . In @entity1 with CRVO, probabilities were 0.133 (0.082, 0.195) (ranibizumab) and 0.063 (0.016, 0.153) ( @entity619 ). Probabilities of a gain in >= 10 letters in BRVO @entity1 were 0.500 (0.365, 0.650) v 0.459 (0.248, 0.724) and in CRVO @entity1 0.459 (0.332, 0.602) v 0.498 (0.263, 0.791) for ranibizumab and @entity619 treatments respectively. The comparisons also favoured ranibizumab at month 6 although changes to therapies after month 3 may have introduced bias. CONCLUSION: The newly developed combination of multinomial and indirect Bayesian comparison models indicated a trend for ranibizumab association with a greater percentage of @entity4 @entity1 achieving @entity227 than @entity619 at months 1 and 6 in a common clinical context, although results were not classically significant. The method was a useful tool for comparisons of probability distributions between clinical trials that reported events on different categorical scales and estimates can be used to inform economic models.

title: Indirect comparisons of ranibizumab and XXXX in @entity4 secondary to @entity2994 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual gains', 'visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity2994 :: ('MESH:D012170', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vein occlusion', 'RVO']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['ME', 'macular oedema']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['dexamethasone']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of 36   h of @entity1949 on the discrete mood states of anger, @entity308 , @entity148 , @entity911 , @entity1295 , and vigour in healthy adolescents. METHOD: Twelve healthy adolescent @entity25 (six male), aged 14-18 years (M   =   16.17, standard deviation (SD)   =   0.83), spent three consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory of the Centre for Sleep Research: two baseline nights with 10-h sleep opportunities and one night of @entity1949 . Every 2   h during wakefulness, they completed the Profile of Mood States - Short Form. Mood across two baseline days was compared to mood at the same clock time (0900   h to 1900   h) following one night without sleep. RESULTS: The subscales of @entity308 , anger, @entity911 , @entity148 , vigour, and @entity1295 were compared across days. All mood states significantly worsened following one night without sleep. Females showed a greater vulnerability to @entity1316 following @entity25 , with greater depressed mood and @entity1949 only witnessed among female @entity1 . While both males and females reported more @entity1949 , the magnitude of this effect was greater for females. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides empirical support for the notion that @entity25 can causally affect mood states in healthy adolescents, with females having heightened vulnerability. Understanding the detrimental effects of insufficient sleep during adolescence is important, as it is a stage where @entity1316 are highly prevalent. These findings escalate the importance of promoting sleep for the well-being of adolescents at this critical life phase.

title: Sleep deprivation leads to XXXX in healthy adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['confusion following sleep deprivation', 'sleep deprivation', 'total sleep deprivation', 'anxiety following sleep deprivation']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['sleep loss and mood dysregulation', 'mood deficits']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['good sleepers', 'sleep loss']

answer: @entity1316 :: (MESH:D019964,Disease) :: ['mood deficits']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The analgesic effects of preoperative ultrasound-guided nerve blocks wear off after about 12  hours, leaving some @entity1 in @entity158 . Transdermal @entity3575 concentrations peak at 12 to 24  hours after application and maintain this concentration for approximately 72  hours. We sought to determine whether combining the use of a transdermal @entity3575 patch with either a @entity1930 would improve @entity158 control in @entity1 undergoing foot and/or ankle surgery. Consecutive @entity1 in the no-patch control group (n  =  104) were enrolled from July 2011 to October 2011, and those in the treatment group (n  =  232) were enrolled from November 2011 to May 2012 and received a transdermal patch (4.125  mg/7.5  cm(2) releasing 25   g of @entity3575 per hour) applied to their chest postoperatively. @entity158 was assessed using a visual analog scale at 6, 12, 24, and 48  hours after surgery. The primary outcome measure was the number of requests for additional @entity282 medication. @entity86 was requested by 49 of the 104 control @entity1 (47.1%) and 63 of the 232 treated @entity1 (27.1%; p  =  .002). The mean @entity158 scores were also lower in the treatment group, with a statistically significant difference (p  <  .05) at 12, 24, and 48  hours. Thus, @entity1 receiving a @entity3575 patch combined with an ultrasound-guided nerve block required less supplemental analgesia to maintain @entity158 control than did those receiving a nerve block alone. In conclusion, a @entity3575 patch is a useful adjunct to an ultrasound-guided nerve block in foot and ankle surgery.

title: XXXX Patches to Supplement Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks for  Improving @entity158 Control After Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Prospective Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Additional postoperative analgesia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['substantial pain', 'Pain', 'adequate pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity1930 :: ('MESH:D020426', 'Disease') :: ['sciatic or femoral-sciatic nerve block']

answer: @entity3575 :: (MESH:D005283,Chemical) :: ['Fentanyl']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound (US) imaging characteristics of thyroid nodules in assessing the likelihood of @entity5 . STUDY DESIGN: Data from 184 @entity1 and adolescents with thyroid nodules were evaluated and compared with respective cytologic/histologic outcomes. A regression model was designed to assess the predictors associated with @entity5 and to calculate ORs. RESULTS: Twenty-nine @entity5 (25 papillary, 1 medullary, 3 @entity1358 ), 8 follicular @entity652 , and 147 goitrous nodules (92 based on cytology, 55 on follow-up) were diagnosed. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 91%, 100%, and 88%, respectively. Male sex, compression symptoms, palpable lymphopathy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentration, microcalcifications, indistinct margins, hypoechoic US pattern, pathologic lymph node alterations, and @entity455 were associated with @entity5 . Regular margins, mixed echoic pattern, and peripheral-only vascularization were associated with benignity. During follow-up, nodule growth was associated with @entity5 , especially with @entity1955 therapy. A multivariate analysis confirmed that microcalcifications, hypoechoic pattern, intranodular vascularization, lymph node alterations, and thyroid stimulating hormone concentration were independent predictors of malignant outcome. For each predictor, we provide sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical, laboratory, and US features of nodules can be used as predictors of @entity5 in @entity1 . Although none has diagnostic accuracy as high as that of fine-needle aspiration biopsy, these predictors should be considered in deciding the diagnostic approach of @entity1 with thyroid nodules.

title: Predictors of Malignancy in XXXX with Thyroid Nodules.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['increased intranodular vascularization']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease', 'malignant neoplasms', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['levothyroxine']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['Hurtle-cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: The @entity1534 iceA gene was recently identified as a genetic marker for the development of peptic @entity1066 in a Western population. To assess the significance of iceA subtypes of @entity1534 in relation to peptic @entity1066 , 140 Japanese clinical isolates (88 from Fukui and 52 from Okinawa) were characterized. Sequence analysis of the iceA1 gene from 25 representative Japanese strains was also carried out to identify the differences in iceA between the @entity1066 group and the @entity3621 group. The iceA1 genotype was not correlated with the presence of peptic ulceration in either area. In addition, sequence analysis led to identification of five deletions and five point mutations (a nonsense mutation or a 1-bp insertion) within the iceA1 open reading frame corresponding to previously published sequences. These mutations were identified in both clinical groups ( @entity1066 and @entity3621 groups) in each area. Local DNA sequence analysis revealed that the endpoints of all five deletions coincided with direct repeats. We also found four strains that carried longer iceA1 open reading frames compared with that for strain 60190. In conclusion, carriage of an iceA1 strain does not seem to be a risk factor for peptic @entity1066 in Japanese subjects. The critical mutations in the iceA1 gene in some isolates from @entity1 with peptic ulcers suggested that IceA does not participate in the pathogenesis of peptic @entity1066 in Japan. We also found deletion hot spots that were associated with direct repeats in iceA1 and that favored a small-deletion model of slipped mispairing events during replication. We showed that iceA1 sequence variations may be useful tools for analysis of the population genetics of @entity1534 .

title: Sequence analysis and clinical significance of the iceA gene from XXXX strains in Japan.

entities_list: @entity3621 :: ('MESH:D005756', 'Disease') :: ['gastritis']

entities_list: @entity1534 :: ('210', 'Species') :: ['H. pylori', 'Helicobacter pylori']

answer: @entity1534 :: (210,Species) :: ['Helicobacter pylori']


abstract: The worldwide increase in @entity173 is a major challenge to the health care system and society. The proper treatment of @entity2249 in the elderly is still controversial, and even more so from an international perspective. Optimising the treatment for improved outcomes and a reduced need for secondary surgery is mandatory for humanitarian and economical reasons. The importance of incorporating the @entity1 's perspective of the outcome in clinical trials has been acknowledged and there are now numerous instruments for assessing the quality of life. We evaluated two quality of life instruments, the EQ-5D and the SF-36, in @entity1 with @entity2249 and also measured the quality of life two years after different interventions. The EQ-5D was validated in two prospective studies and it appeared to be an appropriate quality of life instrument in elderly @entity1 with @entity2249 . There was a good correlation between the quality of life (EQ-5Dindexscores) and other outcome measures such as @entity158 , mobility and independence in activities of daily living (ADL). The results also showed high responsiveness, i.e., ability to capture clinically important changes, for both the EQ-5D and the SF-36. The questionnaire response rate for both instruments was high. The rated prefracture EQ-5Dindexscores showed good correspondence with the scores of an age-matched Swedish reference population. The quality of life in @entity1 with @entity2249 treated with internal fixation (IF) decreased, particularly in @entity1 with @entity174 healing complications. The @entity174 healing complications rate at two years in @entity1 with displaced @entity2249 treated with IF was 36% compared with 7% in @entity1 with undisplaced @entity174 . The quality of life of @entity1 with uneventfully healed @entity174 at two year was lower in @entity1 with primary displaced @entity174 than in @entity1 with primary undisplaced @entity174 . In a prospective randomised trial, @entity1 with displaced @entity2249 were randomised to IF or total hip replacement (THR). IF resulted in more complications than THR, 36% versus 4%, and necessitated more reoperations, 42% versus 4%. Hip function and quality of life (EQ-5D) were generally better in the THR group. In summary, THR yielded a better outcome than IF for an elderly, relatively healthy, lucid @entity1 with a displaced @entity2249 . In a study of elderly @entity1 with @entity2249 , nearly half of the @entity1 displayed signs of @entity7493 . Underweight was associated with @entity121 , @entity73 and a low quality of life (Nottingham Health Profile). In a prospective randomised trial, protein-rich liquid supplementation in combination with an anabolic steroid given for 6 months to lean elderly @entity1 after a @entity2249 was shown to positively affect lean body mass, ADL and quality of life (EQ-5D). @entity174 healing complications had a negative impact on body weight, lean body mass and quality of life.

title: Quality of life and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7493 :: ('MESH:D011502', 'Disease') :: ['protein-energy malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['femoral neck fracture', 'femoral neck fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'Fracture', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fractures']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle fatigue']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['femoral neck fractures']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the ophthalmic findings of @entity82 of the orbit. METHODS: Prospective case series. Twenty-one @entity1 with @entity82 with orbital involvement underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and orbital imaging by CT. RESULTS: Four of the 21 @entity1 had @entity4262 and 1 had @entity2916 . In 17 @entity1 (81%), the disease was restricted to the craniofacial region. @entity2167 , @entity735 were detected in 62% of the @entity1 . Nasolacrimal duct obstruction and strabismus were detected in only 1 and 2 @entity1 , respectively. Of the 34 orbits affected, the roof was affected in 67.6%. The floor was the least affected wall. For most orbits, the disease was seen in more than 1 wall, and in 9 orbits (26.5%) all 4 walls were involved. Twelve orbits (35.2%) showed cysts on CT within the affected bones. In 19 orbits (55.9%), the optic canal was circumferentially narrowed. Blindness was detected in only 1 @entity1 who had undergone optic canal decompression. CONCLUSIONS: The main consequences of orbital involvement in @entity82 are eye @entity10244 and @entity5768 . @entity661 is a common feature. Optic canal narrowing does not necessarily induce @entity1018 . We believe that @entity1 with apical involvement should be carefully followed and have their apices decompressed only when their vision is clearly deteriorating. Our data do not support prophylactic optic canal decompression as a therapeutic measure.

title: @entity661 with XXXX : implications for vision.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['vision loss']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['Facial distortion']

entities_list: @entity5768 :: ('MESH:D005094', 'Disease') :: ['proptosis']

entities_list: @entity4262 :: ('MESH:D005359', 'Disease') :: ['McCune-Albright syndrome']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['proptosis, and eye dystopia']

entities_list: @entity2916 :: ('MESH:D014402', 'Disease') :: ['tuberous sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['Apical involvement']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrous dysplasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Nasal @entity1412 demonstrates histological features of epithelial remodeling and variable inflammatory cellular infiltration. We studied a large series of Chinese @entity480 ( @entity480 ) samples to characterize these histological features and their associations with clinical characteristics. METHODS: A detailed histological study of @entity1412 was performed employing various histopathological techniques. A total of 153 intraoperative @entity480 biopsies were analyzed histologically. Sections were examined under microscopy to determine the percentages of different types of inflammatory cells, and types of epithelial remodeling. Two systems of subtyping NPs based on inflammatory cell infiltration were assessed. These were correlated with @entity1 characteristics. RESULTS: Epithelial remodeling patterns include @entity2543 (87.8% of specimens), @entity1373 (53.2%), and @entity1544 (44.6%). Smoking was a strong independent association of @entity1544 (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 9.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.2 to 22.9; p < 0.01). The most common inflammatory cells were neutrophils (median of 12.8%) and CD8+ T cells (12.8%), followed by macrophages (11.0%), CD4+ T cells (9.7%), @entity1712 (8.6%), and mast cells (7.6%). We defined 2 systems to classify NPs based on proportions of @entity1712 and neutrophils. The majority of @entity480 samples were neutrophilic. The first classification system has greater histological correlation. Based on the first classification, @entity1412 was associated with @entity2543 (OR 3.7, p = 0.019) and @entity1373 (OR 3.4, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The majority of Chinese NPs are neutrophilic and @entity2543 is the most common pattern of epithelial remodeling. We show for the first time that smoking has a strong association with @entity1544 in @entity1412 .

title: Smoking is an independent association of @entity1544 in Chinese XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophils']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['goblet cell hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity2543 :: ('MESH:D017573', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['polyposis', 'nasal polyposis', 'eosinophilic nasal polyposis']

entities_list: @entity480 :: ('MESH:D009298', 'Disease') :: ['nasal polyp', 'NP']

answer: @entity480 :: (MESH:D009298,Disease) :: ['nasal polyps']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity989 ( @entity989 ) is the primary cause of @entity227 in preterm @entity1 . There are available data confirming that circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in forming the growing network of blood vessels in the developing retina. In this study we sought to explore potential relationship between concentration of circulating bone marrow-derived EPCs and development of @entity989 in prospective study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study groups consisted of 90 preterm (23-36 weeks of gestational age), and 52 full-term control @entity1 . EPCs were analyzed in cord blood (CB) and subsequently in peripheral blood (PB) in second and sixth week since delivery. The incidence and stage of @entity989 was prospectively documented in the preterm @entity1 . RESULTS: EPC concentration in CB was considerably higher in the preterm @entity1 developing @entity989 . In the preterm @entity1 a noticeable decrease in PB EPC concentration within six weeks of the follow up was found, whereas in full-term @entity1 EPC concentration was maintained at invariable level. Of note, in the sixth week since delivery, EPC concentration in preterm @entity1 with @entity989 was lower compared to preterm @entity1 without @entity989 . CONCLUSIONS: Increase in CB EPC concentration in preterm @entity1 , including those developing @entity989 , indicates that the circulating EPC cells contribute to the process of blood vessel formation, and their number in CB reflects the degree of @entity3465 . Impaired blood vessel formation within retina in the course of @entity989 may result from decrease in circulating EPC number observed at the sixth week since delivery.

title: [The role of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in the progression of @entity989 of XXXX --a prospective study].

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['ROP', 'Retinopathy of prematurity']

answer: @entity3465 :: (MESH:C536271,Disease) :: ['prematurity']


abstract: Background. @entity15619 ( @entity15619 ) are a group of @entity395 in which glycosylation required for proper protein-protein interactions and protein stability is disrupted, manifesting clinically with multiple system involvement and @entity851 . The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an important role in childhood growth and has been shown to be dysfunctional with low @entity442 levels in @entity1 with @entity15619 type Ia ( @entity52631 deficiency). Case report. A 3-year-old Caucasian male with failure to thrive was diagnosed with @entity52631 - @entity15619 at 5 months of age. Initially, his length and weight were less than -2 standard deviation score, @entity442 <25 ng/mL (normal 55-327 ng/mL), @entity2301 1.0   g/mL (normal 0.7-3.6 ng/mL), and acid-labile subunit 1.3 mg/L (normal 0.7-7.9 mg/L). Despite aggressive feeding, he continued to show poor linear growth and @entity1017 . At 17 months, he underwent an @entity442 generation test with growth hormone (0.1 mg/kg/d) for 7 days; baseline @entity442 of 27 ng/mL (normal 55-327 ng/mL) stimulated to only 33 ng/mL. Recombinant @entity1 @entity442 (rhIGF-1) therapy (up to 130   g/kg/dose twice daily) was initiated at 21 months of age resulting in an excellent linear growth response with height increasing from -2.73 to -1.39 standard deviation score over 22 months. @entity442 and @entity2301 levels also increased. Conclusion. This is the first case report of rhIGF-1 therapy in a @entity1 with @entity52631 - @entity15619 . The @entity1 had an excellent linear growth response. These results provide additional in vivo evidence for IGF dysfunction in @entity52631 - @entity15619 and suggest that rhIGF-1 may be a novel treatment for @entity851 in @entity52631 - @entity15619 .

title: rhIGF-1 Therapy for Growth Failure and XXXX Deficiency in Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation Ia ( @entity52631 Deficiency).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth failure']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare disorders']

entities_list: @entity15619 :: ('MESH:D018981', 'Disease') :: ['CDG', 'Congenital disorders of glycosylation']

answer: @entity442 :: (3479,Gene) :: ['IGF-1']