abstract: OBJECTIVE: To asses the incidence of local recurrence and distant @entity3 after complete resection for @entity5 in order to predict the predominant prognostic factors. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 123 @entity1 with @entity5 who underwent curative resection over a 2-year period between January 1987 and December 1988. There were 83 male and 40 female @entity1 with a mean age of 64.8 +/- 12 years (range between 39 and 82 years). Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for long term survival was undertaken. RESULTS: T1N0 lesions were found in 34 @entity1 and T2N0 in 89. The histological diagnosis was @entity957 in 75, @entity420 in 38, @entity152 in 6 and @entity4153 in 4 @entity1 . Pneumonectomy was performed in 27 @entity1 (5 T1 and 22 T2) while 96 required lobectomy (29 T1 and 67 T2). At 5 years 50 @entity1 died. This was due to local recurrence in 12, distant @entity3 in 24, second primary in 1, unrelated disease in 3, while the cause was unknown in 10 @entity1 . At 5 years, 10 @entity1 were alive with evidence of recurrence. The mean interval for local recurrence was 19.8 months and for distant @entity3 was 18 months. The overall 5 year survival was 67% +/- 4 for T1 and 56% +/- 5 for T2 lesions (NS). The rate of recurrence was significantly less for T1 lesions (P = 0.02). Survival was significantly less for @entity1 requiring pneumonectomy rather than lobectomy (P = 0.01) whether for T1 or T2. CONCLUSION: In @entity5 T2 lesions requiring pneumonectomy for complete resection had a worse prognosis and higher incidence of local recurrence.

title: Disease recurrence after resection for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage I lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['Squamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity152 :: ('MESH:D018287', 'Disease') :: ['large cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['Adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['stage I lung cancer']


abstract: Honey is a common food supplement but not many studies have studied honey and drug interaction. This study investigates the influence of 7 days of honey administration on the activity of @entity5322 , @entity5320 and @entity4433 drug-metabolizing enzymes in healthy volunteers by using appropriate biomarker and probe drugs. A within-group pharmacokinetic study was done in 12 healthy volunteers. Urine samples (0-8 hr) were collected after administration of 30 mg of oral @entity14031 (probe drug for @entity5320 ) for analysis of @entity14031 and @entity3982 . A plasma sample (4 hr) was collected after administration of 200 mg of oral @entity24517 (probe drug for @entity4433 ) for the analysis of @entity24517 and @entity9798 . Urine samples (0-24 hr) were collected for the analysis of @entity58668 (biomarker for @entity5322 ). The volunteers were administered honey for 7 days. Subsequently blood and urine samples were collected after drug dosing as before. These samples were analysed for drug and metabolite concentrations in urine and plasma using high performance liquid chromatography method. Seven days of honey administration resulted in statistically significant increase in 24-hr urinary excretion of @entity58668 . However, the metabolic ratios of @entity14031 and @entity24517 were not significantly altered after 7 days of honey administration. Honey obtained from Western Ghats of southern India may induce @entity5322 enzyme activity but not @entity5320 and @entity4433 enzyme activities.

title: Effect of honey on XXXX , @entity5320 and @entity4433 enzyme activity in healthy human volunteers.

entities_list: @entity24517 :: ('MESH:D002727', 'Chemical') :: ['proguanil']

entities_list: @entity9798 :: ('MESH:C026009', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloguanil']

entities_list: @entity14031 :: ('MESH:D003915', 'Chemical') :: ['dextromethorphan']

entities_list: @entity3982 :: ('MESH:D003917', 'Chemical') :: ['dextrorphan']

entities_list: @entity58668 :: ('MESH:C001380', 'Chemical') :: ['6beta-hydroxycortisol']

answer: @entity5322 :: (1576,Gene) :: ['CYP3A4']


abstract: A multistep HDC regimen was designed as first-line chemotherapy for MBC. Twenty-four @entity1 with MBC and no previous chemotherapy for metastatic disease were treated with high-dose @entity786 (5000 mg/m2), and @entity2879 (1000 mg/m2) (CyVP16), followed by @entity1261 ( @entity1261 ). Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) were collected. Subsequently @entity1 received @entity786 (6000 mg/m2), @entity11678 (500 mg/m2) and @entity3003 (800 mg/m2) (CTCb) with hematopoietic rescue. Upon recovery from hematopoietic and gastrointestinal @entity137 three cycles of @entity632 (50 mg/m2) and @entity1311 (150 mg/m2) were delivered. After CyVP16 42% of @entity1 developed @entity1398 fevers. There was one documented episode of @entity2259 . @entity1 received CTCb 32 days after starting CyVP16. After CTCb the median number of days to ANC >5 x 10(9)/l was 10 and to a platelet count >20 x 10(9)/l was 14. Neutropenic fevers developed in 16 @entity1 . There were no @entity548 episodes. A total of 69 cycles of @entity632 and @entity1311 were delivered (87% of planned). The median time from PBSC infusion to the first cycle was 38 days. The median time to the second cycle was 27 days and to the last cycle was 24 days. One @entity1 developed @entity712 . Two episodes of @entity1398 fevers were observed. No @entity137 -related deaths were observed. Grafts are stable at 6 months post transplantation. This multistep regimen is feasible with acceptable @entity137 .

title: High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell support followed by post-transplant XXXX and @entity1311 as initial therapy for metastatic breast cancer: hematopoietic tolerance and efficacy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['G-CSF', 'granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the visual recovery after intravitreal injections of the antivascular endothelial growth factor, bevacizumab, in a case of vaso obliteration from idiopathic @entity4816 , @entity439 , and @entity2479 (IRVAN). The name IRVAN was given to the condition to highlight the key findings present in the disease. IRVAN is a severe, sight threatening condition that can lead to peripheral capillary non-perfusion and vision loss from the ischemic sequelae of @entity432 . Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) is the current standard of care for IRVAN but visual outcome is poor if PRP is initiated after @entity2295 develops. Intravitreal bevacizumab has success at treating @entity2295 from other @entity63 and inflammatory retinal conditions that have similar characteristics to IRVAN. CASE REPORT: This case report describes a @entity1 with @entity227 in the @entity3012 . The @entity1 presented with best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 in the @entity5771 and count fingers at 4 ft in the @entity3012 . Evaluation revealed findings consistent with an advanced stage of IRVAN. Anterior and posterior @entity2295 had developed from extensive capillary non-perfusion in both retinas. A dense vitreous @entity548 @entity3012 . Bilateral intravitreal injections of bevacizumab and extensive PRP were given in the area of @entity2479 for treatment. After 4 months, the @entity1 's vision had improved from count fingers in the @entity3012 to 20/40. CONCLUSIONS: IRVAN has favorable outcomes when treated with a combination of PRP and intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor. This case demonstrates the effectiveness of this combination treatment in a case of IRVAN with both posterior and anterior @entity2295 .

title: Visual acuity recovery in a case of idiopathic @entity4816 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['decreased vision']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage blocked vision']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['neuroretinitis', 'retinal ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic retinopathies']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['vascular occlusion']

entities_list: @entity4816 :: ('MESH:D031300', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vasculitis']

answer: @entity2479 :: (MESH:D012173,Disease) :: ['neuroretinitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3253 requires urgent thoracotomy, laparotomy, or both for esophageal repair and pleuromediastinal debridement. Minimally invasive techniques may be suitable alternatives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a period of 12 months, three @entity1 with spontaneous esophageal perforations after forceful @entity391 were treated by a combination of minimally invasive techniques including laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and endoscopic stenting. RESULTS: Esophageal repair was performed transhiatally via laparoscopy using primary suture, primary suture reinforced by a fundic patch, and fundic patch alone in one @entity1 each. One @entity1 had a second perforation of the proximal esophagus, which was sutured through a cervical incision. This @entity1 successfully underwent secondary endoscopic stenting for a persistent @entity1727 . Mediastinal debridement was performed transhiatally and also by means of a mediastinoscope introduced via the cervical incision in one @entity1 . One @entity1 required secondary thoracoscopic debridement of a @entity4327 but died of @entity295 after 1 month. The two other @entity1 recovered and were discharged from the hospital after 2 and 8 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3253 is amenable to minimally invasive techniques. Avoidance of a formal thoracotomy with its resulting morbidity could be of considerable benefit to these critically ill @entity1 .

title: Minimally invasive approach to XXXX : a pilot study of three cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1727 :: ('MESH:D004937', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal fistula']

entities_list: @entity3253 :: ('MESH:C536571', 'Disease') :: ["Boerhaave's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity4327 :: ('MESH:D016724', 'Disease') :: ['pleural empyema']

answer: @entity3253 :: (MESH:C536571,Disease) :: ['Boerhaave's syndrome']


abstract: The topoisomerase I inhibitor @entity1945 had demonstrated good antitumor activity in several @entity19 @entity5 systems and in @entity1 clonogenic assays by 1993. In that year, the @entity5 and @entity1778 Group B (CALGB) began a phase II trial to determine its activity in @entity1 with @entity0 who had previously received one course of chemotherapy for @entity0 . Between April 1993 and June 1994, 53 @entity1 of performance status 0-2 entered the study, of whom 47 were eligible and 40 were evaluable. Topotecan was given at a dose of 1.5 mg/m2 over 30 minutes daily for 5 days every 21 days. In the absence of progression or withdrawal of consent, therapy was continued indefinitely. The median age was 58 years (range 30-79). There were no complete responses and four partial responses, resulting in an objective response rate of 10% (95% CI: 3-24%). Responses were noted in lymph nodes, liver, and skin. The median duration of response was 5 months. The median survival was 12 months. Life-threatening @entity137 were almost exclusively hematologic. However, myelosuppression was not cumulative. It was concluded that topotecan has only modest activity among @entity1 with @entity0 who have previously received one course of chemotherapy. Given its modest activity and predominant @entity1503 , it does not appear to be a promising drug for either single-agent or combination chemotherapy in the salvage setting of @entity0 .

title: Phase II trial of topotecan in XXXX : a @entity5 and @entity1778 Group B study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1945 :: ('MESH:D019772', 'Chemical') :: ['topotecan']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['advanced breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Minimally invasive synovectomy techniques have been unsuccessful due to lack of selectivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of photodynamic therapy to destroy diseased synovium in an antigen-induced @entity625 model. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three sets of experiments evaluated the biodistribution and treatment effects of @entity17654 (PF) in @entity95 with bilateral knee antigen-induced @entity625 . The first set of experiments evaluated the biodistribution of PF in articular tissues of 30 @entity95 from 6-72 hours after systemic injection of 2 mg/kg. In the second series of experiments, light was delivered to the knee joint via cleaved optical fibers, whereas for the third, light was delivered via a 600 microm diffusion tip fiber. Tissues were harvested at 2 and 4 weeks posttreatment. RESULTS: The biodistribution experiments demonstrated maximal uptake in inflamed synovium at 48 hours and a lack of uptake in normal tissues. With bare cleaved fibers, @entity39 was observed in one specimen at 2 weeks and was absent in all specimens at 4 weeks. In the third experiment, @entity39 was observed in 3 of 7 specimens at 2 weeks and 3 of 8 at 4 weeks. No damage to articular cartilage or periarticular tissues was seen with either mode of light delivery. CONCLUSION: These studies indicate that selective destruction of synovium can be achieved with PF and suggest that optimization of light delivery techniques will play an important role in development of this new technique.

title: Influence of light delivery on photodynamic synovectomy in an antigen-induced XXXX model for rheumatoid arthritis.

entities_list: @entity17654 :: ('MESH:D017323', 'Chemical') :: ['Photofrin']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['synovial necrosis', 'necrosis']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['arthritis']


abstract: Artificial neural networks interpretation of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) has so far been based on image data alone. Physicians reporting MPS often combine image and clinical data. The aim was to evaluate whether @entity1274 would be improved by adding clinical data to image data. Four hundred and eighteen @entity1 were used for training and 532 @entity1 for testing the neural networks. First, the network was trained with image data alone and thereafter with image data in combination with clinical parameters (age, gender, previous @entity1188 , percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, typical @entity662 , present smoker, @entity101 , hyperlipidaemia, @entity6 , @entity1095 and positive family history). Expert interpretation was used as gold standard. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated, and the ROC areas for the networks trained with and without clinical data were compared for the diagnosis of @entity583 and ischaemia. There was no statistically significant difference in ROC area for the diagnosis of @entity583 between the neural network trained with the combination of clinical and image data (95.8%) and with image data alone (95.2%). For the diagnosis of ischaemia, there was no statistically significant difference in ROC area between the neural network trained with the combination of clinical and image data (87.9%) and with image data alone (88.0%). Neural network interpretation of MPS is not improved when clinical data are added to perfusion and functional data. One reason for this could be that experts base their interpretations of MPS mainly on the images and to a lesser degree on clinical data.

title: Clinical data do not improve artificial XXXX of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1095 :: ('MESH:D016491', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['neural network interpretation']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity1274 :: (MESH:D006319,Disease) :: ['neural network interpretation']


abstract: We report here a case of a @entity1 who underwent percutaneous intervention to the left anterior descending artery, complicated by @entity715 formation within the @entity296 distal to the lesion. There was complete angiographic resolution of @entity715 and restoration of the normal antegrade blood flow after infusion of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist (abciximab). Our observation may suggest that the presence of @entity296 distal to coronary lesions should be considered seriously in preprocedural evaluation of the lesions as a potential risk factor for intracoronary @entity715 formation. The main coronary arteries and the proximal segments of their major branches lie free on the epicardial surface of the heart. However, in some instances these vessels may penetrate into the muscle being surrounded by the myocardium, with the overlying muscle referred to as a "bridge". @entity296 appears to be a @entity154 , due to failure of exteriorization of the primitive coronary intratrabecular arterial network. It occurs in 5-86% of @entity1 in autopsy studies, and it is observed as systolic coronary artery narrowing in 0.5-12% of @entity1 undergoing coronary arteriography. Although the gross anatomist had long recognized that the epicardial coronary artery might on occasion course directly through a segment of cardiac muscle, the physiological significance of this phenomenon was considered benign. This is partly because traditional teaching concerning coronary blood flow delivery to the left ventricular myocardium emphasized the primacy of the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle. However, @entity296 is not always a benign finding, with recent reports suggesting an association with @entity741 , @entity1188 , @entity2553 , @entity299 , and @entity944 .

title: Stent procedure complicated by XXXX formation distal to the lesion within a muscle bridge.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomaly']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial bridging', 'myocardial bridging', 'myocardial bridge']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrythmias']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Two broad treatment options exist for switching antidepressants for @entity308 @entity1 who fail to respond to a selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor (SSRI): either a second course of SSRI therapy or a different class of antidepressants. The goal of the present work was to conduct a meta-analysis of studies comparing these two switch strategies. METHODS: Several sources were searched for randomized clinical trials comparing these two switch strategies. RESULTS: Data from four clinical trials (n = 1496) were combined using a random-effects model. @entity1 randomized to switch to a non-SSRI antidepressant ( @entity752 , @entity13332 , @entity906 ) were more likely to experience remission than @entity1 switched to a second SSRI (risk ratio = 1.29, p = .007). Pooled remission rates were 28% (for non-SSRIs) and 23.5% (for SSRIs). There was also a nonsignificant trend (p = .1) in the rate of discontinuation due to intolerance favoring the within-class switch strategy (risk ratio = 1.23). There was no difference in response rates between the two treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a modest yet statistically significant advantage in remission rates when switching @entity1 with SSRI-resistant @entity308 to a non-SSRI rather than an SSRI antidepressant. With the number needed to treat (NNT) statistic as one indicator of clinical significance, nearly 22 SSRI nonresponders would need to be switched to a non-SSRI rather than a second SSRI antidepressant to obtain one additional remitter. This difference falls well below the mark of NNT = 10 suggested by the United Kingdom's National Institute of Clinical Excellence but nonetheless might be of public health relevance given the large number of SSRI-resistant @entity1 switched to an SSRI versus a non-SSRI antidepressant.

title: Treatment of SSRI-resistant XXXX : a meta-analysis comparing within- versus across-class switches.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity13332 :: ('MESH:C035133', 'Chemical') :: ['mirtazapine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity906 :: ('MESH:C047426', 'Chemical') :: ['venlafaxine']

entities_list: @entity752 :: ('MESH:D016642', 'Chemical') :: ['bupropion']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: @entity1 equilibrative @entity2353 transporter-3 ( @entity23658 ) was recently reported as a pH-dependent, intracellular (lysosomal) transporter capable of transporting @entity778 ( @entity778 ) @entity20620 (ddNs). Because most anti- @entity778 ddNs (e.g., @entity9611 , @entity5647 ) exhibit clinical @entity2383 , we investigated whether @entity23658 facilitates transport of anti- @entity778 ddNs into the mitochondria. Cellular fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy studies in several @entity1 cell lines identified a substantial presence of @entity23658 in the mitochondria, with additional presence at the cell surface of two placental cell lines (JAR, JEG3). Mitochondrial or cell surface @entity23658 expression was confirmed in @entity1 hepatocytes and placental tissues, respectively. Unlike endogenous @entity23658 , yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged @entity23658 was partially directed to the lysosomes. @entity1238 oocytes expressing @entity2733 -terminal-deleted @entity23658 (expressed at the cell surface) showed pH-dependent interaction with several classes of @entity2642 (anti- @entity778 ddNs, @entity136 , @entity64012 , @entity5371 ) that produce @entity2383 . Transport studies in @entity23658 gene-silenced JAR cells showed significant reduction in mitochondrial transport of @entity2642 and @entity2353 drugs. Our data suggest that cellular localization of @entity23658 is cell type dependent and the native transporter is substantially expressed in mitochondria and/or cell surface. @entity23658 -mediated mitochondrial transport may play an important role in mediating clinically observed @entity2383 of @entity2353 drugs. In addition, our finding that @entity23658 is a mitochondrial transporter is consistent with the recent finding that mutations in the @entity23658 gene cause an @entity74 in @entity1 called the H syndrome.

title: Facilitated mitochondrial import of antiviral and anticancer @entity2353 drugs by XXXX equilibrative @entity2353 transporter-3.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'humans', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['anti-human immunodeficiency virus', 'HIV']

entities_list: @entity2353 :: ('CHEBI:33838', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside']

entities_list: @entity9611 :: ('MESH:D015215', 'Chemical') :: ['zidovudine']

entities_list: @entity2642 :: ('MESH:D009705', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleosides']

entities_list: @entity64012 :: ('MESH:C043457', 'Chemical') :: ['fialuridine']

entities_list: @entity20620 :: ('MESH:D015224', 'Chemical') :: ['dideoxynucleosides']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal recessive disorder']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

entities_list: @entity5371 :: ('MESH:D012254', 'Chemical') :: ['ribavirin']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial toxicity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity71 ( @entity71 ) is a common @entity146 in @entity1 and adolescents. Immediate-release @entity2727 (IR- @entity7541 ) is the medical treatment of first choice. The necessity to use several IR- @entity7541 tablets per day and associated potential social stigma at school often leads to reduced compliance, sub-optimal treatment, and therefore economic loss. Replacement of IR- @entity7541 with a single-dose extended release (ER- @entity7541 ) formulation may improve drug response and economic efficiency. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness from a societal perspective of a switch from IR- @entity7541 to ER- @entity7541 in @entity1 who are sub-optimally treated. METHODS: A daily Markov-cycle model covering a time-span of 10 years was developed including four different health states: (1) optimal response, (2) sub-optimal response, (3) discontinued treatment, and (4) natural remission. ER- @entity7541 options included @entity2727 osmotic release oral system ( @entity7541 -OROS) and Equasym XL/Medikinet CR. Both direct costs and indirect costs were included in the analysis, and effects were expressed as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Univariate, multivariate as well as probabilistic sensitivity analysis were conducted and the main outcomes were @entity24882 . RESULTS: Switching sub-optimally treated @entity1 from IR- @entity7541 to MPH-OROS or Equasym XL/Medikinet CR led to per- @entity1 cost-savings of    4200 and    5400, respectively, over a 10-year treatment span. Sensitivity analysis with plausible variations of input parameters resulted in cost-savings in the vast majority of estimations. CONCLUSIONS: This study lends economic support to switching @entity1 with @entity71 with suboptimal response to short-acting IR- @entity7541 to long-acting ER- @entity7541 regimens.

title: Cost-effectiveness of extended-release @entity2727 in @entity1 and adolescents with XXXX sub-optimally treated with immediate release @entity2727 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity24882 :: ('MESH:D065606', 'Disease') :: ['incremental cost-effectiveness ratios']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorder']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['ADHD', 'Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['methylphenidate']

answer: @entity71 :: (MESH:D001289,Disease) :: ['attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder']


abstract: Estrogen triggers rapid yet transient activation of the MAPKs, @entity12206 and @entity3963 . We have reported that this estrogen action requires the G protein-coupled receptor, @entity21841 , and occurs via Gbetagamma-subunit protein-dependent transactivation of the @entity470 through the release of pro-heparan-bound EGF from the cell surface. Here we investigate the mechanism by which @entity1366 activity is rapidly restored to basal levels after estrogen stimulation. Evidence is provided that attenuation of @entity1366 activity by estrogen occurs via @entity21841 -dependent stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and @entity14695 -dependent signaling that results in @entity10242 inactivation. We show that 17beta-E2 represses EGF-induced activation of the @entity8496 -to- @entity3963 pathway in @entity1 @entity0 cells that express @entity21841 , including MCF-7 and SKBR3 cells which express both or neither, ER, respectively. MDA-MB-231 cells, which express @entity1783 , but not @entity1782 , and low levels of @entity21841 protein, are unable to stimulate adenylyl cyclase or promote estrogen-mediated blockade of EGF-induced activation of @entity1366 . Pretreatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with cholera toxin, which ADP-ribosylates and activates Galphas subunit proteins, results in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-independent adenylyl cyclase activity and suppression of EGF-induced @entity1366 activity. Transfection of @entity21841 into MDA-MB-231 cells restores their ability to stimulate adenylyl cyclase and attenuate EGF-induced activation of @entity1366 by estrogen. Moreover, @entity21841 -dependent, @entity14695 -mediated attenuation of EGF-induced @entity1366 activity was achieved by ER antagonists such as tamoxifen or ICI 182, 780; yet not by 17alpha-E2 or progesterone. Thus, our data delineate a novel mechanism, requiring @entity21841 and estrogen, that acts to regulate @entity1366 activity via an inhibitory signal mediated by @entity14695 . Coupled with our prior findings, these current data imply that estrogen balances @entity1366 activity through a single GPCR via two distinct G protein-dependent signaling pathways that have opposing effects on the @entity470 -to-MAPK pathway.

title: Estrogen action via the G protein-coupled receptor, XXXX : stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and @entity14695 -mediated attenuation of the @entity470 -to-MAPK signaling axis.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGF receptor', 'epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor']

entities_list: @entity12206 :: ('5595', 'Gene') :: ['extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)-1']

answer: @entity21841 :: (2852,Gene) :: ['GPR30']


abstract: BACKGROUND: . The purpose was to estimate retrospectively the outcome of @entity1 with @entity85 or @entity706 treated with intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). METHODS: Between 1988 and 1999, definitive IORT in combination with surgical excision was performed in 24 @entity1 with @entity85 ( @entity1418 , 10; @entity421 , 6; @entity1821 , 2; @entity511 , 1; @entity1352 , 1; @entity2828 , 1; @entity5426 , 1; @entity242 , 1; @entity5 , 1) and 3 @entity1 with @entity706 . The @entity5 was excised by marginal margin excision, intralesional margin excision, or wide margin excision; 15-45 Gy electrons was then delivered to the affected sites. RESULTS: In the 8 @entity1 without distant metastases at the first visit, 4 @entity1 are alive 6.5-11.5 years after IORT, and 4 @entity1 died <4.5 years after IORT. The incidence of local recurrence was 13%. In the 19 @entity1 with distant metastases at the first visit, 3 @entity1 are alive 2.5-6.7 years after IORT, and 16 @entity1 died 0.2-5.7 years after IORT. The incidence of local recurrence was 45%. Complications after IORT were found in 5 @entity1 : @entity16 , 1 @entity1 ; @entity39 , 1 @entity1 ; @entity602 , 1 @entity1 ; @entity2616 , 1 @entity1 ; and @entity4 , 1 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: IORT with a radiation dose of 15-45 Gy in combination with surgical excision appeared to be useful for local control and to be more effective in @entity1 without distant metastases at the first visit than in @entity1 with distant metastases.

title: Definitive intraoperative radiotherapy for @entity85 and XXXX in combination with surgical excision.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1418 :: ('MESH:D051677', 'Disease') :: ['malignant fibrous histiocytoma']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['epithelioid sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['angiosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['skin necrosis']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity1352 :: ('MESH:D013584', 'Disease') :: ['synovial sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity2616 :: ('MESH:D045823', 'Disease') :: ['enteritis ileus']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1821 :: ('MESH:D008080', 'Disease') :: ['liposarcoma']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['malignant lymphoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Purpose Research has only recently started to consider the applicability of physical activity (PA) for @entity1 with @entity161 . Although there is increasing evidence for the benefits of physical activity, this population remains generally physically inactive and sedentary. The aim of the current study is to highlight 10 pertinent physical activity research questions in @entity1 with @entity161 . Method The International Organisation of Physical Therapy in Mental Health (IOPTMH) executed a consultation of its National Organisations (n    =      13) to identify the most salient questions relevant to guide clinical practise on physical activity in @entity1 with @entity161 . Results We identified the following 10 questions: (1) What are the benefits of physical activity for @entity1 with @entity161 ? (2) What are the mechanisms of the physical activity effects in @entity1 with @entity161 ? (3) What are the most prominent safety issues for physical activity prescription in @entity1 with @entity161 ? (4) What is the most optimal physical activity prescription for @entity1 with @entity161 ? (5) What are the key barriers for engaging @entity1 with @entity161 in physical activity? (6) What are the most effective motivational interventions for physical activity adoption and maintenance in @entity1 with @entity161 ? (7) How do we translate physical activity research into clinical and community practise? (8) How can we ensure integration of physical therapists within the multidisciplinary mental health treatment team? (9) How can we prevent sedentary behaviour in @entity1 with @entity161 ? (10) What is the most appropriate physical activity assessment method in clinical practise? Conclusions Addressing these questions is critical for developing evidence-based approaches for promoting and sustaining an active lifestyle in @entity1 with @entity161 . Ultimately, achieving this will improve the quality of life of this population. Implications for Rehabilitation Investigation of behaviour change interventions for @entity1 with @entity161 is critical. A low cost, easy to use, clinical, valid physical activity questionnaire is urgently needed.

title: What are the top 10 physical activity research questions in XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: An experiment was conducted to determine concentrations of DE, ME, and NE in @entity1460 meal (SBM) produced in different areas of the United States if fed to growing @entity1707 . Twenty-two sources of SBM were procured from crushing facilities located throughout the @entity1460 growing area of the United States. For analysis, crushing plant locations were separated into 4 zones: 1) MI, MN, and SD ( = 4); 2) GA, IN, and @entity2145 ( = 6); 3) IA, MO, and NE ( = 7), and 4) IL ( = 5). Dietary treatments included a @entity4336 -based diet and 22 diets based on a mixture of @entity4336 and each source of SBM. Twenty-three growing barrows (initial BW: 26.4    1.8 kg) were allotted to a 23 * 8 Youden square design with 23 diets and 8 periods. @entity1707 were placed in individual metabolism crates that were equipped with a feeder, a cup waterer, slatted floors, and a urine tray. Feces and urine were collected for 5 d after a 7-d adaptation period. The GE was 4,165, 4,209, 4,162, and 4,198 kcal/kg (as-fed) for SBM from Zones 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and the GE in SBM from Zone 2 tended ( = 0.08) to be greater than the GE in SBM from Zones 1 and 3. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE for SBM was not different among zones. The DE and ME were 4,343 and 4,098; 4,319 and 4,117; 4,135 and 3,926; and 4,248 and 4,039 kcal/kg DM for SBM from Zones 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The DE and ME of SBM from Zones 1 and 2 were greater ( < 0.05) than the DE and ME of SBM from Zone 3, but the DE and ME of SBM from Zone 4 were not different from that of the other zones. Net energy was calculated for each source of SBM using a published prediction equation based on DE, ether extract, starch, CP, and @entity9366 . The NE of SBM from Zones 1 and 2 (2,534 and 2,497 kcal/kg DM) was greater ( < 0.05) than the NE of SBM from Zone 3 (2391 kcal/kg DM), but the NE of SBM from Zone 4 (2448 kcal/kg DM) was not different from the NE of SBM from the other zones. Regardless of growing area, values for DE, ME, and NE of SBM determined in this experiment are greater than values published by and indicate that DE, ME, and NE values for SBM may be underestimated by . In conclusion, regardless of growing area, GE, DE, ME, and NE were not different for SBM from the northern or eastern growing area or from Illinois, but DE, ME, and NE were less in SBM from the western growing area.

title: Concentrations of digestible, metabolizable, and net energy in XXXX meal produced in different areas of the United States and fed to @entity1707 .

answer: @entity1460 :: (3847,Species) :: ['soybean']


abstract: OBJECTIVE, @entity1 AND METHODS: We studied retrospectively four @entity1 with @entity625 of the knee, the role of PCR for the detection of @entity2069 DNA and its influence on further therapeutic decisions. RESULTS: All four @entity1 with @entity625 suffered from knee @entity158 and effusions. None of them remembered having had a tick bite or an @entity8831 . The diagnosis was confirmed by positive serology and in three cases by detection of @entity2069 DNA by PCR analysis of the joint fluid. In one @entity1 , PCR was also positive in the synovial tissue. Because of persistent symptoms after adequate antibiotic therapy, PCR was repeated in the joint fluid of two @entity1 . In one @entity1 a positive PCR suggested an ongoing @entity281 . Thus, the antibiotic treatment was changed. A further PCR was negative. Symptoms resolved slowly in all @entity1 over a time of two to seven months after the end of the antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSION: PCR to detect @entity2069 DNA in synovial fluid or tissue respectively is a helpful tool for the diagnosis of @entity625 . Moreover, in @entity1 with refractory @entity625 PCR may be helpful in monitoring the course of the disease.

title: [The role of PCR for the diagnosis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['Lyme arthritis']

entities_list: @entity2069 :: ('139', 'Species') :: ['B. burgdorferi']

entities_list: @entity8831 :: ('MESH:C538499', 'Disease') :: ['erythema migrans']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['Lyme arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of rim and segmental MRI enhancement of hepatic @entity3 of @entity14 after administration of @entity42626 ( @entity42626 ). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty-one @entity1 with a potentially resectable hepatic @entity3 of @entity14 consecutively underwent breath-hold T1-weighted MRI in the axial and coronal planes 30 minutes and 24 hours after administration of @entity42626 . For each lesion, the presence or absence of rim enhancement and segmental enhancement 30 minutes and 24 hours after contrast administration was recorded. These features were evaluated separately for lesions 10 mm in diameter or larger and lesions smaller than 10 mm. The nature of each lesion was determined at histopathologic examination (n = 29) and on follow-up imaging (n = 32). RESULTS: Two hundred thirty lesions were identified at MRI: 210 lesions were metastatic, and 20 were benign. Rim enhancement was observed around 22 of 210 (10%) of the metastatic lesions at 30 minutes and 199 of 210 (95%) of metastatic lesions at 24 hours. Rim enhancement at 24 hours had 94.8% (95% CI, 91.8-97.8%) sensitivity, 90.0% (68.3-98.8%) specificity, 99.0% (97.6-100%) positive predictive value, 62.1% (42.3-79.3%) negative predictive value, and 94.3% (91.4-97.3%) diagnostic accuracy for @entity3 . Segmental enhancement was infrequently seen (34/210; 16%) at 24 hours but had 100% (89.7-100%) positive predictive value for @entity3 . CONCLUSION: Rim and segmental enhancement at MRI 24 hours after @entity42626 administration enabled accurate characterization of hepatic colorectal @entity3 . These features may aid in preoperative mapping of @entity99 burden and disease distribution in @entity1 with @entity14 .

title: Diagnostic accuracy of rim and segmental MRI enhancement of @entity99 after administration of XXXX trisodium.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity42626 :: ('MESH:C060076', 'Chemical') :: ['MnDPDP', 'mangafodipir trisodium']

answer: @entity42626 :: (MESH:C060076,Chemical) :: ['mangafodipir']


abstract: Upregulation of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression is frequently found in a variety of @entity1 @entity5 . In this study, we examined COX-2 expression in @entity957 of the hypopharynx. COX-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was detected in 87% (20 of 23) of @entity5 tissues. Expression of COX-2 protein was examined by Western blot analysis. COX-2 protein levels were increased in @entity5 tissues and correlated with the expression level of mRNA. Immunohistochemical study was performed to detect the subcellular localization of COX-2. Our results showed that COX-2 was predominantly detected in @entity5 cells, and the staining pattern was cytoplasmic. Several histologically normal adjacent tissues obtained from these @entity1 were also investigated. We found that COX-2 mRNA was detectable in these tissues. However, COX-2 mRNA and protein levels were lower in these tissues than in @entity5 specimens. In contrast, COX-2 mRNA and protein levels in normal oral mucosa obtained from healthy volunteers were very low or undetectable. The frequency of COX-2 overexpression was significantly higher in the N1-N3 group than in the N0 group. These results suggest that overexpression of COX-2 is linked with increased lymphatic invasion in @entity189 . Collectively, these results suggest that overexpression of COX-2 is a frequent phenomenon in @entity189 and may play a role in tumorigenesis of this @entity5 .

title: Overexpression of cyclo-oxygenase 2 in XXXX of the hypopharynx.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['hypopharyngeal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: Several changes have been reported to occur in the cavernosal tissue and tunica albuginea with @entity1240 . The @entity731 of the penis that occurs with @entity1240 causes a decrease in penile @entity26 tension. A reduction in the number of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) has been demonstrated in relation to this change in @entity26 tension. Changes in the ratio of penile collagen have also been observed and could explain the decrease in penile elasticity and compliance with @entity1240 . @entity63 is therefore associated with @entity82 but also with @entity842 - @entity6708 reduction. The sensitivity of the a-adrenoceptors on the SMCs increases with @entity1240 . Furthermore, @entity342 deprivation produces penile tissue atrophy, alterations in dorsal nerve structure, alterations in endothelial morphology, reductions in trabecular SM content, increases in deposition of extracellular matrix, and increases in accumulation of adipocytes in the subtunical region of the corpus cavernosum. All of these modifications can explain the prevalence of @entity323 with @entity1240 . The aim of this review is to address the underlying etiology of corporal @entity82 , especially @entity1240 , @entity16 , @entity342 deprivation, and tunical @entity82 . Finally, we will address the proposed amelioration and reversal of @entity82 in terms of correcting, at least partially, the relative SMC loss that occurs with @entity1240 , @entity6 , or @entity16 and its impact on prevention of @entity323 -associated cavernosal @entity82 .

title: Amelioration of XXXX : myth or reality.

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['cavernosal nerve damage']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['penile fibrosis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Improved vascular function after the incorporation of walnuts into controlled or high-fat diets has been reported; however, the mechanism(s) underlying this effect of walnuts is(are) poorly defined. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the acute and short-term effects of walnut intake on changes in microvascular function and the relationship of these effects to plasma @entity21807 , the @entity12325 -derived metabolites of @entity1718 . Thirty-eight @entity753 postmenopausal @entity1 were randomized to 4 weeks of 5 g or 40 g of daily walnut intake. All outcomes were measured after an overnight fast and 4 h after walnut intake. Microvascular function, assessed as the reactive @entity450 index (RHI), was the primary outcome measure, with serum lipids and plasma @entity21807 as secondary measures. Compared to 5 g of daily walnut intake, consuming 40 g/d of walnuts for 4 weeks increased the RHI and Framingham RHI. Total @entity165 and low- and high-density @entity165 did not significantly change after walnut intake. The change in RHI after 4 weeks of walnut intake was associated with the change in the sum of plasma @entity21807 (r=0.65, P=.002) but not with the change in the sum of plasma @entity11117 . Of the individual plasma @entity21807 , @entity1426 -derived @entity68412 was most strongly associated with the change in microvascular function (r=0.72, P<.001). These data support the concept that the intake of walnut-derived @entity1718 can favorably affect plasma @entity4299 production, resulting in improved microvascular function.

title: Effects of short-term walnut consumption on XXXX microvascular function and its relationship to plasma @entity4299 content.

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity4299 :: ('CHEBI:32955', 'Chemical') :: ['epoxide']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic-acid']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemia']

entities_list: @entity68412 :: ('MESH:C046782', 'Chemical') :: ['14(15)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid']

entities_list: @entity11117 :: ('MESH:D006893', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The objective is to estimate average global and regional percentage brain @entity393 per year (BVL/year) of the physiologically ageing brain. Two independent, cross-sectional single scanner cohorts of healthy subjects were included. The first cohort (n  =  248) was acquired at the Medical Prevention Center (MPCH) in Hamburg, Germany. The second cohort (n  =  316) was taken from the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS). @entity75 ( @entity75 ), @entity62 ( @entity62 ), white matter (WM), corpus callosum (CC), and thalamus volumes were calculated. A non-parametric technique was applied to fit the resulting age-volume data. For each age, the BVL/year was derived from the age-volume curves. The resulting BVL/year curves were compared between the two cohorts. For the MPCH cohort, the BVL/year curve of the @entity75 was an increasing function starting from 0.20% at the age of 35  years increasing to 0.52% at 70  years (corresponding values for @entity62 ranged from 0.32 to 0.55%, WM from 0.02 to 0.47%, CC from 0.07 to 0.48%, and thalamus from 0.25 to 0.54%). Mean absolute difference between BVL/year trajectories across the age range of 35-70  years was 0.02% for @entity75 , 0.04% for @entity62 , 0.04% for WM, 0.11% for CC, and 0.02% for the thalamus. Physiological BVL/year rates were remarkably consistent between the two cohorts and independent from the scanner applied. Average BVL/year was clearly age and compartment dependent. These results need to be taken into account when defining cut-off values for pathological annual brain @entity393 in disease models, such as @entity15 .

title: Global and regional annual brain XXXX rates in physiological aging.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Brain parenchyma', 'BP']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['volume loss']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['GM', 'grey matter']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['volume loss']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of @entity572 ( @entity2445 ) for treatment of @entity1513 and severe @entity7032 caused by @entity1691 ( @entity1691 ). METHODS: Between December 2008 and November 2011, 25 @entity1 (37 hips) with @entity1513 and severe @entity7032 caused by @entity1691 were treated. There were 22 males and 3 females, aged 29-38 years (mean, 35.6 years). The disease duration was 8-16 years (mean, 13.2 years). Of them, 18 cases had complete limitation of hip motion, and 16 cases had severe @entity85 (Cobb's angel >=  60 degrees). All 25 cases underwent spinal wedged osteotomy at first, and then received @entity2445 after 8 weeks. The effectiveness was evaluated by Harris hip score, range of motion (ROM) of the hip, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Cobb's angle, and information and data exchange system (IDES) criteria for @entity1349 , respectively. RESULTS: The @entity1 were followed up 12-14 months (mean, 13 months). Spondylolisthesis (II degree) occurred in 1 case spinal after wedged osteotomy, and was corrected after second operation. No @entity1317 or @entity1566 was observed. Bony fusion was obtained at osteotomy ends at 6 months after operation. The Cobb's angle was significantly corrected from (83.5    10.4)degrees preoperatively to (25.4   . 5.5)degrees (t = 24.63, P = 0.00) 12 months postoperatively. One case had traction @entity2096 after @entity2445 , and the muscle function recovered at 9 months after operation. According to IDES criteria, up-displacement of cup (< 5 mm) was observed in 1 @entity1 , who had no obvious clinical symptoms; periacetabular @entity3061 occurred in 1 @entity1 , with no displacement of cup. No obvious radiolucent was seen in 37 hips. The Harris hip score was significantly improved from (26.87    4.23) preoperatively to 85.92    6.04) (t = 28.72, P = 0.00) 3 months postoperatively; the VAS score was significantly decreased from (6.71    1.14) preoperatively to (2.31    0.82)(t = 42.26, P = 0.00) 3 months postoperatively; and the flexion-extension ROM of the hip was significantly improved to 60-100 degrees (mean, 72.0 degrees) at post-operation, and the abduction ROM of the hip was improved to 20-40 degrees (mean, 28.7 degrees). CONCLUSION: Spinal wedged osteotomy combined with @entity2445 is an efficient treatment for @entity1513 and severe @entity7032 caused by @entity1691 .

title: [Spinal wedged osteotomy combined with total hip arthroplasty for @entity1513 and severe @entity7032 caused by XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2096 :: ('MESH:D020428', 'Disease') :: ['injury of the femoral nerve']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosing spondylitis', 'AS']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['spinal wedged osteotomy and total hip arthroplasty']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['spine deformity']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['aseptic loosening']

entities_list: @entity7032 :: ('MESH:D006616', 'Disease') :: ['hip flexion contracture']

answer: @entity1691 :: (MESH:D013167,Disease) :: ['ankylosing spondylitis']


abstract: @entity470 ( @entity470 ) is one of the targeted molecular markers in many @entity5 including @entity358 . @entity4562 and @entity3866 are two available therapeutics that act as specific inhibitors of @entity4149 kinase (TK) domains. We performed a case-control study with @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks (FFPE) from tissue biopsies of 167 @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) @entity1 and 167 healthy controls. The tissue biopsies were studied for mutations in exons 18-21 of the @entity470 gene. This study was performed using PCR followed by DNA sequencing. We identified 63 mutations in 33 @entity1 and 30 @entity1 . Mutations were detected in exon 19 ( @entity69806 ) in 32 @entity1 , exon 20 ( @entity69807 , @entity9513 ) in 16, and exon 21 ( @entity9512 ) in 15. No mutations were observed in exon 18. The 63 @entity1 with EFGR mutations were considered for upfront therapy with oral @entity4149 kinase inhibitor (TKI) drugs and have responded well to therapy over the last 15 months. The control @entity1 had no mutations in any of the exons studied. The advent of @entity470 TKI therapy has provided a powerful new treatment modality for @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1149 . The study emphasizes the frequency of @entity470 mutations in @entity1149 @entity1 and its role as an important predictive marker for response to oral TKI in the south Indian population.

title: Correlation between XXXX Gene Mutations and Lung Cancer: a Hospital-Based Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4562 :: ('MESH:C419708', 'Chemical') :: ['Gefitinib']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['Epidermal growth factor receptor', 'EGFR']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung malignancies']

entities_list: @entity3866 :: ('MESH:C400278', 'Chemical') :: ['erlotinib']

answer: @entity470 :: (1956,Gene) :: ['EGFR']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate @entity6703 ( @entity6703 ) samples retrieved in @entity2099 by single insertion of the needle, for rapid assessment of chromosome copy number, zygosity, and cross-contamination between fetuses, using Quantitative Fluorescent Polymerase Chain Reaction (QF-PCR) amplification of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. METHODS: Fifty-two @entity2099 were selected (47 twins, 5 triplets) and 108 samples of @entity6703 were sampled between 12 to 20 weeks of gestation (mean 15.5) using the single-needle technique. Aneuploidy screening by QF-PCR amplification of short tandem repeats (STRs) on chromosomes X, Y, 21, 13, and 18 was carried out within 24 h of collection. Owing to the sampling procedure, the eventual presence of contamination between fetuses was also evaluated in every case. RESULTS: Normal and aneuploid fetuses were readily identified by QF-PCR. Fetal reduction was made available, for trisomic fetuses, without further waiting for completion of fetal karyotyping. In twin gestations, the ultrasound examination of chorionicity was always in agreement with the molecular assessment of zygosity. Contamination between fetuses due to the sampling procedure with a single puncture was never observed. CONCLUSION: Rapid prenatal diagnosis of @entity2007 by QF-PCR is a sensitive, efficient, and reliable assay. When applied in @entity2099 , it has the added value of allowing the assessment of zygosity in all cases, independently of chorionicity and fetal sex.

title: Rapid prenatal diagnosis of @entity2007 and zygosity in XXXX by amniocentesis with single insertion of the needle and quantitative fluorescent PCR.

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploidies']

entities_list: @entity2099 :: ('MESH:D011254', 'Disease') :: ['multiple pregnancies']

entities_list: @entity6703 :: ('MESH:D004619', 'Disease') :: ['AF', 'amniotic fluid']

answer: @entity2099 :: (MESH:D011254,Disease) :: ['multiple pregnancies']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lower extremity @entity130 secondary to @entity18329 are frequently seen in the civilian populations of urban areas. Although these wounds have fewer complications than high-energy gunshot @entity130 , the functional and @entity16 is still significant making appropriate timely orthopaedic treatment and follow-up imperative. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to present our outcomes in the treatment of @entity18329 in a civilian population at an urban, level one @entity130 center in @entity1 treated by a standard protocol. METHODS: One hundred and thirty three @entity1 who sustained 148 gunshot wound @entity130 were treated at our level one @entity130 center between January 1(st), 2009 and October 1(st), 2011. Following IRB approval, we extracted information from medical records regarding hospital course, length of stay and type of operative or non-operative treatment. If available, injury and post-operative radiographs were also reviewed. @entity1 were contacted by telephone to obtain Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) surveys, @entity158 on a scale of 0-10 and for the determination of any adverse events related to their shooting. RESULTS: There were 125 @entity1 (94.0%) and 8 @entity1 (6.0%) with an average age of 27.1 years (range 15.2-56.3). Seventy-six @entity1 (57.1%) did not have any health insurance upon admission. The average length of stay in the hospital was 4.5 days (range 0.0-88.0). Fifty-one gun shots (34.5%) resulted in @entity174 of the lower extremities. @entity1 underwent a total of 95 lower extremity-related procedures during their hospitalization. Twenty-two @entity1 (16.5%) experienced a complication related to their gunshot wounds. 38% of the cohort was available for long-term functional assessment At a mean 23.5 months (range 8-48) of follow up, @entity1 reported mean Functional and Bothersome SMFA scores of 19.6 (SD 15.9) and 10.9 (SD 15.6) suggesting that these @entity1 have poorer function scores than the general population. These @entity1 still had @entity158 related to their @entity130 with an average @entity158 score of 2.16 (range 0-8). CONCLUSIONS: Gunshot @entity130 to the extremities may involve bone, soft tissue, and @entity531 . Execution of appropriate therapeutic methods in such situations is critical for treating surgeons given the potential for complications. At our level one @entity130 center, gunshot victims were predominantly young, uninsured adult @entity1 . Complications included @entity281 , and @entity1317 . Functional data collected demonstrated that @entity1 continued to have difficulties with ADL's at long-term follow-up.

title: Outcomes Following Low-Energy Civilian Gunshot Wound XXXX to the Lower Extremities: Results of a Standard Protocol at an Urban @entity130 Center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity18329 :: ('MESH:D014948', 'Disease') :: ['low-energy gunshot wounds']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['psychological damage']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection, compartment syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['arterial injuries']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['neurovascular structures']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['gunshot injury', 'injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Trauma']


abstract: AIMS: The purpose of this study was to assess @entity308 and @entity148 in urinary incontinent @entity1 and to investigate factors influencing their self-perception of @entity322 severity. METHODS: In this prospective study, 82 incontinent @entity1 estimated the severity of @entity322 using a visual analogue scale and completed a validated quality of life instrument: @entity322 severity score. Psychiatrists evaluated @entity308 and @entity148 using a structured interview of Hamilton Depression and Hamilton Anxiety Scales. @entity1 were classified on the basis of history and urodynamic evaluation into two diagnostic groups: stress @entity322 (n = 57) and idiopatic urge @entity322 with or without @entity3142 (n = 25). RESULTS: @entity308 occurred in 44.0% of @entity1 with idiopatic urge (+/- stress) @entity322 and in 17.5% @entity1 with @entity3142 (odds ratio (OR 3.69), 95% confidence interval (95% CI 1.30-10.49)). Twenty two @entity1 had severe @entity322 defined as @entity322 Severity Score > or =14 points (upper quartile) and 23 @entity1 defined as visual analogue scale > or =9 (upper quartile). In logistic regression analysis, @entity308 (OR 5.57; 95% CI 1.19-26.11), urge @entity322 diagnosis (OR 23.13; 95% CI 1.90-282.11), parity (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.16-4.60) and high Urgency Score (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.32-2.85) predicted @entity322 Severity Score above the upper quartile. Only the pad-test (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00-1.02) predicted visual analogue scale above upper quartile. CONCLUSIONS: @entity308 correlates with reduced @entity322 specific quality of life. This data also suggests an association between @entity308 and idiopatic urge @entity322 .

title: Severe @entity308 determines quality of life in urinary incontinent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'major depression', 'Major depression']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['Urinary Incontinence', 'urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['stress incontinence']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: One of the causes of @entity2319 in chronic @entity15 @entity1 is the inability of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to terminate their maturation program at lesions. To identify key regulators of myelin gene expression acting at the last stages of OPC maturation we developed a drug repositioning strategy based on the @entity19 immortalized oligodendrocyte (OL) cell line Oli-neu brought to the premyelination stage by stably expressing a key factor regulating the last stages of OL maturation. The Prestwick Chemical Library   of 1,200 FDA-approved compound(s) was repositioned at three dosages based on the induction of @entity2610 ( @entity2610 ) expression. Drug hits were further validated using dosage-dependent reproducibility tests and biochemical assays. The glucocorticoid class of compounds was the most highly represented and we found that they can be divided in three groups according to their efficacy on @entity2610 up-regulation. Since target identification is crucial before bringing compounds to the clinic, we searched for common targets of the primary screen hits based on their known chemical-target interactomes, and the pathways predicted by top ranking compounds were validated using specific inhibitors. Two of the top ranking compounds, @entity69576 and @entity6914 , act as @entity2751 ( @entity2751 ) agonists to up-regulate myelin gene expression in the Oli-neuM cell line. Further, RxRy activation is required for @entity2610 expression upon @entity69576 and @entity6914 treatment. These data indicate @entity6914 and @entity69576 as potential promyelinating drugs and also provide a mechanistic understanding of their mode of action in the pathway leading to myelination in OPCs. Furthermore, our classification of glucocorticoids with respect to @entity2610 expression provides important novel insights into their effects in the CNS and a rational criteria for their choice in combinatorial therapies in de-myelinating diseases.

title: @entity6914 and XXXX Act as @entity2751 Agonists to Promote Myelin Gene Expression and RxRy Receptor Activation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2610 :: ('4155', 'Gene') :: ['MBP', 'Myelin Basic Protein']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['permanent disability']

entities_list: @entity69576 :: ('MESH:D006206', 'Chemical') :: ['Halcinonide']

entities_list: @entity6914 :: ('MESH:D002990', 'Chemical') :: ['Clobetasol']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity69576 :: (MESH:D006206,Chemical) :: ['Halcinonide']


abstract: The occurrence of reduced @entity79 ( @entity79 ) among adolescent @entity1 with @entity2589 or secondary @entity2588 , due to 'pure' dysfunction of the hypothalamo- @entity43 (without @entity448 nervosa, excessive sport or ballet, slimming diet, etc.) was examined. The study group consisted of 19 adolescent @entity1 (age 16-18 years) with oligo/ @entity2588 . Clinical (height, weight, age at menarche, duration of @entity2588 , body mass index (BMI)), hormonal (follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), @entity53 , @entity1420 , @entity251 , prolactin), and ion ( @entity460 , @entity1372 , @entity972 , @entity1391 , @entity2865 ) parameters and the @entity79 of the lumbar spine were investigated. Correlations between @entity79 and other parameters were also examined. Twenty healthy volunteers (same age and regular cycles) served as controls. Three @entity1 had @entity170 , with a @entity79 below -2 standard deviations (SD). Ten showed @entity2331 , with a @entity79 value between -1 and -2 SD. Only six of the study group had a normal @entity79 within +/- 1 SD. A positive correlation was observed between the @entity79 and the BMI (r = 0.73; p < 0.05). All the controls had normal hormonal, ion and @entity79 parameters. 'Pure' dysfunction of the @entity43 in adolescents, causing @entity2589 or secondary @entity2588 , might result in reduced @entity79 and, consequently, lower peak bone mass. Treatment of menstrual cycle disorders is necessary for the prevention of @entity170 .

title: Occurrence of @entity2331 among adolescent @entity1 with oligo/ XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['HPO axis', 'pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity2589 :: ('MESH:D009839', 'Disease') :: ['oligomenorrhea']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['amenorrhea']

answer: @entity2588 :: (MESH:D000568,Disease) :: ['amenorrhea']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Candidaemia and other forms of @entity3 ( @entity69010 ) in the intensive care unit are challenging conditions that are associated with high rates of mortality. New guidelines from the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and @entity166 strongly recommend @entity5626 for the first-line treatment of @entity69010 . Here, a cost-effectiveness model was developed from the United Kingdom perspective to examine the costs and outcomes of antifungal treatment for @entity69010 based on the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and @entity166 guidelines. METHODS: Costs and treatment outcomes with the echinocandin @entity25928 were compared with those for @entity11794 , @entity1331 and @entity2380 . The model included non- @entity1398 @entity1 aged >= 16  years with confirmed @entity69010 who were receiving intravenous first-line treatment. @entity1 were categorised as either a clinical success or failure ( @entity1 with persistent/breakthrough infection); successfully treated @entity1 switched to oral therapy, while @entity1 categorised as clinical failures switched to a different antifungal class. Other inputs were all-cause mortality at 6  weeks, costs of treatment-related adverse events and other medical resource utilisation costs. Resource use was derived from the published literature and from discussion with clinical experts. Drug-acquisition/administration costs were taken from standard United Kingdom costing sources. RESULTS: The model indicated that first-line @entity25928 could be considered cost-effective versus @entity2380 (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio   813 per life-year gained) for the treatment of @entity69010 . @entity25928 was cost-saving versus @entity11794 and @entity1331 due to lower total costs and a higher rate of survival combined with a higher probability of clinical success. DISCUSSION: European Society for Clinical Microbiology and @entity166 guidelines recommend @entity5626 for the first-line treatment of @entity69010 ; our model indicated that @entity25928 marries clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: From the United Kingdom perspective, @entity25928 was cost-effective compared with @entity2380 for the treatment of @entity69010 and was cost-saving versus the other @entity5626 .

title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of XXXX for the treatment of candidaemia and other forms of @entity3 .

entities_list: @entity1331 :: ('MESH:C121905', 'Chemical') :: ['micafungin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity25928 :: ('MESH:C102786', 'Chemical') :: ['anidulafungin', 'Anidulafungin']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic']

entities_list: @entity5626 :: ('MESH:D054714', 'Chemical') :: ['echinocandins']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['Infectious Diseases']

entities_list: @entity11794 :: ('MESH:C105417', 'Chemical') :: ['caspofungin']

answer: @entity25928 :: (MESH:C102786,Chemical) :: ['anidulafungin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Some @entity1 with @entity3271 have generalized @entity410 (GTCS) while others have only partial @entity410 (PS). We investigated the relationship between @entity5 localization and @entity410 generalization using quantitative lesion mapping on magnetic resonance images. METHODS: Twenty one @entity1 with histologically proven @entity3271 and GTCS (n=11) or PS (n=10) were studied. Data were acquired on a 3 Tesla MRI System. We performed lesion mapping techniques to compare the spatial distribution of @entity3271 between @entity1 groups, and quantitatively determined the extent to which lesions intersected each probabilistic regions-of-interest, including the cerebral lobes, thalamus, striatum, and genu of the corpus callosum. RESULTS: In @entity1 experiencing GTCS, the greatest lesion load was observed in mesial frontal regions, including cortex connected to the genu. In contrast, the greatest lesion load in @entity1 experiencing PS was observed more caudo-laterally in orbitofrontal and temporal lobes, but typically sparing cortex connected to the genu. The number of lesion intersections with genu region of interest was significantly greater in @entity1 experiencing GTCS relative to @entity1 with PS (p=0.03). There were no significant differences between @entity1 groups with respect to lesion intersection with the individual cerebral lobes, thalamus and striatum, or with respect to overall @entity3271 size. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the genu of the corpus callosum may be a major pathway for @entity410 generalization in @entity1 with @entity3271 .

title: The role of the corpus callosum in @entity410 spread: MRI lesion mapping in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'tonic-clonic seizures']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity3271 :: ('MESH:D009837', 'Disease') :: ['oligodendrogliomas', 'oligodendroglioma']

answer: @entity3271 :: (MESH:D009837,Disease) :: ['oligodendrogliomas']


abstract: The authors examined the relationship between the time required to enter complete remission (CR) after a first course of chemotherapy for newly diagnosed @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ), @entity7139 ( @entity7139 ), or @entity7139 ( @entity7139 ). They also examined subsequent survival time and disease-free survival time after accounting for cytogenetic status, age, and treatment. The data set consisted of 1101 @entity1 with these diagnoses treated at the M. D. Anderson @entity5 Center between 1980 and 1996 for whom outcomes were established after first-course therapy. Of the 1101 @entity1 , 740 (67%) were in CR after this time; 508 of these 740 (69%) have died (80% had disease recurrence before @entity204 ). The authors used the parametric model of Shen and Thall to estimate, in particular, T(C) (time to CR), T(C,D) (time from CR to @entity204 = residual survival after CR), and T(C,R) (residual disease-free survival [DFS] after CR) as functions of the covariates noted above and to estimate the dependence of T(C,D) and T(C,R) on T(C). There was a strong inverse association between T(C) and both T(C,D) and T(C,R) (P <.001 for both) that was independent of cytogenetic status, age, or treatment. The residual survival time of @entity1 who required >50 days to enter CR was closer to the residual survival time of resistant @entity1 than to that of @entity1 known to be in CR within approximately 30 days of the start of treatment. Time to CR is an independent predictor of residual survival and disease-free survival in @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity3052 who achieve CR after 1 course of chemotherapy. (Blood. 2000;95:72-77)

title: Effect of time to complete remission on subsequent survival and disease-free survival time in XXXX , @entity7139 , and @entity7139 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7139 :: ('MESH:D000754', 'Disease') :: ['RAEB', 'refractory anemia with excess blasts', 'RAEB-t', 'refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['AML']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Euromelanoma is a @entity1489 education and prevention campaign that started in 1999 in Belgium as ' @entity320 day'. Since 2000, it is active in a large and growing number of European countries under the name Euromelanoma. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate results of Euromelanoma in 2009 and 2010 in 20 countries, describing characteristics of screenees, rates of clinically suspicious lesions for @entity1489 and detection rates of @entity320 . METHODS: Euromelanoma questionnaires were used by 20 countries providing their data in a standardized database (Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, FYRO Macedonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldavia, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine). RESULTS: In total, 59,858 subjects were screened in 20 countries. Most screenees were female (64%), median ages were 43 (female) and 46 (male) and 33% had phototype I or II. The suspicion rates ranged from 1.1% to 19.4% for @entity320 (average 2.8%), from 0.0% to 10.7% for @entity1491 (average 3.1%) and from 0.0% to 1.8% for @entity957 (average 0.4%). The overall positive predictive value of countries where (estimation of) positive predictive value could be determined was 13.0%, @entity320 detection rates varied from 0.1% to 1.9%. Dermoscopy was used in 78% of examinations with clinically suspected @entity320 ; full body skin examination was performed in 72% of the screenees. CONCLUSION: Although the population screened during Euromelanoma was relatively young, high rates of clinically suspected @entity320 were found. The efficacy of Euromelanoma could be improved by targeting high-risk populations and by better use of dermoscopy and full body skin examination.

title: The XXXX prevention campaign in Europe: characteristics and results of 2009 and 2010.

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas', 'Melanoma']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['Euromelanoma skin cancer']


abstract: The delivery of @entity1 before 37 weeks gestation is a leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity in the United States. Traditional methods of predicting @entity1 at risk relying on obstetric history or premonitory symptoms (detected clinically or by tocodynamometry) are neither sensitive nor specific. Recent approaches to predicting @entity3152 have included sonographic measurement of cervical length and various biochemical assays. Although more sensitive than traditional methods, none of these alone exhibits sufficient accuracy to warrant widespread use. We contend that the failure of current approaches to predicting @entity3152 reflects an inadequate understanding of the underlying pathogenesis. Clinical and experimental evidence support the concept that most cases of @entity3152 reflect four pathogenic processes, which share a common final biological pathway leading to uterine contractions and cervical changes with or without @entity3465 rupture of membranes. These pathogeneses are: (1) activation of the maternal or fetal @entity2339 ; (2) decidual-chorioamniotic or systemic @entity32 ; (3) decidual @entity548 (i.e. abruption); and (4) pathological distention of the uterus. Our research seeks to combine the most useful biophysical and biochemical markers of such processes with optimal clinical and epidemiological predictors into a composite, easily applied risk tool. This integrated approach has the potential to identify at-risk asymptomatic @entity1 with high sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, and also to ascertain underlying pathogenic processes that can lead to targeted therapy. To accomplish these goals, we employ logistic regression and artificial @entity1274 models to assess and apply the appropriate weight to markers associated with each of the above pathogenic pathways, in addition to markers of the final common pathway leading to fetal membrane rupture, cervical extracellular matrix degradation, and myometrial activation. By combining these markers, we expect ultimately to produce a predictive model that is more robust than any existing method, and that identifies the relative contribution of each pathogenic process. Further analysis of this model using a @entity1274 will enable us to identify asymptomatic @entity1 destined to deliver preterm with high sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and to assess the relative contribution of each of the four distinct pathogeneses to this @entity3152 risk.

title: Risk stratification and pathological mechanisms in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['premature']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['neural network']

answer: @entity3152 :: (MESH:D007752,Disease) :: ['preterm delivery']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome and the prognosis of @entity1 with @entity69646 who were treated with @entity902 -based chemotherapy immediately after initial surgery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of @entity1 with @entity43 who were referred for consideration of treatment to the Departments of Medical Oncology participating in the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. RESULTS: Over a 14-year period 53 @entity1 were included in our study. There were 13 @entity1 with @entity5000 and 40 @entity1 with @entity5 . Forty percent of @entity1 underwent complete resection of their @entity5 . @entity902 -based chemotherapy consisted primarily of @entity900 , @entity5713 , and @entity1732 ( @entity7297 ) in 9 @entity1 ; @entity1732 , @entity2879 , and @entity900 ( @entity12962 ) in 15 @entity1 ; and @entity1732 , @entity2879 , and @entity3003 (BEC) in 25 @entity1 . With a median follow-up of 39 months, 5 @entity1 developed @entity74 and died of their @entity5 and 1 @entity1 died of @entity1732 -induced @entity358 with no evidence of active @entity5 . The 5-year overall survival was 100% for @entity1 with @entity5000 and 85% for @entity1 with @entity5 . Eighty percent of @entity1 with advanced @entity5 and @entity66 after surgery remain disease free. CONCLUSION: With this study we confirm that @entity1 with @entity69646 have a favorable outcome when treated with @entity902 -based chemotherapy.

title: Favorable outcome of @entity69646 treated with XXXX or @entity3003 -based chemotherapy: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian germ cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity69646 :: ('MESH:C562841', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian germ cell malignancies']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'nondysgerminomatous tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['progressive disease']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['Platinum', 'platinum']

entities_list: @entity5000 :: ('MESH:D004407', 'Disease') :: ['dysgerminoma']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: A certain degree of @entity8 is related to an increased cardiovascular risk. The cardiovascular protection exerted in the postmenopausal state by the @entity34 ( @entity34 ) is debated. No studies have so far explored the relationship between menopause, renal function and cardiovascular risk profile in healthy menopausal @entity1 in relation with @entity34 . SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 362 postmenopausal healthy @entity1 with normal albumin excretion rate were recruited and divided into two groups ( @entity34 + and @entity34 -) according to the presence or absence of @entity34 . All @entity1 underwent a complete routine biochemical analyses and an echocardiogram. RESULTS: Clinical characteristics of the two groups were similar, but @entity34 + showed a significantly higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR; by CKD-EPI formula). Regarding the heart ultrasonography, @entity34 + had a significantly lower size of the aortic root and left atrium diameter (p  =  0.038 and p  =  0.012, respectively); no differences were found in the ejection fraction and Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI). In the whole study group, @entity470 correlated inversely with LVMI and with the size of the aortic root (both p  <  0.0001), being GFR the only determinant of the former by a stepwise regression. Dividing the study population according to an @entity470 cut-off (>  80 and <  80  ml/ @entity1009 .73  m(2) ); >  80 @entity1 , in comparison with <  80, showed a significantly lower LVMI and lower size of aortic bulb, further reduced in the @entity34 +. CONCLUSION: In a cohort of healthy, drug-na  ve, postmenopausal @entity1 , @entity34 seems to positively affect glomerular filtration and is associated with lower values of left ventricular mass and aortic root size, thus offering a further mechanism through female hormones exert cardioprotection.

title: Hormone replacement therapy, renal function and heart ultrasonographic parameters in postmenopausal XXXX : an observational study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['impaired kidney function']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['HRT', 'hormone replacement therapy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Paediatric @entity131 ( @entity131 ) has been associated with acute and long-term mathematical difficulties. Little is known about the recovery of these impairments in @entity1 with mild @entity131 (mTBI) and their underlying pathophysiology, such as @entity62 . RESEARCH DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study followed the recovery of mathematical @entity62 in @entity1 with mTBI from the sub-acute (1 month @entity130 ) to chronic stage (6-8 months @entity130 ) of recovery. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Twenty @entity1 with mTBI and 20 matched controls completed mathematics tests. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) metrics of white matter pathways corpus callosum (CC), superior and @entity3057 were examined with DTI-tractography. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Mathematical difficulties and @entity62 in the CC observed shortly after the injury resolved after 6-8 months of recovery. @entity1 with mTBI continued to show working @entity2414 . Longitudinal DTI data suggest continued maturation of the CC in controls, but little maturation of the damaged CC in @entity1 with mTBI. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with mTBI recovered in terms of mathematical @entity62 . These @entity1 continued to show working @entity2414 , which might interfere with learning at school.

title: Longitudinal changes in mathematical @entity62 following paediatric mild XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory deficits']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['abilities and white matter', 'white matter abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['post-injury']

entities_list: @entity3057 :: ('MESH:D017887', 'Disease') :: ['longitudinal fasciculi']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic brain injury']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background. Physical activity guidelines for adults only recognize the health benefits of accumulating bouted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), or MVPA occurring over at least 10 consecutive minutes. There is a lack of evidence supporting the health benefits of other patterns and intensities of activity including sporadic MVPA (i.e., MVPA occurring in periods of fewer than 10 consecutive minutes) and @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ). The objective of this study was to examine the health benefits associated with physical activity that does not meet the physical activity guidelines criteria for bouted MVPA. Specifically, we examined the association between sporadic MVPA and bouted and sporadic @entity3457 with the @entity209 . Methods. We studied a representative cross-sectional sample of 1,974 adults aged 20 years and older from the 2003-2006 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Physical activity was measured over 7 days using Actigraph AM-7164 accelerometers. Each minute over the 7-day measurement period was classified as being of a sedentary, light, or moderate-to-vigorous intensity. A 10 min threshold differentiated bouted activity from sporadic activity. Average minutes/day of sporadic @entity3457 , sporadic MVPA, bouted @entity3457 , bouted MVPA, and embedded MVPA (MVPA occurring within bouts of primarily @entity3457 ) were calculated. @entity209 status was determined using established criteria. Associations were examined using logistic regression and controlled for relevant covariates. Results. For every 30 min/day of physical activity, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of the @entity209 was reduced by 4% (1-7%) for bouted @entity3457 , 64% (51-71%) for bouted MVPA, and 57% (45-67%) for embedded MVPA. Sporadic @entity3457 was not independently associated with the @entity209 . We could not examine the association between sporadic MVPA and the @entity209 because @entity1 accumulated such a marginal amount of this type of activity (i.e., median = 2 min/day, only 11% of @entity1 accumulated >= 5 min/day). Conclusion. The intensity of non-bouted activity is important, as embedded MVPA had a stronger association with the @entity209 than sporadic @entity3457 and a comparable association to bouted MVPA.

title: Intensity of bouted and sporadic physical activity and the XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic syndrome', 'metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['LIPA', 'light intensity physical activity']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: (1) Liraglutide is a long-acting @entity6757 derivative, designed for once daily administration in type II @entity6 @entity1 . To investigate the effects of liraglutide on glycemic control and beta-cell mass in @entity35 models of @entity9608 , studies were performed in male Zucker @entity6 fatty (ZDF) @entity35 and in 60% pancreatectomized @entity35 . (2) When liraglutide was dosed s.c. at 150 microg kg-1 b.i.d. for 6 weeks in ZDF @entity35 6-8 weeks of age at study start, @entity6 development was markedly attenuated. Blood @entity413 was approximately 12 mm lower compared to vehicle (P<0.0002), and plasma insulin was 2-3-fold higher during a normal 24-h feeding period (P<0.001). Judged by pair feeding, approximately 53% of the antihyperglycemic effect observed on 24-h @entity413 profiles was mediated by a @entity448 , which persisted throughout the study and averaged 16% (P<0.02). (3) Histological analyses revealed that beta-cell mass and proliferation were significantly lower in prediabetic animals still normoglycemic after 2 weeks treatment compared to vehicle-treated animals that had begun to develop @entity6 . When the treatment period was 6 weeks, the liraglutide-treated animals were no longer completely normoglycemic and the beta-cell mass was significantly increased compared to overtly @entity6 vehicle-treated animals, while beta-cell proliferation was unaffected. (4) In the experiments with 60% pancreatectomized @entity35 , 8 days treatment with liraglutide resulted in a significantly lower @entity413 excursion in response to oral @entity413 compared to vehicle treatment. Again, part of the antihyperglycemic effect was due to reduced food intake. No effect of liraglutide on beta-cell mass was observed in these virtually normoglycemic animals. (5) In conclusion, treatment with liraglutide has marked antihyperglycemic effects in rodent models of @entity9608 , and the in vivo effect of liraglutide on beta-cell mass may in part depend on the metabolic state of the animals.

title: GLP-1 derivative liraglutide in @entity35 with XXXX : influence of metabolic state on beta-cell mass dynamics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity9608 :: ('MESH:D007340', 'Disease') :: ['beta-cell deficiencies']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in food intake']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity9608 :: (MESH:D007340,Disease) :: ['beta-cell deficiencies']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Microsurgery is one of the primary current standard options for the treatment of @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ). Especially the middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach is a safe and efficacious technique for the preservation of hearing and @entity2103 in small @entity5513 . @entity260 are rare, although a leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is common. The aim of this study was to analyze postoperative CSF leaks and to describe strategies for postoperative treatment. Between October 2005 and May 2012, 148 @entity1 suffering from @entity5513 and selected for microsurgery via the MCF approach were treated in our department. Postoperative CSF leakage occurred in 19 @entity1 . We found a leakage via the Eustachian tube into the nasopharynx in 18 @entity1 and one case of incisional leakage. In 13 cases leaking stopped within 5  days by conservative management including bed rest and intravenous (i.v) antibiotics. Five @entity1 needed lumbar drainage (LD) and only two @entity1 had to undergo revision surgery to seal and pack the mastoid. Analyzed risk factors were age, gender, @entity5 size and pneumatization of the mastoid. Only the latter showed a significant influence on CSF leakage. We could demonstrate that a stepwise strategy is needed for successful treatment of CSF leaks.

title: Management of CSF leakage after microsurgery for XXXX via the middle cranial fossa approach.

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['VS', 'vestibular schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity2103 :: ('MESH:D005155', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve function']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['vestibular schwannoma']