query: Enhanced Search with Wildcards and Morphological Inflections in the Google Books Ngram Viewer

positive: Syntactic Annotations for the Google Books NGram Corpus We present a new edition of the Google Books Ngram Corpus, which describes how often words and phrases were used over a period of five centuries, in eight languages; it reflects 6% of all books ever published. This new edition introduces syntactic annotations: words are tagged with their part-of-speech, and headmodifier relationships are recorded. The annotations are produced automatically with statistical models that are specifically adapted to historical text. The corpus will facilitate the study of linguistic trends, especially those related to the evolution of syntax.

positive: A Universal Part-of-Speech Tagset To facilitate future research in unsupervised induction of syntactic structure and to standardize best-practices, we propose a tagset that consists of twelve universal part-of-speech categories. In addition to the tagset, we develop a mapping from 25 different treebank tagsets to this universal set. As a result, when combined with the original treebank data, this universal tagset and mapping produce a dataset consisting of common parts-of-speech for 22 different languages. We highlight the use of this resource via three experiments, that (1) compare tagging accuracies across languages, (2) present an unsupervised grammar induction approach that does not use gold standard part-of-speech tags, and (3) use the universal tags to transfer dependency parsers between languages, achieving state-of-the-art results.

positive: A Bayesian framework for word segmentation: Exploring the effects of context Since the experiments of Saffran et al. [Saffran, J., Aslin, R., & Newport, E. (1996). Statistical learning in 8-month-old infants. Science, 274, 1926-1928], there has been a great deal of interest in the question of how statistical regularities in the speech stream might be used by infants to begin to identify individual words. In this work, we use computational modeling to explore the effects of different assumptions the learner might make regarding the nature of words--in particular, how these assumptions affect the kinds of words that are segmented from a corpus of transcribed child-directed speech. We develop several models within a Bayesian ideal observer framework, and use them to examine the consequences of assuming either that words are independent units, or units that help to predict other units. We show through empirical and theoretical results that the assumption of independence causes the learner to undersegment the corpus, with many two- and three-word sequences (e.g. what's that, do you, in the house) misidentified as individual words. In contrast, when the learner assumes that words are predictive, the resulting segmentation is far more accurate. These results indicate that taking context into account is important for a statistical word segmentation strategy to be successful, and raise the possibility that even young infants may be able to exploit more subtle statistical patterns than have usually been considered.

positive: Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank In this paper, we review our experience with constructing one such large annotated corpus--the Penn Treebank, a corpus consisting of over 4.5 million words of American English. During the first three-year phase of the Penn Treebank Project (1989-1992), this corpus has been annotated for part-of-speech (POS) information. In addition, over half of it has been annotated for skeletal syntactic structure. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-93-87. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/237 Building A Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank MS-CIS-93-87 LINC LAB 260 Mitchell P. Marcus Beatrice Santorini Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science Computer and Information Science Department Philadelphia, PA 19104-6389

positive: Quantifying the evolutionary dynamics of language Human language is based on grammatical rules. Cultural evolution allows these rules to change over time. Rules compete with each other: as new rules rise to prominence, old ones die away. To quantify the dynamics of language evolution, we studied the regularization of English verbs over the past 1,200 years. Although an elaborate system of productive conjugations existed in English’s proto-Germanic ancestor, Modern English uses the dental suffix, ‘-ed’, to signify past tense. Here we describe the emergence of this linguistic rule amidst the evolutionary decay of its exceptions, known to us as irregular verbs. We have generated a data set of verbs whose conjugations have been evolving for more than a millennium, tracking inflectional changes to 177 Old-English irregular verbs. Of these irregular verbs, 145 remained irregular in Middle English and 98 are still irregular today. We study how the rate of regularization depends on the frequency of word usage. The half-life of an irregular verb scales as the square root of its usage frequency: a verb that is 100 times less frequent regularizes 10 times as fast. Our study provides a quantitative analysis of the regularization process by which ancestral forms gradually yield to an emerging linguistic rule.

negative: Internet Privacy Concerns Confirm the Case for Intervention yberspace is invading private space. Controversies about spam, cookies, and the clickstream are merely the tip of an iceberg. Behind them loom real-time person location technologies includ-It's small wonder that lack of public confidence is a serious impediment to the take-up rate of consumer e-commerce. The concerns are not merely about security of value, but about something much more significant: trust in the information society. Conventional thinking has been the Internet renders laws less relevant. On the contrary, this article argues that the current debates about privacy and the Internet are the harbingers of a substantial shift. Because the U.S. has held off general privacy protections for so long, it will undergo much more significant adjustments than European countries. Privacy is often thought of as a moral right or a legal right. But it's often more useful to perceive privacy as the interest that individuals have in sustaining a personal space, free from interference by other people and organizations. Personal space has multiple dimensions, in particular , privacy of the person (concerned with the integrity of the individual's body), privacy of personal behavior, privacy of personal communications , and privacy of personal data. Information privacy refers to the claims of individuals that data about themselves should generally not be available to other individuals and organizations, and that, where data is possessed by another party, the individual must be able to exercise a substantial degree of control over that data and its use. (Definitional issues are examined in [6].) Information privacy has been under increasing threat as a result of the rapid replacement of expensive physical surveillance by what I referred to in Communications over a decade ago as " dataveillance: " the systematic use of personal data systems in the investigation or monitoring of people's actions or communications [2]. Intensive data trails about each individual provide a basis for the exercise of power over I In nt te er rv ve en nt ti io on n Public confidence in matters of online privacy seemingly lessens as the Internet grows. Indeed, there is mounting evidence the necessary remedy may be a protective framework that includes (gulp) legislative provisions.

negative: An Engineering Model for Color Difference as a Function of Size This work describes a first step towards the creation of an engineering model for the perception of color difference as a function of size. Our approach is to non-uniformly rescale CIELAB using data from crowdsourced experiments, such as those run on Amazon Mechanical Turk. In such experiments, the inevitable variations in viewing conditions reflect the environment many applications must run in. Our goal is to create a useful model for design applications where it is important to make colors distinct, but for which a small set of highly distinct colors is inadequate.

negative: Generating UML Diagrams from Natural Language Specifications The process of generating UML Diagrams from natural language specification is a highly challenging task. This paper proposes a method and tool to facilitate the requirements analysis process and extract UML diagrams from textual requirements using natural language processing (NLP) and Domain Ontology techniques. Requirements engineers analyze requirements manually to understand the scope of the system. The time spent on the analysis and the low quality of human analysis justifies the need of a tool for better understanding of the system. “Requirement analysis to Provide Instant Diagrams (RAPID)” is a desktop tool to assist requirements analysts and Software Engineering students to analyze textual requirements, finding core concepts and its relationships, and extraction UML diagrams. The evaluation of RAPID system is in the process and will be conducted through two forms of evaluation, experimental and expert evaluation.

negative: Implicit Age Cues in Resumes: Subtle Effects on Hiring Discrimination Anonymous resume screening, as assumed, does not dissuade age discriminatory effects. Building on job market signaling theory, this study investigated whether older applicants may benefit from concealing explicitly mentioned age signals on their resumes (date of birth) or whether more implicit/subtle age cues on resumes (older-sounding names/old-fashioned extracurricular activities) may lower older applicants' hirability ratings. An experimental study among 610 HR professionals using a mixed factorial design showed hiring discrimination of older applicants based on implicit age cues in resumes. This effect was more pronounced for older raters. Concealing one's date of birth led to overall lower ratings. Study findings add to the limited knowledge on the effects of implicit age cues on hiring discrimination in resume screening and the usefulness of anonymous resume screening in the context of age. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

negative: Pixel Recurrent Neural Networks Modeling the distribution of natural images is a landmark problem in unsupervised learning. This task requires an image model that is at once expressive, tractable and scalable. We present a deep neural network that sequentially predicts the pixels in an image along the two spatial dimensions. Our method models the discrete probability of the raw pixel values and encodes the complete set of dependencies in the image. Architectural novelties include fast twodimensional recurrent layers and an effective use of residual connections in deep recurrent networks. We achieve log-likelihood scores on natural images that are considerably better than the previous state of the art. Our main results also provide benchmarks on the diverse ImageNet dataset. Samples generated from the model appear crisp, varied and globally coherent.

negative: Chatbot for admissions The communication of potential students with a university department is performed manually and it is a very time consuming procedure. The opportunity to communicate with on a one-to-one basis is highly valued. However with many hundreds of applications each year, one-to-one conversations are not feasible in most cases. The communication will require a member of academic staff to expend several hours to find suitable answers and contact each student. It would be useful to reduce his costs and time. The project aims to reduce the burden on the head of admissions, and potentially other users, by developing a convincing chatbot. A suitable algorithm must be devised to search through the set of data and find a potential answer. The program then replies to the user and provides a relevant web link if the user is not satisfied by the answer. Furthermore a web interface is provided for both users and an administrator. The achievements of the project can be summarised as follows. To prepare the background of the project a literature review was undertaken, together with an investigation of existing tools, and consultation with the head of admissions. The requirements of the system were established and a range of algorithms and tools were investigated, including keyword and template matching. An algorithm that combines keyword matching with string similarity has been developed. A usable system using the proposed algorithm has been implemented. The system was evaluated by keeping logs of questions and answers and by feedback received by potential students that used it. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr Peter Hancox for his immeasurable help and support throughout this project. I also need to express my thanks to the computer support team for their excellent help and instructions. Finally, I feel the need to acknowledge the constant support offered by my parents. Introduction This chapter covers an introduction to the project including the context, a description of aims and objectives, a description of what has been achieved, contributions and the structure of the report. Although the admissions process works properly as it is, it is very difficult and time consuming to contact a member of staff of the university. However, the problem would be partially solved if the applicant could talk to a convincing chatbot, able to respond to their concerns with information about admissions, booking accommodation, paying fees in instalments and what pre-sessional courses are on offer. The …

negative: Levofloxacin implants with predefined microstructure fabricated by three-dimensional printing technique. A novel three-dimensional (3D) printing technique was utilized in the preparation of drug implants that can be designed to have complex drug release profiles. The method we describe is based on a lactic acid polymer matrix with a predefined microstructure that is amenable to rapid prototyping and fabrication. We describe how the process parameters, especially selection of the binder, were optimized. Implants containing levofloxacin (LVFX) with predefined microstructures using an optimized binder solution of ethanol and acetone (20:80, v/v) were prepared by a 3D printing process that achieved a bi-modal profile displaying both pulsatile and steady state LVFX release from a single implant. The pulse release appeared from day 5 to 25, followed by a steady state phase of 25 days. The next pulse release phase then began at the 50th day and ended at the 80th day. To evaluate the drug implants structurally and analytically, the microscopic morphologies and the in vitro release profiles of the implants fabricated by both the 3D printing technique and the conventional lost mold technique were assessed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and UV absorbance spectrophotometry. The results demonstrate that the 3D printing technology can be used to fabricate drug implants with sophisticated micro- and macro-architecture in a single device that may be rapidly prototyped and fabricated. We conclude that drug implants with predefined microstructure fabricated by 3D printing techniques can have clear advantages compared to implants fabricated by conventional compressing methods.

negative: A Machine Learning Approach to Pronoun Resolution in Spoken Dialogue We apply a decision tree based approach to pronoun resolution in spoken dialogue. Our system deals with pronouns with NPand non-NP-antecedents. We present a set of features designed for pronoun resolution in spoken dialogue and determine the most promising features. We evaluate the system on twenty Switchboard dialogues and show that it compares well to Byron’s (2002) manually tuned system.

negative: Q-Learning-Based Power Control for LTE Enterprise Femtocell Networks Small cells are beneficial for both users and operators to improve communication quality. The femtocell is one type of small cell used for indoor coverage. Enterprise femtocell installation inevitably produces intralayer and interlayer interference management issues. Enterprise femtocell optimization and indoor propagation modeling are built in this work based on the communications environment characteristics. Q-learning-based distributed and hybrid power control strategies are then proposed. The throughput, energy efficiency, and user experience satisfaction with conventional scheduling methods are compared. The simulation results show that distributed Q-learning performs better local optimization while hybrid Q-learning enhances global performance.

negative: Smart Home Automated Control System Using Android Application and Microcontroller Smart Home System (SHS) is a dwelling incorporating a communications network that connects the electrical appliances and services allowing them to be remotely controlled, monitored or accessed. SHS includes different approaches to achieve multiple objectives range from enhancing comfort in daily life to enabling a more independent life for elderly and handicapped people. In this paper, the main four fields for SHS which are, home automation and remote monitoring, environmental monitoring, including humidity, temperature, fault tracking and management and finally the health monitoring have been considered. The system design is based on the Microcontroller MIKRO C software; multiple passive and active sensors and also a wireless internet services which is used in different monitoring and control processes .This paper presents the hardware implementation of a multiplatform control system for house automation and combines both hardware and software technologies. The system results shows that it can be classified as a comfortable, secure, private, economic and safe system in addition to its great flexibility and reliability.

negative: Regression Shrinkage and Selection via the Elastic Net , with Applications to Microarrays We propose the elastic net, a new regression shrinkage and selection method. Real data and a simulation study show that the elastic net often outperforms the lasso, while it enjoys a similar sparsity of representation. In addition, the elastic net encourages a grouping effect, where strong correlated predictors are kept in the model. The elastic net is particularly useful in the analysis of microarray data in which the number of genes (predictors) is much bigger than the number of samples (observations). We show how the elastic net can be used to construct a classification rule and do automatic gene selection at the same time in microarray data, where the lasso is not very satisfied. We also propose an efficient algorithm for solving the elastic net based on the recently invented LARS algorithm. keywords: Gene selection; Grouping effect; Lasso; LARS algorithm; Microarray classification.

negative: Path-planning strategies for a point mobile automaton moving amidst unknown obstacles of arbitrary shape The problem of path planning for an automaton moving in a two-dimensional scene filled with unknown obstacles is considered. The automaton is presented as a point; obstacles can be of an arbitrary shape, with continuous boundaries and of finite size; no restriction on the size of the scene is imposed. The information available to the automaton is limited to its own current coordinates and those of the target position. Also, when the automaton hits an obstacle, this fact is detected by the automaton's “tactile sensor.” This information is shown to be sufficient for reaching the target or concluding in finite time that the target cannot be reached. A worst-case lower bound on the length of paths generated by any algorithm operating within the framework of the accepted model is developed; the bound is expressed in terms of the perimeters of the obstacles met by the automaton in the scene. Algorithms that guarantee reaching the target (if the target is reachable), and tests for target reachability are presented. The efficiency of the algorithms is studied, and worst-case upper bounds on the length of generated paths are produced.

negative: Obsessive-compulsive disorder and gut microbiota dysregulation. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating disorder for which the cause is not known and treatment options are modestly beneficial. A hypothesis is presented wherein the root cause of OCD is proposed to be a dysfunction of the gut microbiome constituency resulting in a susceptibility to obsessional thinking. Both stress and antibiotics are proposed as mechanisms by which gut microbiota are altered preceding the onset of OCD symptomology. In this light, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) leading to episodic OCD is explained not by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections, but rather by prophylactic antibiotics that are administered as treatment. Further, stressful life events known to trigger OCD, such as pregnancy, are recast to show the possibility of altering gut microbiota prior to onset of OCD symptoms. Suggested treatment for OCD would be the directed, specie-specific (re)introduction of beneficial bacteria modifying the gut microbiome, thereby ameliorating OCD symptoms. Special considerations should be contemplated when considering efficacy of treatment, particularly the unhealthy coping strategies often observed in patients with chronic OCD that may need addressing in conjunction with microbiome remediation.

negative: Event-Based Mobile Social Networks: Services, Technologies, and Applications Event-based mobile social networks (MSNs) are a special type of MSN that has an immanently temporal common feature, which allows any smart phone user to create events to share group messaging, locations, photos, and insights among participants. The emergence of Internet of Things and event-based social applications integrated with context-awareness ability can be helpful in planning and organizing social events like meetings, conferences, and tradeshows. This paper first provides review of the event-based social networks and the basic principles and architecture of event-based MSNs. Next, event-based MSNs with smartphone contained technology elements, such as context-aware mobility and multimedia sharing, are presented. By combining the feature of context-aware mobility with multimedia sharing in event-based MSNs, event organizers, and planners with the service providers optimize their capability to recognize value for the multimedia services they deliver. The unique features of the current event-based MSNs give rise to the major technology trends to watch for designing applications. These mobile applications and their main features are described. At the end, discussions on the evaluation of the event-based mobile applications based on their main features are presented. Some open research issues and challenges in this important area of research are also outlined.

negative: Fully Integrated Startup at 70 mV of Boost Converters for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting This paper presents an inductive DC-DC boost converter for energy harvesting using a thermoelectric generator with a minimum startup voltage of 70 mV and a regulated output voltage of 1.25 V. With a typical generator resistance of 40 Ω, an output power of 17 μW can be provided, which translates to an end-to-end efficiency of 58%. The converter employs Schmitt-trigger logic startup control circuitry and an ultra-low voltage charge pump using modified Schmitt-trigger driving circuits optimized for driving capacitive loads. Together with a novel ultra-low leakage power switch and the required control scheme, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this enables the lowest minimum voltage with fully integrated startup.

negative: Adaptation and the SetPoint Model of Subjective Well-Being Does Happiness Change After Major Life Events ? Hedonic adaptation refers to the process by which individuals return to baseline levels of happiness following a change in life circumstances. Dominant models of subjective well-being (SWB) suggest that people can adapt to almost any life event and that happiness levels fluctuate around a biologically determined set point that rarely changes. Recent evidence from large-scale panel studies challenges aspects of this conclusion. Although inborn factors certainly matter and some adaptation does occur, events such as divorce, death of a spouse, unemployment, and disability are associated with lasting changes in SWB. These recent studies also show that there are considerable individual differences in the extent to which people adapt. Thus, happiness levels do change, and adaptation is not inevitable. KEYWORDS—happiness; subjective well-being; adaptation; set-point theory People’s greatest hopes and fears often center on the possible occurrence of rare but important life events. People may dread the possibility of losing a loved one or becoming disabled, and they may go to great lengths to find true love or to increase their chances of winning the lottery. In many cases, people strive to attain or avoid these outcomes because of the outcomes’ presumed effect on happiness. But do these major life events really affect long-term levels of subjective well-being (SWB)? Dominant models of SWB suggest that after experiencing major life events, people inevitably adapt. More specifically, set-point theorists posit that inborn personality factors cause an inevitable return to genetically determined happiness set points. However, recent evidence from large-scale longitudinal studies challenges some of the stronger conclusions from these models. ADAPTATION RESEARCH AND THEORY Although the thought that levels of happiness cannot change may distress some people, researchers believe that adaptation processes serve important functions (Frederick & Loewenstein, 1999). For one thing, these processes protect people from potentially dangerous psychological and physiological consequences of prolonged emotional states. In addition, because adaptation processes allow unchanging stimuli to fade into the attentional background, these processes ensure that change in the environment receives extra attention. Attention to environmental change is advantageous because threats that have existed for prolonged periods of time are likely to be less dangerous than novel threats. Similarly, because rewards that have persisted are less likely to disappear quickly than are novel rewards, it will often be advantageous to attend and react more strongly to these novel rewards. Finally, by reducing emotional reactions over time, adaptation processes allow individuals to disengage from goals that have little chance of success. Thus, adaptation can be beneficial, and some amount of adaptation to life circumstances surely occurs. Yet many questions about the strength and ubiquity of adaptation effects remain, partly because of the types of evidence that have been used to support adaptation theories. In many cases, adaptation is not directly observed. Instead, it must be inferred from indirect evidence. For instance, psychologists often cite the low correlation between happiness and life circumstances as evidence for adaptation effects. Factors such as income, age, health, marital status, and number of friends account for only a small percentage of the variance in SWB (Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999). One explanation that has been offered for this counterintuitive finding is that these factors initially have an impact but that people adapt over time. However, the weak associations between life circumstances and SWB themselves provide only suggestive evidence for this explanation. Additional indirect support for the set-point model comes from research that takes a personality perspective on SWB. Address correspondence to Richard E. Lucas, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823; e-mail: lucasri@msu.edu. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Volume 16—Number 2 75 Copyright r 2007 Association for Psychological Science Three pieces of evidence are relevant (Lucas, in press-b). First, SWB exhibits moderate stability even over very long periods of time and even in the face of changing life circumstances. Recent reviews suggest that approximately 30 to 40% of the variance in life-satisfaction measures is stable over periods as long as 20 years. Second, a number of studies have shown that well-being variables are about 40 to 50% heritable. These heritability estimates appear to be even higher (about 80%) for long-term levels of happiness (Lykken & Tellegen, 1996). Finally, personality variables like extroversion and neuroticism are relatively strong predictors of happiness, at least when compared to the predictive power of external factors. The explanation for this set of findings is that events can influence short-term levels of happiness, but personality-based adaptation processes inevitably move people back to their genetically determined set point after a relatively short period of time. More direct evidence for hedonic adaptation comes from studies that examine the well-being of individuals who have experienced important life events. However, even these studies can be somewhat equivocal. For instance, one of the most famous studies is that of Brickman, Coates, and Janoff-Bulman (1978) comparing lottery winners and patients with spinal-cord injuries to people in a control group. Brickman et al. showed that lottery winners were not significantly happier than the control-group participants and that individuals with spinal-cord injuries ‘‘did not appear nearly as unhappy as might be expected’’ (p. 921). This study appears to show adaptation to even the most extreme events imaginable. What is often not mentioned, however, is that although the participants with spinal-cord injuries were above neutral on the happiness scale (which is what led Brickman et al. to conclude that they were happier than might be expected), they were significantly less happy than the people in the control group, and the difference between the groups was actually quite large. Individuals with spinal-cord injuries were more than three quarters of a standard deviation below the mean of the control group. This means that the average participant from the control group was happier than approximately 78% of participants with spinal-cord injuries. This result has now been replicated quite often—most existing studies show relatively large differences between individuals with spinal-cord injuries and healthy participants in control groups (Dijkers, 1997). In addition to problems that result from the interpretation of effect sizes, methodological limitations restrict the conclusions that can be drawn from many existing studies of adaptation. Most studies are not longitudinal, and even fewer are prospective (though there are some notable exceptions; see e.g., Bonanno, 2004; Caspi et al., 2003). Because participants’ pre-event levels of SWB are not known, it is always possible that individuals who experienced an event were more or less happy than average before the event occurred. Certain people may be predisposed to experience life events, and these predisposing factors may be responsible for their happiness levels being lower than average. For instance, in a review of the literature examining the well-being of children who had lost limbs from various causes, Tyc (1992) suggested that those who lost limbs due to accidents tended to have higher levels of premorbid psychological disorders than did those who lost limbs due to disease. Thus, simply comparing the well-being of children who lost limbs to those who did not might overestimate the effect of the injury. Psychologists have demonstrated that level of happiness predicts the occurrence of a variety of events and outcomes (Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005), and therefore, studies that compare individuals who have experienced a particular event with those who have not but that do not take into account previous happiness level must be interpreted cautiously. A second methodological concern relates to what are known as demand characteristics. When researchers recruit participants specifically because they have experienced a given life event, participants may overor underreport SWB. These reports may occur because people believe the life event should have an impact, because they want to appear well-adjusted, or simply because the context of the study makes the event more salient. For instance, Smith, Schwarz, Roberts, and Ubel (2006) showed that patients with Parkinson’s disease reported lower life satisfaction when the study instructions indicated that Parkinson’s disease was a focus than when the instructions indicated that the study focused on the general population. USING LARGE-SCALE PANEL STUDIES TO ASSESS ADAPTATION TO LIFE EVENTS Recently, my colleagues and I have turned to archival data analysis using large, nationally representative panel studies to address questions about adaptation to life events. These studies have a number of advantages over alternative designs. First, they are prospective, which means that pre-event levels of SWB are known. Second, they are longitudinal, which means that change over time can be accurately modeled. Third, very large samples are often involved, which means that even rare events are sampled. Finally, because designers of these studies often recruit nationally representative samples, and because the questionnaires often focus on a variety of issues, demand characteristics are unlikely to have much of an effect. We have used two such panel studies—the German Socioeconomic Panel Study (GSOEP) and the British Household Panel Study (BHPS)—to examine the amount of adaptation that occurs following major life events. The GSOEP includes almost 40,000 individuals living in Germ

negative: Sustainable Food Supply Chains : The Role of Collaboration and Sustainable Relationships The life cycle approach is widely used in the analysis of sustainability. Its application to supply chains is necessary since the product flows, from processing of raw materials to the final customer, are considered. The role of the organizational aspects, expressed in terms of relationships between the supply chain agents, is little considered in the life cycle analysis approach. The aim of this paper is to extend the scope of the food chain life cycle analysis by adding the organizational dimension to the environmental, economic and social ones. Within this context, Collaboration and Sustainable Relationships concepts have been explored based on a literature survey. A theoretical framework, describing their role in assessing the organizational dimension in the life cycle analysis of the food supply chains, is defined. A hypothesis on their joint influence on the supply chains performances is formulated.

negative:
Comparison of perioperative outcomes between robotic and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CONTEXT
Robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) is rapidly increasing; however, the benefit of RPN over laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) is controversial.

OBJECTIVE
To compare perioperative outcomes of RPN and LPN.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
We searched Ovid-Medline, Ovid-Embase, the Cochrane Library, KoreaMed, KMbase, KISS, RISS, and KisTi from their inception through August 2013. Two independent reviewers extracted data using a standardized form. Quality of the selected studies was assessed using the methodological index for nonrandomized studies.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
A total of 23 studies and 2240 patients were included. All studies were cohort studies with no randomization, and the methodological quality varied. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding complications of Clavien-Dindo classification grades 1-2 (p=0.62), Clavien-Dindo classification grades 3-5 (p=0.78), change of serum creatinine (p=0.65), operative time (p=0.35), estimated blood loss (p=0.76), and positive margins (p=0.75). The RPN group had a significantly lower rate of conversion to open surgery (p=0.02) and conversion to radical surgery (p=0.0006), shorter warm ischemia time (WIT; p=0.005), smaller change of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; p=0.03), and shorter length of stay (LOS; p=0.004).

CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis shows that RPN is associated with more favorable results than LPN in conversion rate to open or radical surgery, WIT, change of eGFR, and shorter LOS. To establish the safety and effectiveness outcomes of robotic surgery, well-designed randomized clinical studies with long-term follow-up are needed.

PATIENT SUMMARY
Robotic partial nephrectomy (PN) is more favorable than laparoscopic PN in terms of lower conversion rate to radical nephrectomy, a favorable renal function indexed estimated glomerular filtration rate, shorter length of hospital stay, and shorter warm ischemia time.

negative: Knowledge discovery from database Using an integration of clustering and classification Clustering and classification are two important techniques of data mining. Classification is a supervised learning problem of assigning an object to one of several pre-defined categories based upon the attributes of the object. While, clustering is an unsupervised learning problem that group objects based upon distance or similarity. Each group is known as a cluster. In this paper we make use of a large database ‘Fisher’s Iris Dataset’ containing 5 attributes and 150 instances to perform an integration of clustering and classification techniques of data mining. We compared results of simple classification technique (using J48 classifier) with the results of integration of clustering and classification technique, based upon various parameters using WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis), a Data Mining tool. The results of the experiment show that integration of clustering and classification gives promising results with utmost accuracy rate and robustness even when the data set is containing missing values. KeywordsData Mining; J48; KMEANS; WEKA; Fisher’s Iris dataset;

negative: Bonding-wire triangular spiral inductor for on-chip switching power converters This work presents the first design and modelling of bonding-wire-based triangular spiral inductors (Fig. 1), targeting their application to on-chip switching power converters. It is demonstrated that the equilateral triangular shape compared to other polygonal shapes best balances the inductive density as well as the total Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR). Afterwards, a design procedure is presented in order to optimize the inductor design, in terms of ESR and occupied area reduction. Finally, finite-elements simulation results of an optimized design (27nH, 1 Ω) are presented to validate the proposed expressions.

negative: Off-line recognition of realistic Chinese handwriting using segmentation-free strategy Article history: Received 26 August 2007 Received in revised form 7 May 2008 Accepted 13 May 2008

negative:
Formal Analysis of Enhanced Authorization in the TPM 2.0 The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is a system component that provides a hardware-based approach to establish trust in a platform by providing protected storage, robust platform integrity measurement, secure platform attestation and other secure functionalities. The access to TPM commands and TPM-resident key objects are protected via an authorization mechanism. Enhanced Authorization (EA) is a new mechanism introduced by the TPM 2.0 to provide a rich authorization model for specifying flexible access control policies for TPM-resident objects.
 In our paper, we conduct a formal verification of the EA mechanism. Firstly, we propose a model of the TPM 2.0 EA mechanism in a variant of the applied pi calculus. Secondly, we identify and formalize the security properties of the EA mechanism (Prop.1 and 2) in its design. We also give out a misuse problem that is easily to be neglected (Lemma 7). Thirdly, using the SAPIC tool and the tamarin prover, we have verified both the two security properties. Meanwhile, we have found 3 misuse cases and one of them leads to an attack on the application in [12].

negative: Analysis of GDI Technique for Digital Circuit Design Power Dissipation of Digital circuits can be reduced by 15% 25% by using appropriate logic restructuring and also it can be reduced by 40% 60% by lowering switching activity. Here, Gate Diffusion Input Technique which is based on a Shannon expansion is analyzed for minimizing the power consumption and delay of static digital circuits. This technique as compare to other currently used logic design style, allows less power consumption and reduced propagation delay for low-power design of combinatorial digital circuits with minimum number of transistors. In this paper, basic building blocks of digital system and few combinational circuits are analyzed using GDI and other CMOS techniques. All circuits are designed at 180nm technology in CADENCE and simulate using VIRTUOSO SPECTRE simulator at 100 MHz frequency. Comparative analysis has been done among GDI and other parallel design styles for designing ripple adder, CLA adder and bit magnitude comparator. Simulation result shows GDI technique saves 53. 3%, 55. 6% and 75. 6% power in ripple adder, CLA adder and bit magnitude comparator respectively as compare to CMOS. Also delay is reduced with 25. 2%, 3. 4% and 6. 9% as compare to CMOS. Analysis conclude that GDI is revolutionary high speed and low power consumption technique.

negative: RUNNING HEAD : THE SOCIAL ORIENTATION HYPOTHESIS-1The Origin of Cultural Differences in Cognition : The Social Orientation Hypothesis A large body of research documents cognitive differences between Westerners and East Asians. Westerners tend to be more analytic and East Asians tend to be more holistic. These findings have often been explained as being due to corresponding differences in social orientation. Westerners are more independent and Easterners are more interdependent. However, comparisons of the cognitive tendencies of Westerners and East Asians do not allow us to rule out alternative explanations for the cognitive differences, such as linguistic and genetic differences, as well as cultural differences other than social orientation. In this review we summarize recent developments that provide stronger support for the social-orientation hypothesis. Keywordsculture; cross-cultural differences; within-culture differences; reasoning; independence/interdependence; holistic/analytic cognition RUNNING HEAD: THE SOCIAL ORIENTATION HYPOTHESIS 3 Cultural psychologists have consistently found different patterns of thinking and perception in different societies, with some cultures demonstrating a more analytic pattern and others a more holistic pattern (see Table 1). Analytic cognition is characterized by taxonomic and rule-based categorization of objects, a narrow focus in visual attention, dispositional bias in causal attribution, and the use of formal logic in reasoning. In contrast, holistic cognition is characterized by thematic and familyresemblance-based categorization of objects, a focus on contextual information and relationships in visual attention, an emphasis on situational causes in attribution, and dialecticism (Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, 2001). What unites the elements of the analytic style is a tendency to focus on a single dimension or aspect—whether in categorizing objects or evaluating arguments—and a tendency to disentangle phenomena from the contexts in which they are embedded—for example, focusing on the individual as a causal agent or attending to focal objects in visual scenes. What unites the elements of the holistic style is a broad attention to context and relationships in visual attention, categorizing objects, and explaining social behavior. Table 1 about here Cultures also differ in their social orientations (independence vs. interdependence) (see Table 2). Cultures that endorse and afford independent social orientation tend to emphasize self-direction, autonomy, and self-expression. Cultures that endorse and afford interdependent social orientation tend to emphasize harmony, relatedness, and connection. Independently oriented cultures tend to view the self as bounded and separate from social others, whereas interdependently oriented cultures tend to view the self as interconnected and as encompassing important relationships (e.g. Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Triandis, 1989). In independently oriented cultural contexts, happiness is most often experienced as a socially disengaging emotion (i.e. pride), whereas in interdependently oriented cultural contexts, happiness is most often experienced as a RUNNING HEAD: THE SOCIAL ORIENTATION HYPOTHESIS 4 socially engaging emotion (i.e. sense of closeness to others; Kitayama, Mesquita, & Karasawa, 2006). Finally, in cultures that have an independent social orientation, people are more motivated to symbolically enhance the self at the expense of others; this tendency is not as common in interdependently oriented cultures (Kitayama, Ishii, Imada, Takemura, & Ramaswamy, 2006; Kitayama, Mesquita, & Karasawa, 2006). Table 2 about here The proposition that cultures differing in their social orientation (independence vs. interdependence) also differ in their cognitive habits (analytic vs. holistic cognition) is by no means new (e.g. Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Witkin & Berry, 1975). Indeed one can trace the origin of this claim back at least to Tönnies (/2002). And certainly a large body of literature has demonstrated that cultures which differ in social orientation also show corresponding differences in cognitive style; Western societies tend to be more independent and more analytic, while East Asian societies tend to be more interdependent and holistic (Nisbett et al., 2001). On the basis of such evidence, it has been proposed that differences in social orientation are the driving force behind cultural differences in cognition (Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Nisbett et al., 2001). While the link between social orientation and cognitive style has been widely accepted, the evidence presented until recently has not provided strong support for this connection. East Asia and the West are huge geographic and cultural areas differing from one another in many ways. There are fairly large genetic differences between the two populations. The linguistic differences are large. Western languages are almost all IndoEuropean in origin and differ in many systematic ways from the major languages of East Asia. And there are many large cultural differences between the two regions other than in social orientation along lines of independence and interdependence. East Asia was heavily influenced by Confucian values and ways of thought and European cultures were heavily influenced by ancient Greek, specifically Aristotelian, values and ways of RUNNING HEAD: THE SOCIAL ORIENTATION HYPOTHESIS 5 thought (Lloyd, 1996). Just within this broad set of cultural differences it would be possible to find many hypotheses that might account for the kind of cognitive differences that have been observed between East and West. Examples of other large societal differences between East and West have to do with the length of time that the respective societies have been industrialized and the degree to which political institutions in these societies have a tradition of being democratic. Both of these latter dimensions are frequently invoked to account for a host of differences between East and West. In the present review, we focus on recent studies that narrow the plausible range of candidates for explaining the cognitive differences. These studies look at much tighter cultural comparisons than those found in previous research. These studies compare Eastern and Western Europe, Europe with the United States, northern and southern Italy, Hokkaido and Mainland Japan, adjacent villages in Turkey, and middle-class and working-class Americans. All of these comparisons involve contrasting more interdependent cultures with more independent cultures. We also review research that manipulates independence vs. interdependence and finds differences in analytic vs. holistic cognition The recent studies make it much less likely that the cognitive differences observed between East and West are due to large genetic or linguistic differences and make it more plausible that the cognitive differences are indeed due to differences in social orientation having to do with independence vs. interdependence rather than to societal differences such as Aristotelian vs. Confucian intellectual traditionsor degree of industrialization. RUNNING HEAD: THE SOCIAL ORIENTATION HYPOTHESIS 6 CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS Several recent studies have shown that the covariation between social orientation and cognitive style is not confined to North America and East Asia. Even within societies that are part of the European cultural tradition, one observes that cultures differing in social orientation also differ in terms of cognitive style. For example, East Europeans and Americans differ along these dimensions. Russians are more interdependent than Americans (Grossmann, 2009; Matsumoto, Takeuchi, Andayani, Kouznetsova, & Krupp, 1998) and are more holistic in terms of categorization, attribution, visual attention, and reasoning about change (Grossmann, 2009). Similarly, Croats are more interdependent than Americans (Šverko, 1995) and show more holistic patterns of cognition in terms of categorization and visual attention (Varnum, Grossmann, Katunar, Nisbett, & Kitayama, 2008). Recent evidence suggests that similar differences exist within Europe. Russians, who are more interdependent than Germans (Naumov, 1996), also show more contextual patterns of visual attention (Medzheritskaya, 2008). WITHIN-CULTURE DIFFERENCES The fact that social orientation and cognitive style covary in comparisons across and within broad cultural regions does not fully address alternative explanations for this pattern. Cross-cultural differences in cognition might conceivably be accounted for by differences in linguistics, genetics, and degree and recency of industrialization and democratization. However, studies comparing groups within the same culture tend to argue against such interpretations. In a recent study comparing Hokkaido Japanese with those from mainland Japan, Kitayama and colleagues (Kitayama, Ishii, et al., 2006) found that those from Hokkaido RUNNING HEAD: THE SOCIAL ORIENTATION HYPOTHESIS 7 (settled by pioneers from the southern Japanese islands) were more independent than those from the main islands and also showed more dispositional bias in attribution. Similarly, Northern Italians, who are more independent than Southern Italians (Martella & Maass, 2000), also show more analytic cognitive habits, categorizing objects in a more taxonomic fashion (Knight & Nisbett, 2007). Even more fine-grained comparisons have found that, within a culture, groups differing in social orientation also differ in cognitive style. For example, Uskul and colleagues compared neighboring villages in the Black Sea region of Turkey that differed in terms of their primary economic activity (Uskul, Kitayama, & Nisbett, 2008). Previous research has found that more sedentary communities (such as farming communities and cooperative fishing communities) tend to be characterized by a more interdependent social orientation and holistic cognition (specifically field dependence or the tendency to have difficulty separating objects from their contexts; Berry, 1966; Witkin & Berry, 1975). Less sedentary communiti

negative: Application of Data Mining Techniques in IoT: A Short Review Internet of Things (IoT) has been growing rapidly due to recent advancements in communications and sensor technologies. Interfacing an every object together through internet looks very difficult, but within a frame of time Internet of Things will drastically change our life. The enormous data captured by the Internet of Things (IoT) are considered of high business as well as social values and extracting hidden information from raw data, various data mining algorithm can be applied to IoT data. In this paper, We survey systematic review of various data mining models as well as its application in Internet of Thing (IoT) field along with its merits and demerits. At last, we discussed challenges in IoT.

negative: Document classification through image-based character embedding and wildcard training Languages such as Chinese and Japanese have a significantly large number (several thousands) of alphabets as compared to other languages, and each of their sentences consists of several concatenated words with wide varieties of inflected forms; thus appropriate word segmentation is quite difficult. Therefore, recently proposed sophisticated language-processing methods designed for languages such as English cannot be applied. In this paper, we address those issues and propose a new and efficient document classification technique for such languages. The proposed method is characterized into a new “image-based character embedding” method and character-level convolutional neural networks method with “wildcard training.” The first method encodes each character based on its pictorial structures and preserves them. Further, the second method treats some of the input characters as wildcards in the classification stage and functions as efficient data augmentation. We confirmed that our proposed method showed superior performance when compared conventional methods for Japanese document classification problems.

negative: Morphological Smoothing and Extrapolation of Word Embeddings Languages with rich inflectional morphology exhibit lexical data sparsity, since the word used to express a given concept will vary with the syntactic context. For instance, each count noun in Czech has 12 forms (where English uses only singular and plural). Even in large corpora, we are unlikely to observe all inflections of a given lemma. This reduces the vocabulary coverage of methods that induce continuous representations for words from distributional corpus information. We solve this problem by exploiting existing morphological resources that can enumerate a word’s component morphemes. We present a latentvariable Gaussian graphical model that allows us to extrapolate continuous representations for words not observed in the training corpus, as well as smoothing the representations provided for the observed words. The latent variables represent embeddings of morphemes, which combine to create embeddings of words. Over several languages and training sizes, our model improves the embeddings for words, when evaluated on an analogy task, skip-gram predictive accuracy, and word similarity.

negative: A rule based bengali stemmer One of the biggest challenges in doing word lookups is to derive the appropriate base word for any given word in Bengali. The basic concept to the solution of the problem is to eliminate inflections from a given word to derive its stem word. Stemmers attempt to reduce a word to its root form using stemming process, which reduces an inflected or derived word to its stem or root form. Existing works in the literature use lookup tables either for stem words or suffixes, increasing the overheads in terms of memory and time. This paper develops a rule-based algorithm that eliminates inflections stepwise without continuously searching for the desired root in the dictionary. To the best of our knowledge, this paper first investigates that, in Bengali morphology, for a large set of inflections, the stems can be computed algorithmically cutting down the inflections step by step. The proposed algorithm is independent of inflected word lengths and our evaluation shows around 88% accuracy.

negative: Improving Named Entity Recognition for Morphologically Rich Languages Using Word Embeddings In this paper, we addressed the Named Entity Recognition (NER) problem for morphologically rich languages by employing a semi-supervised learning approach based on neural networks. We adopted a fast unsupervised method for learning continuous vector representations of words, and used these representations along with language independent features to develop a NER system. We evaluated our system for the highly inflectional Turkish and Czech languages. We improved the state-of-the-art F-score obtained for Turkish without using gazetteers by 2.26% and for Czech by 1.53%. Unlike the previous state-of-the-art systems developed for these languages, our system does not make use of any language dependent features. Therefore, we believe it can easily be applied to other morphologically rich languages.

negative: SALMA: Standard Arabic Language Morphological Analysis Morphological analyzers are preprocessors for text analysis. Many Text Analytics applications need them to perform their tasks. This paper reviews the SALMA-Tools (Standard Arabic Language Morphological Analysis) [1]. The SALMA-Tools is a collection of open-source standards, tools and resources that widen the scope of Arabic word structure analysis - particularly morphological analysis, to process Arabic text corpora of different domains, formats and genres, of both vowelized and non-vowelized text. Tag-assignment is significantly more complex for Arabic than for many languages. The morphological analyzer should add the appropriate linguistic information to each part or morpheme of the word (proclitic, prefix, stem, suffix and enclitic); in effect, instead of a tag for a word, we need a subtag for each part. Very fine-grained distinctions may cause problems for automatic morphosyntactic analysis - particularly probabilistic taggers which require training data, if some words can change grammatical tag depending on function and context; on the other hand, fine-grained distinctions may actually help to disambiguate other words in the local context. The SALMA - Tagger is a fine grained morphological analyzer which is mainly depends on linguistic information extracted from traditional Arabic grammar books and prior-knowledge broad-coverage lexical resources; the SALMA - ABCLexicon. More fine-grained tag sets may be more appropriate for some tasks. The SALMA - Tag Set is a standard tag set for encoding, which captures long-established traditional fine-grained morphological features of Arabic, in a notation format intended to be compact yet transparent.

negative: Performance of elasticsearch in cloud environment with nGram and non-nGram indexing The fact that technology have changed the lives of human beings cannot be denied. It has drastically reduced the effort needed to perform a particular task and has increased the productivity and efficiency. Computers especially have been playing a very important role in almost all fields in today's world. They are used to store large amount of data in almost all sectors, be it business and industrial sectors, personal lives or any other. The research areas of science and technology uses computers to solve complex and critical problems. Information is the most important requirement of each individual. In this era of quick-growing and huge data, it has become increasingly illogical to analyse it with the help of traditional techniques or relational databases. New big data instruments, architectures and designs have come into existence to give better support to the requirements of organizations/institutions in analysing large data. Specifically, Elasticsearch, a full-text java based search engine, designed keeping cloud environment in mind solves issues of scalability, search in real time, and efficiency that relational databases were not able to address. In this paper, we present our own experience with Elasticsearch an open source, Apache Lucene based, full-text search engine that provides near real-time search ability, as well as a RESTful API for the ease of user in the field of research.

negative: Light Stemming for Arabic Information Retrieval Computational Morphology is an urgent problem for Arabic Natural Language Processing, because Arabic is a highly inflected language. We have found, however, that a full solution to this problem is not required for effective information retrieval. Light stemming allows remarkably good information retrieval without providing correct morphological analyses. We developed several light stemmers for Arabic, and assessed their effectiveness for information retrieval using standard TREC data. We have also compared light stemming with several stemmers based on morphological analysis.. The light stemmer, light10, outperformed the other approaches. It has been included in the Lemur toolkit, and is becoming widely used Arabic information retrieval.