query: Complex hole-filling algorithm for 3D models

positive: A signal processing approach to fair surface design In this paper we describe a new tool for interactive free-form fair surface design. By generalizing classical discrete Fourier analysis to two-dimensional discrete surface signals – functions defined on polyhedral surfaces of arbitrary topology –, we reduce the problem of surface smoothing, or fairing, to low-pass filtering. We describe a very simple surface signal low-pass filter algorithm that applies to surfaces of arbitrary topology. As opposed to other existing optimization-based fairing methods, which are computationally more expensive, this is a linear time and space complexity algorithm. With this algorithm, fairing very large surfaces, such as those obtained from volumetric medical data, becomes affordable. By combining this algorithm with surface subdivision methods we obtain a very effective fair surface design technique. We then extend the analysis, and modify the algorithm accordingly, to accommodate different types of constraints. Some constraints can be imposed without any modification of the algorithm, while others require the solution of a small associated linear system of equations. In particular, vertex location constraints, vertex normal constraints, and surface normal discontinuities across curves embedded in the surface, can be imposed with this technique. CR

positive: Filling Holes in Triangular Meshes in Engineering In this paper, a novel hole-filling algorithm for triangular meshes is proposed. Firstly, the hole is triangulated into a set of new triangles using modified principle of minimum angle. Then the initial patching mesh is refined according to the density of vertices on boundary edges. Finally, the patching mesh is optimized via the bilateral filter to recover missed features. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm fills complex holes robustly, and preserves geometric features to a certain extent as well. The resulted meshes are of good quality for engineering.

positive:
Polygon mesh repairing: An application perspective Nowadays, digital 3D models are in widespread and ubiquitous use, and each specific application dealing with 3D geometry has its own quality requirements that restrict the class of acceptable and supported models. This article analyzes typical defects that make a 3D model unsuitable for key application contexts, and surveys existing algorithms that process, repair, and improve its structure, geometry, and topology to make it appropriate to case-by-case requirements.
 The analysis is focused on polygon meshes, which constitute by far the most common 3D object representation. In particular, this article provides a structured overview of mesh repairing techniques from the point of view of the application context. Different types of mesh defects are classified according to the upstream application that produced the mesh, whereas mesh quality requirements are grouped by representative sets of downstream applications where the mesh is to be used. The numerous mesh repair methods that have been proposed during the last two decades are analyzed and classified in terms of their capabilities, properties, and guarantees. Based on these classifications, guidelines can be derived to support the identification of repairing algorithms best-suited to bridge the compatibility gap between the quality provided by the upstream process and the quality required by the downstream applications in a given geometry processing scenario.

positive: An Integrated Approach to Filling Holes in Meshes Data obtained by scanning 3D models typically contains missing pieces and holes. This paper describes an integrated approach for filling holes in triangular meshes obtained during the process of surface reconstruction, which consists of three steps: triangulation, refinement and smoothing. The approach first generates a minimal triangulation to the hole, and then iteratively subdivides the patching meshes making it assort with the density of surrounding meshes. Finally, geometric optimization is enforced to the patching meshes for improving regularity. The approach can deal with arbitrary holes in oriented connected manifold meshes. Experimental results on several triangular meshes are presented.

positive: Filling Holes in Complex Surfaces using Volumetric Diffusion We address the problem of building watertight 3D models from surfaces that contain holes − for example, sets of range scans that observe most but not all of a surface. We specifically address situations in which the holes are too geometrically and topologically complex to fill using triangulation algorithms. Our solution begins by constructing a signed distance function, the zero set of which defines the surface. Initially, this function is defined only in the vicinity of observed surfaces. We then apply a diffusion process to extend this function through the volume until its zero set bridges whatever holes may be present. If additional information is available, such as known-empty regions of space inferred from the lines of sight to a 3D scanner, it can be incorporated into the diffusion process. Our algorithm is simple to implement, is guaranteed to produce manifold noninterpenetrating surfaces, and is efficient to run on large datasets because computation is limited to areas near holes.

negative: Hairstyle recommendation system for women A perfect hairstyle enhanced anyone's self-confidence, especially women. However, in order to choose a good hairstyle, one was limited to rely on knowledge of a beauty expert. This paper presented a hairstyle recommendation system for women based on hairstyle experts' knowledge and a face shape classification scheme that the authors devised in a previous study. The system showed a user's face with a recommended or not recommended hairstyle on a monitor.

negative: Role-Based Access Control Model Supporting Regional Division in Smart Grid System Smart Grid is a modern electric power infrastructure that incorporates elements of traditional power systems and information and communication technology (ICT) with the aim to improve the reliability, efficiency and safety as crucial requirements of critical infrastructure systems. Relying on the ICT, Smart Grid exposes electric power systems to new security issues and vulnerabilities over the network. Therefore, the security is becoming an increasing concern at both physical and information levels. Access controls are one of the most important aspects of information security. Role-based access control (RBAC) model is widely used in complex systems that are characterized by many participants. However, the existing models are not suitable for critical infrastructure systems with specialized features, such as a high number of devices dispersed over the vast geographical regions in “an Internetlike distributed environment”. In this paper, access control mechanism optimized for Smart Grid systems is developed considering the regional division and concept of areas of responsibility (AOR). To this end, the standardized RBAC model will be extended to provide an efficient and consistent policy with greater level of granularity from the aspect of resource protection. The proposed RBACAOR model is formally described and then applied to the smart grid environment.

negative: Polyphenolic content and antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and enzymatic activity of liver from goats supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaves/sunflower seed cake. The study investigated antioxidant potency of Moringa oleifera leaves in different in vitro systems using standard phytochemical methods. The antioxidative effect on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were investigated in goats supplemented with M. oleifera (MOL) or sunflower seed cake (SC). The acetone extract had higher concentrations of total flavonoids (295.01 ± 1.89 QE/g) followed by flavonols (132.74 ± 0.83 QE/g), phenolics (120.33 ± 0.76 TE/g) and then proanthocyanidins (32.59 ± 0.50 CE/g) than the aqueous extract. The reducing power of both solvent extracts showed strong antioxidant activity in a concentration dependent manner. The acetone extract depicted higher percentage inhibition against DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide radicals which were comparable with reference standard antioxidants (vitamin C and BHT). MOL increased the antioxidant activity of GSH (186%), SOD (97.8%) and catalase (0.177%). Lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced by MOL. The present study suggests that M. oleifera could be a potential source of compounds with strong antioxidant potential.

negative: A 10-GS/s 4-Bit Single-Core Digital-to-Analog Converter for Cognitive Ultrawidebands This brief delineates the design and realization of a 10-GS/s 4-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for the cognitive ultrawideband (CUWB), an emerging solution for low interference and efficient spectrum utilization in communication networks. The DAC serves as the data converter for the adaptive waveform transmitter therein, largely to reduce its power dissipation and hardware complexity. For reasons of low power dissipation and low-cost CUWB application, the resolution of the DAC is 4 bits, its realization is in standard 65-nm CMOS, and the architecture is a single core. The binary current-steering DAC includes critical building blocks such as current sources and a novel deglitcher circuit. The current sources are designed for small area with high linearity based on our derived relationship between current-source output resistance and linearity parameters [integral nonlinearity (INL) and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR)]. The deglitcher design includes high-speed source followers as high-speed low voltage swing buffers to improve the linearity by decreasing the output glitch energy. The DAC embodies an in situ hardware efficient (small integrated-circuit area and reduced input/output pinout) tester that generates 4 × 10-Gb/s test-data pattern to facilitate functional verification. The designed DAC achieves ≤ 0.16-least significant bit INL/differential nonlinearity and > 23-dBc SFDR over the Nyquist bandwidth up to 4.53 GHz, and features the most competitive figures-of-merit of all similar DACs reported to date.

negative: Inferring causal impact using Bayesian structural time-series models An important problem in econometrics and marketing is to infer the causal impact that a designed market intervention has exerted on an outcome metric over time. In order to allocate a given budget optimally, for example, an advertiser must determine the incremental contributions that different advertising campaigns have made to web searches, product installs, or sales. This paper proposes to infer causal impact on the basis of a diffusion-regression state-space model that predicts the counterfactual market response that would have occurred had no intervention taken place. In contrast to classical difference-in-differences schemes, state-space models make it possible to (i) infer the temporal evolution of attributable impact, (ii) incorporate empirical priors on the parameters in a fully Bayesian treatment, and (iii) flexibly accommodate multiple sources of variation, including the time-varying influence of contemporaneous covariates, i.e., synthetic controls. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for posterior inference, we illustrate the statistical properties of our approach on synthetic data. We then demonstrate its practical utility by evaluating the effect of an online advertising campaign on search-related site visits. We discuss the strengths and limitations of our approach in improving the accuracy of causal attribution, power analyses, and principled budget allocation.

negative: Understanding the influence of dead-time on GaN based synchronous boost converter Gallium Nitride (GaN) based power switching devices are known to be superior to conventional Si devices due to properties such as low loss and fast switching speed. However, as a new technology, some special characteristics of GaN-based power devices still remain unknown to the public. This paper tries to investigate the effect of dead-time on a GaN-based synchronous boost converter, as compared to its Si counterpart. It is found out that GaN-based converter is more sensitive to dead-time related loss as a result of fast switching transition and high reverse voltage drop. Improper selection of dead-time value can offset its advantage over Si converter. Analyses also show that GaN HEMTs have different switching characteristics compared to Si MOSFET due to low Cgd to Cds ratio and lack of reverse recovery. These critical findings will help power electronic engineers take better advantage of GaN technology in synchronous rectification and inverter applications.

negative: Clonogenic assay of cells in vitro Clonogenic assay or colony formation assay is an in vitro cell survival assay based on the ability of a single cell to grow into a colony. The colony is defined to consist of at least 50 cells. The assay essentially tests every cell in the population for its ability to undergo “unlimited” division. Clonogenic assay is the method of choice to determine cell reproductive death after treatment with ionizing radiation, but can also be used to determine the effectiveness of other cytotoxic agents. Only a fraction of seeded cells retains the capacity to produce colonies. Before or after treatment, cells are seeded out in appropriate dilutions to form colonies in 1–3 weeks. Colonies are fixed with glutaraldehyde (6.0% v/v), stained with crystal violet (0.5% w/v) and counted using a stereomicroscope. A method for the analysis of radiation dose–survival curves is included.

negative: Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical WDM Networks This article discusses the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem in optical networks employing wavelenength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. Two variants of the problem are studied: static RWA, whereby the traffic requirements are known in advance, and dynamic RWA in which connection requests arrive in some random fashion. Both point-topoint and multicast traffic demands are considered.

negative: Animations 25 Years Later: New Roles and Opportunities Animations are commonplace in today's user interfaces. From bouncing icons that catch attention, to transitions helping with orientation, to tutorials, animations can serve numerous purposes. We revisit Baecker and Small's pioneering work Animation at the Interface, 25 years later. We reviewed academic publications and commercial systems, and interviewed 20 professionals of various backgrounds. Our insights led to an expanded set of roles played by animation in interfaces today for keeping in context, teaching, improving user experience, data encoding and visual discourse. We illustrate each role with examples from practice and research, discuss evaluation methods and point to opportunities for future research. This expanded description of roles aims at inspiring the HCI research community to find novel uses of animation, guide them towards evaluation and spark further research.

negative: The knowledge pyramid: a critique of the DIKW hierarchy The paper evaluates the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom (DIKW) Hierarchy. This hierarchy is part of the canon of information science and management. The paper considers whether the hierarchy, also known as the ‘Knowledge Hierarchy’, is a useful and intellectually desirable construct to introduce, whether the views expressed about DIKW are true and have evidence in favour of them, and whether there are good reasons offered or sound assumptions made about DIKW. Arguments are offered that the hierarchy is unsound and methodologically undesirable. The paper identifies a central logical error that DIKW makes. The paper identifies the dated and unsatisfactory philosophical positions of operationalism and inductivism as the philosophical backdrop to the hierarchy. The paper concludes with a sketch of some positive theories, of value to information science, on the nature of the components of the hierarchy: that data is anything recordable in a semantically and pragmatically sound way, that information is what is known in other literature as ‘weak knowledge’, that knowledge also is ‘weak knowledge’ and that wisdom is the possession and use, if required, of wide practical knowledge, by an agent who appreciates the fallible nature of that knowledge.

negative: Testing of Digital Systems Device testing represents the single largest manufacturing expense in the semiconductor industry, costing over $40 million a year. The most comprehensive and wide ranging book of its kind, Testing of Digital Systems covers everything you need to know about this vitally important subject. Starting right from the basics, the authors take the reader through automatic test pattern generation, design for testability and built-in self-test of digital circuits before moving on to more advanced topics such as IDDQ testing, functional testing, delay fault testing, memory testing, and fault diagnosis. The book includes detailed treatment of the latest techniques including test generation for various fault modes, discussion of testing techniques at different levels of integrated circuit hierarchy and a chapter on system-on-a-chip test synthesis. Written for students and engineers, it is both an excellent senior/graduate level textbook and a valuable reference.

negative: Understanding the Role of Social presence in Crowdfunding: Evidence from Leading U.S. And German Platforms As a novel opportunity to acquire capital from the masses, crowdfunding has attracted great attention in academia and practice. So far, little is known about the factors that promote the success of crowdfunding projects, however. In this paper, we examine in how far the social presence perceived on a project’s website influences the success of the respective crowdfunding project. Based on a data-driven analysis of 2.000 project websites from the largest crowdfunding platforms in the U.S. and Germany, we show that the perceived social presence has a significant influence on the success of crowdfunding projects. The obtained results indicate that using socially rich pictures and a socially rich description in the project presentation positively affects the success of a crowdfunding project. A socially rich profile page of the founder(s) in contrast appears to have a rather limited effect. The success of crowdfunding projects seems to be dependent on the participation behavior of the founder, however. Our results indicate that having backed other projects positively influences the success of one’s own initiative. The number of answered comments might have a negative effect on the success of the initiative, though.

negative: Zero-Shot Learning Posed as a Missing Data Problem This paper presents a method of zero-shot learning (ZSL) which poses ZSL as the missing data problem, rather than the missing label problem. Specifically, most existing ZSL methods focus on learning mapping functions from the image feature space to the label embedding space. Whereas, the proposed method explores a simple yet effective transductive framework in the reverse way - our method estimates data distribution of unseen classes in the image feature space by transferring knowledge from the label embedding space. Following the transductive setting, we leverage unlabeled data to refine the initial estimation. In experiments, our method achieves the highest classification accuracies on two popular datasets, namely, 96.00% on AwA and 60.24% on CUB.

negative: Relationship between Variants of One-Class Nearest Neighbors and Creating Their Accurate Ensembles In one-class classification problems, only the data for the target class is available, whereas the data for the non-target class may be completely absent. In this paper, we study one-class nearest neighbor (OCNN) classifiers and their different variants. We present a theoretical analysis to show the relationships among different variants of OCNN that may use different neighbors or thresholds to identify unseen examples of the non-target class. We also present a method based on inter-quartile range for optimizing parameters used in OCNN in the absence of non-target data during training. Then, we propose two ensemble approaches based on random subspace and random projection methods to create accurate OCNN ensembles. We tested the proposed methods on 15 benchmark and real world domain-specific datasets and show that random-projection ensembles of OCNN perform best.

negative: Analysis of Deep Convolutional Neural Network Architectures In computer vision many tasks are solved using machine learning. In the past few years, state of the art results in computer vision have been achieved using deep learning. Deeper machine learning architectures are better capable in handling complex recognition tasks, compared to previous more shallow models. Many architectures for computer vision make use of convolutional neural networks which were modeled after the visual cortex. Currently deep convolutional neural networks are the state of the art in computer vision. Through a literature survey an overview is given of the components in deep convolutional neural networks. The role and design decisions for each of the components is presented, and the difficulties involved in training deep neural networks are given. To improve deep learning architectures an analysis is given of the activation values in four different architectures using various activation functions. Current state of the art classifiers use dropout, max-pooling as well as the maxout activation function. New components may further improve the architecture by providing a better solution for the diminishing gradient problem.

negative: Bus detection device for the blind using RFID application This paper outlines a bus detection mechanism for the blind in travelling from one place to another. In order to get transportation independently, the blind use auditory touched clues like walking stick or white cane. The limitation of the walking stick is that a blind person must come into close proximity with their surroundings to determine the location of an obstacle. For that basis, various devices have been developed such as the Sonicguide, the Mowat sensor, the Laser cane and the Navbelt [4]. However, these device can only assist the blind at a pedestrian crossing. Therefore, the project is aims to develop a bus detection prototype using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for the blind. The paper covers brief idea about the blind and RFID system, review relevant papers and summary of current research. The review of RFID system compare between families of auto-ID technology, the basic principle of RFID, the type of RFID tagging and the antenna characteristic. The summary of current research discussed about the development of prototype, the database system, the output mechanism and integration between hardware and software. Database management will provided. The information such as bus route, final destination and bus number are also provided. This paper also describes the future work intended to be done.

negative: Association rules: Normalizing the lift Association rules is a popular data mining technique for discovering relations between variables in large amounts of data. Support, confidence and lift are three of the most common measures for evaluating the usefulness of these rules. A concern with the lift measure is that it can only compare items within a transaction set. The main contribution of this paper is to develop a formula for normalizing the lift, as this will allow valid comparisons between distinct transaction sets. Traffic accident data was used to validate the revised formula for lift and the result of this analysis was very strong.

negative: Breast Cancer Multi-classification from Histopathological Images with Structured Deep Learning Model Automated breast cancer multi-classification from histopathological images plays a key role in computer-aided breast cancer diagnosis or prognosis. Breast cancer multi-classification is to identify subordinate classes of breast cancer (Ductal carcinoma, Fibroadenoma, Lobular carcinoma, etc.). However, breast cancer multi-classification from histopathological images faces two main challenges from: (1) the great difficulties in breast cancer multi-classification methods contrasting with the classification of binary classes (benign and malignant), and (2) the subtle differences in multiple classes due to the broad variability of high-resolution image appearances, high coherency of cancerous cells, and extensive inhomogeneity of color distribution. Therefore, automated breast cancer multi-classification from histopathological images is of great clinical significance yet has never been explored. Existing works in literature only focus on the binary classification but do not support further breast cancer quantitative assessment. In this study, we propose a breast cancer multi-classification method using a newly proposed deep learning model. The structured deep learning model has achieved remarkable performance (average 93.2% accuracy) on a large-scale dataset, which demonstrates the strength of our method in providing an efficient tool for breast cancer multi-classification in clinical settings.

negative: Effectiveness of domestic wastewater treatment using microbial fuel cells at ambient and mesophilic temperatures. Domestic wastewater treatment was examined under two different temperature (23+/-3 degrees C and 30+/-1 degrees C) and flow modes (fed-batch and continuous) using single-chamber air-cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Temperature was an important parameter for treatment efficiency and power generation. The highest power density of 422 mW/m(2) (12.8 W/m(3)) was achieved under continuous flow and mesophilic conditions, at an organic loading rate of 54 g COD/L-d, achieving 25.8% COD removal. Energy recovery was found to depend significantly on the operational conditions (flow mode, temperature, organic loading rate, and HRT) as well as the reactor architecture. The results demonstrate that the main advantages of using temperature-phased, in-series MFC configurations for domestic wastewater treatment are power savings, low solids production, and higher treatment efficiency.

negative: [Botulinum toxin injection techniques in the lower third and middle of the face, the neck and the décolleté: the "Nefertiti lift"]. Although correction of the dynamic wrinkles of the upper part of the face is the major indication for botulinum toxin, there are also many possibilities for the middle and lower thirds of the face and neck. However, these injections are more delicate and require an experienced operator who has excellent knowledge of the muscles of these regions, their functions, the antagonist actions exercised on other muscles, particularly in terms of the complex equilibrium of the mouth. An excessive dose, an inappropriate injection point, or a centering mistake can all easily be responsible for undesirable side effects. However, the results obtained, often with lower doses than in the superior part of the face, can be highly satisfactory, notably in erasing bunny lines, improvement of marionette lines, peau d'orange chin, attenuation of peribuccal lines, melomental folds, correction of a gummy smile, and facial asymmetries. In the neck it is possible to reduce platysmal bands, horizontal lines, and diagonal lines of the neck and décolleté. The face contours can also be improved by the Nefertiti lift. In the mid and lower regions of the face, botulinum toxin is often a complement to other esthetic techniques, particularly filling procedures.

negative: changepoint: An R Package for Changepoint Analysis One of the key challenges in changepoint analysis is the ability to detect multiple changes within a given time series or sequence. The changepoint package has been developed to provide users with a choice of multiple changepoint search methods to use in conjunction with a given changepoint method and in particular provides an implementation of the recently proposed PELT algorithm. This article describes the search methods which are implemented in the package as well as some of the available test statistics whilst highlighting their application with simulated and practical examples. Particular emphasis is placed on the PELT algorithm and how results differ from the binary segmentation approach.

negative: Guarding Against the Erosion of Competitive Advantage: A Knowledge Leakage Mitigation Model A critical objective of knowledge-intensive organizations is to prevent erosion of their competitive knowledge base through leakage. Our review of the literature highlights the need for a more refined conceptualization of perceived leakage risk. We propose a Knowledge Leakage Mitigation (KLM) model to explain the incongruity between perceived high-risk of leakage and lack of protective actions. We argue that an organization’s perceived risk of leakage increases if competitors can benefit from leakage incidents. Further, perceived leakage risk decreases if the organization is shielded from impact due to their diversity of knowledge assets and their ability to reconfigure knowledge resources to refresh their competitive knowledge base. We describe our approach to the design of a large-scale survey instrument that has been tested and refined in two stakeholder communities: 1) knowledge managers responsible for organizational strategy, and 2) Information security management consultants.

negative: Eight-Band Antenna With A Small Ground Clearance for LTE Metal-Frame Mobile Phone Applications This letter presents a compact eight-band monopole antenna whose size is 70 mm × 7 mm × 6 mm for LTE metal-frame mobile phones. The mainly radiating part of the proposed antenna is the metal frame. There are three gaps with the same size of 1 mm in the frame, and these gaps divide the antenna into two parts. Besides, a match circuit is used to enlarge the bandwidth and make the lower band matched. The advantage of the proposed antenna is that eight bands can be covered with a metal frame under the condition of only a 7 mm ground clearance. A prototype is manufactured and tested. The measured –6 dB impedance bandwidths are 375 MHz (0.675–1.05 GHz) and 1.2 GHz (1.6–2.8 GHz). The LTE700, GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900, UMTS, LTE2300, and LTE2500 bands are covered. The measured efficiencies are 52.7%–78.7% at the lower band and 45.6%–81% at the higher band. The measured gains are 0–2.1 dBi at the lower band and 1.6–3.6 dBi at the higher band.

negative: Online Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Photovoltaic Systems Using Wavelet Packets The nonlinear characteristics of a photovoltaic (PV) array, maximum power point tracking of the PV inverter, presence of blocking diodes, and lower irradiation prevent the conventional protection devices to trip under certain faults and lead to reduced system efficiency and fire hazards. Moreover, the PV characteristics under certain partial shading conditions are similar to that under fault conditions. Hence, it is imperative to detect faults and differentiate faults from the partial shading condition to avoid false tripping of the system. This paper proposes a simple fault detection method using the available data of array voltage and current by means of wavelet packets. The proposed scheme is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and is experimentally tested on a 1.6-kW $\text{4}\,\times \,\text{4}$ PV array to validate its performance.

negative: mTOR Signaling in Growth Control and Disease The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway senses and integrates a variety of environmental cues to regulate organismal growth and homeostasis. The pathway regulates many major cellular processes and is implicated in an increasing number of pathological conditions, including cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the mTOR pathway and its role in health, disease, and aging. We further discuss pharmacological approaches to treat human pathologies linked to mTOR deregulation.

negative: On Covering a Solid Sphere with Concentric Spheres in ${\mathbb Z}^3$ We show that a digital sphere, constructed by the circular sweep of a digital semicircle (generatrix) around its diameter, consists of some holes (absentee-voxels), which appear on its spherical surface of revolution. This incompleteness calls for a proper characterization of the absentee-voxels whose restoration will yield a complete spherical surface without any holes. In this paper, we present a characterization of such absentee-voxels using certain techniques of digital geometry and show that their count varies quadratically with the radius of the semicircular generatrix. Next, we design an algorithm to fill these absentee-voxels so as to generate a spherical surface of revolution, which is more realistic from the viewpoint of visual perception. We further show that covering a solid sphere by a set of complete spheres also results in an asymptotically larger count of absentees, which is cubic in the radius of the sphere. The characterization and generation of complete solid spheres without any holes can also be accomplished in a similar fashion. We furnish test results to substantiate our theoretical findings.

negative: 3D face matching and registration based on hyperbolic Ricci flow 3D surface matching is fundamental for shape analysis. As a powerful method in geometric analysis, Ricci flow can flexibly design metrics by prescribed target curvature. In this paper we describe a novel approach for matching surfaces with complicated topologies based on hyperbolic Ricci flow. For surfaces with negative Euler characteristics, such as a human face with holes (eye contours), the canonical hyperbolic metric is conformal to the original and can be efficiently computed. Then the surface can be canonically decomposed to hyperbolic hexagons. By matching the corresponding hyperbolic hexagons, the matching between surfaces can be easily established. Compared to existing methods, hyperbolic Ricci flow induces diffeomorphisms between surfaces with complicated topologies with negative Euler characteristics, while avoiding singularities. Furthermore, all the boundaries are intrinsically mapped to hyperbolic lines as alignment constraints. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of this intrinsic shape representation for 3D face matching and registration.

negative: Space-time video completion We present a method for space-time completion of large space-time "holes" in video sequences of complex dynamic scenes. The missing portions are filled-in by sampling spatio-temporal patches from the available parts of the video, while enforcing global spatio-temporal consistency between all patches in and around the hole. This is obtained by posing the task of video completion and synthesis as a global optimization problem with a well-defined objective function. The consistent completion of static scene parts simultaneously with dynamic behaviors leads to realistic looking video sequences. Space-time video completion is useful for a variety of tasks, including, but not limited to: (i) Sophisticated video removal (of undesired static or dynamic objects) by completing the appropriate static or dynamic background information, (ii) Correction of missing/corrupted video frames in old movies, and (iii) Synthesis of new video frames to add a visual story, modify it, or generate a new one. Some examples of these are shown in the paper.

negative: A search engine for 3D models As the number of 3D models available on the Web grows, there is an increasing need for a search engine to help people find them. Unfortunately, traditional text-based search techniques are not always effective for 3D data. In this article, we investigate new shape-based search methods. The key challenges are to develop query methods simple enough for novice users and matching algorithms robust enough to work for arbitrary polygonal models. We present a Web-based search engine system that supports queries based on 3D sketches, 2D sketches, 3D models, and/or text keywords. For the shape-based queries, we have developed a new matching algorithm that uses spherical harmonics to compute discriminating similarity measures without requiring repair of model degeneracies or alignment of orientations. It provides 46 to 245% better performance than related shape-matching methods during precision--recall experiments, and it is fast enough to return query results from a repository of 20,000 models in under a second. The net result is a growing interactive index of 3D models available on the Web (i.e., a Google for 3D models).

negative: Online 3D acquisition and model integration This paper presents a system which yields complete 3D models in a fast and inexpensive way. The major building blocks are a high-speed structured light range scanner and a registration module. The former generates ’raw’ range data whereas the latter performs a fast registration (ICP) and renders the partially integrated model as a preview of the final result. As the scanner uses only a single image to make a reconstruction, it is possible to scan while the object is moved. The use of an adaptive projection pattern gives a more robust behaviour. This allows the system to deal more easily with complicated geometry and texture than most other systems. During the scanning process the model is built up incrementally and rendered on the screen. This real-time visual feedback allows the user to check the current state of the 3D model. Holes or other flaws can be detected during the acquisition process itself. This speeds up the model building process, and solves indirectly the problem of view planning. The whole real-time pipeline comprising acquisition, merging and visualization only uses off-the-shel f hardware. A regular desktop PC connected to a camera and LCD projector is turned into a high-speed scanner and modeler. The current implementation has a throughput of approx. 5 fps.

negative: Depth inpainting by tensor voting. Depth maps captured by range scanning devices or by using optical cameras often suffer from missing regions due to occlusions, reflectivity, limited scanning area, sensor imperfections, etc. In this paper, we propose a fast and reliable algorithm for depth map inpainting using the tensor voting (TV) framework. For less complex missing regions, local edge and depth information is utilized for synthesizing missing values. The depth variations are modeled by local planes using 3D TV, and missing values are estimated using plane equations. For large and complex missing regions, we collect and evaluate depth estimates from self-similar (training) datasets. We align the depth maps of the training set with the target (defective) depth map and evaluate the goodness of depth estimates among candidate values using 3D TV. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches on real as well as synthetic data.

negative: Euler Number and Connectivity Indexes of a Three Dimensional Digital Picture Fundamental properties of topological structure of a 3D digitized picture are presented including the concept of neighborhood and connectivity among volume cells (voxels) of 3D digitized binary pictures defined on a cubic grid, the concept of simplicial decomposition of a 3D digitized object, and two algorithms for calculating the Euler number (genus). First we define four types of connectivity. Second we present two algorithms to calculate the Euler number of a 3D figure. Thirdly we introduce new local features called the connectivity number (CN) and the connectivity index to study topological properties of a 3D object in a 3D digitized picture. The CN at a 1-voxel (=a voxel with the value 1) x is defined as the change in the Euler number of the object caused by changing the value of x into zero, that is, caused by deleting x. Finally, by using them, we prove a necessary and sufficient condition that a 1-voxel is deletable. A 1-voxel x is said to be deletable if deletion of x causes no decrease and no increase in the numbers of connected components, holes and cavities in a given 3D picture.


query: Calcium hydroxylapatite for jawline rejuvenation: consensus recommendations.

positive:
Nitroglycerin: a review of its use in the treatment of vascular occlusion after soft tissue augmentation. BACKGROUND
Skin necrosis after soft tissue augmentation with dermal fillers is a rare but potentially severe complication. Nitroglycerin paste may be an important treatment option for dermal and epidermal ischemia in cosmetic surgery.

OBJECTIVES
To summarize the knowledge about nitroglycerin paste in cosmetic surgery and to understand its current use in the treatment of vascular compromise after soft tissue augmentation. To review the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin, examine its utility in the dermal vasculature in the setting of dermal filler-induced ischemia, and describe the facial anatomy danger zones in order to avoid vascular injury.

METHODS
A literature review was conducted to examine the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin, and a treatment algorithm was proposed from clinical observations to define strategies for impending facial necrosis after filler injection.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Our experience with nitroglycerin paste and our review of the medical literature supports the use of nitroglycerin paste on the skin to help improve flow in the dermal vasculature because of its vasodilatory effect on small-caliber arterioles.

positive:
Factors contributing to the facial aging of identical twins. BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to identify the environmental factors that contribute to facial aging in identical twins.

METHODS
During the Twins Day Festival in Twinsburg, Ohio, 186 pairs of identical twins completed a comprehensive questionnaire, and digital images were obtained. A panel reviewed the images independently and recorded the differences in the perceived twins' ages and their facial features. The perceived age differences were then correlated with multiple factors.

RESULTS
Four-point higher body mass index was associated with an older appearance in twins younger than age 40 but resulted in a younger appearance after age 40 (p = 0.0001). Eight-point higher body mass index was associated with an older appearance in twins younger than age 55 but was associated with a younger appearance after age 55 (p = 0.0001). The longer the twins smoked, the older they appeared (p < 0.0001). Increased sun exposure was associated with an older appearance and accelerated with age (p = 0.015), as was a history of outdoor activities and lack of sunscreen use. Twins who used hormone replacement had a younger appearance (p = 0.002). Facial rhytids were more evident in twins with a history of skin cancer (p = 0.05) and in those who smoked (p = 0.005). Dark and patchy skin discoloration was less prevalent in twins with a higher body mass index (p = 0.01) and more common in twins with a history of smoking (p = 0.005) and those with sun exposure (p = 0.005). Hair quantity was better with a higher body mass index (p = 0.01) although worse with a history of skin cancer (p = 0.005) and better with the use of hormones (p = 0.05).

CONCLUSION
This study offers strong statistical evidence to support the role of some of the known factors that govern facial aging.

positive:
Foreign body granulomas after all injectable dermal fillers: part 2. Treatment options. SUMMARY
Foreign body granulomas occur at certain rates with all injectable dermal fillers. They have to be distinguished from early implant nodules, which usually appear 2 to 4 weeks after injection. In general, foreign body granulomas appear after a latent period of several months at all injected sites at the same time. If diagnosed early and treated correctly, they can be diminished within a few weeks. The treatment of choice of this hyperactive granulation tissue is the intralesional injection of corticosteroid crystals (triamcinolone, betamethasone, or prednisolone), which may be repeated in 4-week cycles until the right dose is found. To lower the risk of skin atrophy, corticosteroids can be combined with antimitotic drugs such as 5-fluorouracil and pulsed lasers. Because foreign body granulomas grow fingerlike into the surrounding tissue, surgical excision should be the last option. Surgery or drainage is indicated to treat normal lumps and cystic foreign body granulomas with little tissue ingrowth. In most patients, a foreign body granuloma is a single event during a lifetime, often triggered by a systemic bacterial infection.

positive:
Aging changes of the midfacial fat compartments: a computed tomographic study. BACKGROUND
The restoration of a natural volume distribution is a major goal in facial rejuvenation. The aims of this study were to establish a radiographic method enabling effective measurements of the midfacial fat compartments and to compare the anatomy between human cadavers of younger versus older age.

METHODS
Data from computed tomographic scans of 12 nonfixed cadaver heads, divided into two age groups (group 1, 54 to 75 years, n = 6; and group 2, 75 to 104 years, n = 6), were analyzed. For evaluation of the volume distribution within a specific compartment, the sagittal diameter of the upper, middle, and lower thirds of each compartment was determined. For evaluation of a "sagging" of the compartments, the distance between the cephalad border and the infraorbital rim was determined.

RESULTS
Computed tomography enables a reproducible depiction of the facial fat compartments and reveals aging changes. The distance between the fat compartments and the infraorbital rim was higher in group 2 compared with group 1. The sagittal diameter of the lower third of the compartments was higher, and the sagittal diameter of the upper third was smaller in group 2 compared with group 1. The buccal extension of the buccal fat pad was shown to be an independent, separate compartment.

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates an inferior migration of the midfacial fat compartments and an inferior volume shift within the compartments during aging. Additional distinct compartment-specific changes (e.g., volume loss of the deep medial cheek fat and buccal extension of the buccal fat pad) contribute to the appearance of the aged face.

positive:
Validated assessment scales for the lower face. BACKGROUND
Aging in the lower face leads to lines, wrinkles, depression of the corners of the mouth, and changes in lip volume and lip shape, with increased sagging of the skin of the jawline. Refined, easy-to-use, validated, objective standards assessing the severity of these changes are required in clinical research and practice.

OBJECTIVE
To establish the reliability of eight lower face scales assessing nasolabial folds, marionette lines, upper and lower lip fullness, lip wrinkles (at rest and dynamic), the oral commissure and jawline, aesthetic areas, and the lower face unit.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
Four 5-point rating scales were developed to objectively assess upper and lower lip wrinkles, oral commissures, and the jawline. Twelve experts rated identical lower face photographs of 50 subjects in two separate rating cycles using eight 5-point scales. Inter- and intrarater reliability of responses was assessed.

RESULTS
Interrater reliability was substantial or almost perfect for all lower face scales, aesthetic areas, and the lower face unit. Intrarater reliability was high for all scales, areas and the lower face unit.

CONCLUSION
Our rating scales are reliable tools for valid and reproducible assessment of the aging process in lower face areas.

negative: Millimetre-wave T-shaped antenna with defected ground structures for 5G wireless networks This paper presents a T-shaped antenna at millimetre-wave (MMW) frequency ranges to offer a number of advantages including simple structure, high operating bandwidth, and high gain. Defected ground structures (DGS) have been symmetrically added in ground in order to produce multiple resonating bands, accompanied by partial ground plane to achieve continuous operating bandwidth. The antenna consists of T-shaped radiating patch with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed. The bottom part has a partial ground plane loaded with five symmetrical split-ring slots. Measured results of antenna prototype show a wide bandwidth of 25.1-37.5 GHz. Moreover, simulation evaluation of peak gain of the antenna is 9.86 dBi at 36.8 GHz, and efficiency is higher than 80% in complete range of operation. The proposed antenna is considered as a potential candidate for the 5G wireless networks and applications.

negative: Design and implementation of full bridge bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter for high power applications This paper proposes the design and implementation of a high power full bridge bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter (BIDC) which comprises of two symmetrical voltage source converters and a high frequency transformer. In the proposed BIDC, a well-known PI controller based single phase-shift (SPS) modulation technique is used in order to achieve high power transfer. Besides, different phase shift methods such as extended phase-shift (EPS) and double phase-shift (DPS) are compared with SPS. Both simulation and experimental results are caried out to verify PI controller based simple phase-shift controlled BIDC prototype that is designed for 300-V 2.4-kW and operating at 20 kHz.

negative: Ubii: Physical World Interaction Through Augmented Reality We describe a new set of interaction techniques that allow users to interact with physical objects through augmented reality (AR). Previously, to operate a smart device, physical touch is generally needed and a graphical interface is normally involved. These become limitations and prevent the user from operating a device out of reach or operating multiple devices at once. Ubii (Ubiquitous interface and interaction) is an integrated interface system that connects a network of smart devices together, and allows users to interact with the physical objects using hand gestures. The user wears a smart glass which displays the user interface in an augmented reality view. Hand gestures are captured by the smart glass, and upon recognizing the right gesture input, Ubii will communicate with the connected smart devices to complete the designated operations. Ubii supports common inter-device operations such as file transfer, printing, projecting, as well as device pairing. To improve the overall performance of the system, we implement computation offloading to perform the image processing computation. Our user test shows that Ubii is easy to use and more intuitive than traditional user interfaces. Ubii shortens the operation time on various tasks involving operating physical devices. The novel interaction paradigm attains a seamless interaction between the physical and digital worlds.

negative: Early androgen exposure and human gender development During early development, testosterone plays an important role in sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain and has enduring influences on behavior. Testosterone exerts these influences at times when the testes are active, as evidenced by higher concentrations of testosterone in developing male than in developing female animals. This article critically reviews the available evidence regarding influences of testosterone on human gender-related development. In humans, testosterone is elevated in males from about weeks 8 to 24 of gestation and then again during early postnatal development. Individuals exposed to atypical concentrations of testosterone or other androgenic hormones prenatally, for example, because of genetic conditions or because their mothers were prescribed hormones during pregnancy, have been consistently found to show increased male-typical juvenile play behavior, alterations in sexual orientation and gender identity (the sense of self as male or female), and increased tendencies to engage in physically aggressive behavior. Studies of other behavioral outcomes following dramatic androgen abnormality prenatally are either too small in their numbers or too inconsistent in their results, to provide similarly conclusive evidence. Studies relating normal variability in testosterone prenatally to subsequent gender-related behavior have produced largely inconsistent results or have yet to be independently replicated. For studies of prenatal exposures in typically developing individuals, testosterone has been measured in single samples of maternal blood or amniotic fluid. These techniques may not be sufficiently powerful to consistently detect influences of testosterone on behavior, particularly in the relatively small samples that have generally been studied. The postnatal surge in testosterone in male infants, sometimes called mini-puberty, may provide a more accessible opportunity for measuring early androgen exposure during typical development. This approach has recently begun to be used, with some promising results relating testosterone during the first few months of postnatal life to later gender-typical play behavior. In replicating and extending these findings, it may be important to assess testosterone when it is maximal (months 1 to 2 postnatal) and to take advantage of the increased reliability afforded by repeated sampling.

negative: Effect of Manipulated Amplitude and Frequency of Human Voice on Dominance and Persuasiveness in Audio Conferences We propose to artificially manipulate participants' vocal cues, amplitude and frequency, in real time to adjust their dominance and persuasiveness during audio conferences. We implemented a prototype system and conducted two experiments. The first experiment investigated the effect of vocal cue manipulation on the perception of dominance. The results showed that participants perceived higher dominance while listening to a voice with a high amplitude and low frequency. The second experiment investigated the effect of vocal cue manipulation on persuasiveness. The results indicated that a person with a low amplitude and low frequency voice had greater persuasiveness in conversations with biased dominance, while there was no statistically significant difference in persuasiveness in conversations with unbiased dominance.

negative: A Theoretical Framework for Serious Game Design: Exploring Pedagogy, Play and Fidelity and their Implications for the Design Process It is widely acknowledged that digital games can provide an engaging, motivating and “fun” experience for students. However an entertaining game does not necessarily constitute a meaningful, valuable learning experience. For this reason, experts espouse the importance of underpinning serious games with a sound theoretical framework which integrates and balances theories from two fields of practice: pedagogy and game design (Kiili, 2005; Seeney & Routledge, 2009). Additionally, with the advent of sophisticated, immersive technologies, and increasing interest in the opportunities for constructivist learning offered by these technologies, concepts of fidelity and its impact on student learning and engagement, have emerged (Aldrich, 2005; Harteveld et al., 2007, 2010). This paper will explore a triadic theoretical framework for serious game design comprising play, pedagogy and fidelity. It will outline underpinning theories, review key literatures and identify challenges and issues involved in balancing these elements in the process of serious game design. DOI: 10.4018/ijgbl.2012100103 42 International Journal of Game-Based Learning, 2(4), 41-60, October-December 2012 Copyright © 2012, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. game design (Kiili, 2005; Seeney & Routledge, 2009). While a sound pedagogical framework is considered essential to their effectiveness as learning tools, equally important is the integration of game play elements which harness and sustain player engagement. Additionally, with the advent of sophisticated and immersive technologies, as exemplified in the virtual worlds of contemporary games, and increasing interest in the opportunities for constructivist learning offered by these worlds, concepts of fidelity, and its impact on student learning and engagement, have emerged (Aldrich, 2005; Harteveld et al., 2007, 2010). This paper will explore this triadic theoretical framework for serious game design, outlining underpinning theories, reviewing key literatures and identifying associated challenges and issues (Figure 1). The paper begins by reflecting on pedagogical theories commonly utilised to conceptualise game-based learning, focusing on three constructivist theories. Following this, attention switches to theories used to conceptualise players’ engagement with digital games, and thus inform effective, engaging and “fun” game design. As a key component of engaging and pedagogically effective game design, the concept of fidelity, and how it relates to game design and game-based learning, is discussed. The paper will conclude by reflecting on issues and challenges involved in balancing these components when designing

negative: Design and evaluation of a wide-area event notification service The components of a loosely coupled system are typically designed to operate by generating and responding to asynchronous events. An event notification service is an application-independent infrastructure that supports the construction of event-based systems, whereby generators of events publish event notifications to the infrastructure and consumers of events subscribe with the infrastructure to receive relevant notifications. The two primary services that should be provided to components by the infrastructure are notification selection (i. e., determining which notifications match which subscriptions) and notification delivery (i.e., routing matching notifications from publishers to subscribers). Numerous event notification services have been developed for local-area networks, generally based on a centralized server to select and deliver event notifications. Therefore, they suffer from an inherent inability to scale to wide-area networks, such as the Internet, where the number and physical distribution of the service's clients can quickly overwhelm a centralized solution. The critical challenge in the setting of a wide-area network is to maximize the expressiveness in the selection mechanism without sacrificing scalability in the delivery mechanism. This paper presents SIENA, an event notification service that we have designed and implemented to exhibit both expressiveness and scalability. We describe the service's interface to applications, the algorithms used by networks of servers to select and deliver event notifications, and the strategies used to optimize performance. We also present results of simulation studies that examine the scalability and performance of the service.

negative: Comparing Children's Crosshair and Finger Interactions in Handheld Augmented Reality: Relationships Between Usability and Child Development Augmented reality technology is a unique medium that can be helpful for young children's entertainment and education, but in order to achieve the benefits of this technology, augmented reality experiences need to be appropriately designed for young children's developing physical and cognitive skills. In the present study we investigated how 5-10 year-old children react to typical handheld augmented reality interaction techniques such as crosshair selection and finger selection, in AR environments that require them to change perspective or not. Our analysis shows significant impacts of age upon AR performance, with young children having slower selection times, more tracking losses, and taking longer to recover tracking. Significant differences were also found between AR interaction technique conditions, with finger selection being faster than crosshair selection, and interactions which required changes in perspective taking longer, generating more tracking losses, and more errors in selection. Furthermore, by analyzing children's performance in relation to metrics of physical and cognitive development, we identified correlations between AR interaction techniques performance and developmental tests of spatial relations, block construction and visuomotor precision. Gender differences were analyzed but no significant effects were detected.

negative: Do citations and readership identify seminal publications? This work presents a new approach for analysing the ability of existing research metrics to identify research which has strongly influenced future developments. More specifically, we focus on the ability of citation counts and Mendeley reader counts to distinguish between publications regarded as seminal and publications regarded as literature reviews by field experts. The main motivation behind our research is to gain a better understanding of whether and how well the existing research metrics relate to research quality. For this experiment we have created a new dataset which we call TrueImpactDataset and which contains two types of publications, seminal papers and literature reviews. Using the dataset, we conduct a set of experiments to study how citation and reader counts perform in distinguishing these publication types, following the intuition that causing a change in a field signifies research quality. Our research shows that citation counts work better than a random baseline (by a margin of 10%) in distinguishing important seminal research papers from literature reviews while Mendeley reader counts do not work better than the baseline.

negative: Successful failure: what Foucault can teach us about privacy self-management in a world of Facebook and big data The “privacy paradox” refers to the discrepancy between the concern individuals express for their privacy and the apparently low value they actually assign to it when they readily trade personal information for low-value goods online. In this paper, I argue that the privacy paradox masks a more important paradox: the self-management model of privacy embedded in notice-and-consent pages on websites and other, analogous practices can be readily shown to underprotect privacy, even in the economic terms favored by its advocates. The real question, then, is why privacy self-management occupies such a prominent position in privacy law and regulation. Borrowing from Foucault’s late writings, I argue that this failure to protect privacy is also a success in ethical subject formation, as it actively pushes privacy norms and practices in a neoliberal direction. In other words, privacy self-management isn’t about protecting people’s privacy; it’s about inculcating the idea that privacy is an individual, commodified good that can be traded for other market goods. Along the way, the self-management regime forces privacy into the market, obstructs the functioning of other, more social, understandings of privacy, and occludes the various ways that individuals attempt to resist adopting the market-based view of themselves and their privacy. Throughout, I use the analytics practices of Facebook and social networking sites as a sustained case study of the point.

negative: Always-ON visual node with a hardware-software event-based binarized neural network inference engine This work introduces an ultra-low-power visual sensor node coupling event-based binary acquisition with Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs) to deal with the stringent power requirements of always-on vision systems for IoT applications. By exploiting in-sensor mixed-signal processing, an ultra-low-power imager generates a sparse visual signal of binary spatial-gradient features. The sensor output, packed as a stream of events corresponding to the asserted gradient binary values, is transferred to a 4-core processor when the amount of data detected after frame difference surpasses a given threshold. Then, a BNN trained with binary gradients as input runs on the parallel processor if a meaningful activity is detected in a pre-processing stage. During the BNN computation, the proposed Event-based Binarized Neural Network model achieves a system energy saving of 17.8% with respect to a baseline system including a low-power RGB imager and a Binarized Neural Network, while paying a classification performance drop of only 3% for a real-life 3-classes classification scenario. The energy reduction increases up to 8x when considering a long-term always-on monitoring scenario, thanks to the event-driven behavior of the processing sub-system.

negative: Improving privacy and security in multi-authority attribute-based encryption Attribute based encryption (ABE) [13] determines decryption ability based on a user's attributes. In a multi-authority ABE scheme, multiple attribute-authorities monitor different sets of attributes and issue corresponding decryption keys to users, and encryptors can require that a user obtain keys for appropriate attributes from each authority before decrypting a message. Chase [5] gave a multi-authority ABE scheme using the concepts of a trusted central authority (CA) and global identifiers (GID). However, the CA in that construction has the power to decrypt every ciphertext, which seems somehow contradictory to the original goal of distributing control over many potentially untrusted authorities. Moreover, in that construction, the use of a consistent GID allowed the authorities to combine their information to build a full profile with all of a user's attributes, which unnecessarily compromises the privacy of the user. In this paper, we propose a solution which removes the trusted central authority, and protects the users' privacy by preventing the authorities from pooling their information on particular users, thus making ABE more usable in practice.

negative: Multigate-Cell Stacked FET Design for Millimeter-Wave CMOS Power Amplifiers To increase the voltage handling capability of scaled CMOS-based circuits, series connection (stacking) of transistors has been demonstrated in recently reported mm-wave power amplifiers. This paper discusses the implementation of stacked CMOS circuits employing a compact, multigate layout technique, rather than the conventional series connection of individual transistors. A unit multigate FET is composed of a single transistor with one source and drain and multiple (four) gate connections. Capacitances are implemented in a distributed manner allowing close proximity to the individual gate fingers using metal layers available within the CMOS back-end-of-line (BEOL) stack. The multigate structure is demonstrated to decrease parasitic resistances and capacitances, and has better layout for heat-sinking. The unit cell is replicated through tiling to implement larger effective gate widths. Millimeter-wave power amplifiers using the multigate-cell are presented which operate over the 25-35 GHz band and achieve 300 mW of saturated output power and peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 30% in 45 nm CMOS SOI technology. To the authors' knowledge, the output power is the best reported for a single stage CMOS power amplifier that does not use power-combining for this frequency range.

negative: Application of Requirement-oriented Data Quality Evaluation Method The data quality directly determines the data further analysis and other applications. With the important of data quality, data is a major asset in software applications and information systems. Getting and ensuring high quality data is critical to the software and related business operations. At present, there are many methods and techniques of data quality assessment or evaluation. Based on the evaluation criteria of data quality, the paper mainly starts from the needs of application software and uses the requirements as a guide in the evaluation process. Define evaluation criteria based on user-defined requirements. In this paper, the method proposed in a practical case has been applied, and achieved good practical results.

negative: Real-time neuroevolution in the NERO video game In most modern video games, character behavior is scripted; no matter how many times the player exploits a weakness, that weakness is never repaired. Yet, if game characters could learn through interacting with the player, behavior could improve as the game is played, keeping it interesting. This paper introduces the real-time Neuroevolution of Augmenting Topologies (rtNEAT) method for evolving increasingly complex artificial neural networks in real time, as a game is being played. The rtNEAT method allows agents to change and improve during the game. In fact, rtNEAT makes possible an entirely new genre of video games in which the player trains a team of agents through a series of customized exercises. To demonstrate this concept, the Neuroevolving Robotic Operatives (NERO) game was built based on rtNEAT. In NERO, the player trains a team of virtual robots for combat against other players' teams. This paper describes results from this novel application of machine learning, and demonstrates that rtNEAT makes possible video games like NERO where agents evolve and adapt in real time. In the future, rtNEAT may allow new kinds of educational and training applications through interactive and adapting games.

negative: Concept Mining via Embedding In this work, we study the problem of concept mining, which serves as the first step in transforming unstructured text into structured information, and supports downstream analytical tasks such as information extraction, organization, recommendation and search. Previous work mainly relies on statistical signals, existing knowledge bases, or predefined linguistic patterns. In this work, we propose a novel approach that mines concepts based on their occurrence contexts, by learning embedding vector representations that summarize the context information for each possible candidates, and use these embeddings to evaluate the concept's global quality and their fitness to each local context. Experiments over several real-world corpora demonstrate the superior performance of our method. A publicly available implementation is provided at https://github.com/kleeeeea/ECON.

negative: WhatsApp Usage Patterns and Prediction Models This paper presents an extensive study of the usage of the WhatsApp social network, an Internet messaging application that is quickly replacing SMS messaging. It is based on the analysis of over 4 million messages from nearly 100 users that we collected in order to understand people’s use of the network. We believe that this is the first in-depth study of the properties of WhatsApp messages with an emphasis of noting differences across different age and gender demographic groups. It is also the first to use statistical and data analytic tools in this analysis. We found that different genders and age demographics had significantly different usage habits in almost all message and group attributes. These differences facilitate the development of user prediction models based on data mining tools. We illustrate this by developing several prediction models such as for a person’s gender or approximate age. We also noted differences in users’ group behavior. We created group behaviorial models including the likelihood a given group would have more file attachments, if a group would contain a larger number of participants, a higher frequency of activity, quicker response times and shorter messages. We present a detailed discussion about the specific attributes that were contained in all predictive models and suggest possible applications based on these results.

negative: A data mining framework for detecting subscription fraud in telecommunication Service providing companies including telecommunication companies often receive substantial damage from customers’ fraudulent behaviors. One of the common types of fraud is subscription fraud in which usage type is in contradiction with subscription type. This study aimed at identifying customers’ subscription fraud by employing data mining techniques and adopting knowledge discovery process. To this end, a hybrid approach consisting of preprocessing, clustering, and classification phases was applied, and appropriate tools were employed commensurate to each phase. Specifically, in the clustering phase SOM and K-means were combined, and in the classification phase decision tree (C4.5), neural networks, and support vector machines as single classifiers and bagging, boosting, stacking, majority and consensus voting as ensembles were examined. In addition to using clustering to identify outlier cases, it was also possible – by defining new features – to maintain the results of clustering phase for the classification phase. This, in turn, contributed to better classification results. A real dataset provided by Telecommunication Company of Tehran was applied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The efficient use of synergy among these techniques significantly increased prediction accuracy. The performance of all single and ensemble classifiers is evaluated based on various metrics and compared by statistical tests. The results showed that support vector machines among single classifiers and boosted trees among all classifiers have the best performance in terms of various metrics. The research findings show that the proposed model has a high accuracy, and the resulting outcomes are significant both theoretically and practically. & 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

negative: FastSpMM: An Efficient Library for Sparse Matrix Matrix Product on GPUs Sparse matrix matrix (SpMM) multiplication is involved in a wide range of scientific and technical applications. The computational requirements for this kind of operation are enormous, especially for large matrices. This paper analyzes and evaluates a method to efficiently compute the SpMM product in a computing environment that includes graphics processing units (GPUs). Some libraries to compute this matricial operation can be found in the literature. However, our strategy (FastSpMM) outperforms the existing approaches because it combines the use of the ELLPACK-R storage format with the exploitation of the high ratio computation/memory access of the SpMM operation and the overlapping of CPU–GPU communications/computations by Compute Unified Device Architecture streaming computation. In this work, FastSpMM is described and its performance evaluated with regard to the CUSPARSE library (supplied by NVIDIA), which also includes routines to compute SpMM on GPUs. Experimental evaluations based on a representative set of test matrices show that, in terms of performance, FastSpMM outperforms the CUSPARSE routine as well as the implementation of the SpMM as a set of sparse matrix vector products.

negative: Knowledge Management: An Introduction and Perspective In the mid-1980s, individuals and organizations began to appreciate the increasingly important role of knowledge in the emerging competitive environment. International competition was changing to increasingly emphasize product and service quality, responsiveness, diversity and customization. Some organizations, such as USbased Chaparral Steel, had been pursuing a knowledge focus for some years, but during this period it started to become a more wide-spread business concern. These notions appeared in many places throughout the world – almost simultaneously in the way bubbles appear in a kettle of superheated water! Over a brief period from 1986 to 1989, numerous reports appeared in the public domain concerning how to manage knowledge explicitly. There were studies, results of corporate efforts, and conferences on the topic.

negative: Boosting as a Regularized Path to a Maximum Margin Classifier In this paper we study boosting methods from a new perspective. We build on recent work by Efron et al. to show that boosting approximately (and in some cases exactly) minimizes its loss criterion with an l1 constraint on the coefficient vector. This helps understand the success of boosting with early stopping as regularized fitting of the loss criterion. For the two most commonly used criteria (exponential and binomial log-likelihood), we further show that as the constraint is relaxed—or equivalently as the boosting iterations proceed—the solution converges (in the separable case) to an “l1-optimal” separating hyper-plane. We prove that this l1-optimal separating hyper-plane has the property of maximizing the minimal l1-margin of the training data, as defined in the boosting literature. An interesting fundamental similarity between boosting and kernel support vector machines emerges, as both can be described as methods for regularized optimization in high-dimensional predictor space, using a computational trick to make the calculation practical, and converging to margin-maximizing solutions. While this statement describes SVMs exactly, it applies to boosting only approximately.

negative: The CN2 Induction Algorithm Systems for inducing concept descriptions from examples are valuable tools for assisting in the task of knowledge acquisition for expert systems. This paper presents a description and empirical evaluation of a new induction system, CN2, designed for the efficient induction of simple, comprehensible production rules in domains where problems of poor description language and/or noise may be present. Implementations of the CN2, ID3, and AQ algorithms are compared on three medical classification tasks.

negative: Fault Detection, Isolation, and Service Restoration in Distribution Systems: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends This paper surveys the conceptual aspects, as well as recent developments in fault detection, isolation, and service restoration (FDIR) following an outage in an electric distribution system. This paper starts with a discussion of the rationale for FDIR, and then investigates different areas of the FDIR problem. Recently reported approaches are compared and related to discussions on current practices. This paper then addresses some of the often-cited associated technical, environmental, and economic challenges of implementing self-healing for the distribution grid. The review concludes by pointing toward the need and directions for future research.

negative:
Exploiting potential citation papers in scholarly paper recommendation To help generate relevant suggestions for researchers, recommendation systems have started to leverage the latent interests in the publication profiles of the researchers themselves. While using such a publication citation network has been shown to enhance performance, the network is often sparse, making recommendation difficult. To alleviate this sparsity, we identify "potential citation papers" through the use of collaborative filtering. Also, as different logical sections of a paper have different significance, as a secondary contribution, we investigate which sections of papers can be leveraged to represent papers effectively.
 On a scholarly paper recommendation dataset, we show that recommendation accuracy significantly outperforms state-of-the-art recommendation baselines as measured by nDCG and MRR, when we discover potential citation papers using imputed similarities via collaborative filtering and represent candidate papers using both the full text and assigning more weight to the conclusion sections.

negative: A COMPARISON OF ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE FRAMEWORKS An Enterprise Architecture Framework (EAF) maps all of the software development processes within the enterprise and how they relate and interact to fulfill the enterprise’s mission. It provides organizations with the ability to understand and analyze weaknesses or inconsistencies to be identified and addressed. There are a number of already established EAF in use today; some of these frameworks were developed for very specific areas, whereas others have broader functionality. This study provides a comparison of several frameworks that can then be used for guidance in the selection of an EAF that meets the needed criteria.

negative: Analysis and implementation of software rejuvenation in cluster systems Several recent studies have reported the phenomenon of "software aging", one in which the state of a software system degrades with time. This may eventually lead to performance degradation of the software or crash/hang failure or both. "Software rejuvenation" is a pro-active technique aimed to prevent unexpected or unplanned outages due to aging. The basic idea is to stop the running software, clean its internal state and restart it. In this paper, we discuss software rejuvenation as applied to cluster systems. This is both an innovative and an efficient way to improve cluster system availability and productivity. Using Stochastic Reward Nets (SRNs), we model and analyze cluster systems which employ software rejuvenation. For our proposed time-based rejuvenation policy, we determine the optimal rejuvenation interval based on system availability and cost. We also introduce a new rejuvenation policy based on prediction and show that it can dramatically increase system availability and reduce downtime cost. These models are very general and can capture a multitude of cluster system characteristics, failure behavior and performability measures, which we are just beginning to explore. We then briefly describe an implementation of a software rejuvenation system that performs periodic and predictive rejuvenation, and show some empirical data from systems that exhibit aging

negative:
Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. OBJECTIVE
To revise the "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Sustained Use of Sedatives and Analgesics in the Critically Ill Adult" published in Critical Care Medicine in 2002.

METHODS
The American College of Critical Care Medicine assembled a 20-person, multidisciplinary, multi-institutional task force with expertise in guideline development, pain, agitation and sedation, delirium management, and associated outcomes in adult critically ill patients. The task force, divided into four subcommittees, collaborated over 6 yr in person, via teleconferences, and via electronic communication. Subcommittees were responsible for developing relevant clinical questions, using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation method (http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org) to review, evaluate, and summarize the literature, and to develop clinical statements (descriptive) and recommendations (actionable). With the help of a professional librarian and Refworks database software, they developed a Web-based electronic database of over 19,000 references extracted from eight clinical search engines, related to pain and analgesia, agitation and sedation, delirium, and related clinical outcomes in adult ICU patients. The group also used psychometric analyses to evaluate and compare pain, agitation/sedation, and delirium assessment tools. All task force members were allowed to review the literature supporting each statement and recommendation and provided feedback to the subcommittees. Group consensus was achieved for all statements and recommendations using the nominal group technique and the modified Delphi method, with anonymous voting by all task force members using E-Survey (http://www.esurvey.com). All voting was completed in December 2010. Relevant studies published after this date and prior to publication of these guidelines were referenced in the text. The quality of evidence for each statement and recommendation was ranked as high (A), moderate (B), or low/very low (C). The strength of recommendations was ranked as strong (1) or weak (2), and either in favor of (+) or against (-) an intervention. A strong recommendation (either for or against) indicated that the intervention's desirable effects either clearly outweighed its undesirable effects (risks, burdens, and costs) or it did not. For all strong recommendations, the phrase "We recommend …" is used throughout. A weak recommendation, either for or against an intervention, indicated that the trade-off between desirable and undesirable effects was less clear. For all weak recommendations, the phrase "We suggest …" is used throughout. In the absence of sufficient evidence, or when group consensus could not be achieved, no recommendation (0) was made. Consensus based on expert opinion was not used as a substitute for a lack of evidence. A consistent method for addressing potential conflict of interest was followed if task force members were coauthors of related research. The development of this guideline was independent of any industry funding.

CONCLUSION
These guidelines provide a roadmap for developing integrated, evidence-based, and patient-centered protocols for preventing and treating pain, agitation, and delirium in critically ill patients.

negative: Complications of botulinum toxin A use in facial rejuvenation. The esthetic application of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is a safe treatment modality; nevertheless complications can occur as a result of patient-and physician-related factors. Fortunately, adverse effects and undesirable sequelae after Botox injections are temporary. Complications may be more serious in patients who have more severe rhytids (which require more Botox), previous facial plastic surgery (altered anatomy), and those who have pre-existing neuromuscular disease. The physician can reduce complications by using proper injection techniques, appropriate regional Botox dosing, and by being conservative in the overall approach to Botox-mediated facial rejuvenation.

negative: Novelty and diversity metrics for recommender systems: choice, discovery and relevance There is an increasing realization in the Recommender Systems (RS) field that novelty and diversity are fundamental qualities of recommendation effectiveness and added-value. We identify however a gap in the formalization of novelty and diversity metrics –and a consensus around them– comparable to the recent proposals in IR diversity. We study a formal characterization of different angles that RS novelty and diversity may take from the end-user viewpoint, aiming to contribute to a formal definition and understanding of different views and meanings of these magnitudes under common groundings. Building upon this, we derive metric schemes that take item position and relevance into account, two aspects not generally addressed in the novelty and diversity metrics reported in the RS literature.

negative: Analysis of Software Aging in a Web Server Several recent studies have reported & examined the phenomenon that long-running software systems show an increasing failure rate and/or a progressive degradation of their performance. Causes of this phenomenon, which has been referred to as "software aging", are the accumulation of internal error conditions, and the depletion of operating system resources. A proactive technique called "software rejuvenation" has been proposed as a way to counteract software aging. It involves occasionally terminating the software application, cleaning its internal state and/or its environment, and then restarting it. Due to the costs incurred by software rejuvenation, an important question is when to schedule this action. While periodic rejuvenation at constant time intervals is straightforward to implement, it may not yield the best results. The rate at which software ages is usually not constant, but it depends on the time-varying system workload. Software rejuvenation should therefore be planned & initiated in the face of the actual system behavior. This requires the measurement, analysis, and prediction of system resource usage. In this paper, we study the development of resource usage in a web server while subjecting it to an artificial workload. We first collect data on several system resource usage & activity parameters. Non-parametric statistical methods are then applied toward detecting & estimating trends in the data sets. Finally, we fit time series models to the data collected. Unlike the models used previously in the research on software aging, these time series models allow for seasonal patterns, and we show how the exploitation of the seasonal variation can help in adequately predicting the future resource usage. Based on the models employed here, proactive management techniques like software rejuvenation triggered by actual measurements can be built

negative: Adverse Effects Associated with Protein Intake above the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Adults Background. While high-protein consumption-above the current recommended dietary allowance for adults (RDA: 0.8 g protein/kg body weight/day)-is increasing in popularity, there is a lack of data on its potential adverse effects. Objective. To determine the potential disease risks due to high protein/high meat intake obtained from diet and/or nutritional supplements in humans. Design. Review. Subjects. Healthy adult male and female subjects. Method. In order to identify relevant studies, the electronic databases, Medline and Google Scholar, were searched using the terms:"high protein diet," "protein overconsumption," "protein overuse," and "high meat diet." Papers not in English were excluded. Further studies were identified by citations in retrieved papers. Results. 32 studies (21 experimental human studies and 11 reviews) were identified. The adverse effects associated with long-term high protein/high meat intake in humans were (a) disorders of bone and calcium homeostasis, (b) disorders of renal function, (c) increased cancer risk, (d) disorders of liver function, and (e) precipitated progression of coronary artery disease. Conclusions. The findings of the present study suggest that there is currently no reasonable scientific basis in the literature to recommend protein consumption above the current RDA (high protein diet) for healthy adults due to its potential disease risks. Further research needs to be carried out in this area, including large randomized controlled trials.

negative: Yet Another Visit to Paxos This paper presents a modular introduction to crash-tolerant and Byzantine-tolerant protocols for reaching consensus that use the method introduced by the Paxos algorithm of Lamport and by the viewstamped replication algorithm of Oki and Liskov. The consensus protocol runs a sequence of epoch abstractions as governed by an epoch-change abstraction. Implementations of epoch and epoch-change that tolerate crash faults yield the consensus algorithm in Paxos and in viewstamped replication. Implementations of epoch and epoch-change that tolerate Byzantine faults yield the consensus algorithm in the PBFT protocol of Castro and Liskov.