query: what is the function of the semicolon in a c statement

positive: Semicolon In computer programming, the semicolon is often used to separate multiple statements (for example, in Perl, Pascal, PL/I, and SQL; see Pascal: Semicolons as statement separators). In other languages, semicolons are called terminators[14] and are required after every statement (such as in Java, and the C family). Today semicolons as terminators has largely won out, but this was a divisive issue in programming languages from the 1960s into the 1980s.[15] An influential and frequently-cited study in this debate was Gannon & Horning (1975), which concluded strongly in favor of semicolon as a terminator:

negative: JavaScript JavaScript supports much of the structured programming syntax from C (e.g., if statements, while loops, switch statements, do while loops, etc.). One partial exception is scoping: JavaScript originally had only function scoping with var. ECMAScript 2015 added keywords let and const for block scoping, meaning JavaScript now has both function and block scoping. Like C, JavaScript makes a distinction between expressions and statements. One syntactic difference from C is automatic semicolon insertion, which allows the semicolons that would normally terminate statements to be omitted.[26]

negative: Pascal (programming language) Pascal adopted many language syntax features from the ALGOL language, including the use of a semicolon as a statement separator. This is in contrast to other languages, such as PL/I, C etc. which use the semicolon as a statement terminator. As illustrated in the above examples, no semicolon is needed before the end keyword of a record type declaration, a block, or a case statement; before the until keyword of a repeat statement; and before the else keyword of an if statement.

negative: C (programming language) As an imperative language, C uses statements to specify actions. The most common statement is an expression statement, consisting of an expression to be evaluated, followed by a semicolon; as a side effect of the evaluation, functions may be called and variables may be assigned new values. To modify the normal sequential execution of statements, C provides several control-flow statements identified by reserved keywords. Structured programming is supported by if(-else) conditional execution and by do-while, while, and for iterative execution (looping). The for statement has separate initialization, testing, and reinitialization expressions, any or all of which can be omitted. break and continue can be used to leave the innermost enclosing loop statement or skip to its reinitialization. There is also a non-structured goto statement which branches directly to the designated label within the function. switch selects a case to be executed based on the value of an integer expression.

negative: C (programming language) The next line calls (diverts execution to) a function named printf, which in this case is supplied from a system library.  In this call, the printf function is passed (provided with) a single argument, the address of the first character in the string literal "hello, world\n". The string literal is an unnamed array with elements of type char, set up automatically by the compiler with a final 0-valued character to mark the end of the array (printf needs to know this). The \n is an escape sequence that C translates to a newline character, which on output signifies the end of the current line.  The return value of the printf function is of type int, but it is silently discarded since it is not used. (A more careful program might test the return value to determine whether or not the printf function succeeded.) The semicolon ; terminates the statement.

negative: Semicolon In differential geometry, a semicolon preceding an index is used to indicate the covariant derivative of a function with respect to the coordinate associated with that index.

negative: Semicolon Semicolons are optional in a number of languages, including BCPL, Eiffel, and Go, meaning that they are part of the formal grammar for the language, but can be inferred in many or all contexts (e.g. by end of line that ends a statement (in Go)). As languages can be designed without them, semicolons are considered an unnecessary nuisance by some.[17]

negative: Greater-than sign In Haskell, the >> function is a monadic operator. It is used for sequentially composing two actions, discarding any value produced by the first. In that regard, it is like the statement sequencing operator in imperative languages, such as the semicolon in C.

negative: Pascal (programming language) Programmers usually include these extra semicolons out of habit and to avoid changing the last line of a statement sequence when new code is appended.

negative:
Semicolon In the argument list of a mathematical function

f
(

x

1

,

x

2

,
…
;

a

1

,

a

2

,
…
)

{\displaystyle f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ;a_{1},a_{2},\dots )}

, a semicolon may be used to separate variables from fixed parameters.[citation needed]

negative: Semicolon In HTML, a semicolon is used to terminate a character entity reference, either named or numeric.

negative: C (programming language) The closing curly brace indicates the end of the code for the main function. According to the C99 specification and newer, the main function, unlike any other function, will implicitly return a value of 0 upon reaching the } that terminates the function. (Formerly an explicit return 0; statement was required.) This is interpreted by the run-time system as an exit code indicating successful execution.[30]

negative: Semicolon The most important [result] was that having a semicolon as a statement terminator was better than having a semicolon as a statement separator.[16]

negative: Pascal (programming language) The presence of an extra semicolon was not permitted in early versions of Pascal. However, the addition of ALGOL-like empty statements in the 1973 Revised Report and later changes to the language in ISO 7185:1983 now allow for optional semicolons in most of these cases. A semicolon is still not permitted immediately before the else keyword in an if statement, because the else follows a single statement, not a statement sequence. In the case of nested ifs, a semicolon cannot be used to avoid the dangling else problem (where the inner if does not have an else, but the outer if does) by putatively terminating the nested if with a semicolon â€“ this instead terminates both if clauses. Instead, an explicit begin...end block must be used.[24]

negative: C (programming language) C source files contain declarations and function definitions. Function definitions, in turn, contain declarations and statements. Declarations either define new types using keywords such as struct, union, and enum, or assign types to and perhaps reserve storage for new variables, usually by writing the type followed by the variable name. Keywords such as char and int specify built-in types. Sections of code are enclosed in braces ({ and }, sometimes called "curly brackets") to limit the scope of declarations and to act as a single statement for control structures.

negative: Semicolon The semicolon or semi colon[1] (;) is a punctuation mark that separates major sentence elements. A semicolon can be used between two closely related independent clauses, provided they are not already joined by a coordinating conjunction. Semicolons can also be used in place of commas to separate items in a list, particularly when the elements of that list contain commas.[2]

negative: Semicolon In Arabic, the semicolon is called Fāṣila Manqūṭa (Arabic: فاصلة منقوطة) which means literally "a dotted comma", and is written inverted ( ؛ ). In Arabic, the semicolon has several uses:

negative: Semicolon Other languages (for instance, some assembly languages and LISP dialects, CONFIG.SYS and INI files) use semicolons to mark the beginning of comments.

negative: Return statement in C[2] and C++,[3] undefined behavior if function is value-returning

negative: Colon (punctuation) In BASIC, it is used as a separator between the statements or instructions in a single line, which is represented in other languages via the semicolon.

negative: Semicolon In French, a semicolon (point-virgule, literally 'dot-comma') is a separation between two full sentences, used where either a colon or a comma would not be appropriate. The phrase following a semicolon has to be an independent clause, which is related to the previous one (but not explaining it, contrary to a sentence introduced by a colon).

negative: C (programming language) C has a formal grammar specified by the C standard.[22] Line endings are generally not significant in C; however, line boundaries do have significance during the preprocessing phase. Comments may appear either between the delimiters /* and */, or (since C99)  following // until the end of the line. Comments delimited by /* and */ do not nest, and these sequences of characters are not interpreted as comment delimiters if they appear inside string or character literals.[23]

negative: Comma In the C programming language the comma symbol is an operator which evaluates its first argument (which may have side-effects) and then returns the value of its evaluated second argument. This is useful in for statements and macros.

negative: Semicolon The semicolon is often used to separate elements of a string of text. For example, multiple e-mail addresses in the "To" field in some e-mail clients have to be delimited by a semicolon.

negative: Scope (computer science) A subtlety of several programming languages, such as Algol 68 and C (demonstrated in this example and standardized since C99), is that block-scope variables can be declared not only within the body of the block, but also within the control statement, if any. This is analogous to function parameters, which are declared in the function declaration (before the block of the function body starts), and in scope for the whole function body. This is primarily used in for loops, which have an initialization statement separate from the loop condition, unlike while loops, and is a common idiom.

negative: Comment (computer programming) This C code fragment demonstrates the use of a prologue comment or "block comment" to describe the purpose of a conditional statement. The comment explains key terms and concepts, and includes a short signature by the programmer who authored the code.

negative: C (programming language) The next line indicates that a function named main is being defined. The main function serves a special purpose in C programs; the run-time environment calls the main function to begin program execution. The type specifier int indicates that the value that is returned to the invoker (in this case the run-time environment) as a result of evaluating the main function, is an integer. The keyword void as a parameter list indicates that this function takes no arguments.[b]

negative: Semicolon The first printed semicolon was the work of the Italian printer Aldus Manutius the Elder in 1494.[3] Manutius established the practice of using the semicolon to separate words of opposed meaning and to allow a rapid change in direction in connecting interdependent statements.[4] Ben Jonson was the first notable English writer to use the semicolon systematically. The modern uses of the semicolon relate either to the listing of items or to the linking of related clauses.

negative: Semicolon In Microsoft Excel, the semicolon is used as a list separator, especially in cases where the decimal separator is a comma, such as 0,32; 3,14; 4,50, instead of 0.32, 3.14, 4.50.

negative: C++ classes The above definitions are functionally equivalent. Either code will define objects of type person as having two public data members, name and age. The semicolons after the closing braces are mandatory.

negative: Semicolon The study has been criticized as flawed by proponents of semicolon as a separator,[17] due to participants being familiar with a semicolon-as-terminator language and unrealistically strict grammar. Nevertheless, the debate ended in favor of semicolon as terminator. Therefore, semicolon provides structure to the programming language.

negative: C (programming language) The opening curly brace indicates the beginning of the definition of the main function.

negative: Call stack Some languages have other control structures that require general unwinding. Pascal allows a global goto statement to transfer control out of a nested function and into a previously invoked outer function. This operation requires the stack to be unwound, removing as many stack frames as necessary to restore the proper context to transfer control to the target statement within the enclosing outer function. Similarly, C has the setjmp and longjmp functions that act as non-local gotos. Common Lisp allows control of what happens when the stack is unwound by using the unwind-protect special operator.


query: gabbar is back is a remake of which telugu movie

positive: Gabbar Is Back Gabbar Is Back is a 2015 Indian vigilante film directed by Krish and produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Viacom 18 Motion Pictures.[3] Featuring Akshay Kumar and Shruti Haasan in the lead roles, the film is a remake of the 2002 Tamil film Ramanaa, directed by A. R. Murugadoss, which was later remade in Telugu as Tagore in 2003 and in Kannada as Vishnu Sena in 2005. Suman Talwar, Sunil Grover and Jaideep Ahlawat appear in supporting roles with Kareena Kapoor Khan in a cameo. The movie has garnered a good box office success and Akshay Kumar's acting was critically praised.[4]

negative: Sardaar Gabbar Singh In October 2012, Pawan Kalyan agreed to act in a film produced by Sharrath Marar, the former CEO of MAA TV, after completing work on Trivikram Srinivas' Attarintiki Daredi (2013).[2] Before the theatrical release of Dabangg 2 (2012), producer Bandla Ganesh registered the title Gabbar Singh in Hyderabad at the Andhra Pradesh Film Chamber which fuelled speculations that this would be the remake of Dabangg 2 and the sequel of Gabbar Singh (2012), which itself was the official Telugu remake of Dabangg featuring Kalyan, Shruti Haasan and Abhimanyu Singh reprising the respective roles played by Salman Khan, Sonakshi Sinha and Sonu Sood in the original.[3] Devi Sri Prasad and Jayanan Vincent were retained as the film's music director and cinematographer from the prequel's technical crew. Sampath Nandi was chosen to direct the film and Marar was announced to execute the film's production. At the same time, the film was reported to have a fresh storyline.[4]

negative: Gabbar Is Back Bollywood Hungama rated the film 3 stars out of 5, writing that "On the whole, Gabbar Is Back is an average entertainer which will draw huge footfalls over the weekend due to catchy massy title, action drama and the fact that it is releasing on a holiday."[5] Similarly, Koimoi rated it 3 stars out of 5, along with writing "If you enjoy films which have the good vs evil story with full on action and 'Dhamakedaar' dialogues, this is your film."[6] Hindustan Times rated it 3 stars out of 5, stating that "Gabbar Is Back is a full on ‘masala’ film with a lot of applause worthy scenes. The buck stops at Akshay Kumar."[7] The Times of India rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5, writing that "Now, Gabbar Is Back – and you'll feel his return rocks."[8] Zee News also rated it 3.5 stars out of 5, writing that "After watching this we surely need a real 'Gabbar' to blow some courage in all of us—and wipe out corruption from the root. 'Pachaas Pachaas Kos Dur Jabh Koi Rishwat Leta Hai, Toh Sabh Kehte Hain Mat Le Varna, Gabbar Aa Jaaega."[9] Subhash K. Jha of Bollywood Hungama wrote that "Akshay Gives The Super-Hero A New Definition."[10] Hindustan Times audio news praised the screen presence of Akshay Kumar.[11] Deccan Chronicle described the movie as "cliched but enjoyable in bits".[12] Business Standard posted the ratings of IANS which gave 4 stars to the movie.[13]

negative: Sardaar Gabbar Singh Besides penning the film's story and screenplay, Kalyan stars in the film with Kajal Aggarwal and Sharad Kelkar in Kelkar's Telugu debut. Devi Sri Prasad composed the score and Arthur A. Wilson was its cinematographer. Initially titled Gabbar Singh 2, the film's production began on 21 February 2014 in Hyderabad with Sampath Nandi directing the film. He was later replaced by Ravindra after which the principal photography began on 29 May 2015 at Malshej Ghat in Maharashtra. Sardaar Gabbar Singh was released worldwide on 8 April 2016 along with a Hindi dubbed version of the same name.

negative: Billa (2009 film) Billa is a 2009 Indian Telugu-language action thriller film directed by Meher Ramesh. Prabhas plays the lead role, where he plays dual roles of the characters Billa and Swami Ranga, with Anushka Shetty and Namitha playing the heroines.[1] The film, which began in October 2008, released in April 2009.[2] It is a remake of the 2007 Tamil film of the same name. This is the second Telugu remake of the 1978 Hindi movie Don after the 1979 N.T.R. starrer Yugandhar. Actress Jayasudha has a guest role as Janaki in this film, while in Yugandhar she played Anuskha's role. The film had several changes to suit the audience. The film recorded as Hit at the box office. This film is dubbed in Hindi under the title The Return of Rebel 2 by Goldmines Telefilms in 2017.[3]

negative: Gabbar Singh (character) In 2012 film Gabbar Singh, the character has been referenced by protagonist Venkataratnam Naidu (played by Telugu actor Pawan Kalyan), nicknaming himself after Gabbar Singh's character. Constable Ram Prasad (Ali) is nicknamed 'Samba' after Gabbar Singh's sidekick. The sequel Sardaar Gabbar Singh (2016 film), Pawan reprises his role, albeit with 'Sardaar' in front of his name, referring to the title given by Gabbar Singh's henchmen. Both Telugu films contain dialogues made famous by Sholay's antagonist, e.g. "Joh darr gaya... samjho marr gaya" (Whoever is afraid... they are dead).

negative: Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde (English: Heart Slipped and Went Missing) is a 2013 Telugu film written and directed by then-debutante Vijay Kumar Konda. It was produced by N. Nikitha Reddy under the banner of Shresht Movies. The film features her brother Nithin along with Nithya Menen and Isha Talwar in the lead roles. Indian badminton player Jwala Gutta made a special appearance.[1] The title of the movie is taken from the song "Dil Se" from Pawan Kalyan's film Gabbar Singh.[2] Pawan Kalyan made a cameo appearance in the song "Emaindho Emo Eevela", which is a remix of the song with the same name in Pawan's Tholi Prema. Anoop Rubens composed the music while I. Andrew and Prawin Pudi handled the cinematography and editing respectively.

negative: Dabangg Dabangg 2 became one of the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time in India.[94][95] Dabangg was remade in Tamil as Osthe by Dharani with Silambarasan playing the lead role, and Sonu Sood reprising his original role.[96] It was also remade in Telugu as Gabbar Singh, starring Pawan Kalyan.[97]

negative: Pawan Kalyan In 2012, Pawan Kalyan appeared in Gabbar Singh, a remake of Dabangg, directed by Harish Shankar.[31] The film successfully completed 100 days and stood as the second highest-grossing film of all time in Tollywood.[32][33] After this film, he worked in Puri Jagannadh's Cameraman Ganga Tho Rambabu.

negative: Gabbar Singh (character) In the 2015 film Gabbar is Back, the protagonist Aditya Singh Rajput (portrayed by Akshay Kumar) resembles Gabbar Singh and he also nicknamed himself after Gabbar's character.[24]

negative: Gabbar Is Back The songs of Gabbar Is Back are composed by Chirantan Bhatt, Yo Yo Honey Singh and Manj Musik, while the lyrics are written by Manoj Yadav, Kumaar, Sahil Kaushal, Manj Musik, Raftaar and Big Dhillon.

negative: List of highest-grossing Telugu films Telugu cinema, consisting primarily of movies in the Telugu language in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is popularly called as Tollywood. It is one of the largest movie production centers in India. In 1977 the film Daana Veera Soora Karna starred,produced and directed by N.T.Ramarao become the first film to collect one crore. In 1992 the film Gharana Mogudu starring Chiranjeevi and directed by Raghavendra Rao became the first Telugu film to collect 10 crore.[1]

negative: Sardaar Gabbar Singh Sardaar Gabbar Singh is an Indian film directed by K. S. Ravindra. Produced by Pawan Kalyan and Sharrath Marar jointly under their banners Pawan Kalyan Creative Works and North Star Entertainment in association with Eros International, this film is not a sequel to Kalyan's earlier film Gabbar Singh (2012). It is a part of the Gabbar Singh series

negative: Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu (English: With Cameraman Ganga, Rambabu) is a 2012 Telugu political action film written and directed by Puri Jagannadh. The film stars Pawan Kalyan, Tamanna and Gabriela Bertante in the lead roles and was launched in Hyderabad on 14 March 2012.[4] Filming started from 15 June 2012. It was less hyped for Pawan Kalyan as it released after his blockbuster hit Gabbar Singh. It was the second collaboration between Puri Jagannadh and Pawan Kalyan. The film was dubbed in Hindi as Mera Target.

negative: Sholay The film is often credited with making Amitabh Bachchan a "superstar", two years after he became a star with Zanjeer (1973).[101][114] Some of the supporting actors remained etched in public memory as the characters they played in Sholay; for example, Mac Mohan continued to be referred to as "Sambha", even though his character had just one line.[115] Major and minor characters continue to be used in commercials, promos, films and sitcoms.[38][116] Amjad Khan acted in many villainous roles later in his career. He also played Gabbar Singh again in the 1991 spoof Ramgarh Ke Sholay, and reprised the role in commercials.[117] The British Film Institute in 2002 wrote that fear of Gabbar Singh "is still invoked by mothers to put their children to sleep".[118] The 2012 film Gabbar Singh, named after the character, became the highest grossing Telugu film up to that point.[119] Comedian Jagdeep, who played Soorma Bhopali in the film, attempted to use his Sholay success to create a spinoff. He directed and played the lead role in the 1988 film Soorma Bhopali, in which Dharmendra and Bachchan had cameos.[120]

negative: Sonarika Bhadoria In 2015, Bhadoria made her debut in Telugu cinema as the female lead in Jadoogadu. She was also signed by Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao in Speedunnodu, the Telugu remake of the 2012 hit romantic drama film Sundarapandian.[8] The film was released in February 2016 to positive reviews and she was praised for her performance.[9] Her second release in 2016 was the successful Telugu film Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam, in which she starred opposite Manchu Vishnu and Raj Tarun.

negative: Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitam (English: Girl, Life Without You) is a 2014 Telugu romantic-action-comedy film directed by A.S. Ravi Kumar Chowdary, jointly produced by Bunny Vas and Harishith on Geetha Arts and Sri Venkateswara Creations banner. Starring Sai Dharam Tej , Regina Cassandra, Jagapati Babu in the lead roles and music was composed by Anoop Rubens. The film is the first release of Sai Dharam Tej as hero. The title was taken from one song of a Gabbar Singh film. The movie opened to positive to mixed reviews from critics.[2]

negative: Baaghi 2 Baaghi 2 is a 2018 Indian action thriller film produced by Sajid Nadiadwala under his banner Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment and directed by Ahmed Khan. The film stars Tiger Shroff and Disha Patani.[1] It is a sequel to the 2016 film Baaghi and a remake of 2016 Telugu movie Kshanam.[4][5][6] Baaghi 2 was released on 30 March 2018.[1]

negative: Pawan Kalyan Pawan Kalyan entered the Telugu movie industry with the 1996 film Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi as Kalyan Kumar. His second movie was Gokulamlo Seetha in 1997, which was a remake of the 1996 Tamil film Gokulathil Seethai. This movie was directed by Muthyala Subbaiah and produced by G.V.G. Raju. In 1997, he also appeared in Suswagatham, a remake of the 1997 Tamil film Love Today.

negative: Sardaar Gabbar Singh The film was released on 8 April 2016,[56] along with a dubbed release in Hindi.[68] Kalyan said in a statement that this film has a universal story and film making cannot be confined to a certain area or demographics and our film attempts a unique connect with India, especially the Hindi belt.[69] The distribution rights of Nizam region were acquired by Dilip Tandon of Indra Films for â‚¹200 million.[70] Also the film is releasing globally in 42 countries marking the first Telugu film to release in that many countries.[71]

negative: The Train (1970 film) It is the remake of the 1967 Malayalam movie Cochin Express starring Prem Nazir, which was subsequently remade in 1968 in Kannada as Bangalore Mail , in Telugu as  Circar Express and in Tamil as Neelagiri Express.

negative: Pawan Kalyan He is known for his works in the films Gokulamlo Seetha, Suswagatam, Tammudu, Badri, Kushi, Jalsa and Gabbar Singh, for which he received the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu,[4] and Attarintiki Daredi, which became one of the highest grossing Telugu film of all time.[5] He was listed 26th in the Forbes India list of top 100 Celebrities of 2013.[6] As of 2014, he holds a net worth of ₹185 million (US$2.8 million).[7] He produces films under the banners Anjana Productions and Pawan Kalyan Creative Works [8].

negative: Gabbar Is Back The police get information that 10 tehsildars across Maharashtra have been mysteriously kidnapped. But they are mysteriously returned – except the most corrupt officer, who is hanged in public. The police get a CD from mystery man 'Gabbar' who says his mission is to target corrupt officers. Police driver Sadhuram (Sunil Grover) is convinced that he can crack the mystery of who is Gabbar – but his superior officers humiliate and insult him in front of all the other officers.

negative: Queen (2014 film) The film is getting remade in Tamil and Kannada as Paris Paris starring Kajal Agarwal and Butterfly starring Parul Yadav, both versions are directed by Ramesh Aravind. The film will also be remade in Telugu as Queen Remake with Tamannaah Bhatia and in Malayalam as Zam Zam with Manjima Mohan in the lead role. Actress Amy Jackson was initially in talks to play the role Lisa Haydon played in Queen in all South remakes however opted out due to unavailability of dates and creative differences. [53]

negative: Rebel (2012 film) Rebel is a 2012 Telugu action film written and directed by Raghava Lawrence. The film stars Prabhas, Tamannaah, Deeksha Seth and Krishnam Raju and was produced by J. Bhaghawan and J. Pulla Rao under the Sri Balaji Cine Media banner.[2] Apart from directing, Raghava Lawrence also handled the choreography, screenplay and music direction for the film. The film was released worldwide on 28 September 2012. The movie has been loosely remade into Bangladeshi Bengali as Hero: The Superstar. It was dubbed into Hindi as The Return of Rebel (2014), in Tamil as Veerabali, and in Malayalam as Rebel. Dubbing artist Chetanya Adib dubbed for Prabhas's voice in the Hindi dubbed version.[3]

negative: Gabbar Singh (character) Gabbar Singh is a fictional character, the antagonist of the 1975 Bollywood film Sholay.[1][2] He was written by duo Salim-Javed, consisting of Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar.

negative: I Love You (2007 Bengali film) I Love You is a 2007 Bengali romantic comedy film by Ravi Kinagi.[1][2] This movie is a remake of the Telugu film Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana. It was a Shree Venkatesh Films production.

negative: Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha (English: Krishna's Great Love Story) is a 2016 Indian Telugu romantic adventure film written and directed by Hanu Raghavapudi. Produced by Ram Achanta, Gopichand Achanta and Anil Sunkara under their 14 Reels Entertainment, KVPG features Nani and Mehreen Pirzada in the lead roles while Harish Uthaman, Sampath Raj, Murali Sharma, and Brahmaji appear in crucial supporting roles. The film released worldwide on 12 February 2016 to mixed and positive reviews and ended up as a box office success.[citation needed]

negative: Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari The background score and soundtrack for Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari was provided by maestro Ilaiyaraaja. All songs are written by Veturi Sundararama Murthy, who is known for single cards in this era of Telugu movies.  "Yamaho" was a remake from Ilaiyaraaja's own "Madurai Marikozhundhu" from the Tamil movie Enga Ooru Pattukaran.

negative: Arjun Reddy The film was made on a budget of ₹4—5.15 crore; it was released worldwide on 25 August 2017 after receiving an 'A' (adult) certification from India's Central Board of Film Certification. Post-release, the film received positive reviews for its direction, writing, cinematography and the cast's performances—especially that of Deverakonda. It drew criticism for allegedly promoting substance abuse among young people and for its romantic scenes. The film was a box office success, grossing ₹510 million globally, with a distributor share of ₹260 million. It went on to receive six nominations at the 65th Filmfare Awards South, including Best Telugu Film, Best Telugu Director for Sandeep Vanga and Best Telugu Actor for Deverakonda, the film's only win at the ceremony. It is being remade in Tamil as Varma and in Hindi as Kabir Singh.

negative:
Seeta Aur Geeta This theme has been repeated in other movies before and after. A prior movie on this theme was Ram Aur Shyam starring Dilip Kumar in the leading dual role [2], while another was the 1942 movie Muqabala starring Fearless Nadia. Subsequent Hindi remakes of the story have been made, including
Jaise Ko Taisa starring Jeetendra,
ChaalBaaz starring Sridevi,
Kishen Kanhaiya starring Anil Kapoor,
Judwaa starring Salman Khan
Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi starring Kajol,  in the dual roles.
Remakes in other languages include the Telugu film Ganga Manga (1973) and the Tamil film Vani Rani (1974), both starring Vanisri in the dual roles.[3]

negative: Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani (English: Unique Prem's (Love's) Amazing Story) is a 2009 Indian romantic comedy film. It stars Katrina Kaif and Ranbir Kapoor.[3] Salman Khan and director Rajkumar Santoshi appear in cameo roles. It is a remake of the 2005 Telugu movie Soggadu.

negative: Ramaiya Vastavaiya Ramaiya Vastavaiya (English: Ramayya will come) is a 2013 Indian Hindi-language action romantic comedy-drama film directed by Prabhudheva and produced by Kumar S. Taurani, under Tips. Film stars debutant Girish Kumar alongside Shruti Haasan in lead roles. It is a remake of the Telugu film Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana (2005), starring Siddharth and Trisha Krishnan. The theatrical trailer of Ramaiya Vastavaiya was uploaded on 25 April 2013, and the film was released on 19 July 2013.


query: who was an early advocate for using scientific methods based on inductive reasoning

positive: History of scientific method Some of the most important debates in the history of scientific method center on: rationalism, especially as advocated by René Descartes; inductivism, which rose to particular prominence with Isaac Newton and his followers; and hypothetico-deductivism, which came to the fore in the early 19th century. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a debate over realism vs. antirealism was central to discussions of scientific method as powerful scientific theories extended beyond the realm of the observable, while in the mid-20th century some prominent philosophers argued against any universal rules of science at all.[1]

positive: History of scientific method Aristotle's inductive-deductive method used inductions from observations to infer general principles, deductions from those principles to check against further observations, and more cycles of induction and deduction to continue the advance of knowledge.[14]

negative: History of scientific method Aristotle largely ignored inductive reasoning in his treatment of scientific enquiry. To make it clear why this is so, consider this statement in the Posterior Analytics:

negative: Inductive reasoning However, Hume then stated that even if induction were proved unreliable, we would still have to rely on it. So instead of a position of severe skepticism, Hume advocated a practical skepticism based on common sense, where the inevitability of induction is accepted.[12]

negative: John Stuart Mill Mill joined the debate over scientific method which followed on from John Herschel's 1830 publication of A Preliminary Discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy, which incorporated inductive reasoning from the known to the unknown, discovering general laws in specific facts and verifying these laws empirically. William Whewell expanded on this in his 1837 History of the Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest to the Present Time followed in 1840 by The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon their History, presenting induction as the mind superimposing concepts on facts. Laws were self-evident truths, which could be known without need for empirical verification. Mill countered this in 1843 in A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation. In Mill's Methods of induction, like Herschel's, laws were discovered through observation and induction, and required empirical verification.[26]

negative: Knowledge The development of the scientific method has made a significant contribution to how knowledge of the physical world and its phenomena is acquired.[17] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning and experimentation.[18] The scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.[19] Science, and the nature of scientific knowledge have also become the subject of Philosophy. As science itself has developed, scientific knowledge now includes a broader usage[20] in the soft sciences such as biology and the social sciences â€“ discussed elsewhere as meta-epistemology, or genetic epistemology, and to some extent related to "theory of cognitive development". Note that "epistemology" is the study of knowledge and how it is acquired. Science is "the process used everyday to logically complete thoughts through inference of facts determined by calculated experiments." Sir Francis Bacon was critical in the historical development of the scientific method; his works established and popularized an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry. His famous aphorism, "knowledge is power", is found in the Meditations Sacrae (1597).[21]

negative: Empiricism Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined three forms of reasoning serve as a primary conceptual foundation for the empirically based scientific method today. Peirce's approach "presupposes that (1) the objects of knowledge are real things, (2) the characters (properties) of real things do not depend on our perceptions of them, and (3) everyone who has sufficient experience of real things will agree on the truth about them. According to Peirce's doctrine of fallibilism, the conclusions of science are always tentative. The rationality of the scientific method does not depend on the certainty of its conclusions, but on its self-corrective character: by continued application of the method science can detect and correct its own mistakes, and thus eventually lead to the discovery of truth".[36]

negative: History of scientific method In Bacon's utopian novel, The New Atlantis, the ultimate role is given for inductive reasoning:

negative: Scientific method The classical model of scientific inquiry derives from Aristotle,[82] who distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning, set out the threefold scheme of abductive, deductive, and inductive inference, and also treated the compound forms such as reasoning by analogy.

negative: History of scientific method Ibn al-Haytham also employed scientific skepticism and emphasized the role of empiricism. He also explained the role of induction in syllogism, and criticized Aristotle for his lack of contribution to the method of induction, which Ibn al-Haytham regarded as superior to syllogism, and he considered induction to be the basic requirement for true scientific research.[33]

negative: History of scientific method It was therefore the work of the philosopher to demonstrate universal truths and to discover their causes.[17] While induction was sufficient for discovering universals by generalization, it did not succeed in identifying causes. For this task Aristotle used the tool of deductive reasoning in the form of syllogisms. Using the syllogism, scientists could infer new universal truths from those already established.

negative: Scientific revolution For this purpose of obtaining knowledge of and power over nature, Bacon outlined in this work a new system of logic he believed to be superior to the old ways of syllogism, developing his scientific method, consisting of procedures for isolating the formal cause of a phenomenon (heat, for example) through eliminative induction. For him, the philosopher should proceed through inductive reasoning from fact to axiom to physical law. Before beginning this induction, though, the enquirer must free his or her mind from certain false notions or tendencies which distort the truth. In particular, he found that philosophy was too preoccupied with words, particularly discourse and debate, rather than actually observing the material world: "For while men believe their reason governs words, in fact, words turn back and reflect their power upon the understanding, and so render philosophy and science sophistical and inactive."[37]

negative: Inductive reasoning Analogical reasoning is very frequent in common sense, science, philosophy and the humanities, but sometimes it is accepted only as an auxiliary method. A refined approach is case-based reasoning.[16]

negative: Scientific revolution William Gilbert was an early advocate of this method. He passionately rejected both the prevailing Aristotelian philosophy and the Scholastic method of university teaching. His book De Magnete was written in 1600, and he is regarded by some as the father of electricity and magnetism.[39] In this work, he describes many of his experiments with his model Earth called the terrella. From these experiments, he concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was the reason compasses point north.

negative: History of scientific method Thus it is clear that we must get to know the primary premises by induction; for the method by which even sense-perception implants the universal is inductive. [...] it follows that there will be no scientific knowledge of the primary premises, and since except intuition nothing can be truer than scientific knowledge, it will be intuition that apprehends the primary premises. [...] If, therefore, it is the only other kind of true thinking except scientific knowing, intuition will be the originative source of scientific knowledge.

negative: History of scientific method The account leaves room for doubt regarding the nature and extent of Aristotle's empiricism. In particular, it seems that Aristotle considers sense-perception only as a vehicle for knowledge through intuition. He restricted his investigations in natural history to their natural settings,[18] such as at the Pyrrha lagoon,[19] now called Kalloni, at Lesbos. Aristotle and Theophrastus together formulated the new science of biology,[20] inductively, case by case, for two years before Aristotle was called to tutor Alexander. Aristotle performed no modern-style experiments in the form in which they appear in today's physics and chemistry laboratories.[21] Induction is not afforded the status of scientific reasoning, and so it is left to intuition to provide a solid foundation for Aristotle's science. With that said, Aristotle brings us somewhat closer an empirical science than his predecessors.

negative: Baconian method The Baconian method was further developed and promoted by John Stuart Mill. His 1843 book, A System of Logic, was an effort to shed further light on issues of causation. In this work, he formulated the five principles of inductive reasoning now known as Mill's methods.

negative: Abductive reasoning Peirce had, from the start, seen the modes of inference as being coordinated together in scientific inquiry and, by the 1900s, held that hypothetical inference in particular is inadequately treated at the level of critique of arguments.[18][19] To increase the assurance of a hypothetical conclusion, one needs to deduce implications about evidence to be found, predictions which induction can test through observation so as to evaluate the hypothesis. That is Peirce's outline of the scientific method of inquiry, as covered in his inquiry methodology, which includes pragmatism or, as he later called it, pragmaticism, the clarification of ideas in terms of their conceivable implications regarding informed practice.

negative: Empiricism A central concept in science and the scientific method is that it must be empirically based on the evidence of the senses. Both natural and social sciences use working hypotheses that are testable by observation and experiment. The term semi-empirical is sometimes used to describe theoretical methods that make use of basic axioms, established scientific laws, and previous experimental results in order to engage in reasoned model building and theoretical inquiry.

negative: John Herschel His A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy, published early in 1831 as part of Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia, set out methods of scientific investigation with an orderly relationship between observation and theorising. He described nature as being governed by laws which were difficult to discern or to state mathematically, and the highest aim of natural philosophy was understanding these laws through inductive reasoning, finding a single unifying explanation for a phenomenon. This became an authoritative statement with wide influence on science, particularly at the University of Cambridge where it inspired the student Charles Darwin with "a burning zeal" to contribute to this work.[11][12][13]

negative: History of Harvard University Critics bemoaned abandonment of the more traditional lecture method, because of its efficiency and the lower workloads it placed on faculty and students. Advocates of the case method had a sounder theoretical basis in scientific research and the inductive method. Langdell's graduates became leading professors at other law schools where they introduced the case method. From its founding in 1900, the Association of American Law Schools promoted the case method in law schools that sought accreditation.[33]

negative: Reason Inductive reasoning contrasts strongly with deductive reasoning in that, even in the best, or strongest, cases of inductive reasoning, the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion. Instead, the conclusion of an inductive argument follows with some degree of probability. Relatedly, the conclusion of an inductive argument contains more information than is already contained in the premises. Thus, this method of reasoning is ampliative.

negative: Organizational behavior A number of OB practitioners documented their ideas about management and organisation. The best known theories today originate from Henri Fayol, Chester Barnard, and Mary Parker Follet. All three of them drew from their experience to develop a model of effective organizational management, and each of their theories independently shared a focus on human behavior and motivation.[3][9][10] One of the first management consultants, Frederick Taylor, was a 19th-century engineer who applied an approach known as the scientific management. Taylor advocated for maximizing task efficiency through the scientific method.[11] The scientific method was further refined by Lillian and Frank Gilbreth, who utilized time and motion study to further improve worker efficiency.[12] In the early 20th century the idea of Fordism emerged. Named after automobile mogul Henry Ford, the method relied on the standardization of production through the use of assembly lines. This allowed unskilled workers to produce complex products efficiently. Sorenson later clarified that Fordism developed independently of Taylor.[13] Fordism can be explained as the application of bureaucratic and scientific management principles to whole manufacturing process. The success of the scientific method and Fordism resulted in the widespread adoption of these methods.

negative: Scientific method The Oxford Dictionaries Online defines the scientific method as "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses".[1] Experiments are a procedure designed to test hypotheses. Experiments are an important tool of the scientific method.[2][3] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.[4]

negative: Mathematical proof Despite its name, mathematical induction is a method of deduction, not a form of inductive reasoning. In proof by mathematical induction, a single "base case" is proved, and an "induction rule" is proved that establishes that any arbitrary case implies the next case. Since in principle the induction rule can be applied repeatedly starting from the proved base case, we see that all (usually infinitely many) cases are provable.[14] This avoids having to prove each case individually. A variant of mathematical induction is proof by infinite descent, which can be used, for example, to prove the irrationality of the square root of two.

negative: History of logic Dignāga's famous "wheel of reason" (Hetucakra) is a method of indicating when one thing (such as smoke) can be taken as an invariable sign of another thing (like fire), but the inference is often inductive and based on past observation. Matilal remarks that Dignāga's analysis is much like John Stuart Mill's Joint Method of Agreement and Difference, which is inductive.[15]

negative: Pseudoscience Karl Popper stated it is insufficient to distinguish science from pseudoscience, or from metaphysics, by the criterion of rigorous adherence to the empirical method, which is essentially inductive, based on observation or experimentation.[31] He proposed a method to distinguish between genuine empirical, nonempirical or even pseudoempirical methods. The latter case was exemplified by astrology, which appeals to observation and experimentation. While it had astonishing empirical evidence based on observation, on horoscopes and biographies, it crucially failed to use acceptable scientific standards.[31] Popper proposed falsifiability as an important criterion in distinguishing science from pseudoscience.

negative: Baconian method Bacon's method is an example of the application of inductive reasoning. However, Bacon's method of induction is much more complex than the essential inductive process of making generalizations from observations. Bacon's method begins with description of the requirements for making the careful, systematic observations necessary to produce quality facts. He then proceeds to use induction, the ability to generalize from a set of facts to one or more axioms. However, he stresses the necessity of not generalizing beyond what the facts truly demonstrate. The next step may be to gather additional data, or the researcher may use existing data and the new axioms to establish additional axioms. Specific types of facts can be particularly useful, such as negative instances, exceptional instances and data from experiments. The whole process is repeated in a stepwise fashion to build an increasingly complex base of knowledge, but one which is always supported by observed facts, or more generally speaking, empirical data.

negative: Physics By the 19th century, physics was realised as a discipline distinct from philosophy and the other sciences. Physics, as with the rest of science, relies on philosophy of science and its "scientific method" to advance our knowledge of the physical world.[29] The scientific method employs a priori reasoning as well as a posteriori reasoning and the use of Bayesian inference to measure the validity of a given theory.[30]

negative: History of scientific method Towards the end of the Posterior Analytics, Aristotle discusses knowledge imparted by induction.

negative: History of logic Dudley Fenner helped popularize Ramist logic, a reaction against Aristotle. Another influential work was the Novum Organum by Francis Bacon, published in 1620. The title translates as "new instrument". This is a reference to Aristotle's work known as the Organon. In this work, Bacon rejects the syllogistic method of Aristotle in favor of an alternative procedure "which by slow and faithful toil gathers information from things and brings it into understanding".[88] This method is known as inductive reasoning, a method which starts from empirical observation and proceeds to lower axioms or propositions; from these lower axioms, more general ones can be induced. For example, in finding the cause of a phenomenal nature such as heat, 3 lists should be constructed:

negative: Electric chair Southwick, local physician George E. Fell, and the head of the Buffalo ASPCA performed a series of experiments electrocuting hundreds of stray dogs, experimenting with animals in water, out of water, electrode types and placement, and conductive material until they came up with a repeatable method to euthanize animals using electricity.[9] Southwick went on in the early 1880s to advocate that this method be used as a more humane replacement for hanging in capital cases, coming to national attention when he published his ideas in scientific journals in 1882 and 1883. He worked out calculations based on the dog experiments, trying to develop a scaled-up method that would work on humans. Early on in his designs he adopted a modified version of the dental chair as a way to restrain the condemned, a device that from then on would be referred called the electric chair.[10]

negative: Avicenna In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty". Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."[73]

negative: Inductive reasoning The classic philosophical treatment of the problem of induction was given by the Scottish philosopher David Hume.[10]


query: what year is it for the jewish calendar

positive: Hebrew calendar AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018.[2]

negative: Winning streak (sports) Woods won what is often designated an official Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam, holding all major championship trophies at one time, but not in the same year.

negative: One-state solution The White Paper of 1939 sought to accommodate Arab demands regarding Jewish immigration by placing a quota of 10,000 Jewish immigrants per year over a five-year period from 1939 to 1944. The White Paper of 1939 also required Arab consent for further Jewish immigration. The White Paper was seen by the Jewish community as a revocation of the Balfour Declaration of 1917, and due to Jewish persecution in the Holocaust, Jews continued to immigrate illegally in what has become known as Aliyah Bet.[18]

negative: Calendar A full calendar system has a different calendar date for every day. Thus the week cycle is by itself not a full calendar system; neither is a system to name the days within a year without a system for identifying the years.

negative: Chinese calendar As the beginning of every month is determined by the time when the new moon occur, thus other countries who have adopted the calendar and use time standard that are different from China to calculate their own version of the calendar could result in deviation. For instance, the first new moon in the year 1968 in Gregorian calendar happened in UTC Jan 29 16:29, which would translate to Jan 29 23:29 in UTC+7 timezone (which is what North Vietnam used to calculate their Vietnamese calendar) while it would be Jan 30 00:15 based on the longitude of Beijing (as used by South Vietnam at the time), causing the two countries celebrate Tết holiday in different date that year and result in asynchronized attacks in Tet Offensive.[5]

negative: New Year New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one.


query: how many national parks are present in india

positive: List of national parks of India Further federal legislation strengthening protections for wildlife was introduced in the 1980s. As of July 2017, there were 103 national parks encompassing an area of 40,500 km2 (15,600 sq mi), comprising 1.23% of India's total surface area.[1]

negative: Wildlife Many nations have established their tourism sector around their natural wildlife. South Africa has, for example, many opportunities for tourists to see the country's wildlife in its national parks, such as the Kruger Park. In South India, the Periar Wildlife Sanctuary, Bandipur National Park and Mudamalai Wildlife Sanctuary are situated around and in forests. India is home to many national parks and wildlife sanctuaries showing the diversity of its wildlife, much of its unique fauna, and excels in the range. There are 89 national parks, 13 bio reserves and more than 400 wildlife sanctuaries across India which are the best places to go to see Bengal tigers, Asiatic lions, Indian elephants, Indian rhinoceroses, birds, and other wildlife which reflect the importance that the country places on nature and wildlife conservation.

negative:
Tourism in India by state Wildlife Reserves
Corbett National Park, Rajaji National Park, Asan Conservation Reserve, Nanda Devi National Park, Govind Wildlife Sanctuary, Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary (Askot), Valley of Flowers

negative: Tourism in India by state Sanctuaries and National parks

negative: Tourism in India by state Jim Corbett National Park the oldest national park in India, famous for Tigers

negative: Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is home to nine National Parks; Bandhavgarh National Park, Kanha National Park, Satpura National Park, Sanjay National Park, Madhav National Park, Van Vihar National Park, Mandla Plant Fossils National Park, Panna National Park, and Pench National Park.[20] There are also a number of nature reserves, including Amarkantak, Bagh Caves, Balaghat, Bori Natural Reserve, Ken Gharial, Ghatigaon, Kuno Palpur, Narwar, Chambal, Kukdeshwar, Narsinghgarh, Nora Dehi, Pachmarhi, Panpatha, Shikarganj, Patalkot, and Tamia. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve in Satpura Range, Amarkantak biosphere reserve and Panna National Park are three of the 18 biosphere reserves in India. Most of them are located in the Eastern Madhya Pradesh near Jabalpur.

negative: North India Corbett National Park: It was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park[64] along the banks of the Ramganga River. It is India's first National Park, and was designated a Project Tiger Reserve in 1973. Situated in Nainital district of Uttarakhand, the park acts as a protected area for the critically endangered Bengal tiger of India. Cradled in the foothills of the Himalayas, it comprises a total area of 500 km2 out of which 350 km2 is core reserve. This park is known not only for its rich and varied wildlife but also for its scenic beauty.

negative: North India Important national parks and tiger reserves of North India include:

negative: List of national parks of India Tiger, sloth bear, peacock, elephant, sambar deer, mouse deer

negative: Tourism in India by state ♦Wildlife – Kanha National Park,[31] Bandhavgarh National Park(website), Pench Tiger Reserve

negative: North India The Indian Himalayas, the Thar desert and the Indo-Gangetic plain dominate the natural scenery of North India. The region encompasses several of the most highly regarded hill destinations of India such as Srinagar, Shimla, Manali, Nainital, Mussoorie, Kausani and Mount Abu. Several spots in the states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh provide panoramic views of the snow-clad Himalayan range. The Himalayan region also provides ample opportunity for adventure sports such as mountaineering, trekking, river rafting and skiing. Camel or jeep safaris of the Thar desert are also popular in the state of Rajasthan. North India includes several national parks such as the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Jim Corbett National Park, Keoladeo National Park and Ranthambore National Park.

negative: Uttarakhand Uttarakhand has a diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of 34,666Â km2 which constitutes 65% of the total area of the state.[63] Uttarakhand is home to rare species of plants and animals, many of which are protected by sanctuaries and reserves. National parks in Uttarakhand include the Jim Corbett National Park (the oldest national park of India) at Ramnagar in Nainital District, and Valley of Flowers National Park and Nanda Devi National Park in Chamoli District, which together are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. A number of plant species in the valley are internationally threatened, including several that have not been recorded from elsewhere in Uttarakhand.[64] Rajaji National Park in Haridwar District and Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Sanctuary and Gangotri National Park in Uttarkashi District are some other protected areas in the state.[65]

negative: India 2020 In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocates an action plan to develop India into a strong nation by the year 2020. He regards his nation as a knowledge superpower and developed nation. The book describes the present and future scenario in India and developed countries. It compares the various statistical data and explains how India can improve it. Kalam explains the importance of science and technology for the development of India.[3]

negative: Politics of India At present there are seven national parties and many more state parties.

negative: National Library of India Due to the efforts of the Calcutta Public Library, the present National Library has many extremely rare books and journals in its collection.

negative: Bandipur National Park Bandipur National Park established in 1974 as a tiger reserve under Project Tiger, is a national park located in the south Indian state of Karnataka, which is the state with the highest tiger population in India.  It is one of the premier Tiger Reserves in the country along with the adjoining Nagarhole national park. It was once a private hunting reserve for the Maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore but has now been upgraded to Bandipur Tiger Reserve.[1] Bandipur is known for its wildlife and has many types of biomes, but dry deciduous forest is dominant.

negative: Sundarbans The Sundarban National Park is a National Park, Tiger Reserve, and a Biosphere Reserve in West Bengal, India. It is part of the Sundarbans on the Ganges Delta, and adjacent to the Sundarbans Reserve Forest in Bangladesh. The delta is densely covered by mangrove forests, and is one of the largest reserves for the Bengal tiger. It is also home to a variety of bird, reptile and invertebrate species, including the salt-water crocodile. The present Sundarbans National Park was declared as the core area of Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in 1973 and a wildlife sanctuary in 1977. On 4 May 1984 it was declared a National Park.

negative: Pin Valley National Park Pin Valley National Park is a National park of India located within the Lahaul and Spiti district, in the state of Himachal Pradesh, in far Northern India.

negative: Bandipur National Park The park spans an area of 874 square kilometers (337 sq mi), protecting several species of India's endangered wildlife. Together with the adjoining Nagarhole National Park (643 km2 (248 sq mi)), Mudumalai National Park (320 km2 (120 sq mi)) and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (344 km2 (133 sq mi)), it is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve totaling 2,183 km2 (843 sq mi) making it the largest protected area in southern India and largest habitat of wild elephants in south Asia.

negative: Kanha Tiger Reserve Kanha Tiger Reserve, also called Kanha National Park, is one of the tiger reserves of India and the largest national park of Madhya Pradesh, state in the heart of India. The present-day Kanha area was divided into two sanctuaries, Hallon and Banjar, of 250 and 300 km2 respectively. Kanha National Park was created on 1 June 1955 and in 1973 was made the Kanha Tiger Reserve. Today it stretches over an area of 940 km2 in the two districts Mandla and Balaghat. Together with a surrounding buffer zone of 1,067 km2 and the neighboring 110 km2 Phen Sanctuary it forms the Kanha Tiger Reserve.[1][2] This makes it the largest National Park in Central India. Kanha Tiger Reserve was ranked in the top 10 Famous Places for Tourists.[3]

negative: Pin Valley National Park Pin Valley National Park was established by India in 9January1987.

negative: List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India About 220 bird species, herpetofauna

negative: Jim Corbett National Park Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest national park in India and was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park to protect the endangered Bengal tiger. It is located in Nainital district of Uttarakhand and was named after Jim Corbett who played a key role in its establishment. The park was the first to come under the Project Tiger initiative.[2]

negative: List of national parks of India According to the Indian Ministry of Environment & Forests, a national park is "[a]n area, whether within a sanctuary or not, [that] can be notified by the state government to be constituted as a National Park, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological association or importance, needed to for the purpose of protecting & propagating or developing wildlife therein or its environment. No human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state under the conditions given in CHAPTER IV, WPA 1972".[1]

negative: Andaman and Nicobar Islands There are 96 wildlife sanctuaries, 9 National Parks and 1 Biosphere Reserve in these islands.[16]

negative: Geography of India India is divided into 29 states (further subdivided into districts) and 6 union territories and 1 National capital territory (I.e., Delhi).

negative: Wildlife of India The Indian government has established eighteen biosphere reserves of India which protect larger areas of natural habitat and often include one or more national parks and/or preserves, along buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of life.

negative:
Tropical Evergreen forests of India India's northern plains, the course of the holy rivers Ganges and Yamuna; the Thar Desert in the west; the Sundarbans, the marshy swamplands, in the delta of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, in the east; the Deccan Plateau, lying in the rain shadow of the hills and the Western Ghats with their dense; luxuriant forests – all provide fascinating variations in habitats. These forests sustain 350 species of mammals, 2,100[citation needed] kinds of birds (both local and migratory), nearly 350 species of reptile and countless insects.
Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems-water,air and soil. It helps reserve the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species.
The need for conservation of the environment and the forests has exercised the minds of Indian rulers from the earliest of times. In recent times, it was the administrators and princely rulers who demarcated and reserved forests as private preserves. Today many of the forested regions form the nucleus of India's wildlife sanctuaries and parks. Still, increasing population, hunting and encroachments continues to threaten India's forest lands.[5][better source needed]

negative: Telangana Telangana has three National Parks: Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park in Hyderabad district, and Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Mrugavani National Park in Ranga Reddy district.

negative: Environment of India There are over 17000 species of flowering plants in India, which account for six percent of the total plant species in the world. India comprises seven percent of world's flora. Wide range of climatic conditions in India gave rise to rich variety of flora. India covers more than 45,000 species of flora, out of which several are endemic to the region. India is divided into eight main floristic regions: North-Western Himalayas, Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Indus plain, Ganga plain, the Deccan, the Malabar and the Andamans.[7]

negative: List of National Parks of Canada As of 2017, there are 39 National Parks and eight National Park Reserves (Kluane is the name for two areas–a national park and an adjacent proposed national park (a National Park Reserve)). National Park Reserves are areas intended to become national parks pending settlement of native land claims. Until then, they are managed under the National Parks Act as quasi-parks, but are included here in the main list.[3] This page also includes the country's three National Marine Conservation Areas (NMCAs), a single NMCA Reserve, the lone National Landmark, and proposed parks. National parks currently cover an area of 303,571 km², or about 3.0% of the total land area of Canada. Rounding out the national park system is a collection of National Historic Sites, listed separately.

negative: Gandaki River Chitwan National Park of Nepal and Valmiki National Park of India are adjacent to each other in the vicinity of Valmikinagar around the Gandak Barrage.

negative: Desert National Park Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India, is situated in the west Indian state of Rajasthan near the town of Jaisalmer. This is one of the largest national parks, covering an area of 3162 km². The Desert National Park is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert. Sand dunes form around 20% of the Park. The major landform consists of craggy rocks and compact salt lake bottoms, intermedial areas and fixed dunes.


query: who played bat masterson in the movie tombstone

positive: Mason Alan Dinehart Mason Alan Dinehart (born April 30, 1936), also known as Mason Alan Dinehart III, Alan Dinehart III, or Mase Dinehart, is an American businessman and former actor best known for his role as a youthful Bat Masterson in thirty-four episodes between 1955 and 1959 of the ABC/Desilu television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, starring Hugh O'Brian in the title role of the frontier marshal Wyatt Earp.[1]

negative: Wild Bill Hickok (film) Hart thought a great deal of Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson, and after Masterson's death in 1921, dedicated his next movie, Wild Bill Hickok to Masterson.[7]

negative: Bat Masterson On February 1, 1878, Sheriff Masterson captured the notorious outlaws Dave Rudabaugh and Ed West, who were wanted for an attempted train robbery. Two more of the train robbers were caught by Bat and brother Ed on March 15.  The tandem law enforcement effort came to an abrupt end, however, when 25-year-old City Marshal Ed Masterson was shot and killed in the line of duty on April 9, 1878.[citation needed] Ed Masterson was mortally wounded by a cowboy named Jack Wagner, who was unaware that Bat Masterson was in the vicinity. As Ed stumbled away from the scene, Bat Masterson responded from across the street, firing on both Wagner and Wagner's boss. Alf Walker â€” who was holding a gun. Wagner died the next day, but Walker was taken back to Texas and recovered.[citation needed] [e]

negative: Bat Masterson (TV series) In The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw (1991) Barry played Masterson, also with O'Brian as Earp, as well as Jack Kelly as Bart Maverick and Clint Walker as Cheyenne Bodie.[4]

negative: Wyatt Earp After killing the four Cowboys, Wyatt and Warren Earp, Holliday, McMaster, "Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson, and Texas Jack Vermillion[126] left Arizona. Wyatt never returned to Tombstone. The group stopped in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where they met Deputy U.S. Marshal Bat Masterson, Wyatt's friend. Masterson went with them to Trinidad, Colorado, where Masterson opened a faro game in a saloon and later became marshal.[127]

negative: Wild Bill Hickok (film) Despite his very small role, Earp was prominently featured in the promotional copy as "Deputy Sheriff to Bat Masterson of Dodge City, known as one of the three greatest gun-men that ever lived, along with Bat Masterson and 'Wild Bill' Hickok... Back in the days when the West was young and wild, 'Wild Bill' fought and loved and adventured with such famous frontiersmen as Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp."[10] In reality, Earp was a virtually unknown assistant marshal in Dodge City when Wild Bill Hickok was murdered in 1876.[11]

negative: Bat Masterson Masterson soon settled in Dodge City. On June 6, 1877, Masterson tried to prevent the arrest of Robert Gilmore, who was known to the locals as "Bobby Gill." Masterson managed to wrap his arms about the girth of the 315 pound city marshal, Lawrence Edward "Larry" Deger, thereby permitting Gill to escape. Masterson was grabbed by friends of Deger and pistol-whipped by the lawman.[citation needed] The following day, Masterson was fined $25 for disturbing the peace. Bobby Gill, the cause of Masterson's fine, was assessed only $5.[citation needed]

negative: Bat Masterson Bartholemew William Barclay "Bat" Masterson (November 26, 1853 â€“ October 25, 1921) was a U.S. Army scout, lawman, professional gambler, and journalist known for his exploits in the 19th-century American Old West. Born to a working-class Irish family in Quebec, Masterson moved to the Western frontier as a young man and quickly distinguished himself as a buffalo hunter, civilian scout, and Indian fighter on the Great Plains. He later earned fame as a gunfighter and sheriff in Dodge City, Kansas, during which time he was involved in several notable shootouts.

negative: Bat Masterson (TV series) Bat Masterson guest stars included the character actor Robert F. Simon, who appeared as Harrison Whitney in the episode "Death by Decree", and Richard Eastham, who appeared in the 1961 episode "A Lesson in Violence". Stephanie Powers appeared in 1961 episode named "Dead Man's Claim" (using the name Taffy Paul) as Ann, the daughter of the boarding house owner. George Macready appeared as Clyde Richards in the 1961 episode "Tempest at Tioga Pass". Quintin Sondergaard appeared in various roles on the series five times between 1958 and 1961. Dan Sheridan was cast as Joe Rankin in the 1959 episode "Election Day".

negative: Mason Alan Dinehart Dinehart's performance of Masterson was so highly regarded that ABC offered him a spinoff series, but he declined, soon left acting, and entered the business field. Dinehart's last appearance on the series is the episode "Dodge Is Civilized" (April 28, 1959), in which he serves notice that he is headed to Tombstone, where he hopes Earp will join him in time. There is never a reunion show, and the Masterson character, now a gambler, is written out of The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp. The historical Earp did visit Tombstone to see his friend Masterson, who in time became a figure of western folklore, finishing his long career as a sportswriter in New York City. Masterson's hat inspired the name of the Brown Derby restaurants in Los Angeles.[4]

negative: Bat Masterson Bat Masterson became more widely known as a gunfighter as a result of a practical joke played on a gullible newspaper reporter in August 1881. Seeking copy in Gunnison, Colorado, the reporter asked Dr. W.S. Cockrell about man-killers. Dr. Cockrell pointed to a young man nearby and said it was Masterson and that he had killed 26 men. Cockrell then regaled the reporter with several lurid tales about Masterson's supposed exploits, and the reporter wrote them up for the New York Sun. The story was widely reprinted in papers all over the country. Cockrell subsequently apologized to Masterson, who insisted he was not even in Gunnison at the time.[7]

negative: Wyatt Earp Famous lawman Bat Masterson described Wyatt in 1907.

negative: Bat Masterson More violence followed on October 4, 1878, when a variety actress named Dora Hand, known professionally as "Fannie Keenan," was shot and killed by James Kenedy, son of the wealthy Texas cattleman, Miflin Kenedy. Masterson's posse, which included Wyatt Earp and Bill Tilghman, captured Kenedy the following day after Masterson shot him in the left arm, and other posse members killed his horse.[9]

negative: Bat Masterson Masterson returned to Denver for several more years.[25] On April 6, 1897, serving as a deputy sheriff of Arapahoe County, he got into a dispute on election day with a Tim Connors. Masterson drew his pistol and Connors attempted to seize it. During the scuffle, the gun discharged and C.C. Louderbaugh was shot in the left wrist.[4]:346â€“347

negative: Wyatt Earp In the film, Hickok calls on his friends Earp, Calamity Jane, Bat Masterson, Doc Holliday, Charlie Bassett, Luke Short and Bill Tilghman to help clean up a wild cowtown. Promotional copy for the film prominently mentioned Earp: "Back in the days when the West was young and wild, "Wild Bill" fought and loved and adventured with such famous frontiersmen as Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp."[234] Earp was described in the promotional copy as "Deputy Sheriff to Bat Masterson of Dodge City, known as one of the three greatest gun-men that ever lived, along with Bat Masterson and "Wild Bill" Hickok".[234] In reality, Earp was a virtually unknown assistant marshal in Dodge City when Wild Bill Hickok was murdered in 1876.[286]

negative: Bat Masterson Masterson's first gunfight took place on January 24, 1876, in Sweetwater, Texas (later Mobeetie in Wheeler County). He was attacked by a soldier, Corporal Melvin A. King, real name Anthony Cook, allegedly because he was with a woman named Mollie Brennan who was accidentally, or not, hit by one of King's bullets and was killed. King died of his wounds. Masterson was shot in the pelvis but recovered.[5]

negative: Bat Masterson On October 25, 1921, at age 67, Masterson died at his desk from a massive heart attack after writing what became his final column for the Morning Telegraph. About 500 people attended Masterson's service at Frank E. Campbell's Funeral Church at Broadway and 66th Street. Masterson's honorary pallbearers included Damon Runyon, Tex Rickard, and William Lewis. Runyon was a close friend of Masterson's and offered this memorable eulogy: "He was a 100 percent, 22-karat real man. Bat was a good hater and a wonderful friend. He was always stretching out his hand to some down-and-outer. He had a great sense of humor and a marvelous fund of reminiscence, and was one of the most entertaining companions we have ever known. There are only too few men in the world like Bat Masterson and his death is a genuine loss."[citation needed]

negative: Bat Masterson Masterson was appointed city marshal of Trinidad, Colorado, on April 17, 1882. He had hardly settled into his $75-a-month marshal's job when Wyatt Earp requested his help to prevent the extradition of Doc Holliday from Colorado to Arizona. Masterson took his case directly to Colorado Governor Frederick W. Pitkin, who listened to Masterson's appeal and finally refused to grant Holliday's extradition. However, Masterson's rescue of Doc Holliday, as well as his nightly "moonlighting" as a faro dealer, spelled doom for his career as city marshal of Trinidad. On March 28, 1883, a local paper noted: "There are now two 'bankers' running for city offices – Mr. Taylor of the Las Animas County Bank, and Mr. Masterson of the bank of 'Fair O.' Both have a large number of depositors – one of time depositors and the other receives his deposits for keeps."[13] On April 3, 1883, Masterson was defeated by a lopsided vote of 637 to 248.[4]:247

negative: Wichita, Kansas Wyatt Earp served as a lawman in several Western frontier towns, including Wichita. He is best known for his part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, and as one of the Old West's "toughest and deadliest gunmen of his day".[221]  Other old west figures lived in Wichita for a while: James Earp, Cassius M. Hollister, Bat Masterson, Ed Masterson, James Masterson.

negative: Bat Masterson Masterson arrived in Dodge City on April 16, 1881,[4]:442 where he accosted Updegraff and Peacock. Recognizing Masterson, Updegraff and Peacock retreated behind the jail and exchanged gunfire with him. Who had fired first is not clear. Citizens ran for cover as bullets ripped through the Long Branch Saloon. Other individuals began firing in support of both sides until Updegraff was wounded. Mayor A.B. Webster arrested Masterson. Afterward, Masterson learned that his brother Jim was not in danger. Updegraff recovered from his wounds, but the shooter who hit him could not be identified, so Masterson was fined $8.00 and released.[4]:206 Citizens were outraged and warrants were issued, but Bat and Jim Masterson were permitted to leave Dodge City.[4]:210

negative: Bat Masterson Masterson was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx. His full name, William Barclay Masterson, appears above his epitaph on the large granite grave marker in Woodlawn. Masterson's epitaph states that he was "Loved by Everyone".[40][41]

negative: Bat Masterson Masterson spent the remainder of 1880 in Kansas City and Dodge. On February 8, 1881, he left Dodge City and joined Wyatt Earp in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, where he met Luke Short for the first time. Earp, Short, and Masterson worked as faro dealers, or "look outs", at Tombstone's Oriental Saloon.[citation needed] Masterson had only been in Tombstone for two months when he received an urgent telegram that compelled him to return to Dodge City. His brother Jim had a partnership with Alfred James "A.J." Peacock in Dodge City's Lady Gay Saloon and Dance Hall. Albert "Al" Updegraff was Peacock's brother-in-law and bartender. Updegraff was a drunk, and Jim thought him dishonest. He had demanded that Peacock fire him, but Peacock refused. Their disagreement grew until threats were made, prompting the telegram.[citation needed]

negative: Bat Masterson The 1880 Dodge City census shows that, at that time, Masterson was living with Annie Ladue, age 19 (described as his "concubine"). City Marshal James Masterson, Bat's younger brother, was listed on the same census as living with Minnie Roberts, age 16. Not long after this census was taken, Bat Masterson received a telegram from Ben Thompson asking Bat to save Ben's troublesome brother, Billy Thompson, from almost certain lynching in Ogallala, Nebraska. Billy Thompson had shot the thumb off a man named Tucker, who, despite missing a digit, managed to fire back and seriously wound Billy. Masterson took Billy Thompson out of Ogallala by a midnight train bound for North Platte, Nebraska. In North Platte, Masterson was provided with assistance by William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody, who promptly offered to help. According to Masterson, he and Billy Thompson "were given a royal welcome and were immediately taken in charge by Colonel Cody, who found a safe place for us to remain until he could outfit us for the trip across the country to Dodge City."[11] This episode was reported in the Dodge City Times, which noted that "W.B. Masterson arrived from a visit to Ogallala, this week. He says Nebraska is dry and many people are leaving the state. He came by wagon, and was accompanied by 'Texas Billy' Thompson. The latter has recovered from his wounds."[12]

negative: The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp With the emergence of television in the 1950s, producers spun out a large number of Western-oriented shows. At the height of their popularity in 1959, more than two dozen "cowboy" programs were on weekly. At least five others were connected to some extent with Wyatt Earp: Bat Masterson, Tombstone Territory, Broken Arrow, Johnny Ringo, and Gunsmoke.[60]

negative: Bat Masterson (TV series) Diane Brewster, also known as "Beaver" Cleaver's second-grade teacher "Miss Canfield" in Leave It to Beaver and as gambler "Samantha Crawford" in Maverick opposite James Garner and Jack Kelly as well as in a single episode of Cheyenne, played the role of Miss Lynn Harrison in the 2-part episode "The Conspiracy" (1959). Kevin Hagen appeared as Ace Williams in "The Fourth Man" (1961). Lon Chaney, Jr. played the role of Rance Fletcher in "Bat Trap" (1961).

negative: Bat Masterson (TV series) The show took a tongue-in-cheek outlook, with Barry's Masterson often dressed in expensive Eastern clothing and preferring to use his cane rather than a gun to get himself out of trouble, hence the nickname "Bat". Masterson was also portrayed as a ladies' man who traveled the West looking for women and adventure.

negative: Bat Masterson Masterson moved to New York City in 1895 to briefly serve as a bodyguard for millionaire George Gould.[16] He wrote to his Denver friends glowing accounts of fishing trips "with the Goulds on their yacht," and announced his intention to remain in New York City indefinitely. On June 6, 1895, a Denver paper quoted a friend of Masterson's, who observed that "Bat has at last fallen into a dead easy game."[24]

negative: Danny Masterson Daniel Peter "Danny" Masterson (born March 13, 1976)[1] is an American actor and disc jockey.[2] Masterson is known for his roles as Steven Hyde in That '70s Show (1998–2006) and as Jameson "Rooster" Bennett in The Ranch (2016–2018).

negative: Christopher Masterson Masterson played Geoff in the direct-to-video movie Dragonheart: A New Beginning, the sequel to Dragonheart. Masterson is best known for playing the character of trouble-making Francis in the sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. He took on the role for seven years, from 2000â€“2006. In 2003 he played Edward Linton in MTV's Wuthering Heights. Masterson portrayed a lead character in the films Scary Movie 2, Waterborne, Made for Each Other and Intellectual Property.[1] He guest starred in two episodes of That '70s Show, alongside his brother, Danny. In the USA Network television series White Collar, he played Josh Roland in the episode "Where There's a Will". He also played Scotty O'Neal in the movie My Best Friend's Wedding. In 2012, Masterson had a guest role on the TBS series Men at Work as a concierge named Archie. His brother, Danny Masterson, plays Milo, on the show, although the two did not share any scenes together.

negative: Gunfight at the O.K. Corral With the widespread sales of televisions after World War II, producers spun out a large number of western-oriented shows. At the height of their popularity in 1959, there were more than two dozen "cowboy" programs on each week. At least six of them were directly or indirectly connected with Wyatt Earp: The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, Bat Masterson, Tombstone Territory, Broken Arrow, Johnny Ringo, and Gunsmoke. Hugh O'Brian portrayed Earp on the namesake show Wyatt Earp which ran for six seasons, and he was forever associated with that role.[24]

negative:
Bat Masterson Masterson was born on November 26, 1853,[a] at Henryville, Quebec, in the Eastern Townships of what was then known as Canada East. He was baptized under the name Bartholomew Masterson.[2]
Masterson was the second child of Thomas Masterson (or Mastersan), who was born in Canada to an Irish family, and Catherine McGurk (or McGureth), who was born in Ireland.[b] The other six Masterson children were Edward John (1852–1878), James Patrick (1855–1895), Nellie E. (1857–1925), Thomas (1858–1941), George Henry (1860–1889), and Emma Anna "Minnie" (1862–1884). The children were raised on farms in Quebec, New York, Illinois, and Missouri until the family finally settled near Wichita, Kansas.[3]

negative: Bat Masterson During July 1877, Masterson was hired to serve as under-sheriff to Sheriff Charles E. Bassett. Bassett was prohibited by the Kansas State Constitution from seeking a third consecutive term. With the job up for grabs, Masterson decided to run for the office. Masterson's opponent turned out to be Larry Deger. On November 6, 1877, Masterson was elected county sheriff of Ford County, Kansas, by the narrow margin of three votes.[d] Within a month of Masterson's election, on December 6, 1877, Ed Masterson replaced Larry Deger as city marshal of Dodge, so together the Masterson brothers controlled the city and county police forces.[6]

negative: Bat Masterson In his late teens, Masterson and brothers, Ed and Jim, left their family's farm to hunt buffalo on the Great Plains. In July 1872, Ed and Bat Masterson were hired by a subcontractor named Raymond Ritter to grade a five-mile section of track for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. Ritter skipped out without paying the Masterson brothers all of the wages to which they were entitled. It took Masterson nearly a year, but he finally collected his overdue wages from Ritter, at gunpoint. On April 15, 1873, Masterson learned that Ritter was due to arrive in Dodge City, Kansas aboard a Santa Fe train and that Ritter was carrying a large roll of cash. When Ritter's train pulled in, Masterson entered the car alone and confronted him and marched him out onto the rear platform of the train, where he forced him to hand over the $300 owed to him, his brother Ed, and a friend named Theodore Raymond. A loud cheer then went up from a large crowd which had witnessed the event.[4]:32â€“33