query: The Thin Red Line (1998 film) has an all-female cast.

positive: The Thin Red Line (1998 film) The Thin Red Line is a 1998 American ensemble epic war film written and directed by Terrence Malick . Based on the novel by James Jones , it tells a semi-fictionalized version of the Battle of Mount Austen , which was part of the Guadalcanal Campaign in the Pacific Theater of World War II . It portrays soldiers of C Company , 1st Battalion , 27th Infantry Regiment , 25th Infantry Division , played by Sean Penn , Jim Caviezel , Nick Nolte , Elias Koteas and Ben Chaplin . Although the title may seem to refer to a line from Rudyard Kipling 's poem `` Tommy '' , from Barrack-Room Ballads , in which he calls foot soldiers `` the thin red line of heroes '' , referring to the stand of the 93rd Regiment in the Battle of Balaclava of the Crimean War , it is in reality a quote from Jones 's book which reads , `` they discover the thin red line that divides the sane from the mad ... and the living from the dead ... ''   The film marked Malick 's return to filmmaking after a 20-year absence . It co-stars Nick Nolte , Adrien Brody , George Clooney , John Cusack , Woody Harrelson , Elias Koteas , Jared Leto , John C. Reilly , and John Travolta . Reportedly , the first assembled cut took seven months to edit and ran five hours . By the final cut , footage of performances by Bill Pullman , Lukas Haas , and Mickey Rourke had been removed ( although one of Rourke 's scenes was included in the special features outtakes of the Criterion Blu-ray and DVD release ) . The film was scored by Hans Zimmer , and shot by John Toll . Principal photography took place in New Zealand , and Australia in the state of Queensland .   The film grossed $ 98 million against its $ 52 million budget . Critical response was generally positive and the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score and Best Sound Mixing . It won the Golden Bear at the 1999 Berlin International Film Festival . Martin Scorsese ranked it as his second favorite film of the 1990s on At the Movies . Gene Siskel called it `` the greatest contemporary war film I 've seen '' .   A previous film adaptation of the novel was released in 1964 .

negative: The Thin Red Line (soundtrack) The Thin Red Line is the soundtrack of the 1998 Terrence Malick film of the same name . It was released on January 12 , 1999 by RCA Victor . German-born film composer Hans Zimmer is credited for scoring most of the score along with his studio partner John Powell . The soundtrack was nominated at the 71st Academy Awards for Original Dramatic Score , but lost out to Life Is Beautiful . `` Journey to the Line '' has become very popular and was used in trailers for Pearl Harbor , Man of Steel ( Comic-Con trailer ) , 12 Years a Slave , and X-Men : Days of Future Past .

negative: 1998 in film The year 1998 in film involved many significant films including ; Shakespeare in Love ( which won the Academy Award for Best Picture ) , Saving Private Ryan , American History X , The Truman Show , Primary Colors , Rushmore , Rush Hour , There 's Something About Mary , The Big Lebowski , and Terrence Malick 's directorial return in The Thin Red Line . Animated films included A Bug 's Life , Antz , Mulan and The Prince of Egypt .   Warner Bros. . Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1998 .

negative: The Thin Pink Line The Thin Pink Line is a 1998 mockumentary directed by Joe Dietl and Michael Irpino .   The title is a parody of Errol Morris ' documentary The Thin Blue Line , which raised questions about the conviction of a prison inmate on death row .

negative: A Thin Line Between Love and Hate A Thin Line Between Love and Hate is a 1996 American dark comedy-romance film that was directed and co-written by Martin Lawrence , who also stars in the film . Lawrence co-wrote the screenplay alongside Kenny Buford and Bentley Kyle Evans , who has also written for Lawrence 's hit television sitcom , Martin , and Kim Bass . Along with Lawrence , the film features a cast of actors that include Lynn Whitfield , Regina King , Bobby Brown and Della Reese . The film tells the story of Darnell Wright , a ladies ' man who finds himself targeted by one of his obsessed lovers .   A Thin Line Between Love and Hate was released in April 1996 and went on to gross over $ 30 million at the box office against a budget of $ 8 million . The film was shot on location entirely in the city of Los Angeles , California from June 5 until August 11 , 1995 . The title for the film is taken from the 1971 song `` Thin Line Between Love and Hate '' by The Persuaders . R&B trio H-Town recorded a cover version of this song that was included on the film soundtrack . At the time of filming , Lawrence was 12 years younger than Lynn Whitfield , who was 42 at the time .

negative: The Thin Line (1980 film) The Thin Line ( על חבל דק , translit . Al Hevel Dak ) is a 1980 Israeli drama art film written and directed by Michal Bat-Adam . The film was selected as the Israeli entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .

negative: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film) The Thin Blue Line is a 1988 American documentary film by Errol Morris , depicting the story of Randall Dale Adams , a man convicted and sentenced to death for a murder he did not commit . Adams ' case was reviewed and he was released from prison approximately a year after the film 's release .   The Thin Blue Line has been lauded since its release , and is considered by many critics to be among the greatest documentaries ever made .

negative: The Thin Red Line The Thin Red Line may refer to :   The Thin Red Line ( Battle of Balaclava ) , an 1854 military action during the Crimean War , and later figurative uses of the term  Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders , a military unit nicknamed the Thin Red Line following their involvement in the military action  `` The Thin Red Line '' , the regimental march of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders  The Thin Red Line ( painting ) , a painting of the battle by Robert Gibb  The Thin Red Line , an emblem representing the camaraderie of firefighters , see The Thin Blue Line   In literature , film and television :  The Thin Red Line ( novel ) , a 1962 novel by James Jones  The Thin Red Line ( 1964 film ) , a film by Andrew Marton based on Jones 's novel  The Thin Red Line ( 1998 film ) , a film by Terrence Malick based on Jones 's novel  `` The Thin Red Line '' ( The Mentalist ) , a television episode   In music :  The Thin Red Line ( album ) , a 1986 album by Glass Tiger , or the title track  The Thin Red Line ( soundtrack ) , a soundtrack album from the 1998 film  `` The Thin Red Line '' , a song by Saxon from Unleash the Beast

negative: The Thin Yellow Line The Thin Yellow Line ( La delgada línea amarilla ) is a 2015 Mexican drama film directed by Celso R. García . It was one of fourteen films shortlisted by Mexico to be their submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards , but it lost out to 600 Miles .

negative: Grant Hill (producer) Grant Hill is an Australian film producer and unit production manager .   He received a 1999 Academy Award for Best Picture nomination for the 1998 film The Thin Red Line . He received a similar nomination for 2011 's The Tree of Life .   He has been the line producer and unit production manager of all of the Wachowskis ' films since The Matrix Reloaded , on which he was credited as an executive producer .

negative: 49th Berlin International Film Festival The 49th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from February 10 to 21 , 1999 . The festival opened with Aimée & Jaguar by Max Färberböck . The Golden Bear was awarded to Canadian-American film The Thin Red Line directed by Terrence Malick .   The retrospective dedicated to Austrian-American theatre and film director Otto Preminger was shown at the festival . 70 mm version of Preminger 's 1959 musical film Porgy and Bess served as the closing night film .

negative: A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (film) A Soldier 's Daughter Never Cries is a 1998 drama film directed by James Ivory and written by James Ivory and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala . It stars Kris Kristofferson , Barbara Hershey , Leelee Sobieski and Jesse Bradford . The film is a fictionalized account of the family life of writer James Jones and is based on Kaylie Jones ' novel by the same name .   Structured as a novel , the film is divided into three segments each named after a different protagonist . The plot follows an expatriate American family living in Paris during the 1960s and 1970s until their return and adjustment to life in New England , seen from the point of view of the daughter .

negative: The Crimson Code The Crimson Code , also known as Red Team , is a 1999 crime thriller film starring Patrick Muldoon , C. Thomas Howell , Cathy Moriarty , Tim Thomerson and Fred Ward .

negative: Dartford warbler The Dartford warbler ( Sylvia undata ) is a typical warbler from the warmer parts of western Europe and northwestern Africa . It is a small warbler with a long thin tail and a thin pointed bill . The adult male has grey-brown upperparts and is dull reddish-brown below except for the centre of the belly which has a dirty white patch . It has light speckles on the throat and a red eye-ring . The sexes are similar but the adult female is usually less grey above and paler below .   Its breeding range lies west of a line from southern England to the heel of Italy ( southern Apulia ) . The Dartford warbler is usually resident all year in its breeding range , but there is some limited migration .

negative: Red Line (1996 film) Red Line is a 1996 American action film directed by John Sjogren and written by him , Rolfe Kanefsky , and Scott Ziehl . It stars Chad McQueen , Dom DeLuise , Michael Madsen , Roxana Zal , Jan-Michael Vincent , and Corey Feldman . The film also includes small roles and cameos by Julie Strain , Robert Z'Dar , Chuck Zito , Joe Estevez , and Ron Jeremy .   Immediately prior to filming , Jan-Michael Vincent was in a severe car accident that left his face badly scarred . He can be seen still wearing his hospital ID wrist bracelet in the movie .

negative: The Thin Green Line The Thin Green Line is a documentary film , made by Australian Park Ranger Sean Willmore . In 2004 Willmore travelled the world , across six continents and nineteen countries , interviewing and filming the lives and stories of park rangers , recounting their experiences and extreme difficulties .   The film premiered simultaneously in 50 countries on International Rangers Day , 31 July 2007 , to an audience of about 15,000 people in 330 locations worldwide , including many of the more remote locations featured in the documentary . Following this event , Californian State Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger was inspired to declare 31 July California State Park Ranger Day ) .   The Thin Green Line is also the name of the not for profit foundation set up by Sean Willmore in the wake of the documentary 's success . The aim of the foundation is to support rangers on the frontline , including the International Ranger Dependency Fund which supports the families of committed rangers who have lost their lives , or rangers who have been severely injured in the line of duty .   The Thin Green Line is also the title of a book in the series by Retired U.S Fish and Wildlife Service ( USFWS ) Agent Terry Grosz .

negative: Saar Klein Saar Klein ( סער קליין born 1967 in Israel ) is an American film editor who has been nominated twice for Academy Awards ( for The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) and for Almost Famous ( 2000 ) ) , and who received an ACE Eddie Award for editing the latter film .

negative: Storm Trooper (film) Storm Trooper is a 1998 American film .

negative: Streamers (film) Streamers is a 1983 film adapted by David Rabe from his play of the same title . The film was directed by Robert Altman and produced by Robert Michael Geisler and John Roberdeau ( The Thin Red Line ) . The cast included David Alan Grier as Roger , Mitchell Lichtenstein as Richie , Matthew Modine as Billy , Michael Wright as Carlyle , George Dzundza as Cokes , and Guy Boyd as Rooney .   The entire cast was named Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival . The film was screened out of competition at the 1983 Cannes Film Festival .

negative: The Thin Blue Line (disambiguation) The Thin Blue Line , a colloquial term for police forces , may refer to :   Thin Blue Line , an emblem representing the camaraderie of police officers  The Thin Blue Line ( 1965 film ) , a 1965 documentary film by William Friedkin about the police and the problems they encounter  The Thin Blue Line ( 1988 film ) , a 1988 documentary film by Errol Morris concerning the murder of a police officer  The Thin Blue Line ( TV series ) , a British sitcom set in a police station , starring Rowan Atkinson , David Haig and Serena Evans

negative: Bramston Beach, Queensland Bramston Beach is a town located in Queensland , Australia . It is located 60 km south of the regional centre of Cairns . It is located 17 km east of the Bruce Highway . At the 2006 census , Bramston Beach had a population of 196 .   The Eubenangee Swamp National Park and Queensland 's highest mountain , Mount Bartle Frere are nearby .   It is a popular spot with caravaners and is a good fishing location and has a slightly older than average population .   The 1998 film , The Thin Red Line , was partially filmed on Bramston Beach .

negative: The Thin Line (novel) The Thin Line , later re-issued as Murder , My Love , is a 1951 crime novel by the British-Lebanese author Edward Atiyah . It was filmed twice , first as The Stranger Within a Woman by Naruse Mikio , 1966 , and then by Claude Chabrol , as Just Before Nightfall , 1971 .

negative: The Thin Blue Line (TV series) The Thin Blue Line ( a colloquial term for police forces ) is a British sitcom starring Rowan Atkinson and written by Ben Elton . It aired on the BBC from 1995 to 1996 .

negative: The Thin White Line (Millennium) '' ` The Thin White Line '' is the fourteenth episode of the first season of the American crime-thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on February 14 , 1997 . The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong and directed by Thomas J. Wright . `` The Thin White Line '' featured guest appearances by Jeremy Roberts and Scott Heindl .   When a spate of killings seems to echo that of a man currently incarcerated , Millennium Group consultant Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) must confront the specter of his past and face a murderer who nearly took a younger Black 's life .   `` The Thin White Line '' draws inspiration from real killers Herbert Mullin , Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris , and contains several references to Morgan and Wong 's previous series Space : Above and Beyond . The episode was viewed by approximately 6.6 million households in its initial broadcast and has received positive reviews from critics .

negative: Paul Brincat Paul Brincat is an australian sound engineer . He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Sound for the film The Thin Red Line . He has worked on more than 40 films since 1971 . He won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for his work on the television series Flipper .

negative: Red Scarf (film) Red Scarf , also known as Red Muffler and Operation Air Raid-Red Muffler , is a 1964 South Korean aviation war film set during the Korean War . Headlined by stars Shin Young-kyun , Choi Eun-hee , Choi Moo-ryong some of the best known South Korean actors of their time , Red Scarf is among the most iconic of prolific director Shin Sang-ok 's work , and was well received outside of South Korea . The film was made with the cooperation of the Republic of Korea Air Force ( ROKAF ) and is particularly well remembered for its aerial sequences ; especially the final showdown between RoKAF F-86 Sabres and Korean People 's Air Force MiG-15s . It inspired the 2012 action film R2B : Return to Base .

negative: Deathline Deathline ( Redline ) is a 1997 science fiction , action film starring Rutger Hauer and Yvonne Sciò . It was also released under the titles Redline and Armageddon . It is the first film between Rutger Hauer and Mark Dacascos . A Canadian - Dutch co-production it was filmed mainly in Hungary . Just over 92 minutes long .

negative: Billy Weber Billy Weber is an American film editor with several film credits dating from Days of Heaven ( 1978 ) .   One of Weber 's first editing roles was as associate editor ( as William Weber ) on Terrence Malick 's first feature as a director , Badlands ( 1973 ) . Badlands was edited by Robert Estrin ; Weber edited Malick 's next film Days of Heaven ( 1978 ) . When Malick returned to film directing twenty years later with The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) ; he once again hired Weber to edit it , along with Leslie Jones and Saar Klein . While Weber did not edit Malick 's next film The New World , he was an associate producer on the project . Most recently , Weber was one of five collaborating editors on Malick 's fifth feature , The Tree of Life ( 2011 ) .   Beyond this notable collaboration with Malick , Weber has edited Beverly Hills Cop ( directed by Martin Brest , 1984 ) , Top Gun ( Tony Scott , 1986 ) and Midnight Run ( Brest , 1988 ) .   Weber was nominated for the Academy Award for Film Editing for Top Gun ; he was nominated again for an Academy Award , as well as for an ACE Eddie Award and the Satellite Award , for The Thin Red Line .   Weber has directed one film , Josh and S.A.M. ( 1993 ) , that was produced by Martin Brest .

negative: Red Dawn Red Dawn is a 1984 American war film directed by John Milius , filmed in Metrocolor and Panavision , and co-written by Milius and Kevin Reynolds . It stars Patrick Swayze , C. Thomas Howell , Lea Thompson , Charlie Sheen , and Jennifer Grey . It was the first film to be released in the US with a PG-13 rating .   The film is set in an alternate history timeline in which the United States is invaded by the Soviet Union and its Cuban and Nicaraguan allies . However , the onset of World War III is in the background and not fully elaborated . The story follows a group of American high school students who resist the occupation with guerrilla warfare , calling themselves Wolverines , after their high school mascot .

negative: Tactical Assault Tactical Assault is a 1998 action/adventure film starring Rutger Hauer , Robert Patrick , Isabel Glasser and Dey Young . It was directed by Mark Griffiths and written by David Golden .

negative: The Hi-Line The Hi-Line is a 1999 film by Ron Judkins which is set in the Hi-Line region of the U.S. state of Montana . The film stars Rachael Leigh Cook and Ryan Alosio .   The Hi-Line is a drama in which a man , actor Ryan Alosio , pretending to be a `` headhunter '' for a Chicago-based retail chain arrives in a small Montana town and contacts a young woman with an offer to interview her for a job . She is still living with what she believes to be her parents . In reality , the `` headhunter '' has actually been sent by a friend , who is serving a sentence in the Joliet , Illinois prison , to find the young woman and let her know who her real father and mother are . Her father , in Joliet , is about to die while in prison ; her mother lives outside of another small Montana town near Havre . When the two split apart , they put the newborn girl up for adoption . She was never told she was adopted , and when she learns the news , she travels to confront her real mother out of anger . The `` headhunter '' goes with her , and the two develop a romantic relationship on the way .

negative: PR Girls PR Girls is a 1998 Hong Kong drama film co-written and directed by Matt Chow .

negative: The Thin Blue Line (1965 film) The Thin Blue Line was the second of three documentaries William Friedkin made for producer David Wolper . It focused on the police force , and the experience making it influenced Friedkin on The French Connection .


query: SummerSlam had no show.

positive: SummerSlam (2015) SummerSlam ( 2015 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by WWE . It took place on August 23 , 2015 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . The twenty-eighth event under the SummerSlam chronology , this was the first since 2008 to be held outside of Los Angeles as Staples Center was the exclusive home for SummerSlam from 2009 to 2014 , and the eighth SummerSlam to be held in the New York metropolitan area . The Izod Center was originally supposed to host SummerSlam , but due to its closure in April 2015 , the event was moved to Barclays Center . The event was the first in the SummerSlam chronology to be four hours in length , a length previously reserved only for WrestleMania .   The event was the second night of what was billed as a `` triple-header '' at Barclays Center , with NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn having taken place the previous night , and Raw the following night . Ten matches were contested at the event , with no pre-show . In the main event , The Undertaker defeated Brock Lesnar in controversial fashion ; Lesnar put Undertaker in his Kimura lock and the timekeeper rang the bell after seeing the Undertaker supposedly indicating submission , but since the referee had n't seen a submission and never stopped the match , the match continued . The confusion allowed Undertaker to surprise Lesnar with a low blow before trapping him in the Hell 's Gate submission hold , during which Lesnar passed out to give Undertaker the win .

negative: SummerSlam (2007) SummerSlam ( 2007 ) was the twentieth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was presented by THQ 's Stuntman Ignition . It took place on August 26 , 2007 , at the Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford , New Jersey and featured talent from each of WWE 's three brands : Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW . Tickets for SummerSlam went on sale December 30 and sold out in forty minutes .   The main feud , a staged rivalry between wrestlers , heading into the event from the Raw brand was between John Cena and Randy Orton . On the July 23 episode of Raw , Jonathan Coachman announced Orton as the number one contender to the WWE Championship . Over the proceeding weeks , Orton provoked Cena by interfering and attacking him during his matches . From SmackDown , the predominant feud was between The Great Khali and Batista . After Khali defeated Batista and Kane in a Triple Threat match , a match between three wrestlers contested under standard rules , Theodore Long booked Khali to defend the World Heavyweight Championship against Batista at SummerSlam . The primary feud from ECW was between John Morrison and CM Punk . By defeating Morrison in a 15 Minutes of Fame match , Punk became the number one contender to the ECW Championship at SummerSlam .   Several of the existing feuds carried on after the event . Notably , CM Punk continued to face John Morrison , defeating him for the ECW Championship the following month on ECW on Sci Fi '' . The day after SummerSlam , Orton , as part of the scripted events , interfered in a match between Cena and King Booker and intensified the feud by attacking Cena 's father . Khali and Batista faced each other at Unforgiven , the following pay-per-view , as part of a Triple Threat match ; Batista was victorious in this match and won the World Heavyweight Championship .

negative: Bash at the Beach Bash at the Beach was a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . It was the company 's PPV for the month of July , held from 1994 to 2000 . The show centered on a beach theme , with the set around the entrance area for the wrestlers decorated with such things as surfboards and sand . The theme for the show seemed appropriate for an event scheduled during the hot summer month of July . The beach / `` fun in the sun '' theme was also reflected in the places where WCW chose to hold the event ; all of the shows emanated from cities in either Florida or California , two United States states renowned for their warm weather . It was WCW 's response to WWF 's SummerSlam . In 1992 and 1993 , WCW held a beach-themed pay-per-view show known as Beach Blast , which was the forerunner to Bash at the Beach . The 1992 show was held in June , however , as the company elected instead to reserve July for its flagship summertime extravaganza , The Great American Bash . Along with Slamboree , Starrcade , SuperBrawl , The Great American Bash , and Halloween Havoc , Bash at the Beach was booked to be one of WCW 's flagship events . WWE have owned the rights to Bash at the Beach since they purchased WCW in March 2001 . In 2014 , all WCW Bash at the Beach pay-per-views were made available on the WWE Network .

negative: Royal Rumble The Royal Rumble is a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event , produced every January by professional wrestling promotion WWE . The event is named after the Royal Rumble match , a Battle royal match whose participants enter at timed intervals .   With the exception of the initial Royal Rumble event in 1988 , which was shown as a television special on USA Network , the Royal Rumble has been shown on pay-per-view ( first in 1989 ) and is one of WWE 's `` Big Four '' , along with WrestleMania , SummerSlam , and Survivor Series . The Royal Rumble is considered one of WWE 's most popular pay-per-view events .

negative: Survivor Series Survivor Series is an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event held in November by WWE . It is the second longest running pay-per-view event in WWE history ( behind WrestleMania ) and one of the `` Big Four '' events , along with WrestleMania , Royal Rumble and SummerSlam , as it is one of the original four pay-per-views produced by WWE .

negative: WWE Armageddon Armageddon was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event , produced every December ( with the exception of 2001 , where the event was temporarily replaced with Vengeance ) by WWE , a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut . The event was created in 1999 , with its inaugural event taking place on December 12 , 1999 at the National Car Rental Center in Sunrise , Florida . To coincide with the brand extension , the event was made exclusive to the SmackDown brand in 2004 ( with the exception of 2003 , when the event was made exclusive to the Raw brand ) . In 2007 , following WrestleMania 23 , all PPV events became tri-branded . The final event was held in 2008 , with TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs replacing Armageddon in 2009 .

negative: WWE Judgment Day Judgment Day was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event , produced every May by WWE , a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut . The event was created in 1998 , with its inaugural event produced as an In Your House event in October of that year . The event was then replaced in 1999 by the PPV Over the Edge , which saw the death of Owen Hart . The event was then brought back in 2000 and was rebranded as an annual PPV event for WWE . To coincide with the brand extension , the event was made exclusive to the SmackDown ! brand in 2004 . In 2007 , following WrestleMania 23 , brand-exclusive pay-per-view events were discontinued . The final event was held in 2009 , with Over the Limit replacing Judgment Day in 2010 .

negative: Vengeance (2004) Vengeance ( 2004 ) was the fourth annual Vengeance professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by American promotion , World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was presented by AT&T and took place on July 11 , 2004 , from the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford , Connecticut and featured talent from the Raw brand .   The main event was Chris Benoit versus Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship , which Benoit won by pinning Triple H with a roll-up . The predominant match on the card was Randy Orton versus Edge for the WWE Intercontinental Championship , which Edge won by pinfall after executing a Spear . The primary matches on the undercard included Matt Hardy versus Kane in a No Disqualification match , which Hardy won after he hit Kane with a steel chair to get the pin , and Batista versus Chris Jericho , which Batista won by pinfall after executing a Batista Bomb .   The event grossed US$ 370,000 with 7,000 ticket sales and had a 0.43 buyrate . Following the event , Benoit began a feud with Randy Orton over the World Heavyweight Championship . The two would have a match at SummerSlam , where Orton would win the World Heavyweight Championship , and become the youngest World 's Heavyweight Champion in WWE history . Edge went on to defend the Intercontinental Championship against Batista and Chris Jericho in a Triple Threat match at SummerSlam . Kane and Matt Hardy continued their feud at SummerSlam in a `` Till Death Do Us Part '' match , where the winner would get to marry Lita . Kane was the victor , and as a result , Lita had to marry Kane .

negative: WWE The Great American Bash The Great American Bash was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced in the summer in either the month of June or July by professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . The 2009 edition was known as The Bash . The event was originally-produced in 1985 under National Wrestling Alliance 's Jim Crockett Promotions , and then by its successor , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . According to Ric Flair in his autobiography , To Be the Man , Dusty Rhodes invented the concept . The last event was held on June 11 , 2000 , not to be held again due to the acquisition of WCW by World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . After a four-year hiatus , the event was revived by the rechristened WWE in June 2004 and would be exclusive to the SmackDown ! brand from 2004 to 2006 . In 2007 , to follow the format of WrestleMania , WWE made all its pay per view events promotionwide , featuring matches with competitors from its three brands , Raw , SmackDown , and ECW . The 2009 event was rebranded as The Bash , as a way to distance the show from its past as part of WCW . The event was replaced in 2010 by Fatal 4-Way and WWE Money in the Bank .   In July 2012 , the event name was used for a live SuperSmackDown show featuring the Great American Bash Battle Royal .

negative: SuperBrawl SuperBrawl was an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) during the month of February ( and in May in 1991 ) from 1991 through 2001 . Along with Starrcade , Bash at the Beach , The Great American Bash , and Halloween Havoc , SuperBrawl was booked to be one of WCW 's flagship pay-per-views . The first SuperBrawl was in May , but it switched to its annual month of February in 1992 as it made more sense since the event name SuperBrawl is a pun on the Super Bowl , which usually took place around that time . It was the next to last WCW PPV , and the rights are owned by the WWE after it bought the promotion 's intellectual properties in March 2001 . Sting holds the record for most appearances at the pay-per-view with eight SuperBrawls . In 2015 , all WCW pay-per-views were made available on the WWE Network .

negative: Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows Hitman Hart : Wrestling with Shadows is a 1998 documentary film , directed , produced and written by Paul Jay , which follows World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) superstar Bret Hart during his last year in the WWF , from his WWF Championship victory at SummerSlam to his final match with the company and the infamous Montreal Screwjob at Survivor Series on November 9 , 1997 .

negative: WWE No Way Out No Way Out is a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event , produced by WWE , a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut . The event was created in 1998 as an In Your House event in February of that year and in 2000 was made an annual pay-per-view event for WWE . After the brand extension , the event was made exclusive to the SmackDown brand in 2004 , being produced every February . In April 2007 , following WrestleMania 23 , brand-exclusive pay-per-view events ceased being held , with the last of which being the SmackDown-exclusive No Way Out 2007 . After the event included two Elimination Chamber matches in 2008 and 2009 , No Way Out was replaced by WWE Elimination Chamber the following year . The name was revived for the June 2012 pay-per-view event .

negative: The Enemy (Godsmack song) `` The Enemy '' is the last single from the album IV by the band Godsmack . The song landed a spot on the Mainstream Rock Tracks at number four , just like Godsmack 's previous single `` Shine Down '' . `` The Enemy '' is performed at almost every show on the band 's `` IV Tour '' , and was also the official theme song for WWE 's 2006 SummerSlam PPV . This song was also included on the THQ video game , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 .   `` The Enemy '' is Jason MacDonald 's most recent entrance theme in UFC Championship .

negative: In Your House 5 In Your House 5 ( retroactively titled In Your House 5 : Seasons Beatings ) was the fifth In Your House professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , which took place on December 17 , 1995 , at the Hersheypark Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Six matches aired as part of the PPV broadcast and three additional matches were held only seen by the people in attendance on the night . With the launch of the WWE Network in 2014 this show became available on demand , but does not include the three dark matches held before and after the main show . The main event was a rematch from the 1992 SummerSlam show as WWF World Heavyweight Champion Bret Hart defended the championship against his brother-in-law The British Bulldog . On the undercard the Undertaker faced off against King Mabel in a Casket match . Another match on the show could only end when either Hunter Hearst Helmsley or Henry O. Godwinn was thrown into a hog pen that was erected in the arena .

negative: Fall Brawl (2000) Fall Brawl ( 2000 ) was the eighth Fall Brawl professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . The event took place on September 17 , 2000 from the HSBC Arena in Buffalo , New York . It would be the final Fall Brawl event before the company folded and was purchased by rival promotion World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) in March of 2001 .   The main event was a Caged Heat match , in which Kevin Nash defended the title against Booker T. Booker defeated Nash to win the title . Notable matches on the undercard were Scott Steiner versus Goldberg in a no disqualification match , Mike Awesome versus Jeff Jarrett in a Bunkhouse Brawl and Sting versus The Great Muta and Vampiro in a Triangle match and a ten-person elimination match between Filthy Animals and Natural Born Thrillers , which was stopped when Animals ' teammate Paul Orndorff was injured during the match . The next night on Nitro , the match was resumed with the remaining competitors .

negative: Low Blows (podcast) Low Blows is an Irish podcast series centred around professional wrestling critique , hosted by retired professional wrestler Rick Nash of Irish Whip Wrestling . The show is currently on hiatus as of their 170th episode . The brand released 2 shows weekly , SmackJade ( co-hosted with professional wrestler Jade Costello ) and Raw in Fast Forward ( co-hosted with Cork City F.C. commentator and sports columnist David Kent ) .   The promotion , under the sub-name Low Blows Wrestling Parties , hosts regular wrestling-themed parties in Dublin which follow WWE 's pay-per-view schedule , specifically Royal Rumble , WrestleMania , SummerSlam and Survivor Series . They also host bi-annual live podcasts in Dublin .

negative: NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn was a professional wrestling show in the NXT TakeOver series that took place on August 22 , 2015 . The NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn event was produced by WWE , showcasing its NXT developmental brand , and streamed live on the WWE Network . The event took place at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York - the first night of what was billed as a WWE `` triple-header '' at the arena , with SummerSlam taking place the following evening , and Raw the night after that . This was the first NXT TakeOver held outside of Full Sail University ; WWE promoted it as NXT being `` on the biggest stage yet '' . Starting with NXT Arrival on February 27 , 2014 , WWE 's developmental league NXT has held major shows broadcast live on the WWE network , with the August event being the seventh event in the series and was sold out .   There were two main events for the show , a ladder match for the NXT Championship with reigning champion Finn Bálor defending the title against former champion Kevin Owens , in a rematch from The Beast in the East show from Tokyo , Japan where Bálor won the championship , and a singles match for the NXT Women 's Championship , where Sasha Banks defended her title against Bayley . A match for the NXT Tag Team Championship was also part of the show with The Vaudevillains capturing the championships . NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn was the first WWE promoted event appearance of Japanese Jushin Thunder Liger who was making a one time appearance on the show , facing off against Tyler Breeze . The show also marked what was billed as the NXT in-ring debut of Apollo Crews , formerly Uhaa Nation , who started working for WWE/NXT during the summer of 2015 .

negative: WWE Backlash WWE Backlash is a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event , that was produced every April ( with the exception of 2005 and 2016 ) by WWE , a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut . The event was created in 1999 , with its inaugural event produced as an In Your House event in April of that year . The event in 2000 was rebranded as an annual PPV event for WWE . To coincide with the brand extension , the event was made exclusive to the Raw brand in 2004 . In 2007 , to follow the format of WrestleMania , all PPV events became tri-branded . Extreme Rules replaced Backlash in 2010 . Backlash returned as a SmackDown exclusive event in 2016 . The 2017 event will return as a post-WrestleMania pay-per-view event for SmackDown brand , paralleling Raw 's Payback .

negative: Hell in a Cell (2015) Hell in a Cell ( 2015 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by WWE . It took place on October 25 , 2015 , at Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . It was the seventh event under the Hell in a Cell chronology . This is also the first WWE pay-per-view , other than SummerSlam , to be held in the city of Los Angeles since 2007 's No Way Out .   Eight matches were contested at the event , with one match on the pre-show . In the main event , Brock Lesnar defeated The Undertaker in a Hell in a Cell match , their second such match , the first one being at the 2002 No Mercy event . Also on the show , Alberto Del Rio returned to the WWE to answer John Cena 's open challenge and defeat him to win the WWE United States Championship .

negative: Survivor Series (2008) Survivor Series ( 2008 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and presented by THQ 's WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 . It took place on November 23 , 2008 , at the TD Banknorth Garden in Boston , Massachusetts . The event , the 22nd Survivor Series , involved wrestlers from WWE 's all three brands , Raw , SmackDown , and ECW . The event 's card consisted of six professional wrestling matches . The event received 319,000 pay-per-view buys , less than the previous year 's event .   The main event was for the World Heavyweight Championship between John Cena , returning after suffering a herniated disc at SummerSlam , and the champion , Chris Jericho , which Cena won by pinfall after executing an FU . Another match on the event was the SmackDown main event , which saw Edge return and defeat Vladimir Kozlov , and the champion Triple H , in a Triple Threat match to win the WWE Championship . The undercard matches included The Undertaker versus The Big Show in a Casket Match and three five-on-five elimination tag team matches .

negative: The Great American Bash The Great American Bash was an annual summer professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the National Wrestling Alliance 's ( NWA ) Jim Crockett Promotions , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and then by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . According to Ric Flair in his autobiography , To Be the Man , Dusty Rhodes invented the concept of The Great American Bash .   After the final Great American Bash was held by WCW on June 11 , 2000 , the event would not be held again due to the acquisition of WCW by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . After a four-year hiatus , however , the event was revived by WWE in 2004 until 2009 ( the name of the final event being abbreviated to `` The Bash '' ) , and was also used as the title for a special live edition of SmackDown in July 2012 . WWE 's production of The Great American Bash was the only former WCW pay-per-view event to be revived by WWE .

negative: WrestleMania XXV WrestleMania XXV ( also marketed as `` The 25th Anniversary of WrestleMania '' ) was the twenty-fifth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was presented by the National Guard and took place on April 5 , 2009 , at Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas . The event featured talent from all three WWE brands : Raw , SmackDown , and ECW . It was the second WrestleMania to be held in Houston , with the first being WrestleMania X-Seven at the Reliant Astrodome , which was held in 2001 .   Eight matches were held on the event 's card , which featured a supercard , a scheduling of more than one main bout . The first of these matches was a singles match for the WWE Championship that featured the champion , Triple H , defeating Randy Orton to retain the title . The second was a Triple Threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship , which saw John Cena defeat the champion , Edge , and the third participant in the match , The Big Show , to win the championship . The third main event was The Undertaker versus Shawn Michaels . Featured matches on the undercard included Jeff Hardy versus Matt Hardy in an Extreme Rules match , Chris Jericho versus the team of Roddy Piper , Ricky Steamboat and Jimmy Snuka , and the annual Money in the Bank ladder match .   Tickets for the event commenced sale to the public on November 8 , 2008 . For the third consecutive year , WrestleMania broke the record for the highest-grossing pay-per-view in WWE history , grossing US$ 6.9 million in ticket sales , which included fans from all 50 U.S. states , 24 countries , and seven Canadian provinces . WrestleMania XXV generated approximately 960,000 pay-per-view buys , grossing $ 21.0 million in revenue . The event pumped an estimated $ 49.8 million into the local economy and generated $ 5.7 million in local tax revenue , equating to 600 full-time jobs for the area . With an attendance of 72,744 , it is the 8th largest attendance in WrestleMania history .

negative: The Eva Gabor Show The Eva Gabor Show was a talk show that aired in 1953 -- 54 . The show was hosted by and starred Eva Gabor . Gabor , an actress , had previously appeared on Broadway and in television shows . The Eva Gabor Show series aired for 15 minutes weekly and had different celebrity guests .

negative: Sib Sibulo Jonathan Solomon Salva Sibulo , more popularly known as Sib , is a Filipino television personality . He was the host of Jack TV 's The Sib Show ( later renamed The Jackyard ) . He had previously won the hosting gig , along with Sam Oh ( of ETC 's Rated Oh ! fame ) on Solar Entertainment 's Face-Off ( 2004 ) , a televised , albeit cable , hosting competition . During his stint on Jack TV he hosted various television programs and live events for the channel .   In 2007 , Sibulo was one of 3 winners of the MTV VJ Hunt 2007 ( alongside Kat Alano and Andi Manzano ) . He is currently active on 4 shows on MTV Philippines , namely Campus Crashers , Uploaded on MTV ( which he co-hosts with Kat Alano ) , Timeout , Full Tank , and occasionally hosts Gim me 10 . Sib also works as a radio DJ on U92 with his own radio talk show , Shatterday Saturday .   In-between his stint on Jack TV and MTV Philippines , he had also worked as a host for ` Shop TV '' .   Sibulo has consistently hosted afternoon slots for Pulp Magazine 's Pulp Summerslam for the last 3 years ( 2006 -- 2008 ) .   Sibulo also has close ties with Tower of Doom Productions and hosts its yearly nationwide ( Philippines ) rock show tour , the Tower of Doom Siege Tour .   Sibulo also hosts various school/youth oriented and corporate events .   Aside from his hosting work , Sib also fronts Filipino independent band , Day One Movement . They are currently working on songs for their debut album .   Sibulo graduated with a degree in Philosophy from the Ateneo de Manila University . He is currently completing his master 's studies in Communications .   Right now , together with Bianca Saldua , Sibulo currently hosts UNTV 's first quiz show suited for elementary and high school students to win scholarships , Campus Challenge

negative: The Jenny McCarthy Show Jenny McCarthy has had two shows by the name of The Jenny McCarthy Show :   The Jenny McCarthy Show ( 1997 ) , a sketch comedy show on MTV  The Jenny McCarthy Show ( 2013 ) , a pop-culture talk show on VH1

negative: The Honky Tonk Man Wayne Farris ( born January 25 , 1953 ) , better known by the ring name The Honky Tonk Man , is an American professional wrestler . Currently working on the independent circuit , he previously wrestled for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . He is best known for his first run with WWF , where he held the WWF Intercontinental Championship for a record 64 weeks , and lost it to The Ultimate Warrior at the inaugural SummerSlam . He is the cousin of fellow professional wrestler and color commentator Jerry Lawler .

negative: XFL The XFL was a professional American football league which played one season in 2001 . It was operated as a joint venture between the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now known as WWE ) and NBC . The XFL was conceived as an outdoor football league that would take place during the NFL off-season , and promoted as having fewer rules and encouraging rougher play than other major leagues . The league had eight teams in two divisions , including major markets and those not directly served by the NFL , including Birmingham , Las Vegas , Memphis , and Orlando . The XFL operated as a single entity , with all teams centrally owned by the league .   Co-owner NBC served as the main broadcaster of XFL games , along with UPN and TNN . The presentation of XFL games featured sports entertainment elements inspired by professional wrestling , including heat and kayfabe , suggestively-dressed cheerleaders , and occasional usage of WWF personalities ( such as Jesse Ventura , Jim Ross , and Jerry Lawler ) as part of on-air commentary crews alongside sportscasters and veteran football players . The telecasts also featured extensive usage of aerial skycams and on-player microphones to provide additional perspectives of the games .   The first night of play brought higher television viewership than NBC had projected , but ratings quickly nosedived . The league garnered a negative reputation due to its connections to professional wrestling and the WWF , the overall quality of play , and unprofessional telecasts . Lorne Michaels , executive producer of NBC 's long-running Saturday Night Live , was also critical of the XFL when a game going into double overtime caused the show to be delayed until after midnight on the east coast . NBC and the WWF both lost $ 35 million on their $ 100 million investment in the league 's inaugural season .   Although committing to broadcast two seasons , NBC pulled out of its broadcast contract for the XFL after the inaugural season , citing the poor viewership . While WWF owner Vince McMahon initially stated that the XFL would continue without NBC , and proposed the addition of expansion teams , unfavorable demands of the league by UPN hastened the XFL 's demise , and the league ceased operations entirely in May 2001 . The Los Angeles Xtreme were the XFL 's first and only champions . McMahon conceded that the league was a `` colossal failure '' .

negative: Viscera (wrestler) Nelson Lee Frazier Jr. ( February 14 , 1971 -- February 18 , 2014 ) was an American professional wrestler , best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWF/WWE ) in the 1990s and 2000s under the ring names Mabel , Viscera and Big Daddy V . A former WWF World Tag Team Champion and WWF Hardcore Champion , he won the 1995 King of the Ring tournament and wrestled in the main event of that year 's SummerSlam . Nelson Frazier Jr. was the second son of sport and basketball player , Nelson Frazier Sr. ( 1940 - 2007 ) and Michel Lee Frazier ( 1945 - 2015 ) .

negative: No Way Out of Texas: In Your House No Way Out of Texas : In Your House was the twentieth pay-per-view ( PPV ) event under the In Your House name produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . It took place on February 15 , 1998 , at the Compaq Center in Houston , Texas and was presented by Western Union .   It was the first of a series of In Your House events which later became the title of annual pay-per-views , replacing the method at the time of making new names for all events aside from the ` Big Four ' ( the Royal Rumble , WrestleMania , SummerSlam and the Survivor Series ) and King of the Ring . However , because later events did not take place in Texas , it was truncated to No Way Out and would not become a regular feature until 2000 .   Shawn Michaels did not appear in the main event as advertised , owing to a severe back injury that resulted in his first retirement after the following month 's WrestleMania XIV . He was replaced by Savio Vega .

negative: WWE Night of Champions Night of Champions was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by professional wrestling promotion WWE . The event was previously known under the name Vengeance , with the inaugural event taking place on December 9 , 2001 and replacing the regularly scheduled WWE Armageddon for that year . The 2002 event featured the Raw and SmackDown ! brands . The event was made exclusive to the SmackDown brand in 2003 , and in 2004 it was made exclusive to the Raw brand . In 2007 , following WrestleMania , all PPV events became tri-branded . Vengeance took over WWF Fully Loaded 's scheduled date in July 2002 and later moved to June in 2005 , switching schedules with The Great American Bash . Night of Champions took over as the June pay-per-view event in 2008 dropping the Vengeance name that themed the same name in 2007 with Vengeance : Night of Champions , moved back to July in 2009 and in 2010 , the event moved to September . In 2016 , Night of Champions was replaced on the PPV schedule by Clash of Champions . Though the concept of Clash of Champions is similar , it is not a direct continuation of Night of Champions .

negative: King of the Ring (1999) King of the Ring ( 1999 ) was the seventh annual King of the Ring professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . It was presented by Super Soaker and took place on June 27 , 1999 , at the Greensboro Coliseum in Greensboro , North Carolina . The main show included ten matches in total with several matches preceding the Pay Per View ( PPV ) portion of the show , broadcast on live television as part of the WWF 's Sunday Night Heat show . The main event was a Ladder match featuring Shane McMahon and Vince McMahon defeating Stone Cold Steve Austin for the control of the WWF . The other main match was a WWF Championship match where The Undertaker defeated The Rock to retain the title . Additional featured matches on the undercard included the KOTR tournament final between Billy Gunn and X-Pac , which Billy Gunn won to win the overall tournament and a Tag team match between The Hardy Boyz ( Matt and Jeff ) defeating The Brood ( Edge and Christian ) .

negative: WWE Insurrextion Insurrextion was an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event that ran from 2000 to 2003 . It was produced by the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment ( WWF/E ) exclusively for the United Kingdom . Insurrextion was also aired on Viewers Choice pay-per-view in Canada as well , only the 2002 event was aired in the United States . From 2002 it was a Raw brand exclusive show . After the 2003 show , all-UK exclusive pay-per-view shows were stopped as WWE started to stage Raw and Smackdown in the UK in 2004 . Triple H was featured in the main event of all four versions of the event . Insurrextion 's theme song was `` Burning Tree '' , a WWF Production Theme .

negative: WrestleMania XXX WrestleMania XXX ( also written as WrestleMania 30 ) was the thirtieth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by WWE . It took place on April 6 , 2014 , at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . It was the first WWE event simultaneously broadcast live on pay-per-view television and WWE 's new streaming media service , the WWE Network . Seven professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event 's card and one pre-show match was streamed on the WWE Network .   Daniel Bryan defeated Triple H in the first match on the main show to qualify for the triple threat main event match , where he defeated Batista and defending champion Randy Orton to become the new WWE World Heavyweight Champion . The event was also notable for The Undertaker 's 21 -- 0 undefeated streak at WrestleMania coming to an end with a loss to Brock Lesnar . The WWE Divas Championship was the other title defended on the main show , its only defense at WrestleMania , while the WWE Tag Team Championship was defended on the pre-show .   WWE claimed $ 10.9 million in ticket revenue for WrestleMania XXX and estimated a $ 142.2 million economic impact on New Orleans . The event has received highly positive reviews . SLAM ! Wrestling rated the show a 4.5 out of 5 , while the Pro Wrestling Torch rated the event 8.75 out of 10 and The Times-Picayune described it as `` spectacular '' .


query: Dark matter is indistinguishable from dark energy.

positive: Dark matter Dark matter is a hypothetical type of matter distinct from baryonic matter ( ordinary matter such as protons and neutrons ) , neutrinos and dark energy . The existence of dark matter would explain a number of otherwise puzzling astronomical observations . The name refers to the fact that it does not emit or interact with electromagnetic radiation , such as light , and is thus invisible to the entire electromagnetic spectrum . Although dark matter has not been directly observed , its existence and properties are inferred from its gravitational effects such as the motions of visible matter , gravitational lensing , its influence on the universe 's large-scale structure , on galaxies , and its effects in the cosmic microwave background .   The standard model of cosmology indicates that the total mass -- energy of the universe contains 4.9 % ordinary matter , 26.8 % dark matter and 68.3 % dark energy . Thus , dark matter constitutes 84.5 % Since dark energy , by convention , does not count as `` matter '' , this is 26.8 / ( 4.9 + 26.8 ) = 0.845 of total mass , while dark energy plus dark matter constitute 95.1 % of total mass -- energy content . The great majority of ordinary matter in the universe is also unseen , since visible stars and gas inside galaxies and clusters account for less than 10 % of the ordinary matter contribution to the mass-energy density of the universe . The most widely accepted hypothesis on the form for dark matter is that it is composed of weakly interacting massive particles ( WIMPs ) that interact only through gravity and the weak force .  The dark matter hypothesis plays a central role in current modeling of cosmic structure formation and galaxy formation and evolution and on explanations of the anisotropies observed in the cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) . All these lines of evidence suggest that galaxies , galaxy clusters , and the universe as a whole contain far more matter than that which is observable via electromagnetic signals . Many experiments to detect proposed dark matter particles through non-gravitational means are under way ; however , no dark matter particle has been conclusively identified .   Although the existence of dark matter is generally accepted by most of the astronomical community , a minority of astronomers , motivated by the lack of conclusive identification of dark matter , argue for various modifications of the standard laws of general relativity , such as  MOND , TeVeS , and conformal gravity that attempt to account for the observations without invoking additional matter .

negative: Dark-energy star A dark-energy star is a hypothetical compact astrophysical object , which a minority of physicists think might constitute an alternative explanation for observations of astronomical black hole candidates .   The concept was proposed by physicist George Chapline . The theory states that infalling matter is converted into vacuum energy or dark energy , as the matter falls through the event horizon . The space within the event horizon would end up with a large value for the cosmological constant and have negative pressure to exert against gravity . There would be no information-destroying singularity .

negative: Mixed dark matter Mixed dark matter ( MDM ) was a theory of dark matter which was promising up to the late 1990s .   `` Mixed '' dark matter is also called hot + cold dark matter . Hot dark matter ( HDM ) has only one known form -- neutrinos , although other forms are speculated to exist . Cosmologically important dark matter is now believed to be pure cold dark matter ( CDM ) . However , in the early 1990s , the power spectrum of fluctuations in the galaxy clustering did not agree entirely with the predictions for a standard cosmology built around pure cold dark matter . Mixed dark matter with a composition of about 80 % cold and 20 % hot ( neutrinos ) was investigated and found to agree better with observations . This model was made obsolete by the discovery in 1998 of the acceleration of universal expansion , which eventually led to the dark energy + dark matter paradigm of this decade .

negative: Hot dark matter Hot dark matter ( HDM ) is a theoretical form of dark matter which consists of particles that travel with ultrarelativistic velocities .   Dark matter is matter that does not interact with , and therefore can not be detected by , electromagnetic radiation , hence dark . It is postulated to exist to explain how clusters and superclusters of galaxies formed after the Big Bang . Data from galaxy rotation curves indicate that around 90 % of the mass of a galaxy can not be seen . It can only be detected by its gravitational effect .   Hot dark matter can not explain how individual galaxies formed from the Big Bang . The cosmic microwave background radiation as measured by the COBE satellite is very smooth and fast moving particles can not form clumps as small as galaxies beginning from such a smooth initial state . Due to theory , in order to explain small scale structure in the Universe , it is necessary to invoke cold dark matter ( CDM ) or warm dark matter ( WDM ) . Hot dark matter as the sole explanation of dark matter is no longer viable , therefore , it is nowadays considered only as part of a mixed dark matter ( MDM ) theory .

negative: Cold dark matter In cosmology and physics , cold dark matter ( CDM ) is a hypothetical form of dark matter whose particles moved slowly compared to the speed of light ( the cold in CDM ) since the universe was approximately one year old ( a time when the cosmic particle horizon contained the mass of one typical galaxy ) ; and interact very weakly with ordinary matter and electromagnetic radiation ( the dark in CDM ) . It is believed that approximately 84.54 % of matter in the Universe is dark matter , with only a small fraction being the ordinary baryonic matter that composes stars , planets and living organisms .

negative: Warm dark matter Warm dark matter ( WDM ) is a hypothesized form of dark matter that has properties intermediate between those of hot dark matter and cold dark matter , causing structure formation to occur bottom-up from above their free-streaming scale , and top-down below their free streaming scale . The most common WDM candidates are sterile neutrinos and gravitinos . The WIMPs ( weakly interacting massive particles ) , when produced non-thermally could be candidates for warm dark matter . In general , however the thermally produced WIMPs are cold dark matter candidates .

negative: Baryonic dark matter In astronomy and cosmology , baryonic dark matter is dark matter composed of baryons . Only a small proportion of the dark matter in the universe is likely to be baryonic .

negative: Scalar field dark matter In astrophysics and cosmology scalar field dark matter is a classical , minimally coupled , scalar field postulated to account for the inferred dark matter .

negative: Cosmological constant In cosmology , the cosmological constant ( usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda : Λ ) is the value  of the energy density of the vacuum of space . It was originally introduced by Albert Einstein in 1917 as an addition to his theory of general relativity to `` hold back gravity '' and achieve a static universe , which was the accepted view at the time . Einstein abandoned the concept after Hubble 's 1929 discovery that all galaxies outside the Local Group ( the group that contains the Milky Way Galaxy ) are moving away from each other , implying an overall expanding universe . From 1929 until the early 1990s , most cosmology researchers assumed the cosmological constant to be zero .   Since the 1990s , several developments in observational cosmology , especially the discovery of the accelerating universe from distant supernovae in 1998 ( in addition to independent evidence from the cosmic microwave background and large galaxy redshift surveys ) , have shown that around 68 % of the mass -- energy density of the universe can be attributed to dark energy . While dark energy is poorly understood at a fundamental level , the main required properties of dark energy are that it functions as a type of anti-gravity , it dilutes much more slowly than matter as the universe expands , and it clusters much more weakly than matter , or perhaps not at all . The cosmological constant is the simplest possible form of dark energy since it is constant in both space and time , and this leads to the current standard model of cosmology known as the Lambda-CDM model , which provides a good fit to many cosmological observations .

negative: Self-interacting dark matter In astrophysics , self-interacting dark matter ( SIDM ) is a hypothetical form of dark matter consisting of particles with strong self-interactions . This type of dark matter was postulated in 2000 to resolve a number of conflicts between observations and simulations ( of collisionless cold dark matter ) on the galactic scale and smaller . It was also used to explain the 2015 observations of ESO 146-5 the core of the Abell 3827 galaxy cluster .   Self-interacting dark matter has also been postulated as an explanation for the DAMA annual modulation signal .

negative: Dark radiation Dark radiation ( also dark electromagnetism ) is a postulated type of radiation that mediates interactions of dark matter .   By analogy to the way photons mediate electromagnetic interactions between particles in the Standard Model ( called baryonic matter in cosmology ) , dark radiation is proposed to mediate interactions between dark matter particles . Similar to dark matter particles , the hypothetical dark radiation does not interact with Standard Model particles .   There has been no notable evidence for the existence of such radiation , but since baryonic matter contains multiple interacting particle types , it is reasonable to suppose that dark matter does also . Moreover , it has been pointed out recently that the cosmic microwave background data seems to suggest that the number of effective neutrino degrees of freedom is more than 3.046 , which is slightly more than the standard case for 3 types of neutrino . This extra degree of freedom could arise from having a non-trivial amount of dark radiation in the universe . One possible candidate for dark radiation is the sterile neutrino .

negative: Dark matter halo A dark matter halo is a hypothetical component of a galaxy that envelops the galactic disc and extends well beyond the edge of the visible galaxy . The halo 's mass dominates the total mass . Since they consist of dark matter , halos can not be observed directly , but their existence is inferred through their effects on the motions of stars and gas in galaxies . Dark matter halos play a key role in current models of galaxy formation and evolution .

negative: Accelerating expansion of the universe The accelerating expansion of the universe is the observation that the universe appears to be expanding at an increasing rate , so that the velocity at which a distant galaxy is receding from the observer is continuously increasing with time .   The accelerated expansion was discovered in 1998 , by two independent projects , the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team , which both used distant type Ia supernovae as standard candles to measure the acceleration . The discovery was unexpected , cosmologists at the time expecting that the expansion would be decelerating due to the gravitational attraction of the matter in the universe . Three members of these two groups have subsequently been awarded Nobel Prizes for their discovery . Confirmatory evidence has been found in baryon acoustic oscillations and in analyses of the clustering of galaxies .   The expansion of the universe is thought to have been accelerating since the universe entered its dark-energy-dominated era roughly 5 billion years ago .  Within the framework of general relativity , an accelerating expansion can be accounted for by a positive value of the cosmological constant , equivalent to the presence of a positive vacuum energy , dubbed `` dark energy '' . While there are alternative possible explanations , the description assuming dark energy ( positive ) is used in the current standard model of cosmology , which also includes cold dark matter ( CDM ) and is known as the Lambda-CDM model .

negative: Meta-cold dark matter Meta-cold dark matter , also known as mCDM , is a form of cold dark matter proposed to solve the cuspy halo problem . It consists of particles `` that emerge relatively late in cosmic time ( z ≲ 1000 ) and are born non-relativistic from the decays  of cold particles '' .

negative: Particle Dark Matter Particle Dark Matter : Observations , Models and Searches ( 2010 ) is an edited volume that describes the theoretical and experimental aspects of the dark matter problem from particle physics , astrophysics , and cosmological perspectives . The editor is Gianfranco Bertone . The volume contains chapters from 48 leading theorists and experimentalists working on the dark matter problem .

negative: Dark galaxy A dark galaxy is a hypothesized galaxy with no , or very few , stars . They received their name because they have no visible stars , but may be detectable if they contain significant amounts of gas . Astronomers have long theorized the existence of dark galaxies , but there are no confirmed examples to date . Dark galaxies are distinct from intergalactic gas clouds caused by galactic tidal interactions , since these gas clouds do not contain dark matter , so they do not technically qualify as galaxies . Distinguishing between intergalactic gas clouds and galaxies is difficult ; most candidate dark galaxies turn out to be tidal gas clouds . The best candidate dark galaxies to date include HI1225 +01 , AGC229385 , and numerous gas clouds detected in studies of quasars .   On 25 August 2016 , astronomers reported that Dragonfly 44 , an ultra diffuse galaxy ( UDG ) with the mass of the Milky Way galaxy , but with nearly no discernable stars or galactic structure , may be made almost entirely of dark matter .

negative: Fuzzy cold dark matter Fuzzy cold dark matter is a hypothetical form of cold dark matter proposed to solve the cuspy halo problem . It would consist of extremely light scalar particles with masses on the order of eV . Fuzzy cold dark matter halos in dwarf galaxies would manifest wave behavior on astrophysical scales , and the cusps would be avoided through the Heisenberg uncertainty principle .   Fuzzy cold dark matter is a limit of scalar field dark matter without self-interaction .

negative: Biological dark matter Biological dark matter is an informal term for genetic material or microorganisms that are unclassified or poorly understood .   Biological dark matter includes non-coding DNA ( junk DNA ) and non-coding RNA . Much of the genomic dark matter is thought to originate from ancient transposable elements and from other low-complexity repetitive elements . Uncategorized genetic material is found in humans and in several other organisms . Their phylogenetic novelty could indicate the cellular organisms or viruses from which they evolved .   Biologists are unable to culture and grow 99 % of all living microorganisms , so few functional insights exist about the metabolic potential of these organisms .

negative: Quintessence (physics) In physics , quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy , more precisely a scalar field , postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe , rather than due to a true cosmological constant . The first example of this scenario was proposed by Ratra and Peebles ( 1988 ) . The concept was expanded to more general types of time-varying dark energy and the term `` quintessence '' was first introduced in a paper by Robert R. Caldwell , Rahul Dave and Paul Steinhardt .  It has been proposed by some physicists to be a fifth fundamental force . Quintessence differs from the cosmological constant explanation of dark energy in that it is dynamic ; that is , it changes over time , unlike the cosmological constant , which always stays constant .  It is suggested that quintessence can be either attractive or repulsive depending on the ratio of its kinetic and potential energy . Those working with this postulate believe that quintessence became repulsive about ten billion years ago , about 3.5 billion years after the Big Bang .

negative: Dark Universe Observatory The Dark Universe Observatory ( DUO ) is a planned NASA space-based telescope . It will conduct observations of galaxy clusters on the X-ray range with the intent of finding data related to both dark matter and energy .

negative: Dark star (dark matter) A dark star is a type of star that may have existed early in the universe before conventional stars were able to form . The stars would be composed mostly of normal matter , like modern stars , but a high concentration of neutralino dark matter within them would generate heat via annihilation reactions between the dark-matter particles . This heat would prevent such stars from collapsing into the relatively compact sizes of modern stars and therefore prevent nuclear fusion among the normal matter atoms from being initiated .   Under this model , a dark star is predicted to be an enormous cloud of hydrogen and helium ranging between 4 and 2000 astronomical units in diameter and with a surface temperature low enough that the emitted radiation would be invisible to the naked eye .   In the unlikely event that dark stars have endured to the modern era , they could be detectable by their emissions of gamma rays , neutrinos , and antimatter and would be associated with clouds of cold molecular hydrogen gas that normally would n't harbor such energetic particles .

negative: Cold Dark Matter Cold Dark Matter may refer to :  Cold dark matter , a hypothetical form of dark matter in cosmology and physics  Cold Dark Matter ( Psychic TV album )  Cold Dark Matter ( Red Harvest album ) , 2000

negative: Cuspy halo problem The cuspy halo problem ( also known as the core-cusp problem ) refers to a discrepancy between the observed dark matter density profiles of low-mass galaxies and the density profiles predicted by cosmological N-body simulations . Nearly all simulations form dark matter halos which have `` cuspy '' dark matter distributions , with density increasing steeply at small radii , while the rotation curves of most observed dwarf galaxies suggest that they have flat central dark matter density profiles ( `` cores '' ) .   Several possible solutions to the core-cusp problem have been proposed . Many recent studies have shown that including baryonic feedback ( particularly feedback from supernovae and active galactic nuclei ) can `` flatten out '' the core of a galaxy 's dark matter profile , since feedback-driven gas outflows produce a time-varying gravitational potential that transfers energy to the orbits of the collisionless dark matter particles . Other works have shown that the core-cusp problem can be solved outside of the most widely accepted Cold Dark Matter ( CDM ) paradigm : simulations with warm or self-interacting dark matter also produce dark matter cores in low-mass galaxies .

negative: Big Bang The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution . The model describes how the universe expanded from a very high density and high temperature state , and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of phenomena , including the abundance of light elements , the cosmic microwave background , large scale structure and Hubble 's Law . If the known laws of physics are extrapolated to the highest density regime , the result is a singularity which is typically associated with the Big Bang . Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe place this moment at approximately 13.8 billion years ago , which is thus considered the age of the universe . After the initial expansion , the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles , and later simple atoms . Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity in halos of dark matter , eventually forming the stars and galaxies visible today .   Since Georges Lemaître first noted in 1927 that an expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point , scientists have built on his idea of cosmic expansion . While the scientific community was once divided between supporters of two different expanding universe theories , the Big Bang and the Steady State theory , empirical evidence provides strong support for the former . In 1929 , from analysis of galactic redshifts , Edwin Hubble concluded , that galaxies are drifting apart ; this is important observational evidence consistent with the hypothesis of an expanding universe . In 1964 , the cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered , which was crucial evidence in favor of the Big Bang model , since that theory predicted the existence of background radiation throughout the universe before it was discovered . More recently , measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating , an observation attributed to dark energy 's existence . The known physical laws of nature can be used to calculate the characteristics of the universe in detail back in time to an initial state of extreme density and temperature .

negative: Axion Dark Matter Experiment The Axion Dark Matter Experiment ( ADMX , also written as Axion Dark Matter eXperiment in the project 's documentation ) uses a resonant microwave cavity within a large superconducting magnet to search for cold dark matter axions in the local galactic dark matter halo . Unusually for a dark matter detector , it is not located deep underground . Sited at the Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics ( CENPA ) at the University of Washington , ADMX is a large collaborative effort with researchers from universities and laboratories around the world .

negative: Paranormal Paranormal events are phenomena described in popular culture , folklore , and other non-scientific bodies of knowledge , whose existence within these contexts is described to lie beyond normal experience or scientific explanation .   A paranormal phenomenon is different from hypothetical concepts such as dark matter and dark energy . Unlike paranormal phenomena , these hypothetical concepts are based on empirical observations and experimental data gained through the scientific method .   The most notable paranormal beliefs include those that pertain to ghosts , extraterrestrial life , unidentified flying objects , psychic abilities or extrasensory perception , and cryptids .

negative: Dark Matter Particle Explorer The Dark Matter Particle Explorer , or DAMPE , is a Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS ) satellite which was launched on 17 December 2015 at 00:12 UTC . The satellite was launched on a Long March 2D rocket from Launch Pad 603 at the LC-43 complex , also known as the South Launch Site , at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center . It is China 's first ever space observatory .   DAMPE is a space telescope used for the detection of high energy gamma rays , electrons and cosmic rays , to aid in the search for dark matter . The project is the result of a collaboration among universities in Italy , Switzerland , and the Chinese Academy of Sciences .   It is nicknamed Wukong after the Monkey King , who is the hero in the classic Chinese tale , `` Journey to the West '' .  Literally , `` wu '' means comprehension or understanding and `` kong '' （ 空 ） means void , so its name could also be understood as `` understand the void '' , relates to the undiscovered dark matter .

negative: Universe The Universe is all of time and space and its content , which includes planets , moons , minor planets , stars , galaxies , the contents of intergalactic space and all matter and energy .   While the size of the entire Universe is still unknown , the earliest scientific models of the Universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric , placing Earth at the center of the Universe . Over the centuries , more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473 -- 1543 ) to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System . In developing the law of universal gravitation , Sir Isaac Newton ( NS : 1643 -- 1727 ) built upon Copernicus 's work as well as observations by Tycho Brahe ( 1546 -- 1601 ) and Johannes Kepler 's ( 1571 -- 1630 ) laws of planetary motion .   Further observational improvements led to the realization that our Solar System is located in the Milky Way galaxy , which is one of many galaxies in the Universe . It is assumed that galaxies are distributed uniformly and the same in all directions , meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center . Discoveries in the early 20th century have suggested that the Universe had a beginning and that it is expanding at an increasing rate . The majority of mass in the Universe appears to exist in an unknown form called dark matter .   The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological description of the development of the Universe . Under this theory , space and time emerged together ago with a fixed amount of energy and matter that has become less dense as the Universe has expanded . After the initial expansion , the Universe cooled , allowing the first subatomic particles to form and then simple atoms . Giant clouds later merged through gravity to form galaxies , stars , and everything else seen today .   There are many competing hypotheses about the ultimate fate of the Universe and about what , if anything , preceded the Big Bang , while other physicists and philosophers refuse to speculate , doubting that information about prior states will ever be accessible . Some physicists have suggested various multiverse hypotheses , in which the Universe might be one among many universes that likewise exist .

negative: The 4 Percent Universe The 4 Percent Universe : Dark Matter , Dark Energy , and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality is a nonfiction book by writer and professor Richard Panek and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt on January 10 , 2011 .

negative: Light dark matter In astronomy and cosmology , light dark matter is dark matter weakly interacting massive particle ( WIMP ) candidates with masses less than 1 GeV . These particles are heavier than warm dark matter and hot dark matter , but are lighter than the traditional forms of cold dark matter . The Lee-Weinberg bound limits the mass of the favored dark matter candidate , WIMPs , that interact via the weak interaction to GeV . This bound arises as follows . The lower the mass of WIMPs is , the lower the annihilation cross section , which is of the order , where m is the WIMP mass and M the mass of the Z-boson . This means that low mass WIMPs , which would be abundantly produced in the early universe , freeze out ( i.e. stop interacting ) much earlier and thus at a higher temperature , than higher mass WIMPs . This leads to a higher relic WIMP density . If the mass is lower than GeV the WIMP relic density would overclose the universe .   Some of the few loopholes allowing one to avoid the Lee-Weinberg bound without introducing new forces below the electroweak scale have been ruled out by accelerator experiments ( i.e. CERN , Tevatron ) , and in decays of B mesons .   A viable way of building light dark matter models is thus by postulating new light bosons . This increases the annihilation cross section and reduces the coupling of dark matter particles to the Standard Model making them consistent with accelerator experiments .

negative: Dark flow Dark flow is an astrophysical term describing a possible non-random component of the peculiar velocity of galaxy clusters . The actual measured velocity is the sum of the velocity predicted by Hubble 's Law plus a possible small and unexplained ( or dark ) velocity flowing in a common direction .   According to standard cosmological models , the motion of galaxy clusters with respect to the cosmic microwave background should be randomly distributed in all directions . However , analyzing the three-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) data using the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel ` dovich effect , astronomers Alexander Kashlinsky , F. Atrio-Barandela , D. Kocevski and H. Ebeling found evidence of a `` surprisingly coherent '' 600 -- 1000 km/s flow of clusters toward a 20-degree patch of sky between the constellations of Centaurus and Vela .   The researchers had suggested that the motion may be a remnant of the influence of no-longer-visible regions of the universe prior to inflation . Telescopes can not see events earlier than about 380,000 years after the Big Bang , when the universe became transparent ( the cosmic microwave background ) ; this corresponds to the particle horizon at a distance of about 46 billion ( 4.6 × 1010 ) light years . Since the matter causing the net motion in this proposal is outside this range , it would in a certain sense be outside our visible universe ; however , it would still be in our past light cone .   The results appeared in the October 20 , 2008 , issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters .   In 2013 , data from the Planck space telescope showed no evidence of `` dark flow '' on that sort of scale , discounting the claims of evidence for either gravitational effects reaching beyond the visible universe or existence of a multiverse . However , in 2015 Kashlinsky et al claim to have found support for its existence using both Planck and WMAP data .

negative: De Sitter universe A de Sitter universe is a cosmological solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity , named after Willem de Sitter . It models the universe as spatially flat and neglects ordinary matter , so the dynamics of the universe are dominated by the cosmological constant , thought to correspond to dark energy in our universe or the inflaton field in the early universe . According to the models of inflation and current observations of the accelerating universe , the concordance models of physical cosmology are converging on a consistent model where our universe was best described as a de Sitter universe at about a time seconds after the fiducial Big Bang singularity , and far into the future .

negative: Dark Matter (prose anthologies) Dark Matter is an anthology series of science fiction , fantasy , and horror stories and essays produced by people of African descent . The editor of the series is Sheree Thomas . The first book in the series , Dark Matter : A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora ( 2000 ) , won the 2001 World Fantasy Award for Best Anthology . The second book in the Dark Matter series , Dark Matter : Reading the Bones ( 2004 ) , won the World Fantasy Award for Best Anthology in 2005 . A forthcoming third book in the series is tentatively named Dark Matter : Africa Rising .


query: The Washington Monument is made of marble, granite, and soapstone.

positive: Washington Monument The Washington Monument is an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , built to commemorate George Washington , once commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and the first President of the United States . Located almost due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial , the monument , made of marble , granite , and bluestone gneiss , is both the world 's tallest stone structure and the world 's tallest obelisk , standing 554 ft tall according to the National Geodetic Survey ( measured 2013 -- 14 ) or 555 ft tall according to the National Park Service ( measured 1884 ) .  It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances .   Construction of the monument began in 1848 , and was halted from 1854 to 1877 due to a lack of funds , a struggle for control over the Washington National Monument Society , and the intervention of the American Civil War . Although the stone structure was completed in 1884 , internal ironwork , the knoll , and other finishing touches were not completed until 1888 . A difference in shading of the marble , visible approximately 150 ft or 27 % up , shows where construction was halted and later resumed with marble from a different source . The original design was by Robert Mills , but he did not include his proposed colonnade due to a lack of funds , proceeding only with a bare obelisk . Despite many proposals to embellish the obelisk , only its original flat top was altered to a pointed marble pyramidion , in 1884 . The cornerstone was laid on July 4 , 1848 ; the first stone was laid atop the unfinished stump on ; the capstone was set on ; the completed monument was dedicated on ; and officially opened . Upon completion , it became the world 's tallest structure , a title previously held by the Cologne Cathedral . The monument held this designation until 1889 , when the Eiffel Tower was completed in Paris , France .   The monument was damaged during the 2011 Virginia earthquake and Hurricane Irene in the same year and remained closed to the public while the structure was assessed and repaired . After 32 months of repairs , the National Park Service and the Trust for the National Mall reopened the Washington Monument to visitors on .   As of September 2016 , the monument has been closed indefinitely due to reliability issues with the current elevator system .   On December 2 , 2016 , the National Park Service announced that the monument would be closed until 2019 in order to modernize the elevator . The $ 2 to 3 million project will correct the elevator 's ongoing mechanical , electrical and computer issues , which have shuttered the monument since August 17 . The National Park Service has also requested funding in its FY 2017 President 's Budget Request to construct a permanent screening facility for the Washington Monument . The Washington Monument is expected to re-open to visitors in 2019 .

negative: Confederate Monument in Danville The Confederate Monument in Danville , located between Centre College and the First Presbyterian Church at the corner of Main and College Streets in Danville , Kentucky 's McDowell Park , is a monument dedicated to the Confederate States of America that is on the National Register of Historic Places . The monument was dedicated in 1910 by the surviving veterans of the Confederacy of Boyle County , Kentucky and the Kate Morrison Breckinridge Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy .  The monument consists of a granite pedestal and a marble statue resting thereon . The marble figure depicts Captain Robert D. Logan , who actually came from Lincoln County , Kentucky , but lived after the War in Boyle County . Captain Logan served under John Hunt Morgan in the 6th Kentucky Cavalry 's Company A , and was captured after Morgan 's Raid in Cheshire , Ohio on July 20 , 1863 , and spent much of the War afterwards in prison camps , particularly the Ohio State Penitentiary . He died on June 25 , 1896 , fourteen years before the construction of the monument . The granite pedestal is twelve feet tall , and uses pairs of Doric columns to decorate it . The main inscription reads : C. S. A. 1861 - 1865 What They Were the Whole World Knows .   Danville 's participation in the War was limited . The courthouse served as a hospital for Union forces after the Battle of Perryville . On October 11 , Confederate forces retreated through the city with a Union force behind them . Danville was also the birthplace of Theodore O'Hara , whose Bivouac of the Dead would be a popular poem placed in various cemeteries for the War 's dead .   It was after the War that the citizens of Danville showed their level of respect for the Confederacy . Many of the citizens of Danville gave up their eventual burial spots in 1868 to form a Confederate cemetery , with 66 fallen Confederate soldiers reinterred in the cemetery . Danville National Cemetery would eventually be built next to the Confederate cemetery , but would be a place to inter former Union troops .   On July 17 , 1997 , the Confederate Monument in Danville was one of sixty different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places , as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission . Three other monuments on the MPS are also in Boyle County , all of which commemorate the Battle of Perryville . These are the Confederate Monument in Perryville and Union Monument in Perryville , both by the visitor center at Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site , and the Unknown Confederate Dead Monument in Perryville , located in a nearby private cemetery .