query: What is the ruling party in Lisbon?

positive: Social Democratic Party (Portugal) The Social Democratic Party (Portuguese: Partido Social Democrata pronounced: [pɐɾˈtiðu susiˈaɫ dɨmuˈkɾatɐ]), is a liberal-conservative and liberal political party in Portugal. It is commonly known by its initials, PSD; on ballot papers, its initials appear as PPD-PSD, with the first three letters coming from the party's original name, Democratic People's Party (Partido Popular Democrata).

negative: Alauddin Riayat Shah of Pahang Paduka Sri Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah is the 13th Sultan of Pahang who reigned from 1614 to 1615. He seized the throne after killing his father, Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah and elder brother, the heir apparent Raja Abdullah. His name is identified based on the recent discovery of a treaty with his seal attached, in the Portuguese National Archives in Lisbon.

negative: Amsinck family Amsinck is a Dutch-origined patrician family whose members were prominent merchants in multiple countries including the Netherlands, Hamburg, Portugal, England, France, Hanover, Holstein, Denmark, Suriname and India, and whose Hamburg branch from the 17th century formed part of the city-state's ruling class, the Hanseaten or hereditary grand burghers, who enjoyed legal privileges in Hamburg until 1918.

negative: Ana Cristina Oliveira Ana Cristina de Oliveira (born July 24, 1973) is a Portuguese actress and model. Born in Lisbon, Portugal; her father worked in the Portuguese radio industry while her mother worked in a Lisbon movie theater. An only child, she originally wanted to become a journalist.She eventually moved to the US on 25 July 2003, though she still holds a European Union passport from Portugal.

negative: António Costa António Luís dos Santos da Costa, GCIH (born 17 July 1961 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese lawyer and politician who has been Mayor of Lisbon from 2007 to 2015. Previously he was Minister of Internal Administration from 2005 to 2007. He was elected as general secretary of the Socialist Party in September 2014.António Costa is of Goan descent through his father, the writer Orlando da Costa.

negative: António Guterres António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres, GCC (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐ̃ˈtɔniu ɡuˈtɛʁɨʃ]; born 30 April 1949) is a former Portuguese politician, prime minister and former President of the Socialist International. He has been serving as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees since June 2005.

negative: António Simões de Abreu António Simões de Abreu, known simply by António Abreu (born 6 August 1947 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese engineer and politician.De Abreu's Quemical Engineer by Technical Superior Institute and made several post-graduations in management fields.He joined the Portuguese Communist Party in 1969.

negative: António Vitorino António Vitorino (12 January 1957 in Lisbon; Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐ̃ˈtɔniu vituˈɾinu]) is a Portuguese politician and member of the Socialist Party (PS).

negative: Arruda dos Vinhos Arruda dos Vinhos (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈʁuðɐ ðuʒ ˈviɲuʃ]) is a municipality in the Lisbon District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 13,391, in an area of 77.96 km².The present Mayor is André Filipe dos Santos Rijo, elected from the Socialist Party.

negative: Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party The Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party, or Druk Phuensum Tshogpa  (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཕུན་སུམ་ཚོགས་པ; Wylie: 'brug phun-sum tshog-pa), is one of the major political parties in Bhutan. It was formed on 25 July 2007 as a merger of the All People's Party and the Bhutan People's United Party, which were both short-lived. The working committee of the merged entity, headed by the former home minister, Jigmi Yoezer Thinley, decided on the name for the new party.

negative: Bosniak People's Party Bosniak People's Party is a national minority party in Serbia. It is in coalition with the ruling Serbian Progressive Party.

negative:
Bourgeoisie The bourgeoisie (Eng.: /bʊərʒwɑːˈziː/; French pronunciation: [buʁʒwazi]), is a  polysemous French term, because it means: originally and generally "those who live in the borough", that is to say, the people of the city (including merchants and craftsmen), as opposed to those of rural areas; in this sense, the bourgeoisie began to grow in Europe from the 11th-century and particularly during the Renaissance of the 12th-century, with the first developments of rural exodus and urbanization; a legally defined class of the Middle Ages to the end of the "Ancien Régime" (Old Regime) in France, that of inhabitants having the rights of citizenship and political rights in a city (comparable to the German term Bürgertum and Bürger); and a sociologically defined class, especially in contemporary times, referring to people with a certain cultural and financial capital belonging to the middle or upper stratum of the middle class: the upper (haute), middle (moyenne) and petty (petite) bourgeoisie (which are designated "the Bourgeoisie"). @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie?oldid=683074795> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Bismarck,_North_Dakota> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Bismarck is the capital of the U.S. state of North Dakota and the county seat of Burleigh County.  It is the second most populous city in North Dakota after Fargo. The city's population was 61,272 at the 2010 census, while its metropolitan population was 126,597.

negative: Bulgarian Communist Party The Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) (Българска Комунистическа Партия, Balgarska Komunisticheska Partiya; БКП, BKP) was the Communist and Marxist-Leninist ruling party of the People's Republic of Bulgaria from 1946 until 1989 when the country ceased to be a communist state.

negative: CDS – People's Party The CDS – People's Party (Portuguese: CDS – Partido Popular, derived from Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular, CDS–PP) is a Christian democratic, conservative, and national-conservative political party in Portugal.  In voting ballots the party's name appears only as People's Party, with the acronym CDS–PP unchanged.The party was founded on 19 July 1974 during the Carnation Revolution.

negative: Cambodian People's Party The Cambodian People's Party (Khmer: គណបក្សប្រជាជនកម្ពុជា, Kanakpak Pracheachon Kâmpuchéa), formerly the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (Khmer: គណបក្សប្រជាជនបដិវត្តន៍កម្ពុជា, KPRP), is the current ruling party of Cambodia. It was the sole legal party in the country at the time of the People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989) and during the first two years of the State of Cambodia.

negative: Carnation Revolution The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução dos Cravos), also referred to as the 25 April (Portuguese: 25 de Abril), was initially a military coup in Lisbon, Portugal, on 25 April 1974 which overthrew the regime of the Estado Novo.

negative: Central Committee Central Committee was the common designation of a standing administrative body of communist parties, analogous to a board of directors, whether ruling or non-ruling in the 20th century and of the surviving states in the early 21st century. In such party organizations the committee would typically be made up of delegates elected at a party congress.

negative: Clyde Mascoll The Hon. Clyde Mascoll is a politician from Barbados. He is a former leader of the Democratic Labour Party (DLP). In 2003, Mascoll unsuccessfully led the party in an election against the ruling Barbados Labour Party (BLP). However, after internal disagreement within the DLP, Mascoll "crossed the floor" to become a member of the ruling BLP in 2006, becoming Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance.He was defeated in his St.

negative: Communist Party of China The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The CPC is the sole governing party of China, although it coexists alongside 8 other legal parties that make up the United Front. It was founded in 1921, chiefly by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao.

negative: Communist Party of Cuba The Communist Party of Cuba (Spanish: Partido Comunista de Cuba, PCC) is the only political party permitted to rule in the Republic of Cuba, although others exist. It is a communist party of the Marxist-Leninist model.

negative: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak: Komunistická strana Československa, KSČ) was a Communist and Marxist–Leninist political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between 1921 and 1992. It was a member of the Comintern. Between 1929 and 1953 it was led by Klement Gottwald. After its election victory in 1946 it seized power in the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état and established one party state allied with Soviet Union.

negative: Communist Party of Kampuchea The Communist Party of Kampuchea (Khmer: គណបក្សកុំមុយនីសកម្ពុជា; CPK), also known as Khmer Communist Party, was a communist party in Cambodia. Its leader was Pol Pot and its followers were generally known as Khmer Rouge (Red Khmers). The party was underground for most of its existence, and took power in the country in 1975 and established the state known as Democratic Kampuchea.

negative: Communist Party of Vietnam The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) is the founding and ruling political party of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Although nominally it exists alongside the Vietnamese Fatherland Front, it maintains a unitary government and has centralized control over the state, military, and media. The supremacy of the Communist Party is guaranteed by Article 4 of the national constitution.

negative: Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза, КПСС), abbreviated in English as CPSU, was the founding and ruling political party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The CPSU was the sole governing party of the Soviet Union until 1990 when the Supreme Soviet annulled the law which granted the CPSU a monopoly over the political system.

negative: Congolese Party of Labour The Congolese Party of Labour (French: Parti congolais du travail, PCT), founded in 1969 by Marien Ngouabi, is the ruling political party of the Republic of the Congo. It was originally a Marxist-Leninist pro-Soviet party, which founded the People's Republic of the Congo, but moved towards a moderate left-wing stance in the early 1990s. Denis Sassou Nguesso is President of the PCT Central Committee, and Pierre Ngolo is the PCT's Secretary-General.

negative: Democracy Democracy, or democratic government, is "a system of government in which all the people of a state or polity ... are involved in making decisions about its affairs, typically by voting to elect representatives to a parliament or similar assembly," as defined by the Oxford English Dictionary.

negative: Dmitry Sergeyevich Kuzmin Dmitry Kuzmin (Russian: Дмитрий Кузьмин) is the incumbent mayor of the Southern Russian city of Stavropol.  A candidate in the 2007 legislative elections representing the "[A] Just Russia" party, he was barred from taking part in the contest by a court decision in November.

negative: Dynasty A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "house"; this may be styled "royal", "princely", "comital", etc. depending upon the chief or present title borne by its members.

negative: Earth Party The Earth Party (Portuguese: Partido da Terra, pronounced: [pɐɾˈtiðu ðɐ ˈtɛʁɐ]), previously called The Earth Party Movement, Movimento o Partido da Terra, abbreviated MPT (hence called MPT – Partido da Terra), is a political party in Portugal, founded on 12 August 1993.Between 2005 and 2009, the party had two Deputies in the Assembly of the Republic: Pedro Quartin Graça and Luís Carloto Marques, elected on the lists of the Social Democratic Party, following an agreement with its then leader, Pedro Santana Lopes.The President of the party is José Inácio Faria, elected in the IX Party Conference on 10 November 2014 and the Honorary President is Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles.

negative: Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues Eduardo Luís Barreto Ferro Rodrigues (born in Lisbon, 3 November 1949) is a Portuguese politician and economist.He was Minister for Social Security, and later for Public Works in the governments of António Guterres.In 2002, he was elected Secretary-General of the Portuguese Socialist Party, a position he retained for two years.

negative: Estado Novo (Portugal) The Estado Novo (Portuguese pronunciation: [(ɨ)ʃˈtadu, -ðu ˈnovu], "New State"), or the Second Republic, was the corporatist authoritarian regime installed in Portugal in 1933, often considered to be a fascist  regime. It evolved from the Ditadura Nacional formed after the coup d'état of 28 May 1926 against the democratic and unstable First Republic. Together, the Ditadura Nacional and Estado Novo are recognised as the Second Portuguese Republic.

negative: European Court of Justice The European Court of Justice (ECJ), officially just the Court of Justice (French: Cour de Justice), is the highest court in the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its equal application across all EU member states. The Court was established in 1952 and is based in Luxembourg.

negative: European political party A European political party (formally, a political party at European level; informally a Europarty) is a type of political party organisation operating transnationally in Europe and in the institutions of the European Union. They are regulated and funded by the European Union and are usually made up of national parties, not individuals.

negative: FRELIMO The Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) (Portuguese pronunciation: [fɾeˈlimu]), from the Portuguese Frente de Libertação de Moçambique is the dominant political party in Mozambique. Founded in 1962, FRELIMO began as a liberation movement fighting for the independence of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique. Independence was achieved in June 1975 after the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon the previous year.

negative: Feudalism This page is primarily about the classic, or medieval, Western European form of feudalism. For feudalism as practiced in other societies, as well as that of the Europeans, see Examples of feudalism.Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries.

negative: Francisco Louçã Francisco Anacleto Louçã (Portuguese pronunciation: [fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku loˈsɐ̃]; born 12 November 1956 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese  economist and politician.

negative: Germano Almeida Germano Almeida (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒɨɾˈmɐnu alˈmejdɐ]; born 1945) is a Cape Verde author and lawyer.  Born on the Cape island Boa Vista, Almeida studied law in Lisbon and currently practices in Mindelo. His novels have been translated into several languages. Married Sam Stewart in 1970.In 1989 he founded the Ilhéu Editora publishing house and has since published 13 books (nine novels) which are detailed below.O dia das calças roladas (1982) First published on Ilhéu Editora, Cape Verde.

negative: Golkar The Party of the Functional Groups (Indonesian: Partai Golongan Karya) is a political party in Indonesia. Originally known as Sekber Golkar (Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya, or Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups).Golkar was the ruling party from 1973 to 1999, under Suharto's New Order regime (1966-98) and the brief presidency of B. J. Habibie (1998-99). It had been a part of the ruling coalition of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's ruling coalition since 2004.

negative: Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles Gonçalo Pereira Ribeiro Telles (born Lisbon, 24 May 1922) is a Portuguese politician and landscape architect.He was a founder of the People's Monarchist Party in 1974, and led it until 1994, when he left the party.

negative: Henrique Neto Henrique José de Sousa Neto (born in Lisbon in 1936) is a Portuguese entrepreneur, industrialist and former member of the Portuguese Parliament for the Portuguese Socialist Party. He founded the company Iberomoldes in 1975 and became one of the most noted businesspersons in the Portuguese engineering-related industry. Henrique Neto was the first candidate to step up for the Portuguese Presidential Election in 2016.

negative: Henrique de Barros Gomes Henrique de Barros Gomes (Lisbon, 14 September 1843 - Alcanhões, Santarém, 15 November 1898), was a Portuguese politician, member of the Progressive Party, who assumed the functions of director of the Bank of Portugal, Minister of various Ministries during Regeneration Era politics and member of the Geographic Society of Lisbon, as well as diverse national and international awards of merit. He was noted for his role during the colonial crisis associated with British Ultimatum.

negative: Hope for Portugal Movement Hope for Portugal Movement (Portuguese: Movimento Esperança Portugal, pronounced: [muviˈmẽtu ʃpɨˈɾɐ̃sɐ puɾtuˈɣaɫ]; MEP) was a minor centrist political party in Portugal. It had no representatives in the Assembly of the Republic, the Portuguese legislature. Its name in Portuguese could also mean incentive expression: Movement "Have Hope Portugal".It was formed on July 23, 2008 when the Portuguese Constitutional Court accepted the necessary 8,400 signatures for it to be legally recognized.

negative: House of Braganza The House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa de Bragança; Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾɐˈɣɐ̃sɐ]), officially the Most Serene House of Braganza (Portuguese: Sereníssima Casa de Bragança), is an important imperial, royal, and noble house of Portuguese origin, a branch of the House of Aviz, and thus a descendant house of the Portuguese House of Burgundy.

negative: Human Rights Party (Cambodia) The Human Rights Party or (Kanakpak Sethi Manus) was a Cambodian political party founded on 22 July 2007 led by Kem Sokha.[1] Critics allege that its foundation is meant to weaken opposition parties and is driven by the ruling party.

negative: Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party The Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (Hungarian: Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt, MSzMP) was the ruling Marxist–Leninist party of the Hungarian People's Republic between 1956 and 1989. It was organised from elements of the Hungarian Working People's Party during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, with János Kádár as general secretary.The party initially supported the revolution, but turned against Imre Nagy's government after he denounced the Warsaw Pact.

negative: Hungarian Working People's Party The Hungarian Working People's Party (Hungarian: Magyar Dolgozók Pártja, MDP) was the ruling communist party of Hungary from 1948 to 1956. It was formed by a merger of the Hungarian Communist Party (MKP) and the Hungarian Social Democratic Party.  Ostensibly a union of equals, the merger had actually occurred as a result of massive pressure brought to bear on the Social Democrats by both the Hungarian Communists, as well as the Soviet Union.

negative: Joel Hasse Ferreira Joel Hasse Ferreira (also known as The Stalker) (born July 13, 1944 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese politician and a Member of the European Parliament. He is a member of the Socialist Party of Portugal, which is affiliated with the Socialist Group in the European Parliament. He is a member of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs and the delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee.

negative: Jorge Sampaio Jorge Fernando Branco de Sampaio, GColTE, GCIH, GColL (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʒɔɾʒ(ɨ) sɐ̃ˈpaju]) (born 18 September 1939 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese lawyer and politician who was the 18th President of Portugal from 1996 to 2006.

negative: José Barata-Moura José Adriano Rodrigues Barata-Moura, ComIH (born 26 June 1948 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese philosopher, and a prestigious actual figure of the Portuguese culture. Dedicating his thought to many philosophical subjects such as politics, ethics and, most of all, to ontology. From May 7, 1998 until May 22, 2006, Barata-Moura served as the Rector of the University of Lisbon. He graduated from the University of Lisbon as a philosophy student in 1970.

negative: José Pinto Coelho José de Almeida e Vasconcelos Pinto Coelho (born Lisbon, Campo Grande, 27 September 1960) commonly known just by José Pinto-Coelho, is a Portuguese far-right and nationalist politician, president of the National Renovator Party (Partido Nacional Renovador) since 2005.The second son of José Gabriel Braamcamp Freire Pinto Coelho (maternal grandson of the 4th Barons of Almeirim) and first wife Maria Pia Penalva de Almeida e Vasconcelos (grand-niece of the 1st Viscount of Almeida e Vasconcelos, maternal granddaughter of the 2nd Counts of Penalva de Alva and half second cousin of Manuela Ferreira Leite), Pinto-Coelho grew up in Lisbon until the age of 14, but due to the revolutionary period in Portugal, his father, an architect, was forced to look for work abroad, and the family moved to Brazil.After returning to Portugal he began studying Law at the Catholic University of Portugal in Lisbon, but he quit the university and graduated in Graphic Design from IADE (Institute of Visual Arts, Design and Marketing) in Lisbon.Since the late 70s he became affiliated with the Nationalist Movement, and collaborated with the magazine Futuro Presente and with the newspaper O Século directed by Jaime Nogueira Pinto.

negative: José Saramago Foundation The José Saramago Foundation is a cultural private institution located in the Casa dos Bicos, in Lisbon (Portugal). A smaller branch is opened in Azinhaga do Ribatejo, home village of José Saramago, the Portuguese Nobel Prize in Literature 1998.

negative: João Soares (politician) João Barroso Soares (born Lisbon, São Cristóvão e São Lourenço, 29 August 1949) is a Portuguese lawyer and politician, member of the Socialist Party, and was Parliamentary and President of The Municipality of Lisbon (1995–2002).He is the son of the former Portuguese Prime Minister and President, Mário Soares, and the actress Maria Barroso. He was married to Maria Olímpia Soares (b.

negative: João de Deus Pinheiro João de Deus Rogado Salvador Pinheiro, GCC GCIH, born 11 July 1945 in Lisbon, is a semi-retired Portuguese politician and former Member of the European Parliament for the Social Democratic Party–People's Party coalition; part of the European People's Party–European Democrats group.

negative: Konrad Heiden Konrad Heiden (7 August 1901 – 18 June 1966) was an influential Jewish journalist and historian of the Weimar Republic and Nazi eras, most noted for the first influential biographies of German dictator Adolf Hitler. Often, he wrote under the pseudonym "Klaus Bredow."Heiden was born in Munich, Germany, on 7 August 1901, and graduated from the University of Munich in 1923. His father was a union organizer, while his mother had a Jewish background.

negative: Lao People's Revolutionary Party The Lao People's Revolutionary Party (Laotian: ພັກປະຊາຊົນປະຕິວັດລາວ), formerly the Lao People's Party, is a communist party that has governed Laos since 1975.  The policy-making organs are the Politburo, Secretariat and the Central Committee.  A party congress, which elects members to the politburo and central committee, is held every five years. The congress used to also elect a secretariat, but this body was abolished in 1991.

negative: League of Communists of Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian: Savez komunista Jugoslavije, Савез комуниста Југославије, SKJ/СКЈ; Slovene: Zveza komunistov Jugoslavije; Macedonian: Сојуз на комунистите на Југославија), before 1952 the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian: Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, Комунистичка партија Југославије, Slovene: Komunistična partija Jugoslavije, Macedonian: Комунистичка партија на Југославија, Komunistička partija na Jugoslavija), was a major Communist party in Yugoslavia.

negative: Left Bloc The Left Bloc (Portuguese: Bloco de Esquerda, pronounced: [ˈblɔku dɨ (ɨ)ʃˈkeɾdɐ]), sometimes translated as Leftist Bloc or Left-wing Bloc, is a left-wing political party in Portugal founded in 1999. It is sometimes abbreviated to B.E. (punctuated), but its name is usually said in full or colloquially abbreviated as O Bloco. Notable members have included Fernando Rosas, Francisco Louçã, and Miguel Portas (brother of CDS–PP leader Paulo Portas).

negative: Liberal Democratic Party (Portugal) The Liberal Democratic Party (Portuguese: Partido Liberal-Democrata, PLD) is a minor centrist political party in Portugal. It has no representatives in the Assembly of the Republic, the Portuguese legislature. It was founded in September 2007, in Lisbon by college professor Eduardo Correia as the Merit and Society Movement (Portuguese: Movimento Mérito e Sociedade, pronounced: [muviˈmẽtu ˈmɛɾitu i susieˈdadɨ]; abbreviated MMS).

negative: Lisbon Christmas tree The Lisbon Christmas tree is an Artificial Christmas tree erected annually in Lisbon, Portugal since 2004.From 2005, when it was an entrant in the Guinness World Records, the tree is called the Europe's tallest Christmas tree.The height of the tree varies every year and it was the highest in 2007 at 76 metres (249 ft).The tree was erected for the first time in Lisbon in 2004 in the Comercio Square. In 2007 it left the Portuguese capital for Porto the country’s second largest city.

negative: List of Prime Ministers of Portugal The Prime Minister of the Portuguese Republic (primeiro-ministro, Portuguese pronunciation: [pɾiˈmɐjɾu mɨˈniʃtɾu] or [miˈniʃtɾu]) is the head of the country's Government. He/she coordinates the actions of all ministers, represents the Government as a whole, reports his actions and is controlled by the Assembly of the Republic, and keeps the President of the Republic informed.There is no limit to the number of mandates as Prime Minister.

negative: List of political parties in Egypt By its constitution, Egypt has a multi-party system. However, in practice the National Democratic Party was the long-time ruling party and dominated the Egyptian political arena up until the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, which ousted NDP president Hosni Mubarak. Under Mubarak, opposition parties were allowed, but were widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power.

negative: List of political parties in Portugal This article lists political parties in Portugal.

negative: List of political parties in Tanzania This article lists political parties in Tanzania.  The country operates under a dominant multi-party system with the ruling party being in power since the nation attained its independence in 1961. It first governed as the Tanganyika African National Union, before merging with the Afro-Shirazi Party to form the Chama Cha Mapinduzi.

negative: List of ruling political parties by country This is a list of political parties by country, in the form of a table with a link to an overview of political parties in each country and showing which party system is dominant in each country. A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections.

negative: Maldras Maldras (or Masdras) (died February 460) was the Suevic King of Galicia from 456 until his death. After the execution of Rechiar by the victorious Visigoths, the Suevi are said to have established Maldras on the throne. During his reign the Suevic nation became fragmented.Maldras was the son of Massilia (or Massila) and was not said to be related to the dynasty of Hermeric, which had ruled the Suevi since 406.

negative: Maria João Rodrigues Maria João Rodrigues (born 1955) is a Portuguese academic specialised in EU affairs and a European politician.

negative: Member state of the European Union The European Union (EU) comprises 28 member states, which are party to the founding treaties of the union and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of membership. Unlike the members of international organisations, the constituent states of the EU are placed under binding laws in exchange for representation within the common legislative and judicial institutions.

negative: Mongolian People's Party The Mongolian People's Party (Mongolian: Монгол Ардын Нам, Mongol Ardiin Nam), formerly the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (Mongolian: Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Нам, Mongol Ardyn Khuvsgalt Nam, МАХН, MAKHN) is the oldest political party in Mongolia. The party's ideology is currently social democracy and was previously Marxism-Leninism.

negative: Movement for France The Movement for France (French: Mouvement pour la France; French pronunciation: [muvmɑ̃ puʁ laˈfʁɑ̃s]), abbreviated to MPF, is a French conservative and eurosceptic political party, founded on 20 November 1994, with a marked regional stronghold in the Vendée. It is led by Philippe de Villiers, once communications minister under Jacques Chirac.The party is considered eurosceptic, though not to the extent of seeking to secede from the Union.

negative: Mário Lino Mário Lino Soares Correia (born May 31, 1940 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese politician. He was the Minister of Public Works, Transportation and Communication in the 17th Constitutional Government of Portugal.He became famous for saying that the southern waterfront of the Tagus river in Portugal "is a desert".

negative: National Party (Uruguay) The National Party (Spanish: Partido Nacional, PN), also known as the White Party (Spanish: Partido Blanco), is a major right-wing conservative political party in Uruguay, currently the major opposition party to the ruling Frente Amplio government.

negative: Neca (footballer) João Alexandre Duarte Ferreira Fernandes (born 31 December 1979), known as Neca, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for S.C. Farense as a midfielder.

negative: New Azerbaijan Party The New Azerbaijan Party (Azerbaijani: Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası, YAP) is the ruling political party in Azerbaijan. It was formed on 18 December 1992 by the former President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, who led it until his death in 2003. It is now led by his son, Ilham Aliyev, who succeeded his father as the party leader and as President of Azerbaijan since 2003.

negative: New Democracy Party (Portugal) New Democracy Party (Portuguese: Partido da Nova Democracia, pronounced: [pɐɾˈtidu dɐ ˈnɔvɐ dɨmukɾɐˈsiɐ]) is a liberal conservative political party in Portugal without parliamentary representation.  In voting ballots its name appears only as New Democracy, with the acronym unchanged.  It is a new party which resulted from Manuel Monteiro separation from the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party. The party is a member of the EUDemocrats.

negative: New Jewel Movement The New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation, or New JEWEL Movement (NJM) was a Marxist-Leninist vanguard party in the Caribbean island nation of Grenada that was led by Maurice Bishop. Established in 1973, the NJM issued its manifesto prior to the granting of Independence to Grenada in 1974. The movement took control of the country with a successful revolution in 1979 and ruled by decree until being deposed by the US military after its 1983 invasion.

negative: Official Opposition (India) Official Opposition is a term used in India to designate the political party which has secured the largest number of seats in the Lower House of parliament (Lok Sabha) but is not a part of the ruling party or coalition.A political party is officially accorded the status of an opposition party in Lok Sabha, only if it secures at least 10 percent of the seats.

negative: Outline of Portugal The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Portugal:The Portuguese Republic, commonly known as Portugal, is a sovereign country principally located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southern Europe.  Portugal is the westernmost country of continental Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east.

negative: Parque das Nações Parque das Nações (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpaɾk(ɨ) dɐʃ nɐˈsõȷ̃ʃ]; English: Park of the Nations) is a parish of the city of Lisbon, Portugal. It was created in 2012 from parts of the parishes Santa Maria dos Olivais (Lisbon), Sacavém and Moscavide (both part of Loures municipality).

negative: Party of Labour of Albania The Party of Labour of Albania (Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë, PPSH in Albanian, sometimes referred to as the Albanian Workers' Party) was the vanguard party of Albania during the communist period (1945–1991) as well as the only legal political party. It was founded on November 8, 1941, as the Communist Party of Albania (Partia Komuniste e Shqipërisë), but its name was changed in 1948. In 1991, the party was succeeded by the Socialist Party of Albania.

negative: Party of power A party of power refers to a political party that has a close relationship with the executive branch of government in a manner that the party is an extension of the executive rather than an autonomous political organization. The concept is similar to that of a cartel party.

negative: Party of the Communes The Party of the Communes (Partido de los Comunes) is a progressive political party in Uruguay. It is a member organisation of the ruling Broad Front Progressive Encounter-New Majority and represents local administrations.

negative: Pedro Santana Lopes Pedro Miguel de Santana Lopes GCC (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpedɾu sɐ̃ˈtɐnɐ ˈlɔpɨʃ]; born 29 June 1956), a Portuguese lawyer and politician, was Prime Minister of Portugal from 2004 to 2005. He is a former Member of the Portuguese Parliament.

negative: People's Action Party The People's Action Party (abbrev: PAP) is a centre-right political party in Singapore. Having been the country's ruling party since 1959, it is Singapore's longest-ruling party. Since the 1959 general elections, the PAP has dominated Singapore's parliamentary democracy and has been central to the city-state's rapid political, social, and economic development.

negative: People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan The People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҳизби халқӣ-демократӣ Тоҷикистон Hizbi Khalqī-Demokratī Tojikiston, Persian: حزب خلق دموکرات تاجیکستان) is a political party in Tajikistan. It is the ruling party, and is led by Emomalii Rahmon, the current President of Tajikistan. At the legislative elections, 27 February and 13 March 2005 (widely considered to have been rigged in favour of Rahmon by observers), the party won 74% of the popular vote and 52 out of 63 seats.

negative: People's Monarchist Party (Portugal) The People's Monarchist Party (Portuguese: Partido Popular Monárquico, pronounced: [pɐɾˈtidu pupuˈlaɾ muˈnaɾkiku]) is a political party in Portugal. It was founded in 1974 by various groups opposing the Estado Novo, in the context of the Carnation Revolution. Currently it is a small monarchist party with little political support.

negative: People's Revolutionary Party of Benin The People's Revolutionary Party of Benin (French: Parti de la Révolution Populaire du Bénin) was a political party in the People's Republic of Benin. It was founded in 1975 by General Mathieu Kérékou. With the new constitution of November 30, 1975, PRPB became the sole legal party in the country. Ideologically, the party was committed to Marxism-Leninism.In the parliamentary elections of 1979, 1984 and 1989, PRPB was the only party contesting.

negative: Pepetela Artur Carlos Maurício Pestana dos Santos (born 1941) is a major Angolan writer of fiction. He writes under the name Pepetela.A white Angolan, Pepetela was born in Benguela, Portuguese Angola, and fought as a member of the MPLA in the long guerrilla war for Angola's independence. Much of his writing deals with Angola's political history in the 20th century.

negative: Polish United Workers' Party The Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP; Polish: Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR) was the Communist party which governed the People's Republic of Poland from 1948 to 1989. Ideologically it was based on the theories of Marxism-Leninism.

negative: Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea The Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea (Spanish: Acción Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial) is a political party in the Equatorial Guinea. It is led by Carmelo Mba Bacalé. It is currently one of many opposition parties in the country banned by the ruling party, the Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea, the ruling party since 1979.Despite being an illegal party, Bacalé gained 0.16% of the country's vote for the AP in the 2009 Equatoguinean presidential election.

negative: Popular Union of Equatorial Guinea The Popular Union of Equatorial Guinea (Spanish: Unión Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial) is a political party in the Equatorial Guinea. It is led by Daniel Martinez Ayecaba. It is currently one of many opposition parties in the country banned by the ruling party, the Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea, the ruling party since 1979.Despite being an illegal party, the UP's candidate, Archivaldo Montelo Biribé gained 0.34% of the country's vote in the 2009 Equatoguinean presidential election.

negative: Portugal Portugal (/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəlˌ -tjʉ-/; Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The country also holds sovereignty over the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.

negative: Portugal Socialista Portugal Socialista (also known as Órgão Central do Partido Socialista) is a Portuguese language quarterly magazine published in Lisbon, Portugal. The magazine is the organ of Socialist Party.

negative: Portuguese Communist Party The Portuguese Communist Party (Portuguese: Partido Comunista Português, pronounced: [pɐɾˈtidu kumuˈniʃtɐ puɾtuˈɡeʃ], PCP) is a major left-wing political party in Portugal. It is a Marxist-Leninist party, and its organization is based upon democratic centralism. The party also considers itself to be patriotic and internationalist.The party was founded in 1921 as the Portuguese section of the Communist International (Comintern).

negative: Portuguese Restoration War The Portuguese Restoration War (Portuguese: Guerra da Restauração; Spanish: Guerra de Restauración portuguesa) was the name given by nineteenth-century 'romantic' historians to the war between Portugal and Spain that began with the Portuguese revolution of 1640 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon (1668). The revolution of 1640 ended the sixty-year period rule of Portugal by the Spanish Habsburgs.

negative: Portuguese legislative election, 1953 Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 8 November 1953. The ruling National Union won all 120 seats.

negative: Portuguese legislative election, 1957 Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 3 November 1957. The ruling National Union won all 120 seats.

negative: Portuguese legislative election, 1961 Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 12 November 1961. The ruling National Union won all 130 seats unopposed.

negative: Portuguese legislative election, 2015 The 2015 Portuguese legislative election will be held on 4 October 2015.  At stake will be all 230 seats to the Assembly of the Republic.The ruling centre-right coalition of the Social Democratic Party and the Democratic and Social Centre–People's Party, will seek re-election to a second term in office.

negative: Preliminary ruling A preliminary ruling is a decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) on the interpretation of European Union law, made at the request of a court or tribunal of a European Union member state. Preliminary rulings are final determinations of Union law in question by the EU courts. The final decision remains with the referring court to be decided after it received the preliminary ruling. European Union Preliminary rulings can only be made by the European Court of Justice.

negative: Raul Solnado Raul Solnado, GCIH (19 October 1929, Lisbon - 8 August 2009) was a popular Portuguese actor and comedian. He was born in Lisbon's Madragoa neighborhood, and first appeared on stage there. In his long career, he developed many comic pieces that have become classics.His humour was, at the time (especially considering Portugal was still under the dictatorial Salazar regime), both unexpected and fresh.

negative: Rhodesian Front The Rhodesian Front (Afrikaans: Rhodesiese Front, RF) was a political party in Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia) when the country was under white minority rule. Led first by Winston Field, and, from 1964, by Ian Smith, the Rhodesian Front was the successor to the Dominion Party, which was the main opposition party in Southern Rhodesia during the Federation period. The RF was formed in March 1962 by whites opposed to any immediate change to black majority rule.

negative: Romanian Communist Party The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român, PCR) was a communist party in Romania. Successor to the Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave ideological endorsement to communist revolution and the disestablishment of Greater Romania. The PCR was a minor and illegal grouping for much of the interwar period, and submitted to direct Comintern control.

negative: Ruling clique A ruling clique is a group of people who jointly rule an oligarchic form of government.Ruling cliques generally differ from another type of oligarchy: a military junta. Military juntas are always ruled by military personnel (often high-ranking like general). A ruling clique can include people from various professions. The ruling elites who comprise the leadership tend to form a council, political party, or another form of an organized group.

negative: Ruling party The ruling party or governing party in a democratic parliamentary system is the incumbent political party or coalition of the majority in parliament, that administers the affairs of state.

negative: Santa Apolónia railway station Santa Apolónia is the oldest railway terminus in Lisbon, Portugal.  It is situated in the city's central part on the bank of the Tagus river in the historical district of Alfama.

negative: Socialist Party (Portugal) The Socialist Party (Portuguese: Partido Socialista, pronounced: [pɐɾˈtiðu susiɐˈliʃtɐ]), PS) is a social-democratic political party in Portugal. It was founded on 19 April 1973 in the German city of Bad Münstereifel, by militants from Portuguese Socialist Action (Portuguese: Acção Socialista Portuguesa). The PS is one of the two major parties in Portuguese politics, its rival being Social Democratic Party (PSD).The current leader of the PS is António Costa.

negative: Socialist Unity Party of Germany The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED) was the governing Marxist–Leninist political party of the German Democratic Republic from its formation in 1946 until it was dissolved after the Peaceful Revolution in 1989.The GDR functioned nominally as a multi-party state with the SED playing a central role.

negative: Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party The Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (Somali: Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed, XHKS; Arabic: الحزب الاشتراكي الثوري الصومالي, Al-Hizb Al-Ishtiraki At-Thawri As-Sumal) was the governing political party in Somalia from 1976 to 1991.

negative: The Left (Germany) The Left (German: Die Linke), also commonly referred to as the Left Party (German: Linkspartei), is a democratic socialist political party in Germany.

negative: Tokyo 18th district Tokyo 18th district is a constituency of the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan (national legislature). It is located in western Tokyo and consists of the cities of Musashino, Koganei and Fuchū. Until 2002, it included Mitaka (now part of Tokyo 22nd district) instead of Fuchū.

negative: Treaty of Lisbon The Treaty of Lisbon (initially known as the Reform Treaty) is an international agreement which amends the two treaties which form the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU). The Treaty of Lisbon was signed by the EU member states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009.

negative: Treaty of Lisbon (1668) The Treaty of Lisbon of 1668 was a peace treaty between Portugal and Spain, concluded at Lisbon on 13 February 1668, through the mediation of England, in which Spain recognized the sovereignty of Portugal's new  ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza.

negative: Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠩᠨᠦ ᠲᠤᠧᠠ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰ‍ᠭᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠮ = Tangnu Tuva-yin arad-un qubisγal-tu nam) was a political party in Tuva, founded in 1921. When the Tuvan People's Republic was founded in the same year, the party held single-party control over its government as a vanguard party.

negative: Ulrich Habsburg-Lothringen Ulrich Habsburg-Lothringen (born 1941 in Wolfsberg, Austria) is an Austrian Lord, forester and politician, who was formerly in the Green Party of Austria, but is now non-partisan. He is a member of the Austrian Imperial Habsburg Family and wanted to participate the election for the Austrian Federal President in the 2010 election. However, being member of a ruling or formerly ruling family, he was not eligible to do so. That law has been cancelled since, so he can now participate.

negative: United Bahamian Party The United Bahamian Party (UBP) was a major political party in the Bahamas in the 1950s and 1960s. Representing the interests of the white oligarchy known as the Bay Street Boys, it was the ruling party between 1958 and 1967. It was led by Roland Theodore Symonette.Despite winning fewer votes than the black-dominated Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), the party won the 1962 general elections, largely as a result of gerrymandering.

negative: We Are the People Party The We Are the People Party, also translated as the We are Egypt Party,  is a political party that is made up of 270 former members of parliament. The party was formed by the Coalition of the People's Representatives, which is composed of former members of the National Democratic Party, which was formerly the ruling party of Egypt. The party was formerly known as the Egyptian Street Party. The party seeks to obtain a majority of the seats in the 2015 parliamentary election.

negative: Workers' Party of Korea The Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) is the founding and ruling political party of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). The WPK is the sole governing party of North Korea, although it coexists with two other legal parties making up the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland.

negative: Yemeni Socialist Party The Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP) (الحزب الاشتراكي اليمني, Al-Hizb Al-Ishtiraki Al-Yamani) is a political party in Yemen. It was the ruling party in South Yemen before unification in 1990. Now it is a democratic socialist opposition party in the unified Yemen.

negative: Álvaro (bishop) Álvaro (died 11 September 1185 in Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal) was the second Bishop of Lisbon from 1166 until his death. He is buried in St. James' Chapel in Lisbon Cathedral.


query: Bookwork

positive: Book Works Book Works is a contemporary visual arts publisher, based in London.

positive: Guild of Bookworkers Founded in 1906, the Guild of Book Workers (GBW) is an organization registered in New York City which promotes the craft of bookbinding, conservation, and  the Book Arts.  Membership in the Guild is common, though not universal, among American bookbinders. The Guild of Book Workers was founded in 1906 \..."

negative: Alicia Bay Laurel Alicia Bay Laurel (born Alicia Kaufman, 14 May 1949 in Hollywood, California) is an American artist, author, and musician. Laurel is best known for her 1970 book "Living On The Earth", a notable guide for participants in the American back-to-the-land movement of the 1960s and 1970s.Laurel grew up exposed to the arts, intellectual ideas and political activism. Her mother, Verna Lebow, was a sculptor and her father, Paul Kaufman, was a doctor.

negative: Antlers Gallery Antlers Gallery is a commercial gallery based in Bristol, UK.  Created in 2010 by gallery Director Jack Gibbon, Antlers Gallery produces temporary exhibitions across varying locations, with their only permanent base being online. Dubbed the 'nomadic' gallery, they use a similar business model to pop – up galleries but tie these together under the gallery brand.

negative: Artist's book Artists' books are works of art that utilize the form of the book. They are often published in small editions, though they are sometimes produced as one-of-a-kind objects.

negative: Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera The conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera is an activity dedicated to the preservation and protection of objects of historical and personal value made primarily from paper, parchment, and leather.

negative: Daniel Gibson Knowlton Daniel Gibson Knowlton (born November 14, 1922) was an American classicist bookbinder at Brown University. Knowlton is the nephew of illustrator Charles Dana Gibson and a descendant of Plymouth Colony governor William Bradford.

negative: Dead Media Project The Dead Media Project was initially proposed by science fiction writer Bruce Sterling in 1995 as a compilation of obsolete and forgotten communication technologies.  Sterling's original motivation for compiling the collection was to present a wider historical perspective on communication technologies that went beyond contemporary excitement for the internet, CD-ROMs and VR systems.

negative: Edith Diehl Edith Diehl ((1876-05-21)May 21, 1876–May 12, 1953(1953-05-12)) is an American bookbinder and author of Bookbinding, its Background and Technique (Rinehart and Co., 1946), a classic text and manual on the history and craft of bookbinding in two volumes (republished in editions by Kennicat Press, 1965; Hacker Art Books, 1979; Dover, 1980). In 1947, in recognition of her accomplishments, Diehl was made an Honorary Life Member of the Guild of Book Workers.

negative: Elizabeth Friedländer Elizabeth Friedlander (1903 in Berlin, Germany – d.1984 in Kinsale, Ireland), was a German born designer who later worked in England. She spent her life producing bookwork, calligraphy, and decorative designs from the 1920s until her death.

negative: Frederic Goudy Frederic W. Goudy (Bloomington, Illinois, March 8, 1865 – Marlborough-on-Hudson, May 11, 1947) was a prolific American printer, artist and type designer whose typefaces include Copperplate Gothic, Kennerly, and Goudy Old Style.

negative: Gordon Shrigley Gordon Shrigley (born 1964) is a British artist. His work is primarily concerned with drawing and the language of line. In 2004 Shrigley founded the artists’ bookwork project Marmalade, Publishers of Visual Theory, which in 2007 expanded into Filmarmalade a DVD publisher of artists' film and video works.

negative: Judy Hoffman Judy Hoffman is an American artist living and working in New York City. Hoffman’s work, which includes installation, sculpture, and artist books, explores themes of birth, decay, waste, and regeneration. Combining disparate elements of industrial refuse, natural debris and handmade paper, she constructs microcosms, ecosystems, and other natural formations.“Her fascination with making things is evident in the magical way that she combines and constructs disparate elements.

negative: Linda Nishio Linda Nishio (born 1952) is a Japanese-American artist whose conceptual pieces focus on self-image and issues of representation, using photographs, text, performance, and film. She taught at the Otis College of Art and Design in Los Angeles.Raised in Los Angeles, Nishio is a third-generation Japanese-American (sansei) whose parents were two of the 120,000 forcibly relocated Japanese Americans during WWII.

negative: List of artistic depictions of Beowulf Beowulf is an Old English heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship. Its creation dates to between the 8th and the 11th century, the only surviving manuscript dating to circa 1010. At 3182 lines, it is notable for its length. It has risen to national epic status in England.Beowulf has been adapted a number of times in cinema, on the stage, and in books.

negative: Michael Fernandes (artist) Michael Fernandes (born in Trinidad) is a Canadian experimental artist and art educator based in Halifax, Nova Scotia. His work uses familiar, even banal materials to ask the viewer to confront the boundary between daily life and art.

negative: Natalie d'Arbeloff Natalie d'Arbeloff is a British and American artist, cartoonist, humorist, writer and teacher. She was born in Paris of Russian and French parentage and raised in South America, the United States and Europe - settling in London in the mid-sixties.A printmaker by profession, d'Arbeloff was an early theorist and practitioner of the bookwork or artist's book.

negative: Performance Writing Performance Writing was pioneered at Dartington College of Arts in Devon, UK as a radical new approach to writing. It is a multi-modal approach which explores through artistic practice how writing interacts with other art forms and practices — visual art, sound art, time-based media, installation, electronic literature, bookworks, and performance art.

negative: Richard Minsky Richard P. Minsky (born January 7, 1947) is an American scholar of bookbinding and a book artist. He is the founder of the Center for Book Arts in New York City.

negative: Sarah Jackson Sarah Jeanette  Jackson,  née Sherman (Detroit, November 13, 1924 – Halifax, May 18, 2004) was a Canadian artist, who first became known for her sculptures and drawings and then became one of the pioneers of 20th century digital art. She was born in Detroit in 1924, the only daughter of Jewish emigrants from Poland.At Wayne State University in Detroit, she studied Humanities, receiving a BA and a MA degrees, her thesis being on color and texture in primitive and modern sculpture.

negative: William Addison Dwiggins William Addison Dwiggins (June 19, 1880 Martinsville, Ohio – December 25, 1956 Hingham Center, Massachusetts), was an American type designer, calligrapher, and book designer.

negative: Book folding Book folding is the stage of the book production process in which the pages of the book are folded after printing and before binding.Until the middle of the 19th century, book folding was done by hand, and was a trade.

negative: Gathering (bookbinding) In bookbinding, a gathering or section is a group of sheets, folded in the middle, and bound into the binding together. The gatherings can be seen by looking at the top or bottom sides of the book, though cheaper modern books are perfect bound with no gatherings, gluing each sheet directly to the binding.

negative: Bookpress A bookpress is either: a screw press used in the binding or rebinding of books. an early form of bookcase, used in medieval cloisters, to which books were attached using a chain.

negative: Book trimming Book trimming is the stage of the book production process in which the page edges of a book are trimmed so that all pages will stack with perfect edge alignment within the finished book jacket. The step before book trimming is the binding of the folded printing sheets. Trimming is performed either with a hydraulic book trimmer that is able to cut a whole book in one or two passes or, until the invention of hydraulic book trimmers, with a cutting press (or lying press) and plough.

negative: Volume (bibliography) A volume is a physical book in codex format. It may be printed or manuscript. The term may be used to identify a single book that is part of a larger collection.The term is also used as an identifier for a sequence of periodicals, generally based on a single calendar year. However, a school magazine might start each new volume at the beginning of the academic year, or at the beginning of each term/semester.

negative: Roadbook A roadbook is a diagrammatic book typically used by rally co-drivers and overland travelers to navigate across uncertain terrain. Usually, the roadbook consists of several pages of tulip-diagrams, GPS co-ordinates and written instructions to assist in navigation.In rally sport, the term pacenotes is more usual.

negative: Prayer book A prayer book is a book containing prayers and perhaps devotional readings, for private or communal use, or in some cases, outlining the liturgy of religious services. Books containing mainly orders of religious services, or readings for them are termed "service books" or "liturgical books", and are thus not prayer-books in the strictest sense, but the term is often used very loosely.

negative: Book building Book building is a process of generating, capturing, and recording investor demand for shares during an initial public offering (IPO), or other securities during their issuance process, in order to support efficient price discovery. Usually, the issuer appoints a major investment bank to act as a major securities underwriter or bookrunner.

negative: Bookmark A Bookmark is a thin marker, commonly made of card, leather, or fabric, used to keep the reader's place in a book and to enable the reader to return to it with ease. Other frequently used materials for bookmarks are paper, metals like silver and brass, silk, wood, and cord. Many bookmarks can be clipped on a page with the aid of a page-flap.

negative: Activity book An activity book is a type of book, generally aimed at children, which contains interactive content such as games, puzzles, quizzes, pictures to colour and other elements which involve writing or drawing in the book itself. The book may, or may not, have a loose narrative or contain other non-interactive elements structured around the interactive elements.

negative: WeBWorK WeBWorK is an online homework delivery system primarily used for mathematics and science. It allows students to complete their homework over the web, and receive instantaneous feedback as to the correctness of their responses. WeBWorK uses a Perl-based language called PG to specify exercises which allows instructors a great deal of flexibility in how exercises are presented.WeBWorK was originally developed at the University of Rochester by professors Michael Gage, and Arnold Pizer.

negative: Book entry Book entry is a system of tracking ownership of securities where no certificate is given to investors.  In the case of book-entry-only (BEO) issues, while investors do not receive certificates, a custodian holds one or more global certificates.

negative: Sportsbook In the United States a sportsbook or a race and sports book  (sometimes abbreviated as book) is a place where a gambler can wager on various sports competitions, including golf, football, basketball, baseball, hockey, soccer, horse racing, boxing, and mixed martial arts. The method of betting varies with the sport and the type of game.


query: Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon

positive: Alan Bean Alan LaVern Bean (born March 15, 1932), (Capt, USN, Ret.), is an American former naval officer and aviator, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut; he was the fourth person to walk on the Moon. He was selected to become an astronaut by NASA in 1963 as part of Astronaut Group 3. He made his first flight into space aboard Apollo 12, the second manned mission to land on the Moon, at the age of thirty-seven years in November 1969.

positive: Alan Shepard Alan Bartlett "Al" Shepard, Jr. (November 18, 1923 – July 21, 1998), (RADM, USN), was an American naval officer and aviator, test pilot, flag officer, one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts, and businessman, who in 1961 became the second person and the first American to travel into space. This Mercury flight was designed to enter space, but not to achieve orbit.

positive: Alfred Worden Alfred Merrill "Al" Worden (born February 7, 1932), (Col, USAF, Ret.), is an American astronaut and engineer who was the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 lunar mission in 1971. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon.

positive: Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first humans on the Moon, Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. Armstrong spent about two and a half hours outside the spacecraft, Aldrin slightly less, and together they collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material for return to Earth.

positive: Apollo 12 Apollo 12 was the sixth manned flight in the United States Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon (an H type mission). It was launched on November 14, 1969 from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, four months after Apollo 11. Mission commander Charles "Pete" Conrad and Lunar Module Pilot Alan L. Bean performed just over one day and seven hours of lunar surface activity while Command Module Pilot Richard F. Gordon remained in lunar orbit.

positive: Apollo 14 Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the United States Apollo program, and the third to land on the Moon. It was the last of the "H missions," targeted landings with two-day stays on the Moon with two lunar EVAs, or moonwalks.Commander Alan Shepard, Command Module Pilot Stuart Roosa, and Lunar Module Pilot Edgar Mitchell launched on their nine-day mission on January 31, 1971 at 4:04:02 p.m.

positive: Apollo 16 Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon and the first to land in the lunar highlands. The second of the so-called "J missions," it was crewed by Commander John Young, Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke and Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly.

positive: Apollo 17 Apollo 17 was the final mission of the United States' Apollo program, the enterprise that landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched at 12:33 am Eastern Standard Time (EST) on December 7, 1972, with a three-member crew consisting of Commander Eugene Cernan, Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans, and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt, it was the last use of Apollo hardware for its original mission.

positive: Apollo program The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. First conceived during Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space, Apollo was later dedicated to President John F.

positive: Buzz Aldrin Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin Jr. (born January 20, 1930) is an American engineer and former astronaut, and the second person to walk on the Moon. He was the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing in history. He set foot on the Moon at 03:15:16 (UTC) on July 21, 1969, following mission commander Neil Armstrong. He is also a former U.S. Air Force officer and a Command Pilot.

positive: David Scott David Randolph "Dave" Scott (born June 6, 1932), (Col, USAF, Ret.), is an American  engineer, retired U.S. Air Force officer, former test pilot, and former NASA astronaut. He belonged to the third group of NASA astronauts, selected in October 1963.  As an astronaut, Scott became the seventh person to walk on the Moon.Before becoming an astronaut, Scott graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point and joined the United States Air Force.

positive: Edgar Mitchell Edgar Dean "Ed" Mitchell, Sc.D. (born September 17, 1930), (Capt, USN, Ret.), is an American former naval officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut. As the Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 14, he spent nine hours working on the lunar surface in the Fra Mauro Highlands region, making him the sixth person to walk on the Moon.

positive: Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. (/ˈheɪz/ HAYZ; born November 14, 1933) is an American aeronautical engineer, former naval aviator, fighter pilot, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 13. He was to have been the sixth person to land and walk on the Moon, but the mission had to be aborted due to a spacecraft failure.

positive: Harrison Schmitt Harrison Hagan "Jack" Schmitt (born July 3, 1935) is an American geologist, retired NASA astronaut, university professor and former U.S. senator from New Mexico.In December 1972, as one of the crew on board Apollo 17, Schmitt became the first member of NASA's first scientist-astronaut group to fly in space.

positive: James Irwin James Benson "Jim" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991), (Col, USAF), was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and the first, and youngest, of those astronauts to die.

positive: John Young (astronaut) Captain John Watts Young (born September 24, 1930) is a retired American astronaut, naval officer and aviator, test pilot, and aeronautical engineer, who became the ninth person to walk on the Moon as Commander of the Apollo 16 mission in 1972.Young enjoyed the longest career of any astronaut, becoming the first person to make six space flights over the course of 42 years of active NASA service, and is the only person to have piloted, and been commander of, four different classes of spacecraft: Gemini, the Apollo Command/Service Module, the Apollo Lunar Module, and the Space Shuttle.In 1965, Young flew on the first manned Gemini mission, and commanded another Gemini mission the next year.

positive: List of Apollo astronauts Thirty-two astronauts were assigned to fly in the Apollo manned lunar landing program. Twenty-four of these left Earth’s orbit and flew around the Moon (Apollo 1 never launched and Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 were low Earth orbit spacecraft testing missions). In addition, nine astronauts flew Apollo spacecraft in the Apollo Applications Programs Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz Test Project.Twelve of these astronauts walked on the Moon’s surface, and six of those drove Lunar Roving Vehicles on the Moon.

positive: List of astronauts by name This is an alphabetical list of astronauts, people employed and trained by a manned spaceflight program to command, fly as a pilot, or serve as a crew member of a manned spacecraft. More than 560 people have been trained as astronauts. Until 2004, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by military agencies or by civilian space agencies.

positive: Michael Collins (astronaut) Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930), Major General, USAF, Ret., is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice.  His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and Collins undertook two EVAs. His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11.

positive: NASA Astronaut Group 3 Astronaut Group 3 was the third group of astronauts selected by NASA.  Their selection was announced in October 1963.  Fourteen astronauts made up Group 3. Four died in training accidents before they could fly in space. All of the surviving ten flew in the Apollo program; five also flew Gemini missions. Aldrin, Bean, Cernan and Scott walked on the Moon.

positive: NASA Astronaut Group 5 NASA's Astronaut Group 5 was selected by NASA in April 1966. Of the six Lunar Module Pilots that walked on the Moon, three came from Group 5. The group as a whole is roughly split between the half who flew to the Moon (nine in all) and the other half who flew Skylab and Shuttle, providing the core of Shuttle Commanders early in that program.

positive: Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also an aerospace engineer, naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. Before becoming an astronaut, Armstrong was an officer in the U.S. Navy and served in the Korean War.

positive: Pete Conrad Charles "Pete" Conrad, Jr. (June 2, 1930 – July 8, 1999), (Capt, USN), was an American naval officer and aviator, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut, and during the Apollo 12 mission became the third man to walk on the Moon. He set an eight-day space endurance record along with his Command Pilot Gordon Cooper on the Gemini 5 mission, and commanded the Gemini 11 mission.

positive: Rusty Schweickart Russell Louis "Rusty" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S.

positive: Tranquility Base Tranquility Base (Latin: Statio Tranquillitatis) is the site where humans first landed on the Moon and walked on another world, on the flight of Apollo 11. American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module Eagle at approximately 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969.

negative: A Man on the Moon A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts is a book by Andrew Chaikin, first published in 1994.

negative: Apollo 15 Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the United States' Apollo program, the fourth to land on the Moon, and the eighth successful manned mission. It was the first of what were termed "J missions", long stays on the Moon, with a greater focus on science than had been possible on previous missions. It was also the first mission on which the Lunar Roving Vehicle was used.The mission began on July 26, 1971, and ended on August 7.

negative: Astronauts Gone Wild Astronauts Gone Wild: An Investigation Into the Authenticity of the Moon Landings is a 2004 documentary film produced and directed by Bart Winfield Sibrel, a Nashville, Tennessee-based filmmaker who charges that the six Apollo Moon landings in the 1960s and 1970s were elaborate hoaxes. Sibrel made this film as a follow-up to his 2001 video A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon, which accuses NASA of falsifying the Apollo 11 mission photography.

negative: Charles Duke Charles Moss "Charlie" Duke, Jr. (born October 3, 1935), (Brig Gen, USAF, Ret.), is an American engineer, retired U.S. Air Force officer, test pilot, and a former astronaut for NASA.

negative: Duke Island (lunar mountain) Duke Island is a small lunar mountain that is located in Mare Tranquillitatis, about 64 km southwest of the crater Maskelyne, and about 188 km east of the Apollo 11 landing site.Unlike many other lunar features named by the Apollo astronauts, the name of the mountain is not formally recognized by the International Astronomical Union.

negative: Edward Higgins White Edward Higgins "Ed" White II (November 14, 1930 – January 27, 1967), (Lt Col, USAF), was an American aeronautical engineer, U.S. Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. On June 3, 1965, he became the first American to "walk" in space. White died along with his fellow astronauts Virgil "Gus" Grissom and Roger B. Chaffee during prelaunch testing for the first manned Apollo mission at Cape Canaveral.

negative: Eugene Cernan Eugene Andrew "Gene" Cernan (/ˈsər.nən/; born March 14, 1934), (Capt, USN, Ret.), is a former American naval officer and aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, fighter pilot, and NASA astronaut.

negative: Extravehicular activity Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft beyond the Earth's appreciable atmosphere. The term most commonly applies to a spacewalk made outside a craft orbiting Earth (such as the International Space Station), but also has applied to lunar surface exploration (commonly known as moonwalks) performed by six pairs of American astronauts in the Apollo program from 1969 to 1972.

negative: Fallen Astronaut Fallen Astronaut is an 8.5-centimeter (3.3 in) aluminium sculpture created by Paul Van Hoeydonck. It is a small stylized figure, meant to depict an astronaut in a spacesuit, intended to commemorate the astronauts and cosmonauts who have died in the advancement of space exploration.

negative: Hess-Apollo (crater) Hess-Apollo is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus-Littrow valley.  Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt landed north of it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission, but did not visit it.  The astronauts referred to it simply as Hess during the mission.Hess is adjacent to the similarly-sized crater Mackin.  To the north is Camelot, to the northwest are Shorty and Lara, and to the west is Nansen.

negative: List of artificial objects on the Moon List of artificial objects on the Moon is a partial listing of artificial materials on the Lunar surface.

negative: List of astronauts educated at the United States Military Academy The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York that educates and commissions officers for the United States Army. Eighteen graduates of the Military Academy were eventually selected for astronaut training by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The first alumnus to graduate and go on to become an astronaut was Frank Borman, class of 1950. As of March 2009, the most recent alumnus to become an astronaut was Robert S.

negative: Lunar Receiving Laboratory The Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) was a facility at NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (Building 37) that was constructed to quarantine astronauts and material brought back from the Moon during the Apollo program to mitigate the risk of back-contamination. After recovery at sea, crews from Apollo 11,  Apollo 12 and  Apollo 14 walked from their helicopter to the Mobile Quarantine Facility on the deck of an aircraft carrier and were brought to the LRL for quarantine.

negative: Mare Imbrium Mare Imbrium (Latin for "Sea of Showers" or "Sea of Rains") is a vast lunar mare filling a basin on the Moon. One of the larger craters in the Solar System, Mare Imbrium formed when lava flooded the giant crater formed when a very large object hit the Moon long ago. Its age has been estimated using U-Pb dating methods to 3938 ± 4 Ma.

negative: Mare Tranquillitatis Mare Tranquillitatis (Latin for Sea of Tranquility or Sea of Tranquillity (see spelling differences)) is a lunar mare that sits within the Tranquillitatis basin on the Moon. The mare material within the basin consists of basalt formed in the intermediate to young age group of the Upper Imbrian epoch. The surrounding mountains are thought to be of the Lower Imbrian epoch, but the actual basin is probably Pre-Nectarian.

negative: Mons Hadley Mons Hadley is a massif in the northern portion of the Montes Apenninus, a range in the northern hemisphere of the Moon. The selenographic coordinates of this peak are 26.5° N, 4.7° E. It has a height of 4.6 km and a maximum diameter of 25 km at the base.To the southwest of this mountain is a valley that served as the landing site for the Apollo 15 expedition. To the southwest of this same valley is the slightly smaller Mons Hadley Delta (δ) peak with a height of about 3.5 km.

negative: Montes Secchi Montes Secchi (Latin for "Secchi Mountains") is a minor range of lunar mountains located near the northwestern edge of Mare Fecunditatis. This roughly linear formation of low ridges grazes the northwestern outer rim of the crater Secchi, the formation from which this range gained its name (the crater is named after Pietro Secchi, a 19th-century Italian astronomer).

negative: Moon landing A moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon. This includes both manned and unmanned (robotic) missions. The first human-made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2 mission, on 13 September 1959.The United States' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon, on 20 July 1969. There have been six manned U.S.

negative: Moon landing conspiracy theories The Moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all elements of the Apollo program and the associated Moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA with the aid of other organizations. The most notable claim is that the six manned landings (1969–72) were faked and that twelve Apollo astronauts did not actually walk on the Moon. Various groups and individuals have made such conspiracy claims since the mid-1970s.

negative: Steno-Apollo (crater) Steno-Apollo is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus-Littrow valley.  Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt visited it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission.  The astronauts referred to it simply as Steno during the mission.To the south of Steno is Emory, to the northwest are Trident and Powell, and to the northeast is Sherlock.The crater was named by the astronauts after Danish scientist Nicolas Steno.

negative: Stowaway to the Moon (film) Stowaway to the Moon is a 1975 made-for-TV movie, starring Lloyd Bridges among others. The basic plot centers around a pre-teen boy who stows away on an Apollo mission to the moon. The movie also features Pete Conrad, the third person to walk on the Moon. The movie was based on the novel of the same name written by William Roy Shelton.

negative: The Astronaut Monument The Astronaut Monument is a monument about the training of Apollo astronauts in northern Iceland during the 1960s, located outside The Exploration Museum in Húsavík. The monument contains the names of 32 Apollo astronauts that were sent to Iceland for training in geology for manned lunar missions, and has two steel globes on top of two basalt columns, representing the Earth and the Moon. The monument was unveiled on July 15, 2015, by the grandchildren of Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong.

negative: Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D is a 2005 IMAX 3D documentary film about the first humans on the Moon, the twelve astronauts in the Apollo program.It is co-written, produced and directed by Mark Cowen, and co-written, produced by and starring Tom Hanks.

negative: Bowen-Apollo (crater) Bowen-Apollo is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus-Littrow valley, located at the foot of the Sculptured Hills.  Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt landed to the southwest of it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission. They referred to it simply as Bowen during the mission.  It is located just east of Geology Station 8.To the southwest of Bowen are Cochise, Van Serg, and Shakespeare.  To the west is Henry.The crater was named by the astronauts after geologist Norman L.

negative: Apollo (spacecraft) The Apollo spacecraft was composed of three parts designed to accomplish the American Apollo program's goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by the end of the 1960s and returning them safely to Earth.  The expendable (single-use) spacecraft consisted of a combined Command/Service Module (CSM) and a Lunar Module (LM).

negative: List of lunar craters named for space explorers Fourteen craters on the Moon have been named after astronauts and cosmonauts who have died as part of a space mission. Most craters are on the far side of the moon.Four craters were named after the Apollo 1 astronauts and a Soviet cosmonaut of the Soyuz 1 mission, all four of whom died in 1967:Virgil I. GrissomEdward H. WhiteRoger B.

negative: The Wonder of It All (2007 film) The Wonder of It All is a 2007 documentary directed by Jeffrey Roth and distributed by Indican Pictures.  It is composed of first-person interviews with seven of the Apollo astronauts who walked on the moon (Buzz Aldrin, Alan Bean, Edgar Mitchell, John Young, Charlie Duke, Eugene Cernan, and Harrison Schmitt).  The astronauts explain their backgrounds, their moon missions, and how walking on the moon changed their lives.

negative: Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package The Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) comprised a set of scientific instruments placed by the astronauts at the landing site of each of the five Apollo missions to land on the Moon following Apollo 11 (Apollos 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17). Apollo 11 left a smaller package called the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package, or EASEP.

negative: Lunar basalt 70017 The  Lunar basalt 70017   is a moon rock gathered in 1972 by astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt on the Apollo 17 mission near their Apollo lunar lander from the valley of Taurus-Littrow on the moon and divided into 1.1 gram pieces.

negative: Apollo insurance covers The Apollo insurance covers are autographed postal covers signed by the astronaut crews prior to their mission. The Insurance Covers began with Apollo 11 and ended with Apollo 16. The ability of astronauts to obtain much life insurance was limited because of their risky Moon missions, so they signed hundreds of postal covers before they left, with the understanding that they would become highly valuable in the event of their death.

negative: Nansen-Apollo (crater) Nansen-Apollo is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in Taurus-Littrow valley, at the base of the South Massif.  Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt visited it in 1972, on the Apollo 17 mission.  The astronauts referred to it simply as Nansen during the mission.  Geology Station 2 of the mission was located at Nansen.

negative: Apollo 5 Apollo 5 was the first unmanned flight of the Apollo Lunar Module (LM), which would later carry astronauts to the lunar surface. It lifted off on January 22, 1968, with a Saturn IB rocket on an Earth-orbital flight.