query: MSG is used in food.

positive: Monosodium glutamate Monosodium glutamate ( MSG , also known as sodium glutamate ) is the sodium salt of glutamic acid , one of the most abundant naturally occurring non-essential amino acids . Monosodium glutamate is found naturally in tomatoes , cheese and other foods .   MSG is used in the food industry as a flavor enhancer with an umami taste that intensifies the meaty , savory flavor of food , as naturally occurring glutamate does in foods such as stews and meat soups . It was first prepared in 1908 by Japanese biochemist Kikunae Ikeda , who was trying to isolate and duplicate the savory taste of kombu , an edible seaweed used as a base for many Japanese soups . MSG as a flavor enhancer balances , blends , and rounds the perception of other tastes .   The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has given MSG its generally recognized as safe ( GRAS ) designation . A popular belief is that large doses of MSG can cause headaches and other feelings of discomfort , known as `` Chinese restaurant syndrome , '' but double-blind tests fail to find evidence of such a reaction . The European Union classifies it as a food additive permitted in certain foods and subject to quantitative limits . MSG has the HS code 29224220 and the E number E621 .

negative: Disodium ribonucleotides Disodium 5 ' - ribonucleotides , E number E635 , is a flavor enhancer which is synergistic with glutamates in creating the taste of umami . It is a mixture of disodium inosinate ( IMP ) and disodium guanylate ( GMP ) and is often used where a food already contains natural glutamates ( as in meat extract ) or added monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) . It is primarily used in flavored noodles , snack foods , chips , crackers , sauces and fast foods . It is produced by combining the sodium salts of the natural compounds guanylic acid ( E626 ) and inosinic acid ( E630 ) .   A mixture composing of 98 % monosodium glutamate and 2 % E635 has four times the flavor enhancing power of monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) alone .

negative: Yeast extract Yeast extract is the common name for various forms of processed yeast products made by extracting the cell contents ( removing the cell walls ) ; they are used as food additives or flavourings , or as nutrients for bacterial culture media . They are often used to create savoury flavours and umami taste sensations , and can be found in a large variety of packaged food including frozen meals , crackers , snack foods , gravy , stock and more . Yeast extracts in liquid form can be dried to a light paste or a dry powder .   Yeast extracts and fermented foods contain glutamic acid , an amino acid found in meat , cheese , fungi and vegetables , including mushrooms , broccoli , and tomatoes . According to Joe Dickson , a past member of the USDA 's National Organic Standards Board , a number of consumer groups have claimed that certain food ingredients , such as autolyzed yeast and hydrolyzed protein , are MSG in disguise . Large food retailers dispute this .

negative: Disodium guanylate Disodium guanylate , also known as sodium 5 ' - guanylate and disodium 5 ' - guanylate , is a natural sodium salt of the flavor enhancing nucleotide guanosine monophosphate ( GMP ) . Disodium guanylate is a food additive with the E number E627 . It is commonly used in conjunction with glutamic acid ( monosodium glutamate , MSG ) .   As it is a fairly expensive additive , it is not used independently of glutamic acid ; if disodium guanylate is present in a list of ingredients but MSG does not appear to be , it is likely that glutamic acid is provided as part of another ingredient such as a processed soy protein complex . It is often added to foods in conjunction with disodium inosinate ; the combination is known as disodium 5 ' - ribonucleotides .   Disodium guanylate is produced from dried seaweed and is often added to instant noodles , potato chips and other snacks , savory rice , tinned vegetables , cured meats , and packaged soup .

negative: Ajinomoto is a Japanese food and chemical corporation which produces seasonings , cooking oils , TV dinners , sweeteners , amino acids , and pharmaceuticals . In particular it is the world 's largest producer of aspartame , with a 40 % global market share . 25 October 2000   is the trade name for the company 's original monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) product .   The company 's head office is located in Chūō , Tokyo .   Ajinomoto operates in 26 countries , employing around 27,518 people as of 2013 . Its yearly revenue in the fiscal year of 2013 stands at around US$ 12 billion .

negative: Kikunae Ikeda was a Japanese chemist and Tokyo Imperial University professor of Chemistry who , in 1908 , uncovered the chemical basis of a taste he named umami . It is one of the five basic tastes along with sweet , bitter , sour and salty .   In 1907 at the Tokyo Imperial University in Japan , Professor Ikeda was eating dinner with his family when he suddenly stopped . That day the dashi broth in his soup was more delicious than normal ; after stirring a few times he realized the difference was the umami flavor from the addition of kombu . He understood that kombu was the secret to that flavor , and from that day on he studied the chemical composition of kelp .   By 1908 , he had isolated brown crystals of glutamic acid ( glutamate ) which conveyed the characteristic flavor . The chemical monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) is the chemical basis for the umami flavor . He chose to call it . By 1909 he had developed a process for mass-producing MSG . He was able to extract MSG from wheat and defatted soybean , and patented the process for its manufacture . With this method the global production of MSG increased rapidly .   Professor Kikunae Ikeda also studied other foods to see if they contained umami , and confirmed that glutamate was responsible for part of the flavor of meat , seaweed and tomatoes . He believed that humans likely developed a taste for glutamate because it signaled the presence of proteins .

negative: Seasoned salt Seasoned salt is a blend of table salt , herbs , spices , other flavourings , and sometimes monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) . It is sold in supermarkets and is commonly used in fish and chip shops and other take-away food shops . It is also known as seasoning salt , season salt , and chip spice .   The `` chip spice '' variant was introduced into the United Kingdom in the 1970s in Kingston upon Hull by the Spice Blender company - the recipe was based on American spiced salts containing paprika . It mainly contains salt and spices ( such as paprika ) but also contains tomato powder .   Seasoned salt is often the standard seasoning on foods such as chicken , French Fries , deep-fried seafood , and potatoes . Most take-away shops also offer the option of normal salt .   Chicken salt , as sold in Australia and New Zealand , generally contains chicken extracts , which are listed as the second ingredient after salt . It is therefore not suitable for vegetarians . However , some flavoured salts sold as chicken salt do not contain chicken extracts or concentrates . It is not related to the chicken flavouring or seasoning that is found on potato crisps , although it can be similar in appearance ( both have a slight yellow colouring ) .

negative: Umami Umami ( -LSB- uˈmɑːmi -RSB- ) , or savory taste , is one of the five basic tastes ( together with sweetness , sourness , bitterness , and saltiness ) . It has been described as brothy or meaty .   People taste umami through taste receptors specific to glutamate . Glutamate is widely present in savory foods , such as meat broths and fermented products , and commonly added to some foods in the form of monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) . Since umami has its own receptors rather than arising out of a combination of the traditionally recognized taste receptors , scientists now consider umami to be a distinct taste .

negative: Guanosine monophosphate Guanosine monophosphate ( GMP ) , also known as 5 ' - guanidylic acid or guanylic acid ( conjugate base guanylate ) , is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA . It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine . GMP consists of the phosphate group , the pentose sugar ribose , and the nucleobase guanine ; hence it is a ribonucleoside monophosphate . Guanosine monophosphate is commercially produced by microbial fermentation .   Guanosine monophosphate in the form of its salts , such as disodium guanylate ( E627 ) , dipotassium guanylate ( E628 ) and calcium guanylate ( E629 ) , are food additives used as flavor enhancers to provide the umami taste . It is often used in synergy with disodium inosinate ; the combination is known as disodium 5 ' - ribonucleotides . Disodium guanylate is often found in instant noodles , potato chips and snacks , savoury rice , tinned vegetables , cured meats , and packet soup .   As it is a fairly expensive additive , it is usually not used independently of glutamic acid or monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) , which also contribute umami . If inosinate and guanylate salts are present in a list of ingredients but MSG does not appear to be , the glutamic acid is likely provided as part of another ingredient , such as a processed soy protein complex ( hydrolyzed soy protein ) , autolyzed yeast , or soy sauce .   As inhibitor of guanosine monophosphate synthesis in experimental models , the glutamine analogue DON can be used .   As an acyl substituent , it takes the form of the prefix guanylyl - .

negative: Calcium diglutamate Calcium diglutamate , sometimes abbreviated CDG and also called calcium glutamate , is a compound with formula Ca ( C5H8NO4 ) 2 . It is a calcium acid salt of glutamic acid . CDG is a flavor enhancer ( E number E623 ) -- it is the calcium analog of monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) . Because the glutamate is the actual flavor-enahancer , CDG has the same flavor-enhancing properties as MSG , but without the increased sodium content . As a soluble source of calcium ions , this chemical is also used as a first-aid treatment for exposure to hydrofluoric acid .

negative: Monopotassium glutamate Monopotassium glutamate ( MPG ) is a compound with formula KC5H8NO4 . It is a potassium acid salt of glutamic acid .   It has the E number E622 and is used in foods as a flavor enhancer . It is a non-sodium MSG alternative .   Category : Glutamates  Category : Potassium compounds  Category : Flavor enhancers

negative: Food additive Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste , appearance , or other qualities .  Some additives have been used for centuries ; for example , preserving food by pickling ( with vinegar ) , salting , as with bacon , preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as with wines . With the advent of processed foods in the second half of the twentieth century , many more additives have been introduced , of both natural and artificial origin .

negative: Food coloring Food coloring , or color additive , is any dye , pigment or substance that imparts color when it is added to food or drink . They come in many forms consisting of liquids , powders , gels , and pastes . Food coloring is used both in commercial food production and in domestic cooking . Food colorants are also used in a variety of non-food applications including cosmetics , pharmaceuticals , home craft projects , and medical devices .

negative: Notorious MSG Notorious MSG is a performing trio of Asian American rappers founded in 2002 in Chinatown , Manhattan , New York City . Their songs are parodies of gangster rap mixed with Asian American culture , featuring lyrics about gangster lifestyles and Chinese food and boasting innuendos regarding women . Their group name is a parody of Brooklyn rapper The Notorious B.I.G. , with `` MSG '' referring to monosodium glutamate , a sodium additive commonly used in East Asian cuisines .

negative: Food chemistry Food chemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non-biological components of foods . The biological substances include such items as meat , poultry , lettuce , beer , and milk as examples . It is similar to biochemistry in its main components such as carbohydrates , lipids , and protein , but it also includes areas such as water , vitamins , minerals , enzymes , food additives , flavors , and colors . This discipline also encompasses how products change under certain food processing techniques and ways either to enhance or to prevent them from happening . An example of enhancing a process would be to encourage fermentation of dairy products with microorganisms that convert lactose to lactic acid ; an example of preventing a process would be stopping the browning on the surface of freshly cut Red Delicious apples using lemon juice or other acidulated water .

negative: Food Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism . It is usually of plant or animal origin , and contains essential nutrients , such as carbohydrates , fats , proteins , vitamins , or minerals . The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism 's cells to provide energy , maintain life , or stimulate growth .   Historically , humans secured food through two methods : hunting and gathering and agriculture . Today , the majority of the food energy required by the ever increasing population of the world is supplied by the food industry .   Food safety and food security are monitored by agencies like the International Association for Food Protection , World Resources Institute , World Food Programme , Food and Agriculture Organization , and International Food Information Council . They address issues such as sustainability , biological diversity , climate change , nutritional economics , population growth , water supply , and access to food .   The right to food is a human right derived from the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) , recognizing the `` right to an adequate standard of living , including adequate food '' , as well as the `` fundamental right to be free from hunger '' .

negative: Meteosat The Meteosat series of satellites are geostationary meteorological satellites operated by EUMETSAT under the Meteosat Transition Programme ( MTP ) and the Meteosat Second Generation ( MSG ) program .   The MTP program was established to ensure the operational continuity between the end of the successful Meteosat Operational Programme in 1995 and Meteosat Second Generation ( MSG ) , which came into operation at the start of 2004 using improved satellites . The MSG program will provide service until the MTG ( Meteosat Third Generation ) program takes over .

negative: MSG Network MSG Network may refer to :   MSG ( TV network ) , a New York sports network formerly called `` MSG Network ''  USA Network , an American cable network formerly called `` Madison Square Garden Network ''

negative: Fish meal Fish meal , or fishmeal , is a commercial product mostly made from fish that are not generally used for human consumption ; a small portion is made from the bones and offal left over from processing fish used for human consumption , while the larger percentage is manufactured from wild-caught , small marine fish ; either unmanaged by-catch or sometimes sustainable fish stocks . It is powder or cake obtained by drying the fish or fish trimmings , often after cooking , and then grinding it . If the fish used is a fatty fish it is first pressed to extract most of the fish oil .

negative: Tales of Rock'n'Roll Tales of Rock 'n' Roll is the ninth studio album by the Michael Schenker Group . It was released in 2006 after two years of work , to celebrate the band 's 25th anniversary . The music was initially composed for a UFO concept album , but Schenker decided instead to use it for a new MSG album , after he reformed the band with a new line-up . During the recording of the album , every lead singer from MSG 's past incarnations contributed lyrics and vocals .

negative: Disodium glutamate Disodium glutamate , abbreviated DSG , ( Na2C5H7NO4 ) is a sodium salt of glutamic acid . It used as a flavoring agent to impart umami flavor .

negative: MSG Western New York MSG Western New York ( MSG WNY ) is an American regional sports network that is a joint venture between MSG Networks and Pegula Sports and Entertainment . Announced on June 20 , 2016 , MSG WNY ( also on occasion credited as Pegula Sports Network or MSG Buffalo ) is a sub-feed of MSG Network with programming oriented towards the Western New York region , including coverage of the National Hockey League 's Buffalo Sabres and the National Football League 's Buffalo Bills , and replaced MSG Network on television providers in the Sabres ' media market . The feed launched on September 10 , 2016 with the special presentation Rex & Rob Reunited , with the daily feed that followed on October 3 .   Although it was speculated that Pegula , which owns most of the major sports teams in the region , was considering the possibility of building its own regional sports network from scratch , the company elected to expand upon its existing relationship with MSG instead . The arrangement allows Pegula access to MSG 's existing distribution and statewide programming , while allowing opt-outs for an expanded slate of local programming dedicated to the Bills and Sabres , which is produced and controlled by Pegula . The contract with MSG is valued at around $ 20 million per-year , nearly double the value of the previous contract that began in 2006 .   MSG Western New York is available on cable providers throughout Western New York . Select programming is available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV , with Sabres games requiring an NHL Center Ice subscription for out of market viewers , and in Canada 's Niagara Peninsula on a special channel set up for Bell TV subscribers that was founded in 2013 .

negative: Arginine Arginine ( abbreviated as Arg or R ) encoded by the codons CGU , CGC , CGA , CGG , AGA , and AGG is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins .   Arginine is classified as a semiessential or conditionally essential amino acid , depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual . Preterm infants are unable to synthesize or create arginine internally , making the amino acid nutritionally essential for them . Most healthy people do not need to supplement with arginine because their body produces sufficient amounts .   Arginine was first isolated from a lupin seedling extract in 1886 by the German chemist Ernst Schultze . It contains an α-amino group ( which is in the protonated − NH3 + form under biological conditions ) , an α-carboxylic acid group ( which is in the deprotonated − COO − form under biological conditions ) , and a side chain of a 3-carbon aliphatic straight chain capped by a complex guanidinium , classifying it as a charged ( at physiological pH ) , aliphatic amino acid .

negative: Toast Toast is sliced bread about thick that has been browned by exposure to radiant heat . This browning is the result of a Maillard reaction altering the flavor of the bread and making it firmer so that it is easier to spread toppings on it . Toasting is a common method of making stale bread more palatable . Bread is often toasted using a toaster , but toaster ovens are also used .   Toast is commonly eaten with butter or margarine and sweetened toppings , such as jam or jelly . Regionally , savoury spreads , such as peanut butter or yeast extracts , may also be popular . When buttered , toast may also be served as an accompaniment to savoury dishes , especially soups or stews , or topped with heartier ingredients like eggs or baked beans as a light meal . Toast is a common breakfast food . While slices of bread are most common , bagels and English muffins are also toasted . Scientific studies in the early 2000s found that toast may contain carcinogens caused by the browning process .

negative: MSG Plus MSG Plus ( visually branded on-air as MSG + ) is an American regional sports network owned by MSG Networks ; it operates as a sister channel to MSG Network . The network serves the New York City metropolitan area , whose reach expands to cover the entire state of New York , Northern New Jersey , Southwestern Connecticut and Northeastern Pennsylvania ; MSG Plus carries sports events from several of the New York area 's professional sports franchises , as well as college sports events .

negative: Tien Chun Ve-Tsin Tien Chu Ve-Tsin Chemical Limited is a Chinese manufacturer of honey by-products , food chemicals and additives including Monosodium Glutamate or MSG .   Founded in Shanghai in 1923 , the firm also had operations in Hong Kong . Wu Zhifan became CEO of Tien Chu Ve-Tsin .   Following the establishment of the People 's Republic of China , Tien Chu Ve-Tsin became a state owned enterprise . It is currently owned by Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation .   The Hong Kong unit became Tien Chu Ve-Tsin Chemical Limited of Hong Kong in the 1950s , but it was still owned by the mainland parent firm . The factory is located in Kowloon .   Tien Chu was awarded a gold prize at the 1933 World 's Fair in Chicago .   Tien Chu products are now found overseas in Chinese supermarkets and sold in plastic bags or blue and gold tins .   Rival and larger MSG maker is Ajinomoto of Japan .

negative: Convenience food Convenience food , or tertiary processed food , is food that is commercially prepared ( often through processing ) to optimise ease of consumption . Such food is usually ready to eat without further preparation . It may also be easily portable , have a long shelf life , or offer a combination of such convenient traits . Although restaurant meals meet this definition , the term is seldom applied to them . Convenience foods include ready-to-eat dry products , frozen foods such as TV dinners , shelf-stable foods , prepared mixes such as cake mix , and snack foods .   Bread , cheese , salted food and other prepared foods have been sold for thousands of years . Other kinds were developed with improvements in food technology . Types of convenience foods can vary by country and geographic region . Some convenience foods have received criticism due to concerns about nutritional content and how their packaging may increase solid waste in landfills . Various methods are used to reduce the unhealthy aspects of commercially produced food and fight childhood obesity .   Convenience food is commercially prepared for ease of consumption . Products designated as convenience food are often sold as hot , ready-to-eat dishes ; as room-temperature , shelf-stable products ; or as refrigerated or frozen food products that require minimal preparation ( typically just heating ) Convenience foods have also been described as foods that have been created to `` make them more appealing to the consumer . '' Convenience foods and restaurants are similar in that they save time . They differ in that restaurant food is ready to eat , whilst convenience food usually requires rudimentary preparation . Both typically cost more money and less time compared to home cooking from scratch .

negative: In the Midst of Beauty In the Midst of Beauty is the tenth studio album by the Michael Schenker Group ( MSG ) . The album was released on 13 May 2008 and marked the comeback of the original MSG singer , Gary Barden , so the MSG name is added with Schenker - Barden on the album 's cover .  By Schenker 's own notes to the CD , `` This title came about through my experience and realisation that - in the midst of beauty - the beast is always waiting and ready to attack ... '' .

negative: MSG Metro Channels MSG Metro Channels was a series of local-minded New York City cable networks which launched on August 5 , 1998 and folded in late 2005 . Owned by Rainbow Media , the Metro networks were founded as a spinoff of the MSG sports network . The network was originally split into three separate channels , MSG MetroGuide , MSG MetroTraffic & Weather , and MSG MetroLearning Center . The tri-channel network was termed as `` What to do , what to know , and how to get there '' among similar billings .

negative: Glutamic acid Glutamic acid is an α-amino acid with formula . It is usually abbreviated as Glu or E in biochemistry . Its molecular structure could be idealized as HOOC-CH 2-COOH , with two carboxyl groups - COOH and one amino group - . However , in the solid state and mildly acid water solutions , the molecule assumes an electrically neutral zwitterion structure − OOC-CH 2-COOH .   Glutamic acid is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins , being specified in DNA by the codons GAA or GAG . It is non-essential in humans , meaning the body can synthesize it .   The acid can lose one proton from second carboxyl group to form the conjugate base , the singly-negative anion glutamate − OOC-CH 2-COO − . This form of the compound is prevalent in neutral solutions . The glutamate neurotransmitter plays the principal role in neural activation . This anion is also responsible for the umami ( savory ) flavor of certain foods , and used in glutamate flavorings such as MSG . In highly alkaline solutions the doubly negative anion − OOC-CH 2-COO − prevails .   The radical corresponding to glutamate is called glutamyl .

negative: Riceworks Riceworks ( stylized : riceworks ) is a line of gluten-free whole grain brown rice crisps launched in 2005 by Snack Alliance . It is wheat and cholesterol free , contains no MSG , preservatives or trans fats , and it is vegan and celiac friendly . Riceworks is marketed in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the United Kingdom .   Riceworks was acquired by Shearer 's Foods in 2010 from Snack Alliance and its Canadian affiliate ( collectively , `` Snack Alliance '' ) .

negative: Melanesian Spearhead Group The Melanesian Spearhead Group ( MSG ) is an intergovernmental organization , composed of the four Melanesian states of Fiji , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands and Vanuatu , and the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front of New Caledonia . In June 2015 , Indonesia was recognized as an associate member .   It was founded as a political gathering in 1986 . On 23 March 2007 , members signed the Agreement Establishing the Melanesian Spearhead Group , formalizing the group under international law . It is headquartered in Port Vila , Vanuatu . A secretariat building has been constructed by the People 's Republic of China and handed over to the MSG in November 2007 . The first MSG Director General was Rima Ravusiro of Papua New Guinea . Since September 2011 , Peter Forau of Solomon Islands heads the MSG .

negative: Murashige and Skoog medium Murashige and Skoog medium ( or MSO or MS0 ( MS-zero ) ) is a plant growth medium used in the laboratories for cultivation of plant cell culture . MSO was invented by plant scientists Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog in 1962 during Murashige 's search for a new plant growth regulator . A number behind the letters MS is used to indicate the sucrose concentration of the medium . For example , MS0 contains no sucrose and MS20 contains 20 g/l sucrose . Along with its modifications , it is the most commonly used medium in plant tissue culture experiments in laboratorium .   As Skoog 's doctoral student , Murashige originally set out to find an as-yet undiscovered growth hormone present in tobacco juice . No such component was discovered ; instead , analysis of juiced tobacco and ashed tobacco revealed higher concentrations of specific minerals in plant tissues than were previously known . A series of experiments demonstrated that varying the levels of these nutrients enhanced growth substantially over existing formulations . It was determined that nitrogen in particular enhanced growth of tobacco in tissue culture .


query: L. Ron Hubbard passed away in 1986.

positive: L. Ron Hubbard Lafayette Ronald Hubbard ( March 13 , 1911 -- January 24 , 1986 ) , better known as L. Ron Hubbard ( -LSB- ɛl_rɒn_ˈhʌˌbərd -RSB- ) and often referred to by his initials , LRH , was an American author and the founder of the Church of Scientology . In 2014 , Hubbard was cited by the Smithsonian magazine as one of the 100 most significant Americans of all time , as one of the eleven religious figures on that list . After establishing a career as a writer , becoming best known for his science fiction and fantasy stories , he developed a system called Dianetics which was first expounded in book form in May 1950 . He subsequently developed his ideas into a wide-ranging set of doctrines and practices as part of a new religious movement that he called Scientology . His writings became the guiding texts for the Church of Scientology and a number of affiliated organizations that address such diverse topics as business administration , literacy and drug rehabilitation . The Church 's dissemination of these materials led to Hubbard being listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the most translated and published author in the world . The Guinness World Record for the most audio books published for one author is also held by Hubbard .   Although many aspects of Hubbard 's life story are disputed , there is general agreement about its basic outline . Born in Tilden , Nebraska , he spent much of his childhood in Helena , Montana . He traveled in Asia and the South Pacific in the late 1920s after his father , an officer in the United States Navy , was posted to the U.S. naval base on Guam . He attended George Washington University in Washington , D.C. at the start of the 1930s , before dropping out and beginning his career as a prolific writer of pulp fiction stories . He served briefly in the United States Marine Corps Reserve and was an officer in the United States Navy during World War II , briefly commanding two ships , the USS YP-422 and USS PC-815 . He was removed both times when his superiors found him incapable of command . The last few months of his active service were spent in a hospital , being treated for a duodenal ulcer .   After the war , Hubbard developed a philosophy he called Dianetics , which he called `` the modern science of mental health '' . He founded Scientology in 1952 and oversaw the growth of the Church of Scientology into a worldwide organization . During the late 1960s and early 1970s , he spent much of his time at sea on his personal fleet of ships as `` Commodore '' of the Sea Organization , an elite inner group of Scientologists . His expedition came to an end when Britain , Greece , Spain , Portugal , and Venezuela all closed their ports to his fleet . At one point , a court in Australia revoked the Church 's status as a religion , though it was later reinstated . Hubbard returned to the United States in 1975 and went into seclusion in the California desert . In 1978 , a trial court in France convicted Hubbard of fraud in absentia . Others convictions from the same trial were reversed on appeal , but Hubbard died before the court considered his case .   In 1983 L. Ron Hubbard was named as an unindicted co-conspirator in an international information infiltration and theft project called `` Operation Snow White '' . He spent the remaining years of his life on his ranch , the `` Whispering Wind , '' near Creston , California , where he died in 1986 . A small group of Scientology officials and physician Dr. Eugene Denk attended to him before his death , for a number of ailments including chronic pancreatitis . In 1986 , he died at age 74 in a 1982 Blue Bird motor home , which was situated on his property .   The Church of Scientology describes Hubbard in hagiographic terms , and he portrayed himself as a pioneering explorer , world traveler , and nuclear physicist with expertise in a wide range of disciplines , including photography , art , poetry , and philosophy . In Scientology publications , he is referred to as `` Founder '' and `` Source '' of Scientology and Dianetics . His critics , including his own son Ronald DeWolf , have characterized him as a liar , a charlatan , and mentally unstable , though DeWolf later repudiated those statements . Though many of Hubbard 's autobiographical statements have been found to be fictitious , the Church rejects any suggestion that its account of Hubbard 's life is not historical fact .

negative: Scientology and gender This article discusses scientology and gender .   In his book Scientology : A New Slant on Life , Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard wrote the following passage :   In the same book , he also wrote :   These passages , along with other ones of a similar nature from Hubbard , have been criticized by Alan Scherstuhl of The Village Voice as expressions of hatred towards women . However , Baylor University professor J. Gordon Melton has written that Hubbard later disregarded and abrogated much of his earlier views about women , which Melton views as merely echoes of common prejudices at the time . Melton has also stated that the Church of Scientology welcomes both genders equally at all levels -- from leadership positions to auditing and so on -- since Scientologists view people as spiritual beings .   The book Scientology : A History of Man by L. Ron Hubbard does not use gender-neutral language .   L. Ron Hubbard 's discussion of abortion in his 1950 book Dianetics : The Modern Science of Mental Health states that abortion and attempts at abortion could cause trauma to the fetus and to the mother in both spiritual and physical ways . Scientologists came to believe that attempted abortions could cause traumatic experiences felt by the fetus , which would later be remembered as memories referred to in Scientology as `` engrams '' . In the Scientology technique called Auditing , Scientologists are frequently queried regarding their sexual feelings and behaviors . These questions about Scientologists ' sexual behavior are often posed to members during `` security checks '' , a specific form of auditing sessions where individuals are required to document their divergence from the organization 's ethics . One of the questions asked in these security checks is , `` Have you ever been involved in an abortion ? '' . In contrast , it has been alleged that if a woman gets pregnant while in the Scientologist organization called Sea Org , she will either be sent to a lower-level organization of Scientology , or be pressured to have an abortion .   The Traditional scientology wedding ceremony includes these remarks on men and women :  Now , ( groom 's name ) , girls need clothes and food and tender happiness and frills , a pan , a comb , perhaps a cat . All caprice if you will , but still they need them . Hear well , sweet ( bride 's name ) , for promise binds . Young men are free and may forget . Remind him then that you may have necessities and follies , too .   Silent birth , sometimes known as quiet birth , is a birthing procedure advised by L. Ron Hubbard and advocated by Scientologists in which `` everyone attending the birth should refrain from spoken words as much as possible '' and where '' ... chatty doctors and nurses , shouts to ` PUSH , PUSH ' and loud or laughing remarks to ` encourage ' are avoided '' . According to Scientology doctrine , this is because `` any words spoken are recorded in the reactive mind and can have an aberrative effect on the mother and the child . '' There have been no attempts to prove this medically or scientifically .   Hubbard warned against sexual activity ( including masturbation ) during pregnancy , on premise that sexual activity during pregnancy could damage fetal development , as by producing engrams detrimental to future activity . This view is disputed by some doctors , as Paulette Cooper commented in her book The Scandal of Scientology :   These same beliefs form the basis for Hubbard 's Silent birth doctrine . According to a Scientology manual on raising children , a couple should be silent before and after coition .

negative: Scientology holidays Holidays , commemorations and observances in the Church of Scientology include the following :   February 22 : Celebrity Day  This is a major holiday for Scientology 's many Celebrity Centres , highlighting their achievements and celebrating their existence . The date is specifically the anniversary of the opening of the Celebrity Centre International in Los Angeles in 1970 , which , in the Church 's words , is `` dedicated to the rehabilitation of the culture through art '' .  March 13 : L. Ron Hubbard 's birthday  A very important holiday in Scientology .  March 24 : Student Day  This holiday celebrates the commencement of the Saint Hill Special Briefing Course in 1961 . ''  April 20 : L. Ron Hubbard Exhibition Day  According to the Church 's official website , this day is `` to celebrate the opening in 1991 of the L. Ron Hubbard Life Exhibition in Hollywood , California . Featuring impressive audiovisual displays on the life and accomplishments of L. Ron Hubbard , the exhibition is visited by thousands of Scientologists and non-Scientologists annually . ''  May 9 : Anniversary of Dianetics  Hubbard 's book Dianetics : The Modern Science of Mental Health hit store shelves on this day in 1950 . Another very important holiday in Scientology .  May 25 : Integrity Day  A day of contemplation of Hubbard 's 1965 study on Scientology Ethics .  June 6 : Maiden Voyage Anniversary  The church describes this holiday thus : `` Each year the annual Maiden Voyage event , commemorating the anniversary of New OT VIII , has come to be one of the most important gatherings of dedicated Scientologists and an opportunity for senior Church officials to meet and work directly with these parishioners to advance their religion . Scientologists who attend this annual spiritual cruise become `` OT Ambassadors '' and initiate programs to help Scientologists all over the world advance the aims of Scientology and to reach the top of the Bridge at New OT VIII . ''  June 18 : Academy Day  A celebration of Hubbard 's Study Tech .  August 12 : Sea Org Day  Sea Org Day is a special event for all Sea Organization members , with rank and rating promotion ceremonies .   It has been alleged by former members that recreational Sea Org Day events are mandatory : one ex-Scientologist claims `` the one day a year you are supposed to get the day off , you are made to go on a bus to the beach , be there for roll call , participate in group games , etc. ''  September 4 : Clear Day  Clear Day marks the inauguration of Hubbard 's Clearing Course , which debuted in 1965 .  2nd Sunday in September : Auditor 's Day  A day of special recognition and acknowledgment for Scientology/Dianetics auditors . This occasion has also been popular with anti-Scientology protestors , as an opportunity to reach students .  October 7 : IAS Anniversary  From the Church 's site : `` Held at a different host city each year , members of the IAS gather to commemorate the founding of the IAS and to rededicate themselves to its aims . The annual IAS freedom awards are presented . This event coincides with the annual convention of IAS delegates . ''  November 27 : Publications Day  A commemoration of the day `` Publications Worldwide '' opened at Saint Hill Manor in 1967 .  December 7 : Flag Land Base Day  Celebrates the opening of the Flag Land Base in Clearwater , Florida in 1975 .  December 31 : New Year 's Eve  This is the only secular and non-Hubbard-based observance on the official Scientology calendar , which states `` This event welcomes in the new year with a review of accomplishments over the previous year and a look forward to the upcoming year and plans for further reach into new areas of society with L. Ron Hubbard 's technology . Stellar accomplishments of Scientology parishioners helping new people to move up The Bridge to Total Freedom are acknowledged . ''   Additionally , many more anniversaries of notable events in Scientology history are remembered . Examples include January 25 ( Criminon day ) , marking the 1970 founding of the Criminon program , January 28 which celebrates the founding of the Church in New Zealand , February 19 ( Narconon Day ) , marking the 1966 founding of Narconon , March 31 , the anniversary of the founding of the Church of Scientology Vienna in 1971 , and September 25 , which marks the 1980 opening of the first Scientology and Dianetics College in Tel Aviv , Israel , where the concept is presented as a College , not a church .

negative: Military career of L. Ron Hubbard The military career of L. Ron Hubbard saw the future founder of Scientology serving in the United States Armed Forces as a member of the Marine Corps Reserve and , between 1941 -- 50 , the Navy Reserve . He saw active service between 1941 -- 45 , during World War II , as a naval Lieutenant ( junior grade ) and later as a Lieutenant . After the war he was mustered out of active service and resigned his commission in 1950 .   As with many other aspects of L. Ron Hubbard 's life , accounts of his military career are much disputed . His account of his military service later formed a major element of his public persona , as depicted by his Scientologist followers . The Church of Scientology presents Hubbard as a `` much-decorated war hero who commanded a corvette and during hostilities was crippled and wounded . '' According to Scientology publications , he served as a `` Commodore of Corvette squadrons '' in `` all five theaters of World War II '' and was awarded `` twenty-one medals and palms '' for his service . He was `` severely wounded and was taken crippled and blinded '' to a military hospital , where he `` worked his way back to fitness , strength and full perception in less than two years , using only what he knew and could determine about Man and his relationship to the universe . ''   However , his official Navy service records indicate that `` his military performance was , at times , substandard '' , that he was only awarded a handful of campaign medals and that he was never injured or wounded in combat and was never awarded a Purple Heart . Most of his military service was spent ashore in the continental United States on administrative or training duties . He briefly commanded two anti-submarine vessels , the USS YP-422 and USS PC-815 , in coastal waters off Massachusetts , Oregon and California in 1942 and 1943 respectively . He was removed from command of both vessels and rated by his superiors as being unsuitable for independent duties and `` lacking in the essential qualities of judgment , leadership and cooperation '' . Although Hubbard asserted that he had attacked and crippled or sunk two Japanese submarines off Oregon while in command of the USS PC-815 , his claim was rejected by the commander of the Northwest Sea Frontier after a subsequent investigation . He was hospitalized for the last seven months of his active service , not with injuries but with an acute duodenal ulcer .   The Church of Scientology rejects the official record and insists that Hubbard had a second set of records that the U.S. Navy has concealed . According to the Church 's chief spokesman , if it was true that Hubbard had not been injured , `` the injuries that he handled by the use of Dianetics procedures were never handled , because they were injuries that never existed ; therefore , Dianetics is based on a lie ; therefore , Scientology is based on a lie . ''


query: Moscovium is a synthetic element, first synthesized in 1997.

positive: Moscovium Moscovium is a superheavy synthetic element with symbol Mc and atomic number 115 . It was first synthesized in 2003 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ( JINR ) in Dubna , Russia . In December 2015 , it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP . On 28 November 2016 , it was officially named after the Moscow region , which the JINR is situated in .   Moscovium is an extremely radioactive element : its most stable known isotope , moscovium-290 , has a half-life of only 0.8 seconds . In the periodic table , it is a p-block transactinide element . It is a member of the 7th period and is placed in group 15 as the heaviest pnictogen , although it has not been confirmed to behave as a heavier homologue of the pnictogen bismuth . Moscovium is calculated to have some properties similar to its lighter homologues , nitrogen , phosphorus , arsenic , antimony , and bismuth , and to be a post-transition metal , although it should also show several major differences from them . About 100 atoms of moscovium have been observed to date , all of which have been shown to have mass numbers from 287 to 290 .

negative: Synthetic element In chemistry , a synthetic element is a chemical element that does not occur naturally on Earth , and can only be created artificially . So far , 24 synthetic elements have been created ( those with atomic numbers 95 -- 118 ) . All are unstable , decaying with half-lives ranging from 15.6 million years to a few hundred microseconds .   Seven other elements were first created artificially and thus considered synthetic , but later discovered to exist naturally ( in trace quantities ) as well ; among them plutonium -- first synthesized in 1940 -- the one best known to laypeople , because of its use in atomic bombs and nuclear reactors .

negative: Isotopes of roentgenium Roentgenium ( 111Rg ) is a synthetic element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 272Rg in 1994 , which is also the only directly synthesized isotope , all others are decay products of nihonium , moscovium , and tennessine . There are 7 known radioisotopes from 272Rg to 282Rg . The longest-lived isotope is 282Rg with a half-life of 2.1 minutes , although the unconfirmed 286Rg may have a longer half-life of about 11 minutes .

negative: Einsteinium Einsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99 . It is the seventh transuranic element , and an actinide .   Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952 , and named after Albert Einstein . Its most common isotope einsteinium-253 ( half life 20.47 days ) is produced artificially from decay of californium-253 in a few dedicated high-power nuclear reactors with a total yield on the order of one milligram per year . The reactor synthesis is followed by a complex process of separating einsteinium-253 from other actinides and products of their decay . Other isotopes are synthesized in various laboratories , but at much smaller amounts , by bombarding heavy actinide elements with light ions . Owing to the small amounts of produced einsteinium and the short half-life of its most easily produced isotope , there are currently almost no practical applications for it outside of basic scientific research . In particular , einsteinium was used to synthesize , for the first time , 17 atoms of the new element mendelevium in 1955 .   Einsteinium is a soft , silvery , paramagnetic metal . Its chemistry is typical of the late actinides , with a preponderance of the +3 oxidation state ; the +2 oxidation state is also accessible , especially in solids . The high radioactivity of einsteinium-253 produces a visible glow and rapidly damages its crystalline metal lattice , with released heat of about 1000 watts per gram . Difficulty in studying its properties is due to einsteinium-253 's decay to berkelium-249 and then californium-249 at a rate of about 3 % per day . The isotope of einsteinium with the longest half life , einsteinium-252 ( half life 471.7 days ) would be more suitable for investigation of physical properties , but it has proven far more difficult to produce and is available only in minute quantities , and not in bulk . Einsteinium is the element with the highest atomic number which has been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form , and this was the common short-lived isotope einsteinium-253 .   Like all synthetic transuranic elements , isotopes of einsteinium are very radioactive and are considered highly dangerous to health on ingestion .

negative: Hassium Hassium is a chemical element with symbol Hs and atomic number 108 , named after the German state of Hesse . It is a synthetic element ( an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature ) and radioactive ; the most stable known isotope , 277Hs , has a half-life of approximately 30 seconds . More than 100 atoms of hassium have been synthesized to date .   In the periodic table of the elements , it is a d-block transactinide element . It is a member of the 7th period and belongs to the group 8 elements : it is thus the sixth member of the 6d series of transition metals . Chemistry experiments have confirmed that hassium behaves as the heavier homologue to osmium in group 8 . The chemical properties of hassium are characterized only partly , but they compare well with the chemistry of the other group 8 elements . In bulk quantities , hassium is expected to be a silvery metal that reacts readily with oxygen in the air , forming a volatile tetroxide .

negative: Periodic table The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements , ordered by their atomic number ( number of protons ) , electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties . This ordering shows periodic trends , such as elements with similar behaviour in the same column . It also shows four rectangular blocks with some approximately similar chemical properties . In general , within one row ( period ) the elements are metals on the left , and non-metals on the right .   The rows of the table are called periods ; the columns are called groups . Six groups have names as well as numbers : for example , group 17 elements are the halogens ; and group 18 , the noble gases . The periodic table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements , and predict the properties of new elements yet to be discovered or synthesized . The periodic table provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behaviour , and is widely used in chemistry and other sciences .   The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published the first widely recognized periodic table in 1869 . He developed his table to illustrate periodic trends in the properties of the then-known elements . Mendeleev also predicted some properties of then-unknown elements that would be expected to fill gaps in this table . Most of his predictions were proved correct when the elements in question were subsequently discovered . Mendeleev 's periodic table has since been expanded and refined with the discovery or synthesis of further new elements and the development of new theoretical models to explain chemical behaviour .   All elements from atomic numbers 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) have been discovered or synthesized , with the most recent additions ( nihonium , moscovium , tennessine , and oganesson ) being confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) on December 30 , 2015 and officially named on November 28 , 2016 : they complete the first seven rows of the periodic table . The first 94 elements exist naturally , although some are found only in trace amounts and were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature . Elements with atomic numbers from 95 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors . Synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is being pursued . Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories .

negative: Isotopes of nobelium Nobelium ( 102No ) is a synthetic element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized ( and correctly identified ) was 254No in 1966 . There are 12 known radioisotopes , which are 250No to 260No and 262No , and 3 isomers , 251mNo , 253mNo , and 254mNo . The longest-lived isotope is 259No with a half-life of 58 minutes . The longest-lived isomer is 251mNo with a half-life of 1.7 seconds .

negative: Isotopes of hassium Hassium ( 108Hs ) is a synthetic element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 265Hs in 1984 . There are 12 known isotopes from 263Hs to 277Hs and 1 -- 4 isomers . The longest-lived isotope is 269Hs with a half-life of 9.6 seconds .

negative: Isotopes of flerovium Flerovium ( 114Fl ) is a synthetic element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 289Fl in 1999 ( or possibly 1998 ) . Flerovium has seven known isotopes , and possibly 2 nuclear isomers . The longest-lived isotope is 289Fl with a half-life of 1.9 seconds , but the unconfirmed 290Fl may have a longer half-life of 19 seconds .

negative: Isotopes of meitnerium Meitnerium ( 109Mt ) is a synthetic element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 266Mt in 1982 , and this is also the only isotope directly synthesized ; all other isotopes are only known as decay products of heavier elements . There are eight known isotopes , from 266Mt to 278Mt . There may also be two isomers . The longest-lived of the known isotopes is 278Mt with a half-life of 8 seconds . The unconfirmed heavier 282Mt appears to have an even longer half-life of 67 seconds .

negative: Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84 . A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes , polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium , though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table : thallium , lead , and bismuth . Due to the short half-life of all its isotopes , its natural occurrence is limited to tiny traces of the fleeting polonium-210 ( with a half-life of 138 days ) in uranium ores , as it is the penultimate daughter of natural uranium-238 . Though slightly longer-lived isotopes exist , they are much more difficult to produce . Today , polonium is usually produced in milligram quantities by the neutron irradiation of bismuth . Due to its intense radioactivity , which results in the radiolysis of chemical bonds and radioactive self-heating , its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only .   Polonium was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie , when it was extracted from uranium ore and identified solely by its strong radioactivity : it was the first element to be so discovered . Polonium was named after Marie Curie 's homeland of Poland . Polonium has few applications , and those are related to its radioactivity : heaters in space probes , antistatic devices , and sources of neutrons and alpha particles . Polonium 's intense radioactivity makes it dangerously toxic .

negative: Isotopes of mendelevium Mendelevium ( 101Md ) is a synthetic element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all artificial elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 256Md ( which was also the first isotope of any element produced one atom at a time ) in 1955 . There are 16 known radioisotopes , ranging in atomic mass from 245Md to 260Md , and 5 isomers . The longest-lived isotope is 258Md with a half-life of 51.3 days , and the longest-lived isomer is 258mMd with a half-life of 58.0 minutes .

negative: Molybdenum Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42 . The name is from Neo-Latin molybdaenum , from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος , meaning lead , since its ores were confused with lead ores . Molybdenum minerals have been known throughout history , but the element was discovered ( in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals ) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele . The metal was first isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm .   Molybdenum does not occur naturally as a free metal on Earth ; it is found only in various oxidation states in minerals . The free element , a silvery metal with a gray cast , has the sixth-highest melting point of any element . It readily forms hard , stable carbides in alloys , and for this reason most of world production of the element ( about 80 % ) is used in steel alloys , including high-strength alloys and superalloys .   Most molybdenum compounds have low solubility in water , but when molybdenum-bearing minerals contact oxygen and water , the resulting molybdate ion is quite soluble . Industrially , molybdenum compounds ( about 14 % of world production of the element ) are used in high-pressure and high-temperature applications as pigments and catalysts .   are by far the most common bacterial catalysts for breaking the chemical bond in atmospheric molecular nitrogen in the process of biological nitrogen fixation . At least 50 molybdenum enzymes are now known in bacteria and animals , although only bacterial and cyanobacterial enzymes are involved in nitrogen fixation . These nitrogenases contain molybdenum in a form different from other molybdenum enzymes , which all contain fully oxidized molybdenum in a molybdenum cofactor . These various molybdenum cofactor enzymes are vital to the organisms , and molybdenum is an essential element for life in all higher eukaryote organisms , though not in all bacteria .

negative: Neptunium Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93 . A radioactive actinide metal , neptunium is the first transuranic element . Its position in the periodic table just after uranium , named after the planet Uranus , led to it being named after Neptune , the next planet beyond Uranus . A neptunium atom has 93 protons and 93 electrons , of which seven are valence electrons . Neptunium metal is silvery and tarnishes when exposed to air . The element occurs in three allotropic forms and it normally exhibits five oxidation states , ranging from +3 to +7 . It is radioactive , poisonous , pyrophoric , and can accumulate in bones , which makes the handling of neptunium dangerous .   Although many false claims of its discovery were made over the years , the element was first synthesized by Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory in 1940 . Since then , most neptunium has been and still is produced by neutron irradiation of uranium in nuclear reactors . The vast majority is generated as a by-product in conventional nuclear power reactors . While neptunium itself has no commercial uses at present , it is widely used as a precursor for the formation of plutonium-238 , used in radioisotope thermal generators to provide electricity for spacecraft . Neptunium has also been used in detectors of high-energy neutrons .   The most stable isotope of neptunium , neptunium-237 , is a by-product of nuclear reactors and plutonium production . It , and the isotope neptunium-239 , are also found in trace amounts in uranium ores due to neutron capture reactions and beta decay .  __ TOC __

negative: Isotopes of tennessine Tennessine ( 117Ts ) is the most-recently synthesized synthetic element , and much of the data is hypothetical . As for any synthetic element , a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first ( and so far only ) isotopes to be synthesized were 293Ts and 294Ts in 2009 . The longer-lived isotope is 294Ts with a half-life of 51 ms.

negative: Tungsten Tungsten , also known as wolfram , is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74 . The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten , which directly translates to heavy stone . Its name in Swedish is volfram , however , in order to distinguish it from scheelite , which is alternatively named tungsten in Swedish .   A hard , rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined , tungsten is found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds . It was identified as a new element in 1781 , and first isolated as a metal in 1783 . Its important ores include wolframite and scheelite . The free element is remarkable for its robustness , especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all the elements discovered , melting at 3,422 ° C , 6,192 ° F. Its high density is 19.3 times that of water , comparable to that of uranium and gold , and much higher ( about 1.7 times ) than that of lead . Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material , making it difficult to work . However , pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile , and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw .   Tungsten 's many alloys have numerous applications , including incandescent light bulb filaments , X-ray tubes ( as both the filament and target ) , electrodes in TIG welding , superalloys , and radiation shielding . Tungsten 's hardness and high density give it military applications in penetrating projectiles . Tungsten compounds are also often used as industrial catalysts .   Tungsten is the only metal from the third transition series that is known to occur in biomolecules , where it is used in a few species of bacteria and archaea . It is the heaviest element known to be essential to any living organism . Tungsten interferes with molybdenum and copper metabolism and is somewhat toxic to animal life .

negative: Promethium Promethium ( formerly prometheum ) is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61 . All of its isotopes are radioactive ; it is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms , a distinction shared with technetium . Chemically , promethium is a lanthanide , which forms salts when combined with other elements . Promethium shows only one stable oxidation state of +3 .   In 1902 Bohuslav Brauner suggested that there was a then-unknown element with properties intermediate between those of the known elements neodymium ( 60 ) and samarium ( 62 ) ; this was confirmed in 1914 by Henry Moseley who , having measured the atomic numbers of all the elements then known , found there was no element with atomic number 61 . In 1926 , an Italian and an American group claimed to have isolated a sample of element 61 ; both `` discoveries '' were soon proven to be false . In 1938 , during a nuclear experiment conducted at Ohio State University , a few radioactive nuclides were produced that certainly were not radioisotopes of neodymium or samarium , but there was a lack of chemical proof that element 61 was produced , and the discovery was not generally recognized . Promethium was first produced and characterized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1945 by the separation and analysis of the fission products of uranium fuel irradiated in a graphite reactor . The discoverers proposed the name `` prometheum '' ( the spelling was subsequently changed ) , derived from Prometheus , the Titan in Greek mythology who stole fire from Mount Olympus and brought it down to humans , to symbolize `` both the daring and the possible misuse of mankind 's intellect . '' However , a sample of the metal was made only in 1963 .   There are two possible sources for natural promethium : rare decays of natural europium-151 ( producing promethium-147 ) , and uranium ( various isotopes ) . Practical applications exist only for chemical compounds of promethium-147 , which are used in luminous paint , atomic batteries and thickness measurement devices , even though promethium-145 is the most stable promethium isotope . Because natural promethium is exceedingly scarce , it is typically synthesized by bombarding uranium-235 ( enriched uranium ) with thermal neutrons to produce promethium-147 as a fission product .

negative: Rutherfordium Rutherfordium is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104 , named in honor of physicist Ernest Rutherford . It is a synthetic element ( an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature ) and radioactive ; the most stable known isotope , 267Rf , has a half-life of approximately 1.3 hours .   In the periodic table of the elements , it is a d-block element and the second of the fourth-row transition elements . It is a member of the 7th period and belongs to the group 4 elements . Chemistry experiments have confirmed that rutherfordium behaves as the heavier homologue to hafnium in group 4 . The chemical properties of rutherfordium are characterized only partly . They compare well with the chemistry of the other group 4 elements , even though some calculations had indicated that the element might show significantly different properties due to relativistic effects .   In the 1960s , small amounts of rutherfordium were produced in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in the former Soviet Union and at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California . The priority of the discovery and therefore the naming of the element was disputed between Soviet and American scientists , and it was not until 1997 that International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) established rutherfordium as the official name for the element .

negative: Isotopes of dubnium Dubnium ( 105Db ) is a synthetic element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 261Db in 1968 . There are 13 known radioisotopes from 255Db to 270Db , and 1 -- 3 isomers . The longest-lived known isotope is 268Db with a half-life of 29 hours .

negative: Isotopes of curium Curium ( Cm ) is an artificial element with an atomic number of 96 . Because it is an artificial element , a standard atomic weight can not be given , and it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope synthesized was 242Cm in 1944 , which has 146 neutrons . All of the isotopes are radioactive .   There are 21 known radioisotopes with atomic masses ranging from 232Cm to 252Cm . There are also four known nuclear isomers ( 243mCm , 244mCm , 245mCm , and 249mCm ) . The longest-lived isotope is 247Cm , with a half-life of 15.6 million years -- several orders of magnitude longer than the half-life of all known nuclei of elements beyond curium in the periodic table . The shortest-lived isomer is 244mCm with a half-life of 34 milliseconds .

negative: Isotopes of nihonium Nihonium ( 113Nh ) is a synthetic element . Being synthetic , a standard atomic weight can not be given and like all artificial elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 284Nh as a decay product of 288Mc in 2003 . The first isotope to be directly synthesized was 278Nh in 2004 . There are 6 known radioisotopes from 278Nh to 286Nh , along with the unconfirmed 290Nh . The longest-lived isotope is 286Nh with a half-life of 19.6 seconds .

negative: Ruthenium Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44 . It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table . Like the other metals of the platinum group , ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals . The Baltic German scientist Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 and named it after his homeland , the Russian Empire . Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores ; the annual production is about 20 tonnes . Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors . A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst .

negative: Isotopes of oganesson Oganesson ( 118Og ) is a synthetic element created in particle accelerators , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first ( and so far only ) isotope to be synthesized was 294Og in 2006 ; it has a half-life of 0.7 milliseconds .

negative: Isotopes of copernicium Copernicium ( 112Cn ) is a synthetic element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 277Cn in 1996 . There are 6 known radioisotopes ( one more being unconfirmed ) and one possible isomer . The longest-lived isotope is 285Cn with a half-life of 29 seconds .

negative: Oganesson Oganesson is a transactinide chemical element with symbol Og and atomic number 118 . It was first synthesized in 2002 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ( JINR ) in Dubna , Russia . In December 2015 , it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP . It was formally named on 28 November 2016 . The name is in line with the tradition of honoring a scientist and recognizes nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian , who has played a leading role in the discovery of the heaviest elements in the periodic table . It is one of only two elements named after a living person at the time of naming , the other being seaborgium , and is currently the only one alive .   Oganesson has the highest atomic number and highest atomic mass of all known elements . The radioactive oganesson atom is very unstable , and since 2005 , only four atoms of the isotope 294Og have been detected . Although this allowed very little experimental characterization of its properties and possible compounds , theoretical calculations have resulted in many predictions , including some surprising ones . For example , although oganesson is a member of group 18 -- the first synthetic element to be so -- it may be significantly reactive , unlike all the other elements of that group ( the noble gases ) . It was formerly thought to be a gas under normal conditions but is now predicted to be a solid due to relativistic effects . On the periodic table of the elements it is a p-block element and the last one of the 7th period .

negative: Isotopes of lawrencium Lawrencium ( 103Lr ) is a synthetic element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 258Lr in 1961 . There are twelve known radioisotopes from 252Lr to 266Lr , and 1 isomer ( 253mLr ) . The longest-lived isotope is 266Lr with a half-life of 11 hours . Heavier isotopes are expected to have longer half-lives .

negative: Technetium Technetium is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43 . It is the lightest element whose isotopes are all radioactive ; none are stable . Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically , and only minute amounts are found in the Earth 's crust . Naturally occurring technetium is a spontaneous fission product in uranium ore or the product of neutron capture in molybdenum ores . The chemical properties of this silvery gray , crystalline transition metal are intermediate between rhenium and manganese .   Many of technetium 's properties were predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev before the element was discovered . Mendeleev noted a gap in his periodic table and gave the undiscovered element the provisional name ekamanganese ( Em ) . In 1937 , technetium ( specifically the technetium-97 isotope ) became the first predominantly artificial element to be produced , hence its name ( from the Greek τεχνητός , meaning `` artificial '' , + - ium #Suffix ) .   Its short-lived gamma ray-emitting nuclear isomer -- technetium-99m -- is used in nuclear medicine for a wide variety of diagnostic tests . Technetium-99 is used as a gamma-ray-free source of beta particles . Long-lived technetium isotopes produced commercially are by-products of fission of uranium-235 in nuclear reactors and are extracted from nuclear fuel rods . Because no isotope of technetium has a half-life longer than 4.2 million years ( technetium-98 ) , the 1952 detection of technetium in red giants , which are billions of years old , helped to prove that stars can produce heavier elements .

negative: Isotopes of seaborgium Seaborgium ( 106Sg ) is a synthetic element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 263mSg in 1974 . There are 12 known radioisotopes from 258Sg to 271Sg and 2 known isomers ( 261mSg and 263mSg ) . The longest-lived isotope is 269Sg with a half-life of 3.1 minutes .

negative: Fermium Fermium is a synthetic element with symbol Fm and atomic number 100 . It is a member of the actinide series . It is the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements , and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities , although pure fermium metal has not yet been prepared . A total of 19 isotopes are known , with 257Fm being the longest-lived with a half-life of 100.5 days .   It was discovered in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952 , and named after Enrico Fermi , one of the pioneers of nuclear physics . Its chemistry is typical for the late actinides , with a preponderance of the +3 oxidation state but also an accessible +2 oxidation state . Owing to the small amounts of produced fermium and all of its isotopes having relatively short half-lives , there are currently no uses for it outside of basic scientific research .

negative: Isotopes of darmstadtium Darmstadtium ( 110Ds ) is a synthetic element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all synthetic elements , it has no stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 269Ds in 1994 . There are 9 known radioisotopes from 267Ds to 281Ds ( with many gaps ) and 2 or 3 known isomers . The longest-lived isotope is 281Ds with a half-life of 9.6 seconds .

negative: Molybdenum trisulfide Molybdenum trisulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula MoS3 .

negative: Curium Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96 . This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie -- both were known for their research on radioactivity . Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California , Berkeley . The discovery was kept secret and only released to the public in November 1945 . Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors -- one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains about 20 grams of curium .   Curium is a hard , dense , silvery metal with a relatively high melting point and boiling point for an actinide . Whereas it is paramagnetic at ambient conditions , it becomes antiferromagnetic upon cooling , and other magnetic transitions are also observed for many curium compounds . In compounds , curium usually exhibits valence +3 and sometimes +4 , and the +3 valence is predominant in solutions . Curium readily oxidizes , and its oxides are a dominant form of this element . It forms strongly fluorescent complexes with various organic compounds , but there is no evidence of its incorporation into bacteria and archaea . When introduced into the human body , curium accumulates in the bones , lungs and liver , where it promotes cancer .   All known isotopes of curium are radioactive and have a small critical mass for a sustained nuclear chain reaction . They predominantly emit α-particles , and the heat released in this process can serve as a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators , but this application is hindered by the scarcity , high cost , and radioactivity of curium isotopes . Curium is used in production of heavier actinides and of the 238Pu radionuclide for power sources in artificial pacemakers . It served as the α-source in the alpha particle X-ray spectrometers installed on several space probes , including the Sojourner , Spirit , Opportunity and Curiosity Mars rovers and the Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko , to analyze the composition and structure of the surface .

negative: Nobelium Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102 . It is named in honor of Alfred Nobel , the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science . A radioactive metal , it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series . Like all elements with atomic number over 100 , nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles . A total of twelve nobelium isotopes are known to exist ; the most stable is 259No with a half-life of 58 minutes , but the shorter-lived 255No ( half-life 3.1 minutes ) is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale .   Chemistry experiments have confirmed that nobelium behaves as a heavier homolog to ytterbium in the periodic table . The chemical properties of nobelium are not completely known : they are mostly only known in aqueous solution . Before nobelium 's discovery , it was predicted that it would show a stable +2 oxidation state as well as the +3 state characteristic of the other actinides : these predictions were later confirmed , as the +2 state is much more stable than the +3 state in aqueous solution and it is difficult to keep nobelium in the +3 state .   In the 1950s and 1960s , many claims of the discovery of nobelium were made from laboratories in Sweden , the Soviet Union , and the United States . Although the Swedish scientists soon retracted their claims , the priority of the discovery and therefore the naming of the element was disputed between Soviet and American scientists , and it was not until 1997 that International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) credited the Soviet team with the discovery , but retained nobelium , the Swedish proposal , as the name of the element due to its long-standing use in the literature .


query: Sky UK serves Ireland.

positive: Sky UK Sky UK Limited ( formerly British Sky Broadcasting and BSkyB ) is a telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom . Sky provides television and broadband internet services , fixed line and mobile telephone services to consumers and businesses in the United Kingdom . It is the UK 's largest  pay-TV broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015 . It was the UK 's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007 . Its corporate headquarters are in Isleworth .   Formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting , Sky became the UK 's largest digital subscription television company . Following Sky 's 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90.04 % interest in Sky Deutschland in November 2014 , its holding company British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc. . The UK subsidiary 's name was changed from British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited , and continues to trade as Sky .   Sky UK Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sky plc , with its current company directors being Andrew Griffith and Christopher Taylor . Griffith acts as the Chief Financial Officer ( CFO ) and the Managing Director for the commercial businesses division .

negative: Nickelodeon (UK and Ireland) Nickelodeon is a TV channel that is dedicated to kids ' programming . In the UK and Ireland , it is operated under a joint venture between Viacom International Media Networks Europe and Sky plc. .   On 1 September 1993 , a localised version of the US channel launched in the United Kingdom and much later in Ireland . In the United Kingdom , the channel is available on Sky , Virgin Media , and TalkTalk Plus TV . In Ireland , the channel is available on Virgin Media Ireland , eVision and Sky Ireland .   Different than other Nickelodeon versions worldwide , Nickelodeon UK and Ireland does not air any animated programming on its schedule apart from Winx Club and SpongeBob SquarePants , and all Nickelodeon animated programming is switched to Nicktoons in the UK and Ireland .

negative: Sky Cinema (disambiguation) Sky Cinema may refer to :  Sky Cinema , a group of film channels on Sky UK and Ireland , formerly Sky Movies  Sky Cinema , the previous name of two Sky Movies channels on Sky UK and Ireland from 1998 to 2007  Sky Cinema ( Germany ) , a group of German film channels on Sky Deutschland , formerly Sky Film  Sky Cinema , a flagship channel of Sky Cinema Germany , formerly Premiere 1 , 2 and 3  Sky Cinema ( Italy ) , a group of Italian film channels on Sky Italia

negative: Nick Jr. (UK and Ireland) Nick Jr. is a British television channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland operated by a joint venture between Viacom International Media Networks Europe and Sky plc. . The channel is aimed at pre-school children .

negative: MTV (UK and Ireland) MTV UK is a general entertainment channel operated by Viacom International Media Networks Europe , available in the United Kingdom and Ireland .   The channel was launched as part of MTV Networks Europe localisation strategy in 1997 . MTV UK ( previously MTV UK & Ireland and MTV One ) was launched on 1 July 1997 . The channel was set up to provide audiences with local artists and more relevant music content . Prior to the localisation of MTV in Europe , the region was served by MTV Europe which was launched on 1 August 1987 . Since February 2011 MTV has been solely an entertainment channel and relocated to the entertainment section on Sky , and later Virgin Media .   The channel is in over 10 million homes in the UK and Ireland .

negative: Sky Sport Sky Sport or similar may refer to :   Sky Sports , a group of sports television channels available in the UK , Ireland and other parts of Europe .  Sky Sport ( Germany ) , a group of sports television channels available in Germany , Austria and Switzerland , formerly called Premiere Sport .  Sky Sport ( Italy ) a group of sports television channels available in Italy .  Sky Sport ( New Zealand ) , a group of New Zealand sports television channels  Sky Sport ( Mexico ) , a group of Mexican sports television channels  Sky Sports International

negative: Boomerang (UK & Ireland) Boomerang is a television channel broadcast in the United Kingdom and in the Republic of Ireland launched on 27 May 2000 . It is broadcast 24 hours on the Sky , Virgin Media , Smallworld Cable , BT TV , TalkTalk Plus TV , Virgin Media Ireland and TVPlayer ( When subscribed to TVPlayer Plus ) . It mostly features classic cartoons such as Tom and Jerry and Scooby-Doo .

negative: BBC One Northern Ireland BBC One Northern Ireland is a television channel operated by BBC Northern Ireland . It is the Northern Irish variation of the UK-wide BBC One . The service is broadcast in Northern Ireland from Broadcasting House in Belfast . Outside Northern Ireland the service is available on Sky ( UK ) channel 953 and across the border in the Republic of Ireland on Sky ( ROI ) Channel 141 .   On 24 October 2012 , an HD variation of BBC One Northern Ireland was launched , to coincide with the completion of the digital switchover process in Northern Ireland . On 18 November 2013 , BBC One Northern Ireland HD was swapped with the SD channel on Sky 's EPG for HD subscribers .   The BBC One Northern Ireland branding is utilised between 6am until the handover to the BBC News Channel with live continuity handled by a team of regional announcers who double up as playout directors . The channel 's main competitor is UTV while also competing with RTÉ One and TV3 from the Republic of Ireland . Although BBC One NI and UTV are competitors , on the final night of UK digital switchover , BBC One NI and UTV joined forces for a special simulcast , `` The Magic Box '' , with Eamonn Holmes , celebrating 60 years of TV history .

negative: BBC Newsline BBC Newsline is the BBC 's regional television news service for Northern Ireland . The programme is broadcast on BBC One Northern Ireland from BBC Northern Ireland 's headquarters in Broadcasting House , Ormeau Avenue , Belfast .   As well as being available via all multi-channel outlets in Northern Ireland ( including via Sky channel 101 ) , the programme can be accessed by the rest of the United Kingdom ( along with all other regional BBC news programmes ) on the BBC iPlayer , or alternatively on Sky channel 973 . Viewers from the Republic of Ireland with a Sky subscription can also watch on Sky channel 141 . As the BBC UK regional TV on satellite service is broadcast unencrypted , it is possible to receive BBC Newsline anywhere in Europe using an appropriate receiver .

negative: More4 More4 is a digital television channel , owned by Channel Four Television Corporation . The channel launched on 10 October 2005 .   The channel is carried on Freeview , on satellite broadcasters Freesat and Sky and on UK cable network Virgin Media . In Switzerland the channel is available on UPC Switzerland and in Ireland on Virgin Media Ireland , Magnet Networks and Sky .

negative: Television in Northern Ireland Television in Northern Ireland is available using , digital terrestrial ( known as Freeview ) , digital satellite ( from Sky & Freesat ) and cable ( from Virgin Media ) .   Analogue terrestrial used UHF 625 lines , in common with the rest of the UK , although transmission ceased in October 2012 , as part of the UK Digital Switchover . Northern Ireland was the last region to switchover , in a process which coincided with the switchover in the Republic of Ireland . Both the analogue and digital networks are managed by Arqiva .   Regulation of the broadcasting and telecommunications sector is regulated by OfCom

negative: Disney Channel (UK and Ireland) Disney Channel is a kids and teen 's entertainment channel available in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland since 1 October 1995 . A one-hour timeshift service called Disney Channel +1 is available on Sky and Virgin Media . Disney Channel currently has two sister channels ; Disney Junior and Disney XD . It currently focuses on live-action programming .

negative: TruTV (UK and Ireland) TruTV is a British television channel owned by Sony Pictures Television . The channel launched free-to-air on Freeview , Freesat and Sky platforms on 4 August 2014 .

negative: RTÉ2 RTÉ2 is a free-to-air general entertainment channel operated by Irish national broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann . It is available to 98 % of viewers across the Republic of Ireland through Saorview and available in Northern Ireland through Freeview . It is also available through digital television services Virgin Media Ireland , Sky Ireland , Eir TV and in Northern Ireland on Virgin Media and Sky . Content from RTÉ2 is available on the RTÉ Player both nationally and internationally .   RTÉ2 broadcasts in both standard definition and high-definition .

negative: Sky News Radio Sky News Radio is the radio arm of the Sky News division of Sky UK . It has been operating since June 1999 , providing a news bulletin service for UK commercial radio stations operators across the UK and for a number of English-speaking radio stations across the world .

negative: John Sherwin John Sherwin may refer to :   John C. Sherwin , American politician  John Sherwin ( journalist ) for Sky News Ireland  John Sherwin ( MP ) ( c. 1527 -- 1589 ) , MP for Chichester ( UK Parliament constituency )

negative: Gogglebox Ireland Gogglebox Ireland is an Irish reality show , broadcast on TV3 from 22 September 2016 onwards and a co-production between Kite Entertainment ( Dublin ) and Studio Lambert ( London . ) The series is based on the original UK version and features 15 groups of families and friends from around Ireland who react to Irish , British and American television shows broadcast in the Republic of Ireland . As well as RTÉ , TV3 and TG4 , British channels BBC One , BBC Two and Channel 4 are also available to ROI viewers so these are included in the programmes reviewed along with those broadcast on satellite channels such as Sky One , TLC and MTV .

negative: Sky+ HD Sky + HD is the brand name of the HDTV service launched by Sky plc on 22 May 2006 in the United Kingdom and Ireland to enable high definition channels on Sky to be viewed . For the first 2 years after launch , the service was branded Sky HD . The service requires the user to have a Sky + HD Digibox and an HD ready TV . Customers who pre-ordered by paying a deposit before 6 April 2006 were the first to receive the service , with installations starting on 21 May 2006 .   As of 21 August 2014 the number of Sky + HD boxes currently in use stands at over 10 million .

negative: Cartoon Network (UK & Ireland) Cartoon Network ( commonly abbreviated as CN ) is a British television channel available on Sky , Virgin Media , Smallworld Cable , TalkTalk Plus TV , UPC Ireland and TVPlayer ( When subscribed to TVPlayer ) . The channel is owned and operated by Turner Broadcasting System Europe ( a semi-autonomous unit of Time Warner ) .   The channel primarily shows animated programming and was launched in the United Kingdom and Ireland as Cartoon Network UK/Europe on 17 September 1993 .   The United Kingdom was the first country to have a Cartoon Network headquarters outside of the United States in 1993 , serving Western Europe , but did not have a UK and Ireland only version until 1999 . This was even though until 1999 , the pan-European version only showed British advertisements , and a majority of its audience were British . All programmes on the pan-European version were dubbed in English , with different audio language channels when a translated programme is available , which were indicated as language symbols on Now/Next bumpers . Cartoon Network UK also serves as the English language feed for Europe , which is also used by Malta . Cartoon Network launched a high definition version of the channel on 14 September 2011 .

negative: Pop (UK and Ireland) Pop is a free-to-air children 's television channel in the United Kingdom , owned by Sony Pictures Television . As of June 2014 , it broadcasts cartoons , facts and game shows on Sky , Freesat , and Freeview . Its target audience is 8 to 14 year old children .

negative: Sky News Sky News is a 24-hour international multimedia news company based in the U.K. Originally a 24-hour television news channel , Sky News currently provides news on television , online , and on a range of mobile devices . Sky News emphasises breaking news . John Ryley is the Head of Sky News , a role he has held since June 2006 .   Other versions of Sky News are operated as joint-ventures . These include Sky News Australia ( no longer directly owned by Sky News as of December 2016 ) and Sky News Arabia . A channel called Sky News International , with the same news content but without British adverts , is available in Europe , Africa , Asia and the United States . Sky News Radio provides national and international news to commercial radio stations in the UK and to other English-language stations around the world . Sky News also provides content to Yahoo! News . The channel is available on Apple TV , Roku and YouTube .

negative: Overseas Property TV Overseas Property TV ( or O'seasproperty as it appeared on the EPG ) was a television channel broadcast in the United Kingdom and Ireland , on the Sky Digital and Freesat platforms . Used as a publicity vehicle for the MacAnthony Realty International group of companies owned by Darragh MacAnthony who is now the Chairman of Peterborough Football Club .   The channel was primarily targeted at UK and Ireland residents wishing to buy , sell and develop property abroad ( particularly the Mediterranean region , Eastern Europe and Florida ) . The channel also offered programming about relocating to different countries , legal advice and property investment tips .   The channel closed in December 2008 and was removed from the Sky and Freesat EPG 's in January 2009 .  The Company was liquidated in 2009 .

negative: RTÉ Ireland RTÉ Ireland ( lit . Raidió Teilifís Éireann Ireland = Radio Television Ireland Ireland ) is the planned international television channel by Ireland 's public service broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann ( RTÉ ) . The channel will broadcast online at RTÉ.ie , IPTV and on satellite in the United Kingdom .   The channel is expected to offer programmes from RTÉ One and Two , including education , drama , comedy , music , news and current affairs . This includes The All Ireland Talent Show , Fair City , Dragons ' Den and The Late Late Show . The Oireachtas ( parliament ) has passed legislation requiring that RTÉ supply international service to suit the needs of Irish citizens living abroad , along with other new digital RTÉ channels .

negative: Freesat from Sky Freesat from Sky is a British satellite television service from Sky UK . It offers over 240 free-to-air ( FTA ) channels in its EPG . This is a greater number than its competitors , Freesat , which has 180 + , and Freeview , which has 50 + .  It also has up to six HD channels and Sky Active interactive data service .   Despite the benefits , Sky does not actively promote Freesat from Sky ( FsfS ) . Sky also has a pay TV service which is heavily promoted and is the UK 's most popular pay TV service .

negative: Vintage TV (TV channel) Vintage TV is a music television channel from the United Kingdom which launched on 1 September 2010 on Sky and Freesat .   The channel is available throughout the UK , and with limited availability in Ireland . Its name and programming have been licensed to Vintage TV in Canada .

negative: Sky Deutschland Sky Deutschland AG , branded as Sky , is a German media company which operates a Direct Broadcast Satellite Pay TV platform in Germany , Austria and Switzerland ( through Teleclub ) offering a collection of basic and premium digital subscription television channels of different categories via satellite and cable television .   It was launched in 1991 as Premiere . The channel originally started as a single analogue channel on the Astra 1A satellite , showing films dubbed into German , as well as in original audio , live football matches from the German Bundesliga and Austrian Bundesliga ( and at one time the UEFA Cup ) , and documentaries and TV series . After the coming of the digital age , the service has since consisted of many channels with many new ones added over the years . On 4 July 2009 , the service and its channels were rebranded as `` Sky '' .   Sky Deutschland is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sky plc. . The programming service itself is provided by its subsidiary Sky Deutschland Fernsehen GmbH & Co. . KG ( formerly Premiere Fernsehen GmbH & Co. . KG ) . It topped 3,000,000 subscribers by the end of 2011 . As of Q2 2014 , Sky Deutschland has more than 4 million subscribers .

negative: DMAX (UK TV channel) DMAX is a TV channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Discovery announced on 22 November 2007 , that they would launch a version of DMAX in the UK and Ireland market on 8 January 2008 after its initial success in Germany .   In addition , the timeshift service DMAX +1 has also been available on Sky since the launch . A two-hour timeshift channel named DMAX +2 launched on Sky on 1 April 2008 . Another timeshift channel named DMAX +1.5 launched on Sky on 18 August 2008 . DMAX +1.5 was closed down on 2 November 2009 when Quest +1 launched . DMAX +2 closed on 30 April 2013 on Sky when TLC launched on channel 125 and Challenge was relocated to channel 145 , which had been DMAX +1 . DMAX +1 moved to Sky channel 238 as TLC +1 launched on channel 195 , which had been DMAX +2 . As of August 2014 , DMAX +1 is on channel 233 . On 16 July 2015 , DMAX moved from 144 to 167 on Sky , switching places with sister channel Quest .

negative: Primetime (TV channel) Primetime was a pay-per-view TV channel which broadcasts to the United Kingdom and Ireland . The channel was available on Sky channel 498 and through Virgin Media 's On Demand service . Primetime also offered live streams via their website .

negative: Tourism Ireland Tourism Ireland ( Irish : Turasóireacht Éireann ; Ulster-Scots : Tourism Airlan or Reengin Airlann ) is the marketing body responsible for marketing the island of Ireland overseas . Tourism Ireland was established as one of `` six areas of co-operation '' under the framework of the 1998 Belfast Agreement .   Tourism Ireland has offices across Europe , North America , and Australia as well as representatives across Asia and South Africa . The island of Ireland ( which includes both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland ) received 8 million visitors during 2015 , a 14 % growth over the 2014 . Approximately 40 % of visitors come from Great Britain , 18 % from North America and 35 % from Mainland Europe .

negative: Sky 2 Sky 2 is a British television channel originally launched in September 1996 and relaunched in December 2002 .

negative: Sky Entertainment Sky Entertainment was a television channel owned by British Sky Broadcasting which was broadcast to the Scandinavian countries .   The channel was the result of an agreement between Telenor CTV and British Sky Broadcasting made in March 1997 , which meant Telenor would be able to broadcast two channels produced by BSkyB to their subscribers in Scandinavia .   Sky Entertainment was launched in September 1997 along with Sky News & Documentaries . It carried programming from several British channels , most notably those operated by Granada Sky Broadcasting . At launch , the channels carried were :   The channel shared its analogue transponder on Intelsat 707 with DR2 which was broadcasting between 5 p.m. and 1 a.m. , meaning the programmes of Granada Plus were n't available to analogue viewers .   The channels were broadcast on the 1 degree west frequency as a part of the CTV package .   After CMT Europe closed down in 1998 , it was replaced by Video Zone .

negative: Audi Channel The Audi Channel was a digital satellite television channel , launched in the UK in 2005 by the German car company Audi . It was broadcast via Sky Digital , which is generally receivable in the United Kingdom , and the Republic of Ireland ( although the Sky Digital output is also receivable in many mainland European countries ) . It was free-to-air . The Audi Channel was broadcast in the 4:3 aspect ratio , in standard definition .

negative: Odeon Sky Filmworks Odeon Sky Filmworks is a joint venture between Odeon Cinemas and British Sky Broadcasting designed to bring film titles to UK audiences in cinemas and at home .   Called ` Odeon and Sky Filmworks ' ( FILMWORKS ) , the collaboration between SKY and ODEON will act as a UK-based film distributor , signing up titles directly from filmmakers . Filmworks plans initially to sign up to six films for release per year . Films will have a theatrical release at ODEON , as well as at other cinema chains , prior to DVD retail ( including ODEON foyer sales ) and DVD rental ( including ODEON Direct ) . Sky will retain all UK TV rights -- and will make the films available to Sky viewers across its download service -- Sky Movies By Broadband , as well as Sky Box Office , before their UK Television Premiere on Sky Movies .