query: Ragtime features a Star Wars actor.

positive: Ragtime (film) Ragtime is a 1981 American drama film , directed by Miloš Forman , based on 1975 historical novel Ragtime by E. L. Doctorow . The action takes place in and around New York City , New Rochelle , and Atlantic City early in the 1900s , including fictionalized references to actual people and events of the time . The film features the final film appearances of James Cagney and Pat O'Brien ; early appearances , in small parts , by Samuel L. Jackson , Jeff Daniels , Fran Drescher , Ethan Phillips and John Ratzenberger ; and an uncredited appearance from Jack Nicholson . The music score was composed by Randy Newman . The film was nominated for eight Oscars .

positive: Samuel L. Jackson Samuel Leroy Jackson ( born December 21 , 1948 ) is an American actor and film producer . He achieved prominence and critical acclaim in the early 1990s with films such as Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) , Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , Amos & Andrew ( 1993 ) , True Romance ( 1993 ) , Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) and his collaborations with director Quentin Tarantino including Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Django Unchained ( 2012 ) , and The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) . He is a highly prolific actor , having appeared in over 100 films , including Die Hard with a Vengeance ( 1995 ) , Unbreakable ( 2000 ) , Shaft ( 2000 ) , The 51st State ( 2001 ) , Black Snake Moan ( 2006 ) , Snakes on a Plane ( 2006 ) , and the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , as well as the Marvel Cinematic Universe .   With Jackson 's permission , his likeness was used for the Ultimate version of the Marvel Comics character Nick Fury . He later cameoed as the character in a post-credits scene from Iron Man ( 2008 ) , and went on to sign a nine-film commitment to reprise this role in future films , including major roles in Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) and Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) and minor roles in Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) . He has also portrayed the character in the second and final episodes of the first season of the TV show Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. .   He has provided his voice to several animated films , television series and video games , including the roles of Lucius Best / Frozone in Pixar Animation Studios ' film The Incredibles ( 2004 ) , Mace Windu in Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , Afro Samurai in the anime television series Afro Samurai ( 2007 ) , and Frank Tenpenny in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ( 2004 ) .   Jackson has achieved critical and commercial acclaim , surpassing Frank Welker as the actor with the highest-grossing film total of all time in October 2011 , and he has received numerous accolades and awards . He is married to LaTanya Richardson , with whom he has a daughter , Zoe . Samuel L. Jackson is ranked as the highest all-time box office star with over $ 4.9053 billion total box office gross , an average of $ 69.1 million per film .

negative: Ragtime Snap Shots Ragtime Snap Shots is a 1915 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd .

negative: That Ragtime Band That Ragtime Band is a 1913 American short comedy film directed by Mack Sennett and featuring Fatty Arbuckle .

negative: Max Morath Max Morath ( born October 1 , 1926 ) is an American ragtime pianist , composer , actor and author . He is best known for his piano playing and is referred to as `` Mr. Ragtime '' . He has been a touring performer as well as being variously a composer , recording artist , actor , playwright , and radio and television presenter . Rudi Blesh billed Morath as a `` one-man ragtime army '' .

negative: Christmas in the Stars Christmas in the Stars : Star Wars Christmas Album is a record album produced in 1980 by RSO Records . It features recordings of Star Wars-themed Christmas songs and stories about a droid factory where the robots make toys year-round for `` S. Claus '' .   Much of the album is sung and narrated by British actor Anthony Daniels , reprising his role as C-3PO from the Star Wars films . Sound designer Ben Burtt also provided sound effects for R2-D2 and Chewbacca .

negative: Ragtime (disambiguation) Ragtime is a style of music .   Other uses of the word ragtime include :  Ragtime ( novel ) ( 1975 ) , by E. L. Doctorow  Ragtime ( film ) ( 1981 ) , based on the novel  Ragtime ( musical ) ( 1998 ) , based on the novel  Ragtime ( TV series ) ( 1973 -- 1975 ) , a BBC television series for children  `` Ragtime '' , a song by Brand Nubian from their 1990 album One for All  Ragtime ( I ) , first ballet by George Balanchine of the same title to Stravinsky 's eponymous music  Ragtime ( II ) , second ballet by George Balanchine of the same title to Stravinsky 's music  Ragtime ( code name ) , four secret surveillance programs of the NSA

negative: Alexander's Ragtime Band (film) Alexander 's Ragtime Band is a 1938 musical film released by 20th Century Fox that takes its name from the 1911 Irving Berlin ( 1888 -- 1989 ) song `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' to tell a story of a society boy who scandalizes his family by pursuing a career in ragtime instead of in `` serious '' music . The film generally traces the history of jazz music from the popularization of Ragtime in the early years of the 20th century to the acceptance of swing as an art form in the late 1930s using music composed by Berlin . The story spans more than two decades from the 1911 release of its name-sake song to some point in time after the 1933 release of `` Heat Wave '' , presumably 1938 . It stars Tyrone Power , Alice Faye , Don Ameche , Ethel Merman , Jack Haley and Jean Hersholt . Several actual events in the history of jazz are fictionalized and adapted to the story including the tour of Europe by Original Dixieland Jass Band , the global spread of jazz by U.S. soldiers during World War I , and the 1938 Carnegie Hall performance by The Benny Goodman Orchestra . There are no mentions of the primary importance of blacks in creating and playing jazz anywhere in the film .   The story was written by Berlin himself , with Kathryn Scola ( 1891 -- 1982 ) , Richard Sherman ( 1905 -- 1962 ) and Lamar Trotti ( 1900 -- 1952 ) . It was directed by Henry King ( 1886 -- 1982 ) .   It is believed by some that both the song and the movie were inspired by a real bandleader , Alexander Constantin Jr. of New Orleans ( also known as `` King '' Watzke , and his band , Alexander 's Ragtime Band , which was popular c. 1904-11 .

negative: Daniel Logan Daniel Logan ( born 6 June 1987 ) is a New Zealand actor . Logan is best known for his portrayal of young Boba Fett from the 2002 film Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones where he was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Supporting Actor ) at the age of 13 . Logan also voiced Fett in the animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . Logan is of Māori descent . Logan currently resides in Salt Lake City .

negative: Science of Star Wars (miniseries) Science of Star Wars is a 2005 TV documentary miniseries aired by the Discovery Channel . The series features mainly archive footage from the actors of the original and prequel trilogies of the Star Wars saga .   The series explores and discusses various aspects of Star Wars from a scientific perspective . It compares many of the technologies in Star Wars and their similarities to modern technological progress and development . The series is divided into three episodes , one for the specific discussion of various related topics .

negative: Saving Star Wars Saving Star Wars is a 2004 independent film by Woodworks Films that was written and produced by Gary Wood . The title is a play on the title of the World War II movie Saving Private Ryan and Star Wars . The first preview of the film was at a film festival called Reel Competition , where it was rated highly by the film-goers . It features David Prowse , the actor who played Darth Vader in the Star Wars trilogy . In addition , one of the principal actors , Jim Peterson , now teaches film , theatre , and alchemy at Carmel High School ( Carmel , Indiana ) .   The film was shot in central Indiana , and shown at the Star Wars Celebration III convention in 2005 in a nearby IMAX theater . The original concept poster was designed by Associate Producer Josh Shanks and Travis Bow .

negative: Any Rags? Any Rags ? is a 1932 Pre-Code Fleischer Studios Talkartoon animated short film starring Betty Boop , Bimbo , and Koko the Clown .   It features the song `` Any Rags ? '' , a 1902 ragtime schottische by Thomas S. Allen .

negative: Dave Van Ronk and the Ragtime Jug Stompers Dave Van Ronk and the Ragtime Jug Stompers is an album featuring Dave Van Ronk playing with a jug band .

negative: Matt Lanter Matthew Mackendree `` Matt '' Lanter ( born April 1 , 1983 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and model . He gained fame by playing Liam Court in the The CW hit teen drama series 90210 , a spin-off of the 1990s Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . He also appeared in some major released films , such as Star Wars : The Clone Wars , Disaster Movie , WarGames : The Dead Code , Sorority Row , Vampires Suck and The Roommate . He is the voice of Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars : The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels . He stars as soldier Wyatt Logan , a time traveler , in Timeless on NBC .

negative: Bob Roberts (singer) Robert A. `` Bob '' Roberts ( April 27 , 1879 -- January 21 , 1930 ) , sometimes referred to as `` Ragtime '' Bob Roberts , was an American novelty singer in the early years of the 20th century .

negative: Ragtime (I) Ragtime ( I ) is the second of three ballets made by New York City Ballet 's co-founder and balletmaster George Balanchine to Igor Stravinsky 's 1918 Ragtime for Eleven Instruments ; with scenery by Robert Drew previously used for Lew Christensen 's 1947 work for Ballet Society , Blackface ; costumes by Karinska and lighting by David Hays . The premiere took place on December 7 , 1960 , at City Center of Music and Drama , conducted by Robert Irving , as part of a quartet of works titled Jazz Concert , together with dances by Todd Bolender 's Creation of the World , Francisco Moncion 's Les Biches and John Taras ' Ebony Concerto . Balanchine 's 1966 Ragtime ( II ) was also made for City Ballet ; his previous ballet to Stravinsky 's Ragtime was one of a number of `` informal little things '' made in St. Petersburg in 1922 .

negative: Ragtime Cowboy Joe `` Ragtime Cowboy Joe '' is a popular song . The lyrics were written by Grant Clarke and the music was composed by Lewis F. Muir and Maurice Abrahams . It was copyrighted and published in 1912 by F.A. Mills .   It has been performed by a diverse group of artists , ranging from Bob Roberts in 1912 to The Tune Wranglers , the big band sound of Eddy Howard in 1947 to the comedic recording by The Chipmunks in 1959 .

negative: Ragtime (TV series) Ragtime was a children 's television series created by Michael Cole and presented by Maggie Henderson and Fred Harris . The programmes featured play with words , songs , stories and puppets . Puppets made by Joanne Cole emerged from the green Ragtime Bag , including wooden spoons with faces drawn on them . These were named Mr Porridge , Mr Curry , Mr Jelly , Miss Sponge , Mrs Custard , Uncle Casserole and Mrs Ragamuffin . Other puppet regulars included Dax and Sniff ( both dogs ) , Humbug the tiger and Bubble , a cushion-shaped toy .   The music was provided by Peter Gosling and Dave Moses .   In 1973 the series won a Society of Film and Television Award ( later known as a BAFTA ) for Best Children 's Programme .   Although a book and record were produced at the time , no episodes are currently available on DVD . Only eight of the twenty six episodes remain in the BBC 's archive , due to a decision in the early 1990s to wipe the master tapes of many 1970s children 's programmes .

negative: Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Lightsaber Duels Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Lightsaber Duels is a Wii fighting video game based on Star Wars : The Clone Wars . The game was released on November 11 , 2008 . It features actual voice actors to reprise their roles from the show , such as Ashley Eckstein . Matt Lanter , James Arnold Taylor , Matthew Wood , Corey Burton , Nika Futterman , Tom Kane , Phil LaMarr , and Terrence Carson .

negative: One Man Star Wars Trilogy One Man Star Wars Trilogy is an Off-Broadway play based on the original Star Wars trilogy , written and performed by Canadian actor Charles Ross , and directed by TJ Dawe . It premiered in Toronto , Ontario in January , 2001 , and has since toured worldwide , with over 1,000 performances in 119 cities as of March 2007 .

negative: List of Malcolm in the Middle guest stars Malcolm in the Middle featured many notable guest stars during its seven season run . Many episodes featured veteran actors as well as stars who gained fame after appearing on the series , here is a list of the actors .   Bold denotes actors who received Emmy Nominations for their appearance on the show .

negative: James Earl Jones James Earl Jones ( born January 17 , 1931 ) is an American actor . His career has spanned more than 60 years , and he has been described as `` one of America 's most distinguished and versatile '' actors and `` one of the greatest actors in American history . '' Since his Broadway debut in 1957 , Jones has won many awards , including a Tony Award and Golden Globe Award for his role in The Great White Hope . Jones has won three Emmy Awards , including two in the same year in 1991 , and he also earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role in the film version of The Great White Hope . He is also known for his voice roles as Darth Vader in the Star Wars film series and Mufasa in Disney 's The Lion King as well as many other film , stage , and television roles .   Jones has been said to possess `` one of the best-known voices in show business , a stirring basso profundo that has lent gravel and gravitas to '' his projects , including live-action acting , voice acting , and commercial voice-overs . As a child , Jones had a stutter . In his episode of Biography , he said he overcame the affliction through poetry , public speaking , and acting , although it lasted for several years . A pre-med major in college , he went on to serve in the United States Army during the Korean War before pursuing a career in acting . On November 12 , 2011 , he received an Honorary Academy Award . On November 9 , 2015 , Jones received the Voice Arts Icon Award . On May 25 , 2017 , he received an Honorary Doctor of Arts degree from Harvard University and concluded the event 's benediction with `` May the Force be with you '' .

negative: Arnold Wiley Arnold Burke `` Doc '' Wiley ( October 3 , 1898October 1964 ) was an American ragtime , blues and rhythm and blues musician , actor and political activist from the 1910s to the 1960s . Although Wiley may not have scored any notable hits during his long career , he was notable both for the sheer length of that career , which stretched from the ragtime era to the early years of rock and roll , and for his ability to constantly adapt his style to these changing tastes .

negative: Audra McDonald Audra Ann McDonald ( born July 3 , 1970 ) is an American actress and singer . She has appeared on the stage in both musicals and dramas , such as Ragtime , A Raisin in the Sun , and Porgy and Bess . With her full lyric soprano voice , she maintains an active concert and recording career , performing song cycles and operas as well as performing in concert throughout the U.S. . She has won six Tony Awards , more performance wins than any other actor , and is the only person to win all four acting categories.Best Actress in a Play , Best Actress in a Musical , Best Featured Actress in a Play , and Best Featured Actress in a Musical . She starred as Dr. Naomi Bennett on the ABC television drama Private Practice .

negative: Riz Ahmed Rizwan Ahmed ( -LSB- ; born 1 December 1982 ) , also known as Riz MC , is a British actor and rapper of Pakistani descent . As an actor , he was initially known for his work in independent films such as The Road to Guantanamo , Shifty , Four Lions , Trishna , and Ill Manors , before his breakout role in Nightcrawler . Since then , he has appeared in the films Una , Jason Bourne , and the first Star Wars Anthology film , Rogue One . He also starred in the HBO miniseries The Night Of as Nasir Khan ; the show and his performance were critically lauded , earning him Golden Globe and SAG nominations . He appeared on TIME magazine 's The Most Influential People of 2017 list .   As a rapper , he is a member of the Swet Shop Boys .

negative: Kenny Baker (English actor) Kenneth George `` Kenny '' Baker ( 24 August 1934 -- 13 August 2016 ) was an English actor and musician . He is best remembered for portraying the character R2-D2 in the Star Wars science fiction movie franchise .

negative: The New England Ragtime Ensemble The New England Ragtime Ensemble ( originally The New England Conservatory Ragtime Ensemble ) was a Boston chamber orchestra dedicated to the music of Scott Joplin and other ragtime composers .

negative: Billy Dee Williams William December `` Billy Dee '' Williams Jr. ( born April 6 , 1937 ) is an American actor , artist , singer , and writer . He is best known for his role as Lando Calrissian in the Star Wars film franchise , as well as acting in the movies Brian 's Song , Nighthawks , The Last Angry Man , Carter 's Army , and for playing Harvey Dent in Tim Burton 's Batman ( 1989 ) .

negative: Mark Hamill Mark Richard Hamill ( born September 25 , 1951 ) is an American actor , voice actor , producer and writer . He is best known for playing Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars film series . His other works include Corvette Summer ( 1978 ) and The Big Red One ( 1980 ) , among other television shows and movies . Hamill has also appeared on stage in several theater productions , primarily during the 1980s .   Hamill is a prolific voice actor who has voiced characters in many animated television shows , movies , and video games since the 1970s . He is known for his long-standing role as DC Comics ' the Joker , commencing with Batman : The Animated Series in 1992 .

negative: When Alexander Takes His Ragtime Band to France `` When Alexander Takes His Ragtime Band to France '' is a World War I era song written by Alfred Bryan , Cliff Hess , and Edgar Leslie in 1918 . The song was most notably performed by Marion Harris under Victor Records in June 1918 .

negative: Star Wars Headspace Star Wars Headspace is an electronic music compilation album executively produced by Rick Rubin and Kevin Kusatsu . It compiles electronic dance tracks of acts including Claude VonStroke , Flying Lotus and Röyksopp . It featured sound effects and samples from the Star Wars films , but does not contain any sample of John Williams ' music for the series . Hollywood Records and American Recordings released Star Wars Headspace in digital forms on February 19 , 2016 and in physical forms on March 18 , to decent commercial performance , beginning at number one on the United States Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart and becoming the second various artists compilation to top the chart . However , it also garnered a mixed response from music critics , praise going towards its eccentric concept and criticism that it would likely only be enjoyed by fans of the film series .

negative: Zack Norman Zack Norman ( born Howard Jerrold Zuker , May 27 , 1940 ) is an American actor , producer , writer , comedian , musician , film financier , painter , art collector and real estate developer . Born in Boston and raised in nearby Revere , Massachusetts , he is best known for his role as Ira in 20th Century Fox 's Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) and as Kaz Naiman in Paramount Classics ' Festival in Cannes ( 2002 ) . He has also co-starred in films such as Ragtime ( 1981 ) and Cadillac Man ( 1990 ) . On television , he has guest-starred in such popular series as The A-Team ( 1985 ) and Baywatch ( 1993 ) , had a recurring role on The Nanny ( 1993 -- 1995 ) and was featured in several TV movies including At Home with the Webbers ( 1993 ) . As Howard Zuker , he has produced , presented and/or financed more than forty motion pictures , including Hearts and Minds ( 1974 ) , which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature .

negative: The Ragtime Soldier Man `` The Ragtime Soldier Man '' is a World War I era song released in 1912 and 1917 . Irving Berlin wrote the lyrics and composed the music . The song was published by Waterson , Berlin & Snyder , Co. of New York , New York . Artist Pfeiffer designed the sheet music cover . It features a U.S. soldier holding his rifle and jumping over cannon balls . The song was written for voice and piano .   Arthur Collins and Byron G. Harlan recorded the song and it was released in 1912 under Victor Records and Columbia Records .   The sheet music can be found at Pritzker Military Museum & Library .

negative: Lando Calrissian Lando Calrissian is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . He is portrayed by Billy Dee Williams in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , and will be played by Donald Glover in the upcoming Han Solo standalone film . He also appears frequently in the Star Wars expanded universe of novels , comic books and video games , including a series of novels in which he is the protagonist .


query: The Maltese language is the national language of Malta.

positive: Maltese language Maltese ( links = no ) is the national language of Malta and a co-official language of the country alongside English , while also serving as an official language of the European Union , the only Semitic language so distinguished . Maltese is descended from Siculo-Arabic , the variety of Arabic that developed in Sicily and was later introduced to Malta , between the end of the ninth century and the end of the twelfth century . Maltese is a unique branch of Arabic because it has evolved independently of Literary Arabic into a standardized language over the past 800 years in a gradual process of Latinisation .   The original Semitic base ( Siculo-Arabic ) comprises around one-third of the Maltese vocabulary , especially words that denote basic ideas and the function words , but about half of the vocabulary is derived from standard Italian and Sicilian ; and English words make up between 6 % and 20 % of the vocabulary .   Maltese has always been written in the Latin script , the earliest surviving example dating from the late Middle Ages .

negative: Languages of Malta Malta has two official languages : Maltese and English . Maltese is also the national language . Until 1934 Italian was also an official language in Malta .   Having been governed by many different countries in the past , the Maltese population is generally able to converse in languages which are not native to the country , namely English and Italian . According to the Eurobarometer poll conducted in 2012 , 98 % of Maltese people can speak Maltese , 88 % can speak English , 66 % can speak Italian , and more than 17 % speak French . This shows a recent increase in the fluency of languages , since in 1995 , only 98 % of the population spoke Maltese , 76 % English , 36 % Italian , and 10 % French . Surprisingly , it also shows an increase in Italian fluency compared to when Italian was an official language of Malta .   French , German and Spanish are the other main languages studied in secondary and tertiary education .

negative: Maltese Maltese may refer to :   Someone or something of , from , or related to Malta  Maltese alphabet  Maltese cuisine  Maltese culture  Maltese language , the Semitic language spoken by Maltese people  Maltese people , people from Malta or of Maltese descent

negative: Maltese people The Maltese ( Maltin ) are an ethnic group indigenous to Malta , and identified with the Maltese language . Malta is an island in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea . Included within the ethnic group defined by the Maltese people are the Gozitans ( Għawdxin ) who inhabit Malta 's sister island , Gozo .

negative: Maltenglish Maltenglish , also known as Manglish , Minglish , Maltese English or Maltingliż , refers to the phenomenon of code-switching between Maltese , a Semitic language , and English , a Germanic language .   Both Maltese and English are official languages in Malta , and about 88 % of the Maltese people can speak English as a second language . Various Maltese social groups switch back and forth between the two languages , or macaronically mix lexical aspects of Maltese and English while engaging in informal conversation or writing .   Maltenglish can also refer to English loanwords in the Maltese language .

negative: Maltese Sign Language Maltese Sign Language ( Lingwa tas-Sinjali Maltija , LSM ) is a young sign language of Malta . It developed into its modern form circa 1980 with the establishment of the first Deaf club in Malta , and subsequently with its use in education for the deaf . LSM 's prior history is unrecorded , though there are some signs which indicate contact with British Sign Language ( Malta was a British colony until 1964 ) . These signs are relatively few , however , and LSM is not part of the BSL family ( Brentari 2010 ) .   Maria Galea has described the use of SignWriting when used to write Maltese Sign Language .   The Maltese public broadcaster PBS Ltd. began airing a nightly newscast in LSM on its TVM2 network in 2012 .

negative: Maltese literature Maltese literature is any literature originating from Malta or by Maltese writers or literature written in the Maltese language .   This article will give an overview of the history of Maltese-language literature .

negative: Maltralian Maltralian ( in Maltese : Il-Maltraljan ) , is the Maltese language of Australia , spoken by Maltese emigrants in the continent .   The development of the Maltese language in a country far removed from Malta continued , in an environment that maintained a sense of origin and culture . It is essential to look to the history of this development in order to appreciate the Maltese dialect spoken in Australia .

negative: Akkademja tal-Malti Akkademja tal-Malti was the prime regulatory body responsible for the Maltese language from the early 20th century up to the end of the millennium , when a Government sponsored law was passed to protect issues related to the national language . On joining the European Union , Maltese became one of the recognised languages of the EU - no mean achievement for a language spoken by less than half a million people .   Initially it was known as L-Għaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti ( Association of Writers of Maltese ) , Malta 's oldest literary society whose earliest activities go as far back as the early nineteen twenties , led by literary giants like Dun Karm , Ġużè Muscat Azzopardi and Ninu Cremona , it spearheaded the cause of the Maltese language . The Akkademja was mainly responsible for all the major linguistic and literary development of the Maltese language during the past century , developing linguistic academic initiatives which culminated in the national recognition of a standard written Maltese .   In 2005 the National Council for the Maltese Language was set up through a Law by the Maltese Parliament . This Council is nowadays the main regulatory body of the Maltese language instead of the L-Akkademja tal-Malti .

negative: National Council for the Maltese Language The National Council for the Maltese Language ( Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ilsien Malti ) was founded in April 2005 with the enactment of the Maltese Language Act ( Att dwar l-Ilsien Malti ) ( Chap . 470 ) in the Maltese Parliament . Its work is to regulate new words coming into Maltese and promote the standard Maltese language in education and other new sectors . The Council consists of five committees which are : Media , Education , Language Research , Translations and Terminology and the Development of Maltese in the Information and Technology Sector . The Council 's aim is the language planning and promotion of the Maltese language , and thus to improve it by modernising its structures .   The National Council for the Maltese Language is a member of the EFNIL ( European Federation of National Institutions for Language ) in the EU .

negative: Siculo-Arabic Siculo-Arabic ( or Sicilian Arabic ) was a vernacular variety of Arabic once spoken in the islands of Sicily and neighbouring Malta between the end of the ninth century and the end of the twelfth century . The language became extinct in Sicily , but on the islands of Malta it eventually evolved into what is now the Maltese language .

negative: Maltese in Egypt The Maltese of Egypt , also known as Egyptian Franco-Maltese , are an ethnic minority group in Egypt . Though culturally very similar to the Franco-Maltese of Tunisia and Algeria , most people of Maltese or part-Maltese descent born in Egypt remained British subjects . They are immigrants , or descendants of immigrants , from the islands of Malta , who settled in Egypt largely during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , and intermarried heavily with Italians , French and other Europeans . Those with a French father assumed French citizenship . Some Maltese had been present in the country as early as the era of Napoleon and his conquest of Egypt . The proximity between the two countries and the similarity between the Maltese and Arabic languages have led many Maltese to settle in Egypt in the past , mainly in Alexandria . Like the Italians who settled in Egypt , the Egyptian-born Maltese constituted a portion of Egypt 's Roman Catholic community . By 1939 , up to 20,000 Maltese were living in Egypt . Practically all of these were French-speaking , and those with a French parent had French as their mother tongue . In many middle-class families ( especially in Alexandria and Cairo ) a language shift had occurred , with Italian used as the home language alongside French ; a large minority of Egyptian Maltese ( for example those of the Suez Canal Zone ) still retained Maltese as their mother tongue . This number was greatly reduced by emigration years after , and almost completely wiped out by expulsions in 1956 due to the Maltese being British nationals . Most of the Egyptian Franco-Maltese settled in Australia or Britain , where they remained culturally distinct from immigrants from Malta . Those with French citizenship were repatriated to France . Post-war Malta in general did not accept refugees from Egypt .

negative: Outline of Malta The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Malta :   Malta -- small and densely populated sovereign island nation located in the Mediterranean Sea . Malta comprises an archipelago of seven islands , of which the three largest are inhabited . Malta is located 93 km south of Sicily , and 288 km north of North Africa , giving the country a warm , Mediterranean climate . The nation 's de facto capital is the historic city of Valletta .   Throughout much of its history , Malta has been considered a crucial location due in large part to its position in the Mediterranean Sea . It was held by several ancient cultures including Sicilians , Romans , Phoenicians , Byzantines and others . The island is commonly associated with the Knights of St. John who ruled it . This , along with the historic Biblical shipwreck of St. Paul on the island , ingrained the strong Roman Catholic legacy which is still the official and most practised religion in Malta today .   The country 's official languages are Maltese and English , the latter a legacy from Malta 's period as a British colony -- the United Kingdom is the most recent outside ruling power . Malta gained independence in 1964 and is currently a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , as well as the European Union , which it joined in 2004 .

negative: Philosophy in Malta Philosophy in Malta refers to the philosophy of Maltese nationals or those of Maltese descent , whether living in Malta or abroad , whether writing in their native Maltese language or in a foreign language . Though Malta is not more than a tiny European island in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea , for the last six centuries its very small population happened to come in close contact with some of Europe 's main political , academic and intellectual movements . Philosophy was among the interests fostered by its academics and intellectuals .   For the greater part of its history , in Malta philosophy was simply studied as part of a basic institutional programme which mainly prepared candidates to become priests , lawyers or physicians . It was only during the latter part of the 20th century that philosophy began to acquire an ever-growing importance of its own . Nevertheless , throughout the years a few Maltese academics and intellectuals have stood out for their philosophical prowess and acumen . Despite their limitations , they gave their modest share for the understanding of philosophy and some of the areas it covers .   Though , from the mid-16th century onwards , in Malta philosophy was taught at various institutions of higher education , from the latter part of the 18th century onwards the main academic body which promoted philosophical activity and research was the University of Malta . Today , mainly due to easier access to data sources and to enhanced communication networks , such philosophical inquiries and pursuits are more extensive in prevalence as in content .

negative: Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest Malta has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 30 times since its debut in , although the history of National song contests organized in the Maltese islands dates back to 1960 when the first Malta Song Festival took place . Malta has never won the contest , although it has twice finished second and twice finished third . At first , the island state sent songs in its native language , Maltese , but it failed to rank highly , finishing last in its first two attempts in the contest in and and withdrew after the 1975 contest .   Malta 's return to the contest in 1991 , after a 16-year absence , proved to be more successful , with eight consecutive top 10 placings ( 1991-1998 ) and finishing in the top 10 in 12 out of 15 contests from 1991-2005 . These results included third-place finishes in for Mary Spiteri and in for Chiara and second-place finishes in 2002 for Ira Losco and in for Chiara , who in became the first performer to represent Malta at three contests , finishing 22nd . Malta 's two seconds and two thirds , make it the most successful country not to win the contest .   In the last 12 contests , Malta has only once reached the top 10 , when Gianluca Bezzina finished eighth in . Fabrizio Faniello , who had previously finished ninth in , finished last in the final , and since then the country has failed to qualify from the semi-final round six times , in , , , , and .   Together with France , Spain , Sweden and the United Kingdom , Malta is one of the few countries that has not missed a contest since 1991 . All of Malta 's entries since 1991 have been sung in its other official language , English , which it was one of the few countries allowed to use in the contest between 1977 and 1999 , being a former British colony which ( as seen below ) has had a close relationship with the UK within the contest . The only use of the Maltese language was three lines in the 2000 entry `` Desire '' , performed by Claudette Pace . The Maltese broadcasters of the show are the Public Broadcasting Services ( PBS ) . All shows are transmitted live on TVM ( Malta ) and Radio Malta . Also , along with Croatia and Sweden it was the only country to never be relegated , under the previous rules of the contest , that was n't a part of the Big Four .

negative: Maltese Braille Maltese Braille is the braille alphabet of the Maltese language . It was in the news in 2005 with the publication of the first braille Bible in Maltese .

negative: Coat of arms of Malta The coat of arms of Malta is the national coat of arms of the country of Malta .   The present coat of arms is described by the Emblem and Public Seal of Malta Act of 1988 as a shield showing an heraldic representation of the national flag of Malta ; above the shield a mural crown in gold with a sally port and five turrets representing the fortifications of Malta and denoting a city-state ; and around the shield a wreath of two branches : the dexter of Olive , the sinister of Palm , symbols of peace and traditionally associated with Malta , all in their proper colours , tied at base with a white ribbon , backed red and upon which are written the words Repubblika ta ' Malta ( `` Republic of Malta '' in Maltese ) in capital letters in black .   The national coat of arms also appears on the flag of the President of Malta .   The various coats of arms appear on passports , excise stamps , official documents and various other uses . Many Maltese coins feature a coat of arms , most notably the second series of the Maltese lira , some Maltese euro coins , and many gold or silver commemorative coins ( either denominated in the Maltese lira or in Euro ) . Coats of arms were featured various times on Maltese postage stamps as well .

negative: Maltese (surname) Maltese is an Italian surname , meaning literally `` Maltese '' or `` from Malta '' . Notable people with the surname include :   Dario Maltese ( born 1992 ) Italian footballer  Francesco Maltese , Italian Baroque-era painter  Michael Maltese , American writer , actor , soundtrack composer  Serphin Maltese , American politician   Category : Italian-language surnames  Category : Italian people of Maltese descent  Category : Toponymic surnames

negative: Malta Malta ( -LSB- ˈmɒltə -RSB- -LSB- ˈmɐltɐ -RSB- ) , officially known as the Republic of Malta ( Repubblika ta ' Malta ) , is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea . It lies 80 km south of Italy , 284 km east of Tunisia , and 333 km north of Libya . The country covers just over 316 km2 , with a population of just under 450,000 , making it one of the world 's smallest and most densely populated countries . The capital of Malta is Valletta , which at 0.8 km2 , is the smallest national capital in the European Union by area . Malta has one national language , which is Maltese , and English as an official language .   Malta 's location in the middle of the Mediterranean has historically given it great strategic importance as a naval base , and a succession of powers , including the Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Moors , Normans , Sicilians , Spanish , Knights of St. John , French and British , have ruled the islands .   King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to Malta in 1942 for the country 's bravery in the Second World War . The George Cross continues to appear on Malta 's national flag . Under the Malta Independence Act , passed by the British Parliament in 1964 , Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom as an independent sovereign Commonwealth realm , officially known from 1964 to 1974 as the State of Malta , with Elizabeth II as its head of state . The country became a republic in 1974 , and although no longer a Commonwealth realm , remains a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations . Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004 ; in 2008 , it became part of the Eurozone .   Malta has a long Christian legacy and its Archdiocese of Malta is claimed to be an apostolic see because , according to Acts of the Apostles , St Paul was shipwrecked on `` Melita '' , now widely taken to be Malta . Catholicism is the official religion in Malta .   Malta is a popular tourist destination with its warm climate , numerous recreational areas , and architectural and historical monuments , including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum , Valletta , and seven Megalithic Temples , which are some of the oldest free-standing structures in the world .

negative: Maltese passport The Maltese passport is a passport that is issued to citizens of Malta . Every Maltese citizen is also a citizen of the European Union . The passport , along with the national identity card allows for free rights of movement and residence in any of the states of the European Union and European Economic Area .

negative: Culture of Malta The culture of Malta reflects various societies that have come into contact with the Maltese Islands throughout the centuries , including neighbouring Mediterranean cultures , and the cultures of the nations that ruled Malta for long periods of time prior to its independence in 1964 .

negative: Malta (island) Malta is the largest of the three major islands that constitute the Maltese archipelago . It is sometimes referred to as Valletta for statistical purposes to distinguish the main island from the entire country . Malta is in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea directly south of Italy and north of Libya . The island is 27 km long and 14.5 km wide , with a total area of 246 km ² . The capital is Valletta , largest locality is Birkirkara . The island is made up of many small towns , which together form one Larger Urban Zone with a population of 409,259 . The landscape is characterised by low hills with terraced fields .

negative: Maltese alphabet The Maltese alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet with the addition of some letters with diacritic marks and digraphs . It is used to write the Maltese language , which evolved from the extinct Siculo-Arabic dialect , as a result of 800 years independent development . It contains 30 letters :   Aa Bb Ċċ Dd Ee Ff Ġġ Gg Għgħ Hh Ħħ Ii Ieie Jj Kk   Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Żż Zz

negative: May Butcher May Butcher ( 26 August 1886 , Great Grimsby , Lincolnshire - 21 December 1950 , Malta ) was an English-born Maltese writer who translated several works from the Maltese language into English .   Butcher was the fourth of nine children of Colonel Henry Townsend Butcher and Annie Susan Dalrymple-Hay .   She translated the words of the Maltese national anthem ( L-Innu Malti ) , and translated the biography of Mikiel Anton Vassalli .   One of her most important works is the book Elements in Maltese , published in 1938 , which provides details not only on the Semitic aspect of the Maltese language , but also gives importance to the Romantic aspect .   A street in Iklin , Malta bears her name .

negative: Mikiel Anton Vassalli Mikiel Anton Vassalli ( March 5 , 1764 in Żebbuġ , Malta -- January 12 , 1829 ) was a Maltese writer , a philosopher , and a linguist who published important Maltese language books , including a Maltese-Italian dictionary , a Maltese grammar book , the first Protestant Gospels in Maltese , and towards the end of his life , a book on Maltese proverbs .

negative: History of Malta Malta has a long history and has been inhabited since settlers from Sicily arrived around 5200 BC . Malta 's location has historically given it great strategic importance as a naval base , and a succession of powers , including the Phoenicians , Romans , Moors , Normans , Sicilians , Spanish , Order of St. John , French and British , have ruled the islands . Malta became an independent state in 1964 , and a republic in 1974 . Since 2004 the country has been a member state of the European Union .

negative: National language A national language is a language ( or language variant , e.g. dialect ) that has some connection -- de facto or de jure -- with people and the territory they occupy . There is little consistency in the use of this term . One or more languages spoken as first languages in the territory of a country may be referred to informally or designated in legislation as national languages of the country . National or official languages are mentioned in over 150 world constitutions .   C.M.B. Brann , with particular reference to Africa , suggests that there are `` four quite distinctive meanings '' for national language in a polity :  `` Territorial language '' ( chthonolect , sometimes known as chtonolect ) of a particular people  `` Regional language '' ( choralect )  `` Language-in-common or community language '' ( demolect ) used throughout a country  `` Central language '' ( politolect ) used by government and perhaps having a symbolic value .  The last is usually given the title of official language .   Standard languages , such as Standard German , Standard French , and Standard Spanish , may serve as national ( language-in-common ) , regional , and international languages .

negative: Independence Day (Malta) The Maltese Independence Day ( Jum l-Indipendenza ) is celebrated on September 21 . The nation 's independence as a Commonwealth realm , a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy within the Commonwealth of Nations with Elizabeth II as the Queen of Malta , was granted on that date in 1964 .   Malta became a republic on December 13 , 1974 ( which is commemorated on a separate holiday called Republic Day ) . On March 31 , 1979 ( which is called Freedom Day ) the British closed down their naval base in Malta .

negative: Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis Canon Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis ( Ġan Piet Franġisk Agius de Soldanis , 30 October 1712 -- 30 January 1770 ) , often called de Soldanis ( Sultana ) , was a Maltese linguist , historian and cleric from the island of Gozo . He wrote the first lexicon and systematic grammar of the Maltese language , and he was the first librarian of the Bibliotheca Publica , the precursor of the National Library of Malta .

negative: Economy of Malta Malta is a highly industrialised , service based economy . It is classified as an advanced economy by the International Monetary Fund and is considered a high income country by the World Bank and an innovation-driven economy by the World Economic Forum . It is a member of the European Union and of the eurozone , having formally adopted the euro on 1 January 2008 .   The strengths of the economy of Malta are its strategic location , being situated in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea at a crossroads between Europe , North Africa and the Middle East , its fully developed open market economy , multilingual population ( 88 % of Maltese people speak English ) , productive labour force , low corporate tax and well developed finance and ICT clusters . The economy is dependent on foreign trade , manufacturing ( especially electronics ) , tourism and financial services . In 2014 , over 1.7 million tourists visited the island .   Malta 's GDP per capita , adjusted by purchasing power parity , stands at $ 29,200 and ranks in 15th place in the list of EU countries in terms of purchasing power standard . In the 2013 calendar year , Malta recorded a budget deficit of 2.7 % , which is within the limits for eurozone countries imposed by the Maastricht criteria , and Government gross debt of 69.8 % . At 5.9 % , Malta has the sixth lowest unemployment rate in the EU .   Malta is the 15th most democratic country in the world according to the Economist Intelligence Unit 's Democracy Index .

negative: Augusto Bartolo Augusto Bartolo ( 1883-1937 ) , sometimes known as Augustus Bartolo , was a Maltese journalist , politician and judge . He took an active role in the process of the Maltese constitutional and political development . Being pro-British Bartolo was against the Italian 's irredentism claim over Malta . However , in his political life he was opposed the Anglicisation of the Maltese culture , being performed by back then Prime Minister of Malta Sir Gerald Strickland . Augusto Bartolo and Gerald Strickland were both founders of the Constitutional Party . The political party supported the English language during the language question in Malta with Bartolo having showed equal support to both English and Italian , and Strickland English and Maltese . Bartolo took a prominent role in the early governance of Malta working to bring social reforms .   Bartolo studied law becoming a lawer , and later a prominent judge in Malta . He was an editor of the Malta Chronicle . During his political life he was a senator ( when Malta still had a senate ) and later became the Minister for Public Instruction and Migration in Malta , serving a crucial role when significant percentage of the Maltese population emigrated to British colonies of the time . One of his residences was the notable Villa Guardamangia which was later the temporal official residence of some members of the British royal family when residing in Malta . A street in Ta ' Xbiex is named after him as Sir Augustus Bartolo Street .

negative: Joe Grech Joseph ( Joe ) Grech , ( born 9 February 1934 ) is a Maltese singer , who was born in Cospicua , Malta . He is best known for introducing Maltese language singing to an international audience , especially through his participation in Eurovision Song Contest 1971 , the first appearance from Malta on this pan-European television event .

negative: List of companies of Malta Malta is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea . It lies 80 km south of Italy , 284 km east of Tunisia , and 333 km north of Libya . The country covers just over 316 km2 , with a population of just under 450,000 , making it one of the world 's smallest and most densely populated countries . The capital of Malta is Valletta , which at 0.8 km2 , is the smallest national capital in the European Union .   Malta is a popular tourist destination with its warm climate , numerous recreational areas , and architectural and historical monuments , including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum , Valletta , and seven Megalithic Temples , which are some of the oldest free-standing structures in the world .


query: Proponents of globalism tend to advocate for raising tariffs.

positive: Globalism Globalism a group of ideologies that advocate the concept of globalization . It tends to advocate for such policies as increases in immigration , free trade , lowering tariffs , interventionism and global governance . It is typically viewed as opposite of nationalism , and has become increasingly divisive in politics in many developed countries , such as the United States .

negative: Trade war A trade war refers to two or more states raising or creating tariffs or other trade barriers on each other in retaliation for other trade barriers . Increased protection causes both nations ' output compositions to move towards their autarky position .   Some economists would agree that certain economic protections are more costly than others , because they may be more likely to trigger a trade war . For example , if a country were to raise tariffs , then a second country in retaliation may similarly raise tariffs . But an increase in , for example , subsidies , may be difficult to retaliate against by a foreign country . Many poor countries do not have the ability to raise subsidies . In addition , poor countries are more vulnerable than rich countries in trade wars ; in raising protections against dumping of cheap products , a government risks making the product too expensive for its people to afford .

negative: Bound tariff rate The Bound tariff rate is the most-favored-nation tariff rate resulting from negotiations under  the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) and incorporated as an integral  component of a country 's schedule of concessions or commitments to other World Trade Organization members . If a country raises a tariff to a higher level than its bound rate , those  adversely affected can seek remedy through the dispute settlement process and may obtain  the right to retaliate against an equivalent value of the offending country 's exports or the  right to receive compensation , usually in the form of reduced tariffs on other products they  export to the offending country .

negative: Customs war A Customs war , also known as a toll war or tariff war , is a type of economical conflict between two or more states . In order to pressure one of the states , the other raises taxes or tariffs for some of the products of that state . As a reprisal , the latter state may also increase the tariffs .   One example of a modern tariff war occurred in the 1920s and 1930s between the Weimar Republic and Poland , in the German -- Polish customs war . The Weimar Republic , led by Gustav Stresemann wanted to force Poland , by creating an economic crisis by increasing the tolls for coal and steel products developed there , to give up its territory . As a reprisal , the Poles increased toll rates for many German products . This led to fast development of the port of Gdynia , which was the only way Poland could export its goods to Western Europe without having to transport them through Germany .   In September 1922 the Fordney -- McCumber Tariff ( named after Joseph Fordney , chair of the House Ways and Means Committee , and Porter McCumber , chair of the Senate Finance Committee ) was signed by U.S. President Warren G. Harding . In the end , the tariff law raised the average American ad valorem tariff rate to 38 percent .   Trading partners complained immediately . Those injured by World War I said that , without access by their exports to the American market , they would not be able to make payments to America on war loans . But others saw that this tariff increase would have broader deleterious effects . Democratic Representative Cordell Hull said , `` Our foreign markets depend both on the efficiency of our production and the tariffs of countries in which we would sell . Our own -LSB- high -RSB- tariffs are an important factor in each . They injure the former and invite the latter . ''   Five years after the passage of the tariff , American trading partners had raised their own tariffs by a significant degree . France raised its tariffs on automobiles from 45 % to 100 % , Spain raised tariffs on American goods by 40 % , and Germany and Italy raised tariffs on wheat . This customs war is often cited as one of the main causes of the Great Depression .   To avoid customs wars which are considered harmful to the world 's economy , the World Trade Organization was created .

negative: Protectionism in the United States Protectionism in the United States is protectionist economic policy that erected tariff and other barriers to trade with other nations . This policy was most prevalent in the 19th century . It attempted to restrain imports to protect Northern industries . It was opposed by Southern states that wanted free trade to expand cotton and other agricultural exports . Protectionist measures included tariffs and quotas on imported goods , along with subsidies and other means , to ensure fair competition between imported goods and local goods . In todays age the US is still highly protectionist , according to Global Trade Alert the US has adopted over 1000 protectionist measures since the Global Economic Crisis in 2008 , more than any other country since .

negative: Immigration tariff An immigration tariff is a charge levied on immigrants wanting permanent residency within a nation . As a means of applying price theory to a nation 's immigration policy , it is generally advocated as an alternative to existing bureaucratic procedures as a means of moderating or better regulating the flow of immigration to a given level .   The idea is frequently associated with American economist Gary Becker , who stated , `` When I mention this to people , they sometimes go hysterical . ''   Alex Nowrasteh , an immigration policy analyst , wrote a policy analysis arguing for immigration tariffs for the Competitive Enterprise Institute .   In March 2015 the Australian government launched an inquiry into the use of an immigration tariff as an alternative to existing immigration arrangements .  cite = http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/current/migrant-intake/terms-of-reference

negative: Protectionism In economics , protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between states ( countries ) through methods such as tariffs on imported goods , restrictive quotas , and a variety of other government regulations . Protectionist policies , in theory , protect the producers , businesses , and workers of the import-competing sector in a country from foreign competitors .   According to proponents , these policies can counteract unfair trade practices , to allow fair competition between imports and goods and services produced domestically . Protectionists may favor the policy in order to decrease the trade deficit , maintain employment in certain sectors , or favor the growth of certain industries . In recent years , protectionism has become closely aligned with the anti-globalization movement .   There is a broad consensus among economists that the impact of protectionism on economic growth ( and on economic welfare in general ) is largely negative , although the impact on specific industries and groups of people may be positive . Instead , economists in general favor the doctrine of free trade , where governments reduce as much as possible the barriers to trade .

negative: International Forum on Globalization The International Forum on Globalization ( IFG ) is a San Francisco-based transnational alternative policy group that analyses the impacts of economic globalization , as well as proposals and information tools oriented towards the enhancement of social justice and ecological sustainability . It was established in 1994 and first convened as the North American Free Trade Agreement came into effect and in the wake of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade , the forerunner of the World Trade Organization .

negative: Democratic globalization Democratic globalisation is a social movement towards an institutional system of global democracy . This would , in their view , bypass nation-states , corporate oligopolies , ideological NGOs , cults and mafias . One of its most prolific proponents is the British political thinker David Held . In the last decade he published a dozen books regarding the spread of democracy from territorially defined nation states to a system of global governance that encapsulates the entire world . For some , democratic mundialisation is a variant of democratic globalisation stressing the need for the direct election of world leaders and members of global institutions by citizens worldwide ; for others , it is just another name for democratic globalisation .   These proponents state that democratic globalisation 's purpose is to :  Expand globalisation and make people closer and more united . This expansion should differ from economic globalization and `` make people closer , more united and protected '' ; because of a variety of opinions and proposals it is still unclear what this would mean in practice and how it could be realized .  Have it reach all fields of activity and knowledge , including governmental and economic , since the economic one is crucial to develop the well-being of world citizens ; and  Give world citizens democratic access and a say in those global activities . For example , presidential voting for United Nations Secretary-General by citizens and direct election of members of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly .   Supporters of the democratic globalization movement draw a distinction between their movement and the one most popularly known as the ` anti-globalization ' movement , claiming that their movement avoids ideological agenda about economics and social matters . Democratic globalization supporters state that the choice of political orientations should be left to the world citizens , via their participation in world democratic institutions .  Some proponents in the `` anti-globalization movement '' do not necessarily disagree with this position . For example , George Monbiot , normally associated with the anti-globalization movement ( who prefers the term Global Justice Movement ) in his work Age of Consent has proposed similar democratic reforms of most major global institutions , suggesting direct democratic elections of such bodies , and suggests a form of `` world government . ''

negative: Eco-Tariffs An Eco-tariff , also known as an environmental tariff , is an import or export tax placed on products being imported from , or also being sent to countries with substandard environmental pollution controls . They can be used as controls on global pollution and can also be considered as corrective measures against `` environmental races to the bottom '' and `` eco-dumping '' .   The result of eco-tariffs is the increase in Environmentally Preferable Products ( EPPs ) . EPPs are `` products which cause significantly less environmental harm at some stage of their life cycle than alternative products that serve the same purpose . ''

negative: McKinley Tariff The Tariff Act of 1890 , commonly called the McKinley Tariff , was an act of the United States Congress framed by Representative William McKinley that became law on October 1 , 1890 . The tariff raised the average duty on imports to almost fifty percent , an act designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition . Protectionism , a tactic supported by Republicans , was fiercely debated by politicians and condemned by Democrats . The McKinley Tariff was replaced with the Wilson -- Gorman Tariff Act in 1894 , which promptly lowered tariff rates .

negative: Tariff of 1792 The Tariff of 1792 was the third of Alexander Hamilton 's protective tariffs in the United States ( first was the Hamilton tariff of 1789 , second was the Tariff of 1790 ) . Hamilton had persuaded the United States Congress to raise duties slightly in 1790 , and he persuaded them to raise rates again in 1792 , although still not to his satisfaction . Protectionism was one of the fulfillments of Hamilton 's Report on Manufactures .

negative: Free Trade Party The Free Trade Party which was officially known as the Australian Free Trade and Liberal Association , also referred to as the Revenue Tariff Party in some states and renamed the Anti-Socialist Party in 1906 , was an Australian political party , formally organised between 1887 and 1909 . It advocated the abolition of protectionism , especially protective tariffs and other restrictions on trade , arguing that this would create greater prosperity for all . However , many members also advocated use of minimal tariffs for government revenue purposes only . Its most prominent leader was George Reid , who was the fourth Prime Minister of Australia .

negative: Alter-globalization Alter-globalization ( also known as alternative globalization , alter-mundialization -- from the French `` alter-mondialisation '' -- or the global justice movement ) is the name of a social movement whose proponents support global cooperation and interaction , but oppose what they describe as the negative effects of economic globalization , considering that it often works to the detriment of , or does not adequately promote , human values such as environmental and climate protection , economic justice , labor protection , protection of indigenous cultures , peace , and civil liberties .   The name may have been derived from a popular slogan of the movement : ` Another world is possible ' , which came out of the World Social Forum . `` The alter-globalization movement is a cooperative movement designed to protest the direction and perceived negative economic , political , social , cultural and ecological consequences of neoliberal globalization '' . Many alter-globalists seek to avoid the `` disestablishment of local economies and disastrous humanitarian consequences '' . Most members of this movement shun the label `` anti-globalization '' as pejorative and incorrect since they actively support human activity on a global scale and do not oppose economic globalization per se .   Instead they see their movement as an alternative to what they term neo-liberal globalization in which international institutions ( World Trade Organisation , World Bank , International Monetary Fund etc. ) and major corporations devote themselves to enriching the developed world while giving little or no attention to the detrimental effects of their actions on the people and environments of less developed countries , countries whose governments are often too weak or too corrupt to resist or regulate them . This is not to be confused with proletarian internationalism as put forth by communists in that alter-globalists do not necessarily oppose the free market , but a subset of free-market practices characterized by certain business attitudes and political policies that often lead to violations of human rights .

negative: Anti-globalization movement The anti-globalization movement , or counter-globalisation movement , is a social movement critical of economic globalization . The movement is also commonly referred to as the global justice movement , alter-globalization movement , anti-globalist movement , anti-corporate globalization movement , or movement against neoliberal globalization .   Participants base their criticisms on a number of related ideas . What is shared is that participants oppose large , multinational corporations having unregulated political power , exercised through trade agreements and deregulated financial markets . Specifically , corporations are accused of seeking to maximize profit at the expense of work safety conditions and standards , labor hiring and compensation standards , environmental conservation principles , and the integrity of national legislative authority , independence and sovereignty . As of January 2012 , some commentators have characterized changes in the global economy as `` turbo-capitalism '' ( Edward Luttwak ) , `` market fundamentalism '' ( George Soros ) , `` casino capitalism '' ( Susan Strange ) , and as `` McWorld '' ( Benjamin Barber ) .   Many anti-globalization activists do not oppose globalization in general and call for forms of global integration that better provide democratic representation , advancement of human rights , fair trade and sustainable development and therefore feel the term `` anti-globalization '' is misleading .

negative: Protective tariff Protective tariffs are tariffs that are enacted with the aim of protecting a domestic industry . Tariffs are also imposed in order to raise government revenue , or to reduce an undesirable activity ( sin tax ) . Although a tariff can simultaneously protect domestic industry and earn government revenue , the goals of protection and revenue maximization suggest different tariff rates , entailing a tradeoff between the two aims

negative: Internationalism (politics) Internationalism is a political principle which transcends nationalism and advocates a greater political or economic cooperation among nations and people .   Supporters of this principle are referred to as internationalists , and generally believe that the people of the world should unite across national , political , cultural , racial , or class boundaries to advance their common interests , or that the governments of the world should cooperate because their mutual long-term interests are of greater importance than their short-term disputes .   Internationalism is , in general , opposed to nationalism , jingoism or chauvinism , and war , and proponents can include supporters of any of the four socialist Internationals and organizations such as the United Nations or the World Federalist Movement .

negative: Criticisms of globalization Criticism of globalization is skepticism of the claimed benefits of globalization . Many of these views are held by the anti-globalization movement . Globalization has created much global and internal unrest in many countries . While the dynamics of capitalism is changing and each country is unique in its political makeup , globalization is a set-in-stone `` program '' that is difficult to implement without political unrest . Globalization can be partly responsible for the current global economic crisis . Case studies of Thailand and the Arab nations ' view of globalization show that globalization is a threat to culture and religion , and it harms indigenous people groups while multinational corporations profit from it . Although globalization has promised an improved standard of living and economic development , it has been heavily criticized for its production of negative effects . Globalization is not simply an economic project , but it also heavily influences the country environmentally , politically , and socially as well .

negative: Fordney–McCumber Tariff The Fordney -- McCumber Tariff of 1922 was a law that raised American tariffs on many imported goods in order to protect factories and farms . Congress displayed a pro-business attitude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to Europe , which in turn bought more American goods . The Roaring Twenties brought a period of sustained economic prosperity with an end to the Depression of 1920 -- 21 ;

negative: Tariff of 1824 The Tariff of 1824 ( Sectional Tariff of 1824 , ch . 4 , , enacted May 22 , 1824 ) was a protective tariff in the United States designed to protect American industry from cheaper British commodities , especially iron products , wool and cotton textiles , and agricultural goods .   The second protective tariff of the 19th century , the Tariff of 1824 was the first in which the sectional interests of the North and the South truly came into conflict . The Tariff of 1816 eight years before had passed into law upon a wave of nationalism that followed the War of 1812 . But by 1824 , this nationalism was transforming into strong sectionalism . Henry Clay advocated his three-point `` American System '' , a philosophy that was responsible for the Tariff of 1816 , the Second Bank of the United States , and a number of internal improvements . John C. Calhoun embodied the Southern position , having once favored Clay 's tariffs and roads , but by 1824 opposed to both . He saw the protective tariff as a device that benefited the North at the expense of the South , which relied on foreign manufactured goods and open foreign markets for its cotton . And a program of turnpikes built at federal expense , which Clay advocated , would burden the South with taxes without bringing it substantial benefits .   Nonetheless , Northern and Western representatives , whose constituencies produced largely for the domestic market and were thus mostly immune to the effects of a protective tariff , joined together to pass the tariff through Congress , beginning the tradition of antagonism between the Southern States and the Northern States that would ultimately help produce the American Civil War . The successor to the Tariff of 1824 , the so-called `` Tariff of Abominations '' of 1828 , was perhaps the most infamous of the protective tariffs for the controversy it incited known as the Nullification Crisis .

negative: Economic globalization Economic globalization is one of the three main dimensions of globalization commonly found in academic literature , with the two other being political globalization and cultural globalization , as well as the general term of globalization .  Economic globalization refers to the free movement of goods , capital , services , technology and information . It is the increasing economic integration and interdependence of national , regional , and local economies across the world through an intensification of cross-border movement of goods , services , technologies and capital . Whereas globalization is a broad set of processes concerning multiple networks of economic , political , and cultural interchange , contemporary economic globalization is propelled by the rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and marketization , and by developments in science and technology .   Economic globalization primarily comprises the globalization of production , finance , markets , technology , organizational regimes , institutions , corporations , and labour . While economic globalization has been expanding since the emergence of trans-national trade , it has grown at an increased rate due to an increase in communication and technological advances under the framework of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization , which made countries gradually cut down trade barriers and open up their current accounts and capital accounts . This recent boom has been largely supported by developed economies integrating with majority world through foreign direct investment and lowering costs of doing business , the reduction of trade barriers , and in many cases cross border migration   While globalization has radically increased incomes and economic growth in developing countries and lowered consumer prices in developed countries , it also changes the power balance between developing and developed countries and affects the culture of each affected country . And the shifting location of goods production has caused many jobs to cross borders , requiring some workers in developed countries to change careers .

negative: Nullification Crisis The Nullification Crisis was a United States sectional political crisis in 1832 -- 1837 , during the presidency of Andrew Jackson , which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government . It ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state .   The U.S. suffered an economic downturn throughout the 1820s , and South Carolina was particularly affected . Many South Carolina politicians blamed the change in fortunes on the national tariff policy that developed after the War of 1812 to promote American manufacturing over its European competition . The controversial and highly protective Tariff of 1828 ( known to its detractors as the `` Tariff of Abominations '' ) was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams . The tariff was opposed in the South and parts of New England . By 1828 , South Carolina state politics increasingly organized around the tariff issue . Its opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced . When the Jackson administration failed to take any actions to address their concerns , the most radical faction in the state began to advocate that the state itself declare the tariff null and void within South Carolina . In Washington , an open split on the issue occurred between Jackson and Vice President John C. Calhoun , a native South Carolinian and the most effective proponent of the constitutional theory of state nullification .   On July 14 , 1832 , before Calhoun had resigned the Vice Presidency in order to run for the Senate where he could more effectively defend nullification , Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832 . This compromise tariff received the support of most northerners and half of the southerners in Congress . The reductions were too little for South Carolina , and on November 24 , 1832 , a state convention adopted the Ordinance of Nullification , which declared that the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina after February 1 , 1833 . Military preparations to resist anticipated federal enforcement were initiated by the state . On March 1 , 1833 , Congress passed both the Force Bill -- authorizing the President to use military forces against South Carolina -- and a new negotiated tariff , the Compromise Tariff of 1833 , which was satisfactory to South Carolina . The South Carolina convention reconvened and repealed its Nullification Ordinance on March 15 , 1833 , but three days later nullified the Force Bill as a symbolic gesture to maintain its principles .   The crisis was over , and both sides could find reasons to claim victory . The tariff rates were reduced and stayed low to the satisfaction of the South , but the states ' rights doctrine of nullification remained controversial . By the 1850s the issues of the expansion of slavery into the western territories and the threat of the Slave Power became the central issues in the nation .   Since the Nullification Crisis , the doctrine of states ' rights has been asserted again by opponents of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , proponents of California 's Specific Contract Act of 1863 ( which nullified the Legal Tender Act of 1862 ) , opponents of Federal acts prohibiting the sale and possession of marijuana in the first decade of the 21st century , and opponents of implementation of laws and regulations pertaining to firearms from the late 1900s up to 2013 .

negative: Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act The Payne -- Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 ( ch . 6 , 36 Stat . 11 ) , named for Representative Sereno E. Payne ( R -- NY ) and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich ( R -- RI ) , began in the United States House of Representatives as a bill raising certain tariffs on goods entering the United States . The high rates angered Republican reformers , and led to a deep split in the Republican Party .

negative: Tariff of 1842 The Tariff of 1842 , or Black Tariff as it became known , was a protectionist tariff schedule adopted in the United States to reverse the effects of the Compromise Tariff of 1833 . The Compromise Tariff contained a provision that successively lowered the tariff rates from their level under the Tariff of 1832 over a period of ten years until the majority of dutiable goods were to be taxed at 20 % . As the 20 % level approached in 1842 , industrial interests and members of the Whig Party began clamoring for protection , claiming that the reductions left them vulnerable to European competition . The bill restored protection and raised average tariff rates to almost 40 % .   The bill stipulated sweeping changes to the tariff schedule and collection system , most of which were designed to augment its protective character . The law replaced most ad valorem rates with specific duties assessed on a good-by-good basis . It also repealed the credit system of tariff finance and replaced it with a cash payment system , collected at portside customs houses .

negative: Tariffs in United States history The tariff history of the United States spans from colonial times to the present . The first tariff law passed by the U.S. Congress , acting under the recently ratified Constitution , was the Tariff of 1789 . Its purpose was to generate revenue for the federal government ( to run the government and to pay the interest on its debt ) , and also to act as a protective barrier around domestic industries . An Import tax , it was collected by treasury agents before goods could be landed at U.S. ports   They have historically served a key role in the nation 's foreign trade policy . Tariffs were the greatest ( approaching 95 % at times ) source of federal revenue until the Federal income tax began after 1913 . For well over a century the federal government was largely financed by tariffs averaging about 20 % on foreign imports . There are no tariffs for imports or shipments from one state to another . Since the 1940s , foreign trade policies have focused more on reciprocal tariffs and low tariff rates rather than using tariffs as a significant source of Federal tax revenue .

negative: Trade justice Trade justice is a campaign by non-governmental organisations , plus efforts by other actors , to change the rules and practices of world trade in order to promote fairness . These organizations include consumer groups , trade unions , faith groups , aid agencies and environmental groups .   The organizations campaigning for trade justice posit this concept in opposition to free trade , the advocates of which often also claim pro-poor outcomes . Trade justice advocates argue that truly free trade does not and will never exist , and that governmental policies on trade should be in the public interest , rather than the interest of wealthy entities who try to influence trade negotiation to benefit their individual interests . Advocates of trade justice argue that growing inequity and serious gaps in social justice , and the global export of terrorism , are symptoms of an economic system that permits harms to be exported to other countries , while importing their goods . They point to extinction , deforestation , social unrest , as consequences of globalisation , and in particular of an `` unfair '' globalisation . In the past , the responses sought by critics of the international trade system included various penalties on `` unfair '' goods . This argument generally made little headway against the long-term movement towards free trade ; imposition of penalties for `` dumping '' was sometimes motivated by domestic political reasons such as the United States imposition of steel tariffs in 2001 ) .   Today , the trade justice movement concentrates more on the abolition of agricultural subsidies and dumping , and to a much lesser extent on offsetting penalties on `` unfair '' goods . Indeed , although there are many who are still critical of free trade in general , there is a trend towards campaigning against what is seen as hypocrisy by developed countries in using protectionism against the poorest countries , especially in agricultural products , while requiring them to leave their own producers without protection .

negative: Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act The Tariff Act of 1930 ( codified at ) , otherwise known as the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff or Hawley -- Smoot Tariff , was an act sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley and signed into law on June 17 , 1930 . The act raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods .   The tariffs ( this does not include duty-free imports -- see Tariff levels below ) under the act were the second-highest in the U.S. in 100 years , exceeded by a small margin by the Tariff of 1828 . The Act and following retaliatory tariffs by America 's trading partners helped reduce American exports and imports by more than half during the Depression ; but economists disagree by how much . Nonetheless , the consensus view among economists and economic historians is that `` The passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff exacerbated the Great Depression . ''

negative: Economic nationalism Economic nationalism is an umbrella term that includes economic policies and theories designed to improve the domestic economy relative to foreign economies . It therefore subsumes theories such as economic patriotism , protectionism , and mercantilism , all of which are different forms of economic nationalism . Economic nationalists oppose globalization , or at least question the benefits of unrestricted free trade .

negative: Globalization Globalization ( or globalisation ; see spelling differences ) refers to the free movement of goods , capital , services , people , technology and information . It is the action or procedure of international integration of countries arising from the conversion of world views , products , ideas , and other aspects of culture . Advances in transportation ( such as the steam locomotive , steamship , jet engine , and container ships ) and in telecommunications infrastructure ( including the rise of the telegraph and its modern offspring , the Internet and mobile phones ) have been major factors in globalization , generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities .  Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times , others trace its history long before the European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World , some even to the third millennium BC . Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s . In the late 19th century and early 20th century , the connectivity of the world 's economies and cultures grew very quickly .  The term globalization is recent , only establishing its current meaning in the 1970s . In 2000 , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) identified four basic aspects of globalization : trade and transactions , capital and investment movements , migration and movement of people , and the dissemination of knowledge . Further , environmental challenges such as global warming , cross-boundary water and air pollution , and overfishing of the ocean are linked with globalization . Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization , economics , socio-cultural resources , and the natural environment . Academic literature commonly subdivides globalization into three major areas : economic globalization , cultural globalization , and political globalization . This caused shifts in population for third world countries , it took away their healthy men and unmarried women leaving wives , children , and the elderly to struggle which in return , lowered their health dramatically . The people that had left these countries also soon found out that the factory owners they started working for cut corners and worked the people extra hard , and did not care about health or safety .

negative: Morrill Tariff The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was an increased import tariff in the United States , adopted on March 2 , 1861 , during the administration of President James Buchanan , a Democrat . It was the twelfth of seventeen planks in the platform of the incoming Republican Party , which had not yet been inaugurated , and it appealed to industrialists and factory workers as a way to foster rapid industrial growth .   It was named for its sponsor , Representative Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont , who drafted it with the advice of Pennsylvania economist Henry Charles Carey . The passage of the tariff was possible because many tariff-averse Southerners had resigned from Congress after their states declared their secession . The Morrill Tariff raised rates to encourage industry and to foster high wages for industrial workers . It replaced the low Tariff of 1857 which according to Kenneth Stampp , `` was possible because it did not represent a victory of one section over the other ; nor did it produce a clear division between parties . Its supporters included Democrats , Republicans , and Americans ; representatives of northern merchants , manufacturers , and railroad interests ; and spokesmen for southern farmers and planters . Opposition came largely from two economic groups : the iron manufacturers of Pennsylvania and the wool growers of New England and the West . '' Morrill 's personal fortunes were strongly due to his investments in railroads . Two additional tariffs sponsored by Morrill , each one higher , were passed during Abraham Lincoln 's administration to raise urgently needed revenue during the Civil War .   The Morrill tariff inaugurated a period of continuous trade protection in the United States , a policy that remained until the adoption of the Revenue Act of 1913 ( the Underwood tariff ) . The schedule of the Morrill Tariff and its two successor bills were retained long after the end of the Civil War .

negative: Global justice movement The global justice movement is a network of globalized social movements opposing what is often known as the `` corporate globalization '' and promoting equal distribution of economic resources .

negative: Feed-in tariffs in Australia Feed-in tariffs in Australia are the feed-in tariffs ( FITs ) paid under various State schemes to non-commercial producers of electricity generated by solar photovoltaic ( PV ) systems using solar panels . They are a way of subsidising and encouraging uptake of renewable energy and in Australia have been enacted at the State level , in conjunction with a federal mandatory renewable energy target .   Australian FIT schemes tend to focus on providing support to solar PV particularly in the residential context , and project limits on installed capacity ( such as 10 kW in NSW ) mean effectively that FITs do not support large scale projects such as wind farms or solar thermal power stations .

negative: Feminist Peace Network The Feminist Peace Network ( FPN ) advocates for the human rights of women and raises awareness about misogyny and the global pandemic of violence against women violence against women . In addition , FPN advocates and supports the active participation of women and the full reflection of women 's needs in the process of conflict resolution and the creation of sustainable peace and examines many issues including education , health , economics , the environment and media from a gendered lens .