query: The KGB was governed by army laws and regulations.

positive: KGB The KGB , an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti ( -LSB- Комите́т госуда́рственной безопа́сности , a = ru-KGB . ogg , p = kəmʲɪˈtʲet ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪnːəj bʲɪzɐˈpasnəsʲtʲɪ -RSB- , translated in English as Committee for State Security ) , was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991 . Formed in 1954 , as a direct successor of such preceding agencies as the Cheka , NKGB , and MGB , the committee was attached to the Council of Ministers . It was the chief government agency of `` union-republican jurisdiction '' , acting as internal security , intelligence , and secret police . Similar agencies were constituted in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from Russia and consisted of many ministries , state committees , and state commissions .   The KGB was a military service and was governed by army laws and regulations , similar to the Soviet Army or MVD Internal Troops . While most of the KGB archives remain classified , two online documentary sources are available . Its main functions were foreign intelligence , counterintelligence , operative-investigatory activities , guarding the State Border of the USSR , guarding the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government , organization and ensuring of government communications as well as combating nationalism , dissent , and anti-Soviet activities .   After the dissolution of the USSR , the KGB was split into the Federal Security Service and the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation .   After breaking away from the Republic of Georgia in the early 1990s with Russian help , the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia established its own KGB ( keeping this unreformed name ) .

negative: KGB Security Troops The KGB Security Troops were the uniformed paramilitary troops of the Soviet KGB which engaged in military-related activities that are not mentioned in legislation governing the Soviet Armed forces . The KGB controlled elite units that guarded the highest party officials and stood a continuous ceremonial guard at the Lenin Mausoleum . The special KGB signal troops also operated communications linking the party with the Ministry of Defense and the major territorial commands . Another KGB armed force guarded sensitive military , scientific , and industrial installations in the Soviet Union and , until the late 1960s , controlled Soviet nuclear warhead stockpiles . They also guarded government installations ( nuclear weapons , etc. ) , operated the Moscow VIP subway ( Russian journalists have reported that the existence of Metro-2 is neither confirmed nor denied by the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation ( FSB ) or the Moscow Metro administration . ) , and secured Government -- Party telephone system .   Russian President Boris Yeltsin transformed it to the Federal Protective Service ( FPS ) .   The KGB 's Security Troops , which numbered about 40,000 in 1989 , provided the KGB with a coercive potential . Although Soviet sources did not specify the functions of these special troops , Western analysts thought that their main tasks were to guard the top leadership in the Kremlin and key government-party buildings and officials at the republic and regional levels , counter-insurgency and counter-terrorist operations , and direct action in foreign countries . Such troops were presumably under the Ninth Directorate of the KGB .   The Security Troops also included several units of signal troops , which were reportedly responsible for installation , maintenance , and operation of secret communications facilities for leading party and government bodies , including the Ministry of Defense . These troops were probably under the command of the Eighth Chief Directorate .

negative: Federal Security Service The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation ( FSB ; -LSB- Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации , Federal ` naya sluzhba bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii , fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə ˈsluʐbə bʲɪzɐˈpasnəstʲɪ rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjɪ -RSB- ) is the principal security agency of Russia and the main successor agency to the USSR 's Committee of State Security ( KGB ) . Its main responsibilities are within the country and include counter-intelligence , internal and border security , counter-terrorism , and surveillance as well as investigating some other types of grave crimes and federal law violations . It is headquartered in Lubyanka Square , Moscow 's centre , in the main building of the former KGB . The Director of the FSB since 2008 is army general Alexander Bortnikov .   The immediate predecessor of the FSB was the Federal Counterintelligence Service ( FSK ) of Russia , itself a successor to the KGB : on 12 April 1995 , Russian president Boris Yeltsin signed a law mandating a reorganization of the FSK , which resulted in the creation of the FSB . In 2003 , the FSB 's responsibilities were widened by incorporating the previously independent Border Guard Service and a major part of the abolished Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information ( FAPSI ) . The two major structural components of the former KGB that remain administratively independent of the FSB are the Foreign Intelligence Service ( SVR ) and the State Guards ( FSO ) .   Under Russian federal law , the FSB is a military service just like the armed forces , the MVD , the FSO , the SVR , the FSKN , Main Directorate for Drugs Control and EMERCOM 's civil defence , but its commissioned officers do not usually wear military uniforms .

negative: KGB (disambiguation) KGB is a former Soviet intelligence agency .   KGB may also refer to :

negative: Soviet Armed Forces The Soviet Armed Forces , also called the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Armed Forces of the Soviet Union ( Russian : Вооружённые Силы Союза Советских Социалистических Республик Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik , Вооружённые Силы Советского Союза ) refers to the armed forces of the Russian SFSR ( 1917 -- 1922 ) , and Soviet Union ( 1922 -- 1991 ) from their beginnings in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War to its dissolution in December 1991 .   According to the all-union military service law of September 1925 , the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of three components : the Ground Forces , the Air Forces , the Navy , the State Political Directorate ( OGPU ) , and the convoy guards . The OGPU was later made independent and amalgamated with the NKVD in 1934 , and thus its Internal Troops were under the joint management of the Defense and Interior Commisariats . After World War II the Strategic Missile Troops ( 1959 ) , Air Defence Forces ( 1948 ) and troops of the All-Union National Civil Defence Forces ( 1970 ) were added , standing first , third and sixth in the official Soviet reckoning of comparative importance ( with the Ground Forces being second , the Air Forces fourth , and the Navy fifth ) .

negative: Radio regulation Radio regulation refers to the regulation and licensing of radio in international law , by individual governments , and by municipalities .

negative: Patent law in Aruba Patent law in Aruba is mainly governed by the Patents Regulation ( Octrooiverordening , formally : landsverordening houdende regels met betrekking tot octrooien ) , the law governing the Aruban patent . The Dutch government indicated in 2007 , that the patent regulation was , to a large extent ( and with the exception of provisions regarding European patents ) identical to the Rijksoctrooiwet .

negative: United States Department of the Army The Department of the Army ( DA ) is one of the three military departments within the Department of Defense of the United States of America . The Department of the Army is the Federal Government agency within which the United States Army is organized , and it is led by the Secretary of the Army who has statutory authority under to conduct its affairs and to prescribe regulations for its government , subject to the limits of the law , and the directions of the Secretary of Defense and the President .   The Secretary of the Army is a civilian official appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate . The highest-ranking military officer in the department is the Chief of Staff of the Army , who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Other senior officials of the Department are the Under Secretary of the Army ( principal deputy to the Secretary ) and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army ( principal deputy to the Chief of Staff . )   The Department of War was originally formed in 1789 as an Executive Department of the United States , and was renamed by the National Security Act of 1947 to the Department of the Army on September 18 , 1947 . By amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 in 1949 , the Department of the Army was transformed to its present-day status .

negative: NKVD The People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( Народный комиссариат внутренних дел , Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del ) , abbreviated NKVD , was the leading Soviet secret police organization from 1934 to 1946 . It is known for its political repression and conduction of the Great Purge under Joseph Stalin .   The agency was lead by Genrikh Yagoda ( executed in 1938 ) , Nikolai Yezhov ( executed in 1940 ) and Lavrentiy Beria ( executed in 1953 ) . The NKVD was formed from Felix Dzerzhinsky 's Cheka , and became known as the NKVD title under Stalin . When Nikita Khrushchev took power the agency was renamed as the KGB . Under Vladimir Putin they are known as the FSB .   The NKVD conducted mass extrajudicial executions , conceived , populated and administered the Gulag system of forced labor camps , were responsible for the repression of the Kulaks , and the mass deportations of entire nationalities to unpopulated regions of the country . They were responsible for the protection of Soviet borders and espionage ( which included political assassinations ) , as well as enforcing Stalinist policy in communist movements and puppet governments in other countries , mostly notably in the terror operations conducted in Poland .

negative: Trade regulation Trade regulation is a field of law , often bracketed with antitrust ( as in the phrase `` antitrust and trade regulation law '' ) , including government regulation of unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive business acts or practices . Antitrust law is often considered a subset of trade regulation law . Franchise and distribution law , consumer protection law , and advertising law are sometimes considered parts of trade regulation law .

negative: By-law A by-law ( or bye-law ) is a rule or law established by an organization or community to regulate itself , as allowed or provided for by some higher authority . The higher authority , generally a legislature or some other government body , establishes the degree of control that the by-laws may exercise . By-laws may be established by entities such as a business corporation , a neighborhood association , or depending on the jurisdiction , a municipality .   In the United Kingdom , Canada , and some Commonwealth countries , the local laws established by municipalities are referred to as by-laws because their scope is regulated by the central governments of those nations . Accordingly , a bylaw enforcement officer is the Canadian equivalent of the American Code Enforcement Officer or Municipal Regulations Enforcement Officer . In the United States , the federal government and most state governments have no direct ability to regulate the single provisions of municipal law . As a result , terms such as code , ordinance , or regulation , if not simply law are more common .

negative: Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Canadian Forces The Queen 's Regulations and Orders for the Canadian Forces ( QR&O ) are regulations having the force of law for the governance of the Canadian Forces . They are regarded as the primary document of military law and regulations in Canada -- aside from the National Defence Act .

negative: Chekism Chekism ( from Cheka , the first Soviet secret police organization ) is a term to describe the situation in the Soviet Union and contemporary Russia , where the secret political police controlled everything in society .

negative: Algorithmic regulation Algorithmic regulation is an alternative form of government where the advantages and usages of computer algorithms are applied to regulations and law enforcement . Written laws are not replaced but stressed to test its efficiency . It was coined by Tim O'Reilly , Founder and CEO of O'Reilly Media Inc. .   Sometimes the `` rules '' are n't really even rules . Gordon Bruce , the former CIO of the city of Honolulu , explained to me that when he entered government from the private sector and tried to make changes , he was told , `` That 's against the law . '' His reply was `` OK . Show me the law . '' `` Well , it is n't really a law . It 's a regulation . '' `` OK . Show me the regulation . '' `` Well , it is n't really a regulation . It 's a policy that was put in place by Mr. Somebody twenty years ago . '' `` Great . We can change that ! '' ''   -LSB- ... -RSB-   Laws should specify goals , rights , outcomes , authorities , and limits . If specified broadly , those laws can stand the test of time .   Regulations , which specify how to execute those laws in much more detail , should be regarded in much the same way that programmers regard their code and algorithms , that is , as a constantly updated toolset to achieve the outcomes specified in the laws .   -LSB- ... -RSB-   It 's time for government to enter the age of big data . Algorithmic regulation is an idea whose time has come .   Algorithmic regulation is supposed to be a system of governance where more exact data collected from citizens via their smart devices and computers are used for more efficiency in organizing human life as a collective .

negative: Soviet Army The Soviet Army ( -LSB- Советская Армия , Sovetskaya Armiya -RSB- ) is the name given to the main land-based branch of the Soviet Armed Forces between February 1946 and December 1991 , when it was replaced with the Russian Ground Forces , although it was not taken fully out of service until 25 December 1993 . Until 25 February 1946 , it was known as the Red Army , established by decree on 15 ( 28 ) January 1918 `` to protect the population , territorial integrity and civil liberties in the territory of the Soviet state . '' It had 2.4 million men under its service during the Cold War .

negative: Law of the Soviet Union The Law of the Soviet Union was the law as it developed in the Soviet Union ( USSR ) following the October Revolution of 1917 . Modified versions of the Soviet legal system operated in many Communist states following the Second World War -- including Mongolia , the People 's Republic of China , the Warsaw Pact countries of eastern Europe , Cuba and Vietnam .   The Soviet legal system regarded law as an arm of politics and courts as agencies of the government . Extensive extra-judiciary powers were given to the Soviet secret police agencies .

negative: Maintenance regulation The Maintenance Regulation ( EC ) No 4/2009 , formally the Council Regulation ( EC ) on jurisdiction , applicable law , recognition and enforcement of decisions and cooperation in matters relating to maintenance obligations is a European Union Regulation on conflict of law issues regarding maintenance obligations ( e.g. alimony and child maintenance ) . The regulation governs which courts have jurisdiction and which law it should apply . It further governs the recognition and enforcement of decisions . The regulation is strongly aligned with the Hague Maintenance convention ( which the European Union has signed but not yet ratified ) and the Hague Maintenance Protocol of 2007 . The regulation does partly to Denmark as it constitutes jurisdictions rules within the framework of the Brussels regime , for which an agreement exists between the European Union and Denmark .

negative: Cheka Cheka ( ЧК -- чрезвыча́йная коми́ссия chrezvychaynaya komissiya , Emergency Committee , -LSB- tɕɪˈka -RSB- ) was the first of a succession of Soviet state security organizations . It was created on December 20 , 1917 , after a decree issued by Vladimir Lenin , and was subsequently led by Felix Dzerzhinsky , a Polish aristocrat turned communist . By late 1918 , hundreds of Cheka committees had been created in various cities , at multiple levels including : oblast , guberniya ( `` Gubcheks '' ) , raion , uyezd , and volost Chekas , with Raion and Volost Extraordinary Commissioners . After 1922 , Cheka groups underwent a series of reorganizations , with the NKVD , into various bodies , but the continuing theme of a government dominated by `` the organs '' persisted indefinitely afterward , and members of the organs continued to be referred to as `` Chekisty '' ( Chekists ) -- and their style of control Chekism .   In 1921 the Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic ( a branch of the Cheka ) numbered at least 200,000 . These troops policed labor camps ; ran the Gulag system ; conducted requisitions of food ; subjected political opponents to secret arrest , detention , torture and summary execution ; and put down rebellions and riots by workers or peasants , and mutinies in the desertion-plagued Red Army .

negative: Inheritance law in Bulgaria Inheritance law regulates the financial consequences that arise as a result of the death of individuals , as well as the subsequent transfer of their assets . The governing legislation in Bulgaria regulating the legal aspects of the subject is the Bulgarian Inheritance Act .

negative: Enforcement Enforcement is the process of ensuring compliance with laws , regulations , rules , standards , or social norms . By enforcing laws and regulations , governments attempt to effectuate successful implementation of policies .

negative: Communications law Communications law refers to the regulation of electronic communications by wire or radio . It encompasses regulations governing broadcasting , telephone and telecommunications service , cable television , satellite communications , wireless telecommunications , and the Internet .

negative: Main Intelligence Directorate (Soviet Union) Main Intelligence Directorate ( -LSB- Гла́вное разве́дывательное управле́ние , r = Glavnoye razvedyvatel ` noye upravleniye , p = ˈglavnəjə rɐzˈvʲɛdɨvətʲɪlʲnəjə ʊprɐˈvlʲenʲɪjə -RSB- ) , abbreviated GRU ( -LSB- ГРУ , p = geeˈru -RSB- ) , was the foreign military intelligence agency of the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union .

negative: Rome I Regulation The Rome I Regulation ( Regulation ( EC ) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations ) is a regulation which governs the choice of law in the European Union . It is based upon and replaces the Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations 1980 . The Rome I Regulation can be distinguished from the Brussels Regime which determines which court can hear a given dispute , as opposed to which law it should apply . The regulation applies to all EU member states except Denmark , which has an opt-out from implementing regulations under the area of freedom , security and justice . The Danish government planned to join the regulation if a referendum on 3 December 2015 approved converting its opt-out into an opt-in , but the proposal was rejected . While the United Kingdom originally opted-out of the regulation they subsequently decided to opt-in .

negative: Central Intelligence Agency Act The Central Intelligence Agency Act , , is a United States federal law enacted in 1949 .   The Act , also called the `` CIA Act of 1949 '' or `` Public Law 110 '' permitted the Central Intelligence Agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures and exempting it from many of the usual limitations on the use of federal funds . The act ( Section 6 ) also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its `` organization , functions , officials , titles , salaries , or numbers of personnel employed . '' It also created a program called `` PL-110 '' to handle defectors and other `` essential aliens '' outside normal immigration procedures , as well as give those persons cover stories and economic support . It was passed by congress May 27 .   The Act is codified at .

negative: Active reserve (KGB) The active reserve of the KGB are members of the organization who work undercover `` either pretending to assume various jobs or using as cover professions in which they are actually trained '' .  Active reserve KGB officers typically occupied such positions as deputy directors of scientific research or deans responsible for foreign relations in academic institutions of the Soviet Union , although these people were not scientists . Other officers were trained for certain civilian jobs , usually translators , journalists , telephone engineers , or doormen in hotels that served foreigners .   The active reserve was significantly expanded in Post-Soviet Russia , when a majority of positions in the Russian power elite were occupied by acting or undercover officers of the Russian state security services , such as the FSB and SVR , the official successors of the KGB . `` The only difference between them -LSB- officers of active reserve -RSB- and regular civil-servants is that they have an extra duty : writing reports every month for the FSB . They are the eyes of the master '' , said sociologist Olga Krychtanovskaia .

negative: The Moscow rules The Moscow rules are rules-of-thumb said to have been developed during the Cold War to be used by spies and others working in Moscow .   The rules are associated with Moscow because the city developed a reputation as being a particularly harsh locale for clandestine operatives who were exposed . The list may never have existed as written ; agent Tony Mendez wrote `` Although no one had written them down , they were the precepts we all understood ... By the time they got to Moscow , everyone knew these rules . They were dead simple and full of common sense ... '' .

negative: Insurance regulatory law Insurance regulatory law is the body of statutory law , administrative regulations and jurisprudence that governs and regulates the insurance industry and those engaged in the business of insurance . Insurance regulatory law is primarily enforced through regulations , rules and directives by state insurance departments as authorized and directed by statutory law enacted by the state legislatures . However , federal law , court decisions and administrative adjudications also play an important role .

negative: Thirteenth Department The Thirteenth Department of the First Chief Directorate of the KGB was an organisation responsible for direct action , including assassination and sabotage , during the Cold war .

negative: First Chief Directorate The First Main Directorate ( or First Chief Directorate , Russian : Первое главное управление , Pervoye glavnoye upravleniye ) of the Committee for State Security of the USSR ( PGU KGB ) was the organization responsible for foreign operations and intelligence activities by providing for the training and management of covert agents , intelligence collection administration , and the acquisition of foreign and domestic political , scientific and technical intelligence in the Soviet Union . The First Chief Directorate was formed within the KGB directorate in 1954 , and after the collapse of the Soviet Union was renamed as the Central Intelligence Service and finally the Foreign Intelligence Service ( SVR RF ) . Although the agency SVR restyle in 1991 implies a generic overseas surveillance activity , the primary foreign intelligence service in Russia and the Soviet Union has been the GRU , a military intelligence organization and special operations force shrouded in secrecy , most famed for stealing the blueprints of the atomic bomb during the Manhattan Project and barring entry into its headquarters to anyone , even the leader of the Soviet Union proper , without a formal authentication .

negative: Regulatory law Regulatory law refers law promulgated by an executive branch agency under a delegation from a legislature . Discussed at Regulation ( law ) . Regulatory law contrasts to statutory law promulgated by the legislative branch , and common law or case law promulgated by the judicial branch .   The law that governs conduct of administrative agencies ( both promulgation of regulations , and adjudication of applications or disputes ) , and judicial review of agency decisions , is called Administrative law . Administrative law is promulgated by the legislature ( and refined by judicial common law ) for governing agencies .   The administrative agencies are to create procedures , applications , licences , appeals and one other important thing called decision making . Administrative Procedure Act is responsible for all the Federal agency policies . Some states have started following the policies through law or by regulation

negative: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 ( `` FISA '' , ) is a United States federal law which prescribes procedures for the physical and electronic surveillance and collection of `` foreign intelligence information '' between `` foreign powers '' and `` agents of foreign powers '' suspected of espionage or terrorism ) . The Act created the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC ) to oversee requests for surveillance warrants by federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies . It has been repeatedly amended since the September 11 attacks .

negative: Active reserve Active reserve may refer to :   United States Army Reserve  Active Reserve ( Czech Army )  Active reserve ( KGB )

negative: Presidential Security Service (Russia) The Presidential Security Service ( SBP ) is a federal government agency concerned with the tasks related to the protection of the President of Russia . It traces its origin to the USSR 's Ninth Chief Directorate of the KGB , and in the beginning , it was led by KGB general Alexander Korzhakov .


query: Pakistan's semi-industrialized economy is the 20th largest in the world in purchasing power parity.

positive: Pakistan Pakistan ( -LSB- pɑːkᵻˈstɑːn -RSB- -LSB- ) , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( -LSB- ) , is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on the crossroads of Central and Western Asia . It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 201 million people . In terms of area , it is the 33rd-largest country spanning 881,913 km2 . Pakistan has a 1,046 km coastline along the Arabian Sea and its Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest , and China in the far northeast , respectively . It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan 's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north , and also shares a maritime border with Oman .   The territory that now constitutes Pakistan is considered a cradle of civilisation that was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the Mehrgarh of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation , and later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including Hindus , Indo-Greeks , Muslims , Turco-Mongols , Afghans , and Sikhs . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Alexander of Macedonia , the Indian Mauryan Empire , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , the Delhi Sultanate , the Mongol Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Durrani Empire , the Sikh Empire , and most recently , the British Empire .   Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in that it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam . As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the subcontinent 's struggle for independence , Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent homeland for South Asian Muslims . It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country , with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife . Initially a dominion , Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956 , becoming an Islamic republic . An ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh . In 1973 Pakistan adopted a new constitution establishing , alongside its pre-existing parliamentary republic status , a federal government based in Islamabad consisting of four provinces and four federal territories . The new constitution also stipulated that all laws were to conform to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah .   A regional and middle power , Pakistan has the sixth-largest standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear-weapons state , being the second in South Asia and the only nation in the Muslim world to have that status . Pakistan has a semi-industrialised economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector , and a growing services sector . The Pakistani economy is the 24th-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and the 41st-largest in terms of nominal GDP ( World Bank ) . It is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world , and is backed by one of the world 's largest and fastest-growing middle classes .   The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule , and since 2008 a transition to democracy , amid conflicts with neighbouring India . The country continues to face challenging problems such as illiteracy , healthcare , and corruption , but has substantially reduced poverty and terrorism and expanded per capita income . Pakistan is a member of the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Commonwealth of Nations , the ECO , the SAARC , the Developing Eight , and the G20 developing nations , Group of 24 , Group of 77 , and ECOSOC . It is also an associate member of CERN . Pakistan is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol , the Paris Agreement , and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights .

negative: Economy of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom is the fifth-largest national economy in the world measured by nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) , ninth-largest in the world measured by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , and nineteenth-largest in the world measured by GDP per capita , comprising 4 % of world GDP . It is the second-largest economy in the European Union by both metrics . In 2016 , the UK was 19/28 for GDP growth in Europe , with the third lowest unemployment rate .   In 2016 , the UK was the tenth-largest goods exporter in the world and the fifth-largest goods importer . In 2015 , the UK had the fourth-largest inward foreign direct investment , and in 2013 the UK had the second-largest outward foreign direct investment . It is one of the most globalised economies , and is composed of ( in descending order of size ) the economies of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland .   The service sector dominates the UK economy , contributing around 78 % of GDP ; the financial services industry is particularly important , and London is the world 's largest international financial centre . Britain 's aerospace industry is the second - or third-largest national aerospace industry depending on the method of measurement . Its pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the economy and the UK has the third-highest share of global pharmaceutical research and development . Of the world 's 500 largest companies , 26 are headquartered in the UK . The British economy is boosted by North Sea oil and gas production ; its reserves were estimated at 2.9 billion barrels in 2015 , although it has been a net importer of oil since 2005 . There are significant regional variations in prosperity , with South East England and North East Scotland being the richest areas per capita . The size of London 's economy makes it the largest city by GDP in Europe .   In the 18th century the UK was the first country to industrialise , and during the 19th century it had a dominant role in the global economy , accounting for 9.1 % of the world 's GDP in 1870 . From the late 19th century the Second Industrial Revolution was also taking place rapidly in the United States and the German Empire ; this presented an increasing economic challenge for the UK . The costs of fighting World War I and World War II further weakened the UK 's relative position . In the 21st century , however , it remains a great power and has an influential role in the world economy .   Government involvement in the British economy is primarily exercised by Her Majesty 's Treasury , headed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , and the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . Since 1979 management of the economy has followed a broadly laissez-faire approach . The Bank of England is the UK 's central bank and its Monetary Policy Committee is responsible for setting interest rates , quantitative easing , and forward guidance .   The currency of the UK is the pound sterling , which is the world 's third-largest reserve currency after the United States dollar and the euro , and is also one of the ten most-valued currencies in the world .   The UK is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the European Union ( although negotiations to leave the EU are currently taking place ) , the G7 , the G8 , the G20 , the International Monetary Fund , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe , the World Bank , the World Trade Organisation , Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the United Nations .

negative: Economy of China China 's socialist market economy is the world 's second largest economy by nominal GDP , and the world 's largest economy by purchasing power parity according to the IMF , although China 's National Bureau of Statistic denies this claim . Until 2015 China was the world 's fastest-growing major economy , with growth rates averaging 10 % over 30 years . Due to historical and political facts of China 's developing economy , China 's public sector accounts for a bigger share of the national economy than the burgeoning private sector .   China is a global hub for manufacturing , and is the largest manufacturing economy in the world as well as the largest exporter of goods in the world . China is also the world 's fastest growing consumer market and second largest importer of goods in the world . China is a net importer of services products .   China is the largest trading nation in the world and plays the most important role in international trade , and has increasingly engaged in trade organizations and treaties in recent years . China became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001 . China also has free trade agreements with several nations , including Australia , South Korea , ASEAN , New Zealand , Switzerland and Pakistan .   On a per capita income basis , China ranked 72nd by nominal GDP and 84th by GDP ( PPP ) in 2015 , according to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . The provinces in the coastal regions of China tend to be more industrialized , while regions in the hinterland are less developed . As China 's economic importance has grown , so has attention to the structure and health of the economy .   To avoid the long-term socioeconomic cost of environmental pollution in China , it has been suggested by Nicholas Stern and Fergus Green of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment that the economy of China be shifted to more advanced industrial development with high-tech , low carbon emissions with better allocation of national resources to innovation and R&D for sustainable economic growth in order to reduce the impact of China 's heavy industry . This is in accord with the planning goals of the central government .   Xi Jinping 's Chinese Dream is described as achieving the `` Two 100s '' : the material goal of China becoming a `` moderately well-off society '' by 2021 , the 100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party , and the modernization goal of China becoming a fully developed nation by 2049 , the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People 's Republic .   The internationalization of the Chinese economy continues to affect the standardized economic forecast officially launched in China by the Purchasing Managers Index in 2005 . By 2009 , China became the sole Asian nation to have a GDP ( PPP ) above the $ 10-trillion mark ( along with the United States and the European Union ) . By the end of 2015 , China became the world 's first ever nation to have a GDP ( PPP ) above the $ 20-trillion mark , doubling its overall output in the fastest time possible ( 6 years ) . As China 's economy grows , so does China 's Renminbi , which undergoes the process needed for its internationalization . China initiated the founding of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in 2015 .   China has been criticized by pro-US Western media for unfair trade practices , including artificial currency devaluation , intellectual property theft , protectionism , and local favoritism due to one-party oligopoly by the Communist Party of China and its socialist market economy .   The rate of economic growth of the Chinese economy has started slowing with fears of an impending hard landing of the economy . The slowdown manifested in industrial regions as excess capacity in basic industries such as coal , steel , and cement , in the auto industry as reduced sales .

negative: Economy of Greece The economy of Greece is the 46th largest in the world with a nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $ 194.851 billion per annum . It is also the 54th largest in the world by purchasing power parity , at $ 285.447 billion per annum . As of 2015 , Greece is the fifteenth-largest economy in the 28-member European Union . Greece is ranked 38th and 47th in the world at $ 17,901 and $ 26,669 for nominal GDP per capita and purchasing power parity per capita respectively .   Greece is a developed country with an economy based on the service ( 82.8 % ) and industrial sectors ( 13.3 % ) . The agricultural sector contributed 3.9 % of national economic output in 2015 . Important Greek industries include tourism and shipping . With 18 million international tourists in 2013 , Greece was the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world . The Greek Merchant Navy is the largest in the world , with Greek-owned vessels accounting for 15 % of global deadweight tonnage as of 2013 . The increased demand for international maritime transportation between Greece and Asia has resulted in unprecedented investment in the shipping industry .   The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU . Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor . Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013 , the third in Bulgaria , in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia . The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries .   Greece is classified as an advanced , high-income economy , and was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation ( BSEC ) . The country joined what is now the European Union in 1981 . In 2001 Greece adopted the euro as its currency , replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachmae per euro . Greece is a member of the International Monetary Fund and of the World Trade Organization , and ranked 34th on Ernst & Young 's Globalization Index 2011 .   World War II ( 1939-1945 ) devastated the country 's economy , but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle . From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average , peaking at 5.8 % in 2003 and 5.7 % in 2006 . The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis , a central focus of the wider European debt crisis , plunged the economy into a sharp downturn , with real GDP growth rates of − 0.3 % in 2008 , − 4.3 % in 2009 , − 5.5 % in 2010 , − 9.1 % in 2011 , − 7.3 % in 2012 and − 3.2 % in 2013 . In 2011 , the country 's public debt reached $ 356 billion ( 172 % of nominal GDP ) . After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector , Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to $ 280 billion ( 137 % of GDP ) in the first quarter of 2012 . Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.4 % in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline , but contracted by 0.3 % in 2015 and by 0.05 % in 2016 .

negative: Economy of Nigeria Nigeria is a middle-income , mixed economy and emerging market , with expanding manufacturing , financial , service , communications , technology and entertainment sectors . It is ranked as the 21st-largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP , and the 20th-largest in terms of purchasing power parity . It is the largest economy in Africa ; its re-emergent manufacturing sector became the largest on the continent in 2013 , and it produces a large proportion of goods and services for the West African subcontinent . Also , the debt-to-GDP ratio is 11 percent , which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio .   Previously hindered by years of mismanagement , economic reforms of the past decade have put Nigeria back on track towards achieving its full economic potential . Nigerian GDP at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) has almost tripled from $ 170 billion in 2000 to $ 451 billion in 2012 , although estimates of the size of the informal sector ( which is not included in official figures ) put the actual numbers closer to $ 630 billion . Correspondingly , the GDP per capita doubled from $ 1400 per person in 2000 to an estimated $ 2,800 per person in 2012 ( again , with the inclusion of the informal sector , it is estimated that GDP per capita hovers around $ 3,900 per person ) . ( Population increased from 120 million in 2000 to 160 million in 2010 ) . These figures were to be revised upwards by as much as 80 % when metrics were to be recalculated subsequent to the rebasing of its economy in April 2014 .   Although much has been made of its status as a major exporter of oil , oil only contributes about 9 % to the GDP . Nigeria produces only about 2.7 % of the world 's oil supply ( in comparison , Saudi Arabia produces 12.9 % , Russia produces 12.7 % and the United States produces 8.6 % ) . Although the petroleum sector is important , as government revenues still heavily rely on this sector , it remains a small part of the country 's overall economy .   The largely subsistence agricultural sector has not kept up with rapid population growth , and Nigeria , once a large net exporter of food , now imports some of its food products , though mechanization has led to a resurgence in manufacturing and exporting of food products , and the move towards food sufficiency . In 2006 , Nigeria successfully convinced the Paris Club to let it buy back the bulk of its debts owed to them for a cash payment of roughly US$ 12 billion .   According to a Citigroup report published in February 2011 , Nigeria will get the highest average GDP growth in the world between 2010 and 2050 . Nigeria is one of two countries from Africa among 11 Global Growth Generators countries .

negative: Economy of Taiwan The economy of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , simply called Taiwan , is the 5th largest economy in Asia , and is included in the advanced economies group by the International Monetary Fund and gauged in the high-income economies group by the World Bank , and ranked 15th in the world by the Global Competitiveness Report of World Economic Forum , has a developed capitalist economy that ranks as the 22th-largest in the world by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , ranks as 18th in the world by gross domestic product ( GDP ) at purchasing power parity per capita ( person ) , and 24th in nominal GDP of investment and foreign trade by the Republic of China ( ROC ) government , commonly referred to as Taiwan . The economy of Taiwan ranks the highest in Asia for 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Index ( GEI ) for specific strengths . Most large government-owned banks and industrial firms have been privatized . With the technocracy-centered economic planning under martial law until 1987 , real growth in GDP has averaged about 8 % during the past three decades . Exports have grown even faster and since World War II , have provided the primary impetus for industrialization . Inflation and unemployment are low ; the trade surplus is substantial ; and foreign reserves are the world 's fourth largest . Agriculture contributes 3 % to GDP , down from 35 % in 1952 , and the service sector makes up 73 % of the economy . Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved off-shore and replaced with more capital - and technology-intensive industries . Economy of Taiwan is an indispensable partner in the Global Value Chains of Electronics Industry . Electronic components and personal computer are two areas of international strength of Taiwan 's Information Technology industry , which means the economy of Taiwan has the competitive edge on having the learning curve from advanced foreign technologies with lower cost to be produced and sold abroad . Institute for Information Industry with its international recognitions is responsible for the development of IT industry and ICT industry in Taiwan . Industrial Technology Research Institute with its global partners is the advanced research center for applied technology for the economy of Taiwan . Directorate-General of Budget , Accounting and Statistics and Ministry of Economic Affairs release major economic indicators of the economy of Taiwan . Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research provides economic forecast at the forefront for the economy of Taiwan and authoritatively researches on the bilateral economic relations with ASEAN by The Taiwan ASEAN Studies Center ( TASC ) . Taiwan Stock Exchange is the host to the listed companies of local industries in Taiwan with weighted financial exposures to the FTSE Taiwan Index and MSCI Taiwan Index .   International Trade is officially assisted by Taiwan External Trade Development Council . Taiwanese investors and businesses have become major investors in mainland China , Vietnam , Thailand , Indonesia , the Philippines , and Malaysia . Because of the conservative and stable financial policy by the Central Bank of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and the entrepreneurial strengths , Taiwan suffered little from the financial crisis of 1997-1999 compared to many economies in the region . Other two major banks in Taiwan are Bank of Taiwan and Mega International Commercial Bank . Unlike the neighboring Japan and South Korea , small and medium-sized businesses make up a significant proportion of the businesses in Taiwan . Taiwan is characterized as one of the Newly industrialized economy in the wake of the Ten Major Construction Projects since 1970 's . Since 1990 's , the economy of Taiwan has adopted economic liberalization with the successive regulatory reforms . London Metal Exchange , the largest metal stock exchange in the world , approved Kaohsiung , Taiwan as a good delivery point for primary aluminium , aluminium alloy , copper , lead , nickel , tin and zinc and as the LME 's ninth location in Asia on 17 June 2013 , for future contracts on metals and industrial production of the global integration of the economy of Taiwan . The economy of Taiwan has the world 's highest modern convenience store concentration density . The Indirect tax system of the economy of Taiwan comprises Gross Business Receipts Tax ( GBRT ) ( Gross receipts tax ) and Value-added tax . The economy of Taiwan is ranked 15th overall in the Global Top 20 Top Destination Cities by International Overnight Visitors ( 2014 ) by the MasterCard 2014 Global Destination Cities Index . Bubble Tea originated in Taiwan .   Taiwan is a member of the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) . Taiwan is also an observer at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) under the name of `` Chinese Taipei '' , and a member of International Chamber of Commerce as `` Chinese Taipei '' . Taiwan signed Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement with People 's Republic of China on 29 June 2010 . Taiwan also signed free trade pact with Singapore and New Zealand . Taiwan is seeking to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership no later than 2020 if economic requirements are met . The economy of Taiwan also applied for the membership in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in 2015 . Taiwan 's top five trade partners in 2010 are China , Japan , USA , the European Union , and Hong Kong .   The economy of Taiwan , compared with other major economies in the region , is `` at a crossroads '' , and facing economic marginalization in the world economy , in addition to de-internationalization , low-paid salary to employees and uncertain outlook for personal promotion of staff , which results in human resource talents seeking career opportunities elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific region , and businesses in Taiwan suffer most from being the size of small and medium enterprises only with weaker-than-expected revenue of its hectic business operation for any consideration of further expansion , and overall impedes any attempts at economic transformation of Taiwan from the Taiwanese government . The World Trade Organization has also reviewed Chinese Taipei 's economic outlook in 2010 . The international industrial forecast of semiconductor manufacturing , which is the flagship industry of the economy of Taiwan , that faces immense competition ahead with its American counterparts . To conclude , facing the Market failure from Externality , the Taiwan government needs well-thought industrial policy urgently to adapt to the new economic landscape , and as an island economy with lack of natural resources and comparatively lower domestic aggregate demand , Taiwan 's highly educated human resources would contribute greatly to Value added Innovation management for expanding Taiwan 's international trade .

negative: Economy of India The economy of India is the seventh-largest in the world measured by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The country is classified as a newly industrialised country , and one of the G-20 major economies , with an average growth rate of approximately 7 % over the last two decades . Maharashtra is the wealthiest Indian state with an annual nominal GDP of US$ 330 billion , roughly equivalent to those of Venezuela and the United Arab Emirates , and accounts for 13.4 % of Indias GDP followed by the states of Tamil Nadu ( US$ 170 billion ) and Uttar Pradesh ( US$ 150 billion ) . India 's economy became the world 's fastest growing major economy in the last quarter of 2014 , surpassing the People 's Republic of China .   The long-term growth prospective of the Indian economy is positive due to its young population , corresponding low dependency ratio , healthy savings and investment rates , and increasing integration into the global economy . The Indian economy has the potential to become the world 's 3rd-largest economy by the next decade , and one of the two largest economies by mid-century . And the outlook for short-term growth is also good as according to the IMF , the Indian economy is the `` bright spot '' in the global landscape . India also topped the World Bank 's growth outlook for 2015-16 for the first time with the economy having grown 7.6 % in 2015-16 . Growth is expected to decline slightly to 7.1 % in the 2016-17 fiscal year . According to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , India 's growth is expected to rebound to 7.2 per cent in the 2017-18 fiscal and 7.7 per cent in 2018-19 .   India has one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world with annual growth rate of above 9 % since 2001 , which contributed to 57 % of GDP in 2012-13 . India has become a major exporter of IT services , BPO services , and software services with $ 167.0 billion worth of service exports in 2013-14 . It is also the fastest-growing part of the economy . The IT industry continues to be the largest private sector employer in India . India is also the third largest start-up hub in the world with over 3,100 technology start-ups in 2014-15 The agricultural sector is the largest employer in India 's economy but contributes to a declining share of its GDP ( 17 % in 2013-14 ) . India ranks second worldwide in farm output . The Industry sector has held a constant share of its economic contribution ( 26 % of GDP in 2013-14 ) . The Indian auto mobile industry is one of the largest in the world with an annual production of 21.48 million vehicles ( mostly two and three wheelers ) in FY 2013-14 . India has $ 600 billion worth of retail market in 2015 and one of world 's fastest growing E-Commerce markets .   India 's two largest stock exchanges , Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India , had a market capitalisation of US$ 1.71 trillion and US$ 1.68 trillion respectively as of February 2015 , which ranks 11th & 12 largest in the world respectively according to the World Federation of Exchanges . India is also home to world 's third largest billionaires pool with 111 billionaires in 2016 and the fourth largest number of ultra-high-net-worth households that have more than US$ 100 million .   India is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation , BIMSTEC , the Non Aligned Movement , the G20 , the G8 +5 , the International Monetary Fund , the World Bank , the World Trade Organisation , the United Nations , the BRICS , the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and Missile Technology Control Regime .

negative: Economy of Romania Romania , as part of the European Union single market , is a developing , upper-middle income mixed economy with a very high Human Development Index and a skilled labour force , the 16th largest in the European Union by total nominal GDP and the 13th largest based on purchasing power parity .   The Romanian economy is the 41st-largest economy in the world ( out of 188 countries measured by IMF ) with $ 435,454 billion annual output , and ranks 41st in the world in terms of GDP per capita measured by purchasing power parity . Romanian economy is expected to grow by +6 % in 2017 . Based on current economic growth it 's expected to hit 1 trillion of USD PPP before 2035 . Romania continues to be one of the leading nations in Central and Eastern Europe for attracting foreign direct investment : the inward FDI in the country with a cumulative FDI totaling more than $ 170 billion since 1989 . Romania is the largest electronics producer in Central and Eastern Europe . Electronics manufacturing and research are among the main drivers of innovation and economic growth in the country . In the past 20 years Romania has also grown into a major center for mobile technology , information security , and related hardware research Dacia automobiles . Up until the late 2000s financial crisis , the Romanian economy had been referred to as a `` Tiger '' due to its high growth rates and rapid development . Until 2009 , Romanian economic growth was among the fastest in Europe ( officially 8.4 % in 2008 and more than three times the EU average ) . Romania is rich in iron ore , oil , salt , uranium , nickel , copper and natural gas . The country is a regional leader in multiple fields , such as IT and motor vehicle production . Bucharest , the capital city , is one of the largest financial and industrial centres in Eastern Europe . According to Eurostat Romania posted the biggest economic growth in EU in 2016 by more than +6 % increase of GDP .   According to IMF , Romania will have the highest economic growth in Europe in 2016 and 2017 .   The top 10 exports of Romania are vehicles , machineries , chemical goods , electronic products , electrical equipments , pharmaceuticals , transport equipments , basic metals , food products , and rubber and plastics . Imports of goods and services increased 9.3 % , while exports grew 7.6 % in 2016 , as compared to 2015 .  Exports of goods and services are expected to grow by 5.6 % in 2017 , while imports are seen increasing by 8.5 % , according to the latest CNP ( National Prognosis Commission ) projections  .

negative: Economy of the United States The United States is the world 's largest national economy in nominal terms and second largest according to purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , representing 22 % of nominal global GDP and 17 % of gross world product ( GWP ) . The United States ' GDP was estimated to be $ 18.56 trillion in 2016 . The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world 's foremost reserve currency , backed by its science and technology , its military , the full faith of the US government to reimburse its debts , its central role in a range of international institutions since World War II and the petrodollar system . Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . The United States has a mixed economy and has maintained a stable overall GDP growth rate , a moderate unemployment rate , and high levels of research and capital investment . Its seven largest trading partners are Canada , China , Mexico , Japan , Germany , South Korea , and the United Kingdom .   The US has abundant natural resources , a well-developed infrastructure , and high productivity . It has the world 's ninth-highest per capita GDP ( nominal ) and tenth-highest per capita GDP ( PPP ) as of 2013 . Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations , and in 2010 had the fourth highest median household income , down from second highest in 2007 . It has been the world 's largest national economy ( not including colonial empires ) since at least the 1890s .   The U.S. is the world 's third largest producer of oil and natural gas . It is one of the largest trading nations in the world as well as the world 's second largest manufacturer , representing a fifth of the global manufacturing output . The US not only has the largest internal market for goods , but also dominates the trade in services . US total trade amounted to $ 4.93 T in 2012 . Of the world 's 500 largest companies , 128 are headquartered in the US .   The United States has one of the world 's largest and most influential financial markets . The New York Stock Exchange is by far the world 's largest stock exchange by market capitalization . Foreign investments made in the US total almost $ 2.4 trillion , while American investments in foreign countries total over $ 3.3 trillion . The economy of the U.S. leads in international ranking on venture capital and Global Research and Development funding . Consumer spending comprises 71 % of the US economy in 2013 . The United States has the largest consumer market in the world , with a household final consumption expenditure five times larger than Japan 's . The labor market has attracted immigrants from all over the world and its net migration rate is among the highest in the world . The U.S. is one of the top-performing economies in studies such as the Ease of Doing Business Index , the Global Competitiveness Report , and others .   The US economy went through an economic downturn following the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 , with output as late as 2013 still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office . The economy , however , began to recover in the second half of 2009 , and as of 2016 , unemployment had declined from a high of 10 % to 4.7 % .   In December 2014 , public debt was slightly more than 100 % of GDP . Domestic financial assets totaled $ 131 trillion and domestic financial liabilities totaled $ 106 trillion .

negative: Economy of the Soviet Union The economy of the Soviet Union was based on a system of state ownership of the means of production , collective farming , industrial manufacturing and centralized administrative planning . The economy was characterised by state control of investment , public ownership of industrial assets , macroeconomic stability , negligible unemployment and high job security .   Beginning in 1928 , the entire course of the economy was guided by a series of Five-Year Plans . By the 1950s , the Soviet Union had , during the preceding few decades , evolved from a mainly agrarian society into a major industrial power . Its transformative capacity -- what the US National Security Council described as a `` proven ability to carry backward countries speedily through the crisis of modernization and industrialization '' -- meant communism consistently appealed to the intellectuals of developing countries in Asia . Impressive growth rates during the first three Five-Year Plans ( 1928 -- 40 ) are particularly notable given that this period is nearly congruent with the Great Depression .  During this period the Soviet Union encountered a rapid industrial growth while other regions were suffering from crisis .  Nevertheless , the impoverished base upon which the Five-Year Plans sought to build meant that , at the commencement of Operation Barbarossa , the country was still poor . While legitimate strictly in terms of growth and industrialisation , the death toll attributable to Stalinist economic development has been estimated at 10 million , much of which comprises famine victims .   The major strength of the Soviet economy was its enormous supply of oil and gas , which became much more valuable as exports after the world price of oil skyrocketed in the 1970s . As Daniel Yergin notes , the Soviet economy in its final decades was `` heavily dependent on vast natural resources -- oil and gas in particular . '' However , Yergin goes on , world oil prices collapsed in 1986 , putting very heavy pressure on the economy . After Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 , he began a process of economic liberalisation towards a mixed economy . At its dissolution at the end of 1991 , the Soviet Union begat a Russian Federation with a growing pile of $ 66 billion in external debt , and with barely a few billion dollars in net gold and foreign exchange reserves .   The complex demands of the modern economy and inflexible administration overwhelmed and constrained the central planners . Corruption and data fiddling became common practice among the bureaucracy by reporting fulfilled targets and quotas , thus entrenching the crisis . From the Stalin-era to the early Brezhnev-era , the Soviet economy grew much slower than Japan and slightly faster than the United States . GDP levels in 1950 ( in billion 1990 dollars ) were 510 ( 100 % ) in the USSR , 161 ( 100 % ) in Japan and 1456 ( 100 % ) in the US . By 1965 the corresponding values were 1011 ( 198 % ) , 587 ( 365 % ) , and 2607 ( 179 % ) . The Soviet Union maintained itself as the second largest economy in both nominal and purchasing power parity values for much of the Cold War until 1988 , when Japan 's economy exceeded $ 3 trillion in nominal value .   The USSR 's relatively small consumer sector accounted for just under 60 % of the country 's GDP in 1990 , while the industrial and agricultural sectors contributed 22 % and 20 % respectively in 1991 . Agriculture was the predominant occupation in the USSR before the massive industrialization under Joseph Stalin . The service sector was of low importance in the USSR , with the majority of the labor force employed in the industrial sector . The labor force totaled 152.3 million people . Major industrial products included petroleum , steel , motor vehicles , aerospace , telecommunications , chemicals , electronics , food processing , lumber , mining , and defense industry .   Though the GDP of the USSR crossed $ 1 trillion in the 1970s and $ 2 trillion in the 1980s , the effects of central planning were progressively distorted due to the rapid growth of the second economy in the Soviet Union .

negative: Economy of Germany Germany is the largest national economy in Europe , the fourth-largest by nominal GDP in the world , and fifth by GDP ( PPP ) . The country is a founding member of the European Union and the Eurozone . The economic model of Germany is based on the concept of the social market economy .   In 2016 , Germany recorded the highest trade surplus in the world worth $ 310 billion , making it the biggest capital exporter globally . Germany is the third largest exporter in the world with 1.21 trillion euros ( $ 1.27 trillion ) in goods and services exported in 2016 . The service sector contributes around 70 % of the total GDP , industry 29.1 % , and agriculture 0.9 % . Exports account for 41 % of national output . The top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles , machineries , chemical goods , electronic products , electrical equipments , pharmaceuticals , transport equipments , basic metals , food products , and rubber and plastics . The economy of Germany is the largest manufacturing economy in Europe and it is less likely to be affected by the financial downturn and conduct applied research with practical industrial value and sees itself as a bridge between the latest university insights and industry-specific product and process improvements , and by generating a great deal of knowledge in its own laboratories as well .   Germany is rich in timber , iron ore , potash , salt , uranium , nickel , copper and natural gas . Energy in Germany is sourced predominantly by fossil fuels ( 50 % ) , followed by nuclear power second , then gas , wind , biomass ( wood and biofuels ) , hydro and solar . Germany is the first major industrialized nation to commit to the renewable energy transition called Energiewende . Germany is the leading producer of wind turbines in the world . Renewables now produce over 27 % of electricity consumed in Germany .   99 percent of all German companies belong to the German `` Mittelstand , '' small and medium-sized enterprises , which are mostly family-owned . Of the world 's 2000 largest publicly listed companies measured by revenue , the Fortune Global 2000 , 53 are headquartered in Germany , with the Top 10 being Volkswagen , Allianz , Daimler , BMW , Siemens , BASF , Munich Re , E.ON , Bayer , and RWE .   Germany is the world 's top location for trade fairs . Around two thirds of the world 's leading trade fairs take place in Germany . The largest annual international trade fairs and congresses are held in several German cities such as Hanover , Frankfurt , Cologne , Leipzig and Düsseldorf .

negative: Economy of Asia The Economy of Asia comprises more than 4.4 billion people ( 60 % of the world population ) living in 49 different states . Six further states lie partly in Asia , but are considered to belong to another region economically and politically . Asia is the fastest growing economic region and the largest continental economy by GDP PPP in the world . China and India are currently the first and third largest economies in the world , respectively . Moreover , Asia is the site of some of the world 's longest modern economic booms , starting from the Japanese economic miracle ( 1950 -- 1990 ) , Miracle of the Han River ( 1961 -- 1996 ) in South Korea and the economic boom ( 1978 -- 2013 ) in China .   As in all world regions , the wealth of Asia differs widely between , and within , states . This is due to its vast size , meaning a huge range of different cultures , environments , historical ties and government systems . The largest economies in Asia in terms of PPP gross domestic product ( GDP ) are China , India , Japan , South Korea , Indonesia , Turkey , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Taiwan , Thailand , Pakistan , Malaysia and Philippines and in terms of nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) are China , Japan , India , South Korea , Russia , Indonesia , Turkey , Philippines , Saudi Arabia , Taiwan , United Arab Emirates , Thailand , Iran , Malaysia , Bangladesh and Singapore .   Wealth ( if measured by GDP per capita ) is mostly concentrated in the East Asia in territories of China , Japan , South Korea , Hong Kong , Macau , Singapore , and Taiwan , as well as in oil rich countries in West Asia such as Saudi Arabia , Qatar , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , Iran , Kuwait , and Oman . Israel and , to a lesser extent Turkey are exceptions : both lie in the territory of Asia despite not often being counted as such . Israel ( entrepreneurship on diversified industries ) is a developed country , while Turkey ( founding member of OECD ) is an advanced emerging country . Asia , with the exception of Japan ( heavy industry and electrical sophistication ) , South Korea ( heavy industry and information and communication technology ) , Taiwan ( light industry and hi-tech parts manufacturing ) , Hong Kong ( financial industry and services ) and Singapore ( high-tech manufacturing , biotechnology , financial and business services ) , is currently undergoing rapid growth and industrialization , and China ( manufacturing and FDI-led growth ) and India ( commodities , outsourcing destination and computer software ) , the two fastest growing major economies in the world . East Asian and Southeast Asian countries generally rely on manufacturing and trade ( and then gradually upgrade to industry and commerce ) , and incrementally building on high-tech industry and financial industry for growth , countries in the Middle East depend more on engineering to overcome climate difficulties for economic growth and the production of commodities , principally Sweet crude oil . Over the years , with rapid economic growth and large trade surplus with the rest of the world , Asia has accumulated over US$ 4 trillion of foreign exchange reserves -- more than half of the world 's total , and adding Tertiary sector of the economy and Quaternary sector of the economy to expand in the share of Asia 's economy .

negative: Economy of Serbia The economy of Serbia is the 84th or 79th largest in the world at $ 37.739 billion or $ 107.131 billion by nominal gross domestic product or purchasing power parity respectively . Its economy is mostly based on various services ( 51.1 % of GDP ) , industry ( 38.5 % of GDP ) and agriculture ( 10.4 % of GDP ) . In the late 1980s , at the beginning of the process of economic transition from a planned economy to a market economy , Serbia 's economy had a favorable position , but it was gravely impacted by economic sanctions from 1992 to 1995 .   After the ousting of former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević in October 2000 , the country went through an economic liberalization process , and experienced fast economic growth . GDP per capita ( nominal ) went from $ 1,241 in 2000 to $ 6,123 in 2014 . In March 2012 , it became a candidate for the European Union . After years of economy decline due to world financial crisis , in 2011 , the economy GDP growth was 2 % . Serbia entered a second recession in 2012 , causing GDP to decline 1.5 % for that year . In 2013 , Serbia was among the top ten of European countries in regard to GDP growth , which amounted to 2.6 % year on year . As of 2016 estimations , the unemployment rate was at 19.3 % . Estimated GDP ( nominal ) for 2016 calendar year is $ 43.866 billion , which is $ 6,123 per capita , while the estimated GDP ( PPP ) is $ 100.18 billion , which is $ 14,047 per capita . Since the 1990s , Serbia has experienced a serious `` brain drain '' , especially during the wars at that time ; each year , more than 32,000 people emigrate . Despite the loss , the Serbian diaspora 's transfers account between 10 % and 15 % of Serbia 's GDP and significantly increase living standards in some parts of the country .   In recent years , Serbia has seen an increasingly swift foreign direct investment trend , including auto industry ( Fiat ) , metal processing ( US Steel ) , building materials ( Lafarge ) , food and beverages ( Carlsberg , Coca-Cola , and Nestle ) , textiles ( Golden Lady , Pompea ) , leather ( Progetti Company , Falc East ) , and ICT ( Microsoft and Siemens ) . By countries , most cash investments in the 2000 -- 2012 period came from Italy ( $ 2.69 billion ) , Austria ( $ 2.65 billion ) , Norway ( $ 2.16 billion ) , Belgium ( $ 2.00 billion ) and Greece ( $ 1.66 billion ) , while other major investor countries also include United States , Russia , and Germany . The actual amount of investments from countries such as the United States and Israel is significantly higher than the official figure due to their companies investing primarily through European affiliates .