query: Give me the capitals of all countries in Africa.

positive: Abuja Abuja (/əˈbuːdʒə/) is the capital city of Nigeria. It is located in the centre of Nigeria, within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Abuja is a planned city, and was built mainly in the 1980s. It officially became Nigeria's capital on 12 December 1991, replacing Lagos, though the latter remains the country's most populous city. At the 2006 census, the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298, making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria.

positive: Accra Accra /əˈkrɑː/ is the capital and largest city of Ghana, with an estimated urban population of 2.27 million as of 2012. It is also the capital of the Greater Accra Region and of the Accra Metropolitan District, with which it is coterminous.

positive: Addis Ababa Addis Ababa (Amharic: አዲስ አበባ? Addis Abäba, IPA: [adˈdis ˈabəba], “new flower”; Oromo: Finfinne, [fɪnˈfɪ́n.nɛ́] "Natural Spring(s)"), sometimes spelled Addis Abeba (the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority), is the capital city of Ethiopia. Founded in 1886, it is the largest city in Ethiopia, with a population of 3,384,569 according to the 2007 population census with annual growth rate of 3.8%.

positive: Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.2 million km2 (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 percent of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population.

positive: Algiers Algiers (Arabic: الجزائر, al-Jazā’er; Algerian Arabic pronunciation: دزاير Dzayer, Berber: Dzayer tamaneɣt, French: Alger) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. In 2009, the population was about 3,500,000. An estimate put the population at about 3,574,000 in 2010.

positive: Antananarivo Antananarivo (/ˌæntəˌnænəˈriːvoʊ/ or /ˌɑːntəˌnɑːnəˈriːvoʊ/; Malagasy pronunciation: [antananaˈrivʷ]), formerly French Tananarive (/təˌnænəˈriːv/ or /ˌtænənəˈriːv/; French pronunciation: [tananaʁiv]), also known by its French colonial shorthand form Tana, is the capital and largest city in Madagascar. The larger urban area surrounding the city, known as Antananarivo-Renivohitra "\Antananarivo-Mother Hill" or "Antananarivo-Capital"), is the capital of Analamanga region.

positive: Asmara Asmara (Tigrinya: ኣስመራ?, Asmera), known locally as Asmera (meaning "The four (feminine plural) made them unite" in Tigrinya), is the capital city and largest settlement in Eritrea. Home to a population of around 649,000 inhabitants, it sits at an elevation of 2,325 metres (7,628 ft). The city is located at the tip of an escarpment that is both the northwestern edge of the Eritrean highlands and the Great Rift Valley in neighbouring Ethiopia.Asmara is situated in Eritrea's central Maekel Region.

positive: Bamako Bamako is the capital and largest city of Mali, with a population of 1.8 million (2009 census, provisional). In 2006, it was estimated to be the fastest growing city in Africa and sixth-fastest in the world. It is located on the Niger River, near the rapids that divide the upper and middle Niger valleys in the southwestern part of the country.Bamako is the nation's administrative center. The city proper is a cercle in its own right.

positive: Bangui Bangui (French pronunciation: [bɑ̃ɡi]), or Bangî in Sango, formerly written Bangi in English, is the capital of the Central African Republic and its largest city. As of 2012 it had an estimated population of 734,350.

positive: Banjul Banjul, officially the City of Banjul and formerly known as Bathurst, is the capital of the Gambia and is in a division of the same name. The population of the city proper is only 34,828, with the Greater Banjul Area, which includes the City of Banjul and the Kanifing Municipal Council, at a population of 357,238 (2003 census).  Banjul is on St Mary's Island (Banjul Island), where the Gambia River enters the Atlantic Ocean.

positive: Bissau Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. In 2007 Bissau had an estimated population of 407,424. Bissau is located on the Geba River estuary, off the Atlantic Ocean, and is Guinea-Bissau's largest city, major port, and its administrative and military centre.

positive: Brazzaville Brazzaville is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo and is located on the Congo River. As of the 2007 census, it had a population of 1,373,382. The projection of the CNSEE (national statistics centre) shows an increase to 1.7 million by 2015, but the projection was made before 2007 and based on a lower estimate of the population (1.26 million) than recorded in the census. The United Nations Population Division estimate for 2014 is 1.827 million.

positive: Bujumbura Bujumbura (/ˌbuːdʒəmˈbʊərə/; French pronunciation: [buʒumbuʁa]), formerly Usumbura, is the capital, largest city, and main port of Burundi. It ships most of the country's chief export, coffee, as well as cotton, skins, and tin ore. But for copper ore must go to lalador mining side. It is on the northeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika, the second deepest lake in the world after Lake Baikal.

positive: Cairo Cairo (/ˈkaɪroʊ/ KYE-roh ; Arabic: القاهرة; Coptic: Ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲏ) is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Middle-East and second-largest in Africa after Lagos. Its metropolitan area is the 15th largest in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in 969 CE. Nicknamed "the city of a thousand minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life.

positive: Cape Town Cape Town (Afrikaans: Kaapstad [ˈkɑːpstɐt]; Xhosa: Ikapa) ranks third among the most populous urban areas in South Africa, after Johannesburg, and has roughly the same population as the Durban Metropolitan Area. It is also the provincial capital and primate city of the Western Cape.As the seat of the National Parliament, it is also the legislative capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality.

positive: Dakar Dakar (English pronunciation: /dɑːˈkɑːr, ˈdækər/; French: [da.kaʁ]) is the capital and largest city of Senegal.It is located on the Cap-Vert Peninsula on the Atlantic coast and is the westernmost city in the Old World and on the African mainland.

positive: Djibouti (city) Djibouti City (Arabic: جيبوتي, French: Ville de Djibouti, Somali: Magaalada Jabuuti, Afar: Gabuuti) is the capital and largest city of Djibouti, which is named after it. It is located in the coastal Djibouti Region on the Gulf of Tadjoura.Home to around 600,000 inhabitants, the city contains over 60% of the nation's population. The settlement was founded in 1888 by the French, on land leased from the ruling Somali and Afar Sultans.

positive: Dodoma Dodoma (literally "It has sunk" in Gogo), officially Dodoma Urban District, is the national capital of Tanzania and the capital of Dodoma Region, with a population of 410,956.

positive: Gaborone Gaborone (Tswana IPA: [χabʊˈrʊnɛ]; English /ˌɡæbəˈroʊniː/ GA-bə-ROH-nee) is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 231,626 based on the 2011 census, about 10% of the total population of Botswana. Its agglomeration is home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census.Gaborone is situated between Kgale and Oodi Hills, on the Notwane River in the southeastern corner of Botswana, and 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the South African border.

positive: Harare Harare (/həˈrɑreɪ/; officially called Salisbury until 1982) is the capital and most populous city of Zimbabwe. Situated in the north-east of the country in the heart of historic Mashonaland, the city has an estimated population of 1,606,000 (2009), with 2,800,000 in its metropolitan area (2006).  Administratively, Harare is a metropolitan province, which also incorporates Chitungwiza town and Epworth.

positive: Kampala Kampala is the capital and largest city of Uganda. The city is divided into five boroughs that oversee local planning: Kampala Central Division, Kawempe Division, Makindye Division, Nakawa Division, and Lubaga Division. The city is coterminous with Kampala District. Surrounding Kampala is the rapidly growing Wakiso District, whose population more than doubled between 2002 and 2014 and now stands at over 2 million.

positive: Kigali Kigali, with population of more than 1 million (2012), is the capital and largest city of Rwanda. It is situated near the geographic centre of the nation. The city has been the economic, cultural, and transport hub of Rwanda since it became capital at independence in 1962. The main residence and offices of the President of Rwanda are located in the city, as are the government ministries.

positive: Libreville Libreville is the capital and largest city of Gabon, in west central Africa. The city is a port on the Komo River, near the Gulf of Guinea, and a trade center for a timber region. As of 2012 its population was estimated at 797,003.

positive: Lilongwe Lilongwe is the largest and capital city of Malawi with an estimated population of 1,077,116 for 2015. The city is located in the central region of Malawi, near the borders with Mozambique and Zambia, and it is an important economic and transportation hub for central Malawi. It is named after the Lilongwe River.

positive: List of South African provincial capitals The following is a list of the capitals of the provinces of South Africa.

positive: Lobamba Lobamba is the traditional, spiritual, and legislative capital city of Swaziland, seat of the Parliament, and residence of the Ntombi, the Queen Mother. Mswati III lives about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away at the Lozitha Palace.

positive: Lomé Lomé, with a population of  837,437 (metro population  1,570,283), is the capital and largest city of Togo. Located on the Gulf of Guinea, Lomé is the country's administrative and industrial center and its chief port. The city exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and palm kernels. It also has an oil refinery.

positive: Lusaka Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. One of the fastest-developing cities in Southern Africa, Lusaka is located in the southern part of the central plateau at an elevation of about 1,279 metres (4,195 feet). As of 2010, the city's population is about 1.7 million, while as the urban population is  2.4 million. Lusaka is the centre of both commerce and government in Zambia and connects to the country's four main highways heading north, south, east and west.

positive: Malabo Malabo /məˈlɑːboʊ/ is the capital of Equatorial Guinea and of province of Bioko Norte.

positive: Maputo Maputo (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐˈputu]), known as Lourenço Marques before independence, is the capital and largest city of Mozambique. It is known as the City of Acacias, in reference to acacia trees commonly found along its avenues, and the Pearl of the Indian Ocean. Today, it is a port city on the Indian Ocean, with its economy centered on the harbour. According to the 2007 census, the population is 1,766,184.  Cotton, sugar, chromite, sisal, copra, and hardwood are the chief exports.

positive: Maseru Maseru is the capital and largest city of Lesotho. It is also the capital of the Maseru District. Located on the Caledon River, Maseru lies directly on the Lesotho-South Africa border. Maseru is Lesotho's capital city with a population of approximately 227,880 (2006). The city was established as a police camp and assigned as the capital after the country became a British protectorate in 1869. When the country achieved independence in 1966, Maseru retained its status as capital.

positive: Mbabane Mbabane (/(əm)bɑˈbɑn(i)/, Swazi: ÉMbábáne), with an estimated population of 94,874 (2010), is the capital and largest city in Swaziland. It is located on the Mbabane River and its tributary the Polinjane River in the Mdzimba Mountains. It is located in the district of Hhohho, of which it is also the capital. The average elevation of the city is 1243 meters. The population (estimated) in 1987 was 30,000. It lies on the MR3 road.

positive: Mogadishu Mogadishu (/ˌmɔːɡəˈdiːʃuː/; Somali: Muqdisho; Arabic: مقديشو Maqadīshū), known locally as Xamar (English: Hamar), is the largest and capital city of Somalia. Located in the coastal Banaadir region on the Indian Ocean, the city has served as an important port for centuries. As of 2015, it has a population of 1,280,000 residents.Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia, including the Mogadishu area, was historically inhabited by hunter-gatherers.

positive: Monrovia Monrovia /mənˈroʊviə/ is the capital city of the West African country of Liberia. Located on the Atlantic Coast at Cape Mesurado, Monrovia had a population of 1,010,970 as of the 2008 census. With 29% of the total population of Liberia, Monrovia is the country's most populous city.

positive: Nairobi Nairobi /naɪˈroʊbi/ is the capital and largest city of Kenya. Nairobi is famous for having The Nairobi National Park, the world’s only game reserve found within a major city. The city and its surrounding area also form Nairobi County. The placename "Nairobi" comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to "cool water". The phrase is also the Maasai name of the Nairobi river, which in turn lent its name to the city.

positive: Niamey Niamey (French pronunciation: [njaˈmɛ]) is the capital and largest city of the West African country Niger. Niamey lies on the Niger River, primarily situated on the east bank. It is an administrative, cultural and economic centre. Niamey's population, which was estimated at 774,235 in 2006, is now projected to be much higher.The city is located in a pearl millet growing region, while manufacturing industries include bricks, ceramic goods, cement and weaving.

positive: Nouakchott Nouakchott (Arabic: نواكشوط Nuwākshūṭ, originally derived from Berber Nawākšūṭ, "place of the winds") is the capital and by far the largest city of Mauritania. It is one of the largest cities in the Sahara. The city is the administrative and economic centre of Mauritania.Nouakchott was a small village of little importance until 1958, when it was chosen as the capital of the nascent nation of Mauritania.

positive: Ouagadougou Ouagadougou (/ˌwɑːɡəˈduːɡuː/; Mossi: [ˈwaɡᵊdᵊɡᵊ]) is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative, communications, cultural and economic centre of the nation. It is also the country's largest city, with a population of 1,475,223 (as of 2006). The city's name is often shortened to Ouaga. The inhabitants are called ouagalais.

positive: Pietermaritzburg Pietermaritzburg (/ˌpiːtərˈmærɨtsbɜrɡ/; Zulu: umGungundlovu) is the capital and second-largest city in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It was founded in 1838 and is currently governed by the Msunduzi Local Municipality. Its Zulu name umGungundlovu is the name used for the district municipality. Pietermaritzburg is popularly called Maritzburg in English and Zulu alike, and often informally abbreviated to PMB.

positive: Porto-Novo Porto-Novo (also known as Hogbonou and Adjacé) is the official capital of the West African nation of Benin, and was the capital of French Dahomey. The commune covers an area of 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi) and as of 2002 had a population of 223,552 people.The capital's name Porto-Novo is of Portuguese origin, meaning "New Port".

positive: Pretoria Pretoria is a city in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the country's three capital cities, serving as the executive (administrative) and de facto national capital (Cape Town is the legislative capital and Bloemfontein the judicial capital). Pretoria is the central part of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality which was formed by the amalgamation of several former local authorities including  Centurion and Soshanguve).

positive: Rabat Rabat (Arabic: الرباط, ar-Ribaaṭ; Berber: Errbaṭ, ⴻⵔⵔⴱⴰⵟ) is the capital of Morocco and its seventh largest city center with an urban population of approximately 580,000 (2014) and a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million. It is also the capital of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region.The city is located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg. On the facing shore of the river lies Salé, the city's main commuter town.

positive: Tripoli Tripoli (Arabic: طرابلس, Ṭarābulus; Berber: Ṭrables) is the de jure capital city and the largest city of Libya. Tripoli, with its metropolitan area, has a population of about 1.1 million people. The city is located in the northwestern part of Libya on the edge of the desert, on a point of rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean and forming a bay.Tripoli includes the Port of Tripoli and the country's largest commercial and manufacturing centre.

positive: Windhoek Windhoek (/ˈvɪnt.hʊk/ VINT-huuk; German: About this sound Windhuk ; Khoekhoe: ǀAiǁgams; Otjiherero: Otjomuise) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia. It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area, at around 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) above sea level. The population of Windhoek in 2012 was 322,500 and grows continually due to an influx from all over Namibia.The town developed at the site of a permanent spring known to the indigenous pastoral communities.

positive: Yamoussoukro The District of Yamoussoukro (/ˌjæmʊˈsuːkroʊ/) is the official political capital and administrative capital city of Ivory Coast, while the economic capital of the country is Abidjan. As of the 2014 preliminary census, the autonomous district had a population of 355,573 inhabitants.

positive: Yaoundé Yaoundé (/ˌjɑːuːnˈdeɪ/ or /jaːˈʊndeɪ/, French pronunciation: [ja.un.de]; German: Jaunde) is the capital of Cameroon and, with a population of approximately 2.5 million, the second largest city in the country after the port city Douala. It lies in the centre of the nation at an elevation of about 750 metres (2,500 ft) above sea level.

negative: 1978 All-Africa Games The 3rd All-Africa Games were played from July 13, 1978 to July 28, 1978 in Algiers, Algeria. 45 countries from 49 independent African countries participated in twelve sports.At the closing ceremonies the torch was passed to Nairobi, Kenya to begin preparations for the VIth All-African Games in 1987.

negative: 2003 All-Africa Games The 8th All Africa Games were 5–17 October 2003 in Abuja, Nigeria. 53 countries participated in 23 sports. The main venue was the newly constructed Abuja Stadium. The organizing committee was headed by Nigerian Amos Adamu.

negative: Adam Oates Adam Robert Oates (born August 27, 1962) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player and former co-head coach for the New Jersey Devils. He played 19 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Detroit Red Wings, St. Louis Blues, Boston Bruins, Washington Capitals, Philadelphia Flyers, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and Edmonton Oilers. Known as an elite playmaker, his career total of 1,079 assists was the fifth highest total in NHL history at the time of his 2004 retirement.

negative: Africa Scout Jamboree The Africa Scout Region of the World Organization of the Scout Movement has run or sponsored region-wide Africa Scout Jamborees in its member countries.

negative: Alexander Ovechkin Alexander Mikhailovich "Alex" Ovechkin (Russian: Александр Михайлович Овечкин; IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐˈvʲetɕkʲɪn]; born September 17, 1985) is a Russian professional ice hockey winger and captain of the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). Prior to playing in the NHL, Ovechkin played for HC Dynamo Moscow of the Russian Superleague for four seasons from 2001 until 2005, and he played for Dynamo again (this time in the Kontinental Hockey League) during the 2012–13 NHL lockout.

negative: All-African Peoples' Conference The All-African Peoples' Conference (AAPC) was a conference of political parties and other groups in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Africa. It was attended by delegates from independence movements in areas still under European colonial rule, as well as by delegates from the independent African countries, including representatives of the governing parties of some of those countries.

negative: All caps In typography, ALL CAPS (short for "all capitals" or "all capitalized") refers to text or a font in which all letters are capital letters. "All caps" may be used for emphasis (for a word or phrase). They are commonly seen in the titles on book covers, in advertisements and in newspaper headlines.

negative: BRIC In economics, BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. It is typically rendered as "the BRICs" or "the BRIC countries" or "the BRIC economies" or alternatively as the "Big Four".

negative: BRICS BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The grouping was originally known as "BRIC" before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010. The BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialised countries, but they are distinguished by their large, fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs; all five are G-20 members.

negative: Benin Benin (/bɨˈniːn/ bǝ-NEEN or /bɨˈnɪn/ bǝ-NIN; French: Bénin), officially the Republic of Benin (French: République du Bénin) and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, by Nigeria to the east and by Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. A majority of the population live on its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean.

negative:
Bloemfontein Bloemfontein (English pronunciation: /ˈbluːmfɒnˌteɪn/ or /ˈbloʊmfɒnˌtaɪn/; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈblumfɔntəi̯n]; Afrikaans and Dutch for "fountain of flowers" or "blooming fountain") is the capital city of the province of Free State of South Africa; and, as the judicial capital of the nation, one of South Africa's three national capitals; the other two capitals are Cape Town, the legislative capital, and Pretoria, the administrative capital.Bloemfontein is popularly and poetically known as "the city of roses", owing to the abundance of these flowers and the annual rose festival held there. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein?oldid=683378919> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Aeolian_Islands> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> The Aeolian Islands (Italian: Isole Eolie, pronounced [ˈiːzole eˈɔːlje], Sicilian: Ìsuli Eoli, Greek: Αιολίδες Νήσοι) are a volcanic archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Sicily, named after the demigod of the winds Aeolus. The locals residing on the islands are known as Aeolians (Italian: Eoliani).

negative: Capital city A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality  enjoying primary status in a country, state,  province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution. In some jurisdictions, including several countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements.

negative: Capital of Japan This article is about the Japanese national capital in general. For the current capital, see Tokyo.The capital of Japan is generally believed to be Tokyo. In the course of history, the national capital has been in many locations other than Tokyo.

negative: Capital of Korea Korea has had a number of capitals. Korea is a peninsula in East Asia, currently the peninsula is divided into two countries: North Korea, capital Pyongyang, and South Korea, capital Seoul.

negative: Central African Republic–North Korea relations Central African Republic–North Korea relations refers to the current and historical relationship between the Central African Republic and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), commonly known as North Korea. Neither country maintains an embassy in their respective capitals.During the Cold War, North Korea maintained a close relationship with the long-time military ruler of the Central African Republic, Jean-Bédel Bokassa.

negative: Colonisation of Africa The history of external colonisation of Africa can be divided into two stages: Classical antiquity and European colonialism. In popular parlance, discussions of colonialism in Africa usually focus on the European conquests that resulted in the scramble for Africa after the Berlin Conference in the 19th century.In nearly all African countries today, the language used in government and media is a relic inherited from one of these waves of colonisation.

negative: Dale Hunter Dale Robert Hunter (born July 31, 1960) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and the former head coach of the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League and current head coach of the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League. Hunter was born in Petrolia, Ontario, but grew up in Oil Springs, Ontario.

negative: Debre Berhan Debre Berhan or Birhan, formerly spelled Debra-Berhan or Bernam, is a city and woreda in central Ethiopia. Located in the Semien Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region, about 120 kilometers north east of Addis Ababa on the paved highway to Dessie, the town has a latitude and longitude of 9°41′N 39°32′E and an elevation of 2,840 meters. It was an early capital of Ethiopia and afterwards, with Ankober and Angolalla, was one of the capitals of the kingdom of Shewa.

negative: Dmitri Khristich Dmytro Anatoliiovych "Dmitri" Khristich (Ukrainian: Дмитро́ Анатолійович Хри́стич; born July 23, 1969)  is a former professional ice hockey player. The Ukrainian played 811 games in the NHL in his career, for the Washington Capitals, Los Angeles Kings, Boston Bruins, and Toronto Maple Leafs. He is currently the Head Supervisor of the Professional Hockey League (PHL) of Ukraine.

negative:
European Capital of Culture The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension.Preparing a European Capital of Culture can be an opportunity for the city to generate considerable cultural, social and economic benefits and it can help foster urban regeneration, change the city's image and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale.In 1985, former actress Melina Mercouri, then Greece’s Minister of Culture, and her French counterpart Jack Lang came up with the idea of designating an annual Capital of Culture to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values.The Commission of the European Union manages the title and each year the Council of Ministers of the European Union formally designates European Capitals of Culture: more than 40 cities have been designated so far.An international panel of cultural experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union.A 2004 study conducted for the European Commission, know as the "Palmer report", demonstrated that the choice of European Capital of Culture served as a catalyst for the cultural development and the transformation of the city. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture?oldid=682078964> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Focke-Wulf_Ta_154> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> The Focke-Wulf Ta 154 Moskito was a fast twin-engined German night fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank and produced by Focke-Wulf during late World War II. Only a few were produced and proved to have less impressive performance than the prototypes.

negative: Fayetteville, North Carolina Fayetteville (/ˈfeɪətˌvɪl/) is a city in Cumberland County, North Carolina, United States. It is the county seat of Cumberland County, and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg, a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city.Fayetteville has received the prestigious All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564, with an estimated population of 204,408 in 2013.

negative: Freetown Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean and is located in the Western Area of the country. Freetown is Sierra Leone's major urban, economic, financial, cultural, educational and political centre. The city proper had a population of 951,000 at the 2014 census.As of 2010, the population of Freetown is estimated at 1.2 million.

negative: Historical capitals of China The Chinese phrase Four Great Ancient Capitals of China (simplified Chinese: 中国四大古都; traditional Chinese: 中國四大古都; pinyin: Zhōngguó Sì Dà Gǔdū) traditionally refers to Beijing (the current capital of the People's Republic), Nanjing, Luoyang, and Chang'an (Xi'an).Due to additional evidence discovered since the 1930s, other historical capitals have been included in the list.

negative: Kevin Hatcher Kevin John Hatcher (born September 9, 1966) is a retired American professional ice hockey defenseman who played in the NHL for 17 seasons between 1984 and 2001 for the Washington Capitals, Dallas Stars, Pittsburgh Penguins, New York Rangers and Carolina Hurricanes.  He is the older brother of former NHL player Derian Hatcher, with whom he was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame on October 21, 2010. Hatcher was born in Detroit, Michigan, but grew up in Sterling Heights, Michigan.

negative: Koani Koani is a city located on the Tanzanian island of Unguja (Zanzibar). The city serves as capital of the Zanzibar Central/South region.

negative: Laayoune Laayoune (Maghrebi Arabic: لعيون, Laʕyūn ; Spanish: El-Aaiún; Berber: Leɛyun; Literary Arabic: العيون al-ʿuyūn, lit. "The Springs") is the largest city in the disputed territory of Western Sahara. The modern city is thought to have been founded by the Spanish colonizer Antonio de Oro in 1938. In 1940, Spain designated it as the capital of the Spanish Sahara.

negative: Languages of Africa There are 1,250 to 2,100 and by some counts over 3,000 languages spoken natively in Africa, in several major language families:Afroasiatic is spread throughout the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the SahelNilo-Saharan is centered on Sudan and Chad (disputed validity)Niger–Congo (Bantu and non-Bantu) covers West, Central, Southeast and Southern AfricaKhoe is concentrated in the deserts of Namibia and BotswanaAustronesian is spoken in Madagascar.Indo-European is spoken on the southern tip of the continent.There are several other small families and language isolates, as well as obscure languages that have yet to be classified.

negative: List of African countries by population This is a list of African countries and dependent territories sorted by population, which is sorted by the 2015 the mid-year normalized demographic projections.

negative: List of African dependencies List of African dependencies — including the respective capitals.

negative: List of Washington Capitals seasons The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington, D.C. The team is a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Capitals played at the Capital Centre from their inaugural season in 1974 to 1997, when they moved to the MCI Center, now known as the Verizon Center. In 40 completed seasons, the Capitals have qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs 25 times but have never won a Stanley Cup.

negative: List of alternative country names Most countries of the world have alternative names. Some countries have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons. This article attempts to give all known alternative names and initialisms for all nations, countries and sovereign states, in English and any predominant or official languages of the country in question.Countries are listed alphabetically by their description, the most common name or term that is politically neutral and unambiguous.

negative: List of capital cities by altitude This is a list of national capitals ordered by altitude. The high elevation of the cities affects the social and physical arrangement of the place. In many cases, the cold climate in winter necessitates a particular style of habitat.Curiously, the first item in this list, Bolivia, is a country with multiple capitals - Sucre (constitutional capital) and La Paz (seat of government).

negative: List of capitals in Malaysia The following is a list of capitals in Malaysia. It mainly describes the capitals of the states, districts, as well as the national capitals of Malaysia.

negative: List of capitals in Pakistan This is a list of capital cities, including the legislature or seat of government, of Pakistan and its current and former provinces, territories, and states.

negative: List of capitals in the United States Washington, D.C. has been the capital of the United States since 1800. Eight other cities have served as the meeting place for the U.S. Congress and are therefore considered to have once been the capital of the United States. In addition, each of the fifty U.S. states and the five principal territories of the United States maintains its own capital.

negative: List of capitals of states of Nigeria The following is a list of Nigerian state capitals.

negative: List of capitals of subdivisions of Brazil This is a list of the cities that are or have been considered capitals of one of the country subdivisions of Brazil. For the national capital see: Capital of Brazil.

negative: List of continents by population This is a list of all major continents' population.

negative: List of countries and capitals with currency and language This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories of the world by continent, displayed with their respective national flags and capitals, and including their respective currencies and native languages.This list divides the world using the seven-continent model, with islands grouped into adjacent continents.

negative: List of countries whose capital is not their largest city This is a list of sovereign states whose capital is not their largest city.

negative: List of countries with multiple capitals Some countries have multiple capitals. In some cases, one city is the capital for some purposes, and one or more others are capital for other purposes, without any being considered an official capital in preference to the others.

negative: List of current and former capitals of subdivisions of China This is a list of the current and former capitals of country subdivisions of China. The history of China and its administrative divisions is long and convoluted; hence, this chart will cover only capitals after the completion of the Mongol conquest of China in 1279, because the modern province (sheng 省) was first created during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. A selection of country subdivisions and their capitals before 1279 can be found in the article History of the political divisions of China.

negative: List of national capitals by population This is a list of national capitals, ordered according to population. Capitals of a dependent territories and disputed territories are marked in italics. The population statistics given refer only to the official capital area, and do not include the wider metropolitan/urban district.

negative: List of sovereign states This list of sovereign states provides an overview of sovereign states around the world, with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty.Membership within the United Nations system divides the 206 listed states into three categories: 193 member states, two observer states, and 11 other states.

negative: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories of the world by continent, displayed with their respective national flags and capitals, including the following entities: In bold: Internationally recognized sovereign states The 193 member states of the United Nations (UN) Vatican City (administered by the Holy See, a UN-recognized non-member state) State of Palestine (administered by the PNA, a UN-recognized non-member state) In bold italics: States with limited recognition and associated states not members of the United Nations De facto sovereign states lacking general international recognition Cook Islands and Niue, two associated states of New Zealand without UN membership In italics: Non-sovereign territories that are recognized by the UN as part of some member state Dependent territories Special territories recognized by international treaty(such as the special administrative regions of China) Other territories often regarded as separate geographical territories even though they are integral parts of their mother countries (such as the overseas departments of France)This list divides the world using the seven-continent model, with islands grouped into adjacent continents.

negative: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent (data file) The list of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent data file is a plain text format describing the list of countries by continent, suitable for automated processing.

negative: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America. It includes both fully recognized states and dependent territories of both South American and non-South American states. It lists 12 sovereign states and 3 non-sovereign territories.South America is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean. North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest.

negative: List of state and union territory capitals in India India is a country located in southern Asia. With over 1.2 billion people, India is the most populous democracy in the world. It is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories. All states, as well as the union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments, both patterned on the Westminster model.

negative: Lists by country This is a series of lists by country. The lists generally cover topics related to sovereign countries; however, states with limited recognition are also included.

negative: Lists of capitals Here are several lists of capitals sorted by criteria:

negative: Lists of countries and territories This is a list of many lists of countries and territories by various definitions, including FIFA countries, federations and fictional countries. A country or territory is a geographical area, either in the sense of nation (a cultural entity) and/or state (a political entity).

negative:
Lists of national institutions and symbols A nation is a people or group of peoples; a political state.Lists of nation as a stateList of sovereign statesUnited Nations member statesTransnational lists with nation or national in the nameList of national and international moving associationsList of national and international statistical servicesList of national animals, a list of national animals.List of national anthems, This aims to be a complete list of national anthemsList of national archives,  a central archive maintained by a nation.List of national airlines, a redirect to the section "List of national flag carriers" in the article Flag carrier, considered to be a "flag carrier", either by designation as a national airlines either officially or based on history and whether it is state-owned.List of national birds, a list of national birds, most official, but some unofficialList of national border changes since World War IList of national capitals, a list of national capitals of the world.List of national coats, redirect to Gallery of country coats of arms, emblem serving a similar purpose of each of the countries in the list of countries List of national constitutions, list of existing or former national constitutions by country, semi-recognized countries, and by codification.List of national dances, This is a list of national dances. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_national_institutions_and_symbols?oldid=569871110> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Soft_rock> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> For the Lemon Jelly single, see Soft/Rock. For the Lifter Puller album, see Soft Rock (album).Soft rock or light rock is a style of music which uses the techniques of rock music (often combined with elements from folk rock) to compose a softer, more toned-down sound.

negative: Luanda Luanda, formerly named São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda, is the capital city of Angola, and the country's most populous and important city, primary port and major industrial, cultural and urban centre. Located on Angola's coast with the Atlantic Ocean, Luanda is both Angola's chief seaport and its administrative center. It has a metropolitan population of over 6 million.

negative: Mamoudzou Mamoudzou is the capital of the French overseas region and department of Mayotte, in the Indian Ocean. Mamoudzou, known as Momoju in the local Shimaore language, is the most populated commune (municipality) of Mayotte. It is located on Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), the main island of Mayotte.

negative: Mike Grier Michael James Grier (born January 5, 1975) is a retired American professional ice hockey winger who played for four teams in the National Hockey League (NHL) - the Edmonton Oilers, Washington Capitals, San Jose Sharks, and Buffalo Sabres. Primarily a checking forward, he played 1,060 NHL games over 14 NHL seasons. He was also the first U.S.-born and U.S.-trained (meaning that he played his development years in the US) black player in the NHL.

negative: Ngerulmud Ngerulmud is the capital of the Republic of Palau, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean. It replaced Koror, Palau's largest city, as capital in 2006. The settlement is located in the state of Melekeok on Babeldaob, the country's largest island, located 20 kilometres (12 miles) northeast of Koror and 2 km (1 mile) northwest of Melekeok village.

negative: Olaf Kölzig Olaf Kölzig (born April 6, 1970), known as Olie the Goalie or Godzilla, is a South African-born German former professional ice hockey goaltender, subsequently the goaltender coach and now player development coach for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL).

negative: Outline of Chad The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Chad:Chad – landlocked country in Central Africa.  It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".

negative: Outline of Comoros The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Comoros:Comoros – sovereign island nation located in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa on the northern end of the Mozambique Channel between northern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique.  The nearest countries to the Comoros are Mozambique, Tanzania, Madagascar, and the Seychelles.

negative: Outline of Gabon The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to Gabon (the Gabonese Republic):Gabon – country in west central Africa sharing borders with the Gulf of Guinea to the west, Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, and Cameroon to the north, with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south.

negative: Outline of Ivory Coast The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Ivory Coast:Ivory Coast – country in West Africa. An 1843–1844 treaty made Ivory Coast a protectorate of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the European scramble for Africa. Ivory Coast became independent on 7 August 1960. Through production of coffee and cocoa, the country was an economic powerhouse during the 1960s and 1970s in West Africa.

negative: Outline of Malawi Republic of Malawi –  sovereign country located in southeastern Africa.  Malawi is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the north and Mozambique, which surrounds it on the east, south and west and is separated from Malawi by Lake Malawi (also Lake Nyasa). The origin of the name Malawi is unclear; it is either derived from that of southern tribes, or from the "glitter of the sun rising across the lake" (as seen in its flag).

negative: Outline of Mozambique The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Mozambique:Mozambique – sovereign country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest.  Mozambique was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonized by Portugal in 1505.

negative: Outline of Namibia The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Namibia:Namibia – sovereign country located along the Atlantic Coast of Southern Africa.  Namibia shares borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south. It gained independence from South Africa in 1990 and its capital city is Windhoek (German: Windhuk).

negative: Outline of Rwanda The Republic of Rwanda is a small landlocked sovereign country located in the Great Lakes region of east-central Africa, bordered by Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania.  Home to approximately 10.1 million people, Rwanda supports the densest population in continental Africa, with most of the population engaged in subsistence agriculture. A verdant country of fertile and hilly terrain, the small republic bears the title "Land of a Thousand Hills".

negative: Outline of Seychelles The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Seychelles:Seychelles – sovereign island nation located in the Indian Ocean and comprising 115 islands of the Seychelles Archipelago, some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of mainland Africa and northeast of the Island of Madagascar.

negative: Outline of the Central African Republic The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Central African Republic:Central African Republic – landlocked sovereign country located in Central Africa.  The CAR borders Chad in the north, South Sudan in the east, Sudan in the north-east, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the south, and Cameroon in the west.

negative: Outline of the Gambia The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Gambia:The Gambia – country in West Africa, officially named the Republic of the Gambia.  The Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade, which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese and later by the British.

negative: Paul Cavallini Paul Edward "Wally" Cavallini (born October 13, 1965 in Toronto, Ontario) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He is the younger brother of former player Gino Cavallini, who was his teammate for several years with the St. Louis Blues. He is also the father of hockey prospect Cade Cavillini of the Oakland Jr. Grizzlies.A steady defenceman with some offensive abilities, Cavallini was selected by the Washington Capitals in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft.

negative: Port Louis Port Louis (French: Port-Louis) is the capital city of Mauritius, located in the Port Louis District, the western part also lies in the Black River District. Port Louis is the country's economic, cultural, political centre and most populous city. It is administered by the Municipal City Council of Port Louis. According to the 2012 census conducted by Statistics Mauritius, the population was 148,001.

negative: Praia Praia (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpɾajɐ], meaning "beach", in both Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole), is the capital and largest city of Cape Verde, an island nation in the Atlantic Ocean west of Senegal. It lies on the southern coast of Santiago island in the Sotavento Islands group.  It is the island's ferry port and is home to one of the nation’s four international airports.

negative: Rod Langway Rod Cory Langway (born May 3, 1957) is a retired professional ice hockey defenseman who played for the Montreal Canadiens and Washington Capitals in the National Hockey League (NHL) and Birmingham Bulls of the World Hockey Association (WHA). Langway also spent time with teams in the American Hockey League (AHL) and East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) as a player-coach after his NHL career ended.

negative: Scott Stevens Ronald Scott Stevens (born April 1, 1964) is a retired professional ice hockey defenceman.  Stevens played 22 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Washington Capitals, St. Louis Blues, and the New Jersey Devils.  Although offensively capable, Stevens was largely known for his defensive play and his heavy body checking on opponents.Stevens started his career with the Capitals, where he helped the team make the playoffs for the first time.

negative: Seat of government The seat of government is (as defined by Brewer's Politics) "the building, complex of buildings or city from which a government exercises its authority".The national government is usually located in the capital. In most countries, the capital and the seat of government are the same city; for example, Ankara is both the capital and seat of government of Turkey.

negative: Sergei Gonchar Sergei Viktorovich Gonchar (Russian: Серге́й Ви́кторович Гонча́р; IPA: [sʲɪrˈɡʲej ˈvʲiktərəvʲɪtɕ ɡɐnˈtɕar]; born 13 April 1974) is a Russian professional ice hockey player who is currently on a professional tryout for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has previously played for the Montreal Canadiens, Washington Capitals, Boston Bruins, Pittsburgh Penguins (with whom he won the Stanley Cup in 2009), Ottawa Senators and the Dallas Stars.

negative: Subdivisions of Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea is divided into seven provinces (capitals appear in parentheses): Annobón Province (San Antonio de Palé) Bioko Norte Province (Malabo) Bioko Sur Province (Luba) Centro Sur Province (Evinayong) Kié-Ntem Province (Ebebiyín) Litoral Province (Bata) Wele-Nzas Province (Mongomo)The provinces are further divided into districts.

negative: Transport in Botswana A sparsely populated, arid country, Botswana has nonetheless managed to incorporate much of its interior into the national economy.  An "inner circle" highway connecting all major towns and district capitals is completely paved, and the all-weather Trans-Kalahari Highway connects the country (and, through it, South Africa's commercially dominant Gauteng Province) to Walvis Bay in Namibia.

negative: Tunis Tunis (Tunisian Arabic: تونس About this sound Tūnis; Amazigh: Tunes, ⵜⵓⵏⴻⵙ) is the capital of Tunisia. It is Tunisia's largest city, the greater metropolitan area holding some 2,700,000 inhabitants.Situated on a large Mediterranean Sea gulf (the Gulf of Tunis), behind the Lake of Tunis and the port of La Goulette (Halq al Wadi), the city extends along the coastal plain and the hills that surround it. At its center more modern development lies the old medina.

negative: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1273 United Nations Security Council resolution 1273, adopted unanimously on 5 November 1999, after reaffirming resolutions 1234 (1999) and 1258 (1999) on situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Council extended the deployment of the 90 military liaison personnel as part of efforts to assist the peace process in the country until 15 January 2000.The Security Council reaffirmed the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement that represented a resolution to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

negative: Victoria, Seychelles Victoria (sometimes called Port Victoria) is the capital city of the Seychelles and is situated on the north-eastern side of Mahé island, the archipelago's main island. The city was first established as the seat of the British colonial government.

negative: West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands West Island is the capital of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The population is roughly 120. It is the less populous of the two inhabited islands (the other is Home Island). It was part of the Clunies-Ross plantation and an airstrip was built here during World War II. As well as all the government buildings, it contains the airport, a general store and tourist accommodation. In November 2013 it was revealed that the Australian Signals Directorate operates a listening station on West Island.


query: invented telescope

positive: Achromatic telescope The achromatic telescope is a refracting telescope that uses an achromatic lens to correct for chromatic aberration.

positive: Bernhard Schmidt Bernhard Woldemar Schmidt (11 April [O.S. 30 March] 1879 on Naissaar, Estonia, Russian Empire – 1 December 1935 in Hamburg, Germany) was a German optician. In 1930 he invented the Schmidt telescope which corrected for the optical errors of spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism, making possible for the first time the construction of very large, wide-angled reflective cameras of short exposure time for astronomical research.

positive: Celatone The celatone was a device invented by Galileo Galilei to observe Jupiter's moons with the purpose of finding longitude on Earth.  It took the form of a piece of headgear with a telescope taking the place of an eyehole.

positive: ESO 3.6 m Telescope The ESO 3.6 m Telescope is an optical reflecting telescope run by the European Southern Observatory at La Silla Observatory, Chile since 1977, with a clear aperture of about 3.6 metres (140 in) and 8.6 m2 (93 sq ft) area. The telescopes uses the HARPS instrument and has discovered more than 130 exoplanets. In 2012, it discovered Alpha Centauri Bb, a possible planet in the Alpha Centauri system only 4.4 light-years away.It received an overhaul in 1999 and a new secondary  in 2004.

positive: Edward Troughton Edward Troughton FRS (October 1753 – 12 June 1835) was a British instrument maker who was notable for making telescopes and other astronomical instruments.Troughton was born at Corney, Cumberland.

positive: Fast Fourier Transform Telescope Fast Fourier Transform Telescope is Tegmark and Zaldarriaga's name for a design for an all-digital synthetic-aperture telescope. It is a type of interferometer designed to be cheaper than standard telescope interferometers currently in use.In 1868, Hippolyte Fizeau realized that the lenses and mirrors in a telescope perform a physical approximation of a Fourier transform.

positive: Galileo (1974 film) Galileo is a 1974 biographical film about the 17th century scientist Galileo Galilei, whose astronomical observations with the newly invented telescope led to a profound conflict with the Roman Catholic Church. The film is an adaptation of Bertolt Brecht's play of the same name. The film was produced and released as part of the American Film Theatre, which adapted several plays for a subscription-driven series of films from 1973 to 1975.

positive: George N. Saegmuller George N. Saegmuller (1847 - 1934) was a German-born American inventor of many astronomical instruments and other mechanical devices. He attended technical schools in Erlangen and Nuremberg.  In 1870 he moved to the United States, where he settled in Washington, DC and began working for a craftsman involved in the production of astronomical and geodetic instruments.

positive: Graphic telescope The graphic telescope is a type of camera lucida that has the power of a telescope. It was invented by Cornelius Varley in 1811.

positive: Gregorian telescope The Gregorian telescope is a type of reflecting telescope designed by Scottish mathematician and astronomer James Gregory in the 17th century, and first built in 1673 by Robert Hooke. The design pre-dates the first practical reflecting telescope, the Newtonian telescope, built by Sir Isaac Newton in 1668, but was not successfully built until five years after Newton's first reflecting telescope.

positive: Hans Lippershey Hans Lippershey (1570 – buried 29 September 1619), also known as Johann Lippershey or Lipperhey, was a German-Dutch spectacle-maker. He is commonly associated with the invention of the telescope, although it is unclear if he was the first to build one.

positive: Heinrich Erfle Heinrich Erfle (born April 1, 1884, in Durkheim, died April 8, 1923, in Jena) was a German optician who spent most of his career at Carl Zeiss. In 1917 he invented the first wide-field eyepieces for telescopes and binoculars. During his short life he developed a number of new designs for telescopes and eyepieces.

positive: History of the telescope The earliest known working telescopes appeared in 1608 and are credited to Hans Lippershey. Among many others who claimed to have made the discovery were Zacharias Janssen, a spectacle-maker in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius of Alkmaar. The design of these early refracting telescopes consisted of a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece. Galileo used this design the following year.

positive: Howard Grubb Sir Howard Grubb FRS (1844-1931) was an optical designer from Dublin, Ireland. He was head of a family firm that made large optical telescopes, telescope drive controls, and other optical instruments. He is also noted for his work to perfect the periscope and inventing the reflector sight.

positive: Infrared telescope An infrared telescope is a telescope that uses infrared light to detect celestial bodies.Infrared light is one of several types of radiation present in the electromagnetic spectrum.All celestial objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit some form of electromagnetic radiation. In order to study the universe, scientists use several different types of telescopes to detect these different types of emitted radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum.

positive: Lyman Spitzer Lyman Strong Spitzer, Jr. (June 26, 1914 – March 31, 1997) was an American theoretical physicist, astronomer and mountaineer. As a scientist, he carried out research into star formation, plasma physics, and in 1946, conceived the idea of telescopes operating in outer space. Spitzer invented the stellarator plasma device and is the namesake of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. As a mountaineer, he made the first ascent of Mount Thor with David Morton.

positive: Newtonian telescope The Newtonian telescope is a type of reflecting telescope invented by the British scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727), using a concave primary mirror and a flat diagonal secondary mirror. Newton’s first reflecting telescope was completed in 1668 and is the earliest known functional reflecting telescope. The Newtonian telescope's simple design makes it very popular with amateur telescope makers.

positive: Reflecting telescope A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is an optical telescope which uses a single or combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image. The reflecting telescope was invented in the 17th century as an alternative to the refracting telescope which, at that time, was a design that suffered from severe chromatic aberration. Although reflecting telescopes produce other types of optical aberrations, it is a design that allows for very large diameter objectives.

positive: Ritchey–Chrétien telescope A Ritchey–Chrétien telescope (RCT or simply RC) is a specialized Cassegrain telescope invented in the early 20th century that has a hyperbolic primary mirror and a hyperbolic secondary mirror designed to eliminate optical errors (coma). They have large field of view free of optical errors compared to a more conventional reflecting telescope configuration. Since the mid 20th century most large professional research telescopes have been Ritchey–Chrétien configurations.

positive: Robotic telescope A robotic telescope is an astronomical telescope and detector system that makes observations without the intervention of a human. In astronomical disciplines, a telescope qualifies as robotic if it makes those observations without being operated by a human, even if a human has to initiate the observations at the beginning of the night, or end them in the morning. A robotic telescope is distinct from a remote telescope, though an instrument can be both robotic and remote.

positive: Telescope A telescope is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light). The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses. They found use in terrestrial applications and astronomy.Within a few decades, the reflecting telescope was invented, which used mirrors.

positive: Wootton, Kent Wootton is a village near Dover in Kent, England.  Birthplace of the  mathematician and surveyor Leonard Digges who some claim invented a functioning telescope sometime between 1540 and 1559.It once had a Baptist chapel, linked to the Eythorne Baptist Church group.

positive: Zacharias Janssen Zacharias Janssen (also Zacharias Jansen or  Sacharias Jansen) (1585 – pre-1632) was a Dutch spectacle-maker from Middelburg associated with the invention of the first optical telescope. Janssen is sometimes also credited for inventing the first truly compound microscope. However, the origin of the microscope, just like the origin of the telescope, is a matter of debate.

negative: Aerial telescope An aerial telescope is a type of very long focal length refracting telescope, built in the second half of the 17th century, that did not use a tube. Instead, the objective was mounted on a pole, tree, tower, building or other structure on a swivel ball-joint. The observer stood on the ground and held the eyepiece, which was connected to the objective by a string or connecting rod.

negative: Amateur telescope making Amateur telescope making is the activity of building telescopes as a hobby, as opposed to being a paid professional. Amateur telescope makers (sometimes called ATMs) build their instruments for personal enjoyment of a technical challenge, as a way to obtain an inexpensive or personally customized telescope, or as a research tool in the field of astronomy. Amateur telescope makers are usually a sub-group in the field of amateur astronomy.

negative: Anton Kutter Anton Kutter (born 13 June 1903 in Biberach an der Riß, died 1 February 1985 in Biberach) was a German film director and screenwriter. He studied mechanical engineering at Stuttgart Technical University.In 1926 Kutter went to Cologne and joined the Phototechnical Laboratory, and created his first films the same year. From 1931 to 1947 he worked for the Bavaria Film in Munich.

negative: Baden-Powell's Unilens The Unilens  is a very simple and handy telescope that was invented by Major Baden-Powell. The Invention is thoroughly practical, and with it a large view of distant objects may be obtained, the maximum magnification being about four diameters.The lens has the great advantage of always being in focus and it is a useful aid to the natural sight in the examination of hanging pictures, the architectural features of buildings, and similar objects.

negative: Bahtinov mask The Bahtinov mask is a device used to focus small astronomical telescopes accurately.It was invented by Russian amateur astrophotographer Pavel Bahtinov in 2005 (http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/index.php/topic,10421.0.html). Accurate focusing of telescopes and astrographs is particularly of concern to those involved in astrophotography.The telescope is pointed at a bright star, and a mask is placed in front of the telescope's objective (e.g.

negative: Bolometer A bolometer (Greek: βολόμετρον "bolometron", meaning measurer (-μετρον)  of thrown things (βολο-) ) is a device for measuring the power of incident electromagnetic radiation via the heating of a material with a temperature-dependent electrical resistance. It was invented in 1878 by the American astronomer Samuel Pierpont Langley. The name comes from the Greek word bole (βολή), for something thrown, as with a ray of light.

negative: Crayford focuser The Crayford focuser is a simplified focusing mechanism for amateur astronomical telescopes. Crayford focusers are considered superior to entry-level rack and pinion focusers,  normally found in this type of device. Instead of the rack and pinion, they have a smooth spring-loaded shaft which holds the focus tube against four opposing bearing surfaces, and controls its movement.

negative: First to file and first to invent First to file  (FTF) and first to invent (FTI) are legal concepts that define who has the right to the grant of a patent for an invention.  The first-to-file system is used in all countries, including the United States, which switched to a first-inventor-to-file (FITF) system on March 16, 2013 after the enactment of the America Invents Act.  There is an important difference between the strict nature of the FTF under the EPO and the FITF system of the USPTO.

negative: Floating collimator Floating collimator was an early collimator widely used in astronomical observations. It was invented by an English physicist and astronomer Captain Henry Kater; he reported about his invention to the Royal Society in January, 1825.His collimator was meant to replace a level, or plumb-line, in astronomical observations, and to furnish a ready and perfectly exact method of determining the position of the horizontal or zenith point on the limb of a circle or zenith sector.

negative: Frank J. Low Frank James Low (November 23, 1933 – June 11, 2009) was a solid state physicist who became a leader in the new field of infrared astronomy, after inventing the gallium doped germanium bolometer in 1961. This detector extended the range of the observable spectrum to much longer wavelengths.

negative: George Dollond George Dollond (June 10, 1774 – November 30, 1852) was an English optician who constructed optical precision instruments used in astronomy, geodesy and also in navigation. Together with Peter Barlow, he also invented an afocal system to extend the focal length of telescopes, called the Barlow lens.He was born in London, the nephew of the famous optician Peter Dollond. He was the son of John Dolland's daughter, Susan (or Susanne) (1728–1798) who married William Huggins.

negative: Golden age of physics A Golden age of physics appears to have been delineated for certain periods of progress in the physics sciences, and this includes the previous and current developments of cosmology and astronomy. Each "golden age" introduces significant advancements in theoretical and experimental methods. Discernible time periods marking a "golden age" of advancements are, for example, the development of mechanics under Galileo (1564–1642) and Newton (1642–1727).

negative: Great Observatories program NASA's series of Great Observatories satellites are four large, powerful space-based telescopes. The four missions were designed to examine a specific region of the electromagnetic spectrum using very  different technologies. Dr. Charles Pellerin, NASA's Director, Astrophysics invented and developed the program during 1994.

negative: Heinrich Göbel Heinrich Göbel, later Henry Goebel (April 20, 1818 – December 4, 1893), born in Springe, Germany, was a precision mechanic and inventor. In 1848 he emigrated to New York City, where he resided until his death. He received American citizenship in 1865.In 1893, magazines and newspapers reported 25 years earlier, Göbel had developed incandescent light bulbs comparable to those invented in 1879 by Thomas Alva Edison.

negative: Henry Hindley Henry Hindley (1701–1771) was an 18th-century clockmaker, watchmaker and maker of scientific instruments. He invented a screw-cutting lathe, a fuse-cutting engine and an improved wheel-cutting engine and made one of the first dividing engines, for the construction of accurately-graduated arcs on scientific instruments.

negative: Invented here Invented here is an opposite of "not invented here" and occurs when management of an organisation is uncomfortable with innovation or development conducted in-house. Reasons why this might be the case are varied, and range from a lack of confidence in the staff within the organisation to a desire to have a third party to blame in the event that a project fails.

negative: Inventing Myself (song) "Inventing Myself" is a single by recording artist Stan Walker from his fourth studio album Inventing Myself.

negative: Isaac Newton Telescope The Isaac Newton Telescope or INT is a 2.54 m (100 in.) optical telescope run by the ING at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma in the Canary Islands since 1984.Originally it was situated at Herstmonceux Castle in Sussex, England, which was the site of the Royal Greenwich Observatory after it moved away from Greenwich due to light pollution.  It was inaugurated in 1967 by Queen Elizabeth II.

negative: James Gregory Telescope The James Gregory Telescope was constructed in 1962 by the University of St Andrews.

negative: James Webb Space Telescope The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), previously known as Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), is a space observatory under construction and scheduled to launch in October 2018. The JWST will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from long-wavelength visible to the mid-infrared, and is a successor instrument to the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope.

negative: John Browning John Moses Browning (January 23, 1855 – November 26, 1926), born in Ogden, Utah, was an American firearms designer who developed many varieties of military and civilian firearms, cartridges, and gun mechanisms, many of which are still in use around the world. He is regarded as one of the most successful firearms designers of the 20th century, in the development of modern automatic and semi-automatic firearms, and is credited with 128 gun patents.

negative: Lamp At Midnight Lamp At Midnight is a play that was written by Barrie Stavis, and first produced in 1947 at New Stages, New York. The play treats the 17th Century Galileo affair, which was a profound conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and Galileo Galilei over the interpretation of his astronomical observations using the newly invented telescope. By coincidence, Bertolt Brecht's play on the same theme, Galileo, opened in New York just a few weeks before Lamp at Midnight.

negative: Liquid mirror telescope Liquid mirror telescopes are telescopes with mirrors made with a reflective liquid. The most common liquid used is mercury, but other liquids will work as well (for example, low melting alloys of gallium). The liquid and its container are rotated at a constant speed around a vertical axis, which causes the surface of the liquid to assume a paraboloidal shape, suitable for use as the primary mirror of a reflecting telescope.

negative: List of large optical telescopes List of large optical reflecting telescopes. For telescopes larger than 3 meters in aperture see List of largest optical reflecting telescopes. This list combines large or expensive reflecting telescopes from any era, as what constitutes famous reflector has changed over time. In 1900 a 1-meter reflector would be among the largest in the world, but by 2000, would be relatively common for professional observatories.

negative: List of largest optical reflecting telescopes This list of the largest optical reflecting telescopes with objective diameters of 3.0 metres (120 in) or greater is sorted by aperture, which is one limit on the light-gathering power and resolution of a reflecting telescope's optical assembly. The mirrors themselves can be larger than the aperture, and telescopes may use aperture synthesis achieved by interferometry.

negative: List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century The following is a list of the largest optical telescope of the 20th century with a focus on objective diameters. Aperture rank currently goes approximately by the usable physical aperture size and not by aperture synthesis, although interferometers attained some of the highest angular resolutions at visible and infrared wavelengths compared to traditional telescopes.

negative: List of telescope types The following are lists of devices categorized as types of telescopes or devices associated with telescopes. They are broken into major classifications with many variations due to professional, amateur, and commercial sub-types. Telescopes can be classified by optical design or mechanical design/construction. Telescopes can also be classified by where they are placed, such as space telescopes.

negative: Maksutov telescope The Maksutov is a catadioptric telescope design that combines a spherical mirror with a  weakly negative meniscus lens in a design that takes advantage of all the surfaces being nearly "spherically symmetrical". The negative lens is usually full diameter and placed at the entrance pupil of the telescope (commonly called a "corrector plate" or "meniscus corrector shell").

negative: Mangin mirror In optics, a Mangin mirror is a negative meniscus lens with the reflective surface on the rear side of the glass forming a curved mirror that reflects light without spherical aberration. This reflector was invented in 1876 by a French officer Alphonse Mangin  as an improved catadioptric reflector for search lights and is also used in other optical devices.

negative: Marc Kuchner Marc Kuchner (born August 7, 1972) is an American astrophysicist, a staff member at  NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) known for work on images and imaging of disks and exoplanets. Together with Wesley Traub, he invented the band-limited  coronagraph, a design for the proposed Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) telescope, also to be used on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

negative: Mark Serrurier Mark Serrurier (12 May 1904, Pasadena, California - 14 February 1988) is the son of Dutch-born electrical engineer, Iwan Serrurier, who created the Moviola in 1924 which became the technology used for film editing. Mark was a graduate of Caltech and went on to work on designs for the Mt. Palomar 200 inch (5 m) Hale telescope. The pioneering truss design he invented for that instrument's massive tube structure (the "Serrurier truss") is still used today in large telescope designs.

negative: Mercury silvering Mercury silvering or fire gilding is a silvering technique for applying a thin layer of precious metal such as silver or gold (mercury gilding) to a base metal object. The process was invented during the Middle Ages and is documented in Vannoccio Biringuccio's 1540 book De la pirotechnia. An amalgam of mercury and the precious metal is prepared and applied to the object which is then heated, sometimes in oil, vaporizing most of the mercury.

negative: Nasmyth telescope The Nasmyth telescope, also called Nasmyth–Cassegrain or Cassegrain–Nasmyth, is a reflecting telescope developed by James Nasmyth. It is a modified form of a Cassegrain telescope, with light reflected sideways before reaching the primary mirror again.

negative: Optical telescope An optical telescope is a telescope that gathers and focuses light, mainly from the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, to create a magnified image for direct view, or to make a photograph, or to collect data through electronic image sensors.There are three primary types of optical telescope: refractors, which use lenses (dioptrics) reflectors, which use mirrors (catoptrics) catadioptric telescopes, which combine lenses and mirrorsA telescope's light gathering power and ability to resolve small detail is directly related to the diameter (or aperture) of its objective (the primary lens or mirror that collects and focuses the light).

negative: Parabolic antenna A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is shaped like a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it has high directivity. It functions similarly to a searchlight or flashlight reflector to direct the radio waves in a narrow beam, or receive radio waves from one particular direction only.

negative: Pictor Pictor is a small faint constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere, located between the brilliant star Canopus and the Large Magellanic Cloud. Latin for painter, its name is an abbreviation of the older name Equuleus Pictoris (the "painter's easel"). Normally represented as an easel, Pictor was invented and named by Abbé Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century.

negative: Refracting telescope A refracting or refractor telescope is a type of optical telescope that uses a lens as its objective to form an image (also referred to a dioptric telescope). The refracting telescope design was originally used in spy glasses and astronomical telescopes but is also used for long focus camera lenses.

negative: Schmidt corrector plate A Schmidt corrector plate is an aspheric lens which is designed to correct the spherical aberration in the spherical primary mirror it is combined with. It was invented by Bernhard Schmidt in 1931, although it may have been independently invented by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä in 1924 (sometimes called the Schmidt-Väisälä camera).

negative: Sciothericum telescopicum Sciothericum telescopicum was a sundial (sciothericum) that incorporated a telescope (telescopicum) for greater accuracy in determining exactly when noon occurred.  It was invented by William Molyneux in Ireland in 1686.  The device used a telescopic site to determine the position of the center of the sun relative to a double gnomon and could thus determine the time of noon to within 15 seconds. The improved accuracy was important for geography, navigation and astronomy calculations.

negative: Spectrograph A spectrograph  is an instrument that separates light into a frequency spectrum and records the signal using a camera. There are several kinds of machines referred to as spectrographs, depending on the precise nature of the waves. The term was first used in July, 1876 by Dr. Henry Draper when he invented the earliest version of this device, and which he used to take several photographs of the spectrum of Vega.

negative: Thirty Meter Telescope The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is an astronomical observatory with an Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) that has become the source of controversy over its planned location on Mauna Kea in the state of Hawaii.Scientists have been considering ELTs since the mid 1980s. In 2000, astronomers considered the possibility of a telescope with a light-gathering mirror larger than 20 meters in diameter.

negative: Thomas Thorp (scientific instrument manufacturer) Thomas Thorp (1850–1914) was an English manufacturer of scientific instruments credited with inventing the first practical coin-in-the-slot gas meter, with innovations in the field of photography, including that involving colour, and for producing an early example of what has since been developed into the modern spectrohelioscope.

negative: Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945) A timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the Progressive Era to the end of World War II, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States.

negative: Timeline of microscope technology Timeline of microscope technology c2000 BCE - The Chinese use water microscopes made of a lens and a water-filled tube to visualize the unseen. Up to 612 BCE - The Assyrians manufacture the world's oldest surviving lenses. 1267 Roger Bacon explains the principles of the lens and proposes the idea of telescope and microscope.

negative: Tom Johnson (astronomer) Thomas Jasper Johnson or Tom Johnson (January 11, 1923 – March 13, 2012) was an American electronics engineer and astronomer who founded Celestron, a company which manufacturers telescopes, which revolutionized the amateur astronomy industry and hobby. Sky & Telescope magazine has called him, "among the most important figures shaping the last half century of amateur astronomy."Johnson was born in 1923.

negative: Very Large Telescope The Very Large Telescope (VLT) is a telescope operated by the European Southern Observatory on Cerro Paranal in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. The VLT consists of four individual telescopes, each with a primary mirror 8.2 m across, which are generally used separately but can be used together to achieve very high angular resolution. The four separate optical telescopes are known as Antu, Kueyen, Melipal and Yepun, which are all words for astronomical objects in the Mapuche language.

negative: Zenith telescope A zenith telescope is a type of telescope that is designed to point straight up at or near the zenith. They are used for precision measurement of star positions, to simplify telescope construction, or both. A classic zenith telescope, also known as a zenith sector employs a strong altazimuth mount, fitted with levelling screws. Extremely sensitive levels are attached to the telescope mount to make angle measurements and the telescope has an eyepiece fitted with a micrometer.