query: Vatican City was brought into being by the Lateran Treaty.

positive: Vatican City Vatican City ( -LSB- ˈvætᵻkən_ˈsɪti -RSB- Città del Vaticano -LSB- tʃitˈta ddel vatiˈkaːno -RSB- Civitas Vaticana ) , officially Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City ( -LSB- Stato della Città del Vaticano , links = no -RSB- -LSB- Status Civitatis Vaticanae , links = no -RSB- ) , is a walled enclave within the city of Rome . With an area of approximately 44 hectares ( 110 acres ) , and a population of 1,000 , it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population . However , formally it is not sovereign , with sovereignty being held by the Holy See , the only entity of public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the world .   It is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ( a type of theocracy ) ruled by the Bishop of Rome -- the Pope . The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins . Since the return of the Popes from Avignon in 1377 , they have generally resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City , although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere .   Vatican City is distinct from the Holy See ( -LSB- Sancta Sedes , links = no -RSB- ) , which dates back to early Christianity and is the main episcopal see of 1.2 billion Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe . The independent city-state , on the other hand , came into existence in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy , which spoke of it as a new creation , not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States ( 756 -- 1870 ) , which had previously encompassed much of central Italy . According to the terms of the treaty , the Holy See has `` full ownership , exclusive dominion , and sovereign authority and jurisdiction '' over the city-state .   Within Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter 's Basilica , the Sistine Chapel and the Vatican Museums . They feature some of the world 's most famous paintings and sculptures . The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by the sale of postage stamps and tourist mementos , fees for admission to museums , and the sale of publications .

negative: Law of Vatican City The Law of Vatican City State consists of many forms , the most important of which is the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State . The Code of Penal Procedure governs Tribunals and the Lateran Treaty governs relations with the Republic of Italy .

negative: Papal nobility The papal nobility is the nobility of the Holy See . Few pontifical titles , other than personal nobility granted by individual entry into the several pontifical equestrian orders , have been granted since the election of Pope John XXIII , though Pope John Paul II ennobled several distinguished individuals during his pontificate , as did Pope Benedict XVI , through the Vatican Secretariat of State . Those granted included prince , duke , count , marquis , and baron . The papal nobility are , as such , part of the Papal Court reformed via the 1968 apostolic letter Pontificalis Domus , which reorganized the Court into the Pontifical Household . Papal titles of nobility were specifically recognized by Italy in the 1929 Lateran Treaty establishing the Vatican City State and recognizing the sovereignty of the Holy See . In 1969 the Italian Council of State determined that the provision of the Lateran Treaty concerning the recognition of papal titles that was incorporated into the Italian Constitution was still valid and therefore that their use in Italy was still licit . No provision , however , has been made for their use in Italian passports , identity cards or civil state registries .

negative: Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929) Vatican during the Savoyard Era 1870-1929 describes the relation of the Vatican to Italy , after 1870 , which marked the end of the Papal State and 1929 , when the papacy regained autonomy in the Lateran Treaty , a period dominated by the Roman Question .

negative: Prisoner in the Vatican A prisoner in the Vatican or prisoner of the Vatican ( Prigioniero del Vaticano Captivus Vaticani ) is how Pope Pius IX was described following the capture of Rome by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy on 20 September 1870 . Part of the process of Italian unification , the city 's capture ended the millennial temporal rule of the popes over central Italy and allowed Rome to be designated the capital of the new nation . The appellation is also applied to Pius 's successors through Pope Pius XI .   As nationalism swept the Italian Peninsula in the 19th century , efforts to unify Italy were blocked in part by the Papal States , which ran through the middle of the peninsula and included the ancient capital of Rome . The Papal States were able to fend off efforts to conquer them largely through the pope 's influence over the leaders of stronger European powers such as France and Austria . When Rome was eventually taken , the Italian government reportedly intended to let the pope keep the part of Rome west of the Tiber called the Leonine City as a small remaining Papal State , but Pius IX refused . One week after entering Rome , the Italian troops had taken the entire city save for the Apostolic Palace ; the inhabitants of the city then voted to join Italy .   For the next 59 years , the popes refused to leave the Vatican in order to avoid any appearance of accepting the authority wielded by the Italian government over Rome as a whole . During this period , popes also refused to appear at Saint Peter 's Square or at the balcony of the Vatican Basilica facing it , as the square in front of the Basilica was occupied by Italian troops . During this period , popes granted the Urbi et Orbi blessings from a balcony facing a courtyard , or from inside the Basilica , and Papal Coronations were instead held at the Sistine Chapel . The period ended in 1929 , when the Lateran Treaty created the modern state of Vatican City .

negative: Lateran thumb | 250px | Basilica and Palace - side view  Lateran and Laterano are the shared names of several architectural projects throughout Rome . The properties were once owned by the Lateranus family of the former Roman Empire . The Laterani lost their properties to Emperor Constantine who in turn gave it to the Catholic Church in 311 .   The most famous Lateran buildings are the Lateran Palace , once called the Palace of the Popes , and the Basilica of St. John Lateran , the cathedral of Rome , which although part of Italy is a property of the Holy See that has extraterritorial privileges as a result of the 1929 Lateran Treaty . As the official ecclesiastical seat of the Pope , St. John Lateran holds the Papal cathedra in its apse . The Lateran is Christendom 's earliest basilica .   Attached to the basilica is the Lateran Baptistery , one of the oldest in Christendom . Other constituent parts of the Lateran complex are the building of the Scala Sancta with the Sancta Sanctorum and the Triclinium of Pope Leo III .   The Pontifical Lateran University , or simply Lateranum , is one of the pontifical universities of Rome . The former Lateran Museum ceased to exist in 1970 , when Pope John XXIII moved the collections to the Vatican Museum . An ecclesiastical college in the Philippines was named after the Basilica of St. John Lateran , the Colegio de San Juan de Letran , founded in 1620 .

negative: Francesco Pacelli Francesco Pacelli ( February 1 , 1872 -- April 22 , 1935 ) was an Italian lawyer and the elder brother of Eugenio Pacelli , who would later become Pope Pius XII . He acted as a legal advisor to Pope Pius XI ; in this capacity , he assisted Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri in the negotiation of the Lateran Treaty , which established the independence of Vatican City .

negative: Statute of the Council of Europe The Statute of the Council of Europe ( also known as the Treaty of London ( 1949 ) ) is a treaty that was signed on 5 May 1949 , which created the Council of Europe . The original signatories were Belgium , Denmark , France , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway , Sweden and United Kingdom . A state formally joins the Council of Europe by ratifying the Statute .   As of 2013 , it has been ratified or acceded to by 47 European states . All European states have ratified the Statute with the exception of Belarus and Vatican City ( the Holy See ) .   The treaty was registered with the United Nations with treaty number I :1168 , vol .87 , page 103 . Its date of registration was 11 April 1951 .

negative: Major basilica Major basilica ( Basilica maior plural : Basilicae maiores ) is the title given to the four highest-ranking Roman Catholic church buildings , all of which are also `` Papal basilicas '' : the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran , St. Peter 's Basilica , the Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls , and the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore . All of them are located within the diocese of Rome : St. Peter 's Basilica is located in Vatican City and thus within the territory and sovereign jurisdiction of the Holy See , while the other three are located in Italian territory . The Archbasilica of St. John in the Lateran is the seat of the Pope and the site of the Papal Cathedra , and is the oldest and first in rank of the Major Basilicas .   All other churches that have the title of basilica are minor basilicas ( basilica minor ) .

negative: Lateran Council (964) The Lateran Council ( 964 ) was a synod ( or church council ) held in the Lateran Palace on 23 June 964 , for the purpose of deposing Pope Benedict V.

negative: List of sovereigns of Vatican City State There have been eight Sovereigns of the State of Vatican City since its establishment by the Lateran Treaty of 1929 . The office of head of state of Vatican City is an ex officio office of the Supreme Pontiff . The current Sovereign , since his election on 13 March 2013 , is Pope Francis .   __ TOC __

negative: Outline of Vatican City The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to Vatican City :   Vatican City -- an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state , being the sovereign territory of the Holy See and ruled by the Bishop of Rome -- the Pope , the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . The territory of this landlocked sovereign city-state consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome , Italy . It has an area of approximately 44 ha , and a population of just over 800 . This makes Vatican City the smallest independent state in the world by both area and population .

negative: Lateran Museum The Lateran Museum ( Museo Lateranense ) was a museum founded by the Popes and housed in the Lateran Palace , adjacent to the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome , Italy . It ceased to exist in 1970 .   Pope Gregory XVI ( 1831 -- 1846 ) established the Museo Profano Lateranense ( or Museo Gregoriano Profano ) in 1844 . Its collections initially consisted of statues , bas-relief sculptures and mosaics of the Roman era . The museum was enlarged in 1854 under Pius IX ( 1846 -- 1878 ) with the addition of the Museo Pio Cristiano . This collection was assembled by the archaeologists Father Giuseppe Marchi and Giovanni Battista de Rossi . Marchi collected the sculptured monuments of the early Christian period , while de Rossi the ancient Christian inscriptions . A third department of the museum consisted of copies of some of the more important catacomb frescoes . Father Marchi was appointed the director of the new institution . In 1910 , under the pontificate of Pius X ( 1903 -- 1914 ) , the Hebrew Lapidary ( Lapidario Ebraico ) was established . This section contained 137 inscriptions from ancient Hebrew cemeteries in Rome mostly from via Portuense . The Museo Missionario Etnografico was founded by Pius XI with the documents and relics exhibited in Rome at the Missionary Exposition in 1925 , and included historical documents of Missions and relics from the people where these missions took place . The three collections were transferred , under the pontificate of Pope John XXIII ( 1958 -- 1963 ) , from the Lateran Palace to the Vatican . They were reopened to the public in 1970 . Their collections are still called `` ex Lateranense '' to indicate their former place of display .   The Lateran Palace is now occupied by the Museo Storico Vaticano which illustrates the history of the Papal States . It was moved to the palace in 1987 and inaugurated in 1991 .

negative: Rail transport in Vatican City -RCB-   | -RCB-  | -RCB-  Rail transport in Vatican City consists of two 300-metre sets of rail tracks and two freight sidings within Vatican City ( named Vatican Railway , Ferrovia Vaticana ) , the shortest national railway system in the world , with only one station . Access to Italian rail lines was guaranteed by the Lateran Treaty ( 1929 ) , and tracks and station were constructed during the reign of Pope Pius XI . The only station is referred to as Vatican City ( officially : Città del Vaticano -LSB- tʃitˈta del vatiˈkaːno -RSB- , also named Stazione Vaticana -LSB- statˈtsjoːne vatiˈkaːna -RSB- ) .   Most railway traffic consists of freight good importation , although the railway has occasionally carried passengers , usually for symbolic or ceremonial reasons .

negative: Politics of Vatican City The politics of Vatican City take place in a framework of an absolute theocratic elective monarchy , in which the head of the Catholic Church , the Pope , exercises ex officio supreme legislative , executive , and judicial power over the State of the Vatican City ( an entity distinct from the Holy See ) , a rare case of non-hereditary monarchy .   The pope is elected in the Conclave , composed of all the cardinal electors ( now limited to all the cardinals below the age of 80 ) , after the death or resignation of the previous Pope . The Conclave is held in the Sistine Chapel , where all the electors are locked in ( Latin cum clave ) until the election for which a two-thirds majority is required . The faithful can follow the results of the polls ( usually two in the morning and two in the evening , until election ) by a chimney-top , visible from St. Peter 's Square : in a stove attached to the chimney are burnt the voting papers , and additives make the resulting smoke black ( fumata nera ) in case of no election , white ( fumata bianca ) when the new pope is finally elected . The Dean of the Sacred College ( Cardinale Decano ) will then ask the freshly elected pope to choose his pastoral name , and as soon as the pope is dressed with the white habit , the Senior Cardinal-Deacon ( Cardinale Protodiacono ) appears on the major balcony of St. Peter 's façade to introduce the new pope with the famous Latin sentence  Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum : habemus papam . ( I announce to you a great joy : We have a Pope ) . The term `` Holy See '' refers to the composite of the authority , jurisdiction , and sovereignty vested in the Pope and his advisers to direct the worldwide Roman Catholic Church . It is therefore quite distinct from the Vatican City state , which was created in 1929 , through the Lateran treaties between the Holy See and Italy . As the `` central government '' of the Roman Catholic Church , the Holy See has a legal personality that allows it to enter into treaties as the juridical equal of a state and to send and receive diplomatic representatives . It has formal diplomatic relations with 179 nations . The State of Vatican City , for its part , is recognized under international law as a sovereign territory . Unlike the Holy See , it does not receive or send diplomatic representatives , and the Holy See acts on its behalf in international affairs .

negative: Vatican City in World War II Vatican City pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II , under the leadership of Pope Pius XII . Although the city of Rome was occupied by Germany from 1943 and the Allies from 1944 , Vatican City itself was not occupied . The Vatican organised extensive humanitarian aid throughout the duration of the conflict .

negative: Palace of the Holy Office The Palace of the Holy Office ( Palazzo del Sant ` Uffizio ) is a building in Rome which is an extraterritorial property of Vatican City . It houses the curial Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith .   The palace is situated south of St. Peter 's Basilica near the Petriano Entrance to Vatican City . The building lies outside the confines of Vatican City at the south-eastern corner of the city-state . It is one of the properties of the Holy See in Italy regulated by the 1929 Lateran Treaty signed with the Kingdom of Italy . As such , it has extraterritorial status .   The palace was first built after 1514 for Cardinal Lorenzo Pucci , and it was called Palazzo Pucci . Its façade was rebuilt in 1524 -- 25 by the architects Giuliano Leni , Pietro Roselli and even Michelangelo . When Pucci died in 1531 , the building was still not fully completed .   In 1566 -- 67 , the palace was purchased by Pope Pius V for 9000 scudi , and it was converted into the seat of the Holy Office . Renovation works were undertaken by Pirro Ligorio and Giovanni Sallustio Peruzzi . A complete renovation of the building was made by Pietro Guidi between 1921 and 1925 .   It is where Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger ( now Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI ) worked as Prefect of the Congregation .

negative: Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore The Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore ( -LSB- ˈsanta maˈriːa madˈdʒoːre -RSB- ; ` Basilica of Saint Mary Major ' , Basilica Sanctae Mariae Maioris ) , or church of Santa Maria Maggiore , is a Papal major basilica and the largest Catholic Marian church in Rome , Italy , from which size it receives the appellation `` major '' .   The basilica enshrines the venerated image of Salus Populi Romani , depicting the Blessed Virgin Mary as the health and protectress of the Roman people , which was granted a Canonical coronation by Pope Gregory XVI on 15 August 1838 accompanied by his Papal bull Cælestis Regina .   Pursuant to the Lateran Treaty of 1929 between the Holy See and Italy , the Basilica is within Italian territory and not the territory of the Vatican City State . However , the Holy See fully owns the Basilica , and Italy is legally obligated to recognize its full ownership thereof and to concede to it `` the immunity granted by International Law to the headquarters of the diplomatic agents of foreign States . ''

negative: Treaty of Rome (disambiguation) Treaty of Rome commonly refers to a 1957 international agreement that led to the founding of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) .  It may also refer to :   Treaty of Rome ( 1924 ) between Kingdom of Italy and Kingdom of Yugoslavia , which created the Free State of Fiume ( in and around the present-day city of Rijeka )  Treaties of Rome ( 1941 ) between Kingdom of Italy and the Independent State of Croatia , which agreed borders between the two and established Italy 's Governorate of Dalmatia  Euratom Treaty , signed at the same time as the Treaty of Rome in 1957 , establishing the European Atomic Energy Community  Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ( 2002 ) , the treaty that established the ICC .  Second Treaty of Rome ( 2004 ) also known as the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

negative: Black Nobility The Black Nobility or Black Aristocracy ( nobiltà nera , aristocrazia nera ) are Roman aristocratic families who sided with the Papacy under Pope Pius IX after the Savoy family-led army of the Kingdom of Italy entered Rome on 20 September 1870 , overthrew the Pope and the Papal States , and took over the Quirinal Palace , and any nobles subsequently ennobled by the Pope prior to the 1929 Lateran Treaty .   For the next 59 years , the Pope confined himself to Vatican City and claimed to be a prisoner in the Vatican to avoid the appearance of accepting the authority of the new Italian government and state . Aristocrats who had been ennobled by the Pope and were formerly subjects of the Papal states , including the senior members of the Papal Court , kept the doors of their palaces in Rome closed to mourn the Pope 's confinement , which led to their being called the `` Black Nobility '' .

negative: Treaty of Ceprano (1230) The Treaty of Ceprano was signed in Ceprano on August 1230 between Pope Gregory IX and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II . Based on the terms of the accord , Frederick agreed not to violate any territories held by the Papacy . In return for Frederick 's concessions in Sicily , the Pope removed his sentence of excommunication . Overall , the treaty helped to establish lines of reconciliation between the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church .

negative: Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City The coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City State in the form that combines two crossed keys and a tiara used as a coat of arms of the Holy See have origins attested from the 14th century . The combination of one gold and one silver key is somewhat later .   The coat of arms of Vatican City State , a sovereign entity established by the Lateran Treaty of 11 February 1929 , was adopted by the Fundamental Law of the new state on 7 June 1929 , and has its coat of arms defined by law as having the golden key in bend and the silver key in bend sinister .   For decades after the creation of the Vatican State , the arrangement of the keys in the Holy See 's coat of arms as described in these sources distinguishes it from that of Vatican City State by a reversing of the gold and silver keys . However , such form of the coat of arms has no longer been used by the Holy See for decades : in all official events and including in the diplomatic missions of the Holy See abroad , it is always the regular Vatican City flag , with the golden key pointing upwards to the right ( and the silver key pointing upwards to the left ) , that is flown , and the Vatican now only uses the Holy See coat of arms in monochrome , which renders it in practice one and the same as the coat of arms of the coat of arms of the Vatican City .

negative: Pactum Warmundi The Pactum Warmundi was a treaty of alliance established in 1123 between the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice .

negative: Pietro Tacchi Venturi Pietro Tacchi Venturi ( -LSB- ˈpjɛtro ˈtakki venˈturi -RSB- ; 1861 -- March 18 , 1956 ) was a Jesuit priest and historian who served as the unofficial liaison between Benito Mussolini , the Fascist leader of Italy from 1922 to 1943 , and popes Pius XI and Pius XII . He was also one of the architects of the 1929 Lateran Treaty , which ended the `` Roman Question '' ( a dispute over the status of the papacy since the Italian unification ) , and recognized the sovereignty of Vatican City , which made it an actor of international relations . An attempt to assassinate Venturi with a paper knife one year before the treaty 's completion made headlines around the world . Venturi had begun the process of reconciliation by convincing Mussolini to donate the valuable library of the Palazzo Chigi to the Vatican .   According to Susan Zuccotti , Venturi `` had an uncanny ability to gain access where more official papal diplomats could not '' and thus was utilized for some of the most important papal priorities . Venturi had no official rank in the church to match his extraordinary influence , and was known in Vatican circles as the `` man in black '' .

negative: Palace of the Popes Palace of the Popes may refer to :   Palace of the Vatican , Vatican City the pope 's residence since the return from Avignon in 1377  Domus Sanctae Marthae , Vatican City also known as Saint Martha 's House , the Vatican hotel where Pope Francis resides .  Lateran Palace , Rome , Italy used from the 4th century until 1309  Palais des Papes , Avignon , France used from 1309 to 1377  Palazzo dei Papi , Orvieto , Italy used from 1262 to 1297  Palazzo dei Papi , Viterbo , Italy used from 1257 to 1281  Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo , Castel Gandolfo , Lazio , Italy the pope 's summer residence prior to 2016 , temporary residence of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI  Quirinal Palace , Rome , Italy used from 1589 to 1870

negative: Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici The Church of Our Lady of Mercy in the Teutonic Cemetery ( Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici ) is a Roman Catholic church in the rione Borgo of Rome , Italy . The building lies near the Vatican City , is attached to the Campo Santo dei Teutonici e dei Fiamminghi and is adjacent to the German cemetery in the Vatican City . The site belonged to the Schola Francorum , a hospice for German pilgrims which was the oldest German institution in Rome . The church , lying in piazza Protomartiri Romani , is in the area of the Palazzo del Sant ` Uffizo , which belongs to Italy but according to the Lateran treaty has an extraterritorial status in favour of the Holy See .   The term `` Teutonico '' is a reference to the Germanic peoples . The church is the National Church in Rome of Austria , Germany , and the Netherlands .

negative: Papal Lateran Cross The Papal Lateran Cross ( Pontificia Croce Lateranense ) is a medal for recognition of merit bestowed by the Holy See .

negative: Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State The Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State ( Ufficio Filatelico e Numismatico ) is responsible for issuing Vatican postal stamps and Vatican coins .   While Vatican stamps may only be used within the Vatican City State and the quantity of euro coins is limited by treaty with Italy ( the total value of all coins minted in 2002 was restricted to $ 310,400 ) , Vatican coins and stamps serve as an important sign of Vatican sovereignty , and their scarcity and design makes them popular with collectors .   Indeed , public interest in Vatican currency and stamps was considered sufficient to justify a Philatelic and Numismatic Museum ( Il Museo Filatelico e Numismatico ) which has been opened as part of the Vatican Museums in 2007 . Two special stamps about the museum were issued at the museum opening .   Euro coins issued by the Vatican are minted by Italy 's Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato ( Italian State Mint ) .

negative: Fifth Council of the Lateran The Fifth Council of the Lateran ( 1512 -- 1517 ) is the Eighteenth Ecumenical Council to be recognized by the Roman Catholic Church and the last one before the Protestant Reformation .

negative: Treaties of Rome (1941) The Treaties of Rome were a set of three international treaties signed on 18 May 1941 by the Independent State of Croatia and Kingdom of Italy at the Palazzo Venezia in Rome . The most important provisions in the treaties referred to the borders between the two states , as they allowed the creation of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia , carved out of the occupied Yugoslav territory following the April 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia .

negative: Telephone numbers in Vatican City Telephone numbers in Vatican City are integrated into the Italian telephone numbering plan : ITU-T has assigned country code +379 to Vatican City , but this is not in use .   Vatican telephone numbers are in the form of '' +3906698 xxxxx '' , '' +39 '' being the country code for Italy and `` 06 '' the area code for Rome ( the city surrounding Vatican City ) . There 's no need to dial the country code for calls within Vatican City or between Italy and Vatican City , but the area code must always be dialed , as for any other call within Italy .   The telecommunications provider of Vatican City is the Vatican Telephone Service ( part of the Governorate 's Department of Telecommunications since 2002 ) .

negative: Lateran Council (769) The Lateran Council of 769 was a synod held in the Basilica of St. John Lateran to rectify abuses in the papal electoral process which had led to the elevation of the Antipopes Constantine II and Philip . It also condemned the rulings of the Council of Hieria . It is perhaps the most important Roman council held during the 8th century .

negative: Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae The Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae ( Latin for `` partition of the lands of the empire of Romania -LSB- Byzantine Empire -RSB- ) was a treaty signed amongst the crusaders after the sack of the Byzantine capital , Constantinople , by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 . It established the Latin Empire and arranged the nominal partition of the Byzantine territory among the participants of the Crusade , with the Republic of Venice being the greatest titular beneficiary . However , because the crusaders did not in fact control most of the Empire , with local Byzantine Greek nobles establishing the Byzantine successor kingdoms ( Empire of Nicaea , Empire of Trebizond , Despot of Epirus ) , most of the crusaders ' declared division of the Empire amongst themselves could never be implemented .


query: Uta Hagan is an American actress.

positive: Hollywood blacklist The Hollywood blacklist -- as the broader entertainment industry blacklist is generally known -- was the practice of denying employment to screenwriters , actors , directors , musicians , and other American entertainment professionals during the mid-20th century because they were accused of having Communist ties or sympathies . Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy with the Communist Party USA or refusal to assist investigations into the party 's activities . Even during the period of its strictest enforcement , the late 1940s through the late 1950s , the blacklist was rarely made explicit or verifiable , but it directly damaged the careers of scores of individuals working in the film industry .   The first systematic Hollywood blacklist was instituted on November 25 , 1947 , the day after ten writers and directors were cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee . A group of studio executives , acting under the aegis of the Association of Motion Picture Producers , fired the artists -- the so-called Hollywood Ten -- and made what has become known as the Waldorf Statement .   On June 22 , 1950 , a pamphlet entitled Red Channels was published . Focused on the field of broadcasting , it identified 151 entertainment industry professionals in the context of `` Red Fascists and their sympathizers . '' Soon , most of those named , along with a host of other artists , were barred from employment in most of the entertainment field .   The blacklist lasted until 1960 , when Dalton Trumbo , a Communist Party member from 1943 to 1948  and member of the Hollywood Ten , was credited as the screenwriter of the highly successful film Exodus , and later publicly acknowledged by actor Kirk Douglas for writing the screenplay for the movie Spartacus . A number of those blacklisted , however , were still barred from work in their professions for years afterward .

positive: Uta Hagen Uta Thyra Hagen ( 12 June 1919 -- 14 January 2004 ) was an American actress and theatre practitioner . She originated the role of Martha in the 1962 Broadway premiere of Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? by Edward Albee ( who called her `` a profoundly truthful actress '' ) . Because Hagen was on the Hollywood blacklist , in part because of her association with Paul Robeson , her film opportunities dwindled and she focused her career on New York theatre .   She later became a highly influential acting teacher at New York 's Herbert Berghof Studio and authored best-selling acting texts , Respect for Acting , with Haskel Frankel , and A Challenge for the Actor . Her most substantial contributions to theatre pedagogy were a series of `` object exercises '' that built on the work of Konstantin Stanislavski and Yevgeny Vakhtangov .   She was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981 . She twice won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play and received a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1999 .

negative: Lauren Storm Lauren Marlene Storm ( born January 2 , 1987 ) is an American actress . She is perhaps best known for her role as Taylor Hagan in the television series Flight 29 Down and as Teresa Kilmer in the 2009 film I Love You , Beth Cooper .

negative: James Hagan James Hagan may refer to :   James Hagan ( Confederate colonel ) ( 1822 -- 1901 ) , United States Army captain and Confederate States Army colonel  James B. Hagan ( 1923 -- 1988 ) , member of the Ohio House of Representatives  James E. Hagan ( 1902 -- 1965 ) , American businessman and politician in the Massachusetts House of Representatives  Jim Hagan ( born 1956 ) , Northern Irish former professional footballer and manager  Jimmy Hagan ( 1918 -- 1998 ) , English football player and manager

negative: George Hagan George Hagan may refer to :   George Elliott Hagan , American politician , businessman and farmer  George Hagan ( politician ) , Ghanaian politician

negative: Helene Hagan Helene E. Hagan , born Helene Coll , ( born in 1939 in Rabat , Morocco ) is an American anthropologist and Amazigh activist .

negative: Barry Hagan Barry James Hagan ( born August 2 , 1957 ; died September 26 , 1993 ) was an American figure skater . Competing in ice dance with partner Kim Krohn , he won the bronze medal at the U.S. Figure Skating Championships in 1981 .   Away from the ice , Hagan was struck by a car and knocked through a place glass door while working as a department store security guard in July 1981 . The driver of the car was an angry store customer .   Hagan died of AIDS in 1993 at age 36 .

negative: Marques Hagans Marques Hagans ( born December 29 , 1982 ) is a former American football wide receiver . He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the fifth round of the 2006 NFL Draft . He played college football at Virginia .   Hagans was also a member of the Kansas City Chiefs and Indianapolis Colts and Washington Redskins . He is currently the wide receivers coach at Virginia .

negative: James E. Hagan James E. Hagan ( January 25 , 1902 -- November 1965 ) was an American businessman and politician who served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and as the twenty first mayor of Somerville , Massachusetts .

negative: Bo Hagan Harold Benjamin `` Bo '' Hagan ( October 8 , 1925 -- January 22 , 2002 ) was an American football and baseball player , football coach , and college athletics administrator . He served as head football coach at Rice University from 1967 from 1970 , compiling a record of 12 -- 27 -- 1 . Before serving as head coach , Hagan was the backfield coach at Rice for 11 seasons . Hagan was the athletic director at the University of South Carolina from 1975 to 1976 .

negative: Chris Hagan Christopher Joseph `` Chris '' Hagan ( born February 19 , 1989 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He best known for his time spent in the New Zealand National Basketball League between 2011 and 2015 .

negative: John Hagan John Hagan may refer to :  John Hagan ( USN ) ( born 1946 ) , eighth Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy ,  John Hagan ( Ohio politician ) , former Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives  John N. Hagan ( 1873 -- 1952 ) , North Dakota politician

negative: Susan Batson Susan Batson is an American producer , actress , author , acting coach , and a life member of the Actors Studio . Susan 's mother , Ruth Batson , was a noted civil rights activist . She trained with Harold Clurman , Uta Hagen , Herbert Berghof , and Lee Strasberg . She coaches actresses such as Nicole Kidman and Juliette Binoche . Susan Batson is considered one of the most significant coaches in the world .

negative: Darian Hagan Darian Hagan ( born February 1 , 1970 ) is a former American football and Canadian football player , who , since February 2005 , is an assistant coach of the University of Colorado Buffaloes football team .

negative: Robert Hagan Robert Emmet Hagan ( March 22 , 1921 -- January 17 , 1999 ) was an American politician of the Democratic Party .   Hagan was an ironworker in Youngstown and served as a county commissioner in Trumbull County , Ohio , before being elected to the Ohio General Assembly in the district of his adopted hometown of Madison , Ohio . During his three terms in the legislature , 1983 -- 1989 , he was known as the assembly 's most liberal member . During that period , Hagan 's son , Robert F. Hagan , also held a seat in the Ohio House of Representatives , as he does today .   In 1970 , Hagan ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Ohio . In 1972 , Hagan was on the traveling staff of Democratic nominee for Vice President Sargent Shriver as his joke writer .   Throughout his career Hagan was known for a forceful speaking style that often included a fair share of humor . After leaving elected office , Hagan began performing stand-up comedy , having fun with politics and the unusually large size of his family ( he and his wife , Ada DiLoreto Hagan , had 14 children ) , among other topics . He continued to perform into his mid 70s . He also wrote a number of op-eds for The Plain Dealer .   Hagan 's son Timothy Hagan was a county commissioner in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , for 16 years and was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Ohio in 2002 and was once-again elected Cuyahoga County Commissioner in 2004 .   His other son , Robert F. Hagan , is currently serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , having previously served in the Ohio Senate .

negative: Kenneth J. Hagan Kenneth James Hagan is an American naval historian and retired faculty member of the United States Naval Academy and of the Naval War College 's distance education faculty located at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey , California .

negative: Marion McCorry Marion McCorry ( born October 10 , 1945 ) is an American film and television actress .   McCorry was born in New York City , New York . She has studied with Uta Hagen , and has taught at Herbert Berghof 's ( Uta Hagen 's late husband ) studio in New York City for several years . McCorry 's best known appearance was in the film She Hate Me taking the role as `` Senator Kay Sweeny Jacobs '' .   She currently teaches Drama/Theatre classes in her own acting program and around New York City .

negative: Willie J. Hagan Willie J. Hagan   is an American educator and public university administrator . He is the 10th president of California State University , Dominguez Hills , a public university located in the city of Carson , California in the South Bay region of Los Angeles County .

negative: Jamie Hagan Jamie Hagan ( born 15 April 1987 ) is an Irish rugby player . He currently plays for the Melbourne Rebels in the Super Rugby competition . Hagan was capped for against in 2013 . His playing position is Prop . Hagan is from Balbriggan in Dublin .

negative: Derek Hagan Derek Steven Hagan Jr. ( born September 21 , 1984 ) is an American football wide receiver who is currently a free agent . He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the third round of the 2006 NFL Draft . He played college football at Arizona State University . Hagan has also previously played for the New York Giants , Buffalo Bills and Oakland Raiders .

negative: Hagans, West Virginia Hagans is an unincorporated community in Monongalia County , West Virginia .

negative: Brian Hagan Brian Hagan is an artist whose work has appeared in role-playing games .

negative: Michelle Lepore-Hagan Michelle Lepore-Hagan ( born April 4 , 1955 ) is the Representative of the 58th district of the Ohio House of Representatives . She is the wife of Bob Hagan , who served in the Ohio General Assembly for 28 years . When Bob Hagan was term-limited in 2014 from running for another term , Lepore-Hagan entered the race to succeed him . She defeated three other opponents in the Democratic primary to take the nomination . Prior to running for the seat , Lepore-Hagan worked for Youngstown State University as the Director for the university 's performing arts series . She also lived in New York City for a time as an aspiring performer . She is a graduate of Ohio University . Lepore-Hagan was unopposed in the general election .

negative: James B. Hagan James B. Hagan , Sr. ( 1923 -- 1988 ) was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives . He had also served as a trustee in Liberty Township , where he resided .   He died of heart disease in 1988 in a hotel in Columbus , where he had been staying to attend a granddaughter 's high school graduation .   His brother Robert Hagan and nephews Robert F. Hagan and Timothy Hagan also served in various political offices in Ohio .

negative: George Hagan (politician) Professor George Panyin Hagan ( born 1938 ) , is a prominent academic and politician in Ghana .

negative: John Hagan (sailor) John Hagan ( born May 20 , 1946 ) was the eighth Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy .

negative: Julie Carmen Julie Carmen ( born April 4 , 1954 ) is an American actress , dancer and a licensed psychotherapist . She came to prominence onscreen in the 1980s , winning the Venice Film Festival Best Supporting Actress Award for her role in John Cassavetes ' film , Gloria ( 1980 ) . Her acting training was with Sanford Meisner at Neighborhood Playhouse and with Uta Hagen at HB Studios . Carmen was on the Board of Directors of both Women in Film for three years and IFP/West for six years .

negative: Hagan, Georgia Hagan is a city in Evans County , Georgia , United States . The population was 996 at the 2010 census , up from 898 in 2000 .

negative: Ai no Uta Ai no Uta may refer to :   Ai no Uta ( album ) , an album by Ai Nonaka  `` Ai no Uta '' ( Hitomi Shimatani song )  `` Ai no Uta '' ( Kumi Koda song )  `` Ai no Uta '' ( Strawberry Flower song )  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Angela Aki from Today ( Angela Aki album )  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Buck-Tick from Mona Lisa Overdrive ( album )  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Do As Infinity from True Song  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Eiko Shimamiya from Ozone ( Eiko album )  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Every Little Thing from Many Pieces  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Melt-Banana  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Miki Imai from Milestone  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Misia from Marvelous ( Misia album )  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Nanase Aikawa from 7 seven  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Psycho le Cemu from Frontiers ( Psycho le Cemu album )  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Something Else from Guitar Man  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Tanpopo from `` Moto '' ( song )  `` Ai no Uta '' , a song by Yui Sakakibara from Far Away  `` Ai no Uta Dakara '' , a song by Ryōko Shintani from Fancy Frill  `` Birthday Eve ( Dare Yori mo Hayai Ai no Uta ) '' , a song by Deen ( band ) from Pray  `` Minihamuzu no Ai no Uta '' , a song by Mini Moni from Minimoni Song Daihyakka Ikkan  `` Swallowtail Butterfly ( Ai no Uta ) '' , a song by Yen Town Band from Montage ( Yen Town Band album )

negative: John L. Hagan John L. Hagan is an American lawyer , focusing in criminology , currently the John D. MacArthur Professor of Sociology and Law at Northwestern University and University Professor Emeritus of Law and Sociology at University of Toronto and also formerly the Dahlstrom Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Law at University of North Carolina ( 1994-96 ) . He is an Elected Fellow to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Royal Society of Canada , Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and American Society of Criminology .

negative: Stephen Hagan Stephen Hagan ( Jnr ) is an Australian author and activist . He is also a newspaper editor , documentary maker , university lecturer and former diplomat .

negative: Maschinenfabrik Christian Hagans Maschinenfabrik Christian Hagans ( Christian Hagans Engineering Works ) was a German locomotive manufacturer founded on 1 July 1857 in Erfurt , Germany , by Christian Hagans .   By the mid-1860s , the company had started building locomotive boilers and other components ; in 1872 the first locomotive followed , a narrow gauge engine for a rail gauge of 750 mm . As a result of shortages of space , Hagans often had to limit its operations . For example , the T 15 was built by Henschel because Hagans did not have the necessary capacity . In 1903 the factory site was moved to Ilversgehofen north of the city ; only then was large-scale production possible .   On 30 June 1915 the locomotive factory was sold , with effect from 1 April 1916 , to the Maschinenbau R. Wolf Magdeburg-Buckau . In 1928 , steam locomotive manufacture finally came to an end in Erfurt . By then Hagans had built 1,251 locomotives . The last Hagans engine was a DRG Class 64 .

negative: Kuntur Uta Kuntur Uta ( Aymara kunturi condor , uta house , `` condor house '' , also spelled Condor Uta ) is a 4328 m mountain in the Andes of Bolivia . It is located in the Oruro Department , Challapata Province , Challapata Municipality . Kuntur Uta lies at the Berenguela River , west of the village of Ancacato .

negative: Haganes, Finnmark Haganes is a residential neighborhood of Kirkenes in Sør-Varanger , Norway .   Category : Sør-Varanger


query: Superhuman abilities may be impeded by human enhancement by nanotechnology.

positive: Superhuman Superhuman qualities are qualities that exceed those found in humans . Superhuman abilities are found in some fictional characters , especially as superheroes in American comic books . Fictional characters have been portrayed as having psychic abilities , flying abilities , impossible strength , or exceptional proficiency beyond human capability . Superhuman can also mean something that is not human , but considered to be `` superior '' to humans in some way , e.g. a tiger may be described as having `` superhuman strength '' .   Superhuman abilities may result from human enhancement by genetic modification , cybernetic implants , nanotechnology , radiation or from human evolution in the future .

negative: Superhuman (disambiguation) A superhuman is an entity with intelligence or abilities exceeding normal human standards .   Superhuman , super-human or superhumanism may refer to :   In philosophy :  Transhumanism , a cultural movement supporting the use of science and technology to improve human characteristics and capacities  Übermensch , sometimes translated as superhuman , a concept of Friedrich Nietzsche   In culture :  Superhumanism ( or Super Humanism ) , a late 20th-century art movement promoted by Nicholas Treadwell  Stan Lee 's Superhumans , documentary television series about superhumans  Super-Human , trade paperback of the Ultimates comic book series issues 1-6   In music :  `` Superhuman '' ( song ) , by Chris Brown  `` Superhuman '' , a song by Velvet Revolver from Contraband  Superhuman ( music ) , a British song-writing duo established in 2012

negative: Societal impact of nanotechnology The societal impact of nanotechnology are the potential benefits and challenges that the introduction of novel nanotechnological devices and materials may hold for society and human interaction . The term is sometimes expanded to also include nanotechnology 's health and environmental impact , but this article will only consider the social and political impact of nanotechnology .   As nanotechnology is an emerging field and most of its applications are still speculative , there is much debate about what positive and negative effects that nanotechnology might have .

negative: Green nanotechnology Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental sustainability of processes producing negative externalities . It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability . It includes making green nano-products and using nano-products in support of sustainability .   Green nanotechnology has been described as the development of clean technologies , `` to minimize potential environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of nanotechnology products , and to encourage replacement of existing products with new nano-products that are more environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle . ''

negative: Transhuman Transhuman or trans-human is the concept of an intermediary form between human and posthuman . In other words , a transhuman is a being that resembles a human in most respects but who has powers and abilities beyond those of standard humans . These abilities might include improved intelligence , awareness , strength , or durability . Transhumans sometimes appear in science-fiction as cyborgs or genetically-enhanced humans .

negative: Impact of nanotechnology The impact of nanotechnology extends from its medical , ethical , mental , legal and environmental applications , to fields such as engineering , biology , chemistry , computing , materials science , and communications .   Major benefits of nanotechnology include improved manufacturing methods , water purification systems , energy systems , physical enhancement , nanomedicine , better food production methods , nutrition and large-scale infrastructure auto-fabrication . Nanotechnology 's reduced size may allow for automation of tasks which were previously inaccessible due to physical restrictions , which in turn may reduce labor , land , or maintenance requirements placed on humans .   Potential risks include environmental , health , and safety issues ; transitional effects such as displacement of traditional industries as the products of nanotechnology become dominant , which are of concern to privacy rights advocates . These may be particularly important if potential negative effects of nanoparticles are overlooked .   Whether nanotechnology merits special government regulation is a controversial issue . Regulatory bodies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Health and Consumer Protection Directorate of the European Commission have started dealing with the potential risks of nanoparticles . The organic food sector has been the first to act with the regulated exclusion of engineered nanoparticles from certified organic produce , firstly in Australia and the UK , and more recently in Canada , as well as for all food certified to Demeter International standards

negative: Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance is a 2002 report commissioned by the U.S. National Science Foundation and Department of Commerce . The report contains descriptions and commentaries on the state of the science and technology of the combined fields of nanotechnology , biotechnology , information technology and cognitive science ( NBIC ) by major contributors to these fields . Potential uses of these technologies in improving health and overcoming disability are discussed in the report , as well as ongoing work on planned applications of human enhancement technologies in the military and in rationalization of the human-machine interface in industrial settings .

negative: Molecular nanotechnology Molecular nanotechnology ( MNT ) is a technology based on the ability to build structures to complex , atomic specifications by means of mechanosynthesis . This is distinct from nanoscale materials . Based on Richard Feynman 's vision of miniature factories using nanomachines to build complex products ( including additional nanomachines ) , this advanced form of nanotechnology ( or molecular manufacturing ) would make use of positionally-controlled mechanosynthesis guided by molecular machine systems . MNT would involve combining physical principles demonstrated by biophysics , chemistry , other nanotechnologies , and the molecular machinery of life with the systems engineering principles found in modern macroscale factories .

negative: Healing factor A healing factor is the ability of some characters in fiction to recover from bodily injuries or disease at a superhuman rate . Since the introduction of Wolverine by Marvel Comics in 1974 and inspired by the immense popularity of the character , superhuman healing has become a fairly common power featured in comic books , novels , television , film , and other mediums . The overall efficiency of a character 's healing factor often fluctuates due to various writers applying a very broad degree of artistic license . Weapon X has been established , on multiple accounts for having the fastest healing factor over all mutants , with the exception of external factors . As a result , especially concerning characters depicted in comic books , it has become a very common source of debate among fans . Over the years , it has also become common for healing factors to have an umbrella effect , serving as a partial source for multiple superhuman abilities ; various powers thus demonstrated include superhuman strength , speed , stamina , agility , reflexes , durability and/or senses , to name the most common . The source of a character 's healing factor , depending upon the medium , usually ranges from natural genetic mutation , accidental exposure to radioactive materials , artificially-induced genetic enhancement , cybernetic augmentation , magic or even a combination of different factors . Despite the ability to quickly recover from wounds , characters with a healing factor are still capable of feeling pain .

negative: Nanotechnology Nanotechnology ( `` nanotech '' ) is manipulation of matter on an atomic , molecular , and supramolecular scale . The earliest , widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products , also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology . A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative , which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers . This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale , and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold . It is therefore common to see the plural form `` nanotechnologies '' as well as `` nanoscale technologies '' to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size . Because of the variety of potential applications ( including industrial and military ) , governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research . Until 2012 , through its National Nanotechnology Initiative , the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars , the European Union has invested 1.2 billion and Japan 750 million dollars .   Nanotechnology as defined by size is naturally very broad , including fields of science as diverse as surface science , organic chemistry , molecular biology , semiconductor physics , microfabrication , molecular engineering , etc. . The associated research and applications are equally diverse , ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly , from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to direct control of matter on the atomic scale .   Scientists currently debate the future implications of nanotechnology . Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications , such as in nanomedicine , nanoelectronics , biomaterials energy production , and consumer products . On the other hand , nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology , including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials , and their potential effects on global economics , as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios . These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted .

negative: Super race A super race is a future race of improved humans that it is proposed be created from present-day human beings by deploying various means such as eugenics , euthenics , genetic engineering , nanotechnology , and/or brain-computer interfacing to accelerate the process of human evolution .

negative: Enhancement Enhancement may refer to :   Antibody-dependent enhancement , an increase in viral infection facilitated by the host 's own antibodies  Diamond enhancement , a treatment that improves the gemological characteristics of a natural diamond  Hydrogen fuel enhancement , adding hydrogen to conventional hydrocarbon fuel in an attempt to improve the fuel economy and/or power output of an internal combustion engine  Input enhancement , a technique for teaching a language to non-native speakers  Seed enhancement , pre-sowing treatment to improve seed performance  Self-enhancement , an overly positive self-assessment  Sexual enhancement , sex toy   Human body enhancement :  Breast enhancement , breast enlargement or contouring  Cleavage enhancement , an increase in the definition of breast cleavage  Contrast enhancement , enhancement of the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging after administration of a contrast medium .  Genetic enhancement , the use of genetic engineering to modify a person 's nonpathological human traits  Human enhancement , augmentation of the human body to increase capability  Male enhancement , a euphemism for penis enlargement   Image enhancement :  Edge enhancement , an image-processing filter that increases the contrast of shape borders to improve its acutance ( apparent sharpness )  Image enhancement , improvement to perceived image quality  Shadow and highlight enhancement , an image processing technique to correct exposure   Acoustical signal enhancement :  Acoustic enhancement , the augmentation of direct , reflected , or reverberant sound waves without resorting to electronic sound reinforcement  Blip enhancement , an electronic warfare technique used to fool radar  Forensic audio enhancement , the scientific analysis and improvement of audio clarity , especially to improve intelligibility  Orchestral enhancement , using orchestration techniques , architecture , or electronic sound reinforcement to modify the sound of a live musical performance  Speech enhancement , the improvement of speech quality via audio signal processing   Software enhancement :  Progressive enhancement , a web application design that provides a usable experience to users of a broad spectrum of web browsers , but gives additional features to users of more sophisticated web browsers  Software enhancement , a proposed or newly added software feature  Web enhancement , official downloadable content published via the World Wide Web for a video game

negative: Intelligence explosion The intelligence explosion is a possible outcome of humanity building artificial general intelligence ( AGI ) . AGI would be capable of recursive self-improvement leading to rapid emergence of ASI ( artificial superintelligence ) , the limits of which are unknown . An intelligence explosion would be associated with a technological singularity .   The notion of an `` intelligence explosion '' was first described by , who speculated on the effects of superhuman machines , should they ever be invented :   Although technological progress has been accelerating , it has been limited by the basic intelligence of the human brain , which has not , according to Paul R. Ehrlich , changed significantly for millennia . However , with the increasing power of computers and other technologies , it might eventually be possible to build a machine that is more intelligent than humans . If a superhuman intelligence were to be invented -- either through the amplification of human intelligence or through artificial intelligence -- it would bring to bear greater problem-solving and inventive skills than current humans are capable of . Such an AI is referred to as Seed AI because if an AI were created with engineering capabilities that matched or surpassed those of its human creators , it would have the potential to autonomously improve its own software and hardware or design an even more capable machine . This more capable machine could then go on to design a machine of yet greater capability . These iterations of recursive self-improvement could accelerate , potentially allowing enormous qualitative change before any upper limits imposed by the laws of physics or theoretical computation set in . It is speculated that over many iterations , such an AI would far surpass human cognitive abilities .

negative: Superpower (ability) Superpower is a popular culture term for a fictional superhuman ability , most commonly used in the American comic book genre .   When a character possesses multiple such abilities , the terms super powers or simply powers are used . It is most frequently used in pulp magazines , comic books , science fiction , television programs , and film as the key attribute of a superhero .   The concept originated in American comic books and pulp magazines of the 1930s and 1940s , and has gradually worked its way into other genres and media .

negative: Super-humanism Super-humanism as is defined as `` the ability of humans to go above and beyond the general expectations and realities of humankind '' . This can be accomplished through natural ability , self-actualization or technological aids . Historical outlooks on super humanism are viewed as finding the ideal human in physical , mental as well as spiritual form , and has influenced politics , policy , philosophers , scientists and movements . Well documented historical applications of this philosophy can be found in the events of Nazi Germany during World War II . Modern depictions of this have evolved and are shown through the comic book ideal of heroes like Superman , or through technologically aided people or cyborgs . Other people simply have natural gifts for incredible abilities , or are in super situations that require acts above and beyond general human capabilities .

negative: A god Somewhere A god Somewhere is a graphic novel created by John Arcudi and Peter Snejbjerg . It was published by DC Comics ' Wildstorm imprint in June 2010 .   It tells the story of Eric , the first human to develop superhuman abilities , through the eyes of his friends and family .

negative: Hysterical strength Hysterical strength , or superhuman strength , is a display of extreme strength by humans , beyond what is believed to be normal , usually occurring when people are in life and death situations . Common anecdotal examples include parents lifting vehicles to rescue their children . Such examples , however , have not been proven and have been dismissed by doctors across the world . The extra strength is commonly attributed to increased adrenaline production , though supporting evidence is scarce , and inconclusive when available ; research into the phenomenon is difficult , though it is thought that it is theoretically possible .   Superhuman strength may occur during excited delirium .

negative: S.P.I.N. Technology S.P.I.N. ( Super-Power-Inhibiting Nanobots ) Technology or S.P.I.N. Tech is a fictional type of nanotechnology appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics .

negative: The Real Superhumans The Real Superhumans and the Quest for the Future Fantastic is a two-hour-long special from the Discovery Channel which aired in 2007 . It follows four people with what are described as `` real life superhuman abilities '' , a geneticist who created the first chimera of two very different species of rodents , and a scientist on a mission to become immortal . The show was done in a comic book format ending with the common slogan `` To be continued '' as to indicate that the people of the show and humanity itself is just beginning to venture into a new age , one where genetic manipulation and other technologies to obtain special abilities will be for sale to the general public .

negative: Supervillain A supervillain is a variant of the villainous stock character archetype commonly found in American comic books , sometimes possessing superhuman abilities . A supervillain is the antithesis of a superhero .   Supervillains are often used as foils to present a daunting challenge to a superhero . In instances where the supervillain does not have superhuman , mystical , or alien powers , the supervillain may possess a genius intellect or a skill set that allows them to draft complex schemes or commit crimes in a way normal humans can not . Other traits may include megalomania and possession of considerable resources to further their aims . Many supervillains share some typical characteristics of real world dictators , gangsters , and terrorists , with aspirations of world domination or universal leadership .

negative: Warren Ellis bibliography Warren Ellis is an English author of comics , novels , and television , well known for sociocultural commentary , both through his online presence and his writing , which covers transhumanist themes ( most notably nanotechnology , cryonics , uploading , and human enhancement ) . He is a resident of Southend-on-Sea , England .

negative: Fail-safes in nanotechnology Fail-safes in nanotechnology are devices or features integrated with nanotechnology which , in the event of failure , respond in a way that will cause no harm , or at least a minimum of harm , to other devices or personnel . Fail-safe principles are governed by national standards and engineering practices , and are widely used in conventional engineering design . It is possible to scale down macro-scale fail-safe principles and devices for similar applications at the nano-scale . The use of fail-safes in nanotechnology applications supports social acceptance of those applications by reducing the risks to users ; , there are both theoretical and practical ways to implement fail-safe designs in nanotechnology .   A predominant challenge to the social acceptance of nanotechnology is concerned with the medical use of nanostructures in the human body . While any structure for medical use would be developed to be bio-compatible and harmless , sound engineering design must take into account all possibilities of failure . Thus , the design would include ways to manipulate the structures in the body in the event of failure .

negative: Wet nanotechnology Wet nanotechnology ( also known as wet nanotech ) involves working up to large masses from small ones .   Wet nanotechnology requires water in which the process occurs . The process also involves chemists and biologists trying to reach larger scales by putting together individual molecules . While Eric Drexler put forth the idea of nano-assemblers working dry , wet nanotech appears to be the likely first area in which something like a nano-assembler may achieve economic results . Pharmaceuticals and bioscience are central features of most nanotech start-ups . Richard A.L. Jones calls nanotechnology that steals bits of natural nanotechnology and puts them in a synthetic structure biokleptic nanotechnology . He calls building with synthetic materials according to nature 's design principles biomimetic nanotechnology .   Using these guiding principles could lead to trillions of nanotech robots , that resemble bacteria in structural properties , entering a person 's blood stream to do medical treatments .

negative: Anthem (comics) Anthem , aka Henry Hellrung , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Matt Fraction and Barry Kitson , he was an ordinary human who gained temporary powers due to special drugs that empowered normal humans with superhuman abilities . His superhero identity is an allusion to the god Apollo .

negative: Magik (comics) Magik ( Illyana Nikolievna Rasputina - typically anglicized to Rasputin ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , most often in relation to the X-Men . She first appeared in the comic book Giant-Size X-Men # 1 ( May 1975 ) .   Magik is the younger sister of the Russian X-Man Colossus . She is a member of a fictional sub-species of humanity known as mutants , who are born with superhuman abilities . Her natural mutant power is the ability to teleport . She also is a capable sorceress .

negative: Metahuman In DC Comics ' DC Universe , a metahuman is a superhuman . The term is roughly synonymous with both mutant and mutate in the Marvel Universe and posthuman in the Wildstorm and Ultimate Marvel Universes . In DC Comics , the term is used loosely in most instances to refer to any human-like being with extranormal powers and abilities , be they technological , alien , mutant , or magical in nature . A significant portion of these are normal human beings born with a genetic variant called the `` metagene '' , which causes them to gain powers and abilities during freak accidents or times of intense psychological distress .   The term as a referent to superheroes began in 1986 by author George R. R. Martin , first in the Superworld role playing system , and then later in his Wild Cards series of novels .

negative: Nanomedicine Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology . Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices , to nanoelectronic biosensors , and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines . Current problems for nanomedicine involve understanding the issues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscale materials ( materials whose structure is on the scale of nanometers , i.e. billionths of a meter ) .   Functionalities can be added to nanomaterials by interfacing them with biological molecules or structures . The size of nanomaterials is similar to that of most biological molecules and structures ; therefore , nanomaterials can be useful for both in vivo and in vitro biomedical research and applications .  Thus far , the integration of nanomaterials with biology has led to the development of diagnostic devices , contrast agents , analytical tools , physical therapy applications , and drug delivery vehicles .   Nanomedicine seeks to deliver a valuable set of research tools and clinically useful devices in the near future . The National Nanotechnology Initiative expects new commercial applications in the pharmaceutical industry that may include advanced drug delivery systems , new therapies , and in vivo imaging . Nanomedicine research is receiving funding from the US National Institutes of Health Common Fund program , supporting four nanomedicine development centers .   Nanomedicine sales reached $ 16 billion in 2015 , with a minimum of $ 3.8 billion in nanotechnology R&D being invested every year . Global funding for emerging nanotechnology increased by 45 % per year in recent years , with product sales exceeding $ 1 trillion in 2013 . As the nanomedicine industry continues to grow , it is expected to have a significant impact on the economy .

negative: Nanoneuronics Nanoneuronics is an emerging discipline involving the application of nanometer-scale methods , materials , science and technology to neurons and neural tissue in order to design and develop advanced medical applications .

negative: Industrial applications of nanotechnology Nanotechnology is impacting the field of consumer goods , several products that incorporate nanomaterials are already in a variety of items ; many of which people do not even realize contain nanoparticles , products with novel functions ranging from easy-to-clean to scratch-resistant . Examples of that car bumpers are made lighter , clothing is more stain repellant , sunscreen is more radiation resistant , synthetic bones are stronger , cell phone screens are lighter weight , glass packaging for drinks leads to a longer shelf-life , and balls for various sports are made more durable . Using nanotech , in the mid-term modern textiles will become `` smart '' , through embedded `` wearable electronics '' , such novel products have also a promising potential especially in the field of cosmetics , and has numerous potential applications in heavy industry . Nanotechnology is predicted to be a main driver of technology and business in this century and holds the promise of higher performance materials , intelligent systems and new production methods with significant impact for all aspects of society .

negative: Ability Ability may refer to :  Aptitude , a component of a competency to do a certain kind of work at a certain level  Intelligence , logic , abstract thought , understanding , self-awareness , communication , learning , having emotional knowledge , retaining , planning , and problem solving  Knowledge , a familiarity with someone or something , which can include facts , information , descriptions , or skills  Skill , the learned ability to carry out a task with pre-determined results  Power ( social and political ) , the ability to influence people or events  Capability ( disambiguation )  Superpower ( ability ) , a popular culture term for a fictional superhuman ability  Intellectual giftedness , an intellectual ability significantly higher than average  Potential ( disambiguation )

negative: Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology The IEEE Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology recognizes individuals who by virtue of initiating new areas of research , development or engineering have had a significant impact on the field of nanotechnology . The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) is the world 's largest professional association dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity . IEEE has more than 400,000 members in more than 160 countries , 45 percent of whom are from outside the United States . It consists of 38 societies and 7 technical councils representing the wide range of IEEE technical interests .   The award is given only to those persons who have well-established careers : according to the IEEE , nominees must be `` at least 10 years beyond his or her highest earned academic degree '' . Each year , the IEEE Nanotechnology Council grants one or two Pioneer Awards if the Awards Committee determines that the nominations are worthy In the latter case , there may be one award for academics , i.e. persons employed by universities , and one for persons employed by industry or government organizations . The award consists of honorarium and a commemorative plaque . The main considerations for judging include distinction in long-term technical achievements , leadership , innovation , breadth , and impact on nanotechnology and engineering .   The Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology is administered by the IEEE Nanotechnology Council ( NTC ) , a multi-disciplinary group related to nanotechnology research and applications which consists of 21 IEEE member societies . Their purpose is to support and guide state-of-the-art research in the field of Nanotechnology . The main considerations for judging include distinction in long-term technical achievements , leadership , innovation , breadth , and impact on nanotechnology and engineering . In this sense , the Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology recognizes individuals whose technical achievements go beyond the borders of a particular technical society .

negative: Superhero fiction Superhero fiction is a genre mainly originating in and most common to American comic books , though it has expanded into other media through adaptations and original works .   The form is a type of speculative fiction examining the adventures of costumed crime fighters known as superheroes , who often possess superhuman powers and battle similarly powered criminals known as supervillains . Occasionally , this type of fiction is referred to as superhuman or super-powered fiction rather than superhero fiction in order to reflect that broader scope of both heroes and villains , as well as cover those characters with enhanced abilities that fall outside the classic superhero/supervillain dichotomy .

negative: Mutate (comics) In the Marvel Comics universe , the term mutate refers to humans who were mutated into superhumans , as opposed to mutants , inhumans , and other sub-races of humanity whose superhuman characteristics are genetically inherited .


query: Nina Jacobson was born in the 20th century.

positive: Nina Jacobson Nina Jacobson ( born 1965 ) is an American film executive who , until July 2006 , was president of the Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group , a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company . With Dawn Steel , Gail Berman and Sherry Lansing , she was one of the last of a handful of women to head a Hollywood film studio since the 1980s . She established her own production company called Color Force in 2007 , and is the producer of The Hunger Games movies .

negative: Harlan Jacobson Harlan Jacobson ( born February 15 , 1949 in Cincinnati , OH ) is an American film critic , literary editor , radio host , film Lecturer and author .

negative: Natalie Jacobson Natalie Jacobson ( born Natalie Salatich ) was an American news anchor with WCVB-TV in Boston , Massachusetts .

negative: Simon Jacobson Simon Jacobson ( born December 8 , 1956 ) is the author of Toward a Meaningful Life ( William Morrow , 2002 ) , founder of The Meaningful Life Center and publisher of the Yiddish English weekly , The Algemeiner Journal . Jacobson is a member of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement .

negative: Sidney Jacobson Sidney Jacobson may refer to :  Sydney Jacobson , Baron Jacobson ( 1908 -- 1988 ) , British journalist  Sidney Jacobson ( businessman ) ( 1918 -- 2005 ) , American founder of MSC Industrial Direct  Sid Jacobson ( born 1929 ) , American writer

negative: Nina Myral Nina Myral , stage name of Eugénie , Hortense Gruel , ( 26 June 1884 -- 30 March 1975 ) was a 20th-century French actress , dancer and singer .

negative: Roberta Jacobson Roberta Jacobson may refer to  Roberta Beach Jacobson , an American journalist and writer  Roberta S. Jacobson , an American diplomat

negative: Gary Jacobson Gary C. Jacobson ( born July 7 , 1944 ) is a professor of political science and the Director of Undergraduate Studies at the University of California , San Diego , where he has been since 1979 .

negative: Sid Jacobson Sid Jacobson ( born October 20 , 1929 ) is an American writer , having worked in the fields of children 's comic books , popular music , fiction , biography , and non-fiction comics . He was managing editor and editor in chief for Harvey Comics . Jacobson is also known for his late-career collaborations with artist Ernie Colón , including such nonfiction graphic novels as The 9/11 Report : A Graphic Adaptation and Anne Frank : The Anne Frank House Authorized Graphic Biography .

negative: David Jacobson David Jacobson may refer to :   David Jacobson ( director ) , film director  David Jacobson ( diplomat ) ( born 1951 ) , lawyer and diplomat  David Jacobson ( fencer ) , American fencer

negative: Jacobson (surname) Jacobson is an English language patronymic surname meaning `` son of Jacob '' . The prefix is an Ashkenazic variation of the Latin Jacobus , itself derived from the Hebrew language given name Yaakov ( `` supplanter '' or `` follower '' ) . The suffix , - son denotes `` son/descendent of '' . There are several variants . The earliest record of the surname is found in Cambridgeshire in 1273 .   People with the surname Jacobson include :   Amy Jacobson ( born 1969 ) , television reporter for WMAQ News in Chicago  Andrew Jacobson ( born 1985 ) , Major League Soccer player  Arthur Jacobson ( 1901 -- 1993 ) , American assistant director  Ben Jacobson ( born 1970 ) , American college basketball coach  Bill Jacobson ( born 1955 ) , American photographer  Cecil Jacobson ( born 1936 ) , disgraced American fertility doctor  Clayton Jacobson II ( born 1932 or 1933 ) , credited with inventing the personal water craft  Dan Jacobson ( 1929 -- 2014 ) , South African writer  Dana Jacobson ( born 1971 ) , American news anchor  David Jacobson ( diplomat ) , lawyer and current United States Ambassador to Canada  Douglas T. Jacobson ( 1925 -- 2000 ) , US Marine who was awarded the Medal of Honor  Edward Jacobson ( 1891 -- 1955 ) , Jewish American businessman and activist  Edmund Jacobson , American physician , creator of the Jacobson 's Progressive Muscle Relaxation technique  Edith Jacobson ( 1897 -- 1978 ) , German psychoanalyst  Emily Jacobson ( born 1985 ) , American sabre fencer  Eric Jacobson ( born 1970 ) , American puppeteer  Evelyn Jacobson , married name Evelyn Kozak ( 1899 -- 2013 ) , American supercentenarian  Fredrik Jacobson ( born 1974 ) , Swedish golfer  Georgij Georgiewitsch Jacobson ( 1871-1926 ) , Russian entomologist  Harvey Jacobson ( born 1956 ) , British businessman  Howard Jacobson ( born 1942 ) , British author  Israel Jacobson ( 1768 -- 1828 ) , German philanthropist and reformer  Ivar Jacobson ( born 1939 ) , Swedish computer scientist  Jeff Jacobson ( Ohio ) , Ohio Republican state senator  Joe Jacobson ( born 1986 ) , Welsh footballer  Joseph Jacobson , American inventor  Leonard Jacobson ( 1921 -- 1992 ) , American museum architect  Marcey Jacobson ( 1911 -- 2009 ) , American photographer  Nathan Jacobson ( 1910 -- 1999 ) , American mathematician  Norm Jacobson , rugby league footballerd  Peter Marc Jacobson , American television writer , director and producer  Peter Jacobson , American film and television actor  Peter Jacobson ( judge ) , Federal Court of Australia judge  Robert Jacobson , Former Lutheran Bishop who became a Catholic priest  Robert M. Jacobson ( born 1958 ) , American physician  Roman Jakobson or Jacobson ( 1896 -- 1982 ) , Russian linguist  Sada Jacobson ( born 1983 ) , American sabre fencer  Sam Jacobson ( born 1975 ) , American basketball player  Sydney Jacobson ( 1908 -- 1988 ) , British journalist and editor  Van Jacobson , American scientist and network specialist  William Jacobson ( 1803 -- 1884 ) , British Anglican bishop  William A. Jacobson , American attorney

negative: Howard Jacobson Howard Eric Jacobson ( born 25 August 1942 ) is a British novelist and journalist . He is known for writing comic novels that often revolve around the dilemmas of British Jewish characters . He is a Man Booker Prize winner .

negative: Hymie Jacobson Hymie Jacobson , also known as Hy Jacobson ( 1895 -- 1952 ) , was an American Jewish actor and composer in Yiddish vaudeville , films and theater . Born 1895 in Chicago to actors Joseph and Bessie Jacobson . His sister , Henrietta , married Yiddish theatre actor Julius Adler ; his brother , Irving , was also a performer . He and Irving also owned some of the key venues for Yiddish theater in New York City . He played child roles from the age of 4 in Cincinnati . His first adult role was at the Arch Street Theater in Philadelphia ( 1917 ) as the comic in Panie Romani . In 1918 he played in the Peoples Theater and the following year was buff-comic ( the company buffoon ) at the Second Avenue Theater in the Yiddish Theater District . In 1921 he played at Boris Thomashevsky 's National Theater , in 1927 at the Public Theater , then in Boston and Chicago .   A coupletist , Jacobson composed both music and lyrics to many of the comic songs he sang and played piano to accompany himself . In 1925 and 1929 Nahum Stutchkoff 's operetta Two Brides aka A Small Town Wedding featured music by Hymie Jacobson . He starred with his wife Miriam Kressyn in Der purimshpiler .   In the 1940s he organized his own orchestra in which Paul Pinkus and the Ellstein brothers played ; they accompanied famous singers like Jennie Goldstein . He co-wrote , with his brother Irving , the novelty song A Bisl Fefer , A Bisl Zalts ( A little pepper , a little salt ) . Two of his other songs were Mit Fertsik Yor Tsurik ( Forty Years Ago ) , and Palestina Undzer Heym '' .   He died in 1952 in Miami , Florida .

negative: Dan Jacobson Dan Jacobson ( 7 March 1929 -- 12 June 2014 ) was a South African novelist , short story writer , critic and essayist .

negative: Lilly Jacobson Lilly Jacobson ( born June 27 , 1988 ) is a former member of the United States women 's national baseball team .

negative: David Jacobson (director) David Jacobson is an American screenwriter and film director from Van Nuys , Los Angeles , California . His film Down in the Valley was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival .

negative: Pose (TV series) Pose is an upcoming American anthology drama television series . The series was launched by FX in early 2017 and will premiere on FX in early 2018 . The first season will be executive produced by Ryan Murphy , Nina Jacobson , and Brad Simpson , and will be written by Murphy , Brad Falchuk , and newcomer Stephen Canals .

negative: Arthur and Nina Zwebell Arthur B. Zwebell ( September 27 , 1891 - January 29 , 1973 ) and Nina L. Zwebell ( January 5 , 1895 - March 11 , 1976 ) , formerly Nina Jacobson , were a husband and wife architectural team known for their innovation in the design of courtyard apartments in Southern California .   Several of their buildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , including El Cabrillo ( 1928 ) , at 1832-1850 N. Grace Ave. , Andalusia Apartments ( 1926 -- 27 ) at 1471-1475 Havenhurst Drive in Hollywood and West Hollywood , California , as well as the Ronda Apartments , at 1400 Havenhurst Drive , and Patio del Moro ( 1925 ) , at 8225 Fountain Avenue , both in West Hollywood , California . The Casa Laguna ( 1928 ) at 5200 Franklin Avenue in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles is another well-known example of the Zwebells ' courtyard architecture . Arthur was born Iowa , and Nina in Illinois . Both died in Los Angeles County , California .

negative: Roberta Beach Jacobson Roberta Beach Jacobson ( born July 21 , 1952 ) is an American journalist , humorist , and early ezine editor .   Jacobson was born as Roberta Beach Johnson in Worcester , Massachusetts . Her first publication came at age 8 in Jack and Jill . After finishing high-school in 1970 , she joined the United States Army which sent her to Germany . She remains an expatriate , saying `` I prefer Europe . I 'm where I want to be '' . ( Travelwriters.com , 2004 )   After leaving the armed forces , she followed in the footsteps of her grandfather , Robert K. Beach , and mother , Roberta Beach Johnson and became a journalist , joining the Stars & Stripes publication in Germany at the news desk , and later the city desk .   During her Stars & Stripes work , Jacobson drew attention from a column entitled , `` Dear Bobby '' that ran from the late 1980s to the early 1990s in the Shoppers Bi-Weekly News , distributed in Europe .   In 1996 Jacobson became a full-time freelance writer working for travel publications , translating books , and contributing to 55 anthologies published on four continents .   In 1999 she relocated to the far-flung Greek island of Karpathos , and became the editor of an early internet ezine , Kafenio . She also edited the ezines IslandMania ( 2001 -- 2003 ) and InsiderEuropa ( 2001 -- 2003 ) .

negative: Leonard Jacobson Leonard Jacobson FAIA ( 7 March 1921 -- 26 December 1992 ) was an American museum architect . He worked with I. M. Pei on some of the major museum projects in the 20th century .   Jacobson was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States on 7 March 1921 . He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1942 . He served in the United States Army Air Forces from 1942 -- 45 during World War II . In 1947 , he gained a Master of Architecture degree , also at the University of Pennsylvania .   In 1953 , Jacobson started working with I.M. Pei , joining him at I. M. Pei & Partners , founded in 1955 . He was a Partner in I. M. Pei & Partners ( which became Pei Cobb Freed & Partners in 1989 ) from 1980 -- 92 . Jacobson was central to the following building projects in the US , mainly involving museums :   East Building of the National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. ( 1978 )  West Wing of the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston , Massachusetts ( 1981 )  Portland Museum of Art , Portland , Maine ( 1982 )  Wiesner building , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts ( 1985 )   At the end of his career in the 1980s and early 1990s , Jacobson was heavily involved with the modernization of the Louvre in Paris , France .  Jacobson was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects . In 1989 , he was made an Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government .   Leonard Jacobson died of a heart attack on 26 December 1992 at the age of 71 at his home in the village of Briarcliff Manor , New York , USA .

negative: Walter Jacobson Walter David Jacobson ( born July 28 , 1937 ) is a former Chicago television news personality and a current Chicago radio news personality . He currently provides opinion segments for WGN Radio AM 720 . From 2010 until 2013 , he was an anchor of the 6 p.m. news on WBBM-TV in Chicago , where he also had worked from 1973 until 1993 . From 1993 until 2006 , he was principal anchor on WFLD-TV 's FOX News at 9 and the host of FOX Chicago Perspective , a one-hour news and political show that aired Sunday mornings on WFLD .

negative: Nina Roth Nina Roth ( born July 21 , 1988 as Nina Spatola ) is an American curler from McFarland , Wisconsin .

negative: Tracey Ann Jacobson Tracey Ann Jacobson ( born 1965 ) is an American diplomat and a former United States Ambassador to Turkmenistan , Tajikistan , and Kosovo . Since January 2017 she has been serving as the Acting Assistant Secretary of State for International Affairs .

negative: Crazy Rich Asians (film) Crazy Rich Asians is an upcoming American film based on Kevin Kwan 's novel of the same name . The film is produced by Nina Jacobson and Brad Simpson of Color Force . Jon M. Chu is set to helm the feature . It will be distributed worldwide by Warner Bros. .

negative: Nina Berman Nina Berman ( b 1960 , New York City ) is an American documentary photographer . She has published two monographs , exhibited her prints in museums worldwide , received numerous grants and awards , and is a member of the NOOR photo agency and an associate professor at Columbia University .

negative: Bill Jacobson Bill Jacobson ( b. Norwich , Connecticut , 1955 ) is an American photographer . He received a BFA from Brown University in 1977 and an MFA from the San Francisco Art Institute in 1981 .

negative: Garry Jacobson Garry Jacobson ( born 3 August 1992 ) in Shepparton , Australia is an Australian motor racing driver . Jacobson won the 2016 Supercars Dunlop Series with Prodrive Racing Australia in a Ford FG X Falcon .

negative: Edith Jacobson Edith Jacobson ( Edith Jacobssohn September 10 , 1897 -- December 8 , 1978 ) was a German psychoanalyst . Her major contributions to psychoanalytic thinking dealt with the development of the sense of identity and self-esteem and with an understanding of depression and psychosis . She was able to integrate the tripartite structural model of classic psychoanalysis with the theory of object relations into a revised drive theory . Thereby , she increased the treatment possibilities of the more disturbed pre-oedipal patients .

negative: Lewis Jacobs Lewis Jacobs ( 1904 -- February 11 , 1997 ) was an American author , director and publisher . Jacobs attended art school in Philadelphia and soon moved from an interest in photography to a deep interest in cinema . Jacobs directed several experimental short films modeled after the Soviet social and political cinema and he was fond of and drew inspirations from the likes of Dziga Vertov and Hans Richter .   In 1930 he founded the magazine Experimental Cinema , which was one of the first publications to view film as art . He spent time with noted early pioneers such as Sergei Eisenstein . He lived in Hollywood gaining acclaim as a film scholar , taking jobs such as advising Orson Welles on his first feature film Citizen Kane and directing Elizabeth Taylor in her first screen tests for the film National Velvet .   After spending many years in Hollywood as a contract studio writer , he moved to New York during the period of the blacklist and joined the Workers Film and Photo League in 1931 as well as doing work for film trailers . In 1933 he compiled all the footage he had made during his lunch breaks and put it into the film Footnote to Fact , which was intended to be part one in a four-part documentary titled As I Walk , a look into the depths of poverty during the Great Depression in NYC . The final three parts were never completed and the original negative was believed lost until it was rediscovered by the Anthology Film Archives in 1990 . The film is now available in the Unseen Cinema : Early American Avant Garde Film 1894-1941 DVD box-set , under the volume entitled `` Picturing a Metropolis '' .   Jacobs also authored numerous book on cinema , taught film courses at universities , juried many film festivals and wrote the screenplay for the film Sweet Love , Bitter ( 1967 ) , which went on to become the inspiration for Clint Eastwood 's Bird .   His later years were spent focusing on mixed-media collages for which he won numerous awards .

negative: Emily Jacobson Emily Phillipa Jacobson ( born December 2 , 1985 , in Dunwoody , Georgia ) is an American sabre fencer .

negative: Richard Jacobson Richard Allen `` Rick '' Jacobson ( born January 7 , 1959 ) is a Toronto , Ontario , artist , illustrator , and writer of children 's books who uses the names `` Richard A. Jacobson '' and `` Rick Jacobson '' professionally ( see bibliography ) .

negative: Josephine Jacobsen Josephine Jacobsen ( 19 August 1908 -- 9 July 2003 ) was an American poet , short story writer , essayist , and critic . She was appointed the twenty-first Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1971 . In 1997 , she received the Poetry Society of America 's highest award , the Robert Frost Medal for Lifetime Achievement in Poetry .

negative: Maureen Jacobson Maureen Dale Jacobson ( born 7 December 1961 ) is a former association football player who represented New Zealand .