query: Serotonin causes neuromodulation.

positive: Neuromodulation Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons . This is in contrast to classical synaptic transmission , in which one presynaptic neuron directly influences a single postsynaptic partner . Neuromodulators secreted by a small group of neurons diffuse through large areas of the nervous system , affecting multiple neurons . Major neuromodulators in the central nervous system include dopamine , serotonin , acetylcholine , histamine , and norepinephrine .   Neuromodulation can be conceptualized as a neurotransmitter that is not reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron or broken down into a metabolite . Such neuromodulators end up spending a significant amount of time in the cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) , influencing ( or `` modulating '' ) the activity of several other neurons in the brain . For this reason , some neurotransmitters are also considered to be neuromodulators , such as serotonin and acetylcholine .   Neuromodulation is often contrasted with classical fast synaptic transmission . In both cases the transmitter acts on local postsynaptic receptors , but in neuromodulation , the receptors are typically G-protein coupled receptors while in classical chemical neurotransmission , they are ligand-gated ion channels . Neurotransmission that involves metabotropic receptors ( like G-protein linked receptors ) often also involves voltage-gated ion channels , and is relatively slow . Conversely , neurotransmission that involves exclusively ligand-gated ion channels is much faster .  A related distinction is also sometimes drawn between modulator and driver synaptic inputs to a neuron , but here the emphasis is on modulating ongoing neuronal spiking versus causing that spiking .

negative: Neuromodulation (journal) Neuromodulation : Technology at the Neural Interface is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering clinical , translational , and basic science research in the field of neuromodulation . It was established in 1998 by founding editor Elliot S. Krames and is published by Wiley on behalf of the International Neuromodulation Society . The editor-in-chief is Robert M. Levy ( Marcus Neuroscience Institute ) .

negative: North American Neuromodulation Society North American Neuromodulation Society is a scientific organization that serves to promote and advance neuromodulation as a treatment for various diseases .

negative: Serotonin antagonist A serotonin antagonist is a drug used to inhibit the action at serotonin ( 5-HT ) receptors .

negative: International Neuromodulation Society The International Neuromodulation Society ( INS ) is a non-profit group of clinicians , scientists and engineers dedicated to the scientific development and awareness of neuromodulation -- the alteration of nerve activity through the delivery of electrical stimulation or chemical agents to targeted sites of the body . Neuromodulation is a burgeoning field -- analysts predict a 27 percent annual growth rate over the next four years . Founded in 1989 and based in San Francisco , CA , the INS educates and promotes the field through meetings , its bimonthly , peer-reviewed journal Neuromodulation : Technology at the Neural Interface and chapter websites .   Neuromodulation : Technology at the Neural Interface is the official publication of the INS . The peer-reviewed journal aims to advance the basic and clinical science of the field of neuromodulation . Published 8 times per year , the journal is MEDLINE-indexed .

negative: Serotonin syndrome Serotonin syndrome ( SS ) is a group of symptoms that may occur following use of certain serotonergic medications or drugs . The degree of symptoms can range from mild to severe . Symptoms include high body temperature , agitation , increased reflexes , tremor , sweating , dilated pupils , and diarrhea . Body temperature can increase to greater than 41.1 C. Complications may include seizures and extensive muscle breakdown .   Serotonin syndrome is typically caused by the use of two or more serotonergic medications or drugs . This may include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) , serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ( SNRI ) , monoamine oxidase inhibitor ( MAOI ) , tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) , amphetamines , pethidine ( meperidine ) , tramadol , dextromethorphan , buspirone , L-tryptophan , St. John 's wort , triptans , ecstasy , metoclopramide , ondansetron , or cocaine . It occurs in about 15 % of SSRI overdoses . It is a predictable consequence of excess serotonin on the central nervous system ( CNS ) . Onset of symptoms is typically within a day of the extra serotonin .   Diagnosis is based on a person 's symptoms and history of medication use . Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome , malignant hyperthermia , anticholinergic toxicity , heat stroke , and meningitis should be ruled out . No laboratory tests can confirm the diagnosis .   Initial treatment consists of discontinuing medications which may be contributing . In those who are agitated benzodiazepines may be used . If this is not sufficient , a serotonin antagonist such as cyproheptadine may be used . In those with a high body temperatures active cooling measures may be needed . The number of cases of serotonin syndrome that occur each year is unclear . With appropriate treatment the risk of death is less than one percent . The high-profile case of Libby Zion , who is generally accepted to have died from serotonin syndrome , resulted in changes to graduate medical education in New York State .

negative: Serotonin-norepinephrine releasing agent A serotonin-norepinephrine releasing agent ( SNRA ) is a type of drug which induces the release of serotonin and norepinephrine ( and epinephrine ) in the body and/or brain .   Only a few SNRAs are known , examples of which include norfenfluramine , MBDB , and 6-methyl-MDA .   A closely related type of drug is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ( SNRI ) .

negative: Serotonin releasing agent A serotonin releasing agent ( SRA ) is a type of drug that induces the release of serotonin into the neuronal synaptic cleft . A selective serotonin releasing agent ( SSRA ) is an SRA with less significant or no efficacy in producing neurotransmitter efflux at other types of monoamine neurons .   SSRAs have been used clinically as appetite suppressants , and they have also been proposed as novel antidepressants and anxiolytics with the potential for a faster onset of action and superior efficacy relative to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) .   A closely related type of drug is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SRI ) .

negative: Serotonergic Serotonergic ( -LSB- ˌsɛrətəˈnɜːrdʒɪk , _ ˌsɪr - -RSB- ) or serotoninergic ( -LSB- ˌsɪrəˌtoʊnəˈnɜːrdʒɪk -RSB- ) means `` pertaining to or affecting serotonin '' . Serotonin is a neurotransmitter . A synapse is serotonergic if it uses serotonin as its neurotransmitter . A serotonergic neuron produces serotonin . A substance is serotonergic if it produces its effects via interactions with the serotonin system , such as by stimulating or blocking neurotransmission .   A serotonergic or serotonergic agent is any chemical that modifies the effects of serotonin in the body . Some different types of serotonergics drugs include the following :   Serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists  Serotonin reuptake inhibitors  Serotonin releasing agents

negative: Serotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor A serotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( SDRI ) is a type of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine by blocking the actions of the serotonin transporter ( SERT ) and dopamine transporter ( DAT ) , respectively . This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of serotonin and dopamine , and , therefore , an increase in serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission .   A closely related type of drug is a serotonin-dopamine releasing agent ( SDRA ) .

negative: Serotonin (disambiguation) Serotonin is a neurotransmitter .   Serotonin may also refer to :   Serotonin , the professional wrestling stable  Serotonin ( album ) , the 3rd album from British band The Mystery Jets

negative: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , also known as serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors or serotonergic antidepressants , are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders .   The exact mechanism of SSRIs is unknown . SSRIs are believed to increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by limiting its reabsorption into the presynaptic cell , increasing the level of serotonin in the synaptic cleft available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor . They have varying degrees of selectivity for the other monoamine transporters , with pure SSRIs having only weak affinity for the norepinephrine and dopamine transporters .   SSRIs are the most widely prescribed antidepressants in many countries . The efficacy of SSRIs in mild or moderate cases of depression has been disputed , and may be outweighed by side effects .

negative: Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent A serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent ( SNDRA ) , also known as a triple releasing agent ( TRA ) , is a type of drug which induces the release of serotonin , norepinephrine or epinephrine , and dopamine in the body and/or brain . SNDRAs produce euphoriant , entactogen , and psychostimulant effects , and are almost exclusively encountered as recreational drugs .   A closely related type of drug is a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( SNDRI ) .

negative: Serotonin reuptake inhibitor A serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SRI ) is a type of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor of the neurotransmitter serotonin ( 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT ) ) by blocking the action of the serotonin transporter ( SERT ) . This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of serotonin and , therefore , an increase in serotonergic neurotransmission .   SRIs are not synonymous with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , as the latter term is usually used to describe the class of antidepressants of the same name , and because SRIs , unlike SSRIs , can either be selective or non-selective in their action . For example , cocaine , which non-selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin , norepinephrine , and dopamine , is an SRI but not an SSRI .   SRIs are used predominantly as antidepressants ( e.g. , SSRIs , SNRIs , and TCAs ) , though they are also commonly used in the treatment of other psychological conditions such as anxiety disorders and eating disorders . Less often , SRIs are also used to treat a variety of other medical conditions including neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia ( e.g. , duloxetine , milnacipran ) , and premature ejaculation ( e.g. , dapoxetine ) as well as for dieting ( e.g. , sibutramine ) . Additionally , some clinically used drugs such as chlorpheniramine , dextromethorphan , and methadone possess SRI properties secondarily to their primary mechanism of action ( s ) and this contributes to their side effect and drug interaction profiles .   A closely related type of drug is a serotonin releasing agent ( SRA ) .

negative: Serotonin transporter The serotonin transporter ( SERT or 5-HTT ) also known as the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter and solute carrier family 6 member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A4 gene . SERT is a type of monoamine transporter protein that transports serotonin from the synaptic cleft to the presynaptic neuron .   This transport of serotonin by the SERT protein terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner . This protein is the target of many antidepressant medications of the SSRI and Tricyclic antidepressant classes . It is a member of the sodium : neurotransmitter symporter family . A repeat length polymorphism in the promoter of this gene has been shown to affect the rate of serotonin uptake and may play a role in sudden infant death syndrome , aggressive behavior in Alzheimer disease patients , post-traumatic stress disorder and depression-susceptibility in people experiencing emotional trauma .

negative: Serotonin receptor agonist A serotonin receptor agonist is a compound that activates serotonin receptors , in a manner similar to serotonin . Sumatriptan is an example   Non-selective agonists :  Psilocin and DMT are serotonin analogs found in certain plants or mushrooms . These compounds act on a variety of serotonin receptor types .

negative: Serotonin-dopamine releasing agent A serotonin-dopamine releasing agent ( SDRA ) is a type of drug which induces the release of serotonin and dopamine in the body and/or brain .   A closely related type of drug is a serotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( SDRI ) .

negative: Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors ( SARIs ) are a class of drugs used mainly as antidepressants , but also as anxiolytics and hypnotics . They act by antagonizing serotonin receptors such as 5-HT2A and inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin , norepinephrine , and/or dopamine . Additionally , most also antagonize α1-adrenergic receptors . The majority of the currently marketed SARIs belong to the phenylpiperazine class of compounds .

negative: Monoaminergic Monoaminergic means `` working on monoamine neurotransmitters '' , which include serotonin , dopamine , and norepinephrine ( and epinephrine ) , as well as melatonin .   A monoaminergic , or monoaminergic drug , is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the serotonin , dopamine , norepinephrine/epinephrine , and/or melatonin neurotransmitter systems in the body or brain . Monoaminergics include catecholaminergics ( which can be further divided into adrenergics and dopaminergics ) , serotonergics , and melatonergics . A specific example are monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) , which affect the activity of all four of these systems .

negative: Serotonin Serotonin ( -LSB- ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnᵻn , _ ˌsɪərə - -RSB- ) or 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT ) is a monoamine neurotransmitter . Biochemically derived from tryptophan , serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract ( GI tract ) , blood platelets , and the central nervous system ( CNS ) of animals , including humans . It is popularly thought to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness .   Approximately 90 % of the human body 's total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract , where it is used to regulate intestinal movements . The serotonin is secreted luminally and basolaterally which leads to increased serotonin uptake by circulating platelets and activation after stimulation , which gives increased stimulation of myenteric neurons and gastrointestinal motility . The remainder is synthesized in serotonergic neurons of the CNS , where it has various functions . These include the regulation of mood , appetite , and sleep . Serotonin also has some cognitive functions , including memory and learning . Modulation of serotonin at synapses is thought to be a major action of several classes of pharmacological antidepressants .   Serotonin secreted from the enterochromaffin cells eventually finds its way out of tissues into the blood . There , it is actively taken up by blood platelets , which store it . When the platelets bind to a clot , they release serotonin , where it serves as a vasoconstrictor and helps to regulate hemostasis and blood clotting . Serotonin is also a growth factor for some types of cells , which may give it a role in wound healing . There are various serotonin receptors .   Serotonin is metabolized mainly to 5-HIAA , chiefly by the liver . Metabolism involves first oxidation by monoamine oxidase to the corresponding aldehyde . This is followed by oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase to 5-HIAA , the indole acetic acid derivative . The latter is then excreted by the kidneys .   In addition to animals , serotonin is found in fungi and plants . Serotonin 's presence in insect venoms and plant spines serves to cause pain , which is a side-effect of serotonin injection . Serotonin is produced by pathogenic amoebae , and its effect on the gut causes diarrhea . Its widespread presence in many seeds and fruits may serve to stimulate the digestive tract into expelling the seeds .

negative: Arachidonoyl serotonin Arachidonoyl serotonin ( N-arachidonoyl-serotonin , AA-5-HT ) is an endogenous lipid signaling molecule . It was first described in 1998 as being an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase ( FAAH ) . In 2007 , it was shown to have analgesic properties and to act as an antagonist of the TRPV1 receptor . In 2011 , it was shown to be present in the ileum and jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract and modulate glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) secretion .

negative: N-Methylserotonin N-Methylserotonin is a tryptamine alkaloid . Chemically , it is a derivative of serotonin in which a methyl group resides at its alkyl amine . It is also called Nω-methylserotonin ( Nω-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine ) to distinguish it from tryptamine-derived compounds in which a methyl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the indole group .   N-Methylserotonin is found in plants , animals , and fungi . These include the plants , Actaea racemosa ( black cohosh ) and Zanthoxylum piperitum , the Green and Golden Bell Frog , Litoria aurea , and Amanita mushrooms . The compound binds to several serotonin receptors , including the 5-HT7 and 5-HT1A receptors , with high affinity ( IC50 ≤ 2 nM ) and selectivity , and displays agonist activity ; besides its direct interaction with the serotonin receptors , N-methylserotonin also acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor .

negative: Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs ) , also known as serotonin -- noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors , are a class of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of major depressive disorder ( MDD ) and other mood disorders . They are sometimes also used to treat anxiety disorders , obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , chronic neuropathic pain , and fibromyalgia syndrome ( FMS ) , and for the relief of menopausal symptoms .   SNRIs are potent inhibitors of the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine . These neurotransmitters are known to play an important role in mood . SNRIs can be contrasted with the more widely used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , which act upon serotonin alone .   The human serotonin transporter ( SERT ) and norepinephrine transporter ( NET ) are membrane proteins that are responsible for the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine . Balanced dual inhibition of monoamine reuptake can possibly offer advantages over other antidepressant drugs by treating a wider range of symptoms .  SNRIs , along with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( NRIs ) , are second-generation antidepressants . Over the past two decades , second-generation antidepressants have gradually replaced first-generation antidepressants , such as tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) as the drugs of choice for the treatment of MDD . This is mainly because of their improved tolerability and safety profile .   A closely related type of drug is a serotonin-norepinephrine releasing agent ( SNRA ) .

negative: Fenfluramine Fenfluramine ( former brand names Pondimin , Ponderax and Adifax ) , also known as 3-trifluoromethyl-N-ethylamphetamine , is an anorectic that is no longer marketed . In combination with phentermine , it was part of the anti-obesity medication Fen-phen .   Fenfluramine was introduced on the U.S. market in 1973 and withdrawn in 1997 . It is the racemic mixture of two enantiomers , dexfenfluramine and levofenfluramine . The drug increases the level of serotonin , a neurotransmitter that regulates mood , appetite and other functions . Fenfluramine causes the release of serotonin by disrupting vesicular storage of the neurotransmitter , and reversing serotonin transporter function . The result is a feeling of fullness and reduced appetite .

negative: Serotonin acetyltransferase Serotonin acetyltransferase may refer to :  Arylamine N-acetyltransferase  Serotonin N-acetyltransferase

negative: Neurochemical A neurochemical is an organic molecule , such as serotonin , dopamine , or nerve growth factor , that participates in neural activity . The science of neurochemistry studies the functions of neurochemicals .

negative: 5-HT1D receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine ( serotonin ) receptor 1D , also known as HTR1D , is a 5-HT receptor , but also denotes the human gene encoding it . 5-HT1D acts on the central nervous system , and affects locomotion and anxiety . It also induces vascular vasoconstriction in the brain .

negative: Antidepressant Antidepressants are drugs used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions , including dysthymia , anxiety disorders , obsessive compulsive disorder , eating disorders , chronic pain , neuropathic pain and , in some cases , dysmenorrhoea , snoring , migraine , attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , addiction , dependence , and sleep disorders . They may be prescribed alone or in combination with other medications .   The most important classes of antidepressants are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs ) , tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) , monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) , reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitors ( rMAO-A inhibitors ) , tetracyclic antidepressants ( TeCAs ) , and noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant ( NaSSAs ) . St John 's wort is also used in the treatment of depression .   One theory regarding the cause of depression is that it is characterized by an overactive hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis ( HPA axis ) that resembles the neuro-endocrine response to stress . These HPA axis abnormalities participate in the development of depressive symptoms , and antidepressants may serve to regulate HPA axis function .

negative: Scotty Cramp Scotty Cramp is a disease in Scottish Terriers causing spasms and hyperflexion and hyperextension of the legs . It is caused by a disorder in serotonin metabolism that causes a deficiency of available serotonin . It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait .   Scotty Cramp occurs in puppies and young dogs . Symptoms present after exercise or excitement and last a few minutes . A goose-stepping gait and arched spine are often seen , and the dogs may turn somersaults as it runs . The symptoms usually resolve after ten minutes , but they may repeat several times in a day . If the diagnosis is unsure , a dose of methysergide can be given . In affected dogs , this will block serotonin and increase the frequence and severity of the symptoms . Diazepam or acepromazine is used to control the symptoms of Scotty Cramp . Vitamin E may also be of some benefit . Because Scotty Cramp is inherited , affected dogs and their parents and siblings should not be bred .

negative: Neurostimulation Neurostimulation is the purposeful modulation of the nervous system 's activity using invasive ( e.g. microelectrodes ) or non-invasive means ( e.g. transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial electric stimulation , tES , such as tDCS or transcranial alternating current stimulation , tACS ) . Neurostimulation usually refers to the electromagnetic approaches to neuromodulation .   Neurostimulation technology can improve the life quality of those who are severely paralyzed or suffering from profound losses to various sense organs , as well as for permanent reduction of severe , chronic pain which would otherwise require constant ( around-the-clock ) , high-dose opioid therapy ( such as neuropathic pain and spinal-cord injury ) . It serves as the key part of neural prosthetics for hearing aids , artificial vision , artificial limbs , and brain-machine interfaces . In the case of neural stimulation , mostly an electrical stimulation is utilized and charge-balanced biphasic constant current waveforms or capacitively coupled charge injection approaches are adopted . Alternatively , transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial electric stimulation have been proposed as non-invasive methods in which either a magnetic field or transcranially applied electric currents cause neurostimulation .

negative: Monoamine neurotransmitter Monoamine neurotransmitters are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain ( - CH2-CH2 - ) . All monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine , tyrosine , tryptophan , and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes . Monoaminergic systems , i.e. , the networks of neurons that utilize monoamine neurotransmitters , are involved in the regulation of cognitive processes such as emotion , arousal , and certain types of memory . It has been found that monoamine neurotransmitters play an important role in the secretion and production of neurotrophin-3 by astrocytes , a chemical which maintains neuron integrity and provides neurons with trophic support . Drugs used to increase ( or reduce ) the effect of monoamine are sometimes used to treat patients with psychiatric disorders , including depression , anxiety , and schizophrenia .

negative: Monoamine reuptake inhibitor A monoamine reuptake inhibitor ( MRI ) is a drug that acts as a reuptake inhibitor of one or more of the three major monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin , norepinephrine , and dopamine by blocking the action of one or more of the respective monoamine transporters ( MATs ) , which include the serotonin transporter ( SERT ) , norepinephrine transporter ( NET ) , and dopamine transporter ( DAT ) . This in turn results in an increase in the synaptic concentrations of one or more of these neurotransmitters and therefore an increase in monoaminergic neurotransmission .   The majority of currently approved antidepressants act predominantly or exclusively as MRIs , including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs ) , and almost all of the tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) . Many psychostimulants used either as anorectics or in the treatment of ADHD also behave as MRIs . Additionally , psychostimulants acting as MRIs that affect dopamine such as cocaine and methylphenidate are often abused as recreational drugs . As a result , many of them have become controlled substances , which in turn has resulted in the clandestine synthesis of a vast array of designer drugs for the purpose of bypassing drug laws , a prime example of such is the mixed monoamine reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent mephedrone .

negative: Fenfluramine/phentermine The drug combination fenfluramine/phentermine , usually called fen-phen , was an anti-obesity treatment that utilized two anorectics . Fenfluramine was marketed by American Home Products ( later known as Wyeth ) as Pondimin , but was shown to cause potentially fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve problems , which eventually led to its withdrawal and legal damages of over $ 13 billion . Phentermine was not shown to have harmful effects .   Fenfluramine acts as a serotonin releasing agent , phentermine as a norepinephrine , dopamine and serotonin releasing agent .


query: A series created by Genndy Tartakovsky featured the voice talent of John DiMaggio.

positive: Samurai Jack Samurai Jack is an American action-adventure animated television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky for Cartoon Network . The series follows `` Jack '' , an unnamed samurai sent through time to a dystopian future ruled by the tyrannical shape-shifting demon Aku . Jack quests to travel back in time and defeat Aku before he can take over the world . The series premiered on August 10 , 2001 , with a TV movie called The Premiere Movie , before ending in its fourth season on September 25 , 2004 , without concluding the story . A revival was produced twelve years later , giving the fifth season that concludes the series , which premiered on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on March 11 , 2017 . The series finale aired on May 20 , 2017 .   All episodes of Samurai Jack are directed by Tartakovsky , usually in collaboration with others . The series has garnered critical acclaim , and won four Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Animated Program , as well as six Annie Awards and an OIAF Award .

positive: John DiMaggio John William DiMaggio ( born September 4 , 1968 ) is an American actor , voice actor and comedian , known for his gruff voice , and for his work as Bender from the television show Futurama , Jake the Dog on Adventure Time , and Marcus Fenix in the hit Xbox video game Gears Of War . Other voice-over roles of his include Dr. Drakken and Motor Ed on Kim Possible , Brother Blood on Teen Titans , Rico in The Penguins of Madagascar , Fu Dog and Ogre In American Dragon : Jake Long , Niblet on Pound Puppies , the Scotsman on Samurai Jack , and as the voice of Shnitzel on Chowder .

negative: List of Samurai Jack episodes Samurai Jack is an American animated television series created by animator Genndy Tartakovsky . The series aired on Cartoon Network from August 10 , 2001 to September 25 , 2004 , for four seasons that span 52 episodes . A fifth season spanning 10 episodes premiered on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on March 11 , 2017 .   The first four seasons are available on Region 1 DVD . The first three episodes were released as a stand-alone movie titled Samurai Jack : The Premiere Movie on March 19 , 2002 .

negative: Paul Rudish Paul Rudish ( born 1968 ) is an American animator , writer and voice actor originally known for his art , writing , and design work at Cartoon Network Studios on series created by Genndy Tartakovsky . He went on to co-create the series Sym-Bionic Titan and , in 2013 , created , wrote , storyboarded , executively produced , and directed a new series of Mickey Mouse .

negative: I Know That Voice I Know That Voice is a documentary about American voice acting . It premiered on November 6 , 2013 , at Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre . It is narrated by John DiMaggio , the voice of Bender on Futurama and Jake on Adventure Time , and stars DiMaggio and many other voice actors , including Billy West , Tara Strong , Tom Kenny , Grey DeLisle , June Foray , Rachael MacFarlane , Mark Hamill , Ed Asner , Robin Atkin Downes , and Pamela Adlon .

negative: List of Dexter's Laboratory episodes Dexter 's Laboratory is an American animated television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky for Cartoon Network . Initially debuting on February 26 , 1995 , as a seven-minute World Premiere Toons pilot , it was expanded into a full series after gaining network approval . The first season , which consists of 13 episodes divided into three segments each , premiered on TNT on March 24 , 1996 , and TBS on April 14 , 1996 and later Cartoon Network on April 28 . A second season of 39 episodes followed in 1997 . In this season , Allison Moore , the voice actor for Dee Dee , was replaced by Kathryn Cressida . `` Last but Not Beast '' , the second-season finale , was originally supposed to conclude the series in 1998 . However , Tartakovsky directed a television movie titled Dexter 's Laboratory : Ego Trip which aired on Cartoon Network on December 10 , 1999 . He left the series after the movie , focusing on his other projects , Samurai Jack and Star Wars : Clone Wars .   Production on a third season began in 2001 with Chris Savino taking over as creative director and later producer . It premiered on November 16 , 2001 , during Cartoon Network 's `` Dexter Goes Global '' marathon . The third-season episode `` Poppa Wheely/A Mom Cartoon/The Mock Side of the Moon '' is the first to feature Christine Cavanaugh 's replacement Candi Milo as the voice of Dexter . Milo would voice the character from the next episode onward , with the exceptions of `` Tele Trauma '' . A fourth and final season consisting of 13 episodes aired from November 22 , 2002 , to November 21 , 2003 . In total there have been 78 episodes and a television movie across 4 seasons . Also released was a controversial unaired episode called `` Rude Removal '' , which was originally only shown at certain comic conventions . The segment was later picked up by Adult Swim and released to the public on January 22 , 2013 , online .

negative: The Penguins of Madagascar The Penguins of Madagascar is an American CGI animated television series that had aired on Nickelodeon . It stars nine characters from the DreamWorks Animation animated film Madagascar : The penguins Skipper ( Tom McGrath ) , Rico ( John DiMaggio ) , Kowalski ( Jeff Bennett ) , and Private ( James Patrick Stuart ) ; the lemurs King Julien ( Danny Jacobs ) , Maurice ( Kevin Michael Richardson ) , and Mort ( Andy Richter ) ; and Mason ( Conrad Vernon ) and Phil the chimpanzees . Characters new to the series include Marlene the otter ( Nicole Sullivan ) and a zookeeper named Alice ( Mary Scheer ) . It is the first Nicktoon produced with DreamWorks Animation . The series was executive produced by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle , who were the creators of Disney Channel 's Kim Possible .   The pilot episode , `` Gone in a Flash '' , aired as part of `` Superstuffed Nicktoons Weekend '' on November 29 , 2008 , and The Penguins of Madagascar became a regular series on March 28 , 2009 . The series premiere drew 6.1 million viewers , setting a new record as the most-watched premiere .   Although the series occasionally alludes to the rest of the franchise , The Penguins of Madagascar does not take place at a precise time within it . McGrath , who is also the co-creator of the film characters , has said that the series takes place `` not specifically before or after the movie , I just wanted them all back at the zoo . I think of it as taking place in a parallel universe . ''   The show finished 2010 as the number two animated program on television among kids age 2 -- 11 and in basic cable total viewers .   DiMaggio stated that the show has ended production . A feature film starring the penguins ( voiced by the Madagascar film actors , aside from DiMaggio as Rico ) and featuring other characters voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch , Ken Jeong and John Malkovich , among others , was released on November 26 , 2014 .

negative: Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( sometimes referred to as Tartakovsky 's Clone Wars ) is an American science fiction animated microseries created , directed , produced and co-written by Genndy Tartakovsky , set in the Star Wars universe . Produced and released between the films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , it is the first of many works to explore the conflict set between the two known as the Clone Wars , and directly leads to the events of Revenge of the Sith .   The show follows the actions of various characters from the Star Wars prequel trilogy , notably Jedi Knights and clone troopers , in their war against the battle droid armies of the Confederacy of Independent Systems and the Sith . The series created many concepts which were later re-used in other Star Wars works , notably the character of Asajj Ventress and the ARC troopers , and introduced the character of General Grievous for the first time .   The series aired on Cartoon Network for three seasons consisting of 25 episodes from 2003 to 2005 , and was the first Star Wars television series since Star Wars : Ewoks in 1986 . The first two seasons of Clone Wars , known together as `` Volume One '' , were produced in a two - to three-minute `` micro '' format , while season three consisted of five fifteen-minute episodes making up `` Volume Two '' . Both volumes were later released on home video edited as feature-length films . Since release , the series has received critical acclaim and won multiple awards , including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program twice for both of its volumes .

negative: Aaron Springer Aaron Springer ( born September 5 , 1973 ) is an American cartoon director and storyboard artist . He is best known for his work on the Nickelodeon animated series SpongeBob SquarePants . Springer has collaborated with various animation veterans such as Genndy Tartakovsky , Paul Rudish , Rumen Petkov , Stephen Hillenburg and John Kricfalusi . He created numerous pilots for Cartoon Network and Adult Swim that , although never made into full series , have developed cult followings . Springer 's cartoons are unique for their inclusion of extended gags , anthropomorphism and off-model poses . He is now in the development of creating an animated series of his own for Disney XD , known as Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer , which will premiere on June 3 , 2017 .

negative: List of Adventure Time characters The American animated television series Adventure Time features a cast of fictional characters created by Pendleton Ward . The series revolves the adventures of protagonists Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) , a 16-year-old human boy , and his best friend Jake ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo , and travel the land while they adventure . Along the way , they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum ( voiced by Hynden Walch ) , the Ice King ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) , and Marceline the Vampire Queen ( voiced by Olivia Olson ) .

negative: Allison Moore Allison Moore is an American actress who is best known for providing the voice of Dee Dee in seasons 1 and 3 of the animated television program Dexter 's Laboratory . Moore was a college friend of Genndy Tartakovsky , the creator of Dexter 's Laboratory . She left Dexter 's Laboratory after season 1 to pursue an acting career in New York , and was replaced by Kathryn Cressida . She reprised her role as the voice of Dee Dee in season 3 when the show was revived in 2001 , but was let go after Cartoon Network felt viewers were now more familiar with Cressida 's voice for the character .

negative: Sym-Bionic Titan Sym-Bionic Titan is an American animated action science fiction television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky , Bryan Andrews , and Paul Rudish for Cartoon Network . The series focuses on a trio made up of the alien princess Ilana , the rebellious soldier Lance , and the robot Octus ; the three are able to combine to create the titular Sym-Bionic Titan .   A preview of the series was first shown at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con International , and further details were revealed at Cartoon Network 's 2010 upfront . The series premiered on September 17 , 2010 , and ended on April 9 , 2011 . Cartoon Network initially ordered 20 episodes ; Tartakovsky had hoped to expand on that , but the series was not renewed for another season , as the show `` did not have any toys connected to it '' .   While Sym-Bionic Titan has never been released to DVD in America , all 20 episodes were available for purchase on iTunes and the Windows Store . On October 7 , 2012 , reruns of the series began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block along with the 2011 television series of ThunderCats .   As of 2015 , Cartoon Network has written off Sym-Bionic Titan for financial reasons .

negative: Tim Dadabo Tim Dadabo ( born March 1961 ) is an American voice actor and singer . He is known for his voice over work in video games , movies and TV shows .

negative: List of recurring Futurama characters Futurama is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening and developed by Groening and David X. Cohen for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series follows the adventures of a late-20th-century New York City pizza delivery boy , Philip J. Fry , who , after being unwittingly cryogenically frozen for one thousand years , finds employment at Planet Express , an interplanetary delivery company in the retro-futuristic 31st century .   Futurama has eight main cast members and many other incidental characters . For an overview of the show 's main characters , see the list of Futurama characters .

negative: Splash and Bubbles Splash and Bubbles ( originally titled Splash ! ) is an American computer-animated children 's television series created by John Tartaglia . The series debuted on PBS Kids on November 23 , 2016 . The series is produced using motion capture that blends with animatronic interfaces which enables the crew to make animation .

negative: The Voice of Germany (season 1) The Voice of Germany ( season 1 ) is a German reality talent show that premiered on 24 November 2011 on ProSieben and Sat .1 . Based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland , the series was created by Dutch television producer John de Mol . It is part of an international series .

negative: Bryan Andrews (storyboard artist) Bryan D. Andrews is an American storyboard artist and writer known for his work in science fiction and superhero films . Along with Genndy Tartakovsky and Paul Rudish , he co-created the animated television series Sym-Bionic Titan , which premiered on Cartoon Network on September 17 , 2010 . After 20 episodes , however , it was canceled due to lack of merchandise connected to the series , with the final episode airing April 9 , 2011 . Andrews had worked with Tartakovsky on previous projects , including Samurai Jack and Star Wars : Clone Wars . He also worked with Tartakovsky as a storyboard artist on Iron Man 2 , contributing to the climactic final action sequence . Andrews garnered two Primetime Emmy Award wins for his story work on Star Wars : Clone Wars in 2004 and 2005 . He received another Primetime Emmy and nomination for his work as a storyboard artist and writer on the fourth season of Samurai Jack . In 2006 , Andrews received his second Primetime Emmy nomination as a writer for the My Life as a Teenage Robot special Escape from Cluster Prime .   He has a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the California Institute of the Arts .

negative: John de Lancie Jonathan `` John '' de Lancie ( born March 20 , 1948 ) is an American stand-up comedian , actor , director , producer , writer , singer , musician , and voice artist , best known for his role as Q in Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1987 -- 94 ) , Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ( 1993 -- 99 ) , and Star Trek : Voyager ( 1995 -- 2001 ) and the voice of Discord in My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic ( 2010 -- present ) . He has been featured in several recurring roles on television series , including Frank Simmons in Stargate SG-1 ( 1997 -- 2007 ) and Donald Margolis in Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) .

negative: John Tartaglia John Nicholas Tartaglia ( born February 16 , 1978 ) is an American puppeteer , actor , singer , dancer , voice artist , and comedian .

negative: The Critic The Critic is an American prime time animated series revolving around the life of New York film critic Jay Sherman , voiced by actor Jon Lovitz . It was created by writing partners Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who had previously worked as writers and showrunners ( seasons 3 and 4 ) on The Simpsons . The Critic had 23 episodes produced , first broadcast on ABC in 1994 , and finishing its original run on Fox in 1995 . According to PopMatters , `` the creators -LSB- said -RSB- they intended the series as their ` love letter to New York . ' ''   Episodes featured movie parodies with notable examples including a musical version of Apocalypse Now , Howard Stern 's End ( Howards End ) , Honey , I Ate the Kids ( Honey , I Shrunk the Kids/The Silence of the Lambs ) , The Cockroach King ( The Lion King ) , Abe Lincoln : Pet Detective ( Ace Ventura : Pet Detective ) , Scent of a Jackass and Scent of a Wolfman ( Scent of a Woman ) . The show often referenced popular movies such as Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and The Godfather , and routinely lampooned actor Marlon Brando and actor/director Orson Welles . They also spoofed Dudley Moore , usually as his character Arthur Bach from the 1981 film Arthur .   Despite the ratings improving , The Critic was cancelled after two seasons . It continued to air through reruns on Comedy Central and then on Locomotion . From February 1 , 2000 to 2001 , ten webisodes were later produced using Adobe Shockwave , and were broadcast on AtomFilms.com and Shockwave.com . In 2004 , the DVD box set was released , which includes all 23 TV episodes ( in their original production order ) and the webisodes .   In the late 2000s , reruns of the show aired again on ReelzChannel in the US and on Teletoon 's programming block Teletoon at Night in Canada . As of 2016 , the first season can be viewed for free on Crackle .

negative: Joe Mantegna Joseph Anthony `` Joe '' Mantegna , Jr. ( -LSB- mænˈteɪnjɑː -RSB- , -LSB- manˈteɲɲa -RSB- ; born November 13 , 1947 ) is an American actor , producer , writer and director .   Mantegna began his career on the stage in 1969 with the musical Hair . He later earned a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for portraying Richard Roma in the first American production of David Mamet 's play Glengarry Glen Ross , the first of many collaborations with Mamet .   Expanding to film and television , Mantegna is best known for his roles in box office hits including Three Amigos ( 1986 ) , The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) , Forget Paris ( 1995 ) and Up Close & Personal ( 1996 ) . As of the 2015 -- 2016 TV season , he stars in the CBS television series Criminal Minds as FBI Supervisory Special Agent David Rossi . Since the 1991 episode `` Bart the Murderer '' , Mantegna has had a recurring role on the animated series The Simpsons as mob boss Fat Tony , reprising the role in The Simpsons Movie ( 2007 ) . Mantegna has starred in the series First Monday ( 2002 ) and Joan of Arcadia ( 2003 -- 2005 ) . He earned Emmy Award nominations for his roles in three different miniseries : The Last Don ( 1997 ) , The Rat Pack ( 1999 ) , and The Starter Wife ( 2007 ) . He has also served as executive producer for various movies and television movies , including Corduroy ( 1984 ) , Hoods ( 1998 ) and Lakeboat ( 2000 ) which he also directed .   Additionally , he played Robert B. Parker 's fictional detective Spenser in three made-for-TV movies between 1999 and 2001 , and has narrated several audiobook readings of the Spenser novels .   An avid firearm enthusiast , he is the host of MidwayUSA 's `` Gun Stories '' on the cable television Outdoor Channel .

negative: The Voice Chile The Voice Chile is a Chilean reality talent show that premiered on Canal 13 in 2015 . Based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland , the series was created by Dutch television producer John de Mol .

negative: Samurai Jack (season 5) The fifth season of Samurai Jack is the final season of the animated series . This season follows Jack on a journey that concludes his story . It premiered on the Toonami programming block of Adult Swim on March 11 , 2017 and concluded its run on May 20 , 2017 . The announcement of the season came in December 2015 , eleven years since the series was originally concluded on Cartoon Network . Genndy Tartakovsky , the series ' creator , returned as a director , writer , and storyboarder for this season . The season received universal acclaim from critics , praising it for its more intense and mature tone .

negative: The Voice Cambodia (season 1) The Voice Cambodia ( season 1 ) is a Cambodian Reality Talent Show that premiered on 3 August on Hang Meas HDTV . Based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland , the series was created by Dutch television producer John de Mol . It is part of an international series .

negative: Men in Black: The Series Men in Black : The Series , also known as MIB : The Series , MIB : The Animated Series , and Men in Black : The Animated Series , is an American animated television series that originally aired on The WB 's Kids ' WB programming block from October 11 , 1997 to June 30 , 2001 The show features characters from 1997 's science fiction film Men in Black , which was based on the comic book series The Men in Black by Lowell Cunningham , originally published by Marvel / Malibu Comics . The series was produced by Adelaide Productions Inc. , a division of Columbia TriStar Television , and Amblin Television as a half-hour series originally airing on Saturday mornings , and later moving to weekdays during the final run . It was a more detailed TV series of the movie saga .

negative: Cowboy Bebop is a 1998 anime television series animated by Sunrise featuring a production team led by director Shinichirō Watanabe , screenwriter Keiko Nobumoto , character designer Toshihiro Kawamoto , mechanical designer Kimitoshi Yamane , and composer Yoko Kanno . The twenty-six episodes ( `` sessions '' ) of the series are set in the year 2071 , and follow the lives of a bounty hunter crew traveling on the Bebop ( their spaceship ) . Cowboy Bebop explores philosophical concepts including existentialism , existential ennui , and loneliness .   The series premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo from April 3 until June 26 , 1998 , broadcasting only twelve episodes and a special due to its controversial adult-themed content . The entire twenty-six episodes of the series were later broadcast on WOWOW from October 24 until April 24 , 1999 . The anime was adapted into two manga series which were serialized in Kadokawa Shoten 's Asuka Fantasy DX . A film was later released to theaters worldwide .   The anime series was dubbed in the English language by Animaze and ZRO Limit Productions , and was licensed by Bandai Entertainment in North America and is now licensed by Funimation . In Britain , it was licensed by Beez Entertainment and is now licensed by Anime Limited . Madman Entertainment has licensed it for releases in Australia and New Zealand . In 2001 , Cowboy Bebop became the first anime title to be broadcast on Adult Swim in the United States .   Cowboy Bebop became a critical and commercial success both in Japanese and international markets ( most notably in the United States ) , garnered several major anime and science fiction awards upon its release , and received universal praise for its style , characters , story , voice acting , animation , and soundtrack . In the years since its release , critics and reviewers , from the United States in particular , have hailed Cowboy Bebop as a masterpiece and frequently cite it as one of the greatest anime titles of all time . Credited with helping to introduce anime to a new wave of Western viewers in the early 2000s , Cowboy Bebop has also been labelled a gateway series for the medium as a whole .

negative: The Voice of Albania The Voice of Albania ( Albanian : Vokali or Vokali i Shqipërisë ) is an Albanian reality singing competition , based on the original Dutch talent show The Voice of Holland , created by John de Mol . It is part of The Voice , an international series . The show premiered on October 21 , 2011 . Top Channel announced that the judges of The Voice of Albania will be the four most famous artists of Albania and Kosovo .

negative: Animated series An animated series is a set of animated works with a common series title , usually related to one another . These episodes typically share the same main characters , some different secondary characters and a basic theme . Series can have either a finite number of episodes like a miniseries , a definite end , or be open-ended , without a predetermined number of episodes . They can be broadcast on television , shown in movie theatres , released direct-to-video or on the internet . Like animated films , animated series can be of a wide variety of genres and can also have different target audiences , from children to adults .

negative: La Voz... Argentina La Voz is an Argentine reality talent show that premiered on Telefe in 2012 . Based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland , the series was created by Dutch television producer John de Mol .

negative: Mission: Impossible Mission : Impossible is an American television series that was created and initially produced by Bruce Geller . It chronicles the missions of a team of secret government agents known as the Impossible Missions Force ( IMF ) . In the first season , the team is led by Dan Briggs , played by Steven Hill ; Jim Phelps , played by Peter Graves , takes charge for the remaining seasons . A hallmark of the series shows Briggs or Phelps receiving his instructions on a recording that then self-destructs , followed by the theme music composed by Lalo Schifrin .   The series was filmed and financed by Desilu Productions , and aired on the CBS network from September 1966 to March 1973 . The series was revived in 1988 for two seasons on ABC , retaining only Graves in the cast . It also inspired a series of theatrical motion pictures starring Tom Cruise , beginning in 1996 .

negative: Rick and Morty Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science-fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network 's late night programming block Adult Swim . The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick and his fretful , easily influenced grandson Morty , who split their time between domestic family life and interdimensional adventures . Roiland voices the series ' eponymous characters , with the voice talent of Chris Parnell , Spencer Grammer , and Sarah Chalke providing the rest of the family . It premiered on December 2 , 2013 .   The series originated from an animated short parody film of Back to the Future created by Roiland for film festival Channel 101 . Adult Swim approached Harmon for television show ideas , and he and Roiland developed the program based on the short , replacing the characters of Doc with Rick and Marty with Morty . In January 2014 , the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on July 26 , 2015 . In August 2015 , Adult Swim renewed the series for a 14-episode third season , which premiered unannounced on April 1 , 2017 , with the rest of the season scheduled to air during the summer . The show has received universal critical acclaim for its originality , creativity , and humor .

negative: John Lithgow John Arthur Lithgow ( -LSB- ˈlɪθɡoʊ -RSB- ; born , 1945 ) is an American actor , musician , singer , comedian , voice actor , and author . He has received two Tony Awards , five Emmy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , three Screen Actors Guild Awards , an American Comedy Award , four Drama Desk Awards and has also been nominated for two Academy Awards and four Grammy Awards . Lithgow has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and has been inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame .   Lithgow is well known for his television roles as Dick Solomon in 3rd Rock from the Sun , Arthur Mitchell in Dexter and Sir Winston Churchill in The Crown as well as for his roles in films Blow Out , Twilight Zone : The Movie , Footloose , Harry and the Hendersons , Raising Cain , Shrek , Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Interstellar . His performances in The World According to Garp and Terms of Endearment each earned him Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor .   On the stage , he has appeared in many Broadway productions including the musical adaptation of Sweet Smell of Success and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels . In 2007 , he made his Royal Shakespeare Company debut as Malvolio in Neil Bartlett 's production of Twelfth Night . He has also recorded music , such as the 1999 album of children 's music , Singin ' in the Bathtub , and has written poetry and short stories , such as Marsupial Sue , for children . His work for children has earned him Grammy Award nominations and two Parents ' Choice Silver Honor Awards .

negative: The Voice of Poland (season 1) The Voice of Poland ( season 1 ) is a Polish reality talent show that premiered on 3 September 2011 on TVP2 . Based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland , the series was created by Dutch television producer John de Mol . It is part of an international series . The series was one by Damian Ukeje , he was coached by judge Nergal .   This is the only season to feature every judge Andrzej Piaseczny , Kayah , Nergal and Ania Dąbrowska and they were replaced by Tomson & Baron , Marek Piekarczyk , Justyna Steczkowska and Patrycja Markowska .

negative: The Voice of Germany (season 2) The Voice of Germany ( season 2 ) is a German reality talent show that premiered on 18 October 2012 on ProSieben and Sat .1 . Based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland , the series was created by Dutch television producer John de Mol . It is part of an international series .


query: The KGB was governed by military laws and regulations.

positive: KGB The KGB , an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti ( -LSB- Комите́т госуда́рственной безопа́сности , a = ru-KGB . ogg , p = kəmʲɪˈtʲet ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪnːəj bʲɪzɐˈpasnəsʲtʲɪ -RSB- , translated in English as Committee for State Security ) , was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991 . Formed in 1954 , as a direct successor of such preceding agencies as the Cheka , NKGB , and MGB , the committee was attached to the Council of Ministers . It was the chief government agency of `` union-republican jurisdiction '' , acting as internal security , intelligence , and secret police . Similar agencies were constituted in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from Russia and consisted of many ministries , state committees , and state commissions .   The KGB was a military service and was governed by army laws and regulations , similar to the Soviet Army or MVD Internal Troops . While most of the KGB archives remain classified , two online documentary sources are available . Its main functions were foreign intelligence , counterintelligence , operative-investigatory activities , guarding the State Border of the USSR , guarding the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government , organization and ensuring of government communications as well as combating nationalism , dissent , and anti-Soviet activities .   After the dissolution of the USSR , the KGB was split into the Federal Security Service and the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation .   After breaking away from the Republic of Georgia in the early 1990s with Russian help , the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia established its own KGB ( keeping this unreformed name ) .

negative: Federal Security Service The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation ( FSB ; -LSB- Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации , Federal ` naya sluzhba bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii , fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə ˈsluʐbə bʲɪzɐˈpasnəstʲɪ rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjɪ -RSB- ) is the principal security agency of Russia and the main successor agency to the USSR 's Committee of State Security ( KGB ) . Its main responsibilities are within the country and include counter-intelligence , internal and border security , counter-terrorism , and surveillance as well as investigating some other types of grave crimes and federal law violations . It is headquartered in Lubyanka Square , Moscow 's centre , in the main building of the former KGB . The Director of the FSB since 2008 is army general Alexander Bortnikov .   The immediate predecessor of the FSB was the Federal Counterintelligence Service ( FSK ) of Russia , itself a successor to the KGB : on 12 April 1995 , Russian president Boris Yeltsin signed a law mandating a reorganization of the FSK , which resulted in the creation of the FSB . In 2003 , the FSB 's responsibilities were widened by incorporating the previously independent Border Guard Service and a major part of the abolished Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information ( FAPSI ) . The two major structural components of the former KGB that remain administratively independent of the FSB are the Foreign Intelligence Service ( SVR ) and the State Guards ( FSO ) .   Under Russian federal law , the FSB is a military service just like the armed forces , the MVD , the FSO , the SVR , the FSKN , Main Directorate for Drugs Control and EMERCOM 's civil defence , but its commissioned officers do not usually wear military uniforms .

negative: KGB (disambiguation) KGB is a former Soviet intelligence agency .   KGB may also refer to :

negative: Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Canadian Forces The Queen 's Regulations and Orders for the Canadian Forces ( QR&O ) are regulations having the force of law for the governance of the Canadian Forces . They are regarded as the primary document of military law and regulations in Canada -- aside from the National Defence Act .

negative: Soviet Armed Forces The Soviet Armed Forces , also called the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Armed Forces of the Soviet Union ( Russian : Вооружённые Силы Союза Советских Социалистических Республик Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik , Вооружённые Силы Советского Союза ) refers to the armed forces of the Russian SFSR ( 1917 -- 1922 ) , and Soviet Union ( 1922 -- 1991 ) from their beginnings in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War to its dissolution in December 1991 .   According to the all-union military service law of September 1925 , the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of three components : the Ground Forces , the Air Forces , the Navy , the State Political Directorate ( OGPU ) , and the convoy guards . The OGPU was later made independent and amalgamated with the NKVD in 1934 , and thus its Internal Troops were under the joint management of the Defense and Interior Commisariats . After World War II the Strategic Missile Troops ( 1959 ) , Air Defence Forces ( 1948 ) and troops of the All-Union National Civil Defence Forces ( 1970 ) were added , standing first , third and sixth in the official Soviet reckoning of comparative importance ( with the Ground Forces being second , the Air Forces fourth , and the Navy fifth ) .

negative: NKVD The People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( Народный комиссариат внутренних дел , Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del ) , abbreviated NKVD , was the leading Soviet secret police organization from 1934 to 1946 . It is known for its political repression and conduction of the Great Purge under Joseph Stalin .   The agency was lead by Genrikh Yagoda ( executed in 1938 ) , Nikolai Yezhov ( executed in 1940 ) and Lavrentiy Beria ( executed in 1953 ) . The NKVD was formed from Felix Dzerzhinsky 's Cheka , and became known as the NKVD title under Stalin . When Nikita Khrushchev took power the agency was renamed as the KGB . Under Vladimir Putin they are known as the FSB .   The NKVD conducted mass extrajudicial executions , conceived , populated and administered the Gulag system of forced labor camps , were responsible for the repression of the Kulaks , and the mass deportations of entire nationalities to unpopulated regions of the country . They were responsible for the protection of Soviet borders and espionage ( which included political assassinations ) , as well as enforcing Stalinist policy in communist movements and puppet governments in other countries , mostly notably in the terror operations conducted in Poland .

negative: Patent law in Aruba Patent law in Aruba is mainly governed by the Patents Regulation ( Octrooiverordening , formally : landsverordening houdende regels met betrekking tot octrooien ) , the law governing the Aruban patent . The Dutch government indicated in 2007 , that the patent regulation was , to a large extent ( and with the exception of provisions regarding European patents ) identical to the Rijksoctrooiwet .

negative: Radio regulation Radio regulation refers to the regulation and licensing of radio in international law , by individual governments , and by municipalities .

negative: Israeli Defense Service Law The Israeli Security Service Law , also known as the Israeli Defense Service Law , regulates the recruitment into military service for citizens of Israel . The Security Service Law replaced the Security Service Act of 1949 , which made conscription a national routine rather than only requiring military draft during national security emergencies .

negative: Trade regulation Trade regulation is a field of law , often bracketed with antitrust ( as in the phrase `` antitrust and trade regulation law '' ) , including government regulation of unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive business acts or practices . Antitrust law is often considered a subset of trade regulation law . Franchise and distribution law , consumer protection law , and advertising law are sometimes considered parts of trade regulation law .

negative: Cold War espionage Cold War espionage describes the intelligence gathering activities during the Cold War ( circa 1947-1991 ) between the West ( chief US , UK and NATO allies ) and the Eastern Bloc ( The Soviet Union and aligned countries of Warsaw Pact ) . Because each side was preparing to fight the other , intelligence on the opposing side 's intentions , military , and technology was of paramount importance . To gather this information , the two relied on a wide variety of military and civilian agencies . While several such as the CIA and KGB became synonymous with Cold War espionage , many other organizations played key roles in the collection and protection of the section concerning detection of spying , and analysis of a wide host of intelligence disciplines .

negative: Law of the Soviet Union The Law of the Soviet Union was the law as it developed in the Soviet Union ( USSR ) following the October Revolution of 1917 . Modified versions of the Soviet legal system operated in many Communist states following the Second World War -- including Mongolia , the People 's Republic of China , the Warsaw Pact countries of eastern Europe , Cuba and Vietnam .   The Soviet legal system regarded law as an arm of politics and courts as agencies of the government . Extensive extra-judiciary powers were given to the Soviet secret police agencies .

negative: Presidential Security Service (Russia) The Presidential Security Service ( SBP ) is a federal government agency concerned with the tasks related to the protection of the President of Russia . It traces its origin to the USSR 's Ninth Chief Directorate of the KGB , and in the beginning , it was led by KGB general Alexander Korzhakov .

negative: First Chief Directorate The First Main Directorate ( or First Chief Directorate , Russian : Первое главное управление , Pervoye glavnoye upravleniye ) of the Committee for State Security of the USSR ( PGU KGB ) was the organization responsible for foreign operations and intelligence activities by providing for the training and management of covert agents , intelligence collection administration , and the acquisition of foreign and domestic political , scientific and technical intelligence in the Soviet Union . The First Chief Directorate was formed within the KGB directorate in 1954 , and after the collapse of the Soviet Union was renamed as the Central Intelligence Service and finally the Foreign Intelligence Service ( SVR RF ) . Although the agency SVR restyle in 1991 implies a generic overseas surveillance activity , the primary foreign intelligence service in Russia and the Soviet Union has been the GRU , a military intelligence organization and special operations force shrouded in secrecy , most famed for stealing the blueprints of the atomic bomb during the Manhattan Project and barring entry into its headquarters to anyone , even the leader of the Soviet Union proper , without a formal authentication .

negative: The Moscow rules The Moscow rules are rules-of-thumb said to have been developed during the Cold War to be used by spies and others working in Moscow .   The rules are associated with Moscow because the city developed a reputation as being a particularly harsh locale for clandestine operatives who were exposed . The list may never have existed as written ; agent Tony Mendez wrote `` Although no one had written them down , they were the precepts we all understood ... By the time they got to Moscow , everyone knew these rules . They were dead simple and full of common sense ... '' .

negative: Chekism Chekism ( from Cheka , the first Soviet secret police organization ) is a term to describe the situation in the Soviet Union and contemporary Russia , where the secret political police controlled everything in society .

negative: Counterintelligence state Counterintelligence state ( sometimes also called intelligence state , securocracy or spookocracy ) is a state where state security service penetrates and permeates all societal institutions including the military . The term has been applied by historians and political commentators to the former Soviet Union , the former German Democratic Republic , Cuba after the 1959 revolution , Iraq under Saddam Hussein , and post-Soviet Russia under Vladimir Putin .   According to a definition , `` The counterintelligence state is characterized by the presence of a large , elite force acting as a watchdog of a security defined as broadly that the state must maintain an enormous vigilance and enforcement apparatus ... This apparatus is not accountable to the public and enjoys immense police powers ... Whether the civilian government is able to control the security bodies is an open question ; indeed the civilian government is so penetrated by the apparatus that there is no clear distinction between the two . ''

negative: Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies Act The Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies Act is a United States federal law enacted in 1981 that allows the military of the United States to cooperate with its law enforcement agencies . Operations in support of law enforcement include assistance in counterdrug operations , assistance for civil disturbances , special security operations , combatting terrorism , explosive ordnance disposal ( EOD ) , and similar activities . Constitutional and statutory restrictions and corresponding directives and regulations limit the type of support provided in this area . The legislation allows the U.S. military to give law enforcement agencies access to its military bases and its military equipment . The legislation was promoted during the Presidency of Ronald Reagan in the context of the War on drugs , and is considered a part of a general trend towards the militarization of police .   The Act was known as Public Law 97-86 and is codified at title 10 of the United States Code , Chapter 18 .

negative: By-law A by-law ( or bye-law ) is a rule or law established by an organization or community to regulate itself , as allowed or provided for by some higher authority . The higher authority , generally a legislature or some other government body , establishes the degree of control that the by-laws may exercise . By-laws may be established by entities such as a business corporation , a neighborhood association , or depending on the jurisdiction , a municipality .   In the United Kingdom , Canada , and some Commonwealth countries , the local laws established by municipalities are referred to as by-laws because their scope is regulated by the central governments of those nations . Accordingly , a bylaw enforcement officer is the Canadian equivalent of the American Code Enforcement Officer or Municipal Regulations Enforcement Officer . In the United States , the federal government and most state governments have no direct ability to regulate the single provisions of municipal law . As a result , terms such as code , ordinance , or regulation , if not simply law are more common .

negative: The Methods of the Sima The Methods of the Sima ( , also known as The Marshal 's Art of War ) is a text discussing laws , regulations , government policies , military organization , military administration , discipline , basic values , tactics , and strategy . It is considered to be one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China . It was developed in the state of Qi during the 4th century BC , in the mid-Warring States period .

negative: Military intelligence Military intelligence is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to commanders in support of their decisions . This is achieved by providing an assessment of data from a range of sources , directed towards the commanders ' mission requirements or responding to questions as part of operational or campaign planning . In order to provide an analysis , the commander 's information requirements are first identified . These information requirements are then incorporated into intelligence collection , analysis , and dissemination .   Areas of study may include the operational environment , hostile , friendly and neutral forces , the civilian population in an area of combat operations , and other broader areas of interest . Intelligence activities are conducted at all levels , from tactical to strategic , in peacetime , the period of transition to war , and during a war itself .   Most governments maintain a military intelligence capability to provide analytical and information collection personnel in both specialist units and from other arms and services . The military intelligence capabilities interact with civilian intelligence capabilities to inform the spectrum of political and military activities .   Personnel selected for intelligence duties may be selected for their analytical abilities and personal intelligence before receiving formal training .

negative: Algorithmic regulation Algorithmic regulation is an alternative form of government where the advantages and usages of computer algorithms are applied to regulations and law enforcement . Written laws are not replaced but stressed to test its efficiency . It was coined by Tim O'Reilly , Founder and CEO of O'Reilly Media Inc. .   Sometimes the `` rules '' are n't really even rules . Gordon Bruce , the former CIO of the city of Honolulu , explained to me that when he entered government from the private sector and tried to make changes , he was told , `` That 's against the law . '' His reply was `` OK . Show me the law . '' `` Well , it is n't really a law . It 's a regulation . '' `` OK . Show me the regulation . '' `` Well , it is n't really a regulation . It 's a policy that was put in place by Mr. Somebody twenty years ago . '' `` Great . We can change that ! '' ''   -LSB- ... -RSB-   Laws should specify goals , rights , outcomes , authorities , and limits . If specified broadly , those laws can stand the test of time .   Regulations , which specify how to execute those laws in much more detail , should be regarded in much the same way that programmers regard their code and algorithms , that is , as a constantly updated toolset to achieve the outcomes specified in the laws .   -LSB- ... -RSB-   It 's time for government to enter the age of big data . Algorithmic regulation is an idea whose time has come .   Algorithmic regulation is supposed to be a system of governance where more exact data collected from citizens via their smart devices and computers are used for more efficiency in organizing human life as a collective .

negative: Uniform Code of Military Justice The Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ , , 10 U.S.C. § § 801 -- 946 ) , is the foundation of military law in the United States . It was established by the United States Congress in accordance with the authority given by the United States Constitution in Article I , Section 8 , which provides that `` The Congress shall have Power ... To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval forces . ''

negative: Articles of War The Articles of War are a set of regulations drawn up to govern the conduct of a country 's military and naval forces . The phrase was first used in 1637 in Robert Monro 's His expedition with the worthy Scots regiment called Mac-keyes regiment etc. ( in the form `` Articles of warres '' ) and can be used to refer to military law in general . In Swedish , the equivalent term Krigsartiklar , is first mentioned in 1556 . However , the term is usually used more specifically and with the modern spelling and capitalisation to refer to the British regulations drawn up in the wake of the Glorious Revolution and the U.S. regulations later based on them .

negative: Military government A military government is generally any government that is administrated by military forces , whether this government is legal or not under the laws of the jurisdiction at issue , and whether this government is formed by natives or by an occupying power . It is usually carried out by military workers .   Types of military government include :   Military occupation of acquired foreign territory and the administration thereof  Martial law , temporary military rule of domestic territory  Military dictatorship , an authoritarian government controlled by a military and its political designees , called a military junta when done extralegally  Stratocracy , a government traditionally or constitutionally run by a military .   Category : Military dictatorships

negative: Maintenance regulation The Maintenance Regulation ( EC ) No 4/2009 , formally the Council Regulation ( EC ) on jurisdiction , applicable law , recognition and enforcement of decisions and cooperation in matters relating to maintenance obligations is a European Union Regulation on conflict of law issues regarding maintenance obligations ( e.g. alimony and child maintenance ) . The regulation governs which courts have jurisdiction and which law it should apply . It further governs the recognition and enforcement of decisions . The regulation is strongly aligned with the Hague Maintenance convention ( which the European Union has signed but not yet ratified ) and the Hague Maintenance Protocol of 2007 . The regulation does partly to Denmark as it constitutes jurisdictions rules within the framework of the Brussels regime , for which an agreement exists between the European Union and Denmark .

negative: Communications law Communications law refers to the regulation of electronic communications by wire or radio . It encompasses regulations governing broadcasting , telephone and telecommunications service , cable television , satellite communications , wireless telecommunications , and the Internet .

negative: Inheritance law in Bulgaria Inheritance law regulates the financial consequences that arise as a result of the death of individuals , as well as the subsequent transfer of their assets . The governing legislation in Bulgaria regulating the legal aspects of the subject is the Bulgarian Inheritance Act .

negative: Active measures Active measures is a Soviet term for the actions of political warfare conducted by the Soviet and Russian security services ( Cheka , OGPU , NKVD , KGB , FSB ) to influence the course of world events , in addition to collecting intelligence and producing `` politically correct '' assessment of it . Active measures ranged `` from media manipulations to special actions involving various degrees of violence '' . They were used both abroad and domestically . They included disinformation , propaganda , counterfeiting official documents , assassinations , and political repression , such as penetration into churches , and persecution of political dissidents .   Active measures included the establishment and support of international front organizations ( e.g. the World Peace Council ) ; foreign communist , socialist and opposition parties ; wars of national liberation in the Third World ; and underground , revolutionary , insurgency , criminal , and terrorist groups . The intelligence agencies of Eastern Bloc states also contributed to the program , providing operatives and intelligence for assassinations and other types of covert operations .   Retired KGB Maj. Gen. Oleg Kalugin described active measures as `` the heart and soul of Soviet intelligence '' : `` Not intelligence collection , but subversion : active measures to weaken the West , to drive wedges in the Western community alliances of all sorts , particularly NATO , to sow discord among allies , to weaken the United States in the eyes of the people of Europe , Asia , Africa , Latin America , and thus to prepare ground in case the war really occurs . ''   Active measures was a system of special courses taught in the Andropov Institute of the KGB situated at SVR headquarters in Yasenevo , near Moscow . The head of the `` active measures department '' was Yuri Modin , former controller of the Cambridge Five spy ring .

negative: Law enforcement in Russia Law enforcement in the Russian Federation is the responsibility of a variety of different agencies . The Russian police ( formerly the ) are the primary law enforcement agency , the Investigative Committee of Russia ( the `` Russian FBI '' ) is the main investigative agency , and the Federal Security Service ( formerly the KGB ) is the main domestic security agency .

negative: Insurance regulatory law Insurance regulatory law is the body of statutory law , administrative regulations and jurisprudence that governs and regulates the insurance industry and those engaged in the business of insurance . Insurance regulatory law is primarily enforced through regulations , rules and directives by state insurance departments as authorized and directed by statutory law enacted by the state legislatures . However , federal law , court decisions and administrative adjudications also play an important role .

negative: Thirteenth Department The Thirteenth Department of the First Chief Directorate of the KGB was an organisation responsible for direct action , including assassination and sabotage , during the Cold war .

negative: Rome I Regulation The Rome I Regulation ( Regulation ( EC ) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations ) is a regulation which governs the choice of law in the European Union . It is based upon and replaces the Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations 1980 . The Rome I Regulation can be distinguished from the Brussels Regime which determines which court can hear a given dispute , as opposed to which law it should apply . The regulation applies to all EU member states except Denmark , which has an opt-out from implementing regulations under the area of freedom , security and justice . The Danish government planned to join the regulation if a referendum on 3 December 2015 approved converting its opt-out into an opt-in , but the proposal was rejected . While the United Kingdom originally opted-out of the regulation they subsequently decided to opt-in .